- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2011 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Moon
Loading suggestions ...
-
3753 Cruithne
3753 Cruithne (, from Old Irish ; Modern or ) is an asteroid in orbit around the Sun in 1:1 orbital resonance with that of the Earth. It is a periodic inclusion planetoid orbiting the Sun in an apparent horseshoe orbit. It has been incorrectly called "Earth's second moon", but it is only a quasi-satellite.
http://wn.com/3753_Cruithne -
Alhazen
(Arabic: ابو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم, Persian: ابن هیثم, Latinized: Alhacen or (deprecated) Alhazen) (965 in Basra - c. 1040 in Cairo) was a Persian Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70.Science and Human Destiny by Norman F. Dessel, Richard B. Nehrich, Glenn I. Voran - Page 164. The Journal of Science, and Annals of Astronomy, Biology, Geology by James Samuelson, William Crookes - Page 497. or Arab [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/738111/Ibn-al-Haytham] Understanding History
http://wn.com/Alhazen -
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
http://wn.com/Anaxagoras -
Archimedes
Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: ; c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity. Among his advances in physics are the foundations of hydrostatics, statics and an explanation of the principle of the lever. He is credited with designing innovative machines, including siege engines and the screw pump that bears his name. Modern experiments have tested claims that Archimedes designed machines capable of lifting attacking ships out of the water and setting ships on fire using an array of mirrors.
http://wn.com/Archimedes -
Aristarchus of Samos
Aristarchus (, Arístarchos; 310 BC – ca. 230 BC) was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, born on the island of Samos, in Greece. He presented the first known heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center of the known universe. He was influenced by the Pythagorean Philolaus of Croton, but, in contrast to Philolaus, he identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and put the other planets in their correct order of position around the Sun. His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy until they were successfully revived nearly 1800 years later by Copernicus and extensively developed and built upon by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton.
http://wn.com/Aristarchus_of_Samos -
Aristotle
Aristotle (, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Aryabhata
Aryabhata (IAST: ; ) (476–550 CE) was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His most famous works are the Aryabhatiya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and the Arya-siddhanta.
http://wn.com/Aryabhata -
Buzz Aldrin
Buzz Aldrin (born Edwin Eugene Aldrin, Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American mechanical engineer, retired United States Air Force pilot and astronaut who was the Lunar Module pilot on Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing in history. On July 20, 1969, he was the second human being to set foot on the Moon, following mission commander Neil Armstrong.
http://wn.com/Buzz_Aldrin -
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy," the "father of modern physics," the "father of science," and "the Father of Modern Science." Stephen Hawking says, "Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science."
http://wn.com/Galileo_Galilei -
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
http://wn.com/George_W_Bush -
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
http://wn.com/Germanic_languages -
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic in older literature) are a historical ethno-linguistic group, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Indo-European Germanic languages, which diversified out of Common Germanic in the course of the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
http://wn.com/Germanic_peoples -
Grove Karl Gilbert
Grove Karl Gilbert (May 6, 1843 – May 1, 1918), known by the abbreviated name G. K. Gilbert in academic literature, was an American geologist.
http://wn.com/Grove_Karl_Gilbert -
Jing Fang
Jing Fang (, 78–37 BC), born Li Fang (李房), courtesy name Junming (君明), was a Chinese music theorist, mathematician and astrologer. Born in present-day Puyang, Henan during the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), he was the first to notice how closely a succession of 53 just fifths approximates 31 octaves. This observation would much later lead to the discovery of 53 equal temperament in the seventeenth century. He was also an advocate of the theory that the light emanating from the spherical Moon (as seen from Earth) was merely a reflection of sunlight.
http://wn.com/Jing_Fang -
Lorenz Frølich
Lorenz Frølich (1820 in Copenhagen - 1908) was a Danish painter, illustrator, and etcher.
http://wn.com/Lorenz_Frølich -
Neil Armstrong
Neil Alden Armstrong (born August 5, 1930) is an American aviator and a former astronaut, test pilot, aerospace engineer, university professor, and United States Naval Aviator. He was the first person to set foot on the Moon. His first spaceflight was aboard Gemini 8 in 1966, for which he was the command pilot, becoming one of the first U.S. civilians to fly in space (Joseph Albert Walker became the first US civilian in space aboard X-15 Flight 90 several years earlier). On this mission, he performed the first manned docking of two spacecraft together with pilot David Scott. Armstrong's second and last spaceflight was as mission commander of the Apollo 11 moon landing mission on July 20, 1969. On this mission, Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin descended to the lunar surface and spent 2½ hours exploring while Michael Collins remained in orbit in the Command Module. Armstrong is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.
http://wn.com/Neil_Armstrong -
Patrick Moore
Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore, CBE, HonFRS, FRAS (born 4 March 1923 in Pinner), known as Patrick Moore, is an English amateur astronomer who has attained prominent status in astronomy as a writer, researcher, radio commentator and television presenter of the subject, and who is credited as having done more than any other to raise the profile of astronomy among the British general public. He was born to Captain Charles Trachsel Caldwell-Moore MC (died 1947) and Gertrude, née White (died 1981 aged 94).
http://wn.com/Patrick_Moore -
Phil Plait
Philip Cary Plait (a.k.a. The Bad Astronomer) is an American astronomer and skeptic who runs the website BadAstronomy.com. He formerly worked at the physics and astronomy department at Sonoma State University. In early 2007, he resigned from his job to write Death from the Skies. On August 4, 2008, he became President of the James Randi Educational Foundation. He served in that position until January 1, 2010, when he was succeeded by noted skeptic D. J. Grothe.
http://wn.com/Phil_Plait -
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
http://wn.com/Pliny_the_Elder -
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; c. AD 90 – c. 168), known in English as Ptolemy (), was a Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and a poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. He died in Alexandria around AD 168.
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Seleucus of Seleucia
Seleucus (or Seleukos) of Seleucia (born c. 190 BC, fl. 150s BC) was a hellenized Babylonian astronomer and philosopher who stood in the tradition of Hellenistic astronomy.Chaldaean/Babylonian astronomer:William P. D. Wightman (1951, 1953), The Growth of Scientific Ideas, Yale University Press p. 38, where Wightman calls him "Seleukos the Chaldean"; : Greek astronomer:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000eaa..bookE3998. The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)]: [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Seleucus.html ScienceWorld]: Coming from Seleucia on the Tigris, the capital of the Seleucid empire, or, alternatively, Seleukia on the Red Sea, he is best known as a proponent of heliocentrism and for his theory of the origin of tides.
http://wn.com/Seleucus_of_Seleucia -
Shen Kuo
Shen Kuo or Shen Gua () (1031–1095), style name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁), was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty (960–1279). Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, archaeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, encyclopedist, general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, academy chancellor, finance minister, governmental state inspector, poet, and musician. He was the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court, as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality. At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the New Policies Group, headed by Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021–1086).
http://wn.com/Shen_Kuo -
Shi Shen
Shi Shen (, fl. 4th century BC) was a Chinese astronomer and contemporary of Gan De born in the State of Wei, also known as the Master Shi Shen (Shi Shenfu).There were variant courtesy name given to him; in Hanshu 30 his name was listed as Shi Shenfu (石申夫), Shi Shenfu (石申甫) as in Jiu Tangshu 51, and Shi Shenfu (石申父) under a commantary in Hou Hanshu 100. Though he was simply known as Shi Shen under Shiji 27.
http://wn.com/Shi_Shen -
Wilhelm Beer
Wilhelm Wolff Beer (4 January 1797 – 27 March 1850) was a banker and astronomer from Berlin, Prussia, and the brother of Giacomo Meyerbeer.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Beer
-
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (; ; 206 BCE – 220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE). It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people".
http://wn.com/Han_Dynasty -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Knowth
Knowth (; ) is a Neolithic passage grave, an ancient monument of Brú na Bóinne in the valley of the River Boyne in Ireland.
http://wn.com/Knowth -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
http://wn.com/NASA -
Soviet
http://wn.com/Soviet -
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union
- 3753 Cruithne
- ablation
- accretion disk
- albedo
- Alhazen
- altimetry
- altitude (astronomy)
- alumina
- Anaxagoras
- ancient Greece
- Ancient Greek
- Angular diameter
- angular momentum
- annular eclipse
- anorthosite
- antipodes
- Apollo 11
- Apollo 12
- Apollo 13
- Apollo 14
- Apollo 15
- Apollo 16
- Apollo 17
- Apollo 8
- Apollo missions
- Apollo program
- apparent magnitude
- Apsis
- Archimedes
- arcsecond
- Arecibo Observatory
- Argon
- Aries (rocket)
- Aristarchus of Samos
- Aristotelian physics
- Aristotle
- Aryabhata
- Aryabhatiya
- astrogeology
- astronaut
- Astronomical object
- astronomical seeing
- Astronomical unit
- Atmosphere (unit)
- atmospheric re-entry
- Atomic clock
- Babylonian astronomy
- basalt
- Buzz Aldrin
- Cabeus (crater)
- Calcium oxide
- Camden House
- carbon
- carbon nanotube
- Cassini's Laws
- Center of mass
- centrifugal force
- Chandrayaan
- Chandrayaan II
- Chandrayaan-1
- Chang'e-1
- Charon (moon)
- Chinese astronomy
- Christmas Eve
- cirrostratus
- Clementine mission
- clinopyroxene
- co-orbital
- coal
- Cold War
- colour constancy
- comets
- Comminution
- corona
- Corona (meteorology)
- crater counting
- Crust (geology)
- Cumulate rock
- Day
- declination
- dipole
- Dissipation
- Doppler effect
- double-planet
- dwarf planet
- Earth
- Earth radius
- Earth's atmosphere
- earthshine
- ecliptic
- ecliptic plane
- Epoxy
- equator
- equatorial plane
- Far side of the Moon
- Flag of Pakistan
- Flag of Turkey
- friction
- full Moon
- G-force
- Galileo Galilei
- Geochemistry
- geodynamo
- geologic province
- geology of the Moon
- George W. Bush
- Germanic calendar
- Germanic languages
- Germanic peoples
- Google Lunar X Prize
- Grove Karl Gilbert
- gunpowder
- Han Dynasty
- Helium
- helium-4
- Hermite (crater)
- History of the Earth
- Hiten
- Hydrogen
- hydroxyl
- Icarus (journal)
- ideal gas law
- impact crater
- impact gardening
- India
- Indian astronomy
- inertia
- infrared telescope
- Io (moon)
- ion propulsion
- ionic liquid
- iron(II) oxide
- isotope
- Jing Fang
- kelvin
- kilometre per second
- kinetic energy
- Knowth
- KREEP
- Lambert's cosine law
- lander (spacecraft)
- laser altimetry
- Latin
- Latin language
- LCROSS
- leap second
- libration
- limb darkening
- Lorenz Frølich
- Lower Imbrian
- Luna 1
- Luna 10
- Luna 16
- Luna 2
- Luna 20
- Luna 24
- Luna 3
- Luna 9
- Luna program
- Luna programme
- Luna-Glob
- Lunar calendar
- lunar cycle
- Lunar deity
- lunar dome
- lunar eclipse
- lunar magma ocean
- lunar mare
- lunar node
- lunar phase
- lunar phases
- Lunar Prospector
- lunar soil
- lunar water
- Lunokhod
- Lunokhod programme
- mafic
- magnesium
- Magnesium oxide
- magnetic field
- magnetometer
- Man in the Moon
- Mantle (geology)
- Mare Crisium
- Mare Imbrium
- Mare Orientale
- Mare Serenitatis
- Mare Smythii
- Mars
- melt inclusions
- Mercury (planet)
- meteorite
- Metre per second
- microsecond
- Middle Ages
- Minute of arc
- month
- Moon
- Moon (astrology)
- Moon illusion
- Moon in fiction
- Moon landing
- Moon rabbit
- moon rock
- Moon rocks
- Moon Treaty
- moonlight
- Multi-spectral image
- naked eye
- nanopascal
- NASA
- natural satellite
- near-Earth asteroid
- Nectarian
- Neil Armstrong
- new Moon
- nickel
- nitrogen
- Norse mythology
- occultation
- ocean tides
- Old English
- olivine
- On the Heavens
- opposition effect
- orbit
- Orbit of the Moon
- orbital node
- Orbital revolution
- order of magnitude
- Orion (spacecraft)
- orthopyroxene
- Other moons of Earth
- Outer Space Treaty
- outgassing
- oxygen
- parts per million
- Parts-per notation
- Pascal (unit)
- Patrick Moore
- Paul Spudis
- Peary (crater)
- Phil Plait
- Phobos-Grunt
- photodissociation
- plagioclase
- Planetary core
- Pliny the Elder
- Pluto
- polonium-210
- Potassium
- precession
- primary (astronomy)
- proper name
- Proto-Germanic
- Ptolemy
- qi
- quasi-satellite
- radio telescope
- radioactive decay
- Radon
- red giant
- regolith
- Richard Proctor
- saros cycle
- Science (journal)
- season
- seismometer
- SELENE
- selenography
- Seleucus of Seleucia
- Shen Kuo
- Shi Shen
- shield volcano
- sidereal period
- Sidereus Nuncius
- silica
- silicon dioxide
- SMART-1
- Sodium
- sodium oxide
- software engineering
- solar calendar
- solar eclipse
- Solar System
- solar wind
- Song Dynasty
- Soviet
- Soviet moonshot
- Soviet Union
- Space Race
- space-faring nations
- spacecraft
- sputtering
- STEREO
- stereoscopy
- stratigraphy
- sulphur
- Sun
- sunlight
- Supermoon
- supernatural
- Surveyor 1
- Surveyor Program
- Symbols of Islam
- Synchronous rotation
- synodic period
- Syzygy (astronomy)
- Sól (Sun)
- Tally stick
- Terrestrial planet
- Tesla (unit)
- tidal acceleration
- tidal force
- tidal forces
- Tidal locking
- tide
- titanium dioxide
- topography
- torque
- total eclipse
- trigonometry
- U.S. flag
- upper mantle
- vacuum
- vernal equinox
- Vesta (asteroid)
- visual system
- volcanic
- Wilhelm Beer
- zenith telescope
RELEASE
ALBUMS
Life on Earth
(Released 2010)
- Don't Go Changin'
- Chinese Whispers
- Let It Go
- Torn Between Two
- Nightmare Day
- Promise Not to Tell
- How Long
- The Ragman
- Everyday Heroes
- Lost Soul
- Wondering
- Last Night on Earth
RELEASE
ALBUMS
Gorsky Park
(Released 2007)
- Spiel
- Fastsong
- Secret Praise
- Good Luck Mr. Gorsky
- Independence
- Kindness
- Know
- Tourist
- Comfort
- Cosmo
- Hiding
- Longer Thorns
- Speed Up Mr. Gorsky
- [untitled]
Satan's Wept
(Released 1999)
- Devil's Path
- Lucifer's Light
- Fallen Angels
- The Awakening
- Magical Hallways
- Chariots of War
- Summoning
- Satanica
- Unholy Throne
- Satan's Wept
- Night Eyes
- Baphomet's Snikes
Daemon's Heart
(Released 1997)
- The Shadow
- The Suffering
- Confession
- The Shining
- Daemon's Heart
- The Curse
- Sacrifice
- Scorn
- Unholyblood
RELEASE
ALBUMS
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
"Moon" - Official Trailer [HQ]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 09 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Dec 2011
- Author: watchCulturetainment
Starring Sam Rockwell, Matt Berry, Robin Chalk, Dominique McElligott and Kevin Spacey as the robot. A truly unique film: It is the near future. Astronaut Sam Bell is living on the far side of the moon, completing a three-year contract with Lunar Industries to mine Earths primary source of energy, Helium-3. It is a lonely job, made harder by a broken satellite that allows no live communications home. Taped messages are all Sam can send and receive. Thankfully, his time on the moon is nearly over, and Sam will be reunited with his wife, Tess, and their three-year-old daughter, Eve, in only a few short weeks. Finally, he will leave the isolation of Sarang, the moon base that has been his home for so long, and he will finally have someone to talk to beyond Gerty, the bases well-intentioned, but rather uncomplicated computer. Directed by Duncan Jones.
http://wn.com/Moon__Official_Trailer_ HQ
björk: moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:47
- Published: 23 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: bjorkdotcom
download the app: bitly.com written by björk and damian taylor. directed, produced and art directed by björk, inez and vinoodh, m/m paris and james merry. moon app developed by max weisel published by universal music publishing ltd. ® 2011 björk overseas ltd/one little indian records ltd. to buy moon: bit.ly to buy moon app from the app store: bit.ly to buy biophilia: www.bjork.com. to buy north america www.nonesuch.com
http://wn.com/björk_moon
Black Ops Moon Round 30+ Ultimate Tutorial Gameplay - Part 1 - TheSyndicateProject
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:12
- Published: 23 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: TheSyndicateProject
Please Like & Favourite the Sh*t out of this! Follow me on Twitter! twitter.com Become a fan on Facebook! www.facebook.com Direct link to the Livestream! www.twitch.tv
http://wn.com/Black_Ops_Moon_Round_30+_Ultimate_Tutorial_Gameplay__Part_1__TheSyndicateProject
Black Ops! MOON GAMEPLAY! - Rezurrection Zombies Call of Duty Map Pack - Part 1
Call of Duty: Black Ops MOON GAMEPLAY! As promised: Part 1 of my run-though of the NEW Moon map. The new Rezurrection map pack out on Xbox and coming to PS3 and PC shortly. It's freaking awesome! :D Hit that 'Like' and 'Favorite' button and show your mates! Follow me on Twitter! www.twitter.com Thanks for watching! --- black ops moon gameplay rezurrection call of duty map pack black ops moon gameplay rezurrection call of duty map pack black ops moon gameplay rezurrection call of duty map pack
http://wn.com/Black_Ops!_MOON_GAMEPLAY!__Rezurrection_Zombies_Call_of_Duty_Map_Pack__Part_1
Google Moon (Part II of "The Googling")
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Published: 22 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 07 Dec 2011
- Author: thevacationeers
"The Googling" part II: Two young men find pictures of the Apollo moon landings perhaps they shouldn't see
http://wn.com/Google_Moon_Part_II_of_The_Googling
First Moon Landing 1969
The video of the very first moon landing of the apollo 11 mission in 1969! Neil Armstrong was the first man to set foot on the moon with his now legenday words "One small step for man, a giant leap for mankind." This is a truly amazing video and it was in 1969!!! If you think about it, you have orders of magnitude more processing power in your mobile phone than they did in the whole space craft!! Incredible!
http://wn.com/First_Moon_Landing_1969
Moon easter egg full tutorial The Big Bang Theory and Cryogenic Slumber party Achievements unlocked!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:44
- Published: 23 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: NiikThatGamingShow
Get AWESOME Custom Zombie Merch here! www.grfxpstore.com This video was featured on MTV and IGN!! Thank you guys! A like and maybe a favorite would be awesome, from zombie fan to another! Here is the full tutorial, on how to do the moon easter egg! be sure to subscribe for all the rest of the videos!
http://wn.com/Moon_easter_egg_full_tutorial_The_Big_Bang_Theory_and_Cryogenic_Slumber_party_Achievements_unlocked!
Colonizing The Moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 13 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 08 Dec 2011
- Author: BrunoTheQuestionable
The Vision for Space Exploration is the United States space policy announced on January 14, 2004 by US President George W. Bush. It is seen as a response to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, the state of human spaceflight at NASA, and a way to regain public enthusiasm for space exploration. The Vision calls for the space program to: Complete the International Space Station by 2010 Retire the Space Shuttle by 2010 Develop the Orion spacecraft (formerly known as the Crew Exploration Vehicle) by 2008, and conduct its first human spaceflight mission by 2014 Develop Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles Explore the Moon with robotic spacecraft missions by 2008 and crewed missions by 2020 Explore Mars and other destinations with robotic and crewed missions When the Vision was announced in January 2004, the US Congress and the scientific community gave it a mix of positive and negative reviews. For example, Rep. Dave Weldon (R-Fla.) said, "I think this is the best thing that has happened to the space program in decades," while physicist and outspoken manned spaceflight opponent Robert L. Park said that robotic spacecraft "are doing so well it's going to be hard to justify sending a human." Others, such as the Mars Society have argued that it makes more sense to avoid going back to the Moon and instead focus on going to Mars first. In a position paper issued by the National Space Society (NSS), a return to the Moon should be considered a high space program priority, in order to <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Colonizing_The_Moon
The Best of The Moon
I've enjoyed other 'best of' videos, but they're usually squished or low resolution, so I thought it would be nice to make a good quality collection of our favorite face in the night sky. I sure do miss this show... ***Wow! Thank you all for 200000+ views!*** Enjoy!
http://wn.com/The_Best_of_The_Moon
Something with the moon
I filmed the moon, just to test my new camera, when I watched the footage on my computer, I noticed these 'orbs' , ufo's , balls or whatever. Might be artifacts (technical glitches), I just don't know. Thought it was funny to try and analyse it a bit by zooming a little. I counted 7 'orbs' , 2 at the end that aren't counted in the video.
http://wn.com/Something_with_the_moon
Crashing into the Moon
A whole new space race has begun. Over the next decade, the United States... Germany... England... Japan... India... China... Russia... and even a few private companies... have plans to send rockets to explore the moon. They will map the lunar surface... search for clues to its origins... and find out what's there that humans can use to survive. A Russian mission will send seismic detectors into the soil to monitor moon-quakes... and study the flow of heat from the moon's core. A Japanese mission will use x-rays to search for rare minerals. An American mission is prospecting for water in the shadowy craters at the Moon's poles. But governments aren't the only ones joining this new race to the Moon; With more missions on the drawing boards... - and the chance to actually make money developing space businesses - private ventures are angling to supply launch or human transport services.... And even begin exploiting space resources like energy...materials...and the freedom from gravity itself. Private robotics teams, vying for the 30 million dollar Google Lunar X-Prize, are designing, building and planning to launch rovers with video cameras to explore lunar landscapes. It's inspired by the Orteig prize that sent Charles Lindbergh flying across the Atlantic Ocean more than 80 years ago. That feat helped launch the civil aviation industry. The sponsors of this prize hope it will unleash the entrepreneurial spirit into space. The goal of these missions is to begin to fulfill a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Crashing_into_the_Moon
ScienceCasts: Super Moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 16 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Dec 2011
- Author: ScienceAtNASA
Visit science.nasa.gov for the full story. Mark your calendar. On March 19th, a full Moon of rare size and beauty will rise in the east at sunset. It's a super "perigee moon"--the biggest in almost 20 years. Correction: This video remarks on the Super Moon of 1983, however the correct year is 1993. We apologize for any confusion this may have caused.
http://wn.com/ScienceCasts_Super_Moon
Pyramids on the Moon - NASA's Apollo lunar coverup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Published: 12 May 2008
- Uploaded: 05 Dec 2011
- Author: LunaCognita
Yes, they went to the Moon, and yes, they also lied about it. And why did they need to lie? In order to hide the truth about what is REALLY up there. LINKS TO A FEW OF THE NASA IMAGES I SHOW HERE: The first image I use - what everyone calls the "green statue" or "plant" can be seen here. history.nasa.gov Note how you can plainly see the object partially hidden in the shadow in the ORIGINAL NASA frame. Here is the link to the "Geophone Rock/pyramid" image. Note the brutal noise issues this frame suffers from, though the shape of the pyramid is still barely discernible through the haze in the original frame BEFORE enhancement. history.nasa.gov A word on the NASA imagery: ALL NASA imagery was acquired from official US Government archive sources (any ultra-high-resolution imagery was purchased in digital format directly from official NASA image providers). Stay tuned for Jose Escamilla's new motion picture documentary "MOON RISING", where we will go into much further depth about what is, without exaggeration, the most monumental coverup in human history. MoonRising-TheMovie.com. Lunacognita@gmail.com
http://wn.com/Pyramids_on_the_Moon__NASA's_Apollo_lunar_coverup
The Moon: Duck Tales Music
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:25
- Published: 21 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: constantlimit
The Moon: Duck Tales Music
http://wn.com/The_Moon_Duck_Tales_Music
moon phases
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Published: 12 Feb 2006
- Uploaded: 07 Dec 2011
- Author: antoineetmoi
Clint Mansell - Moon OST #1 - Welcome to Lunar Industries
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:15
- Published: 17 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Dec 2011
- Author: PoeticProse22
Moon Clint Mansell 2009 An exceptional soundtrack from a terrific film
http://wn.com/Clint_Mansell__Moon_OST_#1__Welcome_to_Lunar_Industries
浜崎あゆみ / MOON
2010.7.14 on sale!! 48th SINGLE 「MOON / blossom」収録曲「MOON」video clip ayumi hamasaki "MOON" music video
http://wn.com/浜崎あゆみ_/_MOON
Björk - Moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Published: 28 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: ElectronicChillout
Shivaree - "Goodnight Moon"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Published: 19 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: MisterBrightside
1999.
http://wn.com/Shivaree__Goodnight_Moon
Savage Garden - To The Moon & Back (Extended Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:47
- Published: 25 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: SavageGardenVEVO
Music video by Savage Garden performing To The Moon & Back. (C) 1997 Sony BMG Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Savage_Garden__To_The_Moon_Back_Extended_Version
The Moon - The Swell Season
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Published: 27 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 08 Dec 2011
- Author: quackers29
no coping intended I noticed that there was no album version of this song up only live ones. This is off their self titled album 'the swell season' 'The Moon' by The Swell Season Cut the bonds with the moon And let the dogs gather Burn the gauze in the spoon And suck the poison up And bleed Shut the door to the moon And let the birds gather Play no more with the fool And let the souls wander And bleed From the soul A slow hurt.. and it breaks us.. And so down, Down, down and so plain So down When you play some more it seems so And my friends are past this game Of breakdowns And our friends that are lost at sea.. Throw down And I'll break the wasted space Slow down, slow down, If you don't slow down, slow down If you don't slow down, slow.. Cut the bonds with the moon And watch the dogs gather
http://wn.com/The_Moon__The_Swell_Season
The Universe: The Phases of the Moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 12 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Dec 2011
- Author: historychannel
— The phases of the moon have been used to track time since the dawn of mankind.
http://wn.com/The_Universe_The_Phases_of_the_Moon
Breathtaking New Images of the MOON
Get the full experience of these images in 1080p. Buzz Aldrin described the "Magnificent Desolation" of the lunar surface. Rarely do those words ring as true as in these recent images from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Revel in the detail of these images, and the severity of the Lunar surface, then be thankful you're relaxing on a green and blue world sheltered from the hostile environment of space.
http://wn.com/Breathtaking_New_Images_of_the_MOON
photo: Creative Commons
31 Dec 2011
Its ambitions reflect those of the US more than 40 decades ago, and have similar goals. Just as the US space programme came at a time of major economic expansion, so China's drive comes as it grows in...
size: 2.8Kb
size: 2.8Kb
photo: WN / Emico Silalahi
27 Dec 2011
SHARE AND DISCUSSTweet LONDON: If discarded wrapping paper and Christmas cards in the UK were collected and fermented, they could make enough biofuel to run a double-decker bus to run more than 20...
size: 1.6Kb
size: 1.6Kb
Most Popular
RELATED LINKS
- 1 E+9 m³
- 3753 Cruithne
- ablation
- accretion disk
- albedo
- Alhazen
- altimetry
- altitude (astronomy)
- alumina
- Anaxagoras
- ancient Greece
- Ancient Greek
- Angular diameter
- angular momentum
- annular eclipse
- anorthosite
- antipodes
- Apollo 11
- Apollo 12
- Apollo 13
- Apollo 14
- Apollo 15
- Apollo 16
- Apollo 17
- Apollo 8
- Apollo missions
- Apollo program
- apparent magnitude
- Apsis
- Archimedes
- arcsecond
- Arecibo Observatory
- Argon
- Aries (rocket)
- Aristarchus of Samos
- Aristotelian physics
- Aristotle
- Aryabhata
- Aryabhatiya
- astrogeology
- astronaut
- Astronomical object
- astronomical seeing
- Astronomical unit
- Atmosphere (unit)
- atmospheric re-entry
- Atomic clock
- Babylonian astronomy
- basalt
- Buzz Aldrin
- Cabeus (crater)
- Calcium oxide
- Camden House
- carbon
- carbon nanotube
- Cassini's Laws
- Center of mass
- centrifugal force
- Chandrayaan
- Chandrayaan II
Yahoo Daily News
, scientists who have discovered a large number of extra solar planets using NASA's Kepler space telescope are hoping to locate moons of some of these planets, mostly gas giants, that might bear life. How many gas giants lay within the habitable zones of their star systems? So far the Kepler has...
size: 9.0Kb
size: 9.0Kb
m&c;
New York -UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the Security Council Friday expressed 'grave concern' over the deteriorating situation in Syria. 'All violence is unacceptable and must stop,' Ban said in a statement....
size: 1.4Kb
size: 1.4Kb
m&c;
New York -UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the Security Council Friday called for a stop to the violence in Syria that claimed...
size: 0.9Kb
size: 0.9Kb
Feels great: Soeda OUR CORRESPONDENT Chennai: Go Soeda of Japan is over the moon. And ...
06 Jan 2012
The Telegraph India
Feels great: Soeda OUR CORRESPONDENT Chennai: Go Soeda of Japan is over the moon. And he has every reason to be. On Friday, he pulled off the biggest upset of the tournament defeating Stanislas Wawrinka 6-4, 6-4, in the quarter final of the Chennai Open. '(This is the) biggest win of my career. It...
size: 2.7Kb
size: 2.7Kb
MSNBC
Spectacular new images of a gigantic crater on the moon were captured recently by a low-skimming NASA satellite. In November 2011, the space agency's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft passed over the moon's Aristarchus crater, which spans 25 miles (40 km) and sinks more than 2 miles (3.5...
size: 2.8Kb
size: 2.8Kb
Wanted: Habitable moons
06 Jan 2012
PhysOrg
When the Kepler science team announced the discovery of 1235 planetary candidates in February 2010, the candidates included 37 Neptune-sized planets and 10 Jupiter-sized planets within their star’s habitable zones: the region of space where water can exist as a liquid on a rocky planet. Though...
size: 7.4Kb
size: 7.4Kb
Giant Moon Crater Revealed in Up-Close Photos
06 Jan 2012
Yahoo Daily News
Spectacular new images of a gigantic crater on the moon were captured recently by a low-skimming NASA satellite. In November 2011, the space agency's (LRO) spacecraft passed over the moon's Aristarchus crater, which spans 25 miles (40 km) and sinks more than 2 miles (3.5 km) deep. from LRO's sweep...
size: 9.3Kb
size: 9.3Kb
DNA India
Hundreds of temporary moons may be orbiting earth, which are too tiny and small to be detected easily, researchers say. Researchers have since long supposed that wandering asteroids might seldom approach earth close enough...
size: 1.5Kb
size: 1.5Kb
| name | Moon |
|---|---|
| background | #dddddd |
| apsis | gee |
| symbol | |
| periapsis | 362,570 km (0.0024 AU) (356,400-370,400 km) |
| apoapsis | 405,410 km (0.0027 AU)(404,000-406,700 km) |
| semimajor | 384,399 km () |
| eccentricity | |
| period | |
| synodic period | |
| avg speed | 1.022 km/s |
| inclination | 5.145° to the ecliptic(between 18.29° and 28.58° to Earth's equator) |
| asc node | regressing by one revolution in 18.6 years |
| arg peri | progressing by one revolution in 8.85 years |
| satellite of | Earth |
| flattening | |
| equatorial radius | 1,738.14 km (0.273 Earths) |
| polar radius | |
| mean radius | |
| circumference | (equatorial) |
| surface area | km2 }} |
The Moon is Earth's only known natural satellite, and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System relative to the size of its primary, having a quarter the diameter of Earth and its mass. The Moon is the second densest satellite after Io, a satellite of Jupiter. It is in synchronous rotation with Earth, always showing the same face; the near side is marked with dark volcanic maria among the bright ancient crustal highlands and prominent impact craters. It is the brightest object in the sky after the Sun, although its surface is actually very dark, with a similar reflectance to coal. Its prominence in the sky and its regular cycle of phases have since ancient times made the Moon an important cultural influence on language, calendars, art and mythology. The Moon's gravitational influence produces the ocean tides and the minute lengthening of the day. The Moon's current orbital distance, about thirty times the diameter of the Earth, causes it to appear almost the same size in the sky as the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun nearly precisely in total solar eclipses.
The Moon is the only celestial body on which humans have landed. While the Soviet Union's Luna programme was the first to reach the Moon with unmanned spacecraft in 1959, the United States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only manned missions to date, beginning with the first manned lunar orbiting mission by Apollo 8 in 1968, and six manned lunar landings between 1969 and 1972—the first being Apollo 11. These missions returned over 380 kg of lunar rocks, which have been used to develop a detailed geological understanding of the Moon's origins (it is thought to have formed some 4.5 billion years ago in a giant impact event involving Earth), the formation of its internal structure, and its subsequent history.
After the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, the Moon has been visited only by unmanned spacecraft, notably by the final Soviet Lunokhod rover. Since 2004, Japan, China, India, the United States, and the European Space Agency have each sent lunar orbiters. These spacecraft have contributed to confirming the discovery of lunar water ice in permanently shadowed craters at the poles and bound into the lunar regolith. Future manned missions to the Moon have been planned, including government as well as privately funded efforts. The Moon remains, under the Outer Space Treaty, free to all nations to explore for peaceful purposes.
Name and etymology
The English proper name for Earth's natural satellite is "the Moon". The noun moon derives from moone (around 1380), which developed from mone (1135), which derives from Old English mōna (dating from before 725), which, like all Germanic language cognates, ultimately stems from Proto-Germanic *mǣnōn.The principal modern English adjective pertaining to the Moon is lunar, derived from the Latin Luna. Another less common adjective is selenic, derived from the Ancient Greek Selene (), from which the prefix "seleno-" (as in selenography) is derived.
Formation
Several mechanisms have been proposed for the Moon's formation years ago, some 30–50 million years after the origin of the Solar System. These include the fission of the Moon from the Earth's crust through centrifugal forces, which would require too great an initial spin of the Earth, the gravitational capture of a pre-formed Moon, which would require an unfeasibly extended atmosphere of the Earth to dissipate the energy of the passing Moon, and the co-formation of the Earth and the Moon together in the primordial accretion disk, which does not explain the depletion of metallic iron in the Moon. These hypotheses also cannot account for the high angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system.The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth–Moon system formed as a result of a giant impact: a Mars-sized body hit the nearly formed proto-Earth, blasting material into orbit around the proto-Earth, which accreted to form the Moon. Giant impacts are thought to have been common in the early Solar System. Computer simulations modelling a giant impact are consistent with measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, and the small size of the lunar core; they also show that most of the Moon came from the impactor, not from the proto-Earth. However, meteorites show that other inner Solar System bodies such as Mars and Vesta have very different oxygen and tungsten isotopic compositions to the Earth, while the Earth and Moon have near-identical isotopic compositions. Post-impact mixing of the vaporized material between the forming Earth and Moon could have equalized their isotopic compositions, although this is debated.
The large amount of energy released in the giant impact event and the subsequent reaccretion of material in Earth orbit would have melted the outer shell of the Earth, forming a magma ocean. The newly formed Moon would also have had its own lunar magma ocean; estimates for its depth range from about 500 km to the entire radius of the Moon.
Physical characteristics
Internal structure
| + Chemical composition of the lunar surface regolith (derived from crustal rocks) | Compound | Formula | Composition (wt %) |
| Maria | Highlands | ||
| SiO2 | 45.4% | 45.5% | |
| Al2O3 | 14.9% | 24.0% | |
| style="text-align: left" | CaO | 11.8% | 15.9% |
| FeO | 14.1% | 5.9% | |
| style="text-align: left" | MgO | 9.2% | 7.5% |
| TiO2 | 3.9% | 0.6% | |
| Na2O | 0.6% | 0.6% | |
| Total | !99.9% | !100.0% |
The Moon is the second densest satellite in the Solar System after Io. However, the inner core of the Moon is small, with a radius of about 350 km or less; this is only ~20% the size of the Moon, in contrast to the ~50% of most other terrestrial bodies. Its composition is not well constrained, but it is probably metallic iron alloyed with a small amount of sulphur and nickel; analyses of the Moon's time-variable rotation indicate that it is at least partly molten.
Surface geology
The topography of the Moon has been measured with laser altimetry and stereo image analysis. The most visible topographic feature is the giant far side South Pole – Aitken basin, some 2,240 km in diameter, the largest crater on the Moon and the largest known crater in the Solar System. At 13 km deep, its floor is the lowest elevation on the Moon. The highest elevations are found just to its north-east, and it has been suggested that this area might have been thickened by the oblique formation impact of South Pole – Aitken. Other large impact basins, such as Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Smythii, and Orientale, also possess regionally low elevations and elevated rims. The lunar far side is on average about 1.9 km higher than the near side.
Volcanic features
The dark and relatively featureless lunar plains which can clearly be seen with the naked eye are called maria (Latin for "seas"; singular mare), since they were believed by ancient astronomers to be filled with water. They are now known to be vast solidified pools of ancient basaltic lava. While similar to terrestrial basalts, the mare basalts have much higher abundances of iron and are completely lacking in minerals altered by water. The majority of these lavas erupted or flowed into the depressions associated with impact basins. Several geologic provinces containing shield volcanoes and volcanic domes are found within the near side maria.Maria are found almost exclusively on the near side of the Moon, covering 31% of the surface on the near side, compared with a few scattered patches on the far side covering only 2%. This is thought to be due to a concentration of heat-producing elements under the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obtained by Lunar Prospector's gamma-ray spectrometer, which would have caused the underlying mantle to heat up, partially melt, rise to the surface and erupt. Most of the Moon's mare basalts erupted during the Imbrian period, 3.0–3.5 billion years ago, although some radiometrically dated samples are as old as 4.2 billion years, and the youngest eruptions, dated by crater counting, appear to have been only 1.2 billion years ago.
The lighter-coloured regions of the Moon are called terrae, or more commonly highlands, since they are higher than most maria. They have been radiometrically dated as forming 4.4 billion years ago, and may represent plagioclase cumulates of the lunar magma ocean. In contrast to the Earth, no major lunar mountains are believed to have formed as a result of tectonic events.
Impact craters
The other major geologic process that has affected the Moon's surface is impact cratering, with craters formed when asteroids and comets collide with the lunar surface. There are estimated to be roughly 300,000 craters wider than 1 km on the Moon's near side alone. Some of these are named for scholars, scientists, artists and explorers. The lunar geologic timescale is based on the most prominent impact events, including Nectaris, Imbrium, and Orientale, structures characterized by multiple rings of uplifted material, typically hundreds to thousands of kilometres in diameter and associated with a broad apron of ejecta deposits that form a regional stratigraphic horizon. The lack of an atmosphere, weather and recent geological processes mean that many of these craters are well-preserved. While only a few multi-ring basins have been definitively dated, they are useful for assigning relative ages. Since impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, counting the number of craters per unit area can be used to estimate the age of the surface. The radiometric ages of impact-melted rocks collected during the Apollo missions cluster between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years old: this has been used to propose a Late Heavy Bombardment of impacts.
Blanketed on top of the Moon's crust is a highly comminuted (broken into ever smaller particles) and impact gardened surface layer called regolith, formed by impact processes. The finer regolith, the lunar soil of silicon dioxide glass, has a texture like snow and smell like spent gunpowder. The regolith of older surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness from 10–20 m in the highlands and 3–5 m in the maria. Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the megaregolith, a layer of highly fractured bedrock many kilometres thick.
Presence of water
Liquid water cannot persist on the lunar surface. When exposed to solar radiation, water quickly decomposes through a process known as photodissociation and is lost to space. However since the 1960s, scientists have hypothesized that water ice may be deposited by impacting comets or possibly produced by the reaction of oxygen-rich lunar rocks, and hydrogen from solar wind, leaving traces of water which could possibly survive in cold, permanently shadowed craters at either pole on the Moon. Computer simulations suggest that up to 14,000 km2 of the surface may be in permanent shadow. The presence of usable quantities of water on the Moon is an important factor in rendering lunar habitation as a cost-effective plan; the alternative of transporting water from Earth would be prohibitively expensive.
In years since, signatures of water have been found to exist on the lunar surface. In 1994, the bistatic radar experiment located on the Clementine spacecraft, indicated the existence of small, frozen pockets of water close to the surface. However, later radar observations by Arecibo, suggest these findings may rather be rocks ejected from young impact craters. In 1998, the neutron spectrometer located on the Lunar Prospector spacecraft, indicated that high concentrations of hydrogen are present in the first meter of depth in the regolith near the polar regions. In 2008, an analysis of volcanic lava beads, brought back to Earth aboard Apollo 15, showed small amounts of water to exist in the interior of the beads.
The 2008, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft has since confirmed the existence of surface water ice, using the on-board Moon Mineralogy Mapper. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common to hydroxyl, in reflected sunlight, providing evidence of large quantities of water ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft showed that concentrations may possibly be as high as 1,000 ppm. In 2009, LCROSS sent a 2300 kg impactor into a permanently shadowed polar crater, and detected at least 100 kg of water in a plume of ejected material. Another examination of the LCROSS data showed the amount of detected water, to be closer to 155-kilograms (± 12 kg).
In May 2011, Erik Hauri et al. reported 615-1410 ppm water in melt inclusions in lunar sample 74220, the famous high-titanium "orange glass soil" of volcanic origin collected during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The inclusions were formed during explosive eruptions on the moon approximately 3.7 billion years ago.
This concentration is comparable with that of magma in Earth's upper mantle. While of considerable selenological interest, this announcement affords little comfort to would-be lunar colonists. The sample originated many kilometers below the surface, and the inclusions are so difficult to access that it took 39 years to find them with a state-of-the-art ion microprobe instrument.
Gravity and magnetic fields
The gravitational field of the Moon has been measured through tracking the Doppler shift of radio signals emitted by orbiting spacecraft. The main lunar gravity features are mascons, large positive gravitational anomalies associated with some of the giant impact basins, partly caused by the dense mare basaltic lava flows that fill these basins. These anomalies greatly influence the orbit of spacecraft about the Moon. There are some puzzles: lava flows by themselves cannot explain all of the gravitational signature, and some mascons exist that are not linked to mare volcanism.The Moon has an external magnetic field of the order of one to a hundred nanoteslas, less than one-hundredth that of the Earth. It does not currently have a global dipolar magnetic field, as would be generated by a liquid metal core geodynamo, and only has crustal magnetization, probably acquired early in lunar history when a geodynamo was still operating. Alternatively, some of the remnant magnetization may be from transient magnetic fields generated during large impact events, through the expansion of an impact-generated plasma cloud in the presence of an ambient magnetic field—this is supported by the apparent location of the largest crustal magnetizations near the antipodes of the giant impact basins.
Atmosphere
The Moon has an atmosphere so tenuous as to be nearly vacuum, with a total mass of less than 10 metric tons. The surface pressure of this small mass is around 3 atm (0.3 nPa); it varies with the lunar day. Its sources include outgassing and sputtering, the release of atoms from the bombardment of lunar soil by solar wind ions. Elements that have been detected include sodium and potassium, produced by sputtering, which are also found in the atmospheres of Mercury and Io; helium-4 from the solar wind; and argon-40, radon-222, and polonium-210, outgassed after their creation by radioactive decay within the crust and mantle. The absence of such neutral species (atoms or molecules) as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and magnesium, which are present in the regolith, is not understood. Water vapour has been detected by Chandrayaan-1 and found to vary with latitude, with a maximum at ~60–70 degrees; it is possibly generated from the sublimation of water ice in the regolith. These gases can either return into the regolith due to the Moon's gravity, or be lost to space: either through solar radiation pressure, or if they are ionised, by being swept away by the solar wind's magnetic field.
Seasons
The Moon's axial tilt is only 1.54°, much less than the 23.44° of the Earth. Because of this, the Moon's solar illumination varies much less with season, and topographical details play a crucial role in seasonal effects. From images taken by Clementine in 1994, it appears that four mountainous regions on the rim of Peary crater at the Moon's north pole remain illuminated for the entire lunar day, creating peaks of eternal light. No such regions exist at the south pole. Similarly, there are places that remain in permanent shadow at the bottoms of many polar craters, and these dark craters are extremely cold: Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter measured the lowest summer temperatures in craters at the southern pole at 35 K (−238 °C), and just 26 K close to the winter solstice in north polar Hermite Crater. This is the coldest temperature in the Solar System ever measured by a spacecraft, colder even than the surface of Pluto.
Relationship to Earth
Orbit
The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days (its sidereal period). However, since the Earth is moving in its orbit about the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days (its synodic period). Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits nearer the ecliptic plane than to the planet's equatorial plane. The Moon's orbit is subtly perturbed by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbital motion gradually rotates, which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by Cassini's laws.
Relative size
The Moon is exceptionally large relative to the Earth: a quarter the diameter of the planet and 1/81 its mass. It is the second largest moon orbiting an object in the solar system relative to the size of its planet. Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto, at slightly more than 1/9 (11.6%) of Pluto's mass.However, the Earth and Moon are still considered a planet–satellite system, rather than a double-planet system, as their barycentre, the common centre of mass, is located 1,700 km (about a quarter of the Earth's radius) beneath the surface of the Earth.
Appearance from Earth
The Moon is in synchronous rotation: it rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit the Earth. This results in it nearly always keeping the same face turned towards the Earth. The Moon used to rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became tidally locked in this orientation as a result of frictional effects associated with tidal deformations caused by the Earth. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side, and the opposite side the far side. The far side is often called the "dark side," but in fact, it is illuminated as often as the near side: once per lunar day, during the new Moon phase we observe on Earth when the near side is dark.The Moon has an exceptionally low albedo, giving it a similar reflectance to coal. Despite this, it is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. This is partly due to the brightness enhancement of the opposition effect; at quarter phase, the Moon is only one-tenth as bright, rather than half as bright, as at full Moon. Additionally, colour constancy in the visual system recalibrates the relations between the colours of an object and its surroundings, and since the surrounding sky is comparatively dark, the sunlit Moon is perceived as a bright object. The edges of the full Moon seem as bright as the centre, with no limb darkening, due to the reflective properties of lunar soil, which reflects more light back towards the Sun than in other directions. The Moon does appear larger when close to the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, known as the Moon illusion, first described in the 7th century BC. The full Moon subtends an arc of about 0.52° (on average) in the sky, roughly the same apparent size as the Sun (see eclipses).
The highest altitude of the Moon in the sky varies: while it has nearly the same limit as the Sun, it alters with the lunar phase and with the season of the year, with the full Moon highest during winter. The 18.6-year nodes cycle also has an influence: when the ascending node of the lunar orbit is in the vernal equinox, the lunar declination can go as far as 28° each month. This means the Moon can go overhead at latitudes up to 28° from the equator, instead of only 18°. The orientation of the Moon's crescent also depends on the latitude of the observation site: close to the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent Moon.
The distance between the moon and the Earth varies from around 356,400 km to 406,700 km at the extreme perigees (closest) and apogees (farthest). On 19 March 2011, it was closer to the earth while at full phase than it has been since 1993. Reported as a "super moon", this closest point coincides within an hour of a full moon, and it thus appeared 30 percent brighter, and 14 percent larger than when at its greatest distance.
There has been historical controversy over whether features on the Moon's surface change over time. Today, many of these claims are thought to be illusory, resulting from observation under different lighting conditions, poor astronomical seeing, or inadequate drawings. However, outgassing does occasionally occur, and could be responsible for a minor percentage of the reported lunar transient phenomena. Recently, it has been suggested that a roughly 3 km diameter region of the lunar surface was modified by a gas release event about a million years ago. The Moon's appearance, like that of the Sun, can be affected by Earth's atmosphere: common effects are a 22° halo ring formed when the Moon's light is refracted through the ice crystals of high cirrostratus cloud, and smaller coronal rings when the Moon is seen through thin clouds.
Tidal effects
The tides on the Earth are mostly generated by the gradient in intensity of the Moon's gravitational pull from one side of the Earth to the other, the tidal forces. This forms two tidal bulges on the Earth, which are most clearly seen in elevated sea level as ocean tides. Since the Earth spins about 27 times faster than the Moon moves around it, the bulges are dragged along with the Earth's surface faster than the Moon moves, rotating around the Earth once a day as it spins on its axis. The ocean tides are magnified by other effects: frictional coupling of water to Earth's rotation through the ocean floors, the inertia of water's movement, ocean basins that get shallower near land, and oscillations between different ocean basins. The gravitational attraction of the Sun on the Earth's oceans is almost half that of the Moon, and their gravitational interplay is responsible for spring and neap tides.Gravitational coupling between the Moon and the bulge nearest the Moon acts as a torque on the Earth's rotation, draining angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy from the Earth's spin. In turn, angular momentum is added to the Moon's orbit, accelerating it, which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit with a longer period. As a result, the distance between the Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's spin slowing down. Measurements from lunar ranging experiments with laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions have found that the Moon's distance to the Earth increases by 38 mm per year (though this is only 0.10 ppb/year of the radius of the Moon's orbit). Atomic clocks also show that the Earth's day lengthens by about 15 microseconds every year, slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Left to run its course, this tidal drag would continue until the spin of the Earth and the orbital period of the Moon matched. However, the Sun will become a red giant long before that, engulfing the Earth.
The lunar surface also experiences tides of amplitude ~10 cm over 27 days, with two components: a fixed one due to the Earth, as they are in synchronous rotation, and a varying component from the Sun. The Earth-induced component arises from libration, a result of the Moon's orbital eccentricity; if the Moon's orbit were perfectly circular, there would only be solar tides. Libration also changes the angle from which the Moon is seen, allowing about 59% of its surface to be seen from the Earth (but only half at any instant). The cumulative effects of stress built up by these tidal forces produces moonquakes. Moonquakes are much less common and weaker than earthquakes, although they can last for up to an hour – a significantly longer time than terrestrial earthquakes – because of the absence of water to damp out the seismic vibrations. The existence of moonquakes was an unexpected discovery from seismometers placed on the Moon by Apollo astronauts from 1969 through 1972.
Eclipses
Eclipses can only occur when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are all in a straight line (termed "syzygy"). Solar eclipses occur near a new Moon, when the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. In contrast, lunar eclipses occur near a full Moon, when the Earth is between the Sun and Moon. The apparent size of the Moon is roughly the same as that of the Sun, with both being viewed at close to one-half a degree wide. The Sun is much larger than the Moon but it is the precise vastly greater distance that coincidentally gives it the same apparent size as the much closer and much smaller Moon from the perspective of the Earth. The variations in apparent size, due to the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, though occurring in different cycles. This makes possible both total (with the Moon appearing larger than the Sun) and annular (with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun) solar eclipses. In a total eclipse, the Moon completely covers the disc of the Sun and the solar corona becomes visible to the naked eye. Since the distance between the Moon and the Earth is very slowly increasing over time, the angular diameter of the Moon is decreasing. This means that hundreds of millions of years ago the Moon would always completely cover the Sun on solar eclipses, and no annular eclipses were possible. Likewise, about 600 million years from now (if the angular diameter of the Sun does not change), the Moon will no longer cover the Sun completely, and only annular eclipses will occur.
Because the Moon's orbit around the Earth is inclined by about 5° to the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, eclipses do not occur at every full and new Moon. For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the intersection of the two orbital planes. The periodicity and recurrence of eclipses of the Sun by the Moon, and of the Moon by the Earth, is described by the saros cycle, which has a period of approximately 18 years.
As the Moon is continuously blocking our view of a half-degree-wide circular area of the sky, the related phenomenon of occultation occurs when a bright star or planet passes behind the Moon and is occulted: hidden from view. In this way, a solar eclipse is an occultation of the Sun. Because the Moon is comparatively close to the Earth, occultations of individual stars are not visible everywhere on the planet, nor at the same time. Because of the precession of the lunar orbit, each year different stars are occulted.
Study and exploration
Early studies
Understanding of the Moon's cycles was an early development of astronomy: by the , Babylonian astronomers had recorded the 18-year Saros cycle of lunar eclipses, and Indian astronomers had described the Moon’s monthly elongation. The Chinese astronomer Shi Shen gave instructions for predicting solar and lunar eclipses. Later, the physical form of the Moon and the cause of moonlight became understood. The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. Although the Chinese of the Han Dynasty believed the Moon to be energy equated to qi, their 'radiating influence' theory also recognized that the light of the Moon was merely a reflection of the Sun, and Jing Fang (78–37 BC) noted the sphericity of the Moon. In 499 AD, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata mentioned in his Aryabhatiya that reflected sunlight is the cause of the shining of the Moon. The astronomer and physicist Alhazen (965–1039) found that sunlight was not reflected from the Moon like a mirror, but that light was emitted from every part of the Moon's sunlit surface in all directions. Shen Kuo (1031–1095) of the Song Dynasty created an allegory equating the waxing and waning of the Moon to a round ball of reflective silver that, when doused with white powder and viewed from the side, would appear to be a crescent.
In Aristotle's (384–322 BC) description of the universe, the Moon marked the boundary between the spheres of the mutable elements (earth, water, air and fire), and the imperishable stars of aether, an influential philosophy that would dominate for centuries. However, in the , Seleucus of Seleucia correctly theorized that tides were due to the attraction of the Moon, and that their height depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun. In the same century, Aristarchus computed the size and distance of the Moon from Earth, obtaining a value of about twenty times the Earth radius for the distance. These figures were greatly improved by Ptolemy (90–168 AD): his values of a mean distance of 59 times the Earth's radius and a diameter of 0.292 Earth diameters were close to the correct values of about 60 and 0.273 respectively. Archimedes (287–212 BC) invented a planetarium calculating motions of the Moon and the known planets.
During the Middle Ages, before the invention of the telescope, the Moon was increasingly recognised as a sphere, though many believed that it was "perfectly smooth". In 1609, Galileo Galilei drew one of the first telescopic drawings of the Moon in his book and noted that it was not smooth but had mountains and craters. Telescopic mapping of the Moon followed: later in the 17th century, the efforts of Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi led to the system of naming of lunar features in use today. The more exact 1834-6 of Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler, and their associated 1837 book , the first trigonometrically accurate study of lunar features, included the heights of more than a thousand mountains, and introduced the study of the Moon at accuracies possible in earthly geography. Lunar craters, first noted by Galileo, were thought to be volcanic until the 1870s proposal of Richard Proctor that they were formed by collisions. This view gained support in 1892 from the experimentation of geologist Grove Karl Gilbert, and from comparative studies from 1920 to the 1940s, leading to the development of lunar stratigraphy, which by the 1950s was becoming a new and growing branch of astrogeology.
First direct exploration: 1959–1976
Soviet missions
The Cold War-inspired Space Race between the Soviet Union and the U.S. led to an acceleration of interest in exploration of the Moon. Once launchers had the necessary capabilities, these nations sent unmanned probes on both flyby and impact/lander missions. Spacecraft from the Soviet Union's Luna program were the first to accomplish a number of goals: following three unnamed, failed missions in 1958, the first man-made object to escape Earth's gravity and pass near the Moon was Luna 1; the first man-made object to impact the lunar surface was Luna 2, and the first photographs of the normally occluded far side of the Moon were made by Luna 3, all in 1959.The first spacecraft to perform a successful lunar soft landing was Luna 9 and the first unmanned vehicle to orbit the Moon was Luna 10, both in 1966. Rock and soil samples were brought back to Earth by three Luna sample return missions (Luna 16 in 1970, Luna 20 in 1972, and Luna 24 in 1976), which returned 0.3 kg total. Two pioneering robotic rovers landed on the Moon in 1970 and 1973 as a part of Soviet Lunokhod programme.
United States missions
American lunar exploration began with robotic missions aimed at developing understanding of the lunar surface for an eventual manned landing: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Surveyor program landed its first spacecraft four months after Luna 9. NASA's manned Apollo program was developed in parallel; after a series of unmanned and manned tests of the Apollo spacecraft in Earth orbit, and spurred on by a potential Soviet lunar flight, in 1968 Apollo 8 made the first crewed mission to lunar orbit. The subsequent landing of the first humans on the Moon in 1969 is seen by many as the culmination of the Space Race. Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon as the commander of the American mission Apollo 11 by first setting foot on the Moon at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. The Apollo missions 11 to 17 (except Apollo 13, which aborted its planned lunar landing) returned 382 kg of lunar rock and soil in 2,196 separate samples. The American Moon landing and return was enabled by considerable technological advances in the early 1960s, in domains such as ablation chemistry, software engineering and atmospheric re-entry technology, and by highly competent management of the enormous technical undertaking.Scientific instrument packages were installed on the lunar surface during all the Apollo missions. Long-lived instrument stations, including heat flow probes, seismometers, and magnetometers, were installed at the Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 landing sites. Direct transmission of data to Earth concluded in late 1977 due to budgetary considerations, but as the stations' lunar laser ranging corner-cube retroreflector arrays are passive instruments, they are still being used. Ranging to the stations is routinely performed from earth-based stations with an accuracy of a few centimetres, and data from this experiment are being used to place constraints on the size of the lunar core.
Current era: 1990–present
Post-Apollo and Luna, many more countries have become involved in direct exploration of the Moon. In 1990, Japan became the third country to place a spacecraft into lunar orbit with its Hiten spacecraft. The spacecraft released a smaller probe, Hagoromo, in lunar orbit, but the transmitter failed, preventing further scientific use of the mission. In 1994, the U.S. sent the joint Defense Department/NASA spacecraft Clementine to lunar orbit. This mission obtained the first near-global topographic map of the Moon, and the first global multispectral images of the lunar surface. This was followed in 1998 by the Lunar Prospector mission, whose instruments indicated the presence of excess hydrogen at the lunar poles, which is likely to have been caused by the presence of water ice in the upper few meters of the regolith within permanently shadowed craters.The European spacecraft SMART-1, the second ion-propelled spacecraft, was in lunar orbit from 15 November 2004 until its lunar impact on 3 September 2006, and made the first detailed survey of chemical elements on the lunar surface. China has expressed ambitious plans for exploring the Moon, and successfully orbited its first spacecraft, Chang'e-1, from 5 November 2007 until its controlled lunar impact on 1 March 2008. In its sixteen-month mission, it obtained a full image map of the Moon. Between 4 October 2007 and 10 June 2009, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's Kaguya (Selene) mission, a lunar orbiter fitted with a high-definition video camera, and two small radio-transmitter satellites, obtained lunar geophysics data and took the first high-definition movies from beyond Earth orbit. India's first lunar mission, Chandrayaan I, orbited from 8 November 2008 until loss of contact on 27 August 2009, creating a high resolution chemical, mineralogical and photo-geological map of the lunar surface, and confirming the presence of water molecules in lunar soil. The Indian Space Research Organisation plans to launch Chandrayaan II in 2013, which is slated to include a Russian robotic lunar rover. The U.S. co-launched the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and the LCROSS impactor and follow-up observation orbiter on 18 June 2009; LCROSS completed its mission by making a planned and widely observed impact in the crater Cabeus on 9 October 2009, while LRO is currently in operation, obtaining precise lunar altimetry and high-resolution imagery.
Other upcoming lunar missions include Russia's Luna-Glob: an unmanned lander, set of seismometers, and an orbiter based on its Martian Phobos-Grunt mission, which is slated to launch in 2012. Privately funded lunar exploration has been promoted by the Google Lunar X Prize, announced 13 September 2007, which offers US$20 million to anyone who can land a robotic rover on the Moon and meet other specified criteria.
NASA began to plan to resume manned missions following the call by U.S. President George W. Bush on 14 January 2004 for a manned mission to the Moon by 2019 and the construction of a lunar base by 2024. The Constellation program was funded and construction and testing begun on a manned spacecraft and launch vehicle, and design studies for a lunar base. However, that program has been cancelled in favour of a manned asteroid landing by 2025 and a manned Mars orbit by 2035. India has also expressed its hope to send a manned mission to the Moon by 2020.
Astronomy from the Moon
For many years, the Moon has been recognized as an excellent site for telescopes. It is relatively nearby; astronomical seeing is not a concern; certain craters near the poles are permanently dark and cold, and thus especially useful for infrared telescopes; and radio telescopes on the far side would be shielded from the radio chatter of Earth. The lunar soil, although it poses a problem for any moving parts of telescopes, can be mixed with carbon nanotubes and epoxies in the construction of mirrors up to 50 meters in diameter. A lunar zenith telescope can be made cheaply with ionic liquid.
Legal status
Although Luna landers scattered pennants of the Soviet Union on the Moon, and U.S. flags were symbolically planted at their landing sites by the Apollo astronauts, no nation currently claims ownership of any part of the Moon's surface. Russia and the U.S. are party to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, which defines the Moon and all outer space as the "province of all mankind". This treaty also restricts the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes, explicitly banning military installations and weapons of mass destruction. The 1979 Moon Agreement was created to restrict the exploitation of the Moon's resources by any single nation, but it has not been signed by any of the space-faring nations. While several individuals have made claims to the Moon in whole or in part, none of these are considered credible.
In culture
The Moon's regular phases make it a very convenient timepiece, and the periods of its waxing and waning form the basis of many of the oldest calendars. Tally sticks, notched bones dating as far back as 20–30,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon. The ~30-day month is an approximation of the lunar cycle. The English noun month and its cognates in other Germanic languages stem from Proto-Germanic *mǣnṓth-, which is connected to the above mentioned Proto-Germanic *mǣnōn, indicating the usage of a lunar calendar among the Germanic peoples (Germanic calendar) prior to the adoption of a solar calendar. The same Indo-European root as moon led, via Latin, to measure and menstrual, words which echo the Moon's importance to many ancient cultures in measuring time (see Latin and Ancient Greek (mēnas), meaning "month"). The Moon has been the subject of many works of art and literature and the inspiration for countless others. It is a motif in the visual arts, the performing arts, poetry, prose and music. A 5,000-year-old rock carving at Knowth, Ireland, may represent the Moon, which would be the earliest depiction discovered. The contrast between the brighter highlands and darker maria create the patterns seen by different cultures as the Man in the Moon, the rabbit and the buffalo, among others. In many prehistoric and ancient cultures, the Moon was personified as a deity or other supernatural phenomenon, and astrological views of the Moon continue to be propagated today.The Moon has a long association with insanity and irrationality; the words lunacy and loony are derived from the Latin name for the Moon, Luna. Philosophers such as Aristotle and Pliny the Elder argued that the full Moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person. Even today, people insist that admissions to psychiatric hospitals, traffic accidents, homicides or suicides increase during a full Moon, although there is no scientific evidence to support such claims.
References
;Notes ;Footnotes ;Bibliography
Further reading
External links
;Further reading (podcast and transcript);Cartographic resources
;Observation tools See when the next new crescent moon is visible for any location.
Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:Moons
kbd:Мазэ af:Maan als:Mond am:ጨረቃ ang:Mōna ab:Амза ar:القمر an:Luna arc:ܣܗܪܐ frp:Lena ast:Lluna ay:Phaxsi (alaxpacha yänakata) az:Ay bn:চাঁদ zh-min-nan:Go̍eh-niû ba:Ай (күк есеме) be:Месяц, спадарожнік Зямлі be-x-old:Месяц (спадарожнік Зямлі) bar:Mond bo:ཟླ་བ། bs:Mjesec (satelit) br:Loar bg:Луна ca:Lluna ceb:Bulan (astronomiya) cs:Měsíc co:Luna cy:Lleuad da:Månen de:Mond nv:Ooljééʼ et:Kuu el:Σελήνη eml:Lónna myv:Ков (Моданть ки лангонь ялага) es:Luna eo:Luno ext:Luna eu:Ilargia fa:ماه hif:Chandarma fo:Mánin fr:Lune fy:Moanne (himellichem) ff:Lewru fur:Lune ga:An Ghealach gv:Yn Eayst gd:A' Ghealach gl:Lúa gan:月光 gu:ચંદ્ર hak:Ngiėt-fÂ-kông ko:달 hy:Լուսին hi:चन्द्रमा hsb:Měsačk hr:Mjesec io:Luno ilo:Bulan id:Bulan ia:Luna ie:Lune iu:ᑕᖅᑭᖅ/taqqiq os:Мæй (Зæххы æмбæлццон) is:Tunglið it:Luna he:הירח jv:Rembulan kl:Qaammat kn:ಚಂದ್ರ pam:Bulan ka:მთვარე csb:Miesądz kk:Ай (серік) kw:Loor sw:Mwezi (gimba la angani) kv:Тӧлысь ht:Lalin ku:Heyv lo:ດວງຈັນ la:Luna (satelles) lv:Mēness lb:Äerdmound lt:Mėnulis lij:Lunn-a li:Maon ln:Sánzá (monzɔ́tɔ) jbo:lunra lmo:Lüna hu:Hold mk:Месечина mg:Volana ml:ചന്ദ്രന് mt:Qamar mr:चंद्र arz:قمر ms:Bulan (satelit) mwl:Luna mdf:Ков mn:Сар my:လ(ကမ္ဘာရံဂြိုဟ်) nah:Mētztli na:Maraman nl:Maan nds-nl:Maone (eerde) cr:ᑎᐱᔅᑳᐅᐲᓯᒻ ne:चन्द्रमा new:तिमिला ja:月 nap:Luna frr:Moune no:Månen nn:Månen nrm:Leune nov:Lune oc:Luna uz:Oy (tabiiy yoʻldosh) pa:ਚੰਦਰਮਾ pnb:چن ps:سپوږمۍ pms:Lun-a tpi:Mun (i stap long heven) nds:Maand (Eer) pl:Księżyc pnt:Φέγγος pt:Lua ksh:Moond (Ääd) ro:Lună rmy:Chhon (chereski) rm:Glina qu:Killa rue:Місяць (сателіт) ru:Луна sah:Ый sa:चन्द्रः sc:Luna sco:Muin stq:Moune sq:Hëna scn:Luna si:චන්ද්රයා simple:Moon sk:Mesiac cu:Мѣсѧць sl:Luna szl:Mjeśůnczek so:Bil sr:Месец sh:Mjesec su:Bulan (satelit) fi:Kuu sv:Månen tl:Buwan (astronomiya) ta:நிலா tt:Ай (иярчен) te:చంద్రుడు th:ดวงจันทร์ tg:Моҳ tr:Ay tw:Ɔbosome uk:Місяць (супутник) ur:چاند za:Ronghndwen vec:Łuna vi:Mặt Trăng vo:Mun fiu-vro:Kuu wa:Lune zh-classical:月 vls:Moane war:Bulan (astronomiya) wuu:月球 yi:לבנה yo:Òṣùpá zh-yue:月光 bat-smg:Mienolis zh:月球This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Affiliated Video Suggestions
