Common assault was an offence under the common law of England, and seems to now be a statutory offence. It is committed by a person who causes another person to apprehend the immediate use of unlawful violence by the defendant. It was thought to include battery. In England and Wales, the penalty and mode of trial for this offence is now provided section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, and it has been held that the offence should be alleged as contrary to the statute because of this. It was also held that there were two distinct offences, so that a charge that the accused 'assaulted and battered' another person would be bad for duplicity (the rule against charging more than one offence in a single count).

General principles

Common assault is not defined by section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, as this remains under the common law in the case of Venna.

Actus reus

Both in the common law and under statute, the actus reus of a common assault is committed when one person causes another to apprehend or fear that force is about to be used to cause some degree of personal contact and possible injury. There must be some quality of reasonableness to the apprehension on the part of the victim. If the physical contact is everyday social behaviour such as a handshake or friendly pat on the back, this is acceptable even though the victim may have a phobia although, if the defendant is aware of the psychological difficulty, this may be converted into an assault if the intention is to exploit the condition and embarrass the victim. More generally, if the defendant threatens injury tomorrow, the victim has the opportunity to take avoiding action although this might form a “menace” within the meaning of section 22 of the Theft Act 1968 for the purposes of blackmail. Thus, what is threatened must be capable of being carried out immediately. This would exclude a conditional threat. For example, if the defendant says that he would beat the living daylights out of you but for the presence of a police officer watching them both, the victim is supposed to understand that there is no immediate danger. But inequality in size can be disregarded so if a very small person threatens a very large person and it is obvious that the risk of any real injury from this attack is remote, the large person may nevertheless feel some degree of apprehension. Normally, both the one making the threat and the victim must be physically present because, otherwise, there would be no immediate danger. However, if a mobile phone is used to transmit the threat (whether orally or by SMS) and, from the words used, the victim reasonably understands that an attack is imminent, this may constitute an assault.

In Fagan v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1968] 1 QB 439 a police officer ordered the defendant to park his car and he reluctantly complied. In doing so, he accidentally drove the car on to the policeman’s foot and, when asked to remove the car, said "Fuck you, you can wait" and turned off the ignition. Because of the steel toe cap in his boot, the policeman's foot was not in actual danger, but the Divisional Court held that this could constitute an assault. Albeit accidentally, the driver had caused his car to rest on the officer's foot. This actus reus was a continuing act and the mens rea was formed during the relevant time (see concurrence). Whether realistically or not, the officer apprehended the possibility of injury so the offence was complete.

See also R v. Constanza.

Mens rea

The mens rea is that this fear must have been caused either intentionally or recklessly. A battery is committed when the threatened force actually results in contact to the other and that contact was caused either intentionally or recklessly.

Self defence is available when reasonable force is used to prevent harm to self or another.

Whether it is a statutory offence

In DPP v. Taylor, DPP v. Little [1992] 1 QB 645, 95 Cr.App.R. 28, it was held that common assault is a statutory offence, contrary to section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. This decision was criticised and in Haystead v. DPP 164 JP 396, DC, the Divisional court expressed the obiter opinion that common assault remains a common law offence.

Mode of trial and sentence

In England and Wales, it is a summary offence. However, where section 40 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 applies, it can be an additional charge on an indictment. It is usually tried summarily.

However it is tried, it is punishable with imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale, or both.

See Crown Prosecution Service Sentencing Manual for case law on sentencing. Relevant cases are:

R v. Nottingham Crown Court ex parte Director of Public Prosecutions [1996] 1 Cr.App.R. (S.) 283

R v. Dunn [2003] 2 Cr.App.R. (S.) 90

Racially or religiously aggravated offence

In England and Wales, section 29(1)(c) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (c.37) creates the distinct offence of racially or religiously aggravated common assault.

Status of offence

This is the least serious assault and, under section 11 of the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004, a common assault can be an alternative verdict to more serious offences of assault. In real terms, the degree of fear or the level of injury required for a conviction can be slight. No injury is required to prove battery.

See also

Battery

Assault occasioning actual bodily harm

Grievous bodily harm

References

External links

Crown Prosecution Service

Category:English criminal law Category:Crimes

Name	Westside Connection
Background	group_or_band
Origin	Los Angeles, California, United States
Genre	West Coast Hip-Hop, Gangsta Rap
Years active	1994-2003
Label	Priority RecordsHoo Bangin' RecordsLench Mob Records
Associated acts	213, Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Warren G, Ras Kass, MC Ren, N.W.A
Url	westsideconnection.org
Past members	Ice CubeWCMack 10

Westside Connection was an American gangsta rap group consisting of Ice Cube, WC and Mack 10. The group's debut album, Bow Down, reached the number 2 position on the Billboard 200 in 1996, going platinum that year.

Biography

Westside Connection began performing together in 1994, appearing on Mack 10's self-titled debut album, Mack 10, on the song "Westside Slaughterhouse". A few months later, the group again joined forces, this time appearing on WC's album, Curb Servin', on the song "West Up!". Around this time the group began working on their debut album, Bow Down, which was released October 22, 1996.

Individually, Ice Cube, WC and Mack 10 continued working on solo projects in between group albums. Together, as Westside Connection, they produced several songs released on film soundtracks and compilations including "Bangin'" (from West Coast Bad Boyz II), "Let It Reign" (from Thicker than Water) and "It's The Holidaze" (from Friday After Next).

On December 9, 2003 the group released their second album Terrorist Threats, hallmarked by the lead single "Gangsta Nation" Produced by Fredwreck and featuring Nate Dogg.

In 2005 Mack 10 left the group due to a conflict between him and Ice Cube.

In 2008, rumors have been circulating that The Game may join to replace Mack 10. This gossip stemmed from his verse on Ice Cube's track with WC called "Get Use to It" where Game proclaims he may join Da Lench Mob (implying the Westside Connection). While Game has denied his membership, recently Cube gave some credence to the idea in an interview. When asked about The Game joining, he nodded and said "maybe". But neither of the parties confirmed.

Discography

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2"| Title ! colspan="2"| Chart positions ! rowspan="2"| RIAA certifications |- ! Billboard 200 ! Top R&B;/Hip hop albums |- | 1996 | Bow Down |align="center"| 2 |align="center"| 1 | Platinum |- | 2003 | Terrorist Threats |align="center"| 16 |align="center"| 3 | Gold |}

Compilations

2007: The Best Of: The Gangsta/The Killa/The Dope Dealer

Singles

{|class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2"| Title ! colspan="3"| Chart positions ! rowspan="2"| Album |- ! Billboard Hot 100 ! Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs ! Rap Songs |- | 1996 | "Bow Down" |align="center"| 21 |align="center"| 19 |align="center"| 1 | rowspan="2"|Bow Down |- | 1997 | "Gangstas Make the World Go Round" |align="center"| 40 |align="center"| 30 |align="center"| 10 |- | 1998 | "Let It Reign" |align="center"| - |align="center"| - |align="center"| 60 | Thicker than Water |- | 2002 | "It's the Holidaze" |align="center"| - |align="center"| - |align="center"| - | Friday After Next |- | 2003 | "Gangsta Nation" |align="center"| 33 |align="center"| 22 |align="center"| - | Terrorist Threats |}

References

External links

Official web site

Category:American hip hop groups Category:West Coast hip hop groups Category:Ice Cube Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles, California Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:Priority Records artists Category:Westside Connection members

Playername	Ronaldo
Fullname	Ronaldo Luis Nazário de Lima
Height
Dateofbirth	September 18, 1976
Cityofbirth	Rio de Janeiro
Countryofbirth	Brazil
Currentclub	Corinthians
Clubnumber	9
Position	Striker
Youthyears1	1986–1989 |youthclubs1 = Tennis Club Valqueire
Youthyears2	1989–1990 |youthclubs2 = Social Ramos Club
Youthyears3	1990–1993 |youthclubs3 = São Cristóvão
Years1	1993 |clubs1 = Cruzeiro |caps1 = 14 |goals1 = 12
Years2	1994–1996 |clubs2 = PSV |caps2 = 46 |goals2 = 42
Years3	1996–1997 |clubs3 = Barcelona |caps3 = 37 |goals3 = 34
Years4	1997–2002 |clubs4 = Inter Milan |caps4 = 68 |goals4 = 49
Years5	2002–2007 |clubs5 = Real Madrid |caps5 = 127 |goals5 = 83
Years6	2007–2008 |clubs6 = AC Milan |caps6 = 20 |goals6 = 9
Years7	2009– |clubs7 = Corinthians |caps7 = 31 |goals7 = 18
Nationalyears1	1994–2006 |nationalteam1 = Brazil |nationalcaps1 = 97 |nationalgoals1 = 62
Medaltemplates	}}

| pcupdate = 05 December 2010 (UTC) | ntupdate = 28 September 2008 (UTC) }}

Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima (; born 18 September 1976), commonly known as Ronaldo, is a Brazilian footballer who currently plays for Corinthians. Ronaldo was one of the most prolific scorers in the world in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. He won his first Ballon d'Or as the European Footballer of the Year in 1997 (aged only 21) and again won the award in 2002 (26 years old). Additionally, he is one of only two men to have won the FIFA Player of the Year award three times, along with French footballer Zinedine Zidane. In 2007, he was named as one of the best starting eleven of all-time by France Football and was named to the FIFA 100, a list of the greatest footballers compiled by fellow countryman Pelé. In 2010, he was voted Goal.com's 'Player of the Decade' in an online poll, gathering 43.63% of all votes

After his move to AC Milan, Ronaldo joined the list of the few players to have played for both Inter Milan and AC Milan in the Milan Derby and is one of two players to have scored for both sides in the derby game (for Inter in the 98/99 season and for Milan in the 06/07 season), the other player being Zlatan Ibrahimovic. Ronaldo is also one of the few players to have started for Real Madrid and Barcelona, which also boasts a heated rivalry. However, Ronaldo has never transferred directly between rival clubs. Ronaldo only played 300-plus minutes in his single season at AC Milan due to recurring injury problems and weight issues. Ronaldo's only goals in the 2007/2008 season, besides his goal against Lecce in pre-season, came in a 5–2 victory against Napoli at the San Siro, where he scored an emotional brace. It was also the first time AC Milan's much hyped attacking trio of Kaká, Alexandre Pato and Ronaldo, known as Ka-Pa-Ro played together. In total he scored 9 goals in 20 appearances for AC Milan.

Despite tremendous success over the past decade, Ronaldo has never won the UEFA Champions League in his club career. During the 2006–07 season, though AC Milan won the 2006–07 title, Ronaldo was cup-tied with Madrid and ineligible to take part. The closest that he has been was in 2003 when he helped Real Madrid to the semi-finals, in which they lost to Juventus.

On 13 February 2008, Ronaldo suffered a severe season-ending knee injury while jumping for a cross in AC Milan's 1–1 draw with Livorno, and was stretchered off and taken to a hospital. AC Milan confirmed after the match that Ronaldo had ruptured the kneecap ligament in his left knee. It marked the third such occurrence of this injury, which he suffered twice to his right knee in 1998 and 2000. ² includes 10 matches and 8 goals in Campeonato Paulista. ³ includes 9 matches and 3 goals in Campeonato Paulista.

|- |1994||4||1 |- |1995||6||3 |- |1996||4||5 |- |1997||20||15 |- |1998||10||5 |- |1999||10||7 |- |2000||0||0 |- |2001||0||0 |- |2002||12||11 |- |2003||8||3 |- |2004||11||6 |- |2005||5||1 |- |2006||7||5 |- !Total||97||62 |}

Honours

Cruzeiro

Campeonato Mineiro: 1994

Copa do Brasil: 1993

PSV

KNVB Cup: 1996

Johan Cruijff-schaal: 1996

Barcelona

Copa del Rey: 1997

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1997

Supercopa de España: 1996

Inter Milan

UEFA Cup: 1998

Real Madrid

La Liga: 2002–03, 2006–07

Intercontinental Cup: 2002

Supercopa de España: 2003

Corinthians

Campeonato Paulista: 2009

Copa do Brasil: 2009

National team

FIFA World Cup: 1994, 2002

Copa América: 1997, 1999

FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997

Individual

Supercopa Libertadores Top Scorer: 1993–94

Campeonato Mineiro Top Scorer: 1993–94

Campeonato Mineiro Team of The Year: 1994

Eredivisie Top Scorer: 1994–95

La Liga Top Scorer: 1996–97,2003–2004

European Golden Boot: 1996–97

Don Balón Award La Liga Foreign Player of the Year: 1996–97

Copa América Final Most Valuable Player: 1997

Copa América Most Valuable Player: 1997

Confederations Cup All-Star Team: 1997

Cup Winners Cup Final Most Valuable Player: 1997

Cup Winners Cup Top Goal Scorer: 1996–1997

IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer of the Year: 1997

UEFA Most Valuable Player: 1997–98

Serie A Footballer of the Year: 1997–98

Serie A Foreign Footballer of the Year: 1997–98

UEFA Best Forward: 1997–98

Bravo Award : 1995, 1997, 1998

FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1998

UEFA Cup Final Most Valuable Player: 1998

Copa América Top Scorer: 1999

Copa América All-Star Team: 1997, 1999

FIFA World Player of the Year: 1996, 1997, 2002

Ballon D'or: 1997, 2002

World Soccer Magazine World Player of The Year: 1996,1997.2002

Onze d'Or: 1997, 2002

FIFA World Cup Silver Ball: 2002

FIFA 100

FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1998, 2002

FIFA World Cup Final Most Valuable Player: 2002

FIFA World Cup Top Scorer: 2002

Intercontinental Cup Most Valuable Player: 2002

UEFA Team of The Year: 2002

Laureus Comeback of the Year: 2002

Strogaldo De Legendary Award 2002

BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality: 2002

La Liga South American Player of the Year: 1996–97, 2002–03

Golden Foot award: 2006

Brazilian National Hall of Fame: Class of 2006

Serie A Player of the Decade: 1997–2007

France Football Magazine: Starting eleven of all-time (2007)

FIFA World Cup: All-Time Leading Scorer

Campeonato Paulista: Best Player, 2009

Goal.com : Player of a decade: Winner 2000–2010

Personal life

Ronaldo is the third child of Nélio Nazário de Lima, Snr and Sônia dos Santos Barata, Ronaldo has a brother Nélio Jr.

.]] During 1997, Ronaldo met the Brazilian model and actress Susana Werner on the set of Brazilian telenovela Malhação when they acted together in three episodes. Although never marrying, they began a long-term relationship and lived together in Milan until the beginning of 1999. In April 1999, Ronaldo married female Brazilian footballer Milene Domingues, at the time pregnant with the couple's first son, Ronald. The marriage lasted four years. The couple had a son, Ronald (born in Milan, on April 6, 2000). In 2005, Ronaldo became engaged to Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli, who became pregnant but suffered a miscarriage; the relationship lasted for only three months after their luxurious wedding at the Château de Chantilly. The ceremony reportedly cost €700,000 (£896,000). Ronaldo also had a relationship with Brazilian supermodel Raica Oliveira, ended in December 2006.

In April 2008, Ronaldo was involved in a scandal involving three transvestite prostitutes whom he met in a nightclub located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Upon discovering that they were men, Ronaldo offered them $600 to leave. However, one of the three, André Luís Ribeiro Albertini (better known as Andréia Albertini), demanded $30,000 and exposed the case to the media. According to the local police chief, "[Ronaldo] was very excited and wanted to go out and have fun, without the press knowing. Ronaldo said that he is not mentally stable and is having psychological problems because of his recent surgery. But he committed no crime at all, it was immoral at best." Ronaldo's engagement to Maria Beatriz Antony was cancelled immediately after the prostitution scandal but resumed a little later. Maria Beatriz Antony gave birth to their first daughter, named Maria Sophia, in Rio de Janeiro, on 24 December 2008. In April 2009, the whole family moved to a new penthouse in São Paulo. On April 6, 2010, Maria Beatriz Antony gave birth to their second daughter. The girl, born in São Paulo, was named Maria Alice. Coincidently, Maria Alice was born exactly 10 years after her older brother Ronald. In December 2010, Ronaldo and his family moved to a new mansion in São Paulo. Also in December, Ronaldo performed a parental testing and confirmed to be the father of a boy named Alexander (born in April 2005). The boy was born after a brief relationship between Ronaldo and Michele Umezu, a Brazilian waitress whom Ronaldo first met in Tokyo, in 2002. After the confirmation of his fourth child, the striker declared that four is enough, causing him to "close the factory". So, on December 26, 2010, he revealed his recent vasectomy.

Since 2005, Ronaldo has been the co-owner of A1 Team Brazil, along with Brazilian motorsports legend Emerson Fittipaldi.

References

External links

Top.10 players of Brasileiro 2009 Southamericanfutbol.com

ESPN Profile

}}

Category:1976 births Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players Category:1997 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players Category:A1 Grand Prix people Category:A.C. Milan players Category:Association football forwards Category:Brazil international footballers Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Brazilian expatriates in Italy Category:Brazilian expatriates in Spain Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Brazilian people of Black African descent Category:Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players Category:Eredivisie players Category:European Footballer of the Year winners Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain Category:Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands Category:FC Barcelona footballers Category:F.C. Internazionale Milano players Category:FIFA 100 Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players Category:FIFA World Player of the Year winners Category:Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:La Liga footballers Category:Laureus World Sports Awards winners Category:Living people Category:Naturalised citizens of Spain Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Brazil Category:Olympic footballers of Brazil Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (state) Category:People with acquired Spanish citizenship Category:Pichichi Trophy winners Category:PSV Eindhoven players Category:Real Madrid C.F. players Category:Serie A footballers Category:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players Category:World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners

Name	Ice Cube
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	O'Shea Jackson
Alias
Born	June 15, 1969
Origin	South Central Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genre	Hip hop
Occupation	Rapper, record producer, actor, screenwriter, film director, film producer
Instrument	Keyboards, sampler
Years active	1984–present
Label	Priority (1987–1996)Lench Mob (1994–present)EMI (1987–present)
Associated acts	N.W.A, C.I.A., Westside Connection, Scarface, Da Lench Mob, Public Enemy, WC and the Maad Circle, Dr. Dre
Url

O'Shea Jackson (born June 15, 1969), better known by his stage name Ice Cube, is an American rapper, actor, screenwriter, film director, and producer. He began his career as a member of C.I.A and later joined the rap group N.W.A. After leaving N.W.A in 1989, he built a successful solo career in music, and also as a writer, director, actor and producer in cinema. In 2010, he embarked upon a television production career with the TBS series Are We There Yet.

He married Kimberly Woodruff in 1992, with whom he has four children (three boys, one girl). He attended the Phoenix Institute of Technology in the fall of 1987, and studied Architectural Drafting.

His 1991 follow-up, Death Certificate was regarded as more focused, yet even more controversial, and critics accused him again of being anti-white, misogynist, and antisemitic. The album is thematically divided into the 'Death Side' ("a vision of where we are today") and the 'Life Side' ("a vision of where we need to go"). It features "No Vaseline", a scathing response to N.W.A's attacks and "Black Korea," a track regarded by some as prophetic of the L.A. riots, but also interpreted as racist by many; it was still being cited years after its release. Jackson toured with Lollapalooza in 1992, which widened his fan base.

Jackson released The Predator in November 1992, which had been recorded amidst the LA riots of 1992. Referring specifically to the riots, in the first single, "Wicked", he rapped "April 29 was power to the people and we might just see a sequel". The Predator debuted at number one on both the pop and R&B; charts, the first album in history to do so. Singles from The Predator included "It Was a Good Day" and the "Check Yo Self" remix, and the songs had a two part music video. The album remains his most successful release, with over three million copies sold in the US. However, after The Predator, Ice Cube's rap audience slowly began to diminish. Lethal Injection which was released in the end of 1993 and represented Jackson's first attempt at imitating the G-Funk sound of Dr. Dre's The Chronic, was not well received by critics. He had more successful hits from Lethal Injection, including "Really Doe", "Bop Gun (One Nation)", "You Know How We Do It" & "What Can I Do?". After 1994, he took a hiatus from music and concentrated on film work and developing the careers of other rap musicians, Mack 10, Mr. Short Khop, Kausion, and Da Lench Mob.

In 1995, Jackson had reunited with former N.W.A member Dr. Dre, who was now part of Death Row Records, in their duet "Natural Born Killaz". In 1998, he released his long-awaited solo album, War & Peace Volume 1. The delayed second part, War & Peace Volume 2, was released in 2000. The albums featured appearances from Westside Connection as well as a reunion with fellow N.W.A members, Dr. Dre and MC Ren, though many fans maintained that the two albums were not on par with his past work, especially the second volume.Ice Cube is also the father of rappers OMG and Doughboy, who were featured on his album, I Am the West.

In an interview with British newspaper The Guardian, Jackson stated that he is a Muslim, having converted sometime in the 1990s. He described his Muslim faith as a simple, personal one that does not involve attending prayer services or following rituals. Although he has spoken favorably of the Nation of Islam, he denied ever being in the organization.

Discography

; Studio albums

1990: AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted

1991: Death Certificate

1992: The Predator

1993: Lethal Injection

1998: War & Peace Vol. 1 (The War Disc)

2000: War & Peace Vol. 2 (The Peace Disc)

2006: Laugh Now, Cry Later

2008: Raw Footage

2010: I Am the West

Filmography

As an actor

Films

Television

Video games

As director/writer/producer

Friday (1995) writer, executive producer

Dangerous Ground (1997) executive producer

The Players Club (1998) writer, director, executive producer

Next Friday (2000) writer, producer

All About The Benjamins (2002) writer, producer

Friday After Next (2002) writer, producer

(2004) executive producer

(2005) executive producer

Are We There Yet? (2005) producer

Beauty Shop (2005) executive producer

Black. White. (2006) executive producer

Are We Done Yet? (2007) producer

(2007) executive producer

Pirate Island (2008) producer

The Longshots (2008) producer

First Sunday (2008) producer

Straight Outta L.A. (2010) director

Are We There Yet? (TV series) (2010) executive producer

Awards

Film award history

Ice Cube has received nominations for several films in the past. To date, he has won two awards:

2000: Blockbuster Entertainment Award: Favorite Action Team (for Three Kings)

2002: MECCA Movie Award: Acting Award

Music awards

VH1 Hip Hop Honors 2006

* 2006 Honoree Snoop Dogg

BET Hip-Hop Awards 2009

* I Am Hip-Hop Award

References

External links

Ice Cube Bio

Ice Cube: The Ten Greatest Rapper/Actors

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Ice Cube Category:1990s rappers Category:2000s rappers Category:2010s rappers Category:Actors from California Category:African American Muslims Category:African American converts to Islam Category:African-American film producers Category:African American film actors Category:African American rappers Category:African American singers Category:American film actors Category:American music video directors Category:American Muslims Category:American screenwriters Category:Capitol Records artists Category:Converts to Islam from Christianity Category:N.W.A members Category:Priority Records artists Category:Rappers from Los Angeles, California Category:Ruthless Records artists