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Look up template in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Template may mean:
- a stencil, pattern or overlay used in graphic arts (drawing, painting, etc.) and sewing to replicate letters, shapes or designs
- a pre-developed page layout in electronic or paper media used to make new pages with a similar design, pattern, or style
- Form letter, a predefined letter which retains its primary intent when individually customised with variable data or text.
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Computer science and information technology[link]
- Template (file format), a standardized non-executable file type used by computer software as a pre-formatted example on which to base other files, especially documents
- Template (C++), a tool for generic programming especially in the C++ language
- Template metaprogramming, a programming technique used by a compiler to generate temporary source code
- Template method, an object-oriented design pattern
- Template processor, a system that combines a template with data to produce an output.
- Template (word processing), a standard document containing layout and styles used to configure word processing software
- Style sheet (web development) or master page on which you can globally edit and format graphic elements and text common to each page of a document
- Web template or web template system, a master page used to produce web pages
- A main document from which mail merge documents are created
Manufacturing[link]
- Mechanical template, used to cut and shape a product, such as:
Molecular genetics[link]
- a strand of DNA which sets the genetic sequence of new strands
- a strand of RNA which translates genes into proteins
Miscellaneous[link]
- Template (racing), a device used in car racing to ensure that the body of the race vehicle adheres to specifications
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| Oakland Raiders | |||
 Current season |
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| Established 1960 Play in O.co Coliseum Oakland, California Headquartered in Alameda, California |
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American Football League (1960–1969)
National Football League (1970–present)
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| Current uniform | |||
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| Team colors | Silver, Black
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| Fight song | The Autumn Wind | ||
| Mascot | The Black Hole | ||
| Personnel | |||
| Owner(s) | Mark Davis (majority owner)[1][2] | ||
| CEO | Amy Trask | ||
| General manager | Reggie McKenzie | ||
| Head coach | Dennis Allen | ||
| Team history | |||
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| Championships | |||
League championships (3†)
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Conference championships (4)
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Division championships (15)
† - Does not include the AFL or NFL Championships won during the same seasons as the AFL-NFL Super Bowl Championships prior to the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger |
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| Playoff appearances (21) | |||
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The Oakland Raiders are a professional American football team based in Oakland, California. They play in the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Raiders began play in the American Football League (AFL) in 1960 and joined the NFL in the AFL–NFL merger of 1970.
The Raiders were formed in 1960, taking a spot in the newly desinged AFL that had been vacated when the owners of the as-yet unnamed Minneapolis-Saint Paul franchise reneged on its agreement with the AFL and joined the NFL as the Minnesota Vikings. The city of Oakland took Minneapolis-Saint Paul's place in the league and inherited their inaugural draft selections, and the Raiders began play in the 1960 American Football League season. The team relocated to Los Angeles for thirteen seasons, 1982 to 1994. They returned to Oakland in 1995.
During their first three seasons, the Raiders struggled both on and off the field. In 1963, Al Davis was brought to the team as head coach and general manager, and from 1963 until 2002 the team had only seven losing seasons. As members of the AFL they won one league championship (1967), three division titles (1967, 1968, 1969), and appeared in one Super Bowl (II). Since joining the NFL when the leagues merged in 1970, the Raiders have won twelve division titles, three Super Bowls (XI, XV, XVIII), and one other conference title (winning the AFC before losing in Super Bowl XXXVII). Thirteen former players have been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
History[link]
Early years (1960–62)[link]
Having enjoyed a successful collegiate coaching career during the 1950s, San Francisco native Eddie Erdelatz was hired as the Raiders first head coach. On February 9, 1960, after previously rejecting offers from the NFL's Washington Redskins and the AFL's Los Angeles Chargers, Erdelatz accepted the Oakland Raiders head coaching position. In January 1960, the Raiders, originally scheduled to play in Minnesota, was the last team of eight in the new American Football League to select players, thus relegated to the remaining talent available. The 1960 Raiders 42-man roster included 28 rookies and only 14 veterans. Among the Raiders rookies were future Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee center Jim Otto, and a future Raiders head coach, quarterback Tom Flores. In their 1960 debut year under Erdelatz the Raiders finished their first campaign with a 6–8 record. While off the field, Erdelatz battled an ulcer caused by numerous conflicts with the team's front office. Ownership conflicts prevented the team from signing any top draft picks the next season. On September 18, 1961 Erdelatz was dismissed after being outscored 99-0 in the first two games of the Raiders 1961 season.
On September 24, 1962, after the dismissal of Eddie Erdelatz, management appointed Los Angeles native and offensive line coach Marty Feldman to the Raiders head coaching job. Under Feldman, the team finished the 1962 season with a 2–12 record. Feldman began the 1962 season as Raiders head coach but was fired on October 16, 1963 after a dismal 0–5 start. From October 16, 1962 through December 16, 1963, the Raiders then appointed Oklahoma native and assistant coach Red Conkright as head coach. Under Conkright, the Raiders' only victory was its final game of the season, finishing with a 1–13 record. Following the 1963 season the Raiders appointed Conkright to an interim mentor position. Under the Raiders first three head coaches since entering the AFL, the team's combined three-year performance was a disappointing 9–33 record.
Oakland, the AFL, and Al Davis (1963–69)[link]
1963–66[link]
After the 1962 season, Raiders managing general partner F. Wayne Valley hired Al Davis as Raiders head coach and general manager. At 33, he was the youngest person in professional football history to hold the positions.[3] Davis immediately began to implement what he termed the "vertical game," an aggressive offensive strategy inspired by the offense developed by Chargers head coach Sid Gillman.[4] Under Davis the Raiders improved to 10–4, and he was named the AFL's Coach of the Year in 1963. Though the team slipped to 5–7–2 in 1964, it rebounded to an 8–5–1 record in 1965.
In April 1966, Davis left the Raiders after being named AFL Commissioner, promoting assistant coach John Rauch to head coach. Two months later, the league announced its merger with the NFL. With the merger, the position of commissioner was no longer needed, and Davis entered into discussions with Valley about returning to the Raiders. On July 25, 1966, Davis returned as part-owner of the team. He purchased a 10 percent interest in the team for US $18,000, and became the team's third general partner — the partner in charge of football operations.,[5][6]
Under Rauch, the Raiders matched their 1965 season's 8–5–1 record in 1966 but failed to get into the playoffs, finishing second in the AFL West Division.
1967–69[link]
On the field, the team Davis had assembled and coached steadily improved. With John Rauch (Davis's hand-picked successor) as head coach, and led by quarterback Daryle Lamonica, acquired in a trade with Buffalo, the Raiders finished the 1967 season with a 13–1–0 record and won the 1967 AFL Championship, defeating the Houston Oilers 40-7. The win earned the team a trip to the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida in Super Bowl II, January 14, 1968, where they were defeated 33-14 by Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers. The following year, the Raiders ended the 1968 season with a 12–2–0 record winning the AFL West Division title but were defeated 27-23 by the New York Jets in the AFL Championship Game. Citing management conflicts with day-to-day coaching decisions, Rauch resigned as Raiders head coach on January 16, 1969, accepting the head coaching job of the Buffalo Bills.
Enter John Madden[link]
During the 1960s, John Madden was a defensive assistant coach at San Diego State University under SDSU head coach Don Coryell. Madden credits Coryell as being an influence on his coaching. In 1967, Madden was hired by Al Davis as the Raiders linebacker coach. On February 4, 1969, after the departure of John Rauch, Raiders assistant coach John Madden was named the Raiders sixth head coach. The 1969 Raiders under Madden won the AFL West Division title ending the season with a 12–1–1 record. On December 20, 1969, the Raiders defeated the Houston Oilers 56-7 in the AFL Division playoff game. In the AFL Conference Championship game of January 4, 1970, the Raiders were defeated by Hank Stram's Kansas City Chiefs 17-7. Under Madden, the Raiders became one of the most successful franchises in the NFL, winning six division titles during the 1970s.
AFL-NFL merger (1970–1981)[link]
1970–71[link]
In 1970, the AFL-NFL merger took place and the Raiders joined the Western Division of the American Football Conference (actually the AFL West with the same teams as in 1969, except for the Cincinnati Bengals) in the newly merged NFL. The first post-merger season saw the Raiders win the AFC West with an 8-4-2 record and go all the way to the conference championship, where they lost to the Colts. Despite another 8-4-2 season in 1971, the Raiders failed to win the division or achieve a playoff berth.
1972–78[link]
The Raiders of the 1970s were a thoroughly dominant team, with 8 Hall of Fame inductees on the roster and a Hall of Fame coach in John Madden. The Raiders of the 1970s created the team's identity and persona as a team that was hard-hitting - the 'bad guy' attitude Raiders fans cherish. Dominant on defense, with the crushing hits of safeties Jack Tatum and George Atkinson, the Raiders regularly held first place in their AFC West division, entering the playoffs nearly every season. In 1973 - 77, the Raiders reached the conference championship every single year for five consecutive seasons - a remarkable achievement.
This was the era of the bitter rivalry between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Raiders. In the 1970s, the Steelers and the Raiders during many of those seasons were the two best teams in the AFC and, arguably, in the NFL. The Raiders regularly met the Steelers in the playoffs, and the winner of the Steelers-Raiders game went on to win the Super Bowl in three of those instances, from 1974-76. The rivalry between the Steelers and the Raiders garnered attention in the sports media, with controversial plays, late hits, accusations and public statements.
The rivalry began with and was fueled by a controversial last-second play in their first postseason match in 1972. That season the Raiders achieved a 10-3-1 record and an AFC West Division title. In the divisional round, they were beaten by the Steelers 13-7 on a play that would later be known as the Immaculate Reception. The Raiders won the AFC Western division again in 1973 with a 9-4-1 record. Lamonica was replaced as starting quarterback early in the season by left-handed Ken Stabler, who would remain the starting quarterback throughout the team's dominant seasons of the 1970s. The 1973 Raiders defeated Pittsburgh 33-14 in the divisional round of the playoffs to reach the AFC Championship, but lost 27-10 to the Dolphins.
In 1974, Oakland had a 12-2 regular season, which included a nine-game winning streak. They beat the Dolphins 28-26 in the divisional round of the playoffs in a see-saw battle remembered as the "Sea of Hands" game.[7] They then lost the AFC Championship to the Steelers, who went on to win the Super Bowl. The Raiders were held to only 29 yards rushing by the Pittsburgh defense, and late mistakes turned a 10-3 lead at the start of the fourth quarter into a disappointing 24-13 loss.
In the 1975 season opener, the Raiders beat Miami and ended their 31-game home winning streak. With an 11-3 record, they defeated Cincinnati 31-28 in the divisional playoff round. Again, the Raiders faced the Steelers in the conference championship, eager for revenge; again, the Raiders came up short, as the Steelers won the AFC Championship and then went on to another Super Bowl title. According to John Madden and Al Davis, the Raiders relied on quick movement by their wide receivers on the outside sidelines - the deep threat, or 'long ball' - more so than the Steelers of that year, whose offense was far more run-oriented than it would become later in the 1970s. Forced to adapt to the frozen field of Three Rivers Stadium, with receivers slipping and unable to make quick moves to beat coverage, the Raiders lost, 16-10. The rivalry had now grown to hatred, and became the stereotype of the 'grudge match.'
In 1976, the Raiders came from behind dramatically to beat Pittsburgh 31-28 in a revenge match in the season opener, and continued to cement its reputation for hard, dirty play by knocking WR Lynn Swann out for two weeks with a clothesline to the helmet. Al Davis later tried to sue Steelers coach Chuck Noll for libel after the latter called safety George Atkinson a criminal for the hit. The Raiders won 13 regular season games and a close 24-21 victory over New England in the playoffs. They then knocked out the Steelers in the AFC Championship to go to Super Bowl XI. Oakland's opponent was the Minnesota Vikings, a team that had lost three previous Super Bowls. The Raiders led 16-0 at halftime, having forced Minnesota into multiple turnovers. By the end, they won 32-14 for their first post-merger championship.
The following season saw the Raiders finish 11-3, but they lost the division title to Denver. They settled for a wild card, beating the Colts in the second-longest overtime game in NFL history, but then fell to the Broncos in the AFC Championship. During a 1978 preseason game, Patriots WR Darryl Stingley was tragically injured by a hit from Raiders FS Jack Tatum and was left paralyzed for life. Although the 1978 Raiders achieved a winning record at 9-7, they failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since 1971, losing critical games to Seattle, Denver and Miami towards the end of the season.
1979–1981[link]
After ten consecutive winning seasons and one Super Bowl championship, John Madden left the Raiders (and coaching) in 1979 to pursue a career as a television football commentator. His replacement was former Raiders quarterback Tom Flores, the first Hispanic head coach in NFL history.[8] Flores led the Raiders to another 9-7 season, but not the playoffs. In the 1980 off-season, quarterback Stabler was traded to the Houston Oilers for Dan Pastorini. In the fifth week of the 1980 season, Pastorini broke his leg and was replaced by former number-one draft pick Jim Plunkett. Plunkett led Oakland to an 11-5 record and a wild card berth. After playoff victories against the Houston Oilers, Cleveland Browns, and San Diego Chargers, the Raiders went to Super Bowl XV, facing the heavily favored Philadelphia Eagles. The Raiders clinched their second NFL championship in five years with a 27–10 win over the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl XV. With the victory, the Raiders became the first ever wild-card team to win a Super Bowl."[9] Two Super Bowl records of note occurred in this game: 1) Kenny King's 80-yard, first-quarter, catch-and-run reception from Jim Plunkett remained the longest touchdown Super Bowl pass play for the next 23 years; and 2) Rod Martin's three interceptions of Eagles' quarterback Ron Jaworski still stands today as a Super Bowl record.[10] Reflecting on the last ten years during the post-game awards ceremony, Al Davis stated "...this was our finest hour, this was the finest hour in the history of the Oakland Raiders. To Tom Flores, the coaches, and the athletes: you were magnificent out there, you really were." [11] The team would not see a repeat performance in 1981, falling to 7-9 and a losing record for the first time since 1963.
Los Angeles era (1982–1994)[link]
1982–88[link]
Prior to the 1980 season, Al Davis attempted unsuccessfully to have improvements made to the Oakland Coliseum, specifically the addition of luxury boxes. That year, he signed a Memorandum of Agreement to move the Raiders from Oakland to Los Angeles. The move, which required three-fourths approval by league owners, was defeated 22–0 (with five owners abstaining). When Davis tried to move the team anyway, he was blocked by an injunction. In response, the Raiders not only became an active partner in an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (who had recently lost the Los Angeles Rams), but filed an antitrust lawsuit of their own.[12] After the first case was declared a mistrial, in May 1982 a second jury found in favor of Davis and the Los Angeles Coliseum, clearing the way for the move.[13][14][15] With the ruling, the Raiders finally relocated to Los Angeles for the 1982 season to play their home games at the Los Angeles Coliseum.
The team finished 8–1 in the strike-shortened 1982 season, first in the AFC, but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the New York Jets. The following season, the team finished 12–4 and won convincingly against the Steelers and Seattle Seahawks in the AFC playoffs. Against the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII, the Raiders built a 21–3 halftime lead en route to a 38–9 victory and their third NFL championship.
The team had another successful regular season in 1984, finishing 11-5, but a three-game losing streak forced them to enter the playoffs as a wild-card, where they fell to the Seahawks.
The 1985 campaign saw 12 wins and a division title, but that was followed by an embarrassing home loss to the Patriots.
The Raiders' fortunes declined after that, and from 1986 through 1989, Los Angeles finished no better than 8–8 and posted consecutive losing seasons for the first time since 1961–62. Also 1986 saw Al Davis get into a widely publicized argument with RB Marcus Allen, whom he accused of faking injuries. The feud continued into 1987, and Davis retaliated by signing Bo Jackson in Allen's place. However, Jackson was also a left fielder for Major League Baseball's Kansas City Royals, and could not play full-time until baseball season ended in October. Even worse, another strike cost the NFL one game and prompted them to use substitute players. The Raiders fill-ins achieved a 1-2 record before the regular team returned. After a weak 5-10 finish, Tom Flores moved to the front office and was replaced by Denver Broncos offensive assistant coach Mike Shanahan. Shanahan led the team to a 7-9 season in 1988, and Allen and Jackson continued to trade places as the starting RB. Low game attendance and fan apathy were evident by this point, and in the summer of 1988, rumors of a Raiders return to Oakland intensified when a preseason game against the Houston Oilers was scheduled at Oakland Coliseum.[16]
As early as 1986, Davis sought to abandon the Coliseum in favor of a more modern stadium. The neighborhood around Exposition Park was considered dangerous at the time (which caused the NFL to schedule the Raiders' Monday Night Football appearances as away games - the NFL would not even consider allowing the Raiders to use Anaheim Stadium for Monday night games). In addition to sharing the venue with the USC Trojans, the Coliseum was aging and still lacked the luxury suites and other amenities that Davis was promised when he moved the Raiders to Los Angeles.[17] Finally, the Coliseum had 95,000 seats and the Raiders were rarely able to fill all of them even in their best years, and so most Raiders home games were blacked out in Southern California. Numerous venues in California were considered, including one near Hollywood Park in Inglewood and another in Carson. In August 1987, it was announced that the city of Irwindale paid Davis USD $10 million as a good-faith deposit for a prospective stadium site.[18] When the bid failed, Davis kept the non-refundable deposit.[19][20]
1989–1994[link]
Negotiations between Davis and Oakland commenced in January 1989, and on March 11, 1991, Davis announced his intention to bring the Raiders back to Oakland.[21] By September 1991, however, numerous delays had prevented the completion of the deal between Davis and Oakland. On September 11, Davis announced a new deal to stay in Los Angeles, leading many fans in Oakland to burn Raiders paraphernalia in disgust.[22][23]
After starting the 1989 season with a 1–3 record, Shanahan was fired by Davis, which began a long-standing feud between the two.[24] He was replaced by former Raider offensive lineman Art Shell, who had been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame earlier in the year. With the hiring, Shell became the first African American head coach in the modern NFL era, but the team still finished a middling 8-8.[25]
In 1990, Shell led Los Angeles to a 12–4 record. They beat the Bengals in the divisional round of the playoffs, but Bo Jackson had his left femur ripped from the socket after a tackle. Without him, the Raiders were crushed in the AFC Championship by the Buffalo Bills. Jackson was forced to quit football as a result, although surgery allowed him to continue playing baseball until he retired in 1994.
The team's fortunes faded after the loss. They made two other playoff appearances during the 1990s, and finished higher than third place only three times. In 1991, they got into the postseason as a wild-card after a 9-7 regular season, but fell to Kansas City. 1992 saw them drop to 7-9. This period was marked by the injury of Jackson in 1991, the failure of troubled quarterback Todd Marinovich, the acrimonious departure of Marcus Allen in 1993, and the retirement of Hall of Fame defensive end Howie Long after the 1993 season, when the Raiders went 10-6 and lost to Buffalo in the divisional round of the playoffs. Shell was fired after posting a 9–7 record in the 1994 season.
Back to Oakland (1995–present)[link]
On June 23, 1995, Davis signed a letter of intent to move the Raiders back to Oakland. The move was approved by the Alameda County Board of Supervisors the next month,[26] as well as by the NFL. The move was greeted with much fanfare,[27] and under new head coach Mike White the 1995 season started off well for the team. Oakland started 8–2, but injuries to starting quarterback Jeff Hostetler contributed to a six-game losing streak to end the season, and the Raiders failed to qualify for the playoffs for a second consecutive season.
In order to convince Davis to return, Oakland spent $220 million on stadium renovations. These included a new seating section — commonly known as "Mount Davis" — with 10,000 seats. It also built the team a training facility and paid all its moving costs. The Raiders pay just $525,000 a year in rent — a fraction of what the nearby San Francisco 49ers pay to play at Candlestick Park — and do not pay maintenance or game-day operating costs.
Gruden era[link]
1996-99[link]
After two more unsuccessful seasons (7-9 in 1996 and 4-12 in 1997) under White and his successor, Joe Bugel, Davis selected a new head coach from outside the Raiders organization for only the second time when he hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Jon Gruden, who previously worked for the 49ers and Packers under head coach Mike Holmgren. Under Gruden, the Raiders posted consecutive 8-8 seasons in 1998 and 1999, and climbed out of last place in the AFC West.
2000[link]
Oakland finished 12-4 in the 2000 season, the team's most successful in a decade. Led by veteran quarterback Rich Gannon, Oakland won their first division title since 1990, and advanced to the AFC Championship, where they lost 16–3 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens.
2001[link]
The Raiders acquired all-time leading receiver Jerry Rice prior to the 2001 season. They finished 10-6 and won a second straight AFC West title but lost their divisional-round playoff game to the eventual Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, in a controversial game that became known as "The Tuck Rule Game." The game was played in a heavy snowstorm, and late in the fourth quarter Raiders star cornerback Charles Woodson blitzed Patriots quarterback Tom Brady causing an apparent fumble which was recovered by Raiders linebacker Greg Biekert. The recovery could have potentially led to a Raiders victory; however, the play was reviewed and determined to be an incomplete pass (it was ruled that Brady had pump faked and then "tucked" the ball into his body, which, by rule, cannot result in a fumble—though this explanation was not given on the field, but after the NFL season had ended). The Patriots retained possession and drove for a game-tying field goal. The game went into overtime and the Patriots won 16–13.[28]
Callahan era[link]
Shortly after the season, the Raiders made an unusual move that involved releasing Gruden from his contract and allowing the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to sign him. In return, the Raiders received cash and future draft picks from the Buccaneers. The sudden move came after months of speculation in the media that Davis and Gruden had fallen out with each other both personally and professionally. Bill Callahan, who served as the team's offensive coordinator and offensive line coach during Gruden's tenure, was named head coach.[29]
2002[link]
Under Callahan, the Raiders finished the 2002 season 11-5, won their third straight division title, and clinched the top seed in the playoffs. Rich Gannon was named MVP of the NFL after passing for a league-high 4,689 yards. After beating the New York Jets and Tennessee Titans by large margins in the playoffs, the Raiders made their fifth Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXVII. Their opponent was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, coached by Gruden. The Raiders, who had not made significant changes to Gruden's offensive schemes, were intercepted five times by the Buccaneers en route to a 48–21 blowout. Some Tampa Bay players claimed that Gruden had given them so much information on Oakland's offense, they knew exactly what plays were being called.[30][31]
2003[link]
Callahan's second season as head coach was considerably less successful. Oakland finished 4–12, their worst showing since 1997. After a late-season loss to the Denver Broncos, a visibly frustrated Callahan exclaimed, "We've got to be the dumbest team in America in terms of playing the game."[32] At the end of the 2003 regular season Callahan was fired and replaced by former Washington Redskins head coach Norv Turner.
Coaching carousel (2004–2011)[link]
2004[link]
The team's fortunes did not improve in Turner's first year. Oakland finished the 2004 season 5–11, with only one divisional win (a one-point victory over the Broncos in Denver). During a Week 3 victory against the Buccaneers, Rich Gannon suffered a neck injury that ended his season and eventually his career. He never returned to the team and retired before the 2005 season.[33] Kerry Collins, who led the New York Giants to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXV and signed with Oakland after the 2003 season, became the team's starting quarterback.
2005[link]
In an effort to bolster their offense, in early 2005 the Raiders acquired Pro Bowl wide receiver Randy Moss via trade with the Minnesota Vikings, and signed free agent running back Lamont Jordan of the New York Jets. After a 4–12 season and a second consecutive last place finish, Turner was fired as head coach.
Art Shell returns (2006)[link]
On February 11, 2006 the team announced the return of Art Shell as head coach. In announcing the move, Al Davis said that firing Shell in 1995 had been a mistake.[34]
Under Shell, the Raiders lost their first five games in 2006 en route to a 2–14 finish, the team's worst record since 1962. Oakland's offense struggled greatly, scoring just 168 points (fewest in franchise history) and allowing a league-high 72 sacks. Wide receiver Jerry Porter was benched by Shell for most of the season in what many viewed as a personal, rather than football-related, decision. Shell was fired again at the end of the season.[35] The Raiders also earned the right to the first overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft for the first time since 1962, by virtue of having the league's worst record.[36]
Lane Kiffin era (2007–08)[link]
On January 22, the team announced the hiring of 31-year-old USC offensive coordinator Lane Kiffin, the youngest coach in franchise history and the youngest coach in the NFL.[37] In the 2007 NFL Draft, the Raiders selected LSU quarterback JaMarcus Russell with the #1 overall pick. Kiffin coached the Raiders to a 4-12 record in the 2007 season. After a 1-3 start to 2008 and months of speculation and rumors, Al Davis fired Kiffin on September 30, 2008.
Tom Cable era (2008–10)[link]
Tom Cable was named as his interim replacement, and officially signed as the 17th head coach of the Oakland Raiders on Tuesday, February 3, 2009.
Their finish to the 2008 season would turn out to match their best since they lost the Super Bowl in the 2002 season. However, they still finished 5–11 and ended up third in the AFC West, the first time they did not finish last since 2002. They would produce an identical record in 2009; however, the season was somewhat ameliorated by the fact that four of the Raiders' five wins were against opponents with above .500 records. At the end of their 2009 campaign, the Raiders became the first team in NFL history to lose at least 11 games in seven straight seasons[citation needed] .
2010[link]
In 2010, the Raiders became the first team in NFL history to go undefeated against their own division yet fail to make the postseason (6-0 in the AFC West, 8-8 overall, three games behind the New York Jets for the second Wild Card entry). On January 4, 2011, owner Al Davis informed head coach Tom Cable that his contract would not be renewed, ending his tenure with the organization. Many Raider players, such as punter Shane Lechler, were upset with the decision.
Hue Jackson era (2011)[link]
On January 17, 2011, it was announced that offensive coordinator Hue Jackson was going to be the next Raiders head coach. A press conference was held on January 18, 2011, to formally introduce Jackson as the next Raiders head coach, the fifth in just seven years. Following Davis' death during the 2011 season, new owners Carol and Mark Davis decided to take the franchise in a drastically different direction by hiring a general manager. On New Year's Day of 2012, the Raiders played the San Diego Chargers, hoping to go to the playoffs for the first time since 2002, the game ended with a 38-26 loss. Their season ended with another disappointing 8-8 record.
Reggie McKenzie/Dennis Allen era (2012–present)[link]
On January 6, 2012, the Raiders named Green Bay Packers director of football operations Reggie McKenzie as the team's first General Manager since Al Davis. Given full autonomy over personnel decisions by the Davis family, McKenzie, in his first day on the job, fired head coach Hue Jackson after only one season on January 10, seeking to hire his own head coach instead. In the process, the Raiders lost their sixth head coach in the past ten seasons, none of whom lasted more than two seasons. Two weeks later, McKenzie hired Broncos defensive coordinator Dennis Allen as head coach. Most of the coaching staff has been replaced by new position and strength and conditioning coaches.
Logos and uniforms[link]
When founded in 1960, a "name the team" contest was held by the Oakland Tribune, and the winner was the Oakland Señors.[38] After a few weeks of being the butt of local jokes (and accusations that the contest was fixed, as Chet Soda was fairly well known within the Oakland business community for calling his acquaintances "señor"), the fledgling team (and its owners) changed the team's name nine days later [39] to the Oakland Raiders, which had finished third in the naming contest.[40] The original team colors were black, gold and white. The now-familiar team emblem of a pirate (or "raider") wearing a football helmet was created, reportedly a rendition of actor Randolph Scott.[41]
The original Raiders uniforms were black and gold, while the helmets were black with a white stripe and no logo. The team wore this design from 1960–1962.[42] When Al Davis became head coach and general manager in 1963, he changed the team's color scheme to silver and black, and added a logo to the helmet.[43] This logo is a shield that consists of the word "Raiders" at the top, crossed swords, and the head of a Raider wearing a football helmet. Over the years, it has undergone minor color modifications (such as changing the background from silver to black in 1964), but it has essentially remained the same.
The Raiders' current silver and black uniform design has essentially remained the same since it debuted in 1963. It consists of silver helmets, silver pants, and either black or white jerseys. The black jerseys have silver numbers, while the white jerseys have black numbers. Originally, the white jerseys had silver numbers with a thick black outline, but they were changed to black with a silver outline for the 1964 season. In 1970, the team used silver numerals for the season. However, in 1971 the team again displayed black numerals and have stayed that way ever since (with the exception of the 1994–95 season where they donned the 1963 helmets with the 1970 silver away numbers).
The Raiders wore their white jerseys at home for the first time in their history on September 28, 2008 against the San Diego Chargers. The decision was made by Lane Kiffin, who was coaching his final game for the Raiders, and was purportedly due to intense heat.[44] However, the high temperature in Oakland that day was only 72 degrees.
For the 2009 season, the Raiders took part in the AFL Legacy Program and wore 1960s throwback jerseys for games against other teams who used to be a part of the AFL.[45]
Home fields[link]
After splitting the first home season between Kezar Stadium and Candlestick, the Raiders moved exclusively to Candlestick Park in 1961, where total attendance for the season was about 50,000, and finished 2–12. Valley threatened to move the Raiders out of the area unless a stadium was built in Oakland, so in 1962 the Raiders moved into 18,000-seat Frank Youell Field (later expanded to 22,000 seats), their first home in Oakland.[46] It was a temporary home for the team while the 53,000 seat Oakland Coliseum was under construction; the Coliseum was completed in 1966. The Raiders have shared the Coliseum with the Oakland Athletics since the A's moved to Oakland from Kansas City in 1968, except for the years the Raiders called Los Angeles home (1982–1994).
The Raiders did play one regular season game at California Memorial Stadium in Berkeley, CA. On September 23, 1973 they played the Miami Dolphins in Berkeley due to a scheduling conflict with the baseball Oakland Athletics. The team defeated the Dolphins 12-7, ending the Dolphins' winning streak.
During the Los Angeles years, the Raiders played in the 93,000 seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
Culture[link]
Commitment to Excellence[link]
Al Davis coined slogans such as "Pride and Poise," "Commitment to Excellence," and "Just Win, Baby"—all of which are registered trademarks of the team."[47][48][49]
Raider Nation[link]
The nickname Raider Nation refers to the die hard fans of the team spread throughout the United States and the world.[50] Members of the Raider Nation who attend home games are known for arriving to the stadium early, tailgating, dressing up in face masks, and black outfits. The Raider Nation is also known for the "Black Hole", a specific area of the Coliseum (sections 104, 105, 106, and 107) frequented by the team's rowdiest and most fervent fans.[51][52][53]
Al Davis created the phrase Raider Nation to describe the fans of his beloved franchise in 1968.
In September 2009, Ice Cube recorded a song for the Oakland Raiders named "Raider Nation".[54] In 2010, he took part in a documentary for ESPN's 30 for 30 series titled Straight Outta L.A..[55] It mainly focuses on N.W.A. and the effect of the Raiders image on their persona.[56]
Cheerleaders[link]
The Oakland Raiderettes are the cheerleading squad for the Oakland Raiders. They were established in 1961 as the Oakland Raiderettes. When the Raiders moved to Los Angeles in 1982, the cheerleading squad became known as the Los Angeles Raiderettes. However, when the franchise moved back to Oakland in 1995, the Raiderettes changed their name back to the Oakland Raiderettes. In both Los Angeles and Oakland they have been billed as "Football's Fabulous Females".
Radio and television[link]
Raiders' Radio Network[link]
Raider games are broadcast in English on 20 radio stations in California, including flagship station KITS Live 105 (105.3 FM) in San Francisco. Additionally, games are broadcast on ten radio stations in Hawaii, Oregon, Nevada, and Utah. Greg Papa is the play-by-play announcer, with former Raider coach and quarterback Tom Flores doing commentary. George Atkinson and Jim Plunkett offer pre- and post-game commentary. Raider games are also broadcast in Spanish on six radio stations, including station KZSF (1370 AM) in San Jose and five other stations in California's Central Valley. Erwin Higueros handles play-by-play in Spanish, with Ambrosio Rico doing commentary. Compass Media Networks is responsible for producing and distributing Raiders radio broadcasts.
Bill King will always be the Voice of the Raiders. Hired in 1966, he called approximately 600 games. The Raiders awarded him all three rings. King left after the 1992 season. It's Bill's radio audio heard on most of the NFL Films highlight footage of the Raiders. King's call of the Holy Roller (American football) has been labeled (by Chris Berman, among others) as one of 5 best in NFL history. Bill King died in October 2005 from complications after surgery. Scotty Sterling, an Oakland Tribune sportswriter served as the "color man" with King. The Raider games were called on radio from 1960 to 1962 by Bud (Wilson Keene) Foster and Mel Venter; from 1963 to 1965 by Bob Blum and Dan Galvin.
Radio affiliates[link]
California[link]
| San Francisco | KITS-FM - ("Live 105") | 105.3 FM |
| Sacramento | KHTK-AM | 1140 AM |
| Eureka | KINS-FM | 106.3 FM |
| Napa | KVON-AM | 1440 AM |
| Redding | KNRO-AM | 1670 AM |
| Palm Springs | KPSI-AM | 920 AM |
| King City | KRKC-AM | 1490 AM |
| Fresno | KMJ-FM | 105.9 FM |
| Los Angeles | KLAA-AM | 830 AM |
| Modesto | KHKK-FM | 104.1 FM |
| Merced | KDJK-FM | 103.9 FM |
| San Luis Obispo | KXTK-AM | 1280 AM |
| Santa Rosa | KVRV-FM | 97.7 FM |
| Ventura | KVTA-AM | 1520 AM |
| Ventura | KKZZ-AM | 1400 AM |
Hawaii[link]
| City | Call Sign | Frenquency |
|---|---|---|
| Honolulu | KHNR-AM | 690 AM |
| Hilo | KHLO-AM | 850 AM |
| Kealakekua | KKON-AM | 790 AM |
Nevada[link]
| City | Call Sign | Frenquency |
|---|---|---|
| Reno | KUUB-FM | 94.5 FM |
Oregon[link]
| City | Call Sign | Frenquency |
|---|---|---|
| Portland | KUFO-AM | 970 AM |
Utah[link]
| City | Call Sign | Frenquency |
|---|---|---|
| Provo | KOVO-AM | 960 AM |
| Salt Lake City | KZNS-AM | 1280 AM |
| Salt Lake City | KZNS-FM | 97.5 FM |
Television[link]
Raiders' games are broadcast locally on CBS affiliate KPIX (when playing an AFC opponent) and on Fox affiliate KTVU (when hosting an NFC opponent), unless the game is blacked out locally.
The Raiders are a beneficiary of league scheduling policies. Both the Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers share the San Francisco Bay Area market, and said market is on the West Coast of the United States. This means that the Raiders cannot play home games or most division games in the early 10:00 a.m. Pacific time slot, nor can they play interconference home games at the same time or network as the 49ers. As a result, both teams generally have more limited scheduling options, and also benefit by receiving more prime time games than usual (click here for further information).
Rivals[link]
The Oakland Raiders have four primary rivals: their divisional rivals (Denver Broncos, Kansas City Chiefs, and San Diego Chargers) and their geographic rival, the San Francisco 49ers. They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from playoff battles in the past, most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots. The Seattle Seahawks has an old rivalry with Oakland as well, but the rivalry became less relevant with the Seahawks moving from the AFC West to the NFC West.
Divisional rivals[link]
The Denver Broncos and the Raiders have been divisional rivals since the two teams began play in the AFL in 1960. While the Raiders still hold the advantage in the all-time series 59–42–2, the Broncos amassed 21 wins in 28 games, from the 1995 season and the arrival of Broncos head coach Mike Shanahan, through the 2008 season. Shanahan coached the Raiders before being fired just four games into the 1989 season, which has only served to intensify this rivalry. On Sunday, October 24, 2010 the Raiders beat the Broncos (59-14), giving the Raiders the most points scored in a game in the team's history.
The Broncos' first ever Super Bowl appearance (in the 1977 season) was made possible by defeating Oakland in the AFC Championship.
The Kansas City Chiefs and the Raiders have had several memorable matches and have a bitter divisional rivalry. Oakland lost the 1969 AFL Championship against Kansas City, who went on to beat the Minnesota Vikings and win the Super Bowl. Kansas City leads the overall series 53–48–2.
The San Diego Chargers' rivalry with Oakland dates to the 1963 season, when the Raiders defeated the heavily favored Chargers twice, both come-from-behind fourth quarter victories. One of the most memorable games between these teams was the "Holy Roller" game in 1978, in which the Raiders fumbled for a touchdown in a very controversial play. The Raiders hold the overall series advantage at 57–45–2.
Geographic rival[link]
The San Francisco 49ers, located on the other side of San Francisco Bay, are the Raiders' geographic rivals. The first exhibition game played in 1967, ended with the NFL 49ers defeating the AFL Raiders 13-10. After the 1970 merger, the 49ers won in Oakland 38-7. As a result, games between the two are referred to as the "Battle of the Bay."[57][58] Since the two teams play in different conferences, regular-season matchups are at least every four years. Fans and players of the winning team can claim "bragging rights" as the better team in the area.
On August 20, 2011 in the third week of the pre-season, the pre-season game between the rivals was marked by brawls in restrooms and stands at Candlestick Park including a shooting outside the stadium in which several were injured. The NFL has decided to cancel all future pre-season games between the Raiders and 49ers.
Historic rivals[link]
The rivalry between the Raiders and the New England Patriots dates to their time in the AFL, but was intensified during a 1978 preseason game, when Patriots wide receiver Darryl Stingley was permanently paralyzed after a vicious hit delivered by Raiders free safety Jack Tatum. Before that, New England also lost a playoff game in 1976 to the Raiders on a controversial penalty. The two teams met in a divisional-round playoff game in 2002, which became known as "The Tuck Rule Game". Late in the game, an incomplete pass, ruled a fumble, by Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was overturned, and New England went on to win in overtime and eventually won the Super Bowl against the heavily favored St. Louis Rams, the Raiders' former crosstown rivals in Los Angeles.[59] Since that game, the Patriots have won two of the last three regular season contests between the two teams. The first contest being the following year during the 2002 season in Oakland, with the Raiders winning 27–20; they met on the 2005 season opener in New England with the Patriots ruining Randy Moss's debut as a Raider 30-20; the most recent meeting saw the Patriots victorious, 31–19 during the 2011 season.
The New York Jets began a strong rivalry with the Raiders in the AFL during the 1960s that continued through much of the 1970s, fueled in part by Raider Ike Lassiter breaking star quarterback Joe Namath's jaw during a 1967 game (though Ben Davidson wrongly got the blame),[60] the famous Heidi Game during the 1968 season, and the Raiders' bitter loss to the Jets in the AFL Championship later that season. The rivalry waned in later years, but saw a minor resurgence due to some late-season and playoff meetings from 2000-02.[61][62] The Raiders won the most recent matchup 34-24 on September 25, 2011.
The Pittsburgh Steelers' rivalry with the Raiders was extremely intense during the 1970s. The Steelers knocked the Raiders out of the playoffs in three of four consecutive seasons in the early 1970s (the first loss was the "Immaculate Reception" game) until the Raiders finally beat the Steelers in the 1976 AFC Championship (and went on to win Super Bowl XI). During the 1975 AFC Championship game, Raiders strong safety George Atkinson delivered a hit on Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann that gave him a concussion. When the two teams met in the 1976 season opener, Atkinson hit Swann again and gave him another concussion. After the second incident, Steelers head coach Chuck Noll referred to Atkinson as part of the "criminal element" in the NFL. Atkinson subsequently filed a $2 million defamation lawsuit against Noll and the Steelers, which he lost.[63] Most recently, Oakland was beaten 35-3 by Pittsburgh on November 21, 2010.
Historic geographic rival[link]
As mentioned earlier, the Raiders and Rams had a rivalry during the 13 years both teams shared the Los Angeles market. The teams met six times in the regular season in this period, with the Raiders winning four times.
Raiders vs. opponents[link]
Notes:
- Regular season record (all-time): 426-351-11 [64] (as of week 17 of the 2011 NFL season)
- Playoff record (all-time): 25-18 (last appearance after 2002 season)
- The New York Jets were known as the New York Titans.
- The Tennessee Titans were known as the Houston Oilers.
| Raiders records against all of the other 31 NFL franchises | ||||||||
| Opponent | First meeting | Regular season | Playoffs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wins | Losses | Ties | Win% | Wins | Losses | Win% | ||
| Arizona Cardinals | 1973 | 5 | 3 | 0 | .625 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Atlanta Falcons | 1971 | 7 | 5 | 0 | .583 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Baltimore Ravens | 1996 | 1 | 5 | 0 | .167 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Buffalo Bills | 1960 | 19 | 17 | 0 | .528 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Carolina Panthers | 1997 | 2 | 2 | 0 | .500 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Chicago Bears | 1972 | 7 | 6 | 0 | .538 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Cincinnati Bengals | 1968 | 18 | 8 | 0 | .692 | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Cleveland Browns | 1970 | 11 | 8 | 0 | .579 | 2 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Dallas Cowboys | 1974 | 6 | 4 | 0 | .600 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Denver Broncos | 1960 | 59 | 42 | 2 | .573 | 1 | 1 | .500 |
| Detroit Lions | 1970 | 6 | 5 | 0 | .545 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Green Bay Packers | 1972 | 5 | 6 | 0 | .455 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Houston Texans | 2004 | 2 | 5 | 0 | .286 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Indianapolis Colts | 1971 | 7 | 5 | 0 | .583 | 1 | 1 | .500 |
| Jacksonville Jaguars | 1996 | 1 | 4 | 0 | .200 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Kansas City Chiefs | 1960 | 48 | 53 | 2 | .476 | 1 | 2 | .333 |
| Miami Dolphins | 1962 | 16 | 14 | 1 | .532 | 3 | 1 | .750 |
| Minnesota Vikings | 1973 | 9 | 4 | 0 | .692 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
| New England Patriots | 1960 | 14 | 15 | 1 | .467 | 1 | 2 | .333 |
| New Orleans Saints | 1971 | 5 | 5 | 1 | .455 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| New York Giants | 1973 | 7 | 4 | 0 | .636 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| New York Jets | 1960 | 21 | 15 | 2 | .553 | 2 | 2 | .500 |
| Philadelphia Eagles | 1971 | 5 | 5 | 0 | .500 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Pittsburgh Steelers | 1970 | 10 | 9 | 0 | .526 | 3 | 3 | .500 |
| San Diego Chargers | 1960 | 57 | 45 | 2 | .558 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
| San Francisco 49ers | 1970 | 6 | 6 | 0 | .500 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Seattle Seahawks | 1977 | 28 | 23 | 0 | .549 | 1 | 1 | .500 |
| St. Louis Rams | 1972 | 8 | 4 | 0 | .667 | 0 | 0 | -- |
| Tampa Bay Buccaneers | 1976 | 6 | 1 | 0 | .857 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Tennessee Titans | 1960 | 23 | 19 | 0 | .548 | 4 | 0 | 1.000 |
| Washington Redskins | 1970 | 7 | 4 | 0 | .636 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Ownership, administration, and financial operations[link]
Founding of the franchise[link]
A few months after the first AFL draft in 1959, the owners of the yet-unnamed Minneapolis-Saint Paul franchise accepted an offer to join the established National Football League as an expansion team (now called the Minnesota Vikings) in 1961, sending the AFL scrambling for a replacement.[65][66] At the time, Oakland seemed an unlikely venue for a professional football team. The city had not asked for a team, there was no ownership group and there was no stadium in Oakland suitable for pro football (the closest stadiums were in Berkeley and San Francisco) and there was already a successful NFL franchise in the Bay Area in the San Francisco 49ers. However, the AFL owners selected Oakland after Los Angeles Chargers owner Barron Hilton threatened to forfeit his franchise unless a second team was placed on the West Coast.[67] Accordingly, the city of Oakland was awarded the eighth AFL franchise on January 30, 1960, and the team inherited the Minneapolis club's draft picks.
Upon receiving the franchise, Oakland civic leaders found a number of businesspeople willing to invest in the new team. A limited partnership was formed to own the team headed by managing general partner Y. Charles (Chet) Soda (1908–1989), a local real estate developer, and included general partners Ed McGah (1899–1983), Robert Osborne (1898–1968), F. Wayne Valley (1914–1986), restaurateur Harvey Binns (1914–1982), Don Blessing (1904–2000), and contractor Charles Harney (1902–1962)[68] as well as numerous limited partners.
The Raiders finished their first campaign with a 6–8 record, and lost $500,000. Desperately in need of money to continue running the team, Valley received a $400,000 loan from Buffalo Bills founder Ralph C. Wilson Jr.[69]
After the conclusion of the first season Soda dropped out of the partnership, and on January 17, 1961, Valley, McGah and Osborne bought out the remaining four general partners. Soon after, Valley and McGah purchased Osborne's interest, with Valley named as the managing general partner.
In 1962, Valley hired Al Davis, a former assistant coach for the San Diego Chargers, as head coach and general manager. In April 1966, Davis left the Raiders after being named AFL Commissioner. Two months later, the league announced its merger with the NFL. With the merger, the position of commissioner was no longer needed, and Davis entered into discussions with Valley about returning to the Raiders. On July 25, 1966, Davis returned as part owner of the team. He purchased a 10 percent interest in the team for US $18,000, and became the team's third general partner — the partner in charge of football operations.[5][6]
In 1972, with Wayne Valley out of the country for several weeks attending the Olympic Games in Munich, Davis's attorneys drafted a revised partnership agreement that gave him total control over all of the Raiders' operations. McGah, a supporter of Davis, signed the agreement. Under partnership law, by a 2–1 vote of the general partners, the new agreement was thus ratified. Valley was furious when he discovered this, and immediately filed suit to have the new agreement overturned, but the court sided with Davis and McGah.
In 1976, Valley sold his interest in the team, and Davis — who now owned only 25 percent of the Raiders — was firmly in charge.[5][70]
Current ownership structure[link]
Legally, the club is a limited partnership with nine partners — Davis' heirs and the heirs of the original eight team partners. From 1972 onward, Davis had exercised near-complete control as president of the team's general partner, A.D. Football, Inc. Although exact ownership stakes are not known, it has been reported that Davis owned 47% of the team shares before his death in 2011.[71]
Ed McGah, the last of the original eight general partners of the Raiders, died in September 1983. Upon his death, his interest was devised to a family trust, of which his son, E.J. McGah, was the trustee. The younger McGah was himself a part-owner of the team, as a limited partner, and died in 2002. Several members of the McGah family filed suit against Davis in October 2003, alleging mismanagement of the team by Davis. The lawsuit sought monetary damages and to remove Davis and A. D. Football, Inc. as the team's managing general partner. Among their specific complaints, the McGahs alleged that Davis failed to provide them with detailed financial information previously provided to Ed and E.J. McGah. The Raiders countered that—under the terms of the partnership agreement as amended in 1972—upon the death of the elder McGah in 1983, his general partner interest converted to that of a limited partner. The team continued to provide the financial information to the younger McGah as a courtesy, though it was under no obligation to do so.[72]
The majority of the lawsuit was dismissed in April 2004, when an Alameda County Superior Court judge ruled that the case lacked merit since none of the other partners took part in the lawsuit.[73] In October 2005, the lawsuit was settled out of court. The terms of the settlement are confidential, but it was reported that under its terms Davis purchased the McGah family's interest in the Raiders (approximately 31 percent), which gave him for the first time a majority interest, speculated to be approximately 67 percent of the team. As a result of the settlement, confidential details concerning Al Davis and the ownership of the Raiders were not released to the public.[74] His ownership share went down to 47% when he sold 20% of the team to Wall Street investors [71]
In 2006, it was reported that Davis had been attempting to sell the 31 percent ownership stake in the team obtained from the McGah family. He was unsuccessful in this effort, reportedly because the sale would not give the purchaser any control of the Raiders, even in the event of Davis's death.[75]
Al Davis died on October 8, 2011, at the age of 82. According to a 1999 partnership agreement, Davis' interest passed to his wife, Carol.[75] After Davis' death, Raiders chief executive Amy Trask said that the team "will remain in the Davis family."[1] Al and Carol's son, Mark, inherited his father's old post as managing general partner and serves as the public face of the ownership.
Financial operations[link]
According to a 2006 report released by Forbes Magazine, the Raiders' overall team value of US $736 million ranks 28th out of 32 NFL teams.[76] The team ranked in the bottom three in league attendance from 2003–05, and failed to sellout a majority of their home games. One of the reasons cited for the poor attendance figures was the decision to issue costly Personal Seat Licenses (PSLs) upon the Raiders' return to Oakland in 1995. The PSLs, which ranged in cost from $250 to $4,000, were meant to help repay the $200 million it cost the city of Oakland and Alameda County to expand Overstock.com Coliseum. They were only valid for 10 years, however, while other teams issue them permanently. As a result, fewer than 31,000 PSLs were sold for a stadium that holds twice that amount. Since 1995, television blackouts of Raiders home games have been common.[77]
In November 2005, the team announced that it was taking over ticket sales from the privately run Oakland Football Marketing Association (OFMA), and abolishing PSLs.[77] In February 2006, the team also announced that it would lower ticket prices for most areas of Overstock.com Coliseum.[78] Just prior to the start of the 2006 NFL season, the Raiders revealed that they had sold 37,000 season tickets, up from 29,000 the previous year.[79] Despite the team's 2-14 record, they sold out six of their eight home games in 2006.[80]
Legal battles[link]
The Raiders and Al Davis have been involved in several lawsuits throughout their history, including ones against the NFL. When the NFL declined to approve the Raiders' move from Oakland to Los Angeles in 1980, the team joined the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission in a lawsuit against the league alleging a violation of antitrust laws.[81] The Coliseum Commission received a settlement from the NFL of $19.6 million in 1987.[74] In 1986, Davis testified on behalf of the USFL in their unsuccessful antitrust lawsuit against the NFL. He was the only NFL owner to do so.[82]
After relocating back to Oakland, the team sued the NFL for interfering with their negotiations to build a new stadium at Hollywood Park prior to the move. The Raiders' lawsuit further contended that they had the rights to the Los Angeles market, and thus were entitled to compensation from the league for giving up those rights by moving to Oakland. A jury found in favor of the NFL in 2001, but the verdict was overturned a year later due to alleged juror misconduct. In February 2005, a California Court of Appeal unanimously upheld the original verdict.[83]
When the Raiders moved back from Los Angeles in 1995, the city of Oakland and the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Authority agreed to sell Personal Seat Licenses (PSLs) to help pay for the renovations to their stadium. But after games rarely sold out, the Raiders filed suit, claiming that they were misled by the city and the Coliseum Authority with the false promise that there would be sellouts. On November 2, 2005, a settlement was announced, part of which was the abolishment of PSLs as of the 2006 season.[84]
Trademark and trade dress dilution[link]
In 1996, the team sued the NFL in Santa Clara County, California, in a lawsuit that ultimately included 22 separate causes of action. Included in the team's claims were claims that the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' pirate logo diluted the team's California trademark in its own pirate logo and for trade dress dilution on the ground that the League had improperly permitted other teams (including the Buccaneers and Carolina Panthers) to adopt colors for their uniforms similar to those of the Raiders. Among other things, the lawsuit sought an injunction to prevent the Buccaneers and Panthers from wearing their uniforms while playing in California. In 2003, these claims were dismissed on summary judgment because the relief sought would violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.[85]
BALCO scandal[link]
In 2003, a number of current and former Oakland players such as Bill Romanowski, Tyrone Wheatley, Barrett Robbins, Chris Cooper and Dana Stubblefield were named as clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-Operative (BALCO). BALCO was an American company led by founder and owner Victor Conte. In 2003, journalists Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru-Wada investigated the company's role in a drug sports scandal later referred to as the BALCO Affair. BALCO marketed tetrahydrogestrinone ("the Clear"), a then-undetected, performance-enhancing steroid developed by chemist Patrick Arnold. Conte, BALCO vice president James Valente, weight trainer Greg Anderson and coach Remi Korchemny had supplied a number of high-profile sports stars from the United States and Europe with the Clear and human growth hormone for several years.
Headquartered in Burlingame, California, BALCO was founded in 1984. Officially, BALCO was a service business for blood and urine analysis and food supplements. In 1988, Victor Conte offered free blood and urine tests to a group of athletes known as the BALCO Olympians. He then was allowed to attend the Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. From 1996 Conte worked with well-known American football star Bill Romanowski, who proved to be useful to establish new connections to athletes and coaches.[86]
Players[link]
Pro Football Hall of Famers[link]
The Pro Football Hall of Fame has inducted eleven players who made their primary contribution to professional football while with the Raiders, in addition to owner Al Davis and head coach John Madden. The Raiders' total of thirteen Hall of Famers.[87]
Notes:
- Hall of Famers who made the major part of their primary contribution for the Raiders are listed in bold.
- Hall of Famers who spent only a minor portion of their career with the Raiders are listed in normal font.
| Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders Hall of Famers | ||||
| No. | Player | Inducted | Positions | Years with Raiders |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 | Jerry Rice | 2010 | Wide Receiver | 2001–2004 |
| 26 | Rod Woodson | 2009 | Safety | 2002–2003 |
| -- | John Madden | 2006 | Head Coach | 1969–1978 |
| 76 | Bob Brown | 2004 | Offensive Tackle | 1971–1973 |
| 80 | James Lofton | 2003 | Wide Receiver | 1987–1988 |
| 32 | Marcus Allen | 2003 | Running Back | 1982–1992 |
| 87 | Dave Casper | 2002 | Tight End | 1974–1980, 1984 |
| 42 | Ronnie Lott | 2000 | Safety | 1991–1992 |
| 75 | Howie Long | 2000 | Defensive End | 1981–1993 |
| 29 | Eric Dickerson | 1999 | Running Back | 1992 |
| 22 | Mike Haynes | 1997 | Cornerback | 1983–1989 |
| -- | Al Davis | 1992 | Team, League Administrator | 1963–2011 |
| 83 | Ted Hendricks | 1990 | Linebacker | 1975–1983 |
| 78 | Art Shell | 1989 | Offensive Tackle | 1968–1982 |
| 25 | Fred Biletnikoff | 1988 | Wide Receiver | 1965–1978 |
| 63 | Gene Upshaw | 1987 | Guard | 1967–1981 |
| 24 | Willie Brown | 1984 | Cornerback | 1967–1978 |
| 16 | George Blanda | 1981 | Quarterback, Placekicker | 1967–1975 |
| 00 | Jim Otto | 1980 | Center | 1960–1974 |
| 77 | Ron Mix | 1979 | Offensive Tackle | 1971 |
Retired numbers[link]
The Raider organization does not retire the jersey numbers of former players on an official or unofficial basis. The number 00, worn by Jim Otto for his entire career, is no longer allowed by the NFL.[88] It was originally permitted for him only by the AFL as a marketing gimmick since his jersey number 00 is a homophone pun of his name (aught-O).
There is speculation that the team may have removed number 2 from circulation, however, as it was last worn by JaMarcus Russell in 2009 before being released, due to the stigma of Russell being one of the biggest draft busts in the history of professional sports.[89][90] When the team drafted Terrelle Pryor in the 2011 Supplemental Draft, he was issued number 6 despite number 2 (the number he wore at Ohio State) not being used, and Pryor wasn't given an explanation why he didn't receive the number.[91]
Super Bowl MVP award winners[link]
| Raiders Super Bowl MVP winners | |||
| SB | Player | Position | |
|---|---|---|---|
| XI | Fred Biletnikoff #25 | Wide Receiver | |
| XV | Jim Plunkett #16 | Quarterback | |
| XVIII | Marcus Allen #32 | Running Back | |
Career leaders[link]
| All-Time Raiders Leaders | |||
| Leader | Player | Record number | Years with Raiders |
|---|---|---|---|
| Passing | Ken Stabler | 19,078 passing yards | 1970-1979 |
| Rushing | Marcus Allen | 8,545 rushing yards | 1982–1992 |
| Receiving | Tim Brown | 14,734 receiving yards | 1988–2003 |
| Coaching wins | John Madden | 103 wins | 1969-1978 |
Current roster[link]
Head coaches and staff[link]
Head coaches[link]
Current staff[link]
Front Office
Head Coaches
Offensive Coaches
|
Defensive Coaches
Special Teams Coaches
Strength and Conditioning
|
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External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Oakland Raiders |
- Oakland Raiders The Official Site of the Oakland Raiders
- Oakland Raiders on Twitter
- Oakland Raiders on Facebook
- Oakland Raiders at the National Football League Official Homepage
- Oakland Raiders Information at Sports E-Cyclopedia.com
| Achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Kansas City Chiefs 1966 |
American Football League Champions Oakland Raiders 1967 |
Succeeded by New York Jets 1968 |
| Preceded by Pittsburgh Steelers 1975 (1974 season) and 1976 (1975 season) |
Super Bowl Champions Oakland Raiders 1977 (1976 season) |
Succeeded by Dallas Cowboys 1978 (1977 season) |
| Preceded by Pittsburgh Steelers 1979 (1978 season) and 1980 (1979 season) |
Super Bowl Champions Oakland Raiders 1981 (1980 season) |
Succeeded by San Francisco 49ers 1982 (1981 season) |
| Preceded by Washington Redskins 1983 (1982 season) |
Super Bowl Champions Los Angeles Raiders 1984 (1983 season) |
Succeeded by San Francisco 49ers 1985 (1984 season) |
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| National Football League (2012) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFC | East | North | South | West |
| Buffalo Bills | Baltimore Ravens | Houston Texans | Denver Broncos | |
| Miami Dolphins | Cincinnati Bengals | Indianapolis Colts | Kansas City Chiefs | |
| New England Patriots | Cleveland Browns | Jacksonville Jaguars | Oakland Raiders | |
| New York Jets | Pittsburgh Steelers | Tennessee Titans | San Diego Chargers | |
| NFC | East | North | South | West |
| Dallas Cowboys | Chicago Bears | Atlanta Falcons | Arizona Cardinals | |
| New York Giants | Detroit Lions | Carolina Panthers | St. Louis Rams | |
| Philadelphia Eagles | Green Bay Packers | New Orleans Saints | San Francisco 49ers | |
| Washington Redskins | Minnesota Vikings | Tampa Bay Buccaneers | Seattle Seahawks | |
| Seasons (by team) · Regular season · Playoffs · AFC Championship · NFC Championship · Super Bowl (champions · quarterbacks) · Pro Bowl League Championship History: AFL Championship (1960–1969) · NFL Championship (1920–1969) · One-game playoff · Playoff Bowl |
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| Defunct franchises · Owners · Officials · Properties · Stadiums (chronology) · Franchise timeline · Records (individual, team, Super Bowl) · All-Pro · Hall of Fame · Lore · Nicknames · AFL · Merger · History in Los Angeles, Toronto (Bills Series) · International Series · Europa (World Bowl) · TV · Radio · Management Council · NFLPA · Player conduct · Draft · Training camp · Preseason (Hall of Fame Game, American Bowl) · Kickoff · Monday Night Football · Thanksgiving Classic · Christmas games · NFL Charities · Playoff droughts · Rivalries · Tied games · Cancelled games · Controversies · Cheerleading | ||||
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Notes and references[link]
- ^ a b Tafur, Vittorio (October 9, 2011). "Davis family will retain ownership of Raiders". The San Francisco Chronicle: p. B-9. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/62JqrJEWp.
- ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d822f1af5/article/davis-family-will-keep-ownership-of-raiders-executive-says
- ^ "Raiders Stun Chargers with 33-Point 4th Quarter Outburst". Raiders.com. Archived from the original on 2006-12-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20061230172729/http://www.raiders.com/history/gm11.jsp. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ "Memories of Sid Gillman". Chargers.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929090813/http://www.chargers.com/news/headlines/news-104158080019831.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
- ^ a b c Burke, Monte (2006-09-18). "A New Test For an Old Raider". Forbes Magazine. http://www.forbes.com/free_forbes/2006/0918/112.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ a b Dickey, Just Win, Baby, p. 41.
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League_lore
- ^ Newhouse, Dave. "1980 Raiders were outcasts, champions". Archived from the original on 2007-01-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20070123200328/http://www.nfl.com/insider/2001/raidersnewhouse_091801.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ Phillips, B.J. (1981-02-09). "The Wild Cards Run Wild". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922427,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
- ^ "Quiz XLII Super Bowl Questions!". ESPN Sportsnation. http://proxy.espn.go.com/chat/sportsnation/quiz?event_id=3332. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
- ^ Football's Blackest Hole: A Fan's Perspective; Craig Parker; Frog, Ltd.; Berkeley, CA; 2003; pg. 69.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby. p. 168.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby. p. 172.
- ^ "Al Davis biography". HickokSports.com. http://www.hickoksports.com/biograph/davisall.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
- ^ Puma, Mike (2003-12-01). "Good guys wear black". ESPN Classic. http://espn.go.com/classic/s/add_davis_al.html. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby. p. 234.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby. p. 230.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby. p. 232.
- ^ "Al Davis may retire if Raiders win". The Cincinnati Enquirer (Associated Press). 2003-01-23. http://bengals.enquirer.com/2003/01/23/wwwsbdavis.html. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ Plaschke, Bill. "Shades of Gray". Los Angeles Times (Associated Press). http://apse.dallasnews.com/contest/2003/writing/over250/over250.columns.third3-4.html. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby. pp. 234–239.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby. pp. 240–244.
- ^ Anderson, Dave (1990-09-16). "Just Give Me $10 Million, Baby". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F3061EF73F5B0C758DDDA00894D8494D81. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ Czarnecki, John. "Raiders, Broncos renew rivalry". Fox Sports. http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/949168. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ Bell, Jarrett (2007-01-17). "Coaches chasing Super Bowl — and history". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2007-01-16-dungy-lovie_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ "Raiders' Move Is Approved". The New York Times. 1995-07-12. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DE133AF931A25754C0A963958260. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ Poole, Monte (2005-06-22). "Raiders headed home 10 years ago". Oakland Tribune. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20050622/ai_n15838422. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ Ratto, Ray (2002-01-20). "Conspiracy theorists have a fresh cause". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2002/01/20/SP233151.DTL. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ "Raiders promote Callahan to head coach". Associated Press (ESPN.com). 2002-03-12. http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/news/2002/0312/1350580.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
- ^ Clayton, John. "Gruden proves how much coaching matters". ESPN.com. http://static.espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs02/columnist/2003/0126/1499382.html. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
- ^ Kalb, Elliott (2007-02-01). "The worst decisions in Super Bowl history". FOX Sports. http://web.archive.org/web/20070402141131/http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/6427798. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ "Portis runs Denver past error-prone Raiders". NFL.com. 2003-11-30. Archived from the original on 2006-09-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20060908211734/http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/recap/NFL_20031130_DEN@OAK. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ Gay, Nancy (2005-08-07). "Gannon makes it official -- he's done". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/08/07/SPG5IE4DSS1.DTL. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ Clayton, John (2006-02-11). "Shell to return to Raiders as head coach". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2326498. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ "Shell out after one season as Raiders coach". NFL.com. 2007-01-04. Archived from the original on 2007-01-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20070126041745/http://www.nfl.com/teams/story/OAK/9908560. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ "Raiders secure top draft pick for first time since 1962". Associated Press (OnlineAthens.com). 2007-01-01. http://onlineathens.com/stories/010207/sports_20070102028.shtml. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ White, David (2007-01-22). "Raiders hire USC's Kiffin to be head coach". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/01/22/SPGCLNMU4G9.DTL. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
- ^ "Grid Team Named-- They're Senors", Oakland Tribune, April 5, 1960, p37. Soda said, "My own personal choice would have been Mavericks, but I believe we came up with a real fine name." The selection committee narrowed the choices down to Admirals, Lakers, Diablos, Seawolves, Gauchos, Nuggest, Señors Dons, Costers, Grandees, Sequoias, Missiles, Knights, Redwoods, Clippers, Jets and Dolphins.
- ^ "Now It's Hi, Raiders! (Bye, Senors)", Oakland Tribune, April 14, 1960, p1
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby, p. 8.
- ^ Otto, The Pain of Glory, p. 69.
- ^ "Raiders uniform/helmet design, 1960-62". http://www.hometown.aol.com/bkbubco/60-Oak.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ "Raiders uniform/helmet design, 1963". http://www.hometown.aol.com/bkbubco/63-Oak.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ White, David (2008-09-29). "Hard-tackling safety produces one of his own". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/09/29/SP8B137T7A.DTL.
- ^ Paul Lukas. "Uni Watch: Comprehensive NFL preview". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=lukas/090909&sportCat=nfl.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby, p. 10.
- ^ ""Pride and Poise" trademark information". Trademark Electronic Search System. http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=1ap7tf.2.1. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ ""Commitment to Excellence" trademark information". Trademark Electronic Search System. http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=1ap7tf.3.16. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ ""Just Win, Baby" trademark information". Trademark Electronic Search System. http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=1ap7tf.4.1. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
- ^ Zamora, Jim Herron (2003-01-24). "Raider Nation's citizens span globe–Mystique, power of Silver and Black quicken the pulse of teaming hordes". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=c/a/2003/01/24/MN64531.DTL. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ Minkoff, Alysse. "Sweetheart of the Hole". Page2. http://static.espn.go.com/page2/s/minkoff/030929.html. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ Mills, Roger (2003-01-25). "Super Bowl XXXVII: Raider nation". St. Petersburg Times. http://www.sptimes.com/2003/01/25/Bucs/Raider_nation.shtml. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ Thomas, Jim (2007-12-17). "Entering the 'black hole'". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/sports/stories.nsf/rams/story/241242A52193ACF98625724600217A92?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ "Raider Nation!". [1]. 10-12-2009. http://www.icecube.com/news/5743/.
- ^ http://30for30.espn.com/film/straight-outta-la.html
- ^ Lloyd, Robert (2010-05-11). "Television review: 'Straight Outta L.A.'". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/11/entertainment/la-et-0511-straight-outta-20100511.
- ^ "Raiders Topple 49ers 35-24 in Battle of the Bay". Raiders.com. Archived from the original on 2006-10-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20061018045021/http://www.raiders.com/history/gm15.jsp. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ "49ers And Raiders Stagger Into Battle". Associated Press (KGO-TV). 2006-10-07. http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=49ers&id=4638285. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
- ^ Halley, Jim (2005-09-08). "Patriots-Raiders: No love lost over time". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/2005-09-08-pats-raiders-history_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ LaMarre, Tom (2001-12-31). "Jets-Raiders series boasts several classics". NFL.com. Archived from the original on 2007-05-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20070505154309/http://www.nfl.com/teams/story/OAK/4774152. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ McDonald, Jerry (2003-11-04). "Raiders and Jets renew a peculiar rivalry". NFL.com. http://web.archive.org/web/20051114130420/www.nfl.com/news/story/6805404. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ "Epic Rivalries: Raiders vs. Jets". 2005-12-07. Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20061026065601/http://www.raiders.com/newsroom/newsroomNewsDetail.jsp?id=6289. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ Smizik, Bob (2006-10-29). "Raiders of the lost rivalry". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06302/733903-194.stm. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ 'http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/rai/head-to-head.htm
- ^ "Pro Football Hall of Fame - Oakland Raiders". http://www.profootballhof.com/history/team.jsp?franchise_id=23. Retrieved 2007-01-19.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby, p. 7.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Harney was the builder of San Francisco's Candlestick Park, built on a bleak parcel of land he owned; to date, the road leading to the stadium is known as Harney Way. With a push from Harney, the Raiders were allowed to play their final three 1960 home games at Candlestick.
- ^ Steve Sabol (Executive Producer) (2004). Raiders - The Complete History (DVD). NFL Productions LLC.
- ^ Dickey, Just Win, Baby, pp. 98–101.
- ^ a b Zeigler, Mark (2009-10-31). "Silence of elders tells on Raiders". San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www3.signonsandiego.com/stories/2009/oct/31/silence-elders-tells-raiders/?chargers. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
- ^ Rosynsky, Paul T (2003-10-15). "Raiders co-owner wants to boot Davis". Oakland Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013235455/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20031015/ai_n14561183. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ Chapman, Glenn (2004-04-03). "Judge rules Davis will remain a Raider". Oakland Tribune. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20040403/ai_n14573625. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ a b Rosynsky, Paul T (2005-10-21). "Raiders ownership suit settled". Oakland Tribune. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20051021/ai_n15803820. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ a b Gay, Nancy (2006-11-25). "No takers for 31% share of Raiders". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2006/11/25/SPG19MJJS01.DTL. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
- ^ "NFL Team Valuations - #28 Oakland Raiders". Forbes Magazine. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/30/06nfl_Oakland-Raiders_300874.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ a b Fitzgerald, Tom (2005-11-03). "Raiders reach pact with Oakland/No more PSLs -- team will take over marketing duties". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/11/03/MNGU4FIB741.DTL. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ Young, Eric (2006-02-15). "Raiders cut ticket prices at Coliseum". Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2006/02/13/daily31.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ Young, Eric (2006-11-06). "Raiders post solid numbers already". San Francisco Business Times. http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2006/09/04/daily28.html. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ Soliday, Bill (2006-12-15). ""Gabriel's release, return mystery" (sellout info in Notes)". Contra Costa Times. http://www.contracostatimes.com/mld/cctimes/sports/football/nfl/oakland_raiders/16246551.htm?source=rss&channel=cctimes_oakland_raiders. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ "NFL History (1971-1980)". http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1971-1980#1980. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
- ^ Puma, Mike. "Just do it, baby". ESPN Classic. http://static.espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Davis_Al.html. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
- ^ "Appellate court rules for NFL in Raiders case". NFL.com. http://web.archive.org/web/20060114151011/www.nfl.com/news/story/8222230. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ Fitzgerald, Tom (2005-11-03). "Raiders reach pact with Oakland-No more PSLs -- team will take over marketing duties". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2005/11/03/MNGU4FIB741.DTL. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ "Winning the Big Game" (PDF). http://www.martindale.com/pdf/c2c/magazine/2005_Nov/c2cMag_Nov05_PIP_Bingham.pdf.
- ^ Mark Fainaru-Wada, Lance Williams: Barry Bonds: Anatomy of a scandal. San Francisco Chronicle, 25. December 2003
- ^ http://www.raiders.com/history/hall-of-fame.html
- ^ Alder, James. "Football 101 - Uniform Numbering System". About.com. http://football.about.com/cs/football101/a/bl_numbersystem.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-31.
- ^ http://espn.go.com/blog/afcwest/post/_/id/31205/pryor-doesnt-follow-russells-footsteps
- ^ http://www.nesn.com/2011/08/raiders-dont-allow-terrelle-pryor-to-wear-no-2-last-worn-by-draft-bust-jamarcus-russell.html
- ^ http://espn.go.com/nfl/story/_/id/6898887/terrelle-pryor-joins-oakland-raiders-final-training-camp-drills
http://wn.com/Oakland_Raiders
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| Oakland | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| City of Oakland | |||
 |
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|
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| Nickname(s): Oaktown, The O, The Town | |||
 |
|||
 Oakland
|
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| Coordinates: 37°48′16″N 122°16′15″W / 37.80444°N 122.27083°W / 37.80444; -122.27083Coordinates: 37°48′16″N 122°16′15″W / 37.80444°N 122.27083°W / 37.80444; -122.27083 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | California | ||
| County | Alameda | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | Mayor-Council | ||
| • Mayor | Jean Quan (D) | ||
| • Senate | Loni Hancock (D) | ||
| • Assembly | Nancy Skinner (D) Sandré Swanson (D) Mary Hayashi (D) |
||
| • U.S. Congress | Barbara Lee (D) (CA-09) | ||
| Area[1] | |||
| • Total | 78.002 sq mi (202.024 km2) | ||
| • Land | 55.786 sq mi (144.485 km2) | ||
| • Water | 22.216 sq mi (57.54 km2) 28.48% | ||
| Elevation | 42 ft (12.8 m) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • Total | 390,724 | ||
| • Rank | 1st in Alameda County 8th in California 47th in the United States |
||
| • Density | 7,004/sq mi (2,704.2/km2) | ||
| Demonym | Oaklander | ||
| Time zone | PST (UTC−8) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | PDT (UTC−7) | ||
| ZIP code | 94601, 94602, 94603, 94605, 94606, 94607, 94610, 94611, 94612, 94618, 94619, 94615, 94621 | ||
| Area code(s) | 510 | ||
| FIPS code | 06-53000 | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0277566 | ||
| Website | http://www.oaklandnet.com | ||
Oakland (
/ˈoʊklənd/) is a major West Coast port city on San Francisco Bay in the U.S. state of California. It is the eighth-largest city in the state and the 47th-largest in the U.S. with a population of 390,724 according to the 2010 census. Incorporated in 1852, Oakland is the county seat of Alameda County and is a central hub city for a region of the San Francisco Bay Area known as the East Bay. The city lies directly across the bay from San Francisco.
Oakland's territory covers what was once a mosaic of coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Oakland served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco, and Oakland's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region. During the California Gold Rush, Oakland became the main staging post for passengers and cargo journeying between the Bay Area and the Sierra foothills. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. It continued to grow into the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile industry. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Franciscans left that city's destruction, and a great number of Oakland's homes were built during the 1910s and 1920s. An extensive streetcar network connected most of Oakland's neighbourhoods to inter-city rail lines, most of whose routes continue as bus lines today. Ferry lines connected Oakland to San Francisco and other cities.
The 20th century saw a steady influx of immigrants to Oakland from around the world who, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s, have made Oakland one of the most ethnically diverse major cities in the country.[2] Oakland is known for its history of political activism, as well as its professional sports franchises and major corporations, which include health care, dot-com companies and manufacturers of household products. The city is a transportation hub for the greater Bay Area, and its shipping port is the fifth busiest in the United States.
Oakland has a Mediterranean climate with an average of 260 sunny days per year. Lake Merritt, a large estuary centrally located east of Downtown, was designated the United States' first official wildlife refuge. Jack London Square, named for the author and former resident, is a tourist destination on the Oakland waterfront. Progress has been made in reducing the city's high crime rate; violent crime is primarily concentrated in certain neighborhoods, although property crime remains problematic throughout the city. Oakland is continually listed among the top cities in the United States for sustainability practices, including a No. 1 ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources.
Contents |
History[link]
The Ohlone[link]
The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun tribe, who lived there for thousands of years. The Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone (a Miwok word meaning "western people").[3] In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, a stream that enters the San Francisco Bay at Emeryville.
The area was inhabited by the Ohlone people before Spanish settlers displaced them in the 18th and 19th centuries. Spain expanded the Viceroyalty of New Spain and colonized Alta California to stop the advancement of Russia from Alaska. Much of the land that was to become Oakland was held by the Peralta family under the Rancho San Antonio (Peralta) land grant. New Spain became independent in 1821 under the name "Mexico." In 1846, the Territory of Alta California was conquered by American forces, becoming simply "California." Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, American squatters laid legal claim to the land held by the Peralta family.
Early history[link]
Conquistadors from New Spain claimed Oakland and other Ohlone lands of the East Bay, along with the rest of California, for the king of Spain in 1772. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown deeded the East Bay area to Luís María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio. The grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain.[4] The ranch included a stand of oak trees that stretched from the land that is today Oakland's downtown area to the adjacent part of Alameda, then a peninsula. The Peraltas called the area encinal, a Spanish word that means "oak grove." Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons. Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente, who opened the land to American settlers, loggers, European whalers, and fur-traders[5]
Continued development occurred after 1848 when, as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War, the Mexican government ceded 525,000 square miles (1,360,000 km2); 55%[6] of its pre-war territory (excluding Texas) to the US in exchange for $15 million. The original settlement in what is now the downtown was initially called "Contra Costa" ("opposite shore", the Spanish name for the lands on the east side of the Bay) and was included in Contra Costa County before Alameda County was established on March 25, 1853. The California state legislature incorporated the town of Oakland on May 4, 1852. In 1853, John Coffee "Jack" Hays, a famous Texas Ranger, was one of the first to establish residence in Oakland while performing his duties as Sheriff of San Francisco.[7][8]
The town and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, the site of today's Port of Oakland. The Long Wharf served as the terminus both for the Transcontinental Railroad and for local commuter trains of the Central (later, Southern) Pacific. The Central Pacific also established one of its largest rail yards and servicing facilities in West Oakland, which continued to be a major local employer under the Southern Pacific well into the 20th century. The principal depot of the Southern Pacific in Oakland was the 16th Street Station located at 16th and Wood, which is currently being restored as part of a redevelopment project.[9] In 1871, Cyrus and Susan Mills paid $5,000 for the Young Ladies' Seminary in Benicia, renamed it Mills College, and moved it to its current location in Oakland, adjacent to what is now Seminary Boulevard. In 1872, the town of Brooklyn was incorporated into Oakland. Brooklyn, a large municipality southeast of Lake Merritt, was part of what was then called the Brooklyn Township.
A number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, and other lines were converted and added over the course of the 1890s. The various streetcar companies operating in Oakland were acquired by Francis "Borax" Smith and consolidated into what eventually became known as the Key System, the predecessor of today's publicly owned AC Transit. In addition to its system of streetcars in the East Bay, the Key System also operated commuter trains to its own pier and ferry boats to San Francisco, in competition with the Southern Pacific. Upon completion of the Bay Bridge, both companies ran their commuter trains on the south side of the lower deck, directly to San Francisco. The Key System in its earliest years was actually in part a real estate venture, with the transit part serving to help open up new tracts for buyers. The Key System's investors (incorporated as the "Realty Syndicate") also established two large hotels in Oakland, one of which survives as the Claremont Resort. The other, which burned down in the early 1930s, was the Key Route Inn, at what is now West Grand and Broadway. From 1904 to 1929, the Realty Syndicate also operated a major amusement park in north Oakland called Idora Park.
Early 1900s[link]
The original extent of Oakland, upon its incorporation, lay south of today's major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north. Oakland's rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902, which created an "island" of nearby town Alameda. In 1906, its population doubled with refugees made homeless after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Concurrently, a strong City Beautiful movement, promoted by Mayor Frank Kanning Mott, was responsible for creating and preserving parks and monuments in Oakland, including major improvements to Lake Merritt and the construction of Oakland Civic Auditorium, which cost $1M in 1914. The Auditorium briefly served as an emergency ward and quarantine for some of Oakland's Spanish flu victims in 1918 and 1919. The three waves of the pandemic killed more than 1,400, out of 216,000, Oakland residents.
By 1920, Oakland was the home of numerous manufacturing industries, including metals, canneries, bakeries, internal combustion engines, automobiles, and shipbuilding.[10]
1920s[link]
The 1920s were economic boom years in the United States as a whole, and in California in particular. Economic growth was fueled by the general post–World War I recovery, as well as oil discoveries in Los Angeles and, most notably, the widespread introduction of the automobile. In 1916, General Motors opened a major Chevrolet automobile factory in East Oakland, making cars and then trucks until 1963, when it was moved to Fremont in southern Alameda County.[11] Also in 1916,[12] the Fageol Motor Company chose East Oakland for their first factory, manufacturing farming tractors from 1918 to 1923.[13] In 1921, they introduced an influential low-slung "Safety Bus", followed quickly by the 22-seat "Safety Coach."[14] Durant Motors operated a plant in Oakland from 1921 to 1930,[15] manufacturing sedans, coupes, convertibles, and roadsters.[16] By 1929, when Chrysler expanded with a new plant there, Oakland had become known as the "Detroit of the West."[17]
Oakland expanded during the 1920s, flexing enough to meet the influx of factory workers. Approximately 13,000 homes were built between 1921 and 1924,[18] more than between 1907 and 1920.[19] Many of the large downtown office buildings, apartment buildings, and single-family houses still standing in Oakland were built during the 1920s; and they reflect the architectural styles of the time.
In 1926 Dr. William M. Watts (pictured left) opened a 22-bed hospital facility to provide in-patient care to Oakland's citizens of African descent who were not welcome at other health care institutions. The facility also offered training for African-American nurses.[20]
The Rocky Road ice cream was created in Oakland in 1929, though accounts differ about its first promoter. William Dreyer of Dreyer's is said to have carried the idea of marshmallow and walnut pieces in a chocolate base over from his partner Joseph Edy's similar candy creation.[21]
Aviation firsts[link]
Russell Clifford Durant (called "Cliff" by his friends) was a race car driver, speedboat enthusiast, amateur flier, President of Durant Motors in Oakland, and son of General Motors founder William "Billy" Crapo Durant. In 1916, he established Durant Field at 82nd Avenue and East 14th Street.[22] The first experimental transcontinental airmail through-flight finished its journey at Durant Field on August 9, 1920, with Army Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker and Navy Lt. Bert Acosta (pictured right) at the controls of the Junkers F 13 re-badged as the model J.L.6.[23] The airfield served only secondary duties after 1927, as its runway was not long enough for heavily loaded aircraft. In April 1930, test pilot Herbert "Hub" Fahy and his wife Claire hit a stump upon landing, flipping their plane and mortally wounding Hub without injuring Claire.[24] Durant Field was often called Oakland Airport, though the current Oakland International Airport was soon established four miles (6 km) southwest.[25]
On September 17, 1927, Charles Lindbergh attended the official dedication of the new Oakland Airport. A month earlier, on August 16, participants in the disastrous Dole Air Race had taken off from Oakland's new 7,020-foot (2,140 m) runway headed for Honolulu, Hawaii 2,400 miles (3,900 km) away—three fliers died before getting to the starting line in Oakland; five were lost at sea, attempting to reach Honolulu; and two more died searching for the lost five.[26]
On May 31, 1928, Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew departed Oakland in Southern Cross on their successful bid to cross the Pacific by air, finishing in Australia. In October 1928, Oakland was used as a base for the World War I aircraft involved in the final filming of Howard Hughes' Hell's Angels.[27] In 1928, aviator Louise Thaden took off from Oakland in a Travel Air to set a women's altitude record, as well as endurance and speed records.[28]
On January 11, 1935, Amelia Earhart became the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California.
On St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 1937, Earhart and her crew, Paul Mantz, Harry Manning and Fred Noonan, flew the first leg of her attempt to circumnavigate the globe, from Oakland to Honolulu, Hawaii. That attempt ended in Hawaii when her Lockheed Electra 10E was severely damaged. Later in the year, Earhart began her second, ill-fated attempt with the unpublicized first leg of her proposed transcontinental flight mapped from Oakland to Miami, Florida.
World War II[link]
During World War II, the East Bay Area was home to many war-related industries. Among these were the Kaiser Shipyards in nearby Richmond. The medical system devised for shipyard workers became the basis for the giant Kaiser Permanente HMO, which has a large medical center at MacArthur and Broadway, the first to be established by Kaiser. Oakland's Moore Dry Dock Company expanded its shipbuilding capabilities and built over 100 ships.
Valued at $100 million in 1943, Oakland's canning industry was its second-most-valuable war contribution after shipbuilding. Sited at both a major rail terminus and an important sea port, Oakland was a natural location for food processing plants, whose preserved products fed domestic, foreign, and military consumers. The largest canneries were in the Fruitvale District and included the Josiah Lusk Canning Company, the Oakland Preserving Company (which started the Del Monte brand), and the California Packing Company.[29]
Prior to World War II, blacks constituted about 3% of Oakland's population. Aside from restrictive covenants pertaining to some Oakland Hills properties, Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation did not exist in California, and relations between the races were mostly harmonious. What segregation did exist was voluntary; blacks could, and did, live in all parts of the city.[30]
The war attracted tens of thousands of laborers from around the country, though most were poor whites and blacks from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas—sharecroppers and tenant farmers who had been recruited by Henry J. Kaiser to work in his shipyards. These immigrants from the Jim Crow South brought their racial attitudes with them, and the racial harmony that Oakland blacks had been accustomed to prior to the war evaporated.[30] Southern whites expected deference from their black co-workers, and initially Southern blacks were conditioned to grant it.[31] As Southern blacks became aware of their more equal standing under California law, they began to reject subservient roles; the new immigrants prospered, though they were affected by rising racial discrimination and informal post-war neighborhood redlining.[31]
The Mai Tai cocktail was first concocted in Oakland in 1944, and it became very popular at Trader Vic's restaurant.[32] Established in 1932, just four years later, Trader Vic's was so successful San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen was inspired to write, "the best restaurant in San Francisco is in Oakland."[33] Trader Vic's was chosen by the State Department as the official entertainment center for foreign dignitaries attending United Nations meetings in San Francisco.[34] The restaurant continued to grow in popularity and was running out of room when, in 1951, founder Victor Bergeron opened a larger one in San Francisco. In 1972, the flagship Oakland restaurant moved to the nearby Emeryville Marina.[35]
Post-WWII (1940s and 1950s)[link]
In 1946 National City Lines (NCL), a General Motors holding company, acquired 64% of Key System stock; during the next several years NCL engaged in the conspiratorial dissolution of Oakland's electric streetcar system. NCL converted the Key System's electric streetcar fleet to diesel buses, tracks were removed from Oakland's streets, and the lower deck of the Bay Bridge was converted to automobile traffic, which reduced the passenger carrying capacity of the bridge. Freeways were constructed, which partitioned the social and retail fabric of neighborhoods. In the 1948 federal case "United States v. National City Lines Inc.," the defendants were found guilty on a count of conspiring to monopolize the provision of parts and supplies to their subsidiary companies. The companies were each fined $5,000, and the directors were each fined one dollar. The verdicts were upheld on appeal in 1951.[36] The state Legislature created the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District in 1955, which still exists today as AC Transit, the third-largest bus-only transit system in the nation.[37]
Soon after the war, with the disappearance of Oakland's shipbuilding industry and the decline of its automobile industry, jobs became scarce. Many of the poor blacks who had come to the city from the South decided to stay in Oakland, and longstanding black residents complained that the new Southern arrivals "tended towards public disorder."[38] The segregationist attitudes that some Southern migrants brought with them disrupted the racial harmony that Oaklanders had been accustomed to before the war.[30] Many of the city's more affluent residents, both black and white, left the city after the war, moving to neighboring Alameda, Berkeley, Albany and El Cerrito to the north; to San Leandro, Hayward, Castro Valley and Fremont in Southern Alameda County; and to the newly developing East Bay suburbs, Orinda, Lafayette, Pleasant Hill, Walnut Creek and Concord. Between 1950 and 1960, about 100,000 white property owners moved out of Oakland—part of a nationwide phenomenon called white flight.[39]
By the end of World War II, blacks constituted about 12% of Oakland's population, and the years following the war saw this percentage rise. There was also an increase in racial tension.[38] Starting in the late 1940s, the Oakland Police Department began recruiting officers from the South to deal with the expanding black population and changing racial attitudes; many were openly racist, and their repressive police tactics exacerbated racial tensions.[40]
Oakland was the center of a general strike during the first week of December 1946, one of six cities across the country that experienced such a strike after World War II.[41] It was one of the largest strike movements in American history, as workers were determined not to let management repeat the union busting that followed the first World War.[42] Oakland, which had been racially harmonious and prosperous before the war, by the late 1950s found itself with a population that was becoming progressively more poor and racially divided.[43][44]
1960s and 1970s[link]
In 1960, Kaiser Corporation erected its headquarters at the former site of Holy Names University, at the corner of 20th and Harrison Streets. It was the largest skyscraper in Oakland, as well as "the largest office tower west of Chicago" up to that time.[45] During this era, the oldest section of Oakland at the foot of Broadway, Jack London Square, was redeveloped into a hotel and outdoor retail district.[citation needed] During the 1960s, the city was home to an innovative funk music scene that produced well-known bands like Sly & the Family Stone, Graham Central Station, Tower of Power, Cold Blood, and The Headhunters. Larry Graham, the bass player for both Sly & the Family Stone and Graham Central Station, is credited with the creation of the influential slap and pop sound still widely used by bassists in many musical idioms today.[citation needed]
By 1966, only 16 of the city's 661 police officers were black. Tensions between the black community and the largely white police force were high, and police malfeasance against blacks was common.[39][46] The Black Panther Party was founded by Oakland City College (later Merritt College) students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale .[47]
It was also during the 1960s that the Oakland chapter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club began to grow into a formidable motorcycle gang and organized crime syndicate.[48][49] Its Oakland clubhouse is still on Foothill Boulevard in the city.
During the 1970s, Oakland began to experience serious problems with gang-controlled dealing of heroin and cocaine when drug kingpin Felix Mitchell created the nation's first large-scale operation of this kind.[38] Both violent crime and property crime increased during this period, and Oakland's murder rate was higher than many cities that were more than twice of large.[38]
In late 1973, the Symbionese Liberation Army assassinated Oakland's superintendent of schools, Dr. Marcus Foster, and badly wounded his deputy, Robert Blackburn. Two months later, two men were arrested and charged with the murder. Both received life sentences, though one was acquitted after an appeal and a retrial seven years later.[citation needed]
Today, Oakland's murder and crime rate is high for a city of its size. The city continues to try and make progress to get the crime rate under control.
Sports[link]
In sports, the Oakland Athletics MLB club won three consecutive World Series championships in 1972, 1973, and 1974, in addition to three consecutive World Series appearances from 1988 to 1990; the A's won the 1989 contest. The Golden State Warriors won the 1974–1975 NBA championship. The Oakland Raiders of the NFL won Super Bowl XI in 1977 and Super Bowl XV in 1981, while also appearing in Super Bowl II in 1968 and Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003.
1980s and 1990s[link]
Starting in the early 1980s, the number of Latinos, mostly of Mexican origin, began to increase in Oakland, especially in the Fruitvale district. This district is one of the oldest in Oakland, growing up around the old Peralta estate (now a city park). It always had a concentration of Latino residents, businesses and institutions, and increased immigration, continuing into the 21st century, has added greater numbers.
During the 1980s, crack cocaine became a serious problem in Oakland and it continued to lead the city into a very high violent crime rate.
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Oakland's black plurality reached its peak at approximately 47% of the overall population. Oakland was the birthpalce or home at one time of several rap acts, including MC Hammer, Digital Underground, Hieroglyphics (including Souls of Mischief and Del tha Funkee Homosapien), The Luniz, Tupac Shakur, and Too Short. Outside of the rap genre, artists such as thePointer Sisters, En Vogue, Tony! Toni! Tone!, and Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day also emerged from Oakland.
On May 24, 1990, a pipe bomb placed underneath traveling eco-activist Judi Bari's car seat exploded, tearing through her backside and nearly killing her. The bomb was placed directly under the driver's seat, not in the back seat or luggage area as it presumably would have been if Bari had been transporting it knowingly. Immediately after the 1990 car bombing, while Bari was in Oakland's Highland Hospital, she and a friend were arrested on suspicion of knowingly transporting the bomb. The Alameda County district attorney later dropped the case for lack of evidence, and in 2004 the FBI and the City of Oakland agreed to a $4 million settlement of a lawsuit brought by Bari's estate, and her friend, over their false arrest.[50]
On October 20, 1991, a massive firestorm (see 1991 Oakland firestorm) swept down from the Berkeley Hills above the Caldecott Tunnel. Twenty-five people were killed, and 150 people were injured, with nearly 4,000 homes destroyed. The economic loss has been estimated at $1.5 billion, and it was the worst such firestorm in American history.[51] Many of the original homes were rebuilt.
In late 1996, Oakland was the center of a controversy surrounding Ebonics (African American Vernacular English), an ethnolect the outgoing Oakland Unified School District board voted to recognize on December 18.[52][53] This was later dropped.
During the mid 1990s, Oakland experienced an improved economy compared to previous decades[54], with new downtown land development such as a $140 million state government center project, a $101 million city office building, and a 12-story office building for the University of California, Office of the President. The City Center redevelopment project was bought by Shorenstein Co., a San Francisco real estate firm. Office vacancies dropped to 11 percent from 16 percent in 1996. Officials at the Port of Oakland and Oakland International Airport, began multimillion-dollar expansion plans to keep pace with rival shipping ports and airports on the West Coast.
Loma Prieta earthquake[link]
The Loma Prieta earthquake occurred on October 17, 1989, a rupture of the San Andreas fault that affected the entire San Francisco Bay Area. The quake's surface wave measured 7.1 on the Richter magnitude scale, and many structures in Oakland were badly damaged. The double-decker portion of the freeway (Interstate 880) structure collapsed. The eastern span of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge also sustained damage and was closed to traffic for one month.
2000s[link]
After his 1999 inauguration, Oakland Mayor Jerry Brown continued his predecessor Elihu Harris' public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan.[55] Since Brown's stated goal was to add 10,000 residents to downtown Oakland, it became known as the "10K" plan. It resulted in redevelopment projects in the Jack London District, where Brown purchased and later sold an industrial warehouse, which he used as a personal residence, and in the Lakeside Apartments District near Lake Merritt, where two infill projects were approved. The 10K plan touched the historic Old Oakland district, the Chinatown district, the Uptown district, and downtown.
The 10K plan and other redevelopment projects were controversial due to potential rent increases and gentrification, which would displace lower-income residents from downtown Oakland into outlying neighborhoods and cities.[56] Additional controversy over development proposals arose from the weakening of the Bay Area and national economy in 2000, 2001, 2007, and the credit crunch and the recession of 2008. These downturns resulted in lowered sales, rentals and occupancy of the new housing and slower growth and economic recovery than expected.
The Oakland Athletics have long sought a site to build a new baseball stadium. A deal announced in 2006 to build a new park in Fremont, to be called Cisco Field was halted three years later as a result of opposition from businesses and local residents.[57] Local efforts have been put forth by both fans and city politicians to retain the A's, including three potential locations near downtown and the Oakland waterfront.[58] The South Bay city of San Jose has shown continuing, strong interest to be the team's new home, and is the preferred destination for current team owner Lew Wolff.[59]
The Oakland Ballet, performing in the city since 1965, folded temporarily in 2006 due financial problems and the closure of their performance facility, the Calvin Simmons Theater at the Kaiser Convention Center.[60] The following year, founder Ronn Guidi announced the revival of the Ballet under new director Graham Lustig, and the program continues to perform at the Laney College Theater.[61]
In the early morning hours of January 1, 2009, unarmed civilian Oscar Grant was shot and killed by BART police officer Johannes Mehserle on a crowded platform at the Fruitvale BART Station in East Oakland.[62] Officers had subdued Grant in a prone position for allegedly resisting arrest, before Mehserle shot Grant in the back with his gun, which he claimed to have mistaken for his stun gun.[63] In the ensuing week, demonstrations and riots took place in downtown Oakland, with demonstrators citing police brutality and racial injustice as their motivation.[64] Mehserle was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in July 2010, and sentenced to two years in prison. Both the verdict and sentencing set off further demonstrations in downtown Oakland, which included looting and destruction of property.[65][66]
In February 2009, the Fox Oakland Theatre reopened. The theatre had been closed for most of the previous 42 years, with few events held there. After a thorough restoration, seismic retrofit, and many other improvements following years of severe neglect (including a fire as recently as 2004),[67] the historic landmark theater started drawing patrons from all over the Bay Area.[68]
On March 21, 2009, Oakland parolee Lovelle Mixon, 26, fatally shot four Oakland police officers, and wounded a fifth officer. At approximately 1 pm, Mixon shot and killed two officers during a routine traffic stop. Mixon fled the scene, hiding in his sister's nearby apartment, and shortly after 3 pm he killed two more officers. During the ensuing shootout, the police killed Mixon in self-defense and a fifth officer was wounded. Three of the officers killed were ranking sergeants, the first time the Oakland Police Department had lost a sergeant in the line of duty. It was the single deadliest day for sworn personnel in the department's history.[69]
2010s[link]
On October 10, 2011, protesters and civic activists began "Occupy Oakland" demonstrations directed against national social and economic inequality at Frank Ogawa Plaza in Downtown Oakland.[70][71] The demonstrators set up an encampment which at one point consisted of "a miniature city" with as many as 150 tents.[72][73] At one point, a second encampment was established at Snow Park on Lake Merritt.[74] Oakland Police raided and dismantled the two protest sites at Frank Ogawa Plaza and Snow Park early in the morning on October 25. Later the same day, in efforts to reestablish the encampments, protesters clashed with police. Two officers and three protesters were injured and more than a hundred people were arrested.[75] On November 2, thousands marched upon and shut down the Port of Oakland.[76] At least two Iraqi war veterans were injured in the demonstrations, by police action.[77] By November 14, the encampment at the plaza in front of City Hall had been cleared, and it was announced by city officials the continued protests had cost the city $2.4 million.[78] A January 28, 2012 attempt by Occupy Oakland protesters to overtake the vacant Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center resulted in hundreds of arrests by police, and that evening a break-in by vandals to Oakland City Hall resulted in damage to artwork and the building itself.[79]
Throughout the 2010s the city's Oakland Medical Center, the first HMO and first Kaiser Permanente hospital, underwent a $2 billion retrofit including numerous new buildings.
On April 2, 2012, 7 people were killed in a shooting at Oikos University, in East Oakland near the airport and Coliseum Complex. Suspect One L. Goh surrendered an hour later to police in Alameda.[80]
Geography[link]
Oakland is on the east side of San Francisco Bay; in 1991 the City Hall tower was at 37°48′19″N 122°16′21″W / 37.805302°N 122.272539°W / 37.805302; -122.272539 (NAD83). (The building still exists, but like the rest of the Bay Area it has shifted northwest perhaps 0.6 meter in the last twenty years.)
The United States Census Bureau says the city's total area is 78.0 square miles (202 km2), including 55.8 square miles (145 km2) of land and 22.2 square miles (57 km2) (28.48 percent) of water.
Oakland's highest point is near Grizzly Peak Blvd, east of Berkeley, just over 1,760 feet (540 m) above sea level at about 37°52′43″N 122°13′27″W / 37.8786°N 122.2241°W / 37.8786; -122.2241. Oakland has 19 miles (31 km) of shoreline,[81] but Radio Beach is the only beach in Oakland.
Oaklanders refer to their city's terrain as "the flatlands" and "the hills", which until recent waves of gentrification have also been a reference to Oakland's deep economic divide, with "the hills" being more affluent communities. About two-thirds of Oakland lies in the flat plain of the East Bay, with one-third rising into the foothills and hills of the East Bay range.
Neighborhoods[link]
Oakland has more than 50 distinct neighborhoods, many of which are not "official" enough to be named on a map.[82] The common large neighborhood divisions in the city are downtown Oakland and its greater Central Business District, Lake Merritt, East Oakland, North Oakland, West Oakland, and the Oakland Hills. East Oakland actually encompasses more than half of Oakland's area, stretching from Lakeshore Avenue on the east shore of Lake Merritt southeast to the San Leandro border. North Oakland encompasses the neighborhoods between downtown and Berkeley and Emeryville. West Oakland is the area between downtown and the Bay, partially surrounded by the Oakland Point, and encompassing the Port of Oakland. In 2011, Oakland was ranked the 10th most walkable city in the United States.[83]
Lake Merritt, an urban estuary near downtown, is a mix of fresh and salt water draining in and out from the Oakland Harbor at the San Francisco Bay and one of Oakland's most notable features.[84] It was designated the United States' first official wildlife refuge in 1870.[85] Originally a marsh-lined wildlife haven, Lake Merritt was dredged and bordered with parks from the 1890s to the 1910s. Despite this reduction in habitat, Oakland is home to a number of rare and endangered species, many of which are localized to serpentine soils and bedrock. Lake Merritt is surrounded by notable residential and business districts, including downtown and Grand Lake.
Other neighborhoods include an historic Chinatown, the heavily Latino Fruitvale district, and the upscale shopping districts of Rockridge and Piedmont Avenue.
The relatively affluent city of Piedmont, incorporated in Oakland's central foothills after the 1906 earthquake, is a small independent city surrounded by the city of Oakland.
Climate[link]
Based on data gathered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oakland is ranked No. 1 in climate among U.S. cities.[86] Oakland's climate is typified by the temperate and seasonal Mediterranean climate. Summers are usually dry and warm and winters are mild and wet. More specifically, it has features found in both nearby coastal cities such as San Francisco and inland cities such as San Jose, making it warmer than San Francisco and cooler than San Jose. Its position on San Francisco Bay across from the Golden Gate means that the Northern part of the city can experience cooling maritime fog. It is far enough inland, though, that the fog often burns off by midday, allowing it to have typically sunny California days. The hills tend to have more fog than the flatlands, as the fog drifts down from Berkeley.
The U.S. Weather Bureau kept weather records in downtown Oakland from October 4, 1894, to July 31, 1958. During that time, the record high temperature was 104 °F (40 °C) on June 24, 1957, and the record low temperature was 24 °F (−4 °C) on January 23, 1949. The wettest year was 1940 with 38.65 inches (982 mm) and the driest year was 1910 with 12.02 inches (305 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 15.35 inches (390 mm) in January 1911. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 4.27 inches (108 mm) on February 12, 1904.[87]
The National Weather Service today has two official weather stations in Oakland: Oakland International Airport and the Oakland Museum (established 1970).
| Climate data for Oakland Museum | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 74 (23) |
81 (27) |
87 (31) |
97 (36) |
105 (41) |
107 (42) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
109 (43) |
103 (39) |
84 (29) |
75 (24) |
109 (43) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 57.1 (13.9) |
61.2 (16.2) |
63.2 (17.3) |
66.4 (19.1) |
68.9 (20.5) |
71.6 (22.0) |
72.7 (22.6) |
73.5 (23.1) |
74.6 (23.7) |
72.1 (22.3) |
63.9 (17.7) |
57.6 (14.2) |
66.9 (19.4) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 44.7 (7.1) |
47.6 (8.7) |
49.0 (9.4) |
50.6 (10.3) |
53.3 (11.8) |
55.7 (13.2) |
57.0 (13.9) |
58.3 (14.6) |
58.2 (14.6) |
55.2 (12.9) |
49.4 (9.7) |
44.8 (7.1) |
52.0 (11.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 24 (−4) |
28 (−2) |
30 (−1) |
35 (2) |
38 (3) |
41 (5) |
47 (8) |
40 (4) |
42 (6) |
36 (2) |
30 (−1) |
25 (−4) |
24 (−4) |
| Rainfall inches (mm) | 4.85 (123.2) |
4.27 (108.5) |
3.56 (90.4) |
1.38 (35.1) |
0.57 (14.5) |
0.11 (2.8) |
0.07 (1.8) |
0.10 (2.5) |
0.33 (8.4) |
1.33 (33.8) |
3.14 (79.8) |
3.23 (82) |
22.94 (582.7) |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 5.9 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 64.8 |
| Source: NOAA[88] | |||||||||||||
Ruptures along the nearby San Andreas fault caused severe earth movement in the San Francisco Bay Area in 1906 and 1989. San Andreas quakes induces creep (movement occurring on earthquake faults) in the Hayward fault, which runs directly through Oakland, Berkeley, San Jose and other Bay Area cities.[89] In 1991, an urban firestorm destroyed nearly 4,000 homes and killed 25 people in the Oakland hills; it was the worst urban firestorm in American history.[51]
Demographics[link]
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1860 | 1,543 |
|
|
| 1870 | 10,500 | 580.5% | |
| 1880 | 34,555 | 229.1% | |
| 1890 | 48,682 | 40.9% | |
| 1900 | 66,960 | 37.5% | |
| 1910 | 150,174 | 124.3% | |
| 1920 | 216,261 | 44.0% | |
| 1930 | 284,063 | 31.4% | |
| 1940 | 302,163 | 6.4% | |
| 1950 | 384,575 | 27.3% | |
| 1960 | 367,548 | −4.4% | |
| 1970 | 361,561 | −1.6% | |
| 1980 | 339,337 | −6.1% | |
| 1990 | 372,242 | 9.7% | |
| 2000 | 399,484 | 7.3% | |
| 2010 | 390,724 | −2.2% | |
2010[link]
The 2010 United States Census[90] reported that Oakland had a population of 390,724. The population density was 5,009.2 people per square mile (1,934.0/km²). The racial makeup of Oakland was 134,925 (34.5%) White, 109,471 (28.0%) African American, 3,040 (0.8%) Native American, 65,811 (16.8%) Asian (8.7% Chinese, 2.2% Vietnamese, 1.6% Filipino, 0.7% Cambodian, 0.7% Laotian, 0.6% Korean, 0.5% Japanese, 0.5% Indian), 2,222 (0.6%) Pacific Islander (0.3% Tongan), 53,378 (13.7%) from other races, and 21,877 (5.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 99,068 persons (25.4%). Among the Hispanic population, 18.1% are Mexican, 1.9% Salvadoran, 1.3% Guatemalan, and 0.7% Puerto Rican.
|
The Census reported that 382,586 people (97.9% of the population) lived in households, 5,675 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,463 (0.6%) were institutionalized.
There were 153,791 households, out of which 44,762 (29.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 50,797 (33.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 24,122 (15.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8,799 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 11,289 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3,442 (2.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 52,103 households (33.9%) were made up of individuals and 13,778 (9.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 83,718 families (54.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.27.
The population was spread out with 83,120 people (21.3%) under the age of 18, 36,272 people (9.3%) aged 18 to 24, 129,139 people (33.1%) aged 25 to 44, 98,634 people (25.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 43,559 people (11.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.2 years. For every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.
There were 169,710 housing units at an average density of 2,175.7 per square mile (840.0/km²), of which 63,142 (41.1%) were owner-occupied, and 90,649 (58.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.5%. 166,662 people (42.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 215,924 people (55.3%) lived in rental housing units.
Income[link]
In 2008 the median income for a household in the city was $48,596 and the median income for a family was $55,949. Males had a median income of $46,383 versus $44,690 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,094. In 2007 approximately 15.3 percent of families and 17.0 percent of the general population were below the poverty line, including 27.9 percent of those under age 18 and 13.1 percent of those age 65 or over. 0.7% of the population is homeless.[92] Home ownership is 41%[92] and 14% of rental units are subsidized.[92] The unemployment rate as of August 2009 is 15.2%.[93]
As of the census[94] of 2000, the median income for a household in the city is $40,055, and the median income for a family is $44,384. Males have a median income of $37,433 versus $35,088 for females. The per capita income for the city is $21,936. 19.4% of the population and 16.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.9% of those under the age of 18 and 13.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Shifting of cultures[link]
The city's formerly most populous ethnic group, white, declined from 95.3% in 1940 to 32.5% by 1990.[95] Since the 1960s, Oakland has been known as a center of Northern California's African-American community. However, between 2000 and 2010 Oakland lost nearly 25% of its black population.[96] The city demographics have changed due to a combination of gentrification along with many blacks relocating to Bay Area suburbs, or moving to the Southern United States.[97][98][99] Blacks formed a strong plurality for many years, peaking in 1980 at about 47% of the population of Oakland. Despite the decline, black residents maintain their status as Oakland's single largest ethnic group as of 2010, at 27% of the population, followed by non-Hispanic whites at 26%, and Latinos of any race at 25%.[100]
Recent trends have resulted in cultural shifts, leading to a decline among some of the city's longstanding black institutions, such as churches, businesses, and nightclubs,[101] which has been a point of contention for some long-time black residents.[96]
In recent years, immigrants and others have marched by the thousands down Oakland's International Boulevard in support of legal reforms benefiting illegal immigrants.[102] In 2009, Oakland's city council passed a resolution to create municipally-issued "Oakland identification cards" to help residents get easier access to city and business services, improve their civic participation and encourage them to report crimes to police.[103] The following year, Oakland's city council resolved to divert new municipal economic investment from firms headquartered in Arizona in the wake of that state's attempt to control its illegal immigration.[104]
An analysis by the Urban Institute of U.S. Census 2000 numbers showed that Oakland had the third-highest concentration of gays and lesbians among the 50 largest U.S. cities, behind San Francisco and Seattle. Census data showed that, among incorporated places that have at least 500 female couples, Oakland had the nation's largest proportion. In 2000, Oakland counted 2,650 lesbian couples; one in every 41 Oakland couples listed themselves as a same-sex female partnership.[105][106]
Crime[link]
In 2010, violent crime in general was down 27% and the homicide drop was the city's fourth in a row. Both violent crime in general, and homicides in particular, increased during 2011.[107] The Oakland police department is committed to improved public safety by increasing police presence during peak crime hours, improving intelligence gathering, and prioritizing the arrest of violent crime suspects.[108][109]
Oakland's crime rate began to escalate during the late 1960s, and by the end of the 1970s Oakland's per capita murder rate had risen to twice that of San Francisco or New York.[110] During the first decade of the 21st century Oakland has consistently been listed as one of the most dangerous large cities in the United States.[111] Among Oakland's 35 police patrol beats, violent crime remains a serious problem in specific East and West Oakland neighborhoods. In 2008, homicides were disproportionately concentrated: 72% occurred in three City Council districts, District 3 in West Oakland and Districts 6 and 7 in East Oakland, even though these districts represent only 44% of Oakland's residents.[112] In June, 2010, amid upcoming budget cuts and layoffs, Oakland's police chief Anthony Batts announced a list of 44 crimes that 9-1-1 dispatchers will no longer send Oakland police officers to, e.g. if no one is in immediate danger and if criminal(s) are not on the premises. On October 11, 2011, Batts resigned after approximately two years as police chief.
Economy[link]
Oakland is a major West Coast port, and there are nearly 200,000 jobs related to marine cargo transport.[113] These jobs range from minimum wage hourly positions to Transportation Storage and Distribution Managers who earn an annual average salary of $91,520.[114] The city is also home to several major corporations including Matson, Kaiser Permanente and Clorox, as well as corporate headquarters for national retailers like Dreyer's and Cost Plus World Markets.[115] The first Longs Drugs store opened in Oakland. Tech companies such as Ask.com and Pandora Radio are located in Oakland,[116] and in recent years many start-up high tech and green energy companies have found a home in the downtown neighborhoods of Uptown, City Center, Jack London Square and Lake Merritt Financial District.[117]
Oakland experienced an increase of both its population and of land values in the early-to-mid first decade of the 21st century. The 10k Plan, which began during former mayor Elihu Harris' administration, and intensified during former mayor Jerry Brown's administration resulted in several thousand units of new multi-family housing and development.
Top employers[link]
According to the City's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[118] the top employers in the city are:
| # | Employer | # of Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Alameda County | 10,374 |
| 2 | Wells Fargo | 5,862 |
| 3 | Oakland Unified School District | 5,704 |
| 4 | City of Oakland | 4,478 |
| 5 | Cost Plus World Market | 4,125 |
| 6 | Kaiser Foundation Hospitals | 3,105 |
| 7 | Peralta Community College District | 2,759 |
| 8 | Safeway | 2,692 |
| 9 | Internal Revenue Service | 2,500 |
| 10 | Albertson's | 2,209 |
Arts and culture[link]
Oakland has a significant art scene and claims the highest concentration of artists per capita in the United States.[119] Galleries exist in various parts of Oakland, with the newest additions centered mostly in the Uptown area. The city offers a wide variety of cuisine in both restaurants and markets, often featuring locally grown produce and international foods which reflect the city’s ethnically diverse population. Historically a focal point of the West Coast blues scene, Oakland is also home to musicians representing such genres as rhythm and blues, funk, punk, heavy metal, and hip hop.
Annual cultural events[link]
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Events which celebrate the diverse cultures of Oakland include:
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Attractions[link]
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Nightlife[link]
Downtown Oakland has an assortment of bars and nightclubs. They include dive bars, dance clubs, modern lounges and jazz bars. The Paramount Theater features headlining musical tours and productions, while Fox Oakland Theatre draws various musical genres including jam bands, rock, punk, blues, jazz, and reggae. The Paramount and Fox theaters often book simultaneous events creating busy nights uptown.[120]
Oakland is home to wetbacks and niggers, who love to suck big cock
Yoshi's, near Jack London Square. Jack London Square is a nighttime destination with its movie theaters, restaurants, and clubs. Recent years have seen the growth of the "Oakland Art Murmur" event, occurring in the Uptown neighborhood the first Friday evening of every month.[121]
"There is no there there"[link]
Oakland was written about by Gertrude Stein in her 1937 book Everybody's Autobiography: "There is no there there." Originally declared upon learning as an adult her childhood home in Oakland had been torn down, over time the quote has become misconstrued to represent the city of Oakland itself.[122][123]
Modern-day Oakland has turned the quote on its head, with a statue downtown simply titled "There." Additionally, in 2005 a sculpture called HERETHERE was installed by the City of Berkeley on the Berkeley-Oakland border at Martin Luther King Jr. Way. The sculpture consists of eight-foot-tall letters spelling "HERE" and "THERE" in front of the BART tracks as they descend from their elevated section in Oakland to the subway through Berkeley.[124]
Professional sports[link]
Oakland has teams in three professional sports: Basketball, baseball, and football.
| Club | Sport | Founded | League | Venue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oakland Athletics | Baseball | 1901 (in Oakland since 1968) | Major League Baseball: American League. AL West | Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum |
| Oakland Raiders | American Football | 1960 (in Los Angeles from 1982–1994) | National Football League: American Conference. AFC West | Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum |
| Golden State Warriors | Basketball | 1946 (In Oakland since 1971) | National Basketball Association: Western Conference. Pacific Division | Oracle Arena |
Oakland's former sports teams include:
- Oakland Oaks, Pacific Coast League of Baseball, 1903–1955. (The Oaks played at Oaks Park in Emeryville after 1912.)
- Oakland Hornets, member of American Football League (1944)
- Oakland Oaks, American Basketball League, 1962.
- Oakland Oaks, American Basketball Association, 1967–1969.
- Oakland Seals, National Hockey League, 1967–1976.
- Oakland Clippers, North American Soccer League, 1968.
- Oakland Stompers, North American Soccer League, 1978.
- Oakland Invaders, United States Football League, 1983–1985.
- Oakland Skates, Roller Hockey International, 1993–1996.
- Oakland Slammers, International Basketball League, 2005–2006.
Parks and recreation[link]
Parks[link]
Oakland has many parks including:
- Joaquin Miller Park
- Joseph Knowland State Arboretum and Park, home of the Oakland Zoo
- Lake Merritt
- Morcom Rose Garden best from July through October
- Mosswood Park
- Peralta Hacienda Historical Park,[125] headquarters of the Peralta rancho, Rancho San Antonio
- William Joseph McInnes Botanic Garden and Campus Arboretum, located on the Mills College campus
Additionally, the following seven East Bay Regional Parks are located entirely or partially in the city of Oakland:
- Anthony Chabot Regional Park
- Huckleberry Botanic Regional Preserve
- Leona Canyon Regional Open Space Preserve
- Redwood Regional Park
- Robert Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve
- Roberts Regional Recreation Area
- Temescal Regional Park
Places of worship[link]
Some of the most prominent places of worship in Oakland include: First Congregational Church of Oakland, Evangelistic Outreach Center, Green Pastures, the Presbyterian, First Presbyterian Church of Oakland; Greek Orthodox Ascension Cathedral; the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Christ the Light; the United Methodist Chinese Community Church; the Unitarian First Unitarian Church; the Mormon Oakland California Temple; the Muslim, 31st Street Islamic Center, Light-House Mosque; the Reform Jewish Temple Sinai; the Conservative Jewish, Temple Beth Abraham; and the Orthodox Jewish, Beth Jacob Congregation, American Baptist; Faith Baptist Church of Oakland and the Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses.
Government[link]
Oakland has a mayor-council government. The mayor is elected for a four-year term. The Oakland City Council has eight council members representing seven districts in Oakland with one member elected at-large; council members serve staggered four-year terms. The mayor appoints a city administrator, subject to the confirmation by the City Council, who is the chief administrative officer of the city. Other city officers include: city attorney (elected), city auditor (elected), and city clerk (appointed by city administrator).[126] Oakland's Mayor is subject to a tenure limited to two terms. There are no term limits for the city council. Three council members are currently on their fourth term, and Councilman De La Fuente is serving for his fifth term, approaching two decades in office.
Oakland City Hall was evacuated after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake until $80M seismic retrofit and hazard abatement work was complete in 1995.[127]
Jean Quan was elected mayor in November 2010, beating Don Perata and Rebecca Kaplan in the city's first ranked choice balloting.[128]
In the state legislature Oakland is located in the 9th Senate District, represented by Democrat Loni Hancock, and in the 14th, 16th, and 18th Assembly Districts, represented by Democrats Nancy Skinner, Sandré Swanson, and Mary Hayashi respectively. Oakland is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Barbara Lee and is located in California's 9th Congressional District, which has a Cook PVI of D +38.[129]
Education[link]
Primary and secondary education[link]
Most public schools in Oakland are operated by the Oakland Unified School District (OUSD), which covers the entire city of Oakland; due to financial troubles and administrative failures, it has been in receivership by the state of California since 2002. The Oakland Unified School District (2006–2007) includes 59 elementary schools, 23 middle schools, 19 high schools, with 9 alternative education schools and programs, 4 adult education schools and early childhood education centers at most of the elementary schools[130] There are 46,000 K–12 students, 32,000 adult students, and 6,000 plus employees.[131] Overall, OUSD schools have performed poorly for years. In the 2005 results of the STAR testing, over 50 percent of students taking the test performed "below basic," while only 20 percent performed at least "proficient" on the English section of the test.[132] Some individual schools have much better performance than the city-wide average, for instance, in 2005 over half the students at Hillcrest Elementary School in the Montclair upper hills neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the English portion of the test, and students at Lincoln Elementary School in the Chinatown neighborhood performed at the "advanced" level in the math portion.
Oakland's three largest public high schools are Oakland High School, Oakland Technical High School, and Skyline High School. Oakland Tech has various academies, including its much renowned Engineering Academy, which sent more girls to MIT in 2007 than any other public school west of the Mississippi.[citation needed] There are also numerous small public high schools within Castlemont Community of Small Schools, Fremont Federation of High Schools, and McClymonds Educational Complex, all of which were once single, larger public high schools that were reorganized due to poor performance (Castlemont High School, Fremont High School, and McClymonds High School, respectively).
25 public charter schools with 5,887 students[133] operate outside the domain of OUSD. One, North Oakland Community Charter School (NOCCS), an elementary and middle school, is one of the few public progressive schools in the country. Lionel Wilson College Prep Academy and Oakland Unity High School have been certified by the California Charter Schools Association.[134][135] Other charter schools include the Oakland Military Institute, Oakland School for the Arts, Bay Area Technology School, and Oakland Charter Academy.[136]
There are several private high schools. Notables include the secular The College Preparatory School and Head-Royce School, and the Catholic Bishop O'Dowd High School, Holy Names High School and St. Elizabeth High School. Catholic schools in Oakland are operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oakland also include 8 K–8 schools (plus 1 in Piedmont on the Oakland city border). Northern Light School is a private nonprofit elementary and middle school. Bentley School is an Independent Co-educational K–12, college preparatory school, located on two campuses in Oakland and Lafayette, California.
Colleges and universities[link]
Accredited colleges and universities include:
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- Oakland is also the home of the headquarters of the University of California system, the University of California Office of the President.
In 2001, the SFSU Oakland Multimedia Center was opened, allowing San Francisco State University to conduct classes near downtown Oakland.[137] The Oakland Higher Education Consortium and the City of Oakland's Community and Economic Development Agency (CEDA) opened the Oakland Higher Education Center downtown in 2002 to provide "access to multiple higher education service providers within a shared urban facility." Member schools include primary user California State University, East Bay as well as Lincoln University, New College of California, Saint Mary's College of California, SFSU Multimedia Studies Program, UC Berkeley Extension, University of Phoenix and Peralta Community College District.[138][139]
Media[link]
Oakland is served by major television stations broadcasting primarily out of San Francisco and San Jose. The region's Fox affiliate, KTVU, is based in (and licensed to) Oakland at Jack London Square along with co-owned independent station KICU-TV (licensed to San Jose). In addition, the city is served by various AM and FM radio stations as well; AM stations KKSF, KMKY, KNEW and KQKE are licensed to Oakland.
Oakland is served by the Oakland Tribune which published its first newspaper on February 21, 1874. The Tribune Tower, which sports a clock, is one of Oakland's landmarks. At key times throughout the day (8:00 am, noon and 5:00 pm), the clock tower carillon plays a variety of classic melodies, which change on a daily basis. In 2007, the Oakland Tribune moved its offices from the tower to an East Oakland location, before folding in 2011.[140]
The East Bay Express, a locally-owned free weekly paper, is based in Jack London Square and distributed throughout the East Bay.
Infrastructure[link]
Transportation[link]
Air and rail[link]
Oakland residents have access to the three major airports of the San Francisco Bay Area: Oakland International Airport, San Francisco International Airport, and San Jose International Airport. Oakland International Airport, located within the city limits of Oakland, is 4 miles (6 km) south of downtown Oakland and serves domestic and international destinations. AC Transit provides 24-hour service to the airport, and the AirBART shuttle provides frequent service between the airport and BART's Oakland Coliseum Station.
The city has regional and long distance passenger train service provided by Amtrak, with stations located near Jack London Square and the Oakland Coliseum. Amtrak's California Zephyr has its western terminus at the nearby Emeryville, CA station.
Mass transit[link]
The most recent census data compiled in 2007 before gasoline price spikes in 2008, show 24.3 percent of Oaklanders used public transportation, walked or used "other means" to commute to work, not including telecommuting,[141] with 17 percent of Oakland households being "car free" and or statistically categorized as having "no vehicles available."[142]
Bus transit service in Oakland and the inner East Bay is provided by the Alameda and Contra Costa Transit District, AC Transit. The district originated in 1958 after the conspiratorial dissolution of the Key System of streetcars. Many AC Transit lines follow old routes of the Key System.[37]
The metropolitan area is served by Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) from eight stations in Oakland. The system has headquarters in Oakland, with major transfer hubs at MacArthur and 19th Street stations. BART's headquarters was located in a building above the Lake Merritt BART station until 2006, when it relocated to the Kaiser Center due to seismic safety concerns.
The Alameda / Oakland Ferry operates ferry service from Jack London Square to Alameda, San Francisco, and Angel Island. Oakland licenses taxi cabs, and has zoned cab stands in its downtown, including a bicycle pedi-cab service.
The Oakland City Council adopted a Bicycle Master Plan in 1999 as a part of the Land Use and Transportation (LUTE) element of Oakland's 1998 General Plan. In addition, the Oakland City Council reaffirmed the bike plan in 2005 and 2007. Several miles of bike lanes were created as a result of the plan, with more awaiting funding.[citation needed] Facilities for parking thousands of bicycles have been installed downtown and in other commercial districts throughout Oakland.[citation needed]
Bridges, freeways, and tunnels[link]
Oakland is served by several major highways: Eastbound Bay Bridge traffic entering Oakland then splits into three freeways at the MacArthur Maze freeway interchange: Interstate 580 (MacArthur Freeway) heads southeast toward Hayward and eventually to the California Central Valley; Interstate 880 (Nimitz Freeway) runs south to San Jose; and the Eastshore Freeway (Interstate 80/I-580) runs north, providing connections to Sacramento and San Rafael, respectively. Interstate 980 (Williams Freeway) begins its eastbound journey at I-880 in Downtown Oakland before turning into State Route 24 (Grove Shafter Freeway) at I-580. State Route 13 begins as the Warren Freeway at I-580, and runs through a scenic valley in the Oakland Hills before entering Berkeley. A stub of a planned freeway was constructed at the High Street exit from the Nimitz Freeway, but that freeway extension plan was abandoned.
In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake caused the Cypress Street Viaduct double-deck segment of the Nimitz Freeway to collapse, killing 42 people. The old freeway segment had passed through the middle of West Oakland, forming a barrier between West Oakland neighborhoods. Following the earthquake, this section was rerouted around the perimeter of West Oakland and rebuilt in 1999. The east span of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge also suffered damage from the quake when a 50-foot (15 m) section of the upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck; the damaged section was repaired within a month of the earthquake. As a result of Loma Prieta, a significant seismic retrofit was performed on the western span of the Bay Bridge. The eastern span is currently being replaced, with a projected completion date of 2014.
Two underwater tunnels, the Webster and Posey Tubes, connect the main island of Alameda to downtown Oakland, coming above ground in Chinatown. In addition, the Park Street, Fruitvale, and High Street bridges connect Alameda to East Oakland over the Oakland Estuary.
In the hills, the Leimert Bridge crosses Dimond Canyon, connecting the Oakmore neighborhood to Park Boulevard. The Caldecott Tunnel carries Highway 24 through the Berkeley Hills, connecting central Contra Costa County to Oakland. The Caldecott has three bores, with a fourth under construction.
Freight rail[link]
Freight service, which consists primarily of moving shipping containers to and from the Port of Oakland, is provided today by Union Pacific Railroad (UP), and to a lesser extent by BNSF Railway (which now shares the tracks of the UP between Richmond and Oakland).
Historically, Oakland was served by several railroads. Besides the transcontinental line of the Southern Pacific, there was also the Santa Fe (whose Oakland terminal was actually in Emeryville), the Western Pacific Railroad (who built a pier adjacent to the SP's), and the Sacramento Northern Railroad (eventually absorbed by the Western Pacific, which in turn was absorbed by UP in 1983).
Shipping[link]
As one of the three major ports on the West Coast of the United States, the Port of Oakland is the largest seaport on San Francisco Bay and the fifth busiest container port in the United States. It was one of the earliest seaports to switch to containerization and to intermodal container transfer,[143] thereby displacing the Port of San Francisco, which never modernized its waterfront. One of the earlier limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. In the 1980s the Port of Oakland began the evaluation of development of an intermodal container transfer capability, i.e. facilities that now allow trans-loading of containers from vessels to either trucks or rail modes.[citation needed]
Utilities[link]
Water and sewage treatment are provided by East Bay Municipal Utility District (EBMUD). Pacific Gas and Electric Company provides natural gas and electricity service. Municipal garbage collection is franchised to Waste Management, Inc. Telecommunications and subscriber television services are provided by multiple private corporations and other service providers in accordance with the competitive objectives of the Telecommunications Act of 1996.
Oakland tops the list of the 50 largest US cities using electricity from renewable sources.[144]
Healthcare[link]
Originating in Oakland, Kaiser Permanente, is an HMO started in 1942, during World War II, by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser to provide medical care for Kaiser Shipyards workers. It is the largest managed care organization in the United States and the largest non-governmental health care provider in the world.[145] It is headquartered at 1950 Franklin Street in Downtown Oakland and maintains a large medical center in the Piedmont Avenue neighborhood.
Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, an East Bay hospital system, maintains its Summit Campus in the neighborhood known as "Pill Hill" north of downtown. Until 2000, it was the Summit Medical Center before merging with Berkeley-based Alta Bates. All campuses now operate under the Sutter Health network.
Alameda County Medical Center is operated by the county and provides medical services to county residents, including the medically indigent who do not have health insurance. The main campus, Highland Hospital in East Oakland, is the trauma center for the northern area of the East Bay.
Children's Hospital Oakland is the primary medical center specializing in pediatrics in the East Bay. It is a designated Level I pediatric trauma center, and the only independent children's hospital in Northern California.
Sister cities[link]
Oakland has Nine sister cities:[146]
| Country | City | Year of Partnership |
|---|---|---|
 Japan |
Fukuoka | 1962 |
 Russia |
Nakhodka | 1975 |
 Ghana |
Sekondi Takoradi | 1975 |
 People's Republic of China |
Dalian | 1982 |
 Jamaica |
Ocho Rios | 1986 |
 Cuba |
Santiago de Cuba | 2000 |
 Morocco |
Agadir | 2004 |
 Vietnam |
Danang | 2005 |
 Mongolia |
Ulaanbaatar | 2006 |
See also[link]
- Books about Oakland, California
- Ebonics Issue in Oakland
- Key System of electric streetcars
- List of mayors of Oakland, California
- List of people from Oakland, California
- List of tallest buildings in Oakland, California
References[link]
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- ^ Milliken, Randall. "Ohlone Tribal Regions Map". Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070813110544/http://www.nativecc.com/OhloneTribalMap.html/. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
- ^ "Oakland-california.co.tv". Oakland-california.co.tv. http://oakland-california.co.tv/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ "Oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz". Oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz. http://www.oaklandcaliforniarealestate.biz/History.asp. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
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- ^ Jack Hays[dead link]
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- ^ "See". Welcomeaboard.com. http://www.welcomeaboard.com/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ "Photo collection: ''New or greatly enlarged industrial establishments of Oakland and East Bay cities.'' by Oakland (Calif.) Chamber of Commerce. ca. 1917. Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room". Content.cdlib.org. February 24, 2007. http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7199q9d0/. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
- ^ "Oakland History Room. 1917 promotional photograph of a day's output at the Chevrolet factory". Oaklandhistory.com. http://www.oaklandhistory.com/files/chev.html. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
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- ^ "Oakland Tribune, May 5, 1929. ''Chrysler plant''". Newspaperarchive.com. http://www.newspaperarchive.com/LandingPage.aspx?type=glp&search=oakland%20history%20eastmont%20automobile%20factory&img=\\na0037\6774012\31255565.html. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
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- ^ Tramble, Thomas; Tramble, Wilma (2007) (XHTML 1.0 Strict/CSS3). The Pullman Porters and West Oakland. Arcadia Publishing [via Google Books]. http://books.google.com/books?id=fmZRX1fZ08sC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=william+watts+oakland+hospital&source=bl&ots=OR0qXzPN-Y&sig=qQ1UZemsiRQAL3HO0XFA6y-x0Ws&hl=en&ei=LD6VTsLyLbGNigLjrtTcBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=william%20watts%20oakland%20hospital&f=false. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
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- ^ Western Aerospace Museum. Oakland Airport Timeline.
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- ^ History Department at the University of San Diego. Film notes. Hell's Angels
- ^ Jessen, Gene Nora (20029). The Powder Puff Derby of 1929. Sourcebooks. pp. 1–10. ISBN 157071769. http://books.google.com/?id=zFZq4VvwyhAC.
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- ^ a b Arroyo, Cuahutémoc (Faculty Mentor: Professor Leon F. Litwack). "Jim Crow" Shipyards: Black Labor and Race Relations in East Bay Shipyards During World War II. The Berkeley McNair Journal, The UC Berkeley McNair Scholars Program[dead link]. Accessed from Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia at Ferris State University on August 19, 2007
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- ^ a b Inside the Panther Revolution, Robyn Cean Spencer, Chapter 13, p. 302
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- ^ The Notorious Ebonics Resolution of Oakland, California: Drake, Dan 1997
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- ^ Full text at first reference:
- Woodall, Angela (February 6, 2009). "Fox Theater reopens in all its splendor". Oakland Tribune (AllBusiness.com). http://www.allbusiness.com/society-social-assistance-lifestyle/religion-spirituality/12025454-1.html. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
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- ^ All data are derived from the United States Census Bureau reports from the 2010 United States Census, and are accessible on-line here. The data on unmarried partnerships and same-sex married couples are from the Census report DEC_10_SF1_PCT15. All other housing and population data are from Census report DEC_10_DP_DPDP1. Both reports are viewable online or downloadable in a zip file containing a comma-delimited data file. The area data, from which densities are calculated, are available on-line here. Percentage totals may not add to 100% due to rounding. The Census Bureau defines families as a household containing one or more people related to the householder by birth, opposite-sex marriage, or adoption. People living in group quarters are tabulated by the Census Bureau as neither owners nor renters. For further details, see the text files accompanying the data files containing the Census reports mentioned above.
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- ^ a b Kuruvila, Matthai (March 11, 2011). "Oakland's black experience still inherent to city". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://articles.sfgate.com/2011-03-11/news/28678581_1_population-black-congressional-leaders-black-panther-party.
- ^ "Census: Blacks are moving to the South : News-Record.com : Greensboro & the Triad's most trusted source for local news and analysis". News-Record.com. March 22, 2009. http://www.news-record.com/content/2009/03/21/article/census_blacks_are_moving_to_the_south. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
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- ^ Lesbians Step Out With Pride: DeFao, Janine—San Francisco Chronicle, August 27, 2006
- ^ Gay Demographics via Census 2000 sorted by incorporated area[dead link]
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- ^ STAR 2005 Test Results (must fill in County, District)
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