Mechitza

, and features carved glass ornamentation.]]A mechitza (Hebrew: מחיצה, partition or division, pl.: מחיצות, mechitzot) in Jewish Halakha is a partition that is used to separate men and women.

The rationale for a partition dividing men and women is given in the Babylonian Talmud (Sukkah 51b, 52a). A divider in the form of a balcony was established in the Temple in Jerusalem for the occasion of the Simchat Beit Hasho'evah (Water Drawing Ceremony) on Sukkot, a time of great celebration and festivity. The divider was first established to preserve modesty and attention during this time.

Orthodox Judaism is divided on whether a synagogue mechitza represents binding law or a custom. During the middle portion of the 20th Century, there were a substantial number of synagogues which considered themselves Orthodox but did not have one. However, the Orthodox Union (OU), the main body of Modern Orthodox synagogues in the United States, adopted a policy of not accepting synagogues without mechitzos as new members, and strongly encouraging existing synagogues to adopt them.

Origin

In the Talmud, the Amoraic sage Abba Arika (known as Rav) explains that the divider originated with a statement of the prophet Zechariah regarding the mourning following the war between Gog and Magog:

:The land will mourn each of the families by itself: the family of the house of David by itself, and their wives by themselves; the family of Nathan by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of the house of Levi by itself and their wives by themselves; the family of Shimei by itself and their wives by themselves; and all the families who remain, each of the families by itself and their wives by themselves. Zechariah 12:12-14.

The rabbis of the Talmud reasoned that if such a sad occasion necessitates a separation between men and women, then the Simchat Beit HaShoeivah in the Temple in Jerusalem, considered the happiest Jewish occasion, does as well.

Uses

Separate seating in synagogue

A mechitza most commonly means the physical divider placed between the men's and women's sections in Orthodox synagogues and at religious celebrations. The idea behind this is twofold. First, mingling of the genders is generally frowned upon, as this leads to frivolity, which itself may lead to promiscuity. Secondly, even if the sexes are separated, they should not be able to interact to a high degree during a religious service, lest this lead to gazing and impure thoughts. Due to these restrictions, mechitzot are usually opaque (at least looking from the men's side to the women's side). Most mechitzot divide the front and back of the synagogue, with the women's section in the back, but a few Modern Orthodox synagogues have mechitzot dividing the left and right sides of the synagogue, with the women's section on one side and the men's section on the other; for example, the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale does this . This is often seen as more equal since the women are not farther away from the service than the men.

The women's section of the synagogue is called the Ezrat Nashim (women's courtyard) after a similar area in the Temple in Jerusalem.

Orthodox Judaism is divided on whether a synagogue mechitza represents binding law or a custom. During the middle portion of the 20th Century, there were a substantial number of synagogues which considered themselves Orthodox but did not have one.

Men and women are generally not separated in most Conservative synagogues, although it is a permissible option within Conservative Judaism and some Conservative synagogues, particularly in Canada, have one or have separate seating for men and women without a physical partition. Conservative Judaism takes the position that the Mechitza referred to in Talmud Tractate Sukkah applied only to the festival of Sukkah in the Temple and that its use to separate men and women for synagogue worship and other occasions represents a custom rather than a requirement of core Jewish law, and is subject to contemporary Rabbinic re-examination. Some Masorti synagogues (e.g. in Europe and Israel) also have a meḥitza or separate seating sections for men and women without a physical partition. At one point the synagogue in the Jewish Theological Seminary did so.

Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism, consistent with their view that traditional religious law is not mandatory in modern times and a more liberal interpretation of gender roles, do not use mechitzot in their synagogues.

It has been argued that abolition of the mechitza became a symbol of Reform Judaism and that, correspondingly, opposition to its abolition became a symbol of Orthodoxy.

Eruvin

In halakhic discourse, "mechitza" can also refer to the boundary walls of an eruv for carrying (to carry within a given area on the sabbath the area must be entirely enclosed). There are many specific rules for what constitutes a valid mechitza, although the meḥitza does not have to be solid. (For example, there are many instances where part of an eruv may be a string run across several poles, and this could constitute a valid mechitza).

Sukkah

The walls of a sukkah are also be referred to as a "mechitza" in the Talmud (Tractate Sukkah. Talmud Tractate Sukkah states that the mechitza of a Sukkah must be at least ten tefachim (approximately 30") high to be valid walls under Jewish law.

Requirements

Proper height of synagogue mechitza

There are different views on the proper height of a mechitzah separating men and women in a synagogue. Differences about minimum mechitza height represent a source of disagreement between more liberal or Modern and more Ḥaredi Orthodox Jews. According to the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, used by Chabad-Lubavitch, a mechitza needs to prevent men from seeing a woman who might be immodestly dressed, and hence a mechitza needs to be as tall as a man, or 6 feet. However, according to Modern Orthodox Rabbi Ahron Soloveichik, a mechitzah need only serve as a halakhic partition, and hence need only be the minimum height for such a partition. Rabbi Soloveichik holds that this height is 10 tefachim, about 30-40 inches, and a 36 inch height is acceptable.

These differences reflect a general philosophical difference between Haredi Judaism, which emphasizes strict interpretations in order to prevent possible transgressions, and Modern Orthodox Judaism, which is more likely to utilize leniencies rooted in classical rabbinic sources. The difference has tended to increase the social distance between Haredi and Modern Orthodox Jews, as Haredi Jews who follow the stricter interpretation may find themselves unable to pray in some Modern Orthodox synagogues. As a result, and consistent with the general increasing influence of Haredi interpretations, many synagogues in recent years have raised the height of their mechitzot in order to accommodate members and guests who follow stricter interpretations.

In order to accommodate stricter interpretations and provide a way for women to see, many synagogues will make an opaque wall that is 3–4 feet high and add a lattice, screen, one-way glass, or other semi-transparent material above that opaque wall. The design shown above is an example of that design: the etched glass is semi-transparent, while the opaque wall adheres to what the synagogue requires as the minimum height requirement. A similar design is in the Or Torah synagogue in Skokie, Illinois.

Designs

Mechitzas come in different styles, depending on the number of women the synagogue expects to attend their prayer services, how dedicated the congregation is to accommodating women who wish to pray with the congregation, and whether the congregation believes that the purpose of the mechitza is to provide a social separation or to prevent the men from seeing the women.

Any of these options can be made so that they go across the length of the room so that men and women are side-by-side or so that they go across the width of the room so that women sit behind the men. Synagogues in which women sit next to the men are generally more concerned with women's ability to join equally in prayer with the congregation.

1. Balcony: balconies with a 3 foot wall are themselves traditionally considered fitting mechitzas. In this design, women sit in the balcony and men sit below. This design was common in the 19th and early 20th century, and is common in Europe, including the Shaarei Tikva synagogue in Lisbon (opened in 1904). Examples in the US include the Bnei Israel (Lloyd Street) Synagogue in Baltimore (opened 1845), B'nai Jacob in Ottumwa, Iowa (opened 1915), the Temple Beth Shalom of Cambridge (Tremont Street) synagogue in Cambridge, MA (opened 1925 as Temple Ashkenaz), and the Beth Efraim Bukharian Jewish Synagogue in Forest Hills, NY (70th Ave) - some of these American examples are modeled after specific European synagogues, others are best classified as vernacular architecture.

1b. Balconies with curtains: more strict congregations will add a curtain to the balcony so that men cannot see even women's faces.

2. A fixed height gate or planter running down the center of the room, so that women and men both face front side by side. Often these partitions are minimal height (3 feet). In addition to the partition, sometimes the women's section is elevated by about a foot above the men's section. Example of a lower partition with a raised floor is in Anshe Shalom Bnei Israel synagogue in Chicago and Young Israel of Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. Examples of a higher partition with a raised floor is in Mount Sinai Jewish Center of Washington Heights in Manhattan.

3. The "booth": synagogues that expect very few women to attend will provide a token space for them that can accommodate about 6 women comfortably. The space is demarcated by moveable opaque partitions that are over 6 feet high. Examples are in the Yeshiva University Beit Midrash, Young Israel of Avenue J in Flatbush, Brooklyn during the shabbat afternoon service, and Agudas Israel of Park Heights Avenue in Baltimore.

4. Fixed height opaque wall, sometimes with a more transparent curtain, screen, glass, or other material above the wall. The material used above the wall can include: blinds or a curtain that can be opened during announcements or a sermon, etched glass (as in the above picture), stained glass, a one way screen with lights so that women can see across but men cannot see in (e.g., Beth Jacob Shaarei Zion in Baltimore, Suburban Orthodox in Baltimore).

The mechitza at the Bostoner Rebbe's synagogue Brookline, MA is made entire of panels from the Boston John Hancock Building (which were being removed due to safety concerns). The Bostoner Rebbe chose these panels because they are one-way glass so the women can see out, but men cannot see into the women's section.

5. Curtain: usually 5 feet tall or greater, made of opaque or semi-opaque material, held up by poles on stands or a clothesline. This option costs less than the above fixed options and is used frequently by synagogues that wish to use their prayer halls for mixed-sex functions in addition to separate sex prayer. College Hillel Orthodox minyans may choose this option because the rooms at Hillel are all used for multiple purposes besides prayer.

6. Separate room: the most strict separation has women in a separate room from the men, able to view through one-way glass, an open window from a balcony, or not view at all. Examples of this are the Yeshiva of Ohr Someach in the neighborhood of Maalot Dafna in Jerusalem, where the men sit in a first floor room with a two story ceiling, and the women are on the second floor with a window overlooking the men's prayer hall. A similar design (men first floor, women second floor) is in 770 Eastern Parkway, the main synagogue for the Chabad Lubavitch movement in Crown Heights, Brooklyn.

See also

Gender separation in Mosques

Footnotes

References

Alkalay-Gut, Karen. Mechitza. Cross-Cultural Communications, 1986. ISBN 0-89304-420-2

Goldman, Karla. Beyond the Synagogue Gallery: Finding a Place for Women in American Judaism. Harvard University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-674-00705-0

Goodman, Marina. Why Should I Stand Behind the Mechitzah if I Could Be a Prayer Leader? Targum, 2003. ISBN 1-56871-217-0

Litvin, Baruch (Editor). The Sanctity of the Synagogue: The Case for Mechitzah-Separation Between Men and Women in the Synagogue-Based on Jewish Law, History, and Philosophy. Ktav Publications Inc. 1987.

External links

practical halakha: The Mechitza in synagogues (Chabad-Lubavitch perspective)

Hebrew wikipedia site for Ezrat Nashim (Beit Knesset)

Category:Jewish law and rituals Category:Judaism and women Category:Synagogue architecture