Stock telegraph ticker machine by Thomas Edison

A stock symbol or ticker symbol is a short abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both. "Ticker symbol" refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine.

U.S. stock symbol history[link]

In the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poor's (S&P) to bring a national standard to investing. Previously, a single company could have many different ticker symbols as they varied between the dozens of individual stock markets. The term ticker refers to the noise made by the ticker tape machines once widely used by stock exchanges.

The S&P system was later standardized by the securities industry and modified as years passed. Stock symbols for preferred stock have not been standardized.^[1]

Examples of U.S. stock symbols[link]

• A – Agilent Technologies
• AAPL – Apple Inc.
• BAC – Bank of America
• BRK.A – Berkshire Hathaway (class A shares)
• C – Citigroup Inc.
• GOOG – Google
• HNZ – H.J. Heinz Company
• HOG – Harley-Davidson Inc.
• HPQ – Hewlett-Packard
• INTC – Intel
• KO – Coca-Cola Company
• MMM – 3M Company
• MSFT – Microsoft
• TGT – Target Corporation
• TXN – Texas Instruments
• WMT – Wal-Mart
• WAG – Walgreen

Formerly, a glance at a U.S. stock symbol and its appended codes would allow an investor to determine where a stock trades; however in July 2007, the SEC approved a rule change allowing companies moving from the New York Stock Exchange to the Nasdaq to retain their three letter symbols; DirecTV was one of the first companies to make this move. When first implemented, the rule change did not apply to companies with one or two letter symbols,^[2] but subsequently any stock was able to move from the NYSE to the Nasdaq without changing its symbol. CA, Inc., which trades under the symbol CA, moved from the NYSE to the Nasdaq in April 2008 and kept its two-letter symbol.^[3]

Single-letter ticker symbols[link]

• A: Agilent Technologies
• B: Barnes Group
• C: Citigroup (previously used for Chrysler^[4])
• D: Dominion Resources
• E: Eni SpA
• F: Ford Motor Company
• G: Genpact (previously Gillette^[4])
• H: Hyatt
• K: Kellogg
• L: Loews Corporation^[5]
• M: Macy's, Inc.
• N: NetSuite, Inc.
• O: Realty Income Corporation
• P: Pandora Media, Inc. (previously Phillips Petroleum Company^[6])
• R: Ryder System Inc.
• S: Sprint Nextel (previously Sears, Roebuck & Company^[4])
• T: AT&T
• V: Visa Inc. (previously Vivendi Universal)
• X: U.S. Steel
• Y: Alleghany Corporation
• Z: Zillow (previously Foot Locker/Woolworth^[6] )

Unassigned letters:

• I: (Open, previously First Interstate Bancorp^[6])
• J: (Open)
• Q: (Open) (previously Qwest)
• U: (Open)
• W: (Open, previously Westvaco^[4])

Interpreting the symbol[link]

Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a market. Some companies use a well-known product as their ticker symbol. Anheuser-Busch, the brewer of Budweiser beer, used "BUD" as its three-letter ticker until it was acquired by InBev in 2008, symbolizing its premier product. Its rival, Molson Coors Brewing Company, uses a similarly beer-related symbol, "TAP." Likewise, Southwest Airlines pays tribute to its headquarters at Love Field in Dallas through its "LUV" symbol. Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, which operates large amusement parks in the United States, uses "FUN" as their symbol, while Steinway Musical Instruments uses the symbol "LVB", to honor composer and pianist Ludwig van Beethoven. Yamana Gold uses "AUY", because on the periodic table of elements, "Au" is the symbol for gold. Starting August 27, 2007, Sun Microsystems used the symbol "JAVA" for its Java programming language until it was acquired by Oracle Corporation. Sotheby's (the famous auction house) uses the symbol "BID".

While most symbols come from the company's name, sometimes it happens the other way around. Tricon Global, owner of KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, adopted the symbol "YUM" to represent its corporate mission when the company was spun out of PepsiCo in 1997. In 2002, the company changed its name to match its symbol, adopting the name Yum! Brands.^[7]

Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a phonetic spelling of the company "XON" as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". After Hewlett-Packard merged with Compaq computer, the new firm took on the ticker symbol "HPQ". (The former firms were HWP and CPQ.) AT&T's ticker symbol is simply "T"; accordingly, the company is referred to simply as "Telephone" on Wall Street (the T symbol is so well-known that when the company was purchased by SBC, it took the AT&T name, capitalizing on its history and keeping the desired single letter symbol).

Canada[link]

United Kingdom[link]

In the United Kingdom, prior to 1996, stock codes were known as EPICs, named after the London Stock Exchange's Exchange Price Information Computer (e.g.: "MKS" for Marks and Spencer). Following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996 EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics (TIDM), but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their Stock Exchange Daily Official List (SEDOL) number.

International[link]

Stock symbols are indispensable for stock market work in non-European countries. In countries where Arabic script is used, and in East Asia, transliterated Latin-script versions of company names may be confusing to an unpracticed Western reader; stock symbols provide a simple means of clear communication in the workplace. Many Asian countries use numerical or alphanumerical ticker symbols instead of characters to facilitate international trade.

• Industrial and Commercial Bank of China – 01398 [Hong Kong]
• HSBC – 00005 [Hong Kong]
• DBS Bank – D05 [Singapore]
• Jardine C&C – C07 [Singapore]
• TonenGeneral Sekiyu KK – 5012 [Japan]
• Toshiba Corp – 6502 [Japan]
• China CITIC Bank Corp Ltd – 601998 [Shanghai – China]
• Hubei Golden Ring Co Ltd – 000615 [Shenzhen – China]
• ASUSTEK – 2357 [Taiwan]
• Chunghwa Telecom Co Ltd – 2412 [Taiwan]

The most prevalent standard used for international trade is the International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN). An ISIN uniquely identifies a security. Its structure is defined in ISO 6166. Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, equities and warrants. The ISIN code is a 12-character alpha-numerical code that does not contain information characterizing financial instruments but serves for uniform identification of a security at trading and settlement.

Securities with which ISINs can be used include debt securities, shares, options, derivatives and futures. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange (if any) on which it trades; it is not a ticker symbol. For instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies; it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, typically the three-letter exchange code, will have to be specified in addition to the ISIN. The SEDOL board of the London Stock Exchange is currently revising their own standards to address this issue.

See also[link]

• CUSIP
• Market identification code
• Option symbol
• SEDOL

References[link]

External links[link]

• Nasdaq glossary
• List of Stocks Traded on London Stock Exchange
• Stock Symbol Lookup – Yahoo
• Stock Symbol Lookup – U.S. Companies on MSN Money
• Stock Symbol Lookup – AlphaTrade
• Stock Symbol Lookup – AOL Finance

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"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.^[1]

History[link]

The earliest recorded use^{[citation needed]} of the term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to a letter written by a young Alexander Hamilton in September 1772, when he was 15. In a letter to his father James Hamilton, published in the Royal Dutch-American Gazette, he described the response of the Dutch governor of St. Croix to a hurricane that raked that island on August 31, 1772. "Our General has issued several very salutary and humane regulations and both in his publick and private measures, has shewn himself the Man." ^{[2][dubious – discuss]} In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me", William Burroughs's novel Naked Lunch, and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in U.S. News and World Report, had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine Easyriders which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema, featuring particularly prominently as a recurring motif in the 2003 film School of Rock.^[3][4][5][6]

Use as praise[link]

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."^{[7][dubious – discuss]}

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also[link]

• Absentee landlord
• Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)
• New World Order (conspiracy theory)
• Ruling class
• The Establishment
• Power elite
• Corrections officer
• YTMND

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). Random House Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Random House.