Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
日本電信電話株式会社

NTT Group Logo
Type	Public KK
Traded as	TYO: 9432, NYSE: NTT, LSE: NPN
Industry	Telecommunications
Founded	April 1, 1985 (1985-04-01)
Headquarters	Ōtemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
Key people	Norio Wada, Chairman Satoshi Miura, President & CEO
Products	Fixed-line and mobile telephony, broadband and fixed-line internet services, digital television, IT and network services
Revenue	¥10.507 trillion (2012)[1]
Operating income	¥1.222 trillion (2012)[1]
Net income	¥467.7 billion (2012)[1]
Total assets	¥19.389 trillion (2012)[1]
Total equity	¥7.882 trillion (2012)[1]
Employees	219,343 (March 2012)[1]
Parent	Government of Japan
Subsidiaries	NTT DoCoMo NTT East NTT West NTT Communications NTT Data (see #Subsidiaries)
Website	www.ntt.co.jp/index e.html

Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (日本電信電話株式会社, Nippon Denshin Denwa Kabushiki-gaisha^?), commonly known as NTT, is a Japanese telecommunications company headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. Ranked the 31st in Fortune Global 500, NTT is the largest telecommunications company in Asia, and the second-largest in the world in terms of revenue.

The company is incorporated pursuant to the NTT Law (Law Concerning Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Etc.).^[2] The purpose of the company defined by the Law is to own all the shares issued by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone East Corporation (NTT East) and Nippon Telegraph and Telephone West Corporation (NTT West) and to ensure proper and stable provision of telecommunications services all over Japan including remote rural areas by these companies as well as to conduct research relating to the telecommunications technologies that will form the foundation for telecommunications.

While NTT is listed on Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, Sapporo, New York, and London stock exchanges, the Japanese government still owns roughly one-third of NTT's shares, regulated by the NTT Law.

History[link]

NTT was established as a government-owned corporation in 1953

Established as a monopoly government-owned corporation in 1953, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation (日本電信電話公社, Nippon Denshin Denwa Kōsha^?) was privatized in 1985 to encourage competition in the telecom market. In 1987, NTT made the largest stock offering to date, at US$36.8 billion.^[3][4]

Because NTT owns most of the last mile (FTTC or FTTB/FTTH), it enjoys oligopolistic control over land lines in Japan. In order to weaken NTT, the company was divided into a holding company (NTT) and three telecom companies (NTT East, NTT West, and NTT Communications) in 1999. The NTT Law regulating NTT East and West requires them to serve only short distance communications and obligates them to maintain telephone service all over the country. They are also obligated to lease their unused optical fiber (dark fiber) to other carriers at regulated rates. NTT Communications is not regulated by the NTT Law.

In July 2010, NTT and South African IT company Dimension Data Holdings announced an agreement of a cash offer from NTT for Dimension Data's entire issued share capital, in £2.12bn ($3.24bn) deal.^[5]

In late 2010, NTT's Japan-to-US transpacific network reached 400 Gbit/s. In August 2011, its network capacity was expanded to 500 Gbit/s.^[6]

Subsidiaries[link]

NTT Group consists of the following major companies, divided into five segments. NTT East, NTT West, NTT Communications, NTT DoCoMo, and NTT Data are most major subsidiaries. NTT DoCoMo and NTT Data are listed on the stock markets.

Regional[link]

NTT phonebooth

• NTT East
• NTT West

Long distance & international[link]

• NTT Communications
• Verio Inc
• NTT America

On July 28, 2011, NTT America announced that it will use Bloom fuel cells at one of its data centers. It will power those Bloom fuel cells with biogas instead of natural gas to be more environmental-friendly.^[7]

• NTT Europe
• NTT Europe Online
• HKNet
• Plala Networks

Mobile[link]

• NTT DoCoMo

Data (system integration)[link]

• NTT Data
• NTT Comware
• NTT Software
• NTT IT

Information security[link]

• Integralis^[8]

Other businesses[link]

• NTT Urban Development
• NTT Facilities
• NTT Finance
• NTT Electronics
• NTT Advanced Technology

R&D laboratories[link]

• Cyber Communications Laboratory Group
  • Cyber Solutions Laboratories (Yokosuka)
  • Cyber Space Laboratories (Yokosuka)
• Information Sharing Laboratory Group
  • Service Integration Laboratories (Musashino)
  • Information Sharing Platform Laboratories (Musashino)
  • Network Service Systems Laboratories (Musashino)
  • Access Network Service Systems Laboratories (Tsukuba and Yokosuka)
  • Energy and Environment Systems Laboratories (Atsugi)
• Science and Core Technology Laboratory Group
  • Network Innovation Laboratories (Yokosuka)
  • Microsystem Integration Laboratories (Atsugi)
  • Photonics Laboratories (Atsugi)
  • Communication Science Laboratories (Keihanna)
  • Basic Research Laboratories (Atsugi)

Sponsorship[link]

• Omiya Ardija and Roasso Kumamoto (Japanese football clubs formerly affiliated with NTT)

See also[link]

Companies portal

• Telegraph
• Telephone

References[link]

• Annual Report 2010, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, March 31, 2010.
• Japan's Telecom Privatization Finished

External links[link]

• NTT Group

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Leonid Kogan
Background information
Birth name	Leonid Borisovich Kogan
Born	November 14, 1924 Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR
Died	December 17, 1982 (age 58) Mytishchi, USSR
Genres	Classical
Occupations	Violinist
Instruments	Violin

Leonid Borisovich Kogan (November 17, 1924 - December 17, 1982) ( Russian: Леонид Борисович Коган, Ukrainian: Леонід Борисович Коган) was a preeminent Soviet violinist during the 20th century. He is considered to have been one of the greatest representatives of the Soviet School of violin playing.

Life and career[link]

Kogan was born in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, the son of a photographer who was an amateur violinist. After showing an early interest and ability for violin playing, his family moved to Moscow, where he was able to further his studies. From age ten he studied there with the noted violin pedagogue Abram Yampolsky. In 1934, Jascha Heifetz played concerts in Moscow. "I attended every one," Kogan later said, "and can remember until now every note he played. He was the ideal artist for me." When Kogan was 12, Jacques Thibaud was in Moscow and heard him play. The French virtuoso predicted a great future for Kogan.

Kogan studied at the Central Music School in Moscow (1934–43), then at the Moscow Conservatory (1943–48), where he studied as a postgraduate (1948–51).

At the age of 17, and while still a student, he performed throughout the USSR. He was co-winner of the first prize at the World Youth Festival in Prague. In 1951 Kogan won first prize at the Queen Elizabeth Competition in Brussels with a dazzling performance of Paganini's first concerto that included an outstanding interpretation of Sauret's cadenza.

His official debut was in 1941, playing the Brahms Concerto with the Moscow Philharmonic in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory.

His international solo tours took him to Paris and London in 1955, and then South America and the USA in the following years. Kogan had a repertoire of over 18 concerti and a number of concerti by modern composers were dedicated to him.

In 1952, Kogan began teaching at the Moscow Conservatory, and in 1980 he was invited to teach at the Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena, Italy.

Kogan, a brilliant and compelling violinist, shunned publicity. He lacked too some of the warmth and stage charisma of David Oistrakh, his senior by 16 years. His career was always overshadowed by that of Oistrakh, who was strongly promoted by the Soviet authorities. Kogan was made an Honoured Artist in 1955 and a People's Artist of the USSR in 1964. He received the Lenin Prize in 1965.

Kogan married Elizabeth Gilels (sister of pianist Emil Gilels), also a concert violinist. His son, Pavel Kogan (b. 1952) became a famous violinist and conductor. His daughter, Nina Kogan (b. 1954), is a concert pianist and became the accompanist and sonata partner of her father at an early age.

Like many of the top musical artists in the Soviet Union, Kogan was Jewish.^[1]

Kogan died of a heart attack in the city of Mytishchi, while travelling by train between Moscow and Yaroslavl to a concert he was to perform with his son. Two days before, he had played the Beethoven Concerto in Vienna.

Kogan was the only classical violinist of note who preferred to play on all steel strings (Thomastik brand). Most classical players prefer a steel E-string, and perhaps also steel A-string (as in case of David Oistrakh), while using gut or synthetics on the G and D strings. Steel gave Kogan more clarity and power, while sacrificing warmth, depth and sweetness associated with gut or synthetics.

Instruments[link]

Kogan used two Guarneri del Gesù violins: the 1726 ex-Colin and the 1733 ex-Burmester. He used French bows by Dominique Peccatte. Kogan never actually owned these instruments; they were provided on loan from the Soviet government. Today they are worth more than $4 million USD.

Recordings[link]

Kogan formed a Trio with pianist Gilels and cellist Rostropovich. Their recordings include Beethoven's Archduke Trio, the Schumann D minor, the Tchaikovsky, the Saint-Saëns, the Brahms Horn Trio, and the Fauré C minor Quartet with Rudolf Barshai (viola). Kogan later formed another Trio with the conductor Svetlanov on piano and cellist Luzanov. Kogan was the first Soviet violinist to play and record Berg's Violin concerto. He also made a famous recording of Khachaturian's violin concerto on RCA (his America debut recording), a version still considered the most exciting reading of the work. Kogan recorded violin concerti by other Soviet composers, including the two by Tikhon Khrennikov. With Karl Richter Kogan recorded J.S Bach's 6 Violin Sonatas in 1972. There are more than 30 albums of his performances on the Arlecchino label. In 2006, EMI France issued a 4-CD box set ("Les Introuvables de Leonid Kogan") containing his concerto recordings for that label, all digitally remastered the same year.

Tchaikovsky[link]

Mr. Kogan recorded Tchaikovsky's Concerto in D Major opus 35, as well as the first ever recording of the Waltz Scherzo opus 34 with the Paris National Symphony Orchestra in the 1950s.^[2]

• Kogan plays Paganini (YouTube)
• Kogan plays Khachaturian (YouTube)
• Shostakovich - prelude (YouTube)
• Kogan plays Shostakovich cadenza and 3rd movement (YouTube)

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009)

• Violin Virtuosos (from Paganini to 21st century) - Henry Roth 1997 ISBN 18879395150
• В сб.: Музыкальное исполнительство, в. 6, М., 1970, с. 162—193; - Гринберг М., Пронин В., В классе П. С. Столярского
• «Советская музыка», 1972, № 3. - Ойстрах Д., Фурер С., Мордкович Л., О нашем учителе. (К столетию П. С. Столярского)
• Elena Fedorovich, Ekaterinburg, 2007
• Leonid Kogan Bibliography - M. Zazovsky, L. K. (Moscow, 1956).
• "Leonid Borisovich Kogan." BAKER'S BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS, Centennial Edition. Nicolas Slonimsky, Editor Emeritus. Schirmer, 2001.