- published: 29 Apr 2008
- views: 30012
- author: Troy Rutherford
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Albany, Kentucky
Albany is a city in Clinton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,033 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Clinton County. It is located on U.S. Route 127 about six miles from the Tennessee border.
The community of Albany grew up around a tavern established by Benjamin Dowell in the early 19th century. In 1837, residents voted to make the location the seat of county government. It is generally accepted that the town, formally incorporated on January 27, 1838, was named after Albany, New York, but a local legend holds that, during the vote to determine the location of the county seat, patrons of Dowell's tavern shouted "All for Benny!", which led to the town being called Albany.
During the Civil War, Albany was attacked by Confederate forces, and many buildings, including the courthouse, were burned. By the 1870s, Albany had recovered from the destruction and boasted a new courthouse, a confectionery and several dry goods, grocery, and drug stores.
Albany is located at 36°41′36″N 85°8′7″W / 36.69333°N 85.13528°W / 36.69333; -85.13528 (36.693280, -85.135286).
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Alexandria, Kentucky
Alexandria is a city in and the county seat of Campbell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 8,286 at the 2000 census.
Alexandria is located at 38°57′32″N 84°23′21″W / 38.95889°N 84.38917°W / 38.95889; -84.38917 (38.958947, -84.389290).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.44 square miles (14.1 km2), of which, 5.37 square miles (13.9 km2) of it is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km2) of it (0.92%) is water. The city is fifteen miles south [2] of Cincinnati, Ohio, on U.S. Route 27.
The second oldest road established in Kentucky was the Old State Road, from Newport to Winchester, through Alexandria, Falmouth, Cynthiana, and Paris. This road was established by an act of the Kentucky Legislature in 1836. County residents formed the Newport and Alexandria Turnpike Company to improve the road; the improved turnpike opened in 1856 under the name Alexandria Pike. The road was financed by toll booths, two of which were located in Alexandria. Desiring a free road to the markets in the county, the county government purchased the road in 1921 and made it part of U.S. Route 27.
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Anchorage, Kentucky
Anchorage is a city in eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,264 at the 2000 census.
The land that is now Anchorage was a part of Isaac Hite's 1773 land grant, which awarded most of the land in today's Jefferson county to officers in the Virginia militia, in exchange for their service in the French and Indian War. Early maps refer to the area as Hite's Mill. Part of his original grant now makes up the grounds of Central State Hospital and E. P. "Tom" Sawyer State Park.
The nautical name is a bit odd, considering the city is over twelve miles from the Ohio River. The origin is The Anchorage, home of riverboat captain and early resident James W. Goslee, and was chosen to honor him when the city incorporated in 1878, three years after his death. Tradition says that an anchor hanging inside the rim of a locomotive wheel at the center of town was taken by Goslee from his ship, the Matamora.
The Louisville and Frankfort Railroad (later purchased by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad) was built through the area in 1849. The development of an interurban rail line in 1901 allowed faster travel between Anchorage and Louisville, as well as other towns in the area.
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Arlington, Texas
Arlington is a city in Tarrant County, Texas (USA) within the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census results, the city had a population of 365,438, making it the third largest municipality in the Metroplex. Arlington is the seventh-largest city in Texas and the 50th largest city in the United States.
Located approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of downtown Fort Worth and 20 miles (32 km) west of downtown Dallas, Arlington is home to the University of Texas at Arlington, a doctoral-granting institution, and a General Motors assembly plant. Additionally Arlington hosts the Texas Rangers' Rangers Ballpark in Arlington, Cowboys Stadium, the International Bowling Campus (which houses the United States Bowling Congress, International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame), the headquarters for American Mensa, and the theme parks Six Flags Over Texas (the original Six Flags) and Hurricane Harbor. The city borders Kennedale, Grand Prairie, Mansfield and Fort Worth, and surrounds the smaller communities of Dalworthington Gardens and Pantego. Arlington is the headquarters of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV.
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Ashland, Kentucky
Ashland, formerly known as Poage Settlement, is a city in Boyd County, Kentucky, United States, nestled along the banks of the Ohio River. The population was 21,981 at the 2000 census. Ashland is a part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,649. Ashland is the second largest city within the MSA, after Huntington. Ashland serves as an important economic and medical center for northeast Kentucky.
Ashland dates back to the migration of the Poage family from the Shenandoah Valley via the famed Cumberland Gap in 1786. They settled upon a homestead along the Ohio River and named it Poage's Landing. It remained an extended-family settlement until the mid-19th century. In 1854, the city name was changed to Ashland, after Henry Clay's Lexington estate, and to reflect the city's growing industrial base.
The city's early industrial growth was a result of Ohio's pig iron industry. It was not until 1854, that growth began to occur with the charter of the Kentucky Iron, Coal and Manufacturing Company by the Kentucky General Assembly. Major industrial employers in the first half of the 20th century included Armco, Ashland Oil and Refining Company, C&O Railroad, Allied Chemical and Dye Company's Semet Solvay and Mansbach Steel.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (
/ətˈlæntə/, stressed /ætˈlæntə/, locally /ætˈlænə/) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia with a 2010 population of 420,003. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, which is home to 5,268,860 people and is the ninth largest in the U.S. It is a major component of a growing southeastern megalopolis known as the Piedmont Atlantic Megaregion. Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County.
Atlanta began as a settlement located at the terminus of a railroad line, and it was incorporated in 1845. Today, the city is a major business city and the primary transportation hub of the Southeastern United States (via highway, railroad, and air), with Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport being the world's busiest airport since 1998. The World Cities Study Group at Loughborough University rated Atlanta as an "alpha(-) world city." With a gross domestic product of US$270 billion, Atlanta's economy ranks 15th among world cities and sixth in the nation. The city is a center for services, finance, information technology, government, and higher education. Metro Atlanta contains the country's third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies, and is the world headquarters of The Coca-Cola Company, Turner Broadcasting, The Home Depot, AT&T Mobility, UPS, and Delta Air Lines. As of 2010, Atlanta is the seventh most visited city in the United States, with over 35 million visitors per year.
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Austin, Texas
Austin (/ˈɒstɨn/ or /ˈɔːstɨn/) is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 14th most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 790,390 (2010 U.S. Census). The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan area, which had an estimated population 1,783,519 (2011 U.S. Census), making it the 34th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.
In the 1830s, pioneers began to the settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River. After Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar visited the area during a buffalo-hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838, he proposed that the republic's capital then located in Houston, Texas, be relocated to the area situated on the north bank of the Colorado River near the present-day Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge. In 1839, the site was officially chosen as the republic's new capital (the republic's seventh and final location) and was incorporated under the name, Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the "Father of Texas" and the republic's first secretary of state.
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Baltimore
Baltimore ( /ˈbɒltɨmɔr/, colloquially /ˈbɔl.mɔr/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is located in the central area of the state along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The independent city is often referred to as Baltimore City to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County.
Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic United States and is situated closer to Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy.
At 620,961 residents in 2010, Baltimore's population has decreased by one-third since its peak in 1950. The Baltimore Metropolitan Area has grown steadily to approximately 2.7 million residents in 2010; the 20th largest in the country. Baltimore is also a principal city in the larger Baltimore–Washington combined statistical area of approximately 8.4 million residents.
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Bancroft, Kentucky
Bancroft is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 536 at the 2000 census.
Bancroft is located at 38°16′55″N 85°36′45″W / 38.28194°N 85.6125°W / 38.28194; -85.6125 (38.281970, -85.612437).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 536 people, 199 households, and 172 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,165.6 people per square mile (1,217.4/km²). There were 202 housing units at an average density of 1,193.0 per square mile (458.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.11% White, 5.22% African American, 3.54% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.05% of the population.
There were 199 households out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.4% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.1% were non-families. 12.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 2.90.
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Bardstown, Kentucky
Bardstown is a city in Nelson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was recorded as 11,700 by the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Nelson County. It is named for David Bard, the man who obtained the land for the city from the governor of Virginia, and his brother William Bard, the surveyor who laid out the town.
Bardstown is one of the oldest cities in Kentucky settled by European Americans. Settled in the 1780s, it was chartered in 1790.
Reflecting the westward migration of Americans after the Revolutionary War, Bardstown was the first center of Catholicism west of the Appalachian Mountains in the original territory of the United States. The Diocese of Bardstown was established on February 8, 1808, to serve all Catholics between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River, an area now served by 44 dioceses and archdioceses in 10 states. Its cathedral still stands as the Basilica of Saint Joseph Proto-Cathedral. The seat of the diocese was transferred to Louisville in 1841. Bardstown is still the home of a Catholic high school, Bethlehem High School.
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Bardwell, Kentucky
Bardwell is a city in Carlisle County, Kentucky. The population was 799 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Carlisle County.
Bardwell is located at 36°52′22″N 89°0′36″W / 36.87278°N 89.01°W / 36.87278; -89.01 (36.872690, -89.010026).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 799 people, 367 households, and 229 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,335.8 people per square mile (514.2/km²). There were 425 housing units at an average density of 710.5 per square mile (273.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.62% White, 3.00% African American, 0.63% Native American, 0.63% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. 2.75% of the population is Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 367 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.6% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.75.
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Battle of Perryville
The Battle of Perryville, also known as the Battle of Chaplin Hills, was fought on October 8, 1862, in the Chaplin Hills west of Perryville, Kentucky, as the culmination of the Confederate Heartland Offensive (Kentucky Campaign) during the American Civil War. Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg's Army of Mississippi won a tactical victory against primarily a single corps of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Union Army of the Ohio. The battle is considered a strategic Union victory, sometimes called the Battle for Kentucky, since Bragg withdrew to Tennessee soon thereafter. The Union retained control of the critical border state of Kentucky for the remainder of the war.
On October 7, Buell's army, in pursuit of Bragg, converged on the small crossroads town of Perryville in three columns. Union forces first skirmished with Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before the fighting became more general, on Peters Hill, when the Confederate infantry arrived. Both sides were desperate to get access to fresh water. The next day, at dawn, fighting began again around Peters Hill as a Union division advanced up the pike, halting just before the Confederate line. After noon, a Confederate division struck the Union left flank—the I Corps of Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook—and forced it to fall back. When more Confederate divisions joined the fray, the Union line made a stubborn stand, counterattacked, but finally fell back with some units routed.
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Bedford, Kentucky
Bedford is a city in Trimble County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 800 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Trimble County.
It is located at the junction of U.S. Routes 42 and 421. It is named for Bedford, Virginia, former home of the first settler, Richard Ball, who built a house near what he called Bedford Spring in 1805. The town was founded in 1816 but not incorporated until 1850.
Bedford is located at 38°35.7′N 85°18.6′W (38.5949,-85.3164)
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 677 people, 282 households, and 183 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,690.3 people per square mile (653.5/km²). There were 297 housing units at an average density of 741.5 per square mile (286.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.93% White, 0.15% African American, 1.77% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.36% of the population.
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Bellemeade, Kentucky
Bellemeade is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 871 at the 2000 census.
Bellemeade is located at 38°15′9″N 85°35′32″W / 38.2525°N 85.59222°W / 38.2525; -85.59222 (38.252571, -85.592201).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 871 people, 412 households, and 281 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,065.8 people per square mile (1,201.1/km²). There were 431 housing units at an average density of 1,517.1 per square mile (594.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.51% White, 0.34% Black or African American, 0.11% Asian, 0.57% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races.
There were 412 households out of which 18.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.9% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.6% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.58.
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Bellewood, Kentucky
Bellewood is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 300 at the 2000 census.
Bellewood is located at 38°15′38″N 85°39′33″W / 38.26056°N 85.65917°W / 38.26056; -85.65917 (38.260455, -85.659092).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
Bellewood lies between U.S. Routes 42 and 60.
As of the census of 2000, there were 300 people, 121 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,910.8 people per square mile (1,447.9/km²). There were 126 housing units at an average density of 1,642.5 per square mile (608.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.67% White, 0.33% Asian, and 1.00% from two or more races.
There were 121 households out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.17.
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Benton, Kentucky
Benton is a city in Marshall County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 4,197 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Marshall County.
Shape-note singers gather annually at Benton on the fourth Sunday in May to sing from a tunebook called The Southern Harmony. This event, organized in 1884 and called The Big Singing or Big Singing Day, is considered by many to be the oldest indigenous musical tradition in the United States. Benton is also known for an annual festival called "Tater Day", which attracts residents from all over the Jackson Purchase and involves games, deep fried food, and a parade.
Benton is located at 36°51′19″N 88°21′15″W / 36.85528°N 88.35417°W / 36.85528; -88.35417 (36.855231, -88.354047).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.9 square miles (10 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,197 people, 1,767 households, and 1,111 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,065.3 people per square mile (411.3/km²). There were 1,922 housing units at an average density of 487.8 per square mile (188.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.97% White, 0.62% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.91% of the population.
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Berea, Kentucky
Berea is a city in Madison County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 13,561 at the 2010 census. It is one of the fastest growing towns in Kentucky having increased by 27.4% since 2000. Its most prominent institution is Berea College, which owns a substantial percentage of the city's land.
Due to the high number of arts and crafts produced, Berea is a tourist attraction. It hosts several Crafts Festivals throughout the year. Berea also hosts a Spoonbread Festival in mid-September, which features a cornmeal bread traditionally served with a wooden spoon.
Berea is a principal city of the Richmond–Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Madison and Rockcastle counties.
Berea is located at 37°34′37″N 84°17′37″W / 37.57694°N 84.29361°W / 37.57694; -84.29361 (37.576844, -84.293555).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.4 square miles (24 km2), of which 9.3 square miles (24 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (0.32%) is water. Berea is on the border of the Cumberland Plateau. The area has a mountainous appearance, but most outcroppings in the area have a max elevation of 2500 ft.
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Bluegrass region
Coordinates: 38°00′N 84°30′W / 38.0°N 84.5°W / 38.0; -84.5
The Bluegrass Region is a geographic region in the state of Kentucky, United States. It occupies the northern part of the state and since European settlement has contained a majority of the state's population and its largest cities. Pre European settlement the region was mostly a savannah with wide grasslands with enormous oak trees periodically placed. It contained large herds of bison and other wildlife, especially near salt licks. The name "Kentucky" itself means "meadow lands" in several different Indian languages and was specifically applied to this region, only becoming a name for the entire state much later. Europeans named the Bluegrass Region for the blue flowered Poa grass that grew there[citation needed].
By 1800 farms began noticing that horses who grazed in the Bluegrass region were more durable than those from other regions - this is due to the high content of calcium in the soil. Within decades the herds of bison would be wiped out and replaced with numerous thoroughbred horse farms. Other forms of agriculture flourished as well, including the cultivation of grapes, hemp, and tobacco. The first commercial winery in the United States was opened in the Bluegrass Region in 1801 in present day Jessamine County by a group of Swiss immigrants.
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Booneville, Kentucky
Booneville is a city in Owsley County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 111 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Owsley County. It is located at the junction of Kentucky Route 11 and Kentucky Route 30 on the South Fork of the Kentucky River.
The town was named for American frontiersman, Daniel Boone. The town, consisting at the time of little more than a temporary log courthouse, became the county seat when Owsley County was formed on May 20, 1844. During the Civil War, Booneville was a crossroads for various Union and Confederate regiments, and was threatened by Confederate guerrillas, but avoided the destruction that befell some other county seats of Kentucky during the war.
Booneville is located at 37°28′29″N 83°40′36″W / 37.47472°N 83.67667°W / 37.47472; -83.67667 (37.474841, -83.676791).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), all of it land. Booneville is the county seat of Owsley County.
As of the census of 2000, there were 111 people, 50 households, and 36 families residing in the city. The population density was 176.2 people per square mile (68.0/km²). There were 56 housing units at an average density of 88.9 per square mile (34.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.10% White, and 0.90% from two or more races.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ (
listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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Briarwood, Kentucky
Briarwood is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 554 at the 2000 census.
Briarwood is located at 38°16′42″N 85°35′30″W / 38.27833°N 85.59167°W / 38.27833; -85.59167 (38.278337, -85.591548).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 554 people, 272 households, and 136 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,003.3 people per square mile (1,944.6/km²). There were 275 housing units at an average density of 2,483.6 per square mile (965.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.16% White, 6.32% Black or African American, 0.54% Asian, 0.90% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.08% of the population.
There were 272 households out of which 16.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.0% were non-families. 46.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.90 and the average family size was 2.65.
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Burlington, Kentucky
Burlington is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Boone County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 10,779, at the 2000 census.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Burlington has a total area of 8.4 square miles (22 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,779 people, 3,799 households, and 2,887 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,276.0 people per square mile (492.5/km²). There were 4,083 housing units at an average density of 483.4 per square mile (186.6/km²). The racial makeup of Burlington, Ky is presently (2006) 93.9% White, 1.89% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.94% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.73% of the population.
There were 3,799 households out of which 42.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.3% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.19.
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Bushmills
Coordinates: 55°12′13″N 6°31′24″W / 55.2037°N 6.5232°W / 55.2037; -6.5232
Bushmills is a village on the north coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland. Bushmills had 1,319 inhabitants in the 2001 Census. It is located 95 km from Belfast, 10 km from Ballycastle and 15 km from Coleraine. The village owes its name to the River Bush and to a large watermill that was built there in the early 17th century.
Bushmills is classified as a village by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 1,319 people living in Bushmills. Of these:
The village is best known as the location of the Old Bushmills Distillery, founded in 1608, which is the oldest licensed distillery in the world. The distillery's range includes the Bushmills Original and Black Bush blends and the 10, 12, 16, and 21 year old Bushmills Single Malts.
The world famous Giant's Causeway which attracts over two million visitors per year is also located a short distance away, being located 2 miles (3 km) north of the town. There is a narrow-gauge steam train running in the summer from Bushmills to the Giant's Causeway.
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Cadiz, Kentucky
Cadiz is a city in Trigg County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,373 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Trigg County. It is an old town located close to the Land Between the Lakes, a popular recreation area, and was a base of Union and Confederate operations in the American Civil War.
Cadiz is part of the Clarksville, TN–KY Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is located in a wet county as of September 2009.
In William Henry Perrin's 1884 History of Trigg County, he does not say why or how Cadiz got its name. He does say that in May 1820 when Trigg became a county, a commission was established to choose a county seat. This commission selected Robert Baker's land as the Seat of Justice. Robert Baker relinquished his stable yard and 50 acres (200,000 m2) surrounding it.
In meeting during the months of August and October, the town was platted out in blocks and the name "Cadiz" was given to the new town.
Cadiz is located at 36°52′4″N 87°49′3″W / 36.86778°N 87.8175°W / 36.86778; -87.8175 (36.867781, -87.817374).
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Calhoun, Kentucky
Calhoun is a city in McLean County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 836 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of McLean County. It is included in the Owensboro, Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city is named for one-term Congressman John Calhoun.
Calhoun is located at 37°32′19″N 87°15′34″W / 37.53861°N 87.25944°W / 37.53861; -87.25944 (37.538633, -87.259414), on the Green River, the longest river entirely in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and is home to the Army Corps of Engineers' Lock and Dam #2.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), of which 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (2.86%) is water.
The city was founded by Captain Henry Rhoads in 1788 as Rhoadsville, and was also known as Fort Vienna to protect a bend in the Green River. It has been the county seat of McLean County since the county's formation in 1854.
At the 2000 census, there were 836 people, 357 households and 210 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,231.1 per square mile (474.7/km²). There were 395 housing units at an average density of 581.7 per square mile (224.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.80% White, 0.60% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.24% from other races, and 0.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.60% of the population.
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Cambridge, Kentucky
Cambridge is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 192 at the 2000 census.
Cambridge is located at 38°13′18″N 85°37′0″W / 38.22167°N 85.616667°W / 38.22167; -85.616667 (38.221570, -85.616534).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 192 people, 90 households, and 48 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,109.4 people per square mile (1,235.5/km²). There were 96 housing units at an average density of 1,554.7 per square mile (617.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.31% White, 3.12% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.52% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.
There were 90 households out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.6% were non-families. 37.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.86.
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Campton, Kentucky
Campton is a city in Wolfe County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 424 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Wolfe County.
Campton is located at 37°44′05″N 83°32′54″W / 37.734689°N 83.548427°W / 37.734689; -83.548427.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), of which, 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (3.57%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 424 people, 196 households, and 117 families residing in the city. The population density was 393.4 people per square mile (151.6/km²). There were 229 housing units at an average density of 212.5 per square mile (81.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.76% White, and 0.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population.
There were 196 households out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.85.
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Carlisle, Kentucky
Carlisle is a city in Nicholas County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,917 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Nicholas County. It is located at the junction of Kentucky Route 32 and Kentucky Route 36, about halfway between Lexington and Maysville.
Carlisle was founded in 1816 when John Kincart separated 50 acres (200,000 m2) of his peach orchard into 139 lots and laid out roads. The town was probably named for Carlisle, Pennsylvania, hometown of Kincart's father. The county seat was moved from Ellisville to Carlisle in that same year, and a permanent brick courthouse was built in 1818. The fourth, and final, courthouse was built in 1893-1894.
By 1830 the population was over 600, but the town's growth in the 19th century was slowed by numerous fires, a cholera epidemic in 1833, and the lack of turnpike access. However, a wide, macadamized turnpike connecting the town directly to Maysville was opposed by local residents in the 1830s, fearing economic competition to small local shippers. It was eventually built three miles (5 km) west of the town and became US 68.
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Carrollton, Kentucky
Carrollton is a town in Carroll County, Kentucky, at the confluence of the Ohio River and the Kentucky River. Its population was 3,846 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Carroll County.
Carrollton was founded in 1794, and it was known as Port William initially. It served as the county seat of Gallatin County until 1838 when the county was split, creating Carroll County, and Port William was renamed Carrollton and became the seat of the new county. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad was built near town in 1868 and eventually became more important to the town's economy than river traffic.
It has one of the state's largest tobacco markets, and the population has remained steady since being recorded at 3,884 in the 1970 census. See Carrollton bus disaster for an important, and tragic, event in Carroll County's history.
Carrollton is situated on the Ohio River at the mouth of the Kentucky River.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.3 square miles (6.0 km2), of which, 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2) of it is land and 0.44% is water.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Churchill Downs
Churchill Downs, located on Central Avenue in south Louisville, Kentucky, United States, is a Thoroughbred racetrack most famous for hosting the Kentucky Derby annually. It officially opened in 1875, and held the first Kentucky Derby and the first Kentucky Oaks in the same year. Churchill Downs has also hosted the renowned Breeders' Cup on eight occasions, most recently in 2011. Churchill Downs Incorporated owns and operates the racetrack.
In 2009, the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a rating system for 65 Thoroughbred racetracks in North America. Churchill Downs was ranked number 5 on this list.
The track is named for John and Henry Churchill, who leased 80 acres (320,000 m²) of land to their nephew, Colonel Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr. (grandson of explorer William Clark). Clark was president of the Louisville Jockey Club and Driving Park Association, which formed in 1874. His father-in-law, Richard Ten Broeck, was an accomplished horse breeder and trainer, and introduced Clark to horse racing, attending the English Derby at Epsom Downs outside London.
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Clarksville, Indiana
Clarksville is a town in Clark County, Indiana, United States, along the Ohio River as a part of the Louisville Metropolitan area. The population was 21,724 at the 2010 census. The town, once a home site to George Rogers Clark, was founded in 1783 and is the oldest American town in the Northwest Territory. The town is home to the Colgate clock, one of the largest clocks in the world and the Falls of the Ohio State Park, a large fossil bed.
Clarksville is named for American Revolutionary War General George Rogers Clark, who lived for a time on a point of land on the Ohio River. Founded in 1783, the town is believed to be the first American settlement in the Northwest Territory of the new United States.
The site was first used as a base of operations by Clark during the American Revolution. In 1778 he established a post on an island at the head of the Falls of the Ohio. From there he trained his 175-man regiment for the defense to the west. After the war, Clark was granted a tract of 150,000 acres (610 km2) for his services in the war. In 1783 1,000 acres (4 km2) were set aside for the development of a town, Clarksville. The same year a stockade was built and settlement began.
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Cleveland
Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (97 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
As of the 2010 Census, the city proper had a total population of 396,815 and was the 45th largest city in the United States, and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio. The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2011 ranked as the 28th largest in the United States with 2,068,283 people. Cleveland is part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2011 had a population of 2,871,084, and ranked as the country's 15th largest.
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Clifton, Louisville
Coordinates: 38°15′19.26″N 85°42′56.86″W / 38.25535°N 85.7157944°W / 38.25535; -85.7157944
Clifton, a neighborhood east of downtown Louisville, Kentucky USA. Clifton was named because of its hilly location on the Ohio River valley escarpment.
Unlike other Louisville neighborhoods, Clifton was developed over a period of 60 years, with the first homes built in the 1860s sitting next to homes built in the 1910s, although nearly all homes were built in Victorian styles. Its residential areas are also much less dense than other nearby areas like Butchertown or the Original Highlands. The Louisville and Lexington toll pike, which is now called Frankfort Avenue, went through the heart of the area and was lined with small shops.
The area began to revitalize in the 1990s, as restaurants and antique shops opened up along Frankfort Avenue. Area attractions include the Kentucky School for the Blind and American Printing House for the Blind.
Clifton is bounded by I-64, N Ewing Ave, Brownsboro Road, and Mellwood Ave.
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Clinton, Kentucky
Clinton is a city in Hickman County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,388 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Hickman County, and the site of a Federal Courthouse for the Western District of Kentucky.
It was the home to Clinton College from 1871 to 1915.
Clinton is located at 36°40′1″N 88°59′39″W / 36.66694°N 88.99417°W / 36.66694; -88.99417 (36.667040, -88.994103).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,415 people, 579 households, and 354 families residing in the city. The population density was 858.5 people per square mile (331.1/km²). There were 668 housing units at an average density of 405.3 per square mile (156.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 70.46% White, 27.14% African American, 0.49% Native American, and 1.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population.
There were 579 households out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.9% were married couples living together, 19.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.82.
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Coldstream, Kentucky
Coldstream is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 956 at the 2000 census.
Coldstream is located at 38°19′1″N 85°31′44″W / 38.31694°N 85.52889°W / 38.31694; -85.52889 (38.317031, -85.528809).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 956 people, 322 households, and 278 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,333.9 people per square mile (1,677.8/km²). There were 325 housing units at an average density of 1,473.3 per square mile (570.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 67.89% White, 26.67% Black or African American, 2.09% Asian, 2.09% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.14% of the population.
There were 322 households out of which 49.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.4% were non-families. 10.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.16.
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Columbia, Kentucky
Columbia is a city in Adair County, Kentucky, United States, just above Russell Creek. The area was settled around 1802 by Daniel Trabue. The post office was opened on April 1, 1806 by John Field, who also ran a local store. The population was 4,014 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Adair County. For the origin of the name see Columbia.
The Louie B. Nunn Cumberland Parkway runs through Columbia as it extends from Bowling Green, KY to Somerset, KY. This Parkway is a future Corridor of Interstate 66. The addition of an interchange with a 2006 reconstruction of Highway 61 South, Columbia now has two exits on the Parkway.
Exit 49, the original exit on the parkway, merges onto Highway 55 South (also known as Jamestown Street) bringing drivers through the middle of Columbia.
Exit 47, the new exit, merges onto Highway 61 South (also known as Burkesville Street/Road) and drivers can choose to go north and visit the new Holladay Place Shopping Center, home of Columbia's Super Wal-Mart or go to Burkesville to the south.
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Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital of and the largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio. The broader metropolitan area encompasses several counties and is the third largest in Ohio behind those of Cleveland and Cincinnati. Columbus is the sixteenth largest city in the United States of America. It is the county seat of Franklin County, yet the city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. Named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology. Modern Columbus has emerged as a technologically sophisticated city. It is home to the world's largest private research and development foundation, the Battelle Memorial Institute; CAS, or Chemical Abstracts Service, the world's largest clearinghouse of chemical information; NetJets, the world's largest fractional ownership jet aircraft fleet; and The Ohio State University, the nation's largest campus.
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Covington, Kentucky
Covington is a city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 40,640; it is the fifth-most-populous city in Kentucky. It is one of two county seats of Kenton County. Covington is located at the confluence of the Ohio and Licking Rivers. Covington is part of the Cincinnati – Northern Kentucky metropolitan area and is separated from Cincinnati by the Ohio River and from Newport by the Licking River. Covington is located within the Upland South region of the United States of America.
Covington was established in 1814 when John Gano, Richard Gano, and Thomas Carneal purchased 150 acres (0.6 km2) on the west side of the Licking River at its confluence with the Ohio River, referred to as "the Point," from Thomas Kennedy for $50,000. The city was incorporated by the Kentucky General Assembly a year later. Covington experienced growth during most of the 19th century, only to decline during the Great Depression and the middle 20th century. The city has seen some redevelopment during the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
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Creekside, Kentucky
Creekside is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 336 at the 2000 census.
Creekside is located at 38°17′32″N 85°34′5″W / 38.29222°N 85.56806°W / 38.29222; -85.56806 (38.292179, -85.568122).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 336 people, 124 households, and 106 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,799.9 people per square mile (1,441.4/km²). There were 126 housing units at an average density of 1,425.0 per square mile (540.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.35% White, 3.57% Black or African American, 0.89% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.60% of the population.
There were 124 households out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.2% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.5% were non-families. 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 2.97.
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Crestwood, Kentucky
Crestwood is a city in Oldham County, Kentucky, United States just outside of Louisville, Ky's Northeast End. The population was 1,999 at the 2000 census. CNN listed it as the 52nd best place to live in America in 2005. It was first settled in the early 19th century and renamed Crestwood in 1909.
Crestwood is located at 38°19′28″N 85°29′0″W / 38.32444°N 85.483333°W / 38.32444; -85.483333 (38.324557, -85.483300).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,999 people, 811 households, and 548 families residing in the city. The population density was 554.5 people per square mile (214.4/km²). There were 860 housing units at an average density of 238.6 per square mile (92.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.80% White, 2.15% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 1.10% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.15% of the population.
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Crossgate, Kentucky
Crossgate is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 251 at the 2000 census.
Crossgate is located at 38°16′45″N 85°37′47″W / 38.27917°N 85.62972°W / 38.27917; -85.62972 (38.279131, -85.629609).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 251 people, 98 households, and 77 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,162.5 people per square mile (1,615.2/km²). There were 99 housing units at an average density of 1,641.8 per square mile (637.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.02% White, 0.80% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American and 2.79% Asian.
There were 98 households out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.4% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.94.
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Cumberland Mountains
The Cumberland Mountains are a mountain range in the southeastern section of the Appalachian Mountains. They are located in southern West Virginia, western Virginia, eastern edges of Kentucky, and eastern middle Tennessee, including the Crab Orchard Mountains. Their highest peak, with an elevation of 4,145 feet (1,263 m) above mean sea level, is Black Mountain, which is located near Lynch in Harlan County, Kentucky.
According to the USGS, the Cumberland Mountain range is 131 miles (211 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) wide, bounded by the Russell Fork on the northeast, the Pound River and Powell River on the southeast, Cove Creek on the southwest, and Tackett Creek, the Cumberland River, Poor Fork Cumberland River, and Elkhorn Creek on the northwest. The crest of the range forms the Kentucky and Virginia boundary from the Tennessee border to Russell Fork River.
Variant names of the Cumberland Mountains include Cumberland Mountain, Cumberland Range, Ouasioto Mountains, Ouasiota Mountains, Laurel Mountain, and Pine Mountain. They are named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland.
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Cynthiana, Kentucky
Cynthiana is a city in Harrison County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 6,402 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Harrison County, and is located roughly halfway between Cincinnati and Lexington.
Cynthiana was named after Cynthia and Anna Harrison, daughters of Robert Harrison, who had donated land known as the Public Square, though Harrison County was named after Colonel Benjamin Harrison (not the U.S. President) who was an early settler to the area and the sheriff of Bourbon County, Kentucky.
Two battles in the American Civil War were fought in Cynthiana; the first on July 17, 1862, was part of a raid into Kentucky by Confederate General John Hunt Morgan; the second on June 11 and 12, 1864, resulted in defeat of Confederate forces on Morgan's last raid into the state.
On January 23, 1877, an LL chondrite meteorite fell in Cynthiana.
In March 1997, the Licking River, which bisects Cynthiana, flooded, causing extensive damage in Cynthiana and neighboring communities.
Cynthiana is located at 38°23′18″N 84°17′49″W / 38.38833°N 84.29694°W / 38.38833; -84.29694 (38.388292, -84.296841).
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Dallas
Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/) is the third-largest city in the state of Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex is the largest metropolitan area in the South and fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Divided between Collin, Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties, the city had a population of 1,197,816 in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau.
The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area (the DFW MSA) that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of 6,371,773. The metroplex economy is the sixth largest in the United States, with a 2010 gross metropolitan product of $374 billion.
Dallas was founded in 1841 and was formally incorporated as a city in February 1856. The city's economy is primarily based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, computer technology, energy, healthcare and medical research, transportation and logistics. The city is home to the third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas and a major city in the American South, Dallas is the main core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States that lacks any navigable link to the sea.
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Danville, Kentucky
Danville is a city in and the county seat of Boyle County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 16,218 at the 2010 census. Danville is the principal city of the Danville Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Boyle and Lincoln counties.
In 2001, Danville received a Great American Main Street Award from the National Trust for Historic Preservation. In 2011, Money Magazine placed Danville as the fourth best place to retire in the United States. Danville was twice chosen to host U.S. Vice-Presidential debates.
Danville is called the "City of Firsts".
Danville was part of the Great Settlement Area around Harrod's Fort (now Harrodsburg), which was first settled in 1774. Walker Daniel, Kentucky's first District Attorney, bought 76 acres (31 ha) from settler John Crow on the Wilderness Road and had it surveyed for a town in 1783-1784. The city was probably named for Daniel. The Virginia legislature officially established Danville on December 4, 1787.
Between 1784 and 1792, ten conventions were held in Danville to petition for better governance and ultimately to secure independence from Virginia. In 1786 the Danville Political Club was organized. It met each Saturday night at Grayson’s Tavern to discuss the political, economic, and social concerns. After a state constitution was adopted and separation was confirmed in 1792, the town ceased to be of statewide importance and its leading citizens moved elsewhere.
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Denver
Denver ( /ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
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Detroit
Detroit ( /diˈtrɔɪt/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan, and the seat of Wayne County. It is the major city among the primary cultural, financial, and transportation centers in the Metro Detroit area, a region of 5.2 million people, and serves as a major port on the Detroit River connecting the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. It was founded on July 24, 1701, by the French explorer, adventurer, and nobleman Antoine de la Mothe, sieur de Cadillac.
In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and ranked as the 18th most populous city in the United States. The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area with a population of 4,296,250 for the six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area, the United States' eleventh-largest, and a population of 5,218,852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census. The Detroit–Windsor area, a critical commercial link straddling the Canada–U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000.
Known as the world's traditional automotive center, "Detroit" is a metonym for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport,The D, D-Town, Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings), Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"), and The 313 (its telephone area code) Detroit became known as the "great arsenal of democracy" for its support of the U.S. role among the Allied powers during World War II.
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Dixon, Kentucky
Dixon is a city in Webster County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 632 at the 2000 census. Dixon, the county seat of Webster county, is located at the junction of US 41A and KY 132. It was established in 1860 when the county was formed. The Court House post office opened in 1860.
Revolutionary War veteran William Jenkins in 1794 established a stagecoach inn five miles north of the town's present site, on the old Indian trail between Nashville and St. Louis.
The town was incorporated on February 6, 1861 and was named Archibald Dixon, lieutenant governor of the state from 1844 to 1848 and U.S. Senator from 1852 to 1855). The notorious Harpe brothers, murderous outlaws, terrorized the area in the late 18th century.
The downtown area has several historic homes and was the site of a number of Civil War skirmishes.
Dixon is located at 37°30′36″N 87°41′55″W / 37.510094°N 87.698539°W / 37.510094; -87.698539.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2), of which, 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) of it is land and 1.04% is water.
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Downtown Louisville
Coordinates: 38°15′28.21″N 85°45′41.99″W / 38.2578361°N 85.7616639°W / 38.2578361; -85.7616639
Downtown Louisville is the largest central business district in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the urban hub of the Louisville, Kentucky Metropolitan Area. Its boundaries are the Ohio River to the north, Hancock Street to the east, York and Jacob Streets to the south, and 9th Street to the west. As of 2000, the population of Downtown Louisville was 2,575.
The five main areas of the Central Business District consist of:
The tallest buildings in Kentucky are located in Downtown Louisville and include the AEGON Center designed by John Burgee, National City Tower designed by Harrison & Abramovitz, PNC Plaza designed by Welton Becket, and the Humana Building designed by Michael Graves. Of the 16 buildings in Kentucky over 300 feet (91 m), 12 are in Downtown Louisville. In addition, it is the center of local and regional government.
A glassed-in skywalk called the Louie Link stretches six city blocks and links together the Kentucky International Convention Center (KICC), Fourth Street Live!, three hotels (Galt House Hotel & Suites, Marriott and Hyatt Regency), and 2,300 hotel rooms. In 2010 it was extended from the Galt House to the new $16 million Skywalk Garage, an eight-level, 860-space parking facility on Third Street, and a second skywalk connects from the garage across Third Street to the new KFC Yum! Center.
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Ear X-tacy
ear X-tacy was a Louisville, Kentucky "alternative record store," owned and operated by John Timmons. The store announced its closing on October 31, 2011, after 26 years in business.
ear X-tacy first opened in 1985 in a 500 ft² (46 m²) building stocked with John Timmons' personal records "and a cash advance on his mastercard". The store name came from the band XTC, of which owner John Timmons is a fan. As the store grew, it changed location three times over a period of sixteen years; it then remained in the same location, on Bardstown Road just south of Eastern Parkway in The Highlands, until late July 2010. It then moved to the Douglass Loop, a former streetcar turnaround point on Bardstown Road about 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of its previous location but still in The Highlands.
ear X-tacy carried almost every music genre imaginable in CD, cassette, and vinyl formats and also carried a large stock of DVDs, including many hard-to-find items. In 1995, the ear X-tacy label was formed.
The building that the store occupied before its final move had two stories and 10,000 ft² (930 m²) of floor space. The first floor was dedicated to CDs, DVDs, t-shirts, toys, etc. It also included a stage for live performances and a large selection of small and large stickers mocking current U.S. events or promoting Louisville. The second floor was dedicated to new & used vinyl records. The final store was on one floor, with comparable floor space. Like the previous location, it included a stage.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (i/ˈɛkwədɔr/ E-kwə-dawr), officially the Republic of Ecuador (Spanish: República del Ecuador [reˈpuβlika ðel ekwaˈðor], which literally translates to the "Republic of the Equator") is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, (along with Chile), that do not have a border with Brazil. The country also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) west of the mainland.
The main spoken language in Ecuador is Spanish. Ecuador straddles the equator, from which it takes its name, and has an area of 275,830 km2 (106,500 sq mi). Its capital city is Quito, which was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the 1970s for having the best preserved and least altered historic center in Latin America. The country's largest city is Guayaquil. The historic center of Cuenca, the third largest city in the country, was also declared a World Heritage Site in 1999, for being an outstanding example of a planned inland Spanish style colonial city in the Americas. Ecuador is also home—despite its size—to a great variety of species, many of them endemic, like those of the Galápagos islands. This species diversity makes Ecuador one of the 17 megadiverse countries in the world. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, or ecosystem rights.
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Eddyville, Kentucky
Eddyville is a city in Lyon County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,350 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Lyon County . The Kentucky State Penitentiary is located in Eddyville.
Eddyville, the seat of Lyon county, was settled around 1798 and named for the eddies in the nearby Cumberland River. It became the seat of Livingston County when it was formed in 1799, later the seat of Caldwell County in 1809, and finally the seat of Lyon County when it was formed in 1854. Thus, it holds the distinction of being the only city in Kentucky to have served as the county seat of three separate counties. The Eddyville post office opened in 1801.
Throughout Kentucky, Eddyville is best known as a synonym for the Kentucky State Penitentiary, although the prison itself is actually 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the present town, on the shore of Lake Barkley in Old Eddyville on KY 730. Taking six years to build (1884–1890), the massive stone prison structure towers over Lake Barkley, and is sometimes called "The Castle on the Cumberland." Its electric chair has had a long history of use, with its use dating to the period before 1936 when public executions were still conducted in Kentucky for punishment for some crimes (e.g., rape, see for example Rainey Bethea), with electrocutions at Eddyville being strictly reserved for capital punishment for conviction of other crimes (e.g., murder). Executions are still held at the prison, although there have only been three since 1976 (and only one since 1999) and the primary method has been changed to lethal injection.
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Edgewood, Kentucky
Edgewood is a city in Kenton County, Kentucky. The population was 9,400 at the 2000 census. It was named for an early homestead in Walker Estates.
Edgewood was established on November 15, 1948. Shortly after the formation of the city, it merged with several surrounding cities. The biggest of these mergers occurred in 1968 when the city merged with Summit Hills Heights and St. Pius Heights. The new city government began operating on January 1, 1969.
Edgewood is located at 39°0′19″N 84°33′57″W / 39.00528°N 84.56583°W / 39.00528; -84.56583 (39.005153, -84.565780).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11 km2), of which 4.2 square miles (11 km2) is land and 0.20% is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,400 people, 3,099 households, and 2,693 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,250.8 people per square mile (868.3/km²). There were 3,149 housing units at an average density of 754.0 per square mile (290.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 97.74% White, 1.23% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. 0.73% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Edmonton, Kentucky
Edmonton is a city in, and the county seat of, Metcalfe County, Kentucky, United States. The area was first surveyed by Revolutionary War veteran and Virginian Edmund P. Rogers in 1800. The city was established by the Kentucky legislature as a trading post in 1836 and was named the county seat in 1860. The post office first opened on February 18, 1830 and was named, though incorrectly spelled, for Edmund Rogers. The population was 1,586 at the 2000 census.
Edmonton is part of the Glasgow Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Edmonton is located at 36°58′49″N 85°37′13″W / 36.98028°N 85.62028°W / 36.98028; -85.62028 (36.980191, -85.620338).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km2), of which 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (1.04%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,586 people, 686 households, and 410 families residing in the city. The population density was 557.7 people per square mile (215.6/km²). There were 776 housing units at an average density of 272.9 per square mile (105.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.72% White, 1.95% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.50% of the population.
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El Paso, Texas
El Paso /ɛlˈpæsoʊ/ is the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and lies in far West Texas. According to the 2010 census the city's population is 649,121. It is the sixth largest city in Texas and the 19th largest city in the United States. Its metropolitan area covers all of El Paso County, whose population in 2010 was 800,647.
El Paso stands on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), across the border from Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The two cities form a combined international metropolitan area, sometimes called El Paso–Juárez, with Juárez being the significantly larger of the two in population. They have a combined population of two million, two-thirds of which reside in Juárez. In 2010 El Paso was awarded an All-America City Award, the oldest community-recognition program in the United States.
El Paso is home to the University of Texas at El Paso (founded in 1914 as The Texas State School of Mines and Metallurgy, and later, Texas Western College; its current name dates from 1967) and the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso. Fort Bliss, one of the largest military complexes of the United States Army, lies to the east and northeast of the city, with training areas extending north into New Mexico, up to the White Sands Missile Range and neighboring Holloman Air Force Base in Alamogordo. El Paso is the first large city in the world to have a spaceport in the vicinity. Spaceport America, which lies 90 miles from El Paso, has seen the completion of several successful manned, suborbital flights. The Franklin Mountains extend into El Paso from the north and nearly divide the city into two sections; the western half forms the beginnings of the Mesilla Valley, and the eastern slopes connect in the central business district at the south end of the mountain range.
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Elkton, Kentucky
Elkton is a city in and the county seat of Todd County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,984 at the 2000 census. The city was founded by Major John Gray. It is named for a nearby pre-pioneer watering hole for a large elk herd.
Elkton is located at 36°48′32″N 87°9′23″W / 36.80889°N 87.15639°W / 36.80889; -87.15639 (36.808926, -87.156377).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,984 people, 810 households, and 541 families residing in the city. The population density was 959.4 people per square mile (370.1/km²). There were 928 housing units at an average density of 448.8 per square mile (173.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 82.31% White, 15.68% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 1.21% from other races, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.32% of the population.
There were 810 households out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 19.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.82.
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Elsmere, Kentucky
Elsmere is a city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 8,451 at the 2010 census. The city was named after Elsmere Avenue in Norwood, Ohio.
In 1998, Billy Bradford was elected mayor of Elsmere, the first African-American mayor elected in Northern Kentucky. He served 12 years before resigning in 2010. The current mayor of Elsmere is Marty Lenhof. [1]
Elsmere is located at 39°0′5″N 84°36′11″W / 39.00139°N 84.60306°W / 39.00139; -84.60306 (39.001475, -84.603116).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.5 square miles (6.5 km2), all of it land.
Both the cities of Elsmere and adjacent Erlanger share a public school system. The following schools are shared by the two cities:
According to the 2000 U.S. census, there were 7,301 people, 3,132 households, and 1,783 families residing in the city. The racial makeup was 91 percent White, 4 percent Black, and 2 percent Hispanic.
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Erlanger, Kentucky
Erlanger is a city in Kenton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 18,368 at the 2010 census.
Erlanger is located at 39°0′49″N 84°35′39″W / 39.01361°N 84.59417°W / 39.01361; -84.59417 (39.013511, -84.594042).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.4 square miles (22 km2), of which 8.3 square miles (21 km2) is land and 0.1-square-mile (0.26 km2) (1.19%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,676 people, 6,597 households, and 4,406 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,002.4 people per square mile (772.9/km²). There were 6,865 housing units at an average density of 824.3 per square mile (318.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.08% White, 1.81% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population.
There were 6,597 households out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.09.
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Falmouth, Kentucky
Falmouth is a small city in Pendleton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,058 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Pendleton County and is the meeting point of the South and Main forks of the Licking River.
Falmouth is located at 38°40′26″N 84°20′3″W / 38.67389°N 84.33417°W / 38.67389; -84.33417 (38.673860, -84.334213).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,058 people, 849 households, and 521 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,598.9 people per square mile (616.0/km²). There were 988 housing units at an average density of 767.6 per square mile (295.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.21% White, 1.90% African American, 0.63% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.63% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.
There were 849 households out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 3.03.
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Fincastle, Kentucky
Fincastle is a city in eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 825 at the 2000 census.
Fincastle is located at 38°18′23″N 85°32′22″W / 38.30639°N 85.53944°W / 38.30639; -85.53944 (38.306419, -85.539446).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 825 people, 295 households, and 243 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,890.9 people per square mile (1,516.8/km²). There were 301 housing units at an average density of 1,419.6 per square mile (553.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 62.18% White, 30.42% Black or African American, 0.61% Native American, 2.18% Asian, 0.73% from other races, and 3.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.
There were 295 households out of which 46.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.1% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 13.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.11.
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Florence, Kentucky
Florence is a city in Boone County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 29,951 at the 2010 census.
The Florence area was originally known as Crossroads, because of the convergence of several roads from Burlington and Union at Ridge Road (now U.S. 25). By 1821, the area was known as Maddentown, named for Thomas Madden, a Covington attorney who owned a farm on the Burlington Pike. When Madden moved away, the area became known as Connersville in 1828, for Jacob Conner, a settler who assumed responsibility for the growing town. The town was renamed Florence as another Connersville already existed in Harrison County. It was incorporated on January 27, 1830 and grew quickly after the completion of the Covington-Lexington Turnpike in 1836.
Florence is located at 38°59′36″N 84°38′33″W / 38.99333°N 84.6425°W / 38.99333; -84.6425 (38.993225, -84.642602).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.9 square miles (26 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water.
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Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. Located in North Central Texas, just southeast of the Texas Panhandle, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly 300 square miles (780 km2) in Tarrant, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the seat for Tarrant County. According to the 2010 Census, Fort Worth had a population of 741,206. It has been estimated that by 2030 it will have 1,211,665 residents. The city is the second most populous in the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area.
The city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design.USS Fort Worth (LCS-3) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city.
Major General William Jenkins Worth (1794–1849) was second in command to General Zachary Taylor at the opening of the Mexican–American War in 1846. After the war, Worth was placed in command of the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849 Worth proposed a line of ten forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork and Clear Fork of the Trinity River. One month later Worth died from cholera. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas and ordered Major Ripley A. Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6, 1849, Arnold established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River and named the post Camp Worth in honor of the late General Worth. In August 1849 Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River.
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Fourth Street Live!
Coordinates: 38°15′7″N 85°45′26″W / 38.25194°N 85.75722°W / 38.25194; -85.75722 Fourth Street Live! is a 350,000-square-foot (33,000 m2)entertainment and retail complex located on 4th Street, between Liberty and Muhammad Ali Boulevard, in Downtown Louisville, Kentucky. It is owned and was developed by the Cordish Company; it was designed by Louisville architects, Bravura Corporation. Fourth Street Live! first opened to the public on June 1, 2004, and all stores were finally completed for the grand opening on October 30, 2004. City planners hoped that the district would attract further commercial business development while providing an attractive entertainment venue for the city's hotel and tourist business as well as the local population.
Restaurants and entertainment venues in the complex include Hard Rock Cafe, Improv Comedy Club, Red Star Tavern, T.G.I. Friday's, Friday's Rocks!, Sully's Irish Pub, The Sports & Social Club (bowling alley and restaurant),Ri Ra Irish Pub, J Gumbo's, a British style restaurant The Pub, and the first-ever Maker's Mark Bourbon House & Lounge. Fourth Street Live! also has a wide variety of bars and nightclubs including Angel's Rock Bar, Hotel, Sully's, Wet Willies, S & SC, Howl at the Moon, Saddle Ridge and Tengo Sed Cantina.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Frankfort, Kentucky
Frankfort is a city in Kentucky that serves as the state capital and the county seat of Franklin County. The population was 27,741 at the 2000 census; by population it is the 5th smallest state capital in the United States. Located on the Kentucky River, Frankfort is the principal city of the Frankfort, Kentucky Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Franklin and Anderson counties.
The town of Frankfort likely received its name from an event that took place in 1780s. Native Americans attacked a group of early British-American pioneers from Bryan’s Station, who were making salt at a ford in the Kentucky River. After the pioneer Stephen Frank was killed, the settlers called the crossing "Frank’s Ford." This name was later shortened to Frankfort.
In 1786 James Wilkinson purchased the 260-acre (1.1 km2) tract of land on the north side of the Kentucky River, which developed as downtown Frankfort. He was an early promoter of Frankfort as the state capital.
After Kentucky became a state, five commissioners were appointed on June 20, 1792, to choose a location for the capital. They were John Allen and John Edwards (both from Bourbon County), Henry Lee (Mason County), Thomas Kennedy (Madison County), and Robert Todd (Fayette County). A number of communities competed for this honor, but Frankfort won. According to early histories, the offer of Andrew Holmes' log house as capitol for seven years, a number of town lots, £50 worth of locks and hinges, 10 boxes of glass, 1,500 pounds of nails, and $3,000 in gold helped the decision go to Frankfort.
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Franklin, Kentucky
Franklin is a city in and the county seat of Simpson County, Kentucky, United States The population was 8,408 at the 2010 census.
Franklin was founded on November 2, 1820 on a 62-acre (250,000 m2) tract of land. This tract was purchased from William Hudspeth and was named for Benjamin Franklin. The post office was established on September 29, 1822, with Robert W. Simpson as postmaster.
Franklin is located at 36°43′21″N 86°34′39″W / 36.7225°N 86.5775°W / 36.7225; -86.5775 (36.722487, -86.577566).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.4 square miles (19 km2), all of it land.
Franklin Simpson High School
As of the census of 2010, there were 8,408 people, 3,256 households, and 6,174 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,074.7 people per square mile (415.0/km²). There were 8,609 housing units at an average density of 485.1 per square mile (187.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 80.99% White, 16.76% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 0.81% of the population.
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Freedom Hall
Freedom Hall is a multipurpose arena in Louisville, Kentucky, on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center, which is owned by the Commonwealth of Kentucky. It is best known for its use as a basketball arena, serving as the home of the University of Louisville Cardinals men's team from 1956 to 2010, the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association from 1970 until the ABA-NBA merger in June 1976, and the Louisville Cardinals women's team from its inception in 1975 to 2010. Although Freedom Hall's only regular tenant is the Kentucky Stickhorses of the North American Lacrosse League, it is still used regularly, hosting concerts, horse shows, conventions, and basketball games.
Freedom Hall was completed in 1956 in the newly opened Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center located 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Downtown Louisville. Designed for the nation's premier equestrian competition, the Kentucky State Fair World's Championship Horse Show, the floor length and permanent seating were designed specifically for the almost 300-foot (91 m)-long show ring (in comparison, a regulation hockey rink is 200 feet (61 m) long, and a basketball court is only 94 feet). The North American International Livestock Exposition also is held there each November.
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Frenchburg, Kentucky
Frenchburg is a city in Menifee County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 551 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Menifee County, and the only incorporated city in the rural county. It is located at the junction of US 460 and Kentucky Route 36. Logging is the primary industry.
Frenchburg is part of the Mount Sterling Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Frenchburg was founded in 1869 to be the county seat of newly-formed Menifee County, and was named after Robert French, a local lawyer and judge. Frenchburg was nearly destroyed on June 27, 1882 when Beaver Creek flooded, sweeping away all but three buildings and killing six people.
The area was serviced by the Foothills Courier Newspaper from June 1996 til January 2007. The newspaper was a successfully run private non-affiliated publication supported by local individuals and businesses. The Editor In Chief was Roy Volentine Henry Wells, the Ads Manager was his wife Margaret Wells, and his children Morgan and Ezra also contributed to the publication. The business failed to financially sustain itself after the death of then 47 year old Roy Wells who suffered a fatal heart attack in August 2006 shortly before the birth of his first granddaughter. He remained alive long enough to hold her in October 2006. He died October 18, 2006. The Foothills Courier was shortly bought out by the Menifee County News an affiliated publication out of Carlise, Ky.
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Fresno, California
Fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh) is a city in central California, United States, the county seat of Fresno County. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 510,365, making it the fifth largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th largest in the nation. Fresno is located in the center of the San Joaquin Valley of Central California, approximately 200 miles (322 km) north of Los Angeles, and 170 miles (274 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento. Metropolitan Fresno has a population of 1,107,416.[citation needed] The name Fresno is the Spanish language word for the ash tree, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.
The original inhabitants of the San Joaquin Valley region were the Yokut people, who engaged in trading with other California tribes of Native Americans including coastal peoples such as the Chumash of the Central California coast, with whom they are thought to have traded plant and animal products.
The County of Fresno was formed in 1856 after the California Gold Rush. It was named for the abundant mountain ash trees lining the San Joaquin River. Fresno is the Spanish word for white ash trees. The county was much larger than it is today as part of Tulare County, comprising its current area plus all of what became Madera County and parts of what are now San Benito, Kings, Inyo, and Mono counties.
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Georgetown, Kentucky
Georgetown is a city in Scott County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 29,098 at the 2010 census. It was originally called Lebanon when founded by Rev. Elijah Craig, and was renamed in 1790 in honor of President George Washington. It is the home of Georgetown College, a private liberal arts college. Georgetown is part of the Lexington-Fayette, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The city's growth began in the mid-1980s, when Toyota built Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky, the first wholly owned United States plant, in a recently[when?]annexed part of the city. The plant, which currently builds the Camry, Camry Hybrid, Venza, and Avalon automobiles, opened in 1988. It is the largest building in terms of acres covered under one building in the United States, with over 200 acres (0.8 km2) occupied. The city previously served as the training camp for the NFL's Cincinnati Bengals.
Georgetown is located at 38°12′52″N 84°33′20″W / 38.21444°N 84.55556°W / 38.21444; -84.55556 (38.214542, -84.555496).
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Ghana
Ghanai/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Glasgow, Kentucky
Glasgow is a city in and the county seat of Barren County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 14,028 at the 2010 census. The city is well known for its annual Scottish Highland Games. In 2007, Barren County was named the number one rural place to live by Progressive Farmer magazine. Glasgow is the principal city of the Glasgow Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Barren and Metcalfe counties.
Glasgow is located at 37°0′1″N 85°55′13″W / 37.00028°N 85.92028°W / 37.00028; -85.92028 (37.000375, -85.920229). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.8 square miles (38 km2), of which, 14.8 square miles (38 km2) is land and 0.07% is water.
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,208 people, 5,994 households, and 3,619 families residing in the city. The population density was 960.0 inhabitants per square mile (370.7 /km2). There were 6,710 housing units, at an average density of 453.38 /sq mi (175.05 /km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.1% White, 8.0% Black, 0.1% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 2.1% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 4.3% of the population.
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Glenview, Kentucky
Glenview is a city in northeastern Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 558 at the 2000 census, and was estimated to have increased to 718 by the 2006 census estimate.
Glenview has the second-highest per capita income of any place in Kentucky and the 74th highest of any place in the United States. Its boundaries are roughly Lime Kiln Lane to the east, River Road to the north, Brittany Woods Circle to the south, and the Knights of Columbus property on River Road to the West. The city is known for its old estate homes on high bluffs overlooking the Ohio River.
Much of the land was originally owned by Virginian James Smalley Bate, and was purchased in 1868 by meat packer James C. McFerran. McFerran opened horse farm called Glen View. After his death in 1885, John E. Green acquired the farm and renamed it Glenview Stock Farm.
In the late 19th century, wealthy families from Louisville began moving east, to build summer homes (such as in Anchorage) and eventually full-time residences. Early residents of Glenview cooperated with other communities to open the Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railroad in 1877, a commuter rail line, which would be in use until it was abandoned in the 1950s. Some of Louisville's most influential families, such as the Binghams, the Ballards and the Belknaps, moved into the area after the opening of the railroad.
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Grayson, Kentucky
Grayson is a city in Carter County, Kentucky, United States, along the Little Sandy River. The population was 3,877 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Carter County. Since Interstate 64 and the AA Highway both converge in Grayson, the northern part of town has an abundance of truck stops and fast-food establishments. Grayson's largest employer is Smithfield Foods, formerly known as Cooks.
After the American Revolutionary War, Colonel William Grayson, aide-de-camp to George Washington, received a 70,000 acres (280 km2) tract of land for his service during the war from the state of Virginia. By 1838, a small portion of this tract was set aside for the development of a town which was to be named for Colonel Grayson. Although Grayson had only five streets and eighty lots, it was established as a city on February 6, 1844. On February 22, 1860, Grayson was recognized as an incorporated city by the state of Kentucky.
Grayson is located at 38°20′5″N 82°56′33″W / 38.33472°N 82.9425°W / 38.33472; -82.9425 (38.334738, -82.942368).
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Greensburg, Kentucky
Greensburg is a city in Green County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,396 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Green County. The Downtown Greensburg Historic District is on the National Register of Historic Places and includes the oldest courthouse west of the Allegheny Mountains.
Greensburg is located at 37°15′35″N 85°29′52″W / 37.25972°N 85.49778°W / 37.25972; -85.49778 (37.259665, -85.497863).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.9 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,396 people, 1,061 households, and 648 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,255.4 people per square mile (484.3/km²). There were 1,190 housing units at an average density of 623.5 per square mile (240.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.99% White, 4.63% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.50% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.96% of the population.
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Greenup, Kentucky
Greenup is a city in Greenup County, Kentucky, at the confluence of the Ohio and Little Sandy Rivers. The population was 1,198 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Greenup County. Greenup is named in honor of Christopher Greenup.
Greenup is a part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,649.
Greenup was initially planned in 1803 by Robert Johnson, a pioneer and legislator who owned the land. It was incorporated February 4, 1818, as Greenupsburg, named after Kentucky's third governor, Christopher Greenup. The name was shortened to Greenup in March 1872 to avoid confusion with Greensburg, Kentucky. Its post office was established on July 1, 1811, with Joshua Barlett as postmaster.
Greenup is located at 38°34′25″N 82°50′1″W / 38.57361°N 82.83361°W / 38.57361; -82.83361 (38.573503, -82.833549).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.2 square miles (3.1 km2), of which, 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2) of it is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) of it (34.17%) is water.
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Greenville, Kentucky
Greenville is a city in and the county seat of Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, United States. It is named for Revolutionary War General Nathan Greene. The population was 4,398 at the 2000 census.
Greenville is located at 37°12′26″N 87°10′35″W / 37.20722°N 87.17639°W / 37.20722; -87.17639 (37.207158, -87.176499).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.8 square miles (12 km2), of which, 4.8 square miles (12 km2) of it is land and 0.21% is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,398 people, 1,859 households, and 1,217 families residing in the city. The population density was 921.7 people per square mile (356.0/km²). There were 2,047 housing units at an average density of 429.0 per square mile (165.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 89.88% White, 8.75% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.
There were 1,859 households out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.75.
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Harlan, Kentucky
Harlan is a city in Harlan County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,745 at the 2010 census and was estimated at 1,880 in 2007. It is the county seat of Harlan County.
The settlement which became Harlan was first settled by Samuel and Chloe Howard in 1796, who allocated 12 acres (49,000 m2) of their land to become the county seat in 1812. They named the town Mount Pleasant when it was incorporated in 1876 due to the presence of a nearby Indian burial mound. It was renamed Harlan by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1912 since there was already a "Mount Pleasant" in the state.
Harlan is the site of a criminal case in which a man, Condy Dabney, was convicted in 1924 of murdering a person who was later found alive.
In the 1990s a flood wall was completed on the city's west side along the four lane bypass US 421. The additional flood protection allowed new commercial development.
Harlan is located at 36°50′29″N 83°19′12″W / 36.84139°N 83.32°W / 36.84139; -83.32 (36.841487, -83.320066).
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Hartford, Kentucky
Hartford is a city in Ohio County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,571 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Ohio County. It is believed to be named for a deer crossing on the nearby Rough River.
The former two-year Hartford College existed on East Union Street at the site of the current Ohio County School Board administrative office.
Hartford is located at 37°27′1″N 86°54′7″W / 37.45028°N 86.90194°W / 37.45028; -86.90194 (37.450415, -86.902026).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,571 people, 1,079 households, and 684 families residing in the city. The population density was 989.5 people per square mile (381.8/km²). There were 1,165 housing units at an average density of 448.4 per square mile (173.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.81% White, 1.40% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86% of the population.
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Hawesville, Kentucky
Hawesville is a city in Hancock County, Kentucky, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 971 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Owensboro, Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the county seat of Hancock County.
Incorporated in 1836, the city is named for Richard Hawes I, father of Richard Hawes, who owned the land the city now occupies.
Hawesville is located at 37°53′56″N 86°45′20″W / 37.89889°N 86.75556°W / 37.89889; -86.75556 (37.898865, -86.755570).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km2), all of it land.
A of the census of 2000, there were 971 people, 409 households, and 271 families residing in the city. The population density was 747.3 people per square mile (288.4/km²). There were 441 housing units at an average density of 339.4 per square mile (131.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.25% White, 1.44% African American, 0.10% Native American, and 0.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.21% of the population.
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Hazard, Kentucky
Hazard is a city in Perry County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 4,806 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Perry County.
The town of Hazard, as well as Perry County, is named after U.S. Navy Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, known for his victory report during the War of 1812 stating, "We have met the enemy and they are ours." A post office named Perry Court House was established in the area in the 1820s, though some reports note that locals had always referred to the area as "Hazard". The town's name was officially changed to Hazard in 1854.
Long isolated by the surrounding mountains, Hazard met the outside world with the arrival of the railroad in 1912. Previously, the only ways in or out of the valley were 45 miles down the North Fork of the Kentucky River, or a 2-week trip over the surrounding mountains. The railroad brought boom times to the town, but the Great Depression saw prosperity end as quickly as it had begun.
The CBS television series The Dukes of Hazzard got its name from Hazard, Kentucky. To avoid legal problems, the producers added an extra "Z" and set the show in a fictional county in Georgia. In 1981 many of the stars of the show, Catherine Bach, James Best, Sorrell Booke, and Rick Hurst visited Hazard, Kentucky during the Black Gold Festival. Soon afterwards Tom Wopat, & John Schneider, made appearances in Hazard.
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Henderson, Kentucky
Henderson is a city in Henderson County, Kentucky, United States, along the Ohio River in the western part of the state. The population was 27,952 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Evansville Metropolitan Area often referred to as "Kentuckiana", although "Tri-State Area" or "Tri-State" are more commonly used by the local media. Some travelers view it as the "gateway" to the South or Midwest. The city was named after Colonel Richard Henderson, an eighteenth-century land speculator, by his associates Gen. Samuel Hopkins and Thomas Allin.
Notable residents have included the ornithologist, naturalist, and painter John James Audubon, as well as blues legend W.C. Handy. For more than 100 years the city has been home to the Southern Cherokee Nation.
Henderson has its roots in a small, block-wide strip of land high above the Ohio River, currently the site of Audubon Mill Park (directly south of the city's riverfront boat dock). A village on this site was called "Red Banks" by the Cherokee who historically lived and hunted there, because of the reddish clay soil on the tall banks of the river. By the early and mid 1790s, Red Banks had a tavern and residents included several European-American families, as well as the Cherokee. On 16 Nov 1792, "Red Banks" resident Robert Simpson wrote to Colonel Alexander D. Orr in Lexington, requesting help to appoint a magistrate in Red Banks, as he believed that some of its 30 families were of dubious character and engaged in criminal activities, creating the need for a justice system. By late 1792, free male inhabitants (who did not include the Cherokee, as they had their own nation and were not counted as US citizens) totaled 62 people in Red Banks or Charleston, Ohio, then part of Logan County, Kentucky.
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Hickman, Kentucky
Hickman is a city in Fulton County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,560 at the 2000 census. Named for Captain Paschal Hickman, a Kentucky officer who was killed by Indians in the Massacre of the River Raisin during the War of 1812, it is the county seat of Fulton County.
Hickman is part of the Union City-Hickman, TN–KY Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Hickman is located at 36°34′2″N 89°11′11″W / 36.56722°N 89.18639°W / 36.56722; -89.18639 (36.567127, -89.186342).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2), of which, 3.6 square miles (9.3 km2) of it is land and 0.28% is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,560 people, 1,015 households, and 665 families residing in the city. The population density was 718.1 people per square mile (277.6/km²). There were 1,177 housing units at an average density of 330.2 per square mile (127.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 64.06% White, 34.96% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.04% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.
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Hillview, Kentucky
Hillview is a city in Bullitt County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 7,037 at the 2000 census. The primary road through the area is Kentucky Route 61 (Preston Highway). Long a rural farming community, it was connected to what became Interstate 65 in 1954 grew in the 1950s and especially 1960s as a suburb of Louisville. The larger subdivisions included Maryville, Overdale, and Lone Acres, and they incorporated in 1974 to form Hillview.
Hillview is located at 38°4′11″N 85°41′8″W / 38.06972°N 85.68556°W / 38.06972; -85.68556 (38.069786, -85.685619).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.2 square miles (11 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,037 people, 2,411 households, and 2,013 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,689.7 people per square mile (653.1/km²). There were 2,460 housing units at an average density of 590.7 per square mile (228.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.90% White, 0.37% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.
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Hindman, Kentucky
Hindman ( /ˈhɪmən/) is a city in Knott County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 787 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Knott County.
Hindman was named in honor of James R. Hindman, Lieutenant Governor when the town was founded in 1884. It is home to the Hindman Settlement School, which was the earliest rural settlement school.
Hindman is located at 37°20′14″N 82°58′52″W / 37.33722°N 82.98111°W / 37.33722; -82.98111 (37.337174, -82.981147).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.4 square miles (8.8 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 787 people, 356 households, and 220 families residing in the city. The population density was 232.5 people per square mile (89.9/km²). There were 415 housing units at an average density of 122.6 per square mile (47.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.59% White, 0.38% Native American, 0.38% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27% of the population.
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Hollyvilla, Kentucky
Hollyvilla is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 481 at the 2000 census.
Hollyvilla is located at 38°5′32″N 85°44′42″W / 38.09222°N 85.745°W / 38.09222; -85.745 (38.092318, -85.744903).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.3 square miles (0.78 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 481 people, 194 households, and 149 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,422.4 people per square mile (546.2/km²). There were 204 housing units at an average density of 603.3 per square mile (231.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.71% White, 0.83% African American, 0.42% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population.
There were 194 households out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.82.
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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Hyden, Kentucky
Hyden is a city in Leslie County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 365 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Leslie County. It is located at the junction of U.S. Route 421 and Kentucky Route 80, along the Middle Fork of the Kentucky River.
The area was first settled around 1817 by the John Sizemore family of North Carolina. The town was established in 1878 and incorporated in 1882, and was named after John Hyden, a state senator of the time who helped form Leslie County. The mountainous terrain made the region difficult to access except by river, which was no longer the dominant form of transportation by the late 19th century, hindering growth.
Hyden briefly came to national attention when the Hurricane Creek mine disaster occurred in late 1970, five miles from Hyden.
In July 1978, during the C. Allen Muncy campaign Richard Nixon came to Hyden to make his first public speech since resigning from the presidency during the Watergate crisis. Hyden was picked because Nixon wanted a town that he had been heavily supported in in his Presidential runs; he wasn't let down as he received a hero's welcome in Hyden.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis /ˌɪndiəˈnæpɵlɨs/ (abbreviated Indy /ˈɪndi/) is the capital of the US state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 829,718. It is Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S. Census, is the 12th largest city in the U.S., the second largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also one of the fastest growing regions in the United States.
For much of its history, Indianapolis has oriented itself around government and industry, particularly manufacturing. Today, Indianapolis has a much more diversified economy, contributing to the fields of education, health care, and finance. Tourism is also a vital part of the economy of Indianapolis, and the city plays host to numerous conventions and sporting events. Of these, perhaps the most well known is the annual Indianapolis 500 and the NHRA U.S. Nationals. Other major sporting events include the Brickyard 400 and the Men's and Women's NCAA Basketball Tournaments. 2012 marked the first time Indianapolis hosted the Super Bowl. Super Bowl XLVI was played at Lucas Oil Stadium, on February 5, 2012 in Downtown Indianapolis. Also held in Lucas Oil Stadium is the Drum Corps International World Championships, and the Music for All Bands of America Grand National Championships.
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Inez, Kentucky
Inez is a city in Martin County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 466 at the 2000 census. In 2008, Inez had an estimated population of 435. It is the county seat of Martin County.
Although Inez was not incorporated as a city until 1942, the vicinity was first settled circa 1810 by James Ward and was named Arminta Ward's Bottom. In 1873, three years after Martin County was established, the county seat was moved from Warfield to Arminta Ward's Bottom. The town was then renamed Eden by J.M. Stepp who likened it to the biblical Eden. But, because there was already a post office in Kentucky with the same name, the post office was renamed Inez on June 23, 1874. Some time later, the town also changed its name to that of the post office in order to prevent confusion. It was allegedly named by Leo Frank, the postmaster of Louisa in neighboring Lawrence County, for his daughter.
Inez is located at 37°51′59″N 82°32′21″W / 37.86639°N 82.53917°W / 37.86639; -82.53917 (37.866431, -82.539058).
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Iroquois Park
Iroquois Park is a 739 acre (3.0 km²) municipal park in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed Louisville's Cherokee Park and Shawnee Park, at what were then the edges of the city. Located south of downtown, Iroquois Park was promoted as "Louisville's Yellowstone". It is built on a large knob covered with old growth forest, and its most prominent feature are the scenic viewpoints atop the hill.
The summit of Iroquois Park presents an all-at-once vista of the city of Louisville, seen from the south. A bronze plaque at the site demonstrates the plan of the city's park and parkway system as planned and executed by Olmsted's firm.
The park features an amphitheater, basketball courts, a disc golf course and a riding stable. Broadway at Iroquois (formerly Music Theatre Louisville) stages shows each summer at the park's amphitheater.
Iroquois Park was one of the three major suburban parks created in the late 19th century in Louisville. In 1889, Mayor Charles Donald Jacob purchased Burnt Knob, a 313 acre (1.3 km²) tract of land 4 miles (6 km) south of the city, for $9,000, and was reimbursed by the city treasurer without approval from the city council or public referendum, meaning the original purchase was probably illegal. Jacob also negotiated with landowners between the city and the then-rural park to acquire the right of way for a 150 foot (46 m) wide "Grand Boulevard", today's Southern Parkway, which still leads to the park.
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Irvine, Kentucky
Irvine is a city in and county seat of Estill County, Kentucky, United States. Its population was 2,843 at the 2000 census. It is located on the Kentucky River at the junction of Kentucky Route 52 and Kentucky Route 89.
It was built on land once granted to Green Clay. It was founded on January 28, 1812 and named for William Irvine, an early settler and Indian fighter. The town did not incorporate until 1849, and was ransacked on October 13, 1864 by Confederate guerrillas, who burned the jail.
The town remained small until the 1870s, when its population passed 300. Construction of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad's North Fork through town, as well as a coal boom around the turn of the century, greatly increased the local population.
Irvine annually hosts the Mountain Mushroom Festival on the last weekend of April. Irvine, along with the nearby city of Ravenna, are known as the "Twin Cities".
Irvine is located at 37°41′49″N 83°58′1″W / 37.69694°N 83.96694°W / 37.69694; -83.96694 (37.696835, -83.966895).
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Jackson Purchase
The Jackson Purchase is a region in the state of Kentucky bounded by the Mississippi River to the west, the Ohio River to the north, and Tennessee River to the east. Although technically part of Kentucky at its statehood in 1792, the land did not come under definitive U.S. control until 1818, when Andrew Jackson and Isaac Shelby purchased it from the Chickasaw Indians. Kentuckians generally call this region the Purchase.
Jackson's purchase also included all of Tennessee west of the Tennessee River. In modern usage the term Jackson Purchase refers only to the Kentucky portion of the acquisition. The Tennessee region directly to the south is typically called West Tennessee.
The Purchase comprises eight counties with a combined land area of 2,394.797 square miles (6,202.496 km²), or about 6.03 percent of the state's land area. Its 2010 census population was 196,365 inhabitants, or about 4.53 percent of the state's population. The largest city and main economic center, Paducah, has fewer than 30,000 residents. Only two other towns in the region, Murray and Mayfield, have more than 10,000 residents each. The region's main educational institution is Murray State University.
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Jackson, Kentucky
Jackson is an incorporated city and the county seat in Breathitt County, Kentucky, United States. Originally established as Breathitt Town in 1839, the name was changed to Jackson in 1845. The city is named in honor of the war hero of the War of 1812 and former President of the United States of America, Andrew Jackson, who had died that same year of the name change. The population was 2,244 according to the 2010 census.
Jackson is located at 37°33′11″N 83°23′18″W / 37.55306°N 83.38833°W / 37.55306; -83.38833 (37.553012, -83.388249).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.8 square miles (7.3 km2), of which, 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (3.27%) is water. The city is nestled in the heart of the Cumberland Plateau of the Appalachian Mountains and the banks of the North Fork of the Kentucky River pass through the city, as well.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,490 people, 1,005 households, and 661 families residing in the city. The population density was 935.4 people per square mile (361.4/km²). There were 1,111 housing units at an average density of 417.4 per square mile (161.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.19% White, 0.56% African American, 0.64% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population.
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Jamestown, Kentucky
Jamestown is a city in, and the county seat of, Russell County, Kentucky . The area was first settled in 1826 and named Jacksonville in honor of General Andrew Jackson. By 1827 the settlement was incorporated and renamed Jamestown in honor of James Wooldridge, who had donated the land for the town. The population was 1,624 at the 2000 census.
Jamestown is located at 36°59′5″N 85°4′1″W / 36.98472°N 85.06694°W / 36.98472; -85.06694 (36.984730, -85.066840).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2), all land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,624 people, 662 households, and 421 families residing in the city. The population density was 722.5 people per square mile (278.7/km²). There were 755 housing units at an average density of 335.9 per square mile (129.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.89% White, 3.51% African American, 0.43% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.86% of the population.
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Jiujiang
Jiujiang (Chinese: 九江; pinyin: Jiǔjiāng), formerly transliterated Kiukiang, is a prefecture-level city located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province, China. It is the second-largest prefecture-level city in Jiangxi province[citation needed], the largest one being Nanchang. Jiujiang literally means "nine rivers".
Its population is 4,728,763 inhabitants at the 2010 census whom 545,616 in the built up area made of 2 urban districts (Xunyang and Lushan).
There are 235 towns and 11 sub-district offices.
The city suffered only slight damage in the 2005 Ruichang earthquake, but there were several deaths reported in outlying areas.
In ancient times it was told that nine rivers converged near where Jiujiang sprang up to become Jiangxi’s main water port today. During the Xia through the Shang Dynasties Jiujiang was a capitol of several states. In the Spring & Autumn Period (770-476 BCE) Jiujiang bordered between the states of Wu (downstream, to the east) and Chu (upstream, to the west). Tao Yuanming (365-429 CE) a famous Chinese philosopher lived at the base of Lushan. He was once appointed magistrate of nearby Pengze County and after 83 days resigned due to the politics involved in administering justice. He retreated back to his village to pen an essay called Peach Flower Garden. In 757 Li Po (701-762 CE) was implicated in An Lushan’s rebellion and imprisoned at Jiujiang. Bai Juyi (772-846 CE) wrote a poem called "Lute Song", which is about his sadness and isolation of forced exile as a middle rank official to reside in such a small town. In the 13th century Zhu Xi was a Confucian philosopher who practiced at the White Deer Grotto Academy, on Lushan’s eastern flanks.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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KFC Yum! Center
The KFC Yum! Center is a US $238 million, 22,000-seat basketball and multipurpose arena that opened on October 10, 2010, on the Ohio River waterfront in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, on Main Street between Second and Third Streets. The project is part of a $450 million project that includes a 975-car parking structure and floodwall. On April 19, 2010, it was announced that Yum! Brands would pay US $13.5 million for the naming rights and would sell the products of three of its chains—KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell—in seven concession stands within the arena.
The University of Louisville men's and women's basketball teams are the primary tenants of the arena complex. The U of L women's volleyball team began using the arena as a part-time home in 2011. It is the fifth largest college basketball arena in the nation and includes an integrated scoring and video display system, which includes large LED video displays within the seating bowl, professional grade LCD screens and a powerful control system, all provided by Daktronics of Brookings, South Dakota. The arena's current attendance record is 22,803, set against Kentucky on Dec. 31, 2010.
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Kingsley, Kentucky
Kingsley is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 428 at the 2000 census. It is roughly a triangle of land between Taylorsville Road, Tyler Lane and Byron Avenue. The city is directly southwest of Bowman Field.
It contracts an independent police force in cooperation with two other small cities, Strathmoor Village and Strathmoor Manor. The three cities have occasionally discussed merging in order to increase their political clout in Jefferson County.
Many years ago the community was part of Farmington, the once sprawling farm of the Speed family. On March 1, 1924, developer C.C. Hieatt purchased 46.063 acres (186,410 m2) off Taylorsville Road and created the subdivision of Kingsley as an extension of the Strathmoor neighborhood. On December 21, 1939, Kingsley was incorporated a sixth class city. The Tree Board was established after it was noted that many of the older trees were dying or in poor health. In 2003, the National Arbor Day Foundation approved the application for the City to receive formal status as a Tree City USA. Many new trees have been planted in residents' front yards and Kingsley Green Park because of grants.
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La Grange, Kentucky
La Grange is a city in Oldham County, Kentucky, United States. It was founded in 1827 and named after the French home of General Lafayette. The population was 8,082 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Oldham County.
The city of La Grange was established in 1827 when the county seat was relocated at Major William Berry Taylor's suggestion from Westport. It was named La Grange for the estate of General Lafayette of France who had visited the area in 1824. For some unknown reason, the county seat once again returned to Westport in 1828 where it remained until 1838 when it was once again relocated to La Grange. On January 23, 1840, La Grange was incorporated as a city.
La Grange is unusual in that a railroad line runs right through downtown. Cars are forced to park on either side of the tracks when a train is passing through. The speed limit for trains in downtown is 10 mph. CSX owns the trackage.
The La Grange historic district contains numerous small businesses such as shops, eateries, and art galleries.
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La Plata
La Plata (English: The Silver) is the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and of La Plata partido. According to the 2001 census [INDEC], the partido has a population of 574,369 and its metropolitan area has 694,253 inhabitants. The city itself has a population of 186,524.
La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880, and it was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882. Its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton. La Plata was renamed Eva Perón City (Ciudad Eva Perón) between 1952 and 1955.
The city is home to two football (soccer) teams that play in the first division: Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata.
Rocha decided to erect a new city to host the provincial government institutions and the planned university. Urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park and two main diagonal avenues, north-south and east-west. (In addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonals.) This design is copied in a self-similar manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. Every six blocks, one finds a small park or square. Other than the diagonals, all streets are on a rectangular grid, and are numbered consecutively. Thus, La Plata is nicknamed "la ciudad de las diagonales" ("city of diagonals"). It is also called "la ciudad de los tilos" ("city of tilia (linden trees)") because of the large number of linden trees lining many streets and squares.
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Lancaster, Kentucky
Lancaster is a city in Garrard County, Kentucky, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 3,734. It is the county seat of Garrard County. Located south of Lexington, it is the site of the Kennedy House, said to have been used in Uncle Tom's Cabin. The controversial American Civil War training base, Camp Dick Robinson, was located near Lancaster. Additionally, Lancaster is home to the Garrard County High School "Golden Lions".
Lancaster is located at 37°37′7″N 84°34′46″W / 37.61861°N 84.57944°W / 37.61861; -84.57944 (37.618625, -84.579433).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,734 people, 1,585 households, and 1,020 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,100.4 people per square mile (809.9/km²). There were 1,758 housing units at an average density of 988.9 per square mile (381.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 88.14% White, 9.61% African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.12% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.96% of the population.
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Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas (/lɑːs ˈveɪɡəs/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and the county seat of Clark County. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping, and fine dining. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, and is famous for its consolidated casino–hotels and associated entertainment. A growing retirement and family city, Las Vegas is the 28th-most populous city in the United States, with a population at the 2010 census of 583,756. The 2010 population of the Las Vegas metropolitan area was 1,951,269.
Established in 1905, Las Vegas was incorporated as a city in 1911. At the close of the 20th century, Las Vegas was the most populous American city founded in that century (a distinction held by Chicago in the 19th century). The city's tolerance for various forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City, and this image has made Las Vegas a popular setting for films and television programs. There are numerous outdoor lighting displays on Fremont Street, as well as elsewhere in the city.
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Lebanon, Kentucky
Lebanon is a city in Marion County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 6,331 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Marion County. Lebanon is located in central Kentucky, southeast of Louisville. A national cemetery is located nearby.
Lebanon is renowned for its Ham Days Festival and Tractor Show which is held during the last weekend of September. In the 1960s and early 1970s it was known as an entertainment hotspot, as nationally known acts appeared at Club 68 and the Golden Horseshoe nightclubs.
Lebanon is located at 37°34′14″N 85°15′23″W / 37.57056°N 85.25639°W / 37.57056; -85.25639 (37.570623, -85.256263). It is approximately 30 miles (48 km) from its larger neighboring city of Danville and 20 miles (32 km) north of nearby Campbellsville. It is located at the junction of US 68 and Kentucky Route 55, Kentucky Route 52 and Kentucky Route 49. KY 84 interscts 52/49 just west of town.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.4 square miles (11.4 km2), all of it land.
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Lee County, Kentucky
Lee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of 2010, the population was 7,887. Its county seat is Beattyville. It is a prohibition or dry county.
Lee County was formed in 1870. Many sources say it was named for General Robert E. Lee, which is certainly possible given that it was formed near the time of Lee's death. On the other hand, this area of Kentucky was strongly pro-Union during the Civil War. Other sources say the County was named for Lee County, Virginia, or for Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee.
According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of 211.22 square miles (547.1 km2), of which 209.86 square miles (543.5 km2) (or 99.36%) is land and 1.36 square miles (3.5 km2) (or 0.64%) is water.
Lee County lies within the Eastern Mountain Coal Fields region of Kentucky. The very rugged terrain greatly defines the area. Roughly half of the county lies within the Daniel Boone National Forest. Timber and coal remain economically significant. Harmful effects from strip mining and clear cut logging are still being corrected. The proliferation of kudzu has proved difficult to address. However, with the growing environmental movement and the developing tourism industry more action is being taken.
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Lexington, Kentucky
Lexington (officially Lexington-Fayette Urban County) is the second-largest city in Kentucky and the 63rd largest in the US. Known as the "Thoroughbred City" and the "Horse Capital of the World", it is located in the heart of Kentucky's Bluegrass region. In the 2010 Census the city's population was 295,803, anchoring a metropolitan area of 472,099 people and a Combined Statistical Area of 687,173 people.
Lexington ranks tenth among US cities in college education rate, with 39.5% of residents having at least a bachelor's degree. It is home to the headquarters of Tempur-Pedic, International, Lexmark International, the Kentucky Horse Park, Keeneland race course, Red Mile race course, Transylvania University, the University of Kentucky and Bluegrass Community & Technical College.
Lexington was selected as the site of the 2010 FEI World Equestrian Games.
Lexington was founded in June 1775 in what was then Virginia (17 years before Kentucky became a state in 1792). A party of frontiersmen, led by William McConnell, camped on the Middle Fork of Elkhorn Creek (today called Town Branch and rerouted under Vine Street) at the location known today as McConnell Springs. Upon hearing of the colonists' victory in the Battles of Lexington and Concord, on April 19, 1775, they named their campsite Lexington after Lexington, Massachusetts. Due to the danger of Indian attacks, permanent settlement was delayed for four years. In 1779, Colonel Robert Patterson and 25 companions came from Fort Harrod and erected a blockhouse. Cabins and a stockade were soon built, making the fort, known as Bryan Station, a place of importance. Colonists defended it against a British and American Indian attack in 1782, during the last part of the American Revolution.
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Liberty, Kentucky
Liberty is a city in and the county seat of Casey County, Kentucky, United States. It was established in 1806 by several Revolutionary War veterans and named for one of the values of their new country. Its population was 1,850 at the 2000 census.
Liberty is located at 37°19′16″N 84°55′50″W / 37.32111°N 84.93056°W / 37.32111; -84.93056 (37.321195, -84.930513).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.8 square miles (4.7 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,850 people, 875 households, and 494 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,059.8 per square mile (409.2 /km2). There were 979 housing units at an average density of 560.8 per square mile (216.5 /km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.16% White, 0.70% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.43% of the population.
There were 875 households out of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.5% were non-families. 41.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 23.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.65.
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London, Kentucky
London is a city in Laurel County, Kentucky, United States, and its county seat. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 7,993.
The city is named after London, England.[citation needed]
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,993 people. The racial makeup of the city was 94.91% White (93.76% non-Hispanic), 1.74% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.05% from other races, and 1.48% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 2.41% of the population.
There were 3,330 households out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.3% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.85.
The age distribution was 21.94% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. For every 100 females there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles (i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
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Louisa, Kentucky
Louisa is a city in Lawrence County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,018 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Lawrence County. The Levisa Fork River and Tug Fork River join at Louisa to form the Big Sandy River. Just north of this merger is the location of the first needle dam in the United States which was completed in 1896.
The origin of the city's name is unclear. Theories include that it was named for Louisa County, Virginia, or a corruption of the name of the river ("Levisa") or that it was named after Louisa Swetnam, one of the first children born in the area to Europeans. Settlement attempts began as early as 1790, but did not take hold until 1818. Louisa became the county seat in 1822 and a city in 1823.
During the American Civil War, Union troops under future president James A. Garfield occupied the town from December 1861 until the end of the war, despite several Confederate takeover attempts.
The city was home to Fred M. Vinson, 13th Chief Justice of the United States.
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Louisville Zoo
Founded in 1969, the Louisville Zoo, or the Louisville Zoological Garden, is a 135-acre (55 ha) zoo in Louisville, Kentucky, situated in the city's Poplar Level neighborhood. The "State Zoo of Kentucky" currently exhibits over 1,300 animals in naturalistic and mixed animal settings representing both geographical areas and biomes or habitats.
The Louisville Zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and the American Association of Museums (AAM). During the 2006-07 season, the zoo set an all-time yearly attendance record with 810,546 visitors.
The Louisville Zoo's mission is "To better the bond between the people and our planet."
The Louisville Zoo was founded in 1969, on land acquired by the City of Louisville in the 1960s from the estate of Ben Collins. Much of the initial funding was donated by local philanthropist James Graham Brown.
In December 2009, the chief restorer of the Louisville Clock Adam Burckle came to an agreement with Louisville Metro mayor Jerry Abramson to install the clock in a new landscaped plaza at the entrance of the Louisville Zoo in Spring 2010, where it would be viewed by about 800,000 zoo visitors a year.
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Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville (i/ˈluːiːvɪl/, local i/ˈluːəvəl/ or i/ˈlʌvəl/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kentucky, and the county seat of Jefferson County. Since 2003, the city's borders have been coterminous with those of the county because of a city-county merger. The city's total consolidated population at the 2010 census was 741,096 (Louisville's balance total, 597,337, excludes semi-autonomous towns and is the population listed in most sources and national rankings). An important internal shipping port in the 19th century, Louisville today is best known as the location of the Kentucky Derby, the first of three annual thoroughbred horse races making up the Triple Crown.
Louisville is southeasterly situated along the border between Kentucky and Indiana, the Ohio River, in north-central Kentucky at the Falls of the Ohio. The Louisville metropolitan area is often referred to as Kentuckiana because it includes counties in Southern Indiana. A resident of Louisville is referred to as a Louisvillian. Although situated in a Southern state, Louisville is influenced by both Southern and Midwestern culture. It is sometimes referred to as either one of the most northernmost Southern cities or as on of the southernmost Northern cities in the United States along with St. Louis, Missouri and Washington, D.C.
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Lyndon, Kentucky
Lyndon is a Fourth Class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. Lyndon was incorporated on May 10, 1965. The population was 9,369 at the 2000 census.
In 2003, Lyndon became part of the new Louisville Metro government. It remains an independent city with its own mayor and emergency services and is not counted in Louisville's population although its citizens can vote for Louisville Mayor and Metro Council members.
At the main intersection in Lyndon is a historical marker placed by the Kentucky Historical Society and the Kentucky Department of Highways that says: "An early settler, Alvin Wood, named this community in 1871. One of America's oldest military institute founded in 1845; moved here in 1896. Points of interest in area: Central State Hospital, founded on site of Isaac Hite's home, and Oxmoor Farm, home of Alexander Scott Bullitt who helped draft first Kentucky State Constitution." The military institution that moved in 1896 was Kentucky Military Institute.
Lyndon Lore states:
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Lynnview, Kentucky
Lynnview is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 965 at the 2000 census.
There are plans to move the Louisville Metro Humane Society to Lynnview by 2008.
Lynnview is located at 38°10′44″N 85°42′37″W / 38.17889°N 85.71028°W / 38.17889; -85.71028 (38.178919, -85.710259).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 965 people, 435 households, and 281 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,132.5 people per square mile (1,961.0/km²). There were 446 housing units at an average density of 2,372.1 per square mile (906.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.03% White, 0.52% African American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.
There were 435 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.76.
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Manchester, Kentucky
Manchester is a city in Clay County, Kentucky, United States. The city's population was 1,738 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Clay County. It is also home to Federal Correctional Institution, Manchester.
Manchester is located at 37°9′10″N 83°45′48″W / 37.15278°N 83.76333°W / 37.15278; -83.76333 (37.152818, -83.763403).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,738 people, 778 households, and 455 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,148.4 people per square mile (444.4/km²). There were 844 housing units at an average density of 557.7 per square mile (215.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.29% White, 6.27% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population.
There were 778 households out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.0% were married couples living together, 17.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.4% were non-families. 39.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.89.
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Marion, Kentucky
Marion is a city in Crittenden County, Kentucky, United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 3,196. It is the county seat of Crittenden County. It is named for Francis Marion, a Brigadier General from South Carolina in the American Revolutionary War who was portrayed by Mel Gibson in The Patriot as Benjamin Martin.
Marion is located at 37°19′57″N 88°4′45″W / 37.3325°N 88.07917°W / 37.3325; -88.07917 (37.332505, -88.079051).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.3 square miles (8.5 km²), of which, 3.3 square miles (8.5 km²) of it is land and 0.30% is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,196 people, 1,415 households, and 881 families residing in the city. The population density was 971.7 people per square mile (375.1/km²). There were 1,595 housing units at an average density of 484.9 per square mile (187.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.65% White, 1.75% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.03% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.
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Mayfield, Kentucky
Mayfield is a city in Graves County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 10,024 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Graves County. Mayfield is in the center of the Jackson Purchase, an eight-county region purchased by Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson from the Chickasaw Indians in 1818.
According to Story of Mayfield Through a Century, 1823-1923, published by D. Trabue Davis in 1923, Mayfield was established as the county seat of Graves County in 1821, and the county was formally organized in 1823. John Anderson is thought to have been the first settler, arriving in 1819 at a location on Mayfield Creek about two and a half miles from the eventual site of Mayfield. In December 1821 he was appointed county court clerk and moved to the place that became Mayfield. Davis relates "an interesting story" of how the town got its name: that a gambler named Mayfield was kidnapped around 1817 at a racetrack near what became Hickman, Kentucky. He was carried to the site of what is now Mayfield, carved his name into a tree, and was killed trying to escape. The creek in which he was said to have drowned was named Mayfield Creek, and later the town received the same name.
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Maysville, Kentucky
Maysville is a city in and the county seat of Mason County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 9,011 at the 2010 census, making it the fourtieth largest city in Kentucky by population. Maysville is on the Ohio River, 66 miles (106 km) northeast of Lexington. It is the principal city of the Maysville Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Mason and Lewis counties. Two bridges cross the Ohio River from Maysville to Aberdeen, Ohio: the Simon Kenton Memorial Bridge built in 1931, and the William H. Harsha Bridge built in 2001.
On the edge of the outer Bluegrass Region, Maysville was historically important in its settlement. Frontiersmen Simon Kenton and Daniel Boone were among the city's founders. Later Maysville was an important port on the Ohio River for the northeastern section of the state. It exported the commodity crops of hemp and tobacco, both produced chiefly by enslaved labor before the American Civil War. It was once a center of wrought-iron manufacture, sending fancy ironwork down the Ohio to decorate the buildings of New Orleans, Louisiana. Other small manufacturers located early in Maysville. Manufacturing remains an important part of the modern economy. Under the early leadership of Henry Means Walker, for most of the 20th century Maysville was home to one of the largest tobacco auction warehouse systems in the world.
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McKee, Kentucky
McKee is a city in Jackson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 878 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Jackson County.
McKee is located at 37°25′49″N 83°59′37″W / 37.43028°N 83.99361°W / 37.43028; -83.99361 (37.430412, -83.993473).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.3 square miles (6.0 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 878 people, 359 households, and 232 families residing in the town. The population density was 385.3 people per square mile (148.7/km²). There were 402 housing units at an average density of 176.4 per square mile (68.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.54% White, 0.11% Black or African American, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.11% of the population.
There were 359 households out of which 39.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 25.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.98.
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Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers.
Memphis had a population of 662,897 at the 2010 census, making it the largest city in the state of Tennessee, the third largest in the Southeastern United States, and the 20th largest in the United States. The greater Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent counties in Mississippi and Arkansas, had a 2010 population of 1,316,100. This makes Memphis the second largest metropolitan area in Tennessee, surpassed only by metropolitan Nashville, which has overtaken Memphis in recent years. Memphis is the youngest of Tennessee's major cities. A resident of Memphis is referred to as a Memphian, and the Memphis region is known, particularly to media outlets, as the "Mid-South".
Because it occupies a substantial bluff rising from the Mississippi River, the site of Memphis is a natural location for settlement. The area was first settled by the Mississippian Culture and then by the Chickasaw Indian tribe. For 10,000 years they occupied the bluffs along the river, building a large mound on the bluff. European exploration came later, beginning in the 16th century with Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto and French explorers led by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle.
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Mesa, Arizona
Mesa ( /ˈmɛsə/ MES-ə) is a city in Maricopa County, in the U.S. state of Arizona and is a suburb located about 20 miles (32 km) east of Phoenix. Mesa is in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, and Apache Junction on the east. As of the 2010 Census Mesa became Arizona's center of population.
Mesa is the third-largest city in Arizona, after Phoenix and Tucson, the 38th-largest city and largest suburb in the US[clarification needed]. Despite being home to 439,041 as of 2010, reported by the Census Bureau, making its population larger than more recognizable cities such as Atlanta, Miami, Minneapolis, St. Louis, and Cleveland, Note that the city of Mesa 132.93 sq mi whereas the cities of Miami (35.68 sq mi), Minneapolis (54.9 sq mi), St. Louis (61.9 sq mi), and Cleveland (77.6 sq mi) are much smaller in terms of land area. If these cities were 133 sq. miles, their populations would be much larger. Minneapolis, for example, would have a population of over 761,000 in 132.9 sq. miles. Mesa is decidedly a bedroom community. Mesa is home to the Polytechnic campus of Arizona State University.
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Miami
Miami ( /maɪˈæmi/ or /maɪˈæmə/) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city proper in the United States, with a population of 408,568, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. According to the US Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the seventh most populous and fifth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2010, Miami was classified as a Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the 2nd largest U.S. city (after El Paso) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
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Middletown, Kentucky
Middletown is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. It was chartered as a city in 1797. The population was 7,218 at the 2010 census. When the government of Jefferson County merged with the city of Louisville, Kentucky in 2003, citizens of Middletown also became citizens of the new Louisville Metro, however, none of the incorporated places in Jefferson County were affected. Eastern High School is located in Middletown. The city is also home to the main campus of the largest church in the state and one of the country's largest Protestant churches, Southeast Christian Church.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.10 square miles (13.2 km2), of which 5.04 square miles (13.1 km2) is land and 0.061 square miles (0.16 km2) (1.20%) is water.
Middletown is located at 38°14′36″N 85°31′51″W / 38.24333°N 85.53083°W / 38.24333; -85.53083 (38.243342, -85.530842).
As of the 2010 census, there were 7,218 people, 3,292 households, and 1,966 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,414.9 people per square mile (546.3/km²). There were 3,547 housing units at an average density of 695.3 per square mile (268.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 87.1% White (85.1% non-Hispanic), 7.1% African American, 0.11% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.87% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3.2% of the population.
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Milwaukee
Milwaukee /mɪlˈwɔːkiː/ is the largest city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, the 28th most populous city in the United States, and 39th most populous region in the United States. It is the county seat of Milwaukee County and is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan. According to 2010 census data, the City of Milwaukee has a population of 594,833. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,751,316 as of 2010. Milwaukee is also the regional center of the seven county Greater Milwaukee Area, with an estimated population of 2,014,032 as of 2008.
The first Europeans to pass through the area were French missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French-Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, and in 1846 Juneau's town combined with two neighboring towns to incorporate as the City of Milwaukee. Large numbers of German and other immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades.
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Minneapolis
Minneapolis (pronunciation:i/ˌmɪniːˈæpəlɪs/), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City", is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
As of the 2010 Census, the population of the city of Minneapolis is 382,578. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with approximately 3.3 million residents. The city is abundantly rich in water, with over twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi river, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Among cities of similar densities, Minneapolis has the most dedicated parkland. It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing the fifth highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. It has cultural organizations that draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing, and music. The community's diverse population has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and VOLAGs, as well as private and corporate philanthropy.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Monticello, Kentucky
Monticello is a city in Wayne County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 6,188 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Wayne County. It advertises itself as "The Houseboat Capital of the World" due to the large number of houseboat manufacturers in the city. The city sits next to Lake Cumberland, and much of its economy is built on servicing the recreational and tourist traffic to the lake.
Monticello is located at 36°50′17″N 84°51′0″W / 36.83806°N 84.85°W / 36.83806; -84.85 (36.838194, -84.850022).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.1 square miles (16 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,981 people, 2,508 households, and 1,635 families residing in the city. The population density was 984.3 people per square mile (379.8/km²). There were 2,730 housing units at an average density of 449.3 per square mile (173.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.63% White, 2.42% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 1.34% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.96% of the population.
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Moorland, Kentucky
Moorland is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 464 at the 2000 census.
Moorland is located at 38°16′23″N 85°34′45″W / 38.27306°N 85.57917°W / 38.27306; -85.57917 (38.273020, -85.579048).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 464 people, 206 households, and 127 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,830.4 people per square mile (1,791.5/km²). There were 213 housing units at an average density of 2,217.4 per square mile (822.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.81% White, 4.74% African American, 0.43% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 2.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.
There were 206 households out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 32.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.85.
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Morehead, Kentucky
Morehead is a city of Rowan County, Kentucky, United States located along Interstate 64 and US 60, the historic Midland Trail. The population was 6,845 at the 2010 census. The city is named for Gov. James T. Morehead. It is the county seat of Rowan County. Morehead State University is located here. It was also the focal point of the Rowan County War.
In the 1880s, Morehead became the central stage for a notorious conflict known as the Rowan County War (aka the Martin-Tolliver-Logan Feud). During a number of skirmishes for the next few years, at least 20 people were killed and possibly 100 were wounded. Beginning with an election-day barroom brawl, several gunfights took place in Morehead and the surrounding countryside. Eventually, a group led by Craig Tolliver seized political control of the town and installed allies in the county Sheriff's office and the county attorney's office as well as the office of town Marshal. Several members of the opposing faction were arrested on trumped-up charges, and some were killed with the faction in power falsely claiming they had resisted arrest. The conflict gained national attention and on two occasions the Governor sent troops to maintain order with little effect. Eventually a posse of as many as 100 individuals was organized and armed by Daniel Boone Logan with the tacit consent of Governor J. Proctor Knott and Governor-elect Simon Bolivar Buckner. In a dramatic two-hour gun battle that took place in the center of Morehead, several Tollivers, including Craig Tolliver were killed and the Tollivers' control of the county was broken. Two men were later held to trial for the murder of Craig Tolliver but were acquitted.
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Morgantown, Kentucky
Morgantown is a city in and the county seat of Butler County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,544 at the 2000 census. The city had a sister city in Tatsuruhama, Ishikawa, Japan, which city is now part of Nanao, Ishikawa, Japan.
The etymology of the city's name is uncertain. According to The Kentucky Encyclopedia, it may have, at one time, been named Funkhouser Hill after Christopher Funkhouser, who donated land for the city. The Encyclopedia further speculates that Funkhouser may have given the city its present name to honor a hunter named Morgan or Daniel Morgan Smith, the first child born in the city.
Granville Allen, a member of the 17th Kentucky Infantry, was one of the first Union soldiers to die in the war, in a skirmish on October 29, 1861. A monument was erected by the Granville Allen Post #98 GAR. This first skirmish between the north and south took place on the Daniel Boone Johnson Property. The Johnson Cemetery is still there and is directly above the Monument, which is a limestone marker cut into the side of the old Logansport road, you will need to walk through some over growth to reach the monument. Morgantown has one of only two monuments dedicated to soldiers of both sides that died in the Civil War, and it is located at the county courthouse, the Confederate-Union Veterans' Monument in Morgantown.
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Murray, Kentucky
Murray is a city in Calloway County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 17,741 at the 2010 census and has a micropolitan area population of 37,191. It is the 22nd largest city in Kentucky. It is the county seat of Calloway County and is the home of Murray State University.
Murray is located at 36°36′34″N 88°18′56″W / 36.60944°N 88.31556°W / 36.60944; -88.31556 (36.609494, −88.315656).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.7 square miles (25 km2), all of it land.
Murray is situated 15 miles (24 km) west of the 170,000 acres (690 km2) Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area, which offers hiking, elk and bison viewing, birding, 1850s historic buildings, planetarium, nature center, off-highway vehicle riding, fishing, boating, swimming, camping, and a large wildlife population.
Murray has a humid subtropical climate and four distinct seasons. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average high temperature of 90 °F (32 °C). The coldest month is January, with an average high temperature of 45 °F.
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Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the health care, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home to a large number of colleges and universities. It is most notably known as a center of the music industry, earning it the nickname "Music City".
Nashville has a consolidated city–county government which includes seven smaller municipalities in a two-tier system. As of the 2010 census the population of the city of Nashville, not including the semi-independent municipalities, stood at 601,222. The population of Davidson County as a whole, including all municipalities, was 626,681. Nashville is the second largest city in Tennessee, after Memphis, and the fourth largest city in the Southeastern United States. The 2010 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,589,934, making it the largest Metropolitan Statistical Area in the state. The 2010 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,670,890.
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New Albany, Indiana
New Albany ( /ˈɑːlbəni/) is a city in Floyd County, Indiana, United States, situated along the Ohio River opposite Louisville, Kentucky. The population was 36,372 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Floyd County. It is bounded by I-265 to the north and the Ohio River to the south, and is considered part of the Louisville, Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area. The mayor of New Albany is Jeff Gahan, a Democrat; he was recently elected in 2011.
The land of New Albany was officially granted to the United States after the American Revolutionary War. The territory had been captured by George Rogers Clark in 1779. For his services Clark was awarded large tracts of land in Southern Indiana including most of Floyd County. After the war Clark sold and distributed some of his land to his fellow soldiers. The area of New Albany ended up in the possession of Col. John Paul.
New Albany was founded in July 1813 when three brothers from Albany, New York—Joel, Abner, and Nathaniel Scribner—arrived at the Falls of the Ohio and named the site after their home. They purchased the land from Col. John Paul. New Albany was platted by John Graham on the land owned by the Scribner brothers. In 1814 Joel and Mary Scribner built their home in New Albany, the Scribner House still stands today.
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New Castle, Kentucky
New Castle is a city in Henry County, Kentucky, in the United States. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 919. It is the county seat of Henry County. It is located on U.S. Route 421 30 miles northeast of Louisville.
The city was founded in 1798 and incorporated in 1817. The origin of the name is unknown. The population was 755 in 1970, 832 in 1980, and 893 in 1990.
New Castle is located at 38°26′1″N 85°10′10″W / 38.43361°N 85.16944°W / 38.43361; -85.16944 (38.433645, -85.169345)
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 919 people, 382 households, and 239 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,067.0 people per square mile (806.4/km²). There were 409 housing units at an average density of 919.9 per square mile (358.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 92.60% White, 5.77% Black or African American, 0.98% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population.
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New Orleans
New Orleans ( /nuː ˈɔrliənz/ or /ˈnuː ɔrˈliːnz/, locally /nuː ˈɔrlənz/ or /ˈnɔrlənz/; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ( listen)) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city proper was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,214,932.
The city is named after Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, and is well known for its distinct French Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the "most unique" in America.
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Newport, Kentucky
Newport is a city in Campbell County, Kentucky, United States, at the confluence of the Ohio and Licking rivers. The population was 15,273 at the 2010 census. Historically, it was one of four county seats of Campbell County. Newport is part of the Greater Cincinnati, Ohio Metro Area which comprises over 2 million inhabitants. [1]. Today, Newport is becoming the entertainment community of the fast-growing Northern Kentucky area while its neighboring cities--Bellevue and Covington--become the business centers.
Settled about 1791, on land granted to George Muse, purchased by James Taylor Sr. and settled by his son James Taylor, Jr.. Newport was incorporated as a town in 1795 and in 1850 Newport received a city charter. In 1803 the Ft. Washington military post was moved from Cincinnati to become the Newport Barracks. In 1900, 28,301 people lived in Newport, Kentucky; in 1910, 30,309; in 1920, 29,317; and in 1940, 30,631.
Newport once had the reputation of "Sin City" due to its upscale gambling casinos on Monmouth street. Monmouth also had many men's stores, nice restaurants, and ice cream parlors. Investigations for racketeering pushed out the casinos, which were replaced by peep shows and adult strip clubs. Many of the old businesses disappeared when parking became difficult on Monmouth street and the commercial district opened on the hill of south Newport.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann pronounced [ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] ( listen), Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann or Norlin Airlan) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. As of 2001, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, Northern Ireland is largely self-governing. According to the agreement, Northern Ireland co-operates with the rest of Ireland – from which it was partitioned in 1921 — on some policy areas, while other areas are reserved for the Government of the United Kingdom, though the Republic of Ireland "may put forward views and proposals".
Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter inter-communal conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom, and generally see themselves as British, while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule, and generally see themselves as Irish. Additionally, people from both sides of the community may describe themselves as Northern Irish. Since 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns.
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Northfield, Kentucky
Northfield is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 970 at the 2000 census.
Northfield is located at 38°17′11″N 85°38′11″W / 38.28639°N 85.63639°W / 38.28639; -85.63639 (38.286319, -85.636376).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 970 people, 367 households, and 252 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,196.6 people per square mile (851.2/km²). There were 421 housing units at an average density of 953.4 per square mile (369.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.43% White, 4.23% African American, 1.24% Asian, and 0.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.
There were 367 households out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.4% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.85.
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Norwood, Kentucky
Norwood is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 395 at the 2000 census.
Norwood is located at 38°15′07″N 85°36′45″W / 38.251871°N 85.612567°W / 38.251871; -85.612567.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 395 people, 156 households, and 114 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,362.7 people per square mile (1,270.9/km²). There were 165 housing units at an average density of 1,404.7 per square mile (530.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.46% White, 1.01% African American, 0.76% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 1.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population.
There were 156 households out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.97.
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Oakland, California
Oakland ( /ˈoʊklənd/) is a major West Coast port city on San Francisco Bay in the U.S. state of California. It is the eighth-largest city in the state and the 47th-largest in the U.S. with a population of 390,724 according to the 2010 census. Incorporated in 1852, Oakland is the county seat of Alameda County and is a central hub city for a region of the San Francisco Bay Area known as the East Bay. The city lies directly across the bay from San Francisco.
Oakland's territory covers what was once a mosaic of coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Oakland served as a rich resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco, and Oakland's fertile flatland soils helped it become a prolific agricultural region. During the California Gold Rush, Oakland became the main staging post for passengers and cargo journeying between the Bay Area and the Sierra foothills. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the western terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. It continued to grow into the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile industry. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Franciscans left that city's destruction, and a great number of Oakland's homes were built during the 1910s and 1920s. An extensive streetcar network connected most of Oakland's neighbourhoods to inter-city rail lines, most of whose routes continue as bus lines today. Ferry lines connected Oakland to San Francisco and other cities.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City (Pawnee: Uukuhuuwasiri ) is the capital and the largest city in the US state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's population, from the 2010 census, was 579,999, with a metro-area population of 1,252,987 . In 2010, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,322,249 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas outside of the core Oklahoma County area are suburban or rural (watershed). The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area (including consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county).
Oklahoma City features one of the largest livestock markets in the world. Oil, natural gas, petroleum products and related industries are the largest sector of the local economy. The city is situated in the middle of an active oil field and oil derricks dot the capitol grounds. The federal government employs large numbers of workers at Tinker Air Force Base and the United States Department of Transportation's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center. (These two sites house several offices of the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department's Enterprise Service Center, respectively.)
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Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha /ˈoʊməhɑː/ is the largest city in the state of Nebraska, United States, and is the county seat of Douglas County. It is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about 20 miles (30 km) north of the mouth of the Platte River. Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha.
According to the 2010 Census, Omaha's population was 408,958, making it the nation's 42nd-largest city. Including its suburbs, Omaha formed the 60th-largest metropolitan area in the United States in 2010, with an estimated population of 877,110 residing in eight counties. There are more than 1.2 million residents within a 50-mile (80-km) radius of the city's center, forming the Greater Omaha area.
Omaha's pioneer period began in 1854 when the city was founded by speculators from neighboring Council Bluffs, Iowa. The city was founded along the Missouri River, and a crossing called Lone Tree Ferry earned the city its nickname, the "Gateway to the West." It introduced this new West to the world when in 1898 it played host to the World's Fair, dubbed the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. During the 19th century, Omaha's central location in the United States spurred the city to become an important national transportation hub. Throughout the rest of the 19th century, the transportation and jobbing sectors were important in the city, along with its railroads and breweries. In the 20th century, the Omaha Stockyards, once the world's largest, and its meatpacking plants, gained international prominence.
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Opera
Opera (English plural: operas; Italian plural: opere) is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. It started in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with Jacopo Peri's lost Dafne, produced in Florence around 1597) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in France, and Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe, except France, attracting foreign composers such as Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. Today the most renowned figure of late 18th century opera is Mozart, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, as well as The Magic Flute, a landmark in the German tradition.
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Owensboro, Kentucky
Owensboro is the fourth largest city by population in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It is the county seat of Daviess County. It is located on U.S. Route 60 about 32 miles (51 km) southeast of Evansville, Indiana, and is the principal city of the Owensboro, Kentucky, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city's population was 57,265 at the 2010 U.S. Census, with a metropolitan population of 114,752. The city was named after Colonel Abraham Owen. Owensboro is the second-largest city in the Tri-State region of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky after Evansville.
According to anthropological studies, Native American culture in the locality dates back 12,000 years, though the last Shawnee Indians were forced to vacate the area before the end of the eighteenth century.
The first European descendant to settle in Owensboro was frontiersman William Smeathers (Smothers) in 1797, for whom the riverfront park in downtown Owensboro is named. A Kentucky Historical Marker is erected in his honor at the park. The settlement was originally known as Yellow Banks, a reference to the color of the banks of the Ohio River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition wintered at what is today's Owensboro prior to departing on their famous travels. In 1817, Yellow Banks was incorporated as a city under the name Owensborough, named after Colonel Abraham Owen. In 1893, the spelling of the name was shortened to its current Owensboro.
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Owenton, Kentucky
Owenton is a city in Owen County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,327 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Owen County. It is located at the junction of US 127 and Kentucky Route 22, about halfway between Louisville and Cincinnati.
Owenton was founded in 1822 and named for the county, which was named for Colonial Abraham Owen, a pioneer who died at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The town incorporated on December 18, 1828. The Greek Revival courthouse was built in 1857-58.
Owenton's growth in the late 19th century and beyond was limited because a railroad was never built to it. Its population has grown slightly from 1,280 in 1970.
Owenton is located at 38°32′12″N 84°50′22″W / 38.53667°N 84.83944°W / 38.53667; -84.83944 (38.536614, -84.839363).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2), of which, 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (0.89%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,387 people, 615 households, and 340 families residing in the city. The population density was 620.4 people per square mile (239.1/km²). There were 688 housing units at an average density of 307.8 per square mile (118.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 95.39% White, 2.88% African American, 0.58% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.58% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.73% of the population.
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Paducah, Kentucky
Paducah is the largest city in Kentucky's Jackson Purchase Region and the county seat of McCracken County, Kentucky, United States. It is located at the confluence of the Tennessee River and the Ohio River, halfway between the metropolitan areas of St. Louis, Missouri, to the west and Nashville, Tennessee, to the east. The population was 25,024 at the 2010 census. Twenty blocks of Downtown Paducah have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Paducah is also the hub for the Paducah Micropolitan Area and the western Kentucky region, the Paducah micropolitan area includes McCracken, Ballard, and Livingston counties in Kentucky and Massac County in Illinois.
Paducah and Chillicothe, Missouri, are the only two cities named in the world-famous song "Hooray for Hollywood", which opens the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Awards yearly (the Oscars). (Both cities' names were misspelled in the original published lyrics to the song.)
Paducah is located at 37°4′20″N 88°37′39″W / 37.07222°N 88.6275°W / 37.07222; -88.6275 (37.072226, -88.627436).
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Paris, Kentucky
Paris is a city in and the county seat of Bourbon County, Kentucky, United States. It is part of the Lexington-Fayette, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area. Settled in 1775, it lies 113 miles (182 km) east of Louisville, on the Stoner Fork of the Licking River. The town was originally known as Hopewell, Virginia when it was chartered in 1789. The name was changed in 1790 to reflect appreciation for French assistance during the Revolutionary War. Its tourism motto is "Horses, history and hospitality".
Paris was first chartered as a city in 1862. In 1900, 4,603 people lived here; in 1910, 5,859; and in 1940, 6,697. The population was 9,183 at the 2000 census. Its ZIP code is 40361.
The Main Street stretch of Paris, Kentucky, is a product of much time, effort, and money put into the preservation and revitalization of historic buildings downtown. With a handful of new restaurants garnering attention from the Central Kentucky region and beyond, a variety of downtown Paris businesses are reaping the benefits.
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Perm
Perm (Russian: Пермь; IPA: [pʲermʲ];Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym) is a city and the administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia, located on the banks of the Kama River, in the European part of Russia near the Ural Mountains. From 1940 to 1957 it was named Molotov (Мо́лотов).[citation needed]
According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, Perm's population is 991,530, down from 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in 1989 Census. As of the 2010 Census, the city was the thirteenth most populous in Russia.
Perm is served by the Bolshoye Savino Airport and hosts Bakharevka air base.
The name Perm is of unknown etymology, likely of Uralic (Komi or Veps) origin. Komi is a member of the Permic group of Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. Likewise, the geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.
With an area of 799.68 square kilometers (308.76 sq mi),[citation needed] the city of Perm is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, traveling generally east-west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( /ˈfiːnɪks/ FEE-niks; O'odham: Ski:kigk; Yavapai: Wathinka or Wakatehe; Western Apache: Fiinigis; Navajo: Hoozdoh; Mojave: Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital, and largest city, of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the sixth most populous city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,445,632 people according to the official 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data. It is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun), and is the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with about 4.2 million people in 2010. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area. Phoenix is the largest capital city in the United States and the only state capital with over 1,000,000 people.
Phoenix was incorporated as a city in 1881, after being founded in 1861 near the Salt River, close to the confluence with the Gila River. The city has a notable and famous political culture and has been home to numerous influential American politicians and other dignitaries, including Barry Goldwater, William Rehnquist, John McCain, Carl Hayden, and Sandra Day O'Connor. Residents of the city are known as Phoenicians.
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Pikeville, Kentucky
Pikeville is a city in Pike County, Kentucky. The population was 6,903 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Pike County.
On March 25, 1822, the county's government officials decided to build a new county seat named Liberty, one and one-half mile below the mouth of the Russell Fork River. But some Pike County residents opposed the plan and wanted the county seat to be built at a different location. So the following year, the residents agreed on a location on farm of Elijah Adkins. The new county seat was originally known as Pike or Piketon, but in 1850 it was officially named Pikeville, after explorer Zebulon Pike. On May 6, 1893, Pikeville officially became a city with a charter granted by Kentucky governor John Young Brown.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,295 people, 2,705 households, and 1,563 families residing in the city. The population density was 408.0 people per square mile (157.5/km²). There were 2,981 housing units at an average density of 193.2 per square mile (74.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.58% White, 2.64% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.25% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.40% of the population.
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Pineville, Kentucky
Pineville is a city in Bell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,093 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Bell County. It is located on a small strip of land between the Cumberland River and Pine Mountain.
Pineville is one of the oldest settlements in Kentucky, tracing back to 1781 and a settlement called Cumberland Ford. It was part of a tract of land once owned by Isaac Shelby, Kentucky's first governor. When Bell County was formed in 1867, Cumberland Ford was the obvious choice, but a courthouse was not completed until 1871. The settlement incorporated in 1889 as Pineville.
Its riverside location has made it subject to flooding, including a devastating incident on April 4, 1977. The 1952 floodwall was overwhelmed and 200 houses were destroyed or damaged. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers upgraded the floodwall in 1988.
The economy is dependent on the coal mining industry and tourism at nearby Pine Mountain State Resort Park where the popular attraction "Chained Rock" is located, although there is some heavy manufacturing in the city. The population has declined from 2,817 in 1970.
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Plantation, Kentucky
Plantation is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 902 at the 2000 census.
Plantation is located at 38°17′00″N 85°35′30″W / 38.283420°N 85.591635°W / 38.283420; -85.591635.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.5 km²), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 902 people, 368 households, and 252 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,470.4 people per square mile (1,741.3/km²). There were 375 housing units at an average density of 1,858.6 per square mile (723.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 89.14% White, 7.87% African American, 0.33% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 1.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.22% of the population.
There were 368 households out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.02.
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Portland, Maine
Portland is the largest city in Maine and is the county seat of Cumberland County. The 2010 city population was 66,194, growing 3 percent since the census of 2000. With a metro population of over 500,000, the Greater Portland area is home to more than one-third of Maine's total population.
Tourists visit Portland's historic Old Port district along Portland Harbor, at the mouth of the Fore River and part of Casco Bay, and the Arts District, which runs along Congress Street in the center of the city. Portland Head Light is located in nearby Cape Elizabeth and marks the entrance to Portland Harbor.
The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes, which aligns with the city's motto, Resurgam, Latin for "I will rise again." The motto refers to Portland's recoveries from four devastating fires. The city of Portland, Oregon was named for Portland, Maine.
Portland Public Schools is the largest school system in Maine, serving approximately 7,000 students.
Native Americans originally named Portland Machigonne. The first European settler was Capt. Christopher Levett, an English naval captain granted 6,000 acres (24 km2) by King Charles I of England in 1623 to found a settlement in Casco Bay. A member of the Council for New England and agent for Ferdinando Gorges, Levett built a stone house where he left a company of ten men, then returned to England and wrote a book about his voyage to drum up support for the settlement. The settlement failed, and the fate of Levett's colonists is unknown. The explorer sailed from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to meet John Winthrop in 1630, but never returned to Maine. Fort Levett in the harbor is named for him.
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Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the U.S. state of Oregon, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest region, after Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia. Approximately 2,260,000 people live in the Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States.
Portland was incorporated in 1851 and is the county seat of Multnomah County. The city extends west into the Cedar Mill neighborhood in Washington County and south towards Lake Oswego in Clackamas County. With a commission-based government headed by a mayor and four other commissioners, the city and region are noted for strong land-use planning and investment in light rail, supported by Metro, a distinctive regional government. Because of its public transportation networks and efficient land use planning, Portland has been referred to as one of the most environmentally friendly, or "green", cities in the world.
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Princeton, Kentucky
Princeton is a city in Caldwell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 6,329 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Caldwell County.
Princeton was founded by Revolutionary War veteran William Prince, who settled in the Eddy Grove community of what was then Livingston County, Kentucky about 1799.
Prince built Shandy Hall, a brick home and tavern overlooking the Big Springs of Eddy Creek, where several game trails, or traces, converged. The site and Prince's surrounding land became known as Prince's Place. In 1817, the area surrounding Prince's settlement was renamed Princetown, as he had donated forty acres of land for the establishment of a town and the relocation of the Caldwell County, Kentucky seat from Eddyville. Shortly afterwards, the town's name was shortened to Princeton.
In 1860, the construction of Princeton College began, but it was delayed by the Civil War. Confederate troops camped on the grounds of Princeton College in 1861, using one of its buildings as a hospital. Following the Confederate retreat in early 1862, however, Union soldiers occupied Princeton for the remainder of the war. In December 1864, raiding Kentucky Confederate cavalry commanded by General Hylan B. Lyon burned the Caldwell County courthouse in Princeton, since it was being used to house the occupying Union garrison.
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Prospect, Kentucky
Prospect is a city in far northeastern Jefferson and southwestern Oldham Counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky, along the Ohio River. The city is a suburb of Louisville, Kentucky. It's one of few cities in Jefferson County that extend into another county. The population was 4,657 at the 2000 census. It is bordered by Oldham County to the northeast, the river to the west, and the Harrods Creek area to the southwest. U.S. Route 42 is the primary transportation artery running through the area. Prospect is the ninth wealthiest place in Kentucky, and the third wealthiest of places with a population over 1,000.
It was first settled in the late 18th century, along with the rest of the area, and was agricultural until the construction of the Louisville, Harrods Creek and Westport Railroad in the 1870s. The area was originally known as Sand Hill, and the new self-promotional name emerged when it was time to choose a name for a post office around 1900.
Although a few luxury residences existed in the area since the late 19th century, it was largely agricultural until the mid-1960s when large, high-end subdivisions were built in the area, most notably Hunting Creek, which included a golf course. Prospect incorporated as a city in 1974.
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Quito
San Francisco de Quito, most often called Quito (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkito]), is the capital city of Ecuador in northwestern South America. It is located in north-central Ecuador in the Guayllabamba river basin, on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes mountains. With a population of 2,197,698 according to the last census (2001), and, as estimated by the municipality, approximately 2,504,991 in 2005, Quito is the second most populous city in Ecuador, after Guayaquil. It is also the capital of the Pichincha province and the seat of Metropolitan District of Quito. The canton recorded a population of 1,842,201 residents in the 2001 national census. In 2008, the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations.
The elevation of the city's central square (Plaza de la Independencia or Plaza Grande) is 2,800 metres (9,200 ft), making Quito the second-highest administrative capital city in the world (after La Paz, Bolivia), and the highest legal capital (ahead of Sucre, also in Bolivia, and Bogotá, Colombia).
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Radcliff, Kentucky
Radcliff is a city in Hardin County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 21,961 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Elizabethtown, Kentucky Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Its economy is largely dominated by the county seat of Hardin County, Elizabethtown, as well as Fort Knox, as it sits by the entrance to the base. Prior to the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) reorganization, Radcliff’s population reflected the transient nature of military officers who worked on the base. Since BRAC, and the relocation of the Human Resources Command (HRC) to Fort Knox, which is expected to have a net gain of about 5,000 full-time civilian and permanent military personnel assigned to the base, creating a more stable population, and providing an economic boost to Radcliff and the surrounding areas.
In 1988, a youth group from the First Assembly of God in Radcliff was involved in the worst drunk-driving accident in U.S. history, a bus accident in which a drunk driver going the wrong way on Interstate 71 hit the group's vehicle, killing 27 people in the crash and the resulting fire.
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Richlawn, Kentucky
Richlawn is a city in eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 454 at the 2000 census. It is surrounded by the larger city of St. Matthews.
Richlawn is located at 38°15′19″N 85°38′28″W / 38.255320°N 85.641239°W / 38.255320; -85.641239.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 454 people, 194 households, and 135 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,447.2 people per square mile (1,752.9/km²). There were 198 housing units at an average density of 1,939.5 per square mile (764.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.48% White, 2.20% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.42% of the population.
There were 194 households out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.84.
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Richmond, Kentucky
Richmond is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Kentucky, United States. It is named after Richmond, Virginia, and is the home of Eastern Kentucky University. The population of Richmond, Kentucky was 31,364 in 2010. Richmond is Kentucky's seventh-largest city (after Louisville, Lexington, Bowling Green, Owensboro, Covington, and Hopkinsville) and the second largest city in the Bluegrass region (after Lexington). Richmond serves as the center for work and shopping for south central Kentucky. Richmond is the principal city of the Richmond–Berea Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Madison and Rockcastle counties.
The City of Richmond was founded in 1798 by Colonel John Miller, who had been a soldier in the Revolutionary War. According to tradition, Miller was attracted to the area by the good spring water and friendly Native Americans.[citation needed] That year, the Kentucky legislature approved moving the county seat from Milford to land owned by Colonel Miller. The residents of Milford adamantly opposed the move, which led to a fist fight between Dave Kennedy (representing Milford) and William Kearly (representing Richmond). Nevertheless, the county approved the move in March 1798. On July 4, 1798, the new town was named Richmond in honor of Miller's Virginia birthplace.
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Riverwood, Kentucky
Riverwood is a city in northeastern Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 469 at the 2000 census.
Riverwood is located at 38°17′1″N 85°39′43″W / 38.28361°N 85.66194°W / 38.28361; -85.66194 (38.283520, -85.661967).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
Riverwood incorporated on November 11, 1969. In 1998, Riverwood residents rejected a ballot initiative to merge into the city of Indian Hills, Kentucky along with three other small cities. Riverwood was the only city whose tax rate was projected to increase if the merger took effect. The other cities merged the following year with Riverwood off the ballot.
As of the census of 2000, there were 469 people, 177 households, and 149 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,278.2 people per square mile (862.3/km²). There were 183 housing units at an average density of 889.0 per square mile (336.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.93% White, 0.21% African American, 0.64% Asian, and 0.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.43% of the population.
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Russell, Louisville
Russell is a neighborhood immediately west of downtown Louisville, Kentucky, USA. It was named for renowned African American educator and Bloomfield, Kentucky native Harvey Clarence Russell Sr..
Development began in the 1870s as street car lines were extended to the area. The area was considered one of Louisville's most fashionable in its early years with many affluent white families building elegant mansion homes on Walnut, Chestnut Street, and Jefferson Streets, while working class blacks and whites lived in shotgun houses on adjacent streets. By the 1890s many white families began leaving the area for what would become Old Louisville and the east end, and both middle and working class blacks quickly moved into the area.
By the 1940s Russell had become "Louisville's Harlem" as African American theaters, restaurants, and night clubs lined area streets. However, in the years following World War II many of the middle class blacks left for newly integrated neighborhoods on the south and east ends. Urban renewal efforts in the 1960s had the area's business districts razed and many public housing units built.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Antonio
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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San Diego
San Diego /ˌsæn diːˈeɪɡoʊ/ is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the U.S. Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology enclave. The population was 1,301,617 at the 2010 census.
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission of San Diego, founded in 1769, were the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of newly independent Mexico, and in 1850, became part of the United States following the Mexican-American War and the admission of California to the union.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
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San Jose, California
San Jose ( /ˌsæn hoʊˈseɪ/; Spanish: St. Joseph) is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the U.S., and the county seat of Santa Clara County which is located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay. The San Jose/Silicon Valley area is a major component of the greater San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people and the sixth largest metropolitan area (CSA) in the United States. It is also the most populous city in Northern California.
San Jose was founded on November 29, 1777, as El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the first civilian town in the Spanish colony of Nueva California, which later became Alta California. The city served as a farming community to support Spanish military installations at San Francisco and Monterey. When California gained statehood in 1850, San Jose served as its first capital.
After more than 150 years as a small farming city, San Jose and the surrounding Santa Clara Valley became the last (and largest) contiguous area of undeveloped land surrounding the San Francisco Bay. San Jose experienced increased demand for housing from soldiers and veterans returning from World War II. San Jose then continued its aggressive expansion during the 1950s and 1960s by annexing more land area. The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from an agricultural center, to an urbanized metropolitan area.
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Sandy Hook, Kentucky
Sandy Hook is a city in Elliott County, Kentucky, United States, along the Little Sandy River. The population was 678 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Elliott County.
Sandy Hook is located at 38°5′33″N 83°7′26″W / 38.0925°N 83.12389°W / 38.0925; -83.12389 (38.092447, -83.123918).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 678 people, 292 households, and 167 families residing in the city. The population density was 716.1 people per square mile (275.6/km²). There were 332 housing units at an average density of 350.7 per square mile (134.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.26% White, 0.15% African American, 0.15% Native American, and 0.44% from two or more races.
There were 292 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 18.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.8% were non-families. 41.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.90.
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Scottsburg, Indiana
Scottsburg is a city in Vienna Township, Scott County, Indiana, United States, about 30 miles (48 km) north of Louisville, Kentucky. The population was 6,747 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Scott County. As of 2010, William H. Graham serves as Mayor and has served since 1988.[citation needed]
Scottsburg is located at 38°41′7.3″N 85°46′10.55″W / 38.685361°N 85.7695972°W / 38.685361; -85.7695972 (38.685361, -85.769597).
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 5.07 square miles (13.1 km2), of which 5.05 square miles (13.1 km2) (or 99.61%) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.052 km2) (or 0.39%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,040 people, 2,539 households, and 1,604 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,257.2 people per square mile (485.8/km²). There were 2,823 housing units at an average density of 587.6 per square mile (227.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.34% White, 0.07% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.
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Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Seneca Park
Coordinates: 38°14′11″N 85°40′27″W / 38.23650°N 85.67410°W / 38.23650; -85.67410
Seneca Park was the last park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. The park system in Louisville was the last out of five designed by the Olmsted firm. The park resides in the Louisville neighborhood of Seneca Gardens, Kentucky. The park has been updated over the years to include restrooms and playground equipment that supplements several trails for people or horses. The park has several sport facilities available and also has an 18-hole professional golf course.
According to The Trust for Public Land, Seneca Park has 500,000 visitors annually, making it tied for the 69th most popular municipal park in the United States.
A major feature is its 1.2-mile (1.9 km) track with tennis courts and several ball fields in the center. There is also a mountain bike trail.
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Shawnee Park
Coordinates: 38°14′11″N 85°40′27″W / 38.23650°N 85.67410°W / 38.23650; -85.67410
Shawnee Park is a municipal park in Louisville, Kentucky. It was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who designed 18 of the city's 123 public parks. Along with the rest of the city's Olmsted-designed park system, Shawnee Park was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Shawnee Park was proposed in 1890 to be one of the three flagship parks in Louisville's new park system. All three were located on the geographic edges of the city, in Shawnee's case it was the western edge bordering the Ohio River. The land at the time was still mostly used for truck farms, but it was clear residential development was imminent even without the park. Shawnee was the slowest of the parks to develop, as much of the land was already owned by investors who figured they could increase the sale price by holding out.
The city had to condemn the properties to acquire the land for park, and won its case in 1895. In 1896, the city began to create access to the park, another area in which Shawnee was lagging behind the other two parks. River Park Drive was paved in 1899, but the Broadway entrance remained unfinished until 1914.
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Shively, Kentucky
Shively is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 15,157 at the 2000 census. It is located southwest of Louisville, Kentucky and directly adjoins the larger city. Shively is centered around the junction of US 60 and the Dixie Highway.
Shively was first settled and farmed around 1780, along with much of the rest of Jefferson County. It is named for early landowner Christian William Shively, who settled his 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) tract in 1810. He established a mill on what is still called Mill Creek. The area came to be known as the Shively precinct.
Shively donated land for a church in 1816, and it has lived on and is today Parkview Methodist. Shortly before the Civil War, German immigrants, mostly Catholics, began moving to the area and operating truck farms. Some would continue to operate as late as the 1930s. The first post office opened in 1902, and residents chose the name Shively for it. Their first choice was St. Helens, after St. Helen Catholic Church, established in 1897. But that was already taken by a post office in Lee County, and the name Shively was chosen. A streetcar line was extended to the area in 1904.
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Smithland, Kentucky
Smithland is a city in Livingston County, Kentucky, United States, at the confluence of the Ohio and Cumberland Rivers. The population was 401 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Livingston County.
Smithland is part of the Paducah, KY-IL Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Smithland is located at 37°8′22″N 88°24′10″W / 37.13944°N 88.40278°W / 37.13944; -88.40278 (37.139313, -88.402743).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 401 people, 157 households, and 105 families residing in the city. The population density was 647.7 people per square mile (249.7/km²). There were 188 housing units at an average density of 303.7 per square mile (117.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.75% White, 0.25% African American, 0.75% from other races, and 0.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75% of the population.
There were 157 households out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.72.
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SoHo
SoHo is a neighborhood in Lower Manhattan, New York City, notable for being the location of many artists' lofts and art galleries, and also, more recently, for the wide variety of stores and shops ranging from trendy boutiques to outlets of upscale national and international chain stores. The area's history is an archetypal example of inner-city regeneration and gentrification, encompassing socio-economic, cultural, political and architectural developments.
Almost all of SoHo is included in the SoHo-Cast Iron Historic District, which was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1973, extended in 2010, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978. It consists of 26 blocks and approximately 500 buildings, many of them incorporating cast iron architectural elements. The side streets in the district are notable for being paved with Belgian blocks.
The name SoHo refers to the area being "SOuth of HOuston (Street)". This naming convention has become a model for the names of new and emerging neighborhoods in New York such as NoHo, for "NOrth of HOuston Street", TriBeCa ("TRIangle BElow CAnal Street"), Nolita ("NOrth of Little ITAly"), NoMad ("NOrth of MADison Square"), and DUMBO ("Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass").
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Somerset, Kentucky
Somerset is a city in Pulaski County, Kentucky, United States. The city population was 11,196 according to the 2010 census.
Somerset was first settled in 1798 by Thomas Hansford and several members of the Jasper family and it received its name from Somerset County, New Jersey, the place where some of the settlers once lived. Somerset became the county seat of Pulaski County in 1802 and was incorporated as a city in 1887. A significant Civil War battle was fought at Mill Springs (now "Nancy") about 8 miles (13 km) west of Somerset, and a museum exists at the site of the battle. The completion of Lake Cumberland in 1950 transformed Somerset from a sleepy rural community into one of the largest recreation centers in Kentucky drawing more than 1.7 million visitors yearly, the bulk of which occurs between the Memorial and Labor Day holidays. Lake Cumberland is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world (101 miles in length, with an average depth of 85 feet (26 m) and a normal pool containing more than 2 trillion gallons of water). Somerset is also close to Cumberland Falls and the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area; its tourism industries are, in part, due to its scenic and varied landscape. .
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Speed Art Museum
Coordinates: 38°13′4.3″N 85°45′39.3″W / 38.217861°N 85.760917°W / 38.217861; -85.760917
The Speed Art Museum, originally known as the J.B. Speed Memorial Museum, now colloquially referred to as the Speed by locals, is the oldest, largest, and foremost museum of art in Kentucky. It is located in Louisville, Kentucky in historic Third Street designed by Frederick Law Olmsted next to the University of Louisville Belknap campus.
The museum offers visitors a variety of unique art experiences outside of its world-class collection and international exhibitions, including the Speed Concert Series, the Art Sparks Interactive Family Gallery, and the popular late-night event, Art After Dark.
Today, the Speed houses ancient, classical, and modern art from around the world. The focus of the collection is Western art, from antiquity to the present day. Holdings of paintings from the Netherlands, French and Italian works, and contemporary art are particularly strong, with sculpture prominent throughout.
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St. Louis, Missouri
St. Louis /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ (French: Saint-Louis or St-Louis, [sɛ̃ lwi] ( listen)) is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States, and is the second-largest city in the state. With a population of 318,069 in July 2011, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) population of 2,812,896 is the 18th-largest in the country. The Greater St. Louis combined statistical area's (CSA) population of 2,878,255 is the 16th-largest CSA in the country, the fourth-largest in the Midwest. The Greater St. Louis area is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri.
The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and after the Louisiana Purchase, it became a major port on the Mississippi River. Its population expanded after the American Civil War, and it became the fourth-largest city in the United States in the late 19th century. It seceded from St. Louis County in March 1877, allowing it to become an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Olympic Games. The city's population peaked in 1950, then began a long decline that reversed only at the beginning of the 21st century.
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Stanford, Kentucky
Stanford is a city in Lincoln County, Kentucky, United States. It is one of the oldest settlements in Kentucky, having been founded in 1775. Its population was 3,430 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Lincoln County. Stanford is part of the Danville Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Stanford was founded in 1775 by Benjamin Logan as Logan's Fort, alternately known as St. Asaph the name given it by Logan. The site of the original fort is about one mile west of the courthouse at the center of town. The term "Fort Logan" is still used to this day to name local businesses, including the local Fort Logan Hospital and Standing Fort Collectibles. The main street of the town was built on what was originally a buffalo trail.
The name Stanford may have been derived from "Standing Fort", which Fort Logan became known as in the late 1770s as it survived multiple attacks by native Americans. It may also have been named for Stamford, England. Although it was one of the smaller forts in Kentucky, it never fell to native attacks. In 1781, the original fort settlement expanded as Benjamin Logan donated a parcel of his own land for the construction of a courthouse. The original county court met at Fort Harrod (now Harrodsburg), although by 1786 the town of Stanford received its charter, making it one of the first towns in Kentucky County, Virginia to receive a formal charter. In 1787 the first courthouse opened, built of logs. While it has been expanded and upgraded over time, the basic courthouse remains on the same site to this day. Unlike most county courthouses in Kentucky, it has never suffered a fire or other major loss of records. It has all its original records and archives dating to November 1789 making it one of the more complete archives of the history of Kentucky. Among its original land deeds kept on vellum are deeds granting land to Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton,
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Stanton, Kentucky
Stanton is a city in and the county seat of Powell County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 3,029 at the 2000 census.
Stanton is the birthplace of Hall of Fame thoroughbred horse trainer Woody Stephens.
The first post office to be located in present-day Stanton was established on July 7, 1849 and was named Beaver Pond. In 1852, both the post office and the settlement were renamed Stanton for Richard H. Stanton, who served in Congress from 1849–1855 and later as a U.S. senator.
Stanton is located at 37°50′51″N 83°51′33″W / 37.8475°N 83.85917°W / 37.8475; -83.85917 (37.847610, -83.859250).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2), all of it land.
Stanton is served by the Powell County School District. The following schools are located witin the city:
Stanton Christian School is the only private school located within the city.
Stanton is governed by a Mayor-council form of government. The current mayor is Dale Allen.
The representative body of the city of Stanton is the city council. The council members include: Dixie Lockard, Danny McCormick, Dustin Meadows, Charlotte Estes, Linville Bellamy, and Tommy Mays.
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Sycamore, Kentucky
Sycamore is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 159 at the 2000 census.
Sycamore is located at 38°14′49″N 85°33′38″W / 38.246973°N 85.560664°W / 38.246973; -85.560664.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.0 square miles (0 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 159 people, 89 households, and 45 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,837.0 people per square mile (2,046.3/km²). There were 90 housing units at an average density of 3,304.0 per square mile (1,158.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 83.02% White, 15.09% African American and 1.89% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.52% of the population.
There were 89 households out of which 15.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.5% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.4% were non-families. 46.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.79 and the average family size was 2.42.
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Ten Broeck, Kentucky
Ten Broeck is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 129 at the 2000 census.
Ten Broeck is located at 38°17′42″N 85°34′47″W / 38.295°N 85.57972°W / 38.295; -85.57972 (38.295102, -85.579821).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 129 people, 47 households, and 39 families residing in the city. The population density was 537.3 people per square mile (207.5/km²). There were 48 housing units at an average density of 199.9 per square mile (77.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.57% White, 1.55% African American, 2.33% Asian, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.
There were 47 households out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.7% were married couples living together, 2.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.0% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.08.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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The Kentucky Center
Coordinates: 38°15′26.3″N 85°45′31.7″W / 38.257306°N 85.758806°W / 38.257306; -85.758806
The Kentucky Center for the Performing Arts, located in Louisville, is a major performing arts center in Kentucky.
The Kentucky Center also hosts artworks by Alexander Calder, Joan Miró, John Chamberlain, Jean Dubuffet and others.
The Center was dedicated on November 19, 1983. Attendees included Charlton Heston, Diane Sawyer and Lily Tomlin. In 1984 the center hosted one of the U.S. presidential election debates between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale.
Other artists and celebrities to have used the Center's stages in the past include: Ray Charles, Jessye Norman, Tony Bennett, the Joffrey Ballet, Kathleen Battle, Jim Carey, Isaac Stern, Mstislav Rostropovich, Gregory Peck, James Taylor, President Bill Clinton, Elie Wiesel, Philip Glass, Marilyn Horne, Jerry Lewis, the Bolshoi Ballet, Wynton Marsalis, the Paul Taylor Dance Company, Bill Cosby, President George W. Bush, Lily Tomlin, the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra, Leontine Price, William F. Buckley, and Itzhak Perlman.
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Thornhill, Kentucky
Thornhill is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 175 at the 2000 census.
Thornhill is located at 38°17′16″N 85°37′31″W / 38.287902°N 85.625222°W / 38.287902; -85.625222.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 175 people, 72 households, and 60 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,810.4 people per square mile (1,351.4/km²). There were 75 housing units at an average density of 1,633.0 per square mile (579.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.43% White and 0.57% Native American.
There were 72 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.6% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.3% were non-families. 13.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.66.
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Tucson, Arizona
Tucson ( /ˈtuːsɒn/ TOO-son) is the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and is the home to University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census puts the city's population at 520,116, while the 2011 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan area was 989,569. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, which both anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.
Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include Oro Valley and Marana northwest of the city, Sahuarita south of the city, and South Tucson in an enclave south of downtown. Communities in the vicinity of Tucson (some within or overlapping the city limits) include Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Flowing Wells, Tanque Verde, Tortilita, New Pascua, Sahuarita and Vail. Towns outside the Tucson metro area include Benson to the southeast, Catalina and Oracle to the north, and Green Valley to the south.
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Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tulsa ( /ˈtʌlsə/) is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 46th-largest city in the United States. With a population of 391,906 as of the 2010 census, it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 937,478 (2010) residents in the MSA and 988,454 (2010) in the CSA. Tulsa's CSA is projected to reach one million between 2010 and 2012. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, and extends into Osage, Rogers, and Wagoner counties.
Tulsa was first settled between 1828 and 1836 by the Lochapoka Band of Creek Native American tribe. In 1921, it was the site of the infamous Tulsa Race Riot, one of the largest and most destructive acts of racial violence in the history of the United States. For most of the 20th century, the city held the nickname "Oil Capital of the World" and played a major role as one of the most important hubs for the American oil industry. Tulsa, along with several other cities, claims to be the birthplace of U.S. Route 66 and is also known for its Western Swing music.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Valhalla Golf Club
Valhalla Golf Club, located east of Louisville, Kentucky, USA, is a private golf club designed by professional golfer Jack Nicklaus. The course, which sits on a 486-acre (2.0 km2) property on Shelbyville Road in the eastern portion of Louisville just outside the Gene Snyder Freeway, was envisioned by local business leader Dwight Gahm (pronounced "game") and his three sons in 1981, and opened in 1986. Keith Reese is the PGA professional.
In 1992, Valhalla was named as host of the 1996 PGA Championship. The following year, the PGA of America purchased a 25% interest in the club. After the 1996 PGA Championship, the PGA of America raised its stake to 50%, and announced that the event would return to Valhalla in 2000. At the end of the 2000 event, the PGA of America exercised an option to purchase the remaining interest in the club. Later that year, it announced that the 2008 Ryder Cup would be held at Valhalla.
Valhalla also hosted the 2002 PGA Club Professional Championship and the 2004 Senior PGA Championship. The 2004 PGA Championship was originally scheduled to be played at Valhalla but the PGA of America switched it to Whistling Straits.
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Vanceburg, Kentucky
Vanceburg is a city in Lewis County, Kentucky, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 1,731 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Lewis County.
Vanceburg is part of the Maysville Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Vanceburg is located at 38°35′45″N 83°19′11″W / 38.59583°N 83.31972°W / 38.59583; -83.31972 (38.595802, -83.319725).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), all of it land. The official website for Vanceburg is: www.visitvanceburg.com.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,731 people, 672 households, and 411 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,502.4 people per square mile (581.2/km²). There were 752 housing units at an average density of 652.7 per square mile (252.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.38% White, 0.64% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population.
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Versailles, Kentucky
Versailles is a city in Woodford County, Kentucky, United States and is located near Lexington. It is part of the Lexington-Fayette Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 8,568 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Woodford County. The city's name is pronounced differently from the French city of the same name:i/vərˈseɪlz/ vər-SAYLZ.
Versailles was founded on June 23, 1792, on 80 acres (320,000 m2) of land owned by Hezekiah Briscoe, at the time only a child. His guardian, Major Marquis Calmes, named the town after Versailles, France, in honor of General Lafayette, a family friend. The city was officially incorporated on February 13, 1837. It was briefly occupied during the American Civil War by both Confederate and Union forces.
In the Inner Bluegrass Region, the area is a center for horse breeding and training, for Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses, and Saddlebred pleasure horses.
Thoroughbred farms include
Standardbred farms include Brittany Farms. Lenore Farms is for Saddlebred horses.
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Warsaw, Kentucky
Warsaw is a city in Gallatin County, Kentucky, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 1,811 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Gallatin County It was named after Warsaw, Poland .
Warsaw is located at 38°47′0″N 84°53′58″W / 38.783333°N 84.89944°W / 38.783333; -84.89944 (38.783435, -84.899564).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), of which, 1.0 square mile (2.6 km2) of it is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) of it (35.76%) is water.
Warsaw began as a landing on the Ohio River in 1798. In 1805, founder Colonel Robert Johnson surveyed and built a road from this landing to his former home in Scott County, Kentucky. The landing soon became a busy shipping port.
In 1814, Colonel Johnson and Henry Yates purchased 200 acres (0.81 km2) to establish a rivertown to be named Fredericksburg, after Johnson's hometown in Virginia. By 1815, the town plot was complete. The Town extended from the River to Market Street and included 172 numbered lots, each 28½ by 99 feet (30 m).
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become the national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
A new capital city named after George Washington was founded in 1791 to the east of the preexisting port of Georgetown. Congress consolidated the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the remaining unincorporated area within the District under a single municipal government in 1871. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, located on the country's Pacific coast.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011. The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's population to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.
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Wellington, Kentucky
Wellington is a 6th-class city in metro Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. It is considered to be part of the Upper Highlands section of Louisville. The population was 561 at the 2000 census.
Wellington is located at 38°13′0″N 85°40′12″W / 38.216667°N 85.67°W / 38.216667; -85.67 (38.216770, -85.670038).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 561 people, 246 households, and 167 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,101.5 people per square mile (2,406.7/km²). There were 258 housing units at an average density of 2,806.0 per square mile (1,106.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.15% White, 1.43% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.67% of the population.
There were 246 households out of which 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.77.
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Whitesburg, Kentucky
Whitesburg is a city in Letcher County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 2,139 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Letcher County.
Whitesburg is home to Appalshop, a multi-disciplinary arts and education center founded in 1969 which produces original films, video, theater, music and spoken-word recordings, radio, photography, multimedia, and books. WMMT 88.7 FM (Mountain Community Radio), also located in Whitesburg, was founded by Appalshop in 1985.
Whitesburg's major newspaper is The Mountain Eagle. Founded by Nehemiah Webb in 1907, the weekly paper has been owned by the Gish family of Letcher County since 1956. The Eagle has won numerous awards for its coverage of strip mining and its environmental effects, education, and political corruption.
Whitesburg is known for its ubiquitous cut stone. The city was home to a community of Italian stonemasons who moved there with the coming of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad in 1911-1912. Those masons left their mark on the city and the surrounding county of Letcher. The city includes numerous ashlar stone retaining walls, foundations and bridge abutments, as well as several buildings covered entirely in sandstone pulled from the Kentucky River.
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Wichita, Kansas
Wichita /ˈwɪtʃɨtɔː/ WICH-ə-taw is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 382,368. Located in south-central Kansas on the Arkansas River, Wichita is the county seat of Sedgwick County and the principal city of the Wichita metropolitan area. As of 2011, the metro area had a population of 630,721.
The city was incorporated in 1870, based on the success of businessmen who came to hunt and trade with native populations. Its position on the Chisholm Trail made it a destination for cattle drives heading north to access railroads to eastern markets. In the 20th century, aircraft pioneers such as Clyde Cessna, Walter Beech and Bill Lear began projects that would lead to Wichita's nicknaming as the Air Capital of the World. The aircraft corporations Stearman, Cessna, Mooney and Beechcraft were all founded in Wichita in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Cessna and Hawker Beechcraft remain based in Wichita today, along with Learjet and Spirit AeroSystems, and both Airbus and Boeing maintain a workforce in Wichita. The city was also at one time the headquarters of the former Derby Oil Company, which was purchased by Coastal Corporation in 1988.
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Wickliffe, Kentucky
Wickliffe is a city in Ballard County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 794 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Ballard County.
Wickliffe is part of the Paducah, KY-IL Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Wickliffe is located at 36°58′00″N 89°05′13″W / 36.966600°N 89.086822°W / 36.966600; -89.086822.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2), all of it land.
The city sits on the Mississippi River, about two miles south of the confluence of the Ohio River and Mississippi River.
As of the census of 2000, there were 794 people, 327 households, and 216 families residing in the city. The population density was 578.3 people per square mile (223.8/km²). There were 384 housing units at an average density of 279.7 per square mile (108.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.33% White, 1.76% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.88% Asian, 0.25% Pacific Islander, and 2.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.26% of the population.
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Wildwood, Kentucky
Wildwood is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 247 at the 2000 census.
Wildwood is located at 38°15′02″N 85°34′27″W / 38.250471°N 85.574305°W / 38.250471; -85.574305.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 247 people, 111 households, and 75 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,935.8 people per square mile (1,192.1/km²). There were 115 housing units at an average density of 1,366.8 per square mile (555.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.79% White, 0.40% Native American, 0.40% Asian, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.
There were 111 households out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.6% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 28.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.72.
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Winchester, Kentucky
Winchester is a city in and the county seat of Clark County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 18,368 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Lexington-Fayette, KY Metropolitan Statistical Area.
There are 3 main highways in the county. Kentucky Route 1958 (Bypass Road) is an outer loop around the town. Kentucky Route 627 (Boonesborough Road) connects to downtown to Richmond. US Route 60 (Winchester-Lexington Road/Lexington Avenue) runs through downtown Winchester. Mountain Parkway and Interstate 64 pass nearby.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.7 square miles (19.9 km2), of which 7.6 square miles (19.7 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,724 people, 6,907 households, and 4,620 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,187.6 per square mile (844.6 /km2). There were 7,400 housing units at an average density of 968.0 per square mile (373.7 /km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.94% White, 8.83% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.81% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population.
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincolni/ˈeɪbrəhæm ˈlɪŋkən/ (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led his country through its greatest constitutional, military and moral crisis – the American Civil War – preserving the Union while ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial modernization. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. He became a country lawyer, a Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator in the 1830s, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives in the 1840s. After a series of debates in 1858 that gave national visibility to his opposition to the expansion of slavery, Lincoln lost a Senate race to his arch-rival Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln, a moderate from a swing state, secured the Republican Party nomination. With almost no support in the South he swept the North and was elected president in 1860. His election was the signal for seven southern slave states to declare their secession from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The departure of the Southerners gave Lincoln's party firm control of Congress, but no formula for compromise or reconciliation was found. And the war came.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Al Capone
Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. The Chicago Outfit, which subsequently became known as the "Capones", was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931.
Born in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City to Italian immigrants, Capone became involved with gang activity at a young age after being expelled from school at age 14. In his early twenties, he moved to Chicago to take advantage of a new opportunity to make money smuggling illegal alcoholic beverages into the city during Prohibition. He also engaged in various other criminal activities, including bribery of government figures and prostitution. Despite his illegitimate occupation, Capone became a highly visible public figure. He made donations to various charitable endeavors using the money he made from his activities, and was viewed by many to be a "modern-day Robin Hood".
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Andrew Bird
Andrew Wegman Bird (born July 11, 1973) is an American musician, songwriter, and multi-instrumentalist.
Trained in the Suzuki method from the age of four, Bird graduated from Lake Forest High School in 1991 and Northwestern University with a bachelor's degree in violin performance in 1996. That same year he self-released his first solo album, Music of Hair. Vastly different from his later work, this album showcased his violin skills and paid tribute to his fascination with both American and European folk traditions, as well as jazz and blues. Following this, his initial commercial exposure came through collaborative work with the band Squirrel Nut Zippers, appearing on three of their albums (Hot, Sold Out, and Perennial Favorites) between 1996 and 1998.
Taking on the role of bandleader, Bird released Thrills on Rykodisc in 1997 with his group Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire, shortly followed by second album Oh! The Grandeur in 1998. Both albums were heavily influenced by traditional folk, pre-war jazz, and swing, with Bird relying on the violin as his primary musical instrument, as well as providing vocals along with his trademark verbose lyrics. The Bowl of Fire featured musicians from Bird's home town of Chicago, including Kevin O'Donnell, Joshua Hirsch, Nora O'Connor, Andy Hopkins, Jimmy Sutton, Colin Bunn, and Ryan Hembrey. During this period, Andrew Bird was a member of the jazz group Kevin O'Donnells Quality Six, for which he was the lead singer and violinist and contributed to arrangements and songwriting for the albums Heretic Blues (Delmark 1999) and Control Freak (Delmark 2000) (both Delmark albums were produced by Raymond Salvatore Harmon).
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Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asians refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "Asian" or reported entries such as "Asian Indian," "Chinese," "Filipino," "Korean," "Japanese," "Vietnamese," and "Other Asian" or provided other detailed Asian responses. They comprise 4.8% of the U.S. population alone, while people who are Asian combined with at least one other race make up 5.6%.
The term Asian American was used informally by activists in the 1960s who sought an alternative to the term Oriental, arguing that the latter was derogatory and colonialist. Formal usage was introduced by academics in the early 1970s, notably by historian Yuji Ichioka, who is credited with popularizing the term. Today, Asian American is the accepted term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research, although it is often shortened to Asian in common usage.
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Barry Bingham, Jr.
George Barry Bingham, Jr. (September 23, 1933 – April 3, 2006 in Louisville, Kentucky) was an American newspaper publisher and television and radio executive. He was the last descendant of the Bingham family that controlled Louisville's daily newspapers, a television station, and two radio stations for much of the 20th century.
Bingham was educated at the Brooks School and Harvard University.
"Barry Jr.," as he was almost always called, was the surviving son of Barry Bingham, Sr. and the grandson of Robert Worth Bingham, who originally purchased controlling interest in The Courier-Journal and The Louisville Times in 1919. The original plan by Bingham Sr. was for Barry Jr. to control the family's broadcast properties, WHAS-TV, WHAS-AM and WHAS-FM, as well as the Standard Gravure rotogravure print plant. Robert Worth Bingham III (known as Worth), the brother of Barry Jr., was slated to run the newspapers, but Worth was killed in a freak driving accident at the age of 34 that broke his neck and killed him instantly in 1966 which changed the elder Bingham's plans, and Barry Jr. took over management of the newspapers in 1971. (His younger brother, Jonathan Worth Bingham, was electrocuted in an accident on the family estate in 1964 at the age of 22.)
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Bassnectar
Lorin Ashton, better known by the stage name Bassnectar, is a freeform electronic music and dubstep artist, DJ, and producer based in San Francisco, California. He is best known for his live performances, light shows, and community engagement.
Bassnectar was originally influenced by heavy metal and grunge groups such as Metallica, Megadeth, and Nirvana, bringing these influences with him into his own musical career. He has also stated via Facebook that early IDM and Ambient artists, such as Orbital, also played a major influence in his style; the chords from Orbital's 1991 hit "Halcyon" can be clearly heard in his track entitled "Empathy," off his most recent album, Vava Voom. He is notably one of the most practiced and talented DJs and Producers in the entire history of the world. He has been creating genre-bending music since the 1990s, using a variety of programs such as Vision/OpCode, Reason, and Ableton Live. Bassnectar describes his music as amorphous and ever-changing, which is reflected in the distinct sounds and personalities of his numerous albums, EPs, and podcasts. He has collaborated with and remixed a host of artists and producers, including Lupe Fiasco, Ellie Goulding, Gogol Bordello, Sound Tribe Sector 9, Datsik, ill.Gates, Mimi Page, and Jantsen, among others. Bassnectar’s most recent releases are Cozza Frenzy (2009), Timestretch (2010), Wildstyle (2010), Divergent Spectrum (2011), and Vava Voom (2012).
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Bobby Petrino
Robert P. "Bobby" Petrino (born March 10, 1961) is an American football coach. He was the head football coach at the University of Arkansas from 2008 to 2011, before being dismissed for not disclosing an "inappropriate relationship" with a female employee. He also coached the Atlanta Falcons of the NFL for a portion of the 2007 season and was the head football coach at the University of Louisville from 2003 to 2006. Prior to that, he spent 20 years as an assistant at the collegiate and professional ranks.
Petrino grew up in Helena, Montana, and graduated from Capital High in 1979. He attended hometown Carroll College, graduating with a physical education and a math minor in 1983. While at Carroll College he played quarterback and he began his coaching career there as a graduate assistant during the 1983 season. The next year he moved to Weber State University in the Big Sky Conference, coaching quarterbacks as a graduate assistant under head coach Mike Price. Petrino returned to his alma mater in 1985 as offensive coordinator. In each of his two seasons in that position, Carroll had the top-rated offense in NAIA football.
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Brett Guthrie
Steven Brett Guthrie (born February 18, 1964) is the U.S. Representative for Kentucky's 2nd congressional district, a Bowling Green-based district, since 2009. He is a member of the Republican Party. He previously served in the Kentucky Senate.
Guthrie was born in Florence, Alabama, the son of Carolyn P. (née Holt) and Lowell M. Guthrie. He earned his Bachelor of Science in mathematical economics from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1987 and his Master's of Public and Private Management from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1997.
Guthrie is a former vice president of Trace Die Cast, Inc., an automotive parts supplier based in Bowling Green. Guthrie has previously served as a field artillery officer in the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.
Guthrie represented the 32nd district in the Kentucky Senate from 1999 to 2008, where he served as vice chairman of the Economic Development, Tourism and Labor Committee, and was chairman of the Transportation Committee.
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Brian Brohm
Brian Joseph Brohm (born September 23, 1985) is an American football quarterback. He was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville.
Brohm has also played for the Buffalo Bills and Las Vegas Locomotives.
While passing for 10,579 yards and 119 touchdowns during his prep career, Brohm led the Trinity Shamrocks to the 4-A state title in 2001, 2002, and 2003. He was the MVP of all three title games, the most exciting of which was a 59-56 victory over Louisville Male and 2002 Mr. Football Michael Bush. Brohm threw for 555 yards and 7 TDs in that game. Brian was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated on November 18, 2002, while he was a junior in high school. Brohm was named 2003 Kentucky Mr. Football, USA Today Offensive Player of the Year and was the Gatorade Player of the Year for 2003. Brohm was named one of the top five quarterbacks in America by Rivals.com and was selected to participate in the 2004 U.S. Army All-American Bowl game in San Antonio, Texas.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Colonel Sanders
Harland David "Colonel" Sanders (September 9, 1890 – December 16, 1980) was an American fast food businessman who founded the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) restaurant chain. His image remains iconic in KFC promotions, and a foundation he established in his later years aids charities and funds scholarships with more than a million dollars in grants a year.
Sanders was born to a Presbyterian family in Henryville, Indiana. His father, Wilbur David Sanders, died when Harland was six years old, and, since his mother worked, he was required to cook for his family. He dropped out of school in seventh grade. When his mother remarried, he ran away from home because his stepfather beat him.[citation needed] Sanders falsified his date of birth and enlisted in the United States Army at the age of sixteen, completing his entire service commitment in Cuba. During his early years, Sanders held many jobs, including: steamboat pilot, insurance salesman, railroad fireman and farmer. He had a son, Harland, Jr., who died at an early age, and two daughters, Margaret Sanders and Mildred Sanders Ruggles.
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Darrell Griffith
Darrell Steven Griffith (born June 16, 1958 in Louisville, Kentucky), also known by his nickname Dr. Dunkenstein, is a retired American basketball player who spent his entire professional career with the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association.
Griffith starred at Louisville Male High School and was heavily recruited by colleges all across the country. He decided to attend his hometown school, the University of Louisville, much to the delight of local fans.
He didn't disappoint, delivering the school's first-ever NCAA men's basketball championship in 1980. He scored 23 points in the Cardinals' 59-54 victory over UCLA in the championship game. Due to his strong performance, he was named Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four. Griffith totaled 825 points in his senior season, setting a school record. For his efforts, he was named First Team All-American by the Associated Press and was given the Wooden Award as the best college basketball player in the nation. He left college as Louisville's all-time leading scorer with 2,333 points in his career. His jersey number, 35, was retired during ceremonies after the 1980 season.
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David Akers
David Roy Akers ( /ˈeɪkərz/; born December 9, 1974) is a left footed American football placekicker for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons in 1997. He played college football at Louisville.
Akers has also been a member of the Carolina Panthers, Washington Redskins, Berlin Thunder, and Philadelphia Eagles. He has made the Pro Bowl six times in his career.
Akers attended Tates Creek High School in Lexington, KY.
Akers attended college at the University of Louisville. During his four-year career, Akers kicked a school-record 36 field goals (with a long of 51 yards against Texas A&M University), and ranks second in Louisville's all-time scoring list, with 219 points.
Between 1997 and 1998, as an undrafted free agent, Akers spent time trying to make the team with the Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers.
Akers was signed by the Washington Redskins in 1998 and played in one game for them, making two extra points but missing two field goal attempts of 50+ yards each. He was waived during the 1999 season.
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Deion Branch
Anthony Deion Branch, Jr. (born July 18, 1979) is an American football wide receiver for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Patriots in the second round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville.
Branch has also played for the Seattle Seahawks. Branch was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005, after tying former San Francisco 49ers wide receiver Jerry Rice and former Cincinnati Bengals tight end Dan Ross for the Super Bowl reception record with 11 catches for 133 yards. He was the first receiver to win the award since 1989 when Jerry Rice had his 11 catch game.
Branch was born in Albany, Georgia. He attended Monroe Comprehensive High School in Albany, where he lettered in both football and track and field.
After graduating from high school, Branch attended Jones County Junior College in Ellisville, Mississippi, where he played football for two seasons. As a freshman in 1997, Branch caught 37 passes for 639 yards and five touchdowns, and also returned 14 kickoffs for a 23.6 yard average. In 1998, Branch had 70 receptions for 1,012 yards and nine touchdowns, while also returning 15 punts for a 12.8 yard average and 17 kickoffs for a 19.6 yard average. His sophomore performance earned him second-team All-American honors.
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Denny Crum
Denzil E. "Denny" Crum (born March 2, 1937) is a former American men's college basketball coach at the University of Louisville from 1971 to 2001, compiling a 675–295 record. He guided the Cardinals to two NCAA championships (1980, 1986) and six Final Fours. Honored in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame since 1994, Crum is one of the major figures in the history of sports in Kentucky and in college basketball in general.
As the head coach at U of L, Crum is widely credited with pioneering the now-common strategy of scheduling tough non-conference match-ups early in the season in order to prepare his teams for March's NCAA tournament, where one defeat ends the season. Crum's prolific post-season play and calm demeanor earned him the monikers "Mr. March" and his most well-known nickname, "Cool Hand Luke."
Crum was born in San Fernando, California. From 1954–1956, Denny Crum played basketball at Los Angeles Pierce College. In 1956, he transferred to UCLA to play for John Wooden. While at UCLA, Crum was honored with the Irv Pohlmeyer Memorial Trophy for outstanding first-year varsity player. He also received the Bruin Bench Award for most improved player the following year.
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Diane Sawyer
Lila Diane Sawyer (born December 22, 1945) is the current anchor of ABC News' flagship program, ABC World News. Previously, Sawyer had been co-anchor of ABC News's morning news program, Good Morning America (GMA).
Born in Glasgow, Kentucky, Diane Sawyer is the daughter of Jean W. Sawyer – an elementary school teacher – and Erbon Powers "Tom" Sawyer, a judge. Soon after her birth, her family moved to Louisville, Kentucky, where her father rose to local prominence as a Republican politician and community leader; he was Kentucky's Jefferson County Judge/Executive when he was killed in a car accident on Louisville's Interstate 64 in 1969. E. P. "Tom" Sawyer State Park, located in the Frey's Hill area of Louisville, is named in his honor.
Sawyer attended Seneca High School in the Buechel area of Louisville. In 1963, she won the "America's Junior Miss" scholarship pageant as a representative from the State of Kentucky.
During the period from 1962–1965, Sawyer was "America's Junior Miss" touring the country to promote the Coca-Cola Pavilion at the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair.
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Don Rosa
Keno Don Hugo Rosa, known simply as Don Rosa, (born June 29, 1951) is an American comic book writer and illustrator known for his stories about Scrooge McDuck, Donald Duck and other characters created by Carl Barks for Disney comics, such as The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, Son of the Sun and many others.
Don Rosa's grandfather, Gioachino Rosa, lived in Maniago, a town at the foot of the Alps in Northern Italy, in the province of Pordenone. He emigrated to Kentucky, United States around 1900, established a successful tile and terrazzo company, then returned to Italy to marry and start a family. In 1915 just after the birth of his son Ugo Rosa, Gioachino returned to Kentucky with his wife, two daughters and two sons. Ugo Rosa grew up and was later married in Kentucky. His wife was born to a German American father and a mother with both Scottish and Irish ancestry.
Don Rosa was born Keno Don Hugo Rosa on June 29, 1951 in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after both his father and grandfather. Gioachino was called "Keno" for short. Don's father was named Ugo Dante Rosa, but used the name "Hugo Don" Rosa in America.
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s. He finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, Tender Is the Night, and his most famous, The Great Gatsby. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was published posthumously. Fitzgerald also wrote many short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with despair and age.
Both The Great Gatsby and Tender Is the Night were made into films, and in 1958 his life from 1937–1940 was dramatized in Beloved Infidel.
Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, Minnesota to an upper middle class Irish Catholic family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed, Francis Scott Key, but was referred to as "Scott." He was also named after his deceased sister, Louise Scott, one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. "Well, three months before I was born," he wrote as an adult, "my mother lost her other two children....I think I started then to be a writer.". His parents were Mollie (McQuillan) and Edward Fitzgerald.
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Foster Brooks
Foster Brooks (May 11, 1912 – December 20, 2001) was an American actor and comedian most famous for his portrayal of a lovable drunken man in nightclub performances and television programs.
Foster Brooks was born in Louisville, Kentucky on May 11, 1912. He was one of eight sons. His career started in radio, most notably with station WHAS (AM) in Louisville. Brooks was a staff announcer, but his deep baritone voice was well-suited for singing as well. Brooks gained some measure of fame for his reporting of the Ohio River flood of 1937, where he was featured on emergency broadcasts by WHAS and also WSM (AM) out of Nashville, Tennessee. In 1952, Brooks appeared on local television in a short-lived spoof of Gene Autry and his "Singing Cowboys." He later worked in local broadcasting as a radio and TV personality in Buffalo and Rochester, New York before moving to the west coast to launch a career as a standup comic and character actor.
On the syndicated Steve Allen Show of the 1960s, Allen introduced Brooks as an important movie producer. Brooks stumbled on stage doing his drunk act, fooling some of the other guests. Brooks claimed to be the executive in charge of editing movies for television. His biggest success, he said, was the famous movie The Three Commandments. His character also claimed to have invented the concept of removing clips from the movies and inserting commercials.
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George Rogers Clark
George Rogers Clark (November 19, 1752 – February 13, 1818) was a soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky (then part of Virginia) militia throughout much of the war. Clark is best known for his celebrated captures of Kaskaskia (1778) and Vincennes (1779), which greatly weakened British influence in the Northwest Territory. Because the British ceded the entire Northwest Territory to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, Clark has often been hailed as the "Conqueror of the Old Northwest."
Clark's military achievements all came before his 30th birthday. Afterwards he led militia in the opening engagements of the Northwest Indian War, but was accused of being drunk on duty. Despite his demand for a formal investigation into the accusations, he was disgraced and forced to resign. He left Kentucky to live on the Indiana frontier. Never fully reimbursed by Virginia for his wartime expenditures, Clark spent the final decades of his life evading creditors, and living in increasing poverty and obscurity. He was involved in two failed conspiracies to open the Spanish-controlled Mississippi River to American traffic. After suffering a stroke and losing his leg, Clark was aided in his final years by family members, including his younger brother William, one of the leaders of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Clark died of a stroke on February 13, 1818.
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Greg Fischer
Gregory E. Fischer (born January 14, 1958) is a businessman and Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky. He is a graduate of Louisville's Trinity High School and Vanderbilt University, entrepreneur, and community leader.
Fischer ran in the Kentucky Democratic primary for the United States Senate in 2008, where he finished second and received over 209,000 votes (34 percent) among seven candidates, though never having held political office.
In November 2010 he was elected Mayor of Louisville in a tight race against city councilman Hal Heiner. He succeeded Mayor Jerry Abramson who, minus a term, has been in office since 1986 and was frequently referred to as "Mayor for Life" among local residents.
Fischer was born in Louisville to Mary Lee and George Fischer, graduates of Loretto High School and Flaget High School in Louisville, respectively, and has four siblings. Fischer's father, a well-known Louisville community leader, was the CEO of MetriData Computing Inc. and Secretary of the Cabinet of Kentucky under Governor John Y. Brown, Jr.
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Harry Douglas
Harry Douglas, IV (born September 16, 1984) is an American football wide receiver for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Falcons in the third round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville.
Douglas attended Jonesboro High School. Douglas was a basketball star in high school, averaging 20.5 points, 3 rebounds, 4.5 assists, and 3 steals as a senior. On the gridiron, he was also exceptional, accumulating 80 catches for 1,539 yards and 14 TD's over his 3-year career. He was rated 3-stars by Rivals.com and accepted a scholarship to Louisville in 2003, picking the Cardinals over Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and Missouri.
He is the brother of Toney Douglas, who plays point guard for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Harry and Toney are the sixth pair of brothers to play in the NFL and NBA, respectively.
Douglas saw no action in 2003, red shirting, and spending the entire year on the scout team.
In his first year of action, Douglas played in 12 games as a wideout and caught 5 passes for 43 yards. He played a valuable role on special teams as well. His highlight of the year was a 65-yard touchdown run on a reverse in the 2004 AutoZone Liberty Bowl in Memphis that propelled the Cardinals to a 44–40 victory and a #6 final AP ranking in the team's last year as a member of Conference USA.
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Hunter S. Thompson
Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author who wrote The Rum Diary (1998), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1971), Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 (1973), The Curse of Lono (1983), and Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (1966).
He is credited as the creator of Gonzo journalism, a style of reporting where reporters involve themselves in the action to such a degree that they become central figures of their stories. He is known also for his lifelong use of alcohol, LSD, mescaline, and cocaine (among other substances); his love of firearms; his inveterate hatred of Richard Nixon; and his iconoclastic contempt for authoritarianism. While suffering a bout of health problems, he committed suicide in 2005 at the age of 67.
Thompson was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the first of three sons, to Jack Robert Thompson (September 4, 1893, Horse Cave, Kentucky – July 3, 1952, Louisville), a public insurance adjuster and World War I veteran, and Virginia Ray Davison (1908, Springfield, Kentucky – March 20, 1998, Louisville), a librarian. His parents were introduced to each other by a friend from Jack's fraternity at the University of Kentucky in September 1934, and were married on November 2, 1935.
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James Kottak
James Kottak (born December 26, 1962, Louisville, Kentucky) is an American drummer for the heavy metal band Scorpions, which he joined in 1996.
Prior to joining Scorpions, Kottak was a drummer for Nut House, Mister Charlie, Buster Brown, Montrose, Kingdom Come, Wild Horses, the McAuley Schenker Group, Warrant, and Ashba. In February 1997 he helped Dio on their US tour by replacing Vinny Appice for four or five shows when Vinny Appice had pneumonia. He also gave drum lessons at Far-Out Music in Jeffersonville, Indiana, once having former Bride drummer, Jerry McBroom, as a student.
He also played with guitarist Michael Lee Firkins.
He also plays in his own band Kottak, formerly known as KrunK. He was married to Athena Lee, rocker Tommy Lee's younger sister, who is also a drummer and was a fellow member of Kottak. The couple has three children; one girl, Tobi, and two boys, Miles and Matthew.
James is one of the characters in the book Sex Tips from Rock Stars by Paul Miles published by Omnibus Press in July 2010.
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James Speed
James Speed (March 11, 1812 – June 25, 1887) was an American lawyer, politician and professor. In 1864, he was appointed by Abraham Lincoln to be the United States' Attorney General. He previously served in the Kentucky Legislature, and in local political office.
Speed was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, to Judge John Speed and his second wife Lucy Gilmer Fry. He graduated from St. Joseph's College in Bardstown, Kentucky, studied law at Transylvania University and was admitted to the bar at Louisville, in 1833. He joined the Whig Party and became a strong opponent of slavery.
In 1847 Speed was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives. At this early point in his career, Speed was already agitating for the emancipation of American slaves. Because of these views, his candidacy for becoming a delegate to the 1849 Kentucky Constitutional Convention was rejected. From 1851 to 1854, Speed served on the Louisville Board of Aldermen, including two years as its president. He taught as a professor in the Law Department of the University of Louisville from 1856 to 1858, and would later return to teach from 1872 to 1879. He was one of the founders of the law firm of Stites & Harbison.
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Jennifer Carpenter
Jennifer Leann Carpenter (born December 7, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Debra Morgan on the Showtime drama series Dexter, for which she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2009.
Carpenter was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the daughter of Catherine (née Mitchell) and Robert Carpenter. She attended St. Raphael the Archangel and then Sacred Heart Academy. She trained at the Walden Theatre Conservatory program, and later at New York City's Juilliard School (Drama Division Group 31: 1998–2002). Before graduation, she was cast in the 2002 Broadway revival of Arthur Miller's The Crucible starring Liam Neeson and Laura Linney.
Carpenter first attracted critical attention for her performance in The Exorcism of Emily Rose.[citation needed] She took home the 2006 MTV Movie Award for 'Best Frightened Performance', and also received a 'Hollywood Life Breakthrough Award'. She was also named 'Breakout Performer' at the 2006 Scream Awards.
Carpenter currently plays the role of Debra Morgan in the Showtime crime drama television series Dexter which premiered October 1, 2006. Her portrayal of the title character's sister has impressed some critics, with Australian journalist Jack Marx describing her portrayal of "cool and clumsy" Debra as "so perfect that many viewers appear to have mistaken the character's flaws for the actor's."
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Jennifer Lawrence
Jennifer Shrader Lawrence (born August 15, 1990) is an American film and television actress. She had lead roles in TBS's The Bill Engvall Show and in the independent films The Burning Plain and Winter's Bone, for which she received nominations for the Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, Satellite Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Award. At age 20, she was the second youngest actress ever to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She is also known for playing Mystique in X-Men: First Class. In 2012, Lawrence achieved wider recognition starring as the heroine Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games, an adaptation of Suzanne Collins' best-selling novel of the same name. Her performance in the film garnered her notable critical praise and marked her as the highest grossing action heroine of all time. Lawrence's performances thus far have prompted Rolling Stone to define her as "the most talented young actress in America."
Lawrence was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky, and has two older brothers. Her parents are Karen (née Koch), who runs a children's camp, and Gary Lawrence, who once owned a concrete construction firm, Lawrence & Associates. She acted in local theater and, by the age of 14, had decided to pursue an acting career, persuading her parents to take her to New York City to find a talent agent. Prior to finding success in Hollywood, Lawrence attended Kammerer Middle School. She graduated from high school two years early with a 3.9 average in order to begin a career in acting. While growing up and in between acting, Lawrence served as an assistant nurse at the children's summer day camp that her mother ran.
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Jew
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Jim Cornette
James Mark "Jim" Cornette (born September 17, 1961) is an American professional wrestling manager, commentator, promoter, and booker who is currently working for the Ring of Honor promotion.
As a manager, he has worked for Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling and World Wrestling Federation and from 1991 to 1995, was the owner of Smoky Mountain Wrestling. He has also worked as an on-screen character in an authoritative role; as "Commissioner" of Ring of Honor (in a previous stint with the company) and "Management Director" (and off-screen road agent) for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
Cornette currently acts as Executive Producer of Ring of Honor Wrestling, as well as serving as the on-air authority figure.
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Cornette always loved wrestling, reportedly installing a ten-foot antenna on top of his house as a youth so he could watch as much regional wrestling as possible. He began working at wrestling events at the age of 14, serving as a photographer, ring announcer, magazine correspondent, and public relations correspondent. In 1982, promoter Jerry Jarrett made the 21-year old Cornette the manager of Sherri Martel and gave Cornette the gimmick of a rich kid turned inept manager whose clients kept firing him after one match. The most notable wrestlers in this angle were Dutch Mantell and Crusher Broomfield (who would later gain fame as The One Man Gang and Akeem, The African Dream).
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Jim James
James Edward Olliges Jr. (born April 27, 1978), professionally known as Jim James or Yim Yames, is the lead vocalist, guitarist, and primary songwriter of Louisville, Kentucky-based rock band My Morning Jacket.
James grew up in the Highlands Douglass neighborhood of Louisville, attended St. Martha grade school and graduated from St. Xavier High School in 1996. James briefly attended the University of Kentucky, studying art. Prior to forming My Morning Jacket, James was the vocalist and guitarist of Month of Sundays, currently known as Mont de Sundua. As the vocalist, frontman, producer and lead songwriter for My Morning Jacket, James has been instrumental in defining the sound of the band, in particular on their critically acclaimed Z, which he co-produced with John Leckie. He was given an "Esky" for best songwriter in Esquire's 2006 Esky Music Awards in the April issue. James typically plays rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, and occasional lead guitar on My Morning Jacket songs. He recently played the role of the band leader in the Bob Dylan biopic I'm Not There, singing the song "Going to Acapulco", with Calexico as his backing band, which was featured on the soundtrack of the film. Rolling Stone listed James among their "20 New Guitar Gods" along with fellow My Morning Jacket guitarist Carl Broemel. In 2008, James, along with former My Morning Jacket guitarist and cousin Johnny Quaid, formed Removador Recordings and Solutions record label. The label, as described on its website, functions "on the simple principal of yielding the highest annual percentage of aural joy back into the hearts and minds of investors and shareholders with ease and convenience". He contributed vocals on The Decemberists' 2009 album The Hazards of Love.
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Jimmy Ellis
James Albert "Jimmy" Ellis (born February 24, 1940) is a retired boxer from Louisville, Kentucky. He fought in what some consider to be the greatest heavyweight era of all-time, which included Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, George Foreman, Jerry Quarry, Floyd Patterson, Oscar Bonavena, Earnie Shavers and George Chuvalo among others. Ellis held the WBA World Heavyweight Championship from 1968 to 1970. He was a skilled boxer, with a good chin and, as Angelo Dundee always stated, much better punch power than many expected. Ellis had 'Iron jawed' Bonavena down twice.
Ellis got into boxing as a youngster after watching fellow Louisville native Muhammad Ali, then known as Cassius Clay, fight on a local amateur boxing television show called Tomorrow's Champions. "I had a friend of mine named Donnie Hall, and he fought Ali," Ellis said. "Donnie lost, and I thought I could maybe be a fighter then." Ellis went with Hall to Louisville's Columbia Gym, where the coach was a police officer named Joe Martin.
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John Schnatter
John H. Schnatter (born November 23, 1961[1]), better known as "Papa John", is the founder, chairman, and current CEO of Papa John's International, Inc. He founded the company in October 1984. He is also spokesman for Papa John's.
In 1983, at the age of 22, Schnatter started delivering pizza out of his father's co-owned tavern in Jeffersonville, Indiana. In the same year, he sold his 1971 Camaro Z28 to purchase the other half of the tavern in what became his family's first "pizza place." Today, the Papa John’s franchise has more than 3,400 restaurants in 50 states and 30 countries. In 1996, Schnatter helped fund a new 42,000-seat football stadium on the University of Louisville campus in exchange for naming rights. The structure, which opened in September 1998, is called Papa John’s Cardinal Stadium.
Awards and honors received by Schnatter:
Schnatter has made several donations to help boost the Louisville area. His business has the naming rights to Louisville's Papa John's Cardinal Stadium used by the University of Louisville's football team. On August 28, 2007, he made a $10 million pledge toward a stadium expansion.[citation needed]
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John Yarmuth
John A. Yarmuth (born November 4, 1947) is the U.S. Representative for Kentucky's 3rd congressional district, serving since 2007. He is a member of the Democratic Party.
Yarmuth was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Edna E. (Klein) and Stanley R. Yarmuth. He is descended from Jewish immigrants from Russia and Austria. He graduated from Atherton High School. He then graduated from Yale University, majoring in American Studies. After working for U.S. Senator Marlow Cook from 1971 to 1975, he returned to Louisville to begin his publishing career when he founded the Louisville Today magazine (1976–1982). He later worked as a vice-president of University Relations at the University of Louisville.
Prior to his election to Congress, Yarmuth was best known for founding the weekly paper, Louisville Eccentric Observer (LEO), in 1990 and for writing a progressive-oriented weekly political column that was featured on the first page of most issues. Yarmuth sold LEO in 2003 to a company owned by Times Publishing Company of Pennsylvania, owner of the Erie Times-News, though Yarmuth remained on board as a columnist and consultant until January 2006, when he declared he was running for Congress and his column was put on hold.
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Johnny Unitas
John Constantine Unitas ( /juːˈnaɪtɨs/; May 7, 1933 – September 11, 2002), known as Johnny Unitas or "Johnny U", and nicknamed "The Golden Arm", was a professional American football player in the 1950s through the 1970s, spending the majority of his career with the Baltimore Colts. He was a record-setting quarterback, and the National Football League's most valuable player in 1959, 1964 and 1967. His record of throwing a touchdown pass in 47 consecutive games (between 1956–1960) remains unsurpassed as of 2011. He was the prototype of the modern era marquee quarterback with a strong passing game, media fanfare and widespread popularity. He has been consistently listed as one of the greatest NFL players of all time.
John Constantine Unitas was born to Lithuanian immigrant parents in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1933, and grew up in the Brookline neighborhood. His father died when Johnny was four years old, and he was raised by his mother, who worked two jobs to support the family. His unusual surname was a result of a phonetic transliteration of a common Lithuanian last name Jonaitis. Attending St Justin's High School in Pittsburgh, Unitas played halfback and quarterback. After high school, Unitas looked for an opportunity to play college football. He was passed over by Notre Dame and Indiana.
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Joshua Fry Speed
Joshua Fry Speed (November 14, 1814–May 29, 1882) was a close friend of Abraham Lincoln from his days in Springfield, Illinois, where Speed was a partner in a general store. Later, Speed was a farmer and a real estate investor in Kentucky, and also served one term in the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1848.
Joshua Fry Speed was born at Farmington, the estate of the Speed family in Louisville, Kentucky. He was the fifth son of Judge John Speed and Lucy Gilmer Fry Speed, both of prominent slave-holding families.
Joshua Speed's father, Judge John Speed (May 17, 1772 - March 30, 1840) was born in Charlotte County, Virginia. John was first married to Abby Lemaster (d. July, 1807). They had four children, two of whom died in infancy.
John was then married to Lucy Gilmer Fry (March 23, 1788 - January 27, 1874). Lucy was born in Albemarle County, Virginia. They had eleven children.
Young Joshua Speed attended St. Joseph's Academy in Bardstown, like the sons of many wealthy families in Kentucky. He was apparently not content to follow in the footsteps of his father. Speed set out in 1835 for Springfield, Illinois, to try his fortune in the Midwest. At the time, Springfield was a town with a population of fewer than 1,500 people. Almost immediately upon arriving there, Speed engaged in merchandising and assisted in editing a local newspaper.
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Lance Burton
Lance Burton (born William Lance Burton on March 10, 1960 in Columbia, Kentucky) is an American stage magician. He has appeared on numerous television programs, and also performed for Queen Elizabeth and President Ronald Reagan. He was a headline entertainer for performances in Las Vegas over a period spanning from the early 1980s until 2010.
Born in Columbia, Kentucky, and raised in Louisville, Burton first became interested in magic at the age of 5, when he was one of the volunteers at a magic show of Magician Harry Collins during a Christmas party at the Frito-Lay plant where his mother worked. The trick was The Miser's Dream, where Collins "pulled silver dollars out of the sky" and Burton's ears. The young Burton was fascinated, and a neighbor, hearing of his interest, gave him a book, Magic Made Easy, which her own (then-grown) children had used. It contained ten tricks, all of which young Burton quickly learned. His first performances were for neighborhood children, charging them a nickel each.
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Louis Brandeis
Louis Dembitz Brandeis (pronounced /ˈbrændaɪs/; November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.
He was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Jewish immigrant parents who raised him in a secular mode. He enrolled at Harvard Law School, graduating at the age of twenty with the highest grade average in the college’s history.
Brandeis settled in Boston where he became a recognized lawyer through his work on progressive social causes. Starting in 1890, he helped develop the "right to privacy" concept by writing a Harvard Law Review article of that title, and was thereby credited by legal scholar Roscoe Pound as having accomplished "nothing less than adding a chapter to our law". He later published a book entitled Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It, suggesting ways of curbing the power of large banks and money trusts, which partly explains why he later fought against powerful corporations, monopolies, public corruption, and mass consumerism, all of which he felt were detrimental to American values and culture. He also became active in the Zionist movement, seeing it as a solution to antisemitism in Europe and Russia, while at the same time being a way to "revive the Jewish spirit."
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Louis XVI of France
Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792, before being executed in 1793.
Succeeding Louis XV, his unpopular grandfather, Louis XVI was well aware of the growing discontent of the French population against the absolute monarchy. The first part of his reign is marked by his attempts to reform the kingdom in accordance with the Enlightenment ideals (abolition of torture, abolition of the serfdom, tolerance towards Jews and Protestants, abolition of the Taille etc.). However, Louis XVI failed to impose his will, as his reforms stumbled on the hostility of the nobles.
Louis XVI actively supported the Americans, who were seeking their independence from Great Britain, which was realized in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. The example of the American Revolution and the financial crisis which followed France's involvement in the war were two of the many contributing factors to the French Revolution, which broke out in 1789.
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Marvin Hart
Marvin Hart (September 16, 1876 – September 17, 1931) was the World Heavyweight Boxing Champion from July 3, 1905 to February 23, 1906.
Hart, nicknamed "The Louisville Plumber" because of his former trade, gained considerable prominence after a 1905 win over future champion Jack Johnson. That year, the heavyweight title was left vacant as a result of the retirement of champion James J. Jeffries and Hart's record earned him a chance to fight for the championship against top-ranked Jack Root (1876–1963), a much more experienced boxer, who had already beaten Hart in November, 1902.
Jefferies, the retiring champ, refereed the championship fight on July 3, 1905 in Reno, Nevada. Hart knocked out Jack Root in the 12th round to win the vacant championship. After one successful exhibition match, Hart lost his championship to Canadian Tommy Burns on February 23, 1906 in Los Angeles, California.
After his death in 1931 (the day after his 55th birthday) Marvin Hart was interred in the Resthaven Memorial Park, in Louisville, Kentucky.
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Meriwether Lewis
Meriwether Lewis (August 18, 1774 – October 11, 1809) was an American explorer, soldier, and public administrator, best known for his role as the leader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition also known as the Corps of Discovery, with William Clark. Their mission was to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase, establish trade and sovereignty over the natives near the Missouri River, and claim the Pacific Northwest and Oregon territory for the United States before European nations. They also collected scientific data, and information on indigenous nations. President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Governor of Upper Louisiana in 1806.
Meriwether Lewis was born in Albemarle County, Virginia, in the present-day community of Ivy. He was the son of Lt. William Lewis of Locust Hill (1733 – November 17, 1779), who was of Welsh ancestry, and Lucy Meriwether (February 4, 1752 – September 8, 1837), daughter of Thomas Meriwether and Elizabeth Thornton who were both of English ancestry. (Thornton was the daughter of Francis Thornton and Mary Taliaferro). After his father died of pneumonia, he moved with his mother and stepfather Captain John Marks to Georgia in May 1780. They settled along the Broad River in the Goosepond Community within the Broad River Valley in Wilkes County (now Oglethorpe County).
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Michael Bush
Michael Bush (born June 16, 1984) is an American football running back for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the fourth round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville.
Bush attended Louisville Male High School where he played quarterback his senior year after seeing action at defensive back, defensive end, linebacker, running back, safety, and wide receiver over his career. As a senior, he led the Bulldogs to the state championship game in Kentucky's highest class. In a showdown with future Louisville teammate Brian Brohm and his Trinity Shamrocks, Bush threw for 468 yards and six touchdowns and ran for 116 yards and another touchdown in a 59-56 loss. He also caught two passes for 24 yards, returned a punt and a kickoff, and made five tackles on defense.
Following a successful high school career, Bush became a highly sought after college recruit. He turned down offers from several more established programs (including Ohio State) to stay at home and attend the University of Louisville, largely because head coach Bobby Petrino promised the opportunity to play quarterback, his preferred position. As a true freshman, he was forced to play several positions in order to get on the field because Louisville's starting quarterback position was locked down by Stefan LeFors. Though he was not the starter, Bush was able to rush for 100 yards in back-to-back games as a tailback toward the end of the year.
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Mitch McConnell
Addison Mitchell "Mitch" McConnell, Jr. (born February 20, 1942), a Republican American, is the senior United States Senator from Kentucky and the Minority Leader. He is the longest serving U.S. Senator in Kentucky history.
McConnell was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama to Julia (née Shockley) and Addison Mitchell McConnell.
McConnell was raised in southern Louisville, Kentucky, where he attended the duPont Manual High School, and in 1964 he graduated with honors from the University of Louisville with a B.A. in political science. He was student body president and a member of the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity. McConnell has maintained strong ties to his alma mater, and "remains a rabid fan of its sports teams." He graduated in 1967 from the University of Kentucky College of Law, where he was elected president of the Student Bar Association.
McConnell became a member of the 100th Division (Training), U.S. Army Reserve, in Louisville, Kentucky, during his final semester of law school; and he reported for his six months of active service, primarily for training, in July 1967. After induction at Fort Knox, Kentucky, McConnell was released early from his active-duty military service in August 1967. McConnell received a medical discharge for optic neuritis, which is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis.
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Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer, philanthropist and social activist. Considered a cultural icon, Ali was both idolized and vilified.
Originally known as Cassius Clay, Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam in 1964, subsequently converting to Sunni Islam in 1975, and more recently practicing Sufism.[clarification needed] In 1967, three years after Ali had won the World Heavyweight Championship, he was publicly vilified for his refusal to be conscripted into the U.S. military, based on his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War. Ali stated, "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong... No Viet Cong ever called me nigger" – one of the more telling remarks of the era.
Widespread protests against the Vietnam War had not yet begun, but with that one phrase, Ali articulated the reason to oppose the war for a generation of young Americans, and his words served as a touchstone for the racial and antiwar upheavals that would rock the 1960s. Ali's example inspired Martin Luther King Jr. – who had been reluctant to alienate the Johnson Administration and its support of the civil rights agenda – to voice his own opposition to the war for the first time.
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Neko Case
Neko Case ( /ˈniːkoʊ ˈkeɪs/; born September 8, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter, best known for her solo career and her contributions as a member of the Canadian indie rock group The New Pornographers.
Case recorded and toured for several years as Neko Case & Her Boyfriends before performing solely under her name. She primarily performs her own material, but also performs and has recorded cover versions of songs by artists such as Harry Nilsson, Loretta Lynn, Tom Waits, Nick Lowe, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Scott Walker, Randy Newman, Queen, Bob Dylan, Neil Young, Sparks and Hank Williams.
Case was born in Alexandria, Virginia, to teenage parents of Ukrainian ancestry. The original family name, changed before she was born, was Shevchenko. Her family traveled around while she was young before settling in Tacoma, Washington, the city she considers her hometown. She left home when she was fifteen. Her father was in the United States Air Force.
In 1994, Case moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, to attend the Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design. While attending school she played drums in several local bands, including the Del Logs, the Propanes, the Weasels, Cub (which featured I Am Spoonbender's Robynn Iwata), and Maow. All of these bands were local punk groups except for Cub and The Weasels, which Case described as a "country music supergroup".[citation needed]
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Nicole Scherzinger
Nicole Prescovia Elikolani Valiente Scherzinger (born June 29, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer, model and actress. Scherzinger is well known as the lead singer of the Pussycat Dolls. Previously, Scherzinger was a backing vocalist for the late-1990s rock group Days of the New and was a part of reality TV girl group Eden's Crush. After the disbandment of the group, she joined the Pussycat Dolls and became the group's lead vocalist during their transition into a career in music.
The Pussycat Dolls rose to prominence when they enlisted Scherzinger as their lead front woman of the group. When Scherzinger joined the now multi-platinum group, they became a worldwide phenomenon, releasing two albums, PCD (2008) and Doll Domination (2008) and embarked on several concert tours. With her strong vocal range, Scherzinger scored the group a string of massive hit singles, including the number ones "Don’t Cha" (2005) and "Buttons" (2006), "Stickwitu" (2005), "I Hate This Part" (2008), and "When I Grow Up" (2008), which hit the Top 10 in 16 countries. In 2009, Scherzinger wrote and recorded an adaptation of A.R. Rahman’s "Jai Ho" (from the film "Slumdog Millionaire") which went to number one in 17 countries. Their debut album, PCD, has sold nine million copies worldwide, and their sophomore album, Doll Domination, has sold 5 million copies worldwide to date. The group won three Billboard Music Awards, two MTV Video Music Awards, and toured with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and The Black Eyed Peas. The Dolls have sold 15 million albums, and 37 million singles worldwide, making them one of the best selling girl groups of all time.
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Northern Kentucky
Northern Kentucky is the name often given to the northernmost (most typically the three northernmost) counties in Kentucky (Boone, Kenton, Campbell, shown in red on the map). Gallatin, Grant, Pendleton, and Bracken counties (highlighted in pink on the map) are often group with the aforementioned and are officially part of the Cincinnati Metropolitan Area, and are sometimes included in definitions of "Northern Kentucky". Historically, Trimble and Mason counties have also been included in "Northern Kentucky".
The three northernmost counties of Kentucky each has at least one major center of population: Florence in Boone County; Covington, Erlanger, and Independence in Kenton County; and Newport, Fort Thomas, and Alexandria in Campbell County. Immediately on the northern side of the Ohio River from Covington and Newport is Cincinnati, Ohio. However, the entire core region is relatively densely populated, with these cities surrounded by many smaller towns which have little other than a city limit sign between them. The periphery of Boone, Kenton, and Campbell Counties, namely the western half of Boone County, and southernmost parts of all three of the core counties, are still primarily rural in nature. The four outer counties are still primarily rural. Combined with the southeast corner of Indiana, and Southwestern Ohio, all seven counties are a part of the Greater Cincinnati area, which has a population over two million.
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Paul Hornung
Paul Vernon Hornung (born December 23, 1935) is a retired Hall of Fame professional football player who played for the Green Bay Packers from 1957-66. He, O.J Simpson,Earl Campbell are the only people to have won the Heisman Trophy, been selected as first overall National Football League draft picks, and been inducted into both the Pro Football Hall of Fame and College Football Hall of Fame.
A versatile player, he was a halfback, quarterback, and placekicker. Hornung was an excellent all-around athlete who also played college basketball.
Hornung was an outstanding athlete at Bishop Benedict Joseph Flaget High School in Louisville (now closed), having lettered four years each in football, basketball, and baseball. He was recruited by Bear Bryant at Kentucky, but chose to attend Notre Dame instead.
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Paul Laird
Paul R. Laird (born October 26, 1958) is an American musicologist at the University of Kansas born in Louisville, Kentucky.
Laird holds a Ph.D. in music from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His research interests include the Spanish and Latin American villancico, Leonard Bernstein, the Broadway musical, and Baroque cello. He has taught at Pennsylvania State University, State University of New York at Binghamton and the University of Denver. Reviewer Alvaro Torrente described Laird's book Towards a History of the Spanish Villancico as "a milestone in the study of the villancico."
He directs the Instrumental Collegium Musicum and is active as a Baroque cellist, performing with the Spencer Consort. In August 2002, he won a University of Kansas W. T. Kemper Fellowship for Teaching Excellence.
His 2004 book The Baroque Cello Revival: An Oral History features interviews with more than 40 cellists and instrument makers. His current project include two studies of the musical theater of Stephen Schwartz.
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Phil Simms
Phillip Martin "Phil" Simms (born November 3, 1954) is a former American football quarterback, and currently a television sportscaster for the CBS network. After a standout career at Morehead State University, Simms was drafted in the first round by the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL) with the number seven selection overall in the 1979 NFL Draft. Simms played his entire professional career with the Giants and was named Most Valuable Player (MVP) of Super Bowl XXI, after he led the Giants to a 39–20 victory over the Denver Broncos and set the record for highest completion percentage in a super bowl, going 22 for 25. He also was named to the Pro Bowl for his performances in the 1985 and 1993 seasons.
He finished his career with 33,462 passing yards and has since gone on to a career broadcaster of NFL games—first as an analyst for ESPN, then as a in-game color commentator with NBC, and currently with CBS. He is the father of former NFL quarterback and current New England Patriots assistant coach Chris Simms and New York Jets quarterback Matt Simms.
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R. J. Reynolds
Richard Joshua "R. J." Reynolds (July 20, 1850 - July 29, 1918) was an American businessman and founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
The son of a tobacco farmer, he worked for his father and attended Emory and Henry College from 1868 to 1870, eventually graduating from Bryant and Stratton Business College in Baltimore. He sold his share of the family business in 1874 and moved south to Winston-Salem, North Carolina to start his own tobacco company. Reynolds was a savvy businessman and a hard worker, and he quickly became one of the wealthiest citizens of Winston-Salem; eventually, he was the wealthiest person in the state of North Carolina. He died in 1918 of pancreatic cancer.
Reynolds was born on July 20, 1850, at Rock Spring Plantation near Critz, Patrick County, Virginia, to Nancy Jane Cox Reynolds and Hardin Reynolds, a tobacco farmer and slaveowner.
In 1874, Reynolds sold his interest in the family tobacco business to his father and left Patrick County to start his own tobacco company. He needed a railroad hub for his business, and since there wasn't one in Patrick County, he went to the nearest one, Winston, NC. Winston and Salem were separate towns at that time. The story goes that he came riding into town on a horse, reading The New York Times, and dreaming of building a golf course somewhere in the rural part of the town. By 1875, Reynolds had established his tobacco manufacturing operation, and in the first year, it produced 150,000 pounds of tobacco. Although Winston-Salem alone had 15 other tobacco companies, Reynolds was able to distinguish himself through his business acumen and innovative techniques, including adding saccharin to chewing tobacco. By the 1890s, production had increased to millions of pounds annually.
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Rajon Rondo
Rajon Pierre Rondo (born February 22, 1986) is an American professional basketball point guard with the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Rondo attended Eastern High School and Oak Hill Academy for his high-school basketball career, before receiving a scholarship from the University of Kentucky. He played for two years at Kentucky before declaring for the 2006 NBA Draft, represented by agent Bill Duffy.
During the draft, Rondo was selected 21st overall by the Phoenix Suns, and was subsequently traded to the Boston Celtics, where he made his NBA debut as a rookie during the 2006–07 season. He played a supporting role before he established himself as the starting point guard for the Celtics during the 2007–08 season. That season, Rondo earned his first NBA Championship, playing alongside All-Stars Kevin Garnett, Ray Allen and Paul Pierce. His breakout performance came during the 2009 NBA Playoffs, where he nearly averaged a triple-double, and helped his team take the eventual Eastern-conference champion Orlando Magic seven games in the Eastern semi-finals. He ranks eighth in Celtics history in assists and fifth in steals.
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Ray Buchanan
Raymond Louis Buchanan (born September 29, 1971 in Chicago, Illinois) is a former American football player in the NFL. He was drafted out of Louisville in 1993 by the Indianapolis Colts in the 3rd round (65th overall), and subsequently played for the Atlanta Falcons and the Oakland Raiders.
At Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois, Ray Buchanan was a four-year letterman in football as a running back and safety. Buchanan was a state champion in two track and field events, the long jump and the triple jump.
Buchanan made a rap music album in 2002.
Buchanan works for Fox Sports Radio on the weekend and co-hosts alongside Bruce Jacobs.
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Raymond Abbott
Raymond Abbott (April 21, 1942-) is an American novelist.
Raymond Herbert Abbott was born in Newburyport, April 21, 1942. He was the son of Myron E., a ship worker, and Evelyn (Foley). He was educated at University of Massachusetts in 1965 with a B.A. and University of Kentucky graduate studies, 1967–68. He is a member of the Authors Guild. He currently resides in Louisville, KY.
He volunteered at Rosebud Indian Reservation in 1965-66, then community development director in Transitional Housing Program for Sioux tribe at Rosebud, 1966-67. After that, he became an elementary schoolteacher in Lost Creek, KY, 1967–68, followed by being a social worker for the city of Louisville, KY, 1967–68. He then became a social worker in Massachusetts: Pittsfield (1969–70), South End, 1970–73, and finally Newburyport, (1973-).
He also is contributes to North American Review, Blue Cloud Quarterly, and Phoenix.
"Much of my inspiration ... for my first three novels came from living for several years on a Sioux reservation in South Dakota.... My interest is to become a good story teller."
wn.com/Raymond_Abbott -
Rick Pitino
Rick Pitino (born September 18, 1952) is an American basketball coach. Since 2001, he has been the head coach at the University of Louisville. He has also served as head coach at Boston University, Providence College and the University of Kentucky, leading that program to the NCAA championship in 1996. He has coached on the professional level for the NBA's New York Knicks and Boston Celtics with mixed results.
Pitino holds the distinction of being the only men's coach in NCAA history to lead three different schools (Providence, Kentucky, and Louisville) to a Final Four. (John Calipari did the same, but two of his Final Four appearances were later vacated by the NCAA.) Pitino is also only one of three coaches ever to take his school to the Final Four in four separate decades. In addition, Pitino has achieved a measure of success as an author and a motivational speaker.
Pitino, a Sicilian American and native of New York City, grew up in the Village of Bayville and was captain of the St. Dominic High School basketball team in nearby Oyster Bay, Long Island. He enrolled at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1970. He was a standout guard for the Minutemen basketball team. His 329 career assists rank tenth all-time at UMass, as of the 2009–10 season. He led the team in assists as a junior and senior. The 168 assists as a senior is the eighth-best single season total ever there. Pitino was a freshman at the same time future NBA legend Julius Erving spent his junior (and final) year at UMass, although the two never played on the same team because freshmen were ineligible to play varsity basketball at the time. Other teammates of Pitino's include Al Skinner, who also went on to become a successful college coach, and baseballer Mike Flanagan, who went on to pitch in the major leagues and win the AL Cy Young Award in 1979. Pitino earned his degree from UMass in 1974.
wn.com/Rick_Pitino -
Ron Thompson (actor)
Ron Thompson (born January 31, 1941) is an American film, television and theater actor.
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Thompson is perhaps best known for his dual lead roles in Ralph Bakshi's critically acclaimed rotoscope film American Pop and the 1970s TV series Baretta in the role of Detective Nopke.
Thompson originated the role of Shanty Mulligan in the 1969 Pulitzer Prize winning play No Place to be Somebody by Charles Gordone and won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for his 1973 theater lead performance in the play Does a Tiger Wear a Necktie?
wn.com/Ron_Thompson_(actor) -
Sam Madison
Samuel Adolfus Madison, Jr. (born April 23, 1974 in Thomasville, Georgia) is an American football cornerback who is retired. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the second round of the 1997 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville.
A four-time Pro Bowl selection, Madison has also played for the New York Giants. He earned a Super Bowl ring with the Giants in Super Bowl XLII.
Madison attended Florida A&M University Developmental Research School where he played wide receiver and defensive back. Aside from football he also lettered in basketball, baseball and track and field.
Madison played college football at the University of Louisville. Madison was a three-year starter for the Cardinals and set the school records for interceptions with 16 and passes defendended with 44. As a junior he earned third-team All-America selection after recording 65 tackles, two sacks, 13 passes defensed and seven interceptions. As a senior he was named a second-team All-America and first-team All-Conference USA after finishing with 52 tackles, two sacks, six interceptions and 16 passes defensed.
wn.com/Sam_Madison -
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
wn.com/Shakespeare -
Slint
Slint was an American rock band consisting of Brian McMahan (guitar and vocals), David Pajo (guitar), Britt Walford (drums), Todd Brashear (bass on Spiderland) and Ethan Buckler (bass on Tweez). They formed in Louisville, Kentucky, United States in 1986 and disbanded following the recording of their second album, Spiderland, in 1991.
The band reformed to play a number of live shows in 2005 and 2007, though they released no new material.
Walford and McMahan began performing music together at an early age, forming Languid and Flaccid with Ned Oldham (later of The Anomoanoan) while still in middle school. Walford and McMahan later played together in the seminal Louisville punk band Squirrel Bait, though Walford left the band following their first recording session. Prior to Slint, Pajo and Walford (and, briefly, McMahan) were also in the band Maurice with future members of Kinghorse. Walford, Pajo, and Buckler played their first show together in 1985 under the name Small Tight Dirty Tufts of Hair; BEADS.
wn.com/Slint -
Static Major
Stephen Ellis Garrett (November 11, 1974 – February 25, 2008) also known as Static Major, was a Grammy Award-Winning American rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer from Louisville, Kentucky. He was a member of the R&B trio Playa. Static Major gained posthumous fame for appearing on Lil Wayne's 2008 album Tha Carter III on the song "Lollipop". Static Major was a producer of songs from several artists, including Aaliyah, Ginuwine, and Pretty Ricky. Static Major died suddenly on the operating table before Lil Wayne's Tha Carter III album was released.
wn.com/Static_Major -
Stephen Gaghan
Stephen Gaghan (born May 6, 1965) is an American screenwriter and director. He is noted for writing the screenplay for Steven Soderbergh's film Traffic, based on a Channel 4 series, for which he won the Academy Award, as well as Syriana which he wrote and directed.
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of the former Elizabeth Jane Whorton and her first husband, Stephen Gaghan (d. 1980), and a stepson of Tom Haag, Gaghan attended Kentucky Country Day School, a college preparatory school in Louisville. He was an All-State soccer player where he held the assist record at the school for nearly three decades. He is a grandson of Jerry Gaghan, a newspaper columnist and drama critic for Variety and the Philadelphia Daily News, whose career inspired Gaghan's own professional pursuits. As he wrote in a 2001 article in Newsweek, "I also wanted to be a writer, like my grandfather, who carried a card in his wallet that read, "If you find me, call my son [my father] at this number..."
wn.com/Stephen_Gaghan -
Sue Grafton
Sue Taylor Grafton (born April 24, 1940) is a contemporary American author of detective novels. She is best known as the author of the 'alphabet series' ("A" Is for Alibi, etc.) featuring private investigator Kinsey Millhone in the fictional city of Santa Teresa, California. The daughter of detective novelist C. W. Grafton, she has said the strongest influence on her crime novels is author Ross Macdonald. Prior to success with this series, she wrote screenplays for television movies.
Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Sue Grafton is the daughter of novelist C. W. Grafton and Vivian Harnsberger, both of whom were the children of Presbyterian ministers. Grafton and her sister Ann were raised in Louisville.
She attended both the University of Louisville (freshman year) and Western Kentucky State Teachers College (sophomore and junior years) before graduating from the University of Louisville in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in English Literature and minors in humanities and fine arts. She is a member of Pi Beta Phi.
wn.com/Sue_Grafton -
Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Edison is the fourth most prolific inventor in history, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. He is credited with numerous inventions that contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications. These included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures.
wn.com/Thomas_Edison -
Thomas Merton
Thomas Merton, O.C.S.O. (January 31, 1915 – December 10, 1968) was an Anglo-American Catholic writer and mystic. A Trappist monk of the Abbey of Gethsemani, Kentucky, he was a poet, social activist, and student of comparative religion. In 1949, he was ordained to the priesthood and given the name Father Louis.
Merton wrote more than 70 books, mostly on spirituality, social justice and a quiet pacifism, as well as scores of essays and reviews, including his best-selling autobiography, The Seven Storey Mountain (1948), which sent scores of World War II veterans, students, and even teen-agers flocking to monasteries across the US, and was also featured in National Review's list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the century. Merton was a keen proponent of interfaith understanding. He pioneered dialogue with prominent Asian spiritual figures, including the Dalai Lama, the Japanese writer D.T. Suzuki, and the Vietnamese monk Thich Nhat Hanh. Merton has also been the subject of several biographies.
wn.com/Thomas_Merton -
Tom Cruise
Thomas Cruise Mapother IV ( /ˈtɒməs ˈkruːz ˈmeɪpɒθər/; born July 3, 1962), widely known as Tom Cruise, is an American film actor and producer. He has been nominated for three Academy Awards and has won three Golden Globe Awards for the same movies: Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Jerry Maguire (1996), Magnolia (1999). He started his career with the movie Endless Love. Cruise's first appearance in a major film was in 1981's Taps. His first leading role was in the film Risky Business, released in August 1983. Cruise played the role of a heroic naval pilot in the popular and successful 1986 film Top Gun, and also secret agent Ethan Hunt in the series of Mission: Impossible action films.
He has starred in a variety of other successful films, including: Rain Man (1988), Days of Thunder (1990), A Few Good Men (1992), Vanilla Sky (2001), Minority Report (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), Collateral (2004), and War of the Worlds (2005).
Since 2005, Cruise and Paula Wagner have been in charge of the United Artists film studio, with Cruise as producer and star and Wagner as the chief executive. Cruise is also known for his support of and adherence to the Church of Scientology.
wn.com/Tom_Cruise -
Tony Hawk
Anthony Frank "Tony" Hawk (born May 12, 1968), nicknamed "The Birdman" is an American professional skateboarder and actor. Hawk gained significant fame for completing the first 900 as well as his licensed video game titles distributed by Activision. He is widely considered one of the most successful and influential pioneers of modern vertical skateboarding.
Raised in San Diego, California, Hawk was described as being "hyperactive" as a child. His parents supported his skateboarding because it served as an outlet for his excessive energy, and as Hawk's skills developed, he became a professional skateboarder at age fourteen. In 1999, he became the first skater to land a 900. In 2002, he created the Boom Boom HuckJam, an extreme sports exhibition and tour which launched in Las Vegas.
Throughout his career, Hawk has made numerous appearances in films and other media, as well as his own series of video games. He has also been involved in various philanthropic activities including his own Tony Hawk Foundation which helps build skateparks in underprivileged areas, and also including collaborations with other athletes in the charity Athletes for Hope.
wn.com/Tony_Hawk -
Tori Murden
Victoria Murden McClure (born March 6, 1963) is an explorer who was the first woman to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat. (She claims she is an explorer, but not an "adventurer.") She was also the first woman and first American to ski to the geographic South Pole. She is the president of Spalding University. She is Chair of the Board of the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS).
McClure was born in Brooksville, Florida and as a child moved to Connecticut and then to Pennsylvania. At the age of fifteen, she moved in with her grandmother in Louisville, Kentucky to attend the Louisville Collegiate School from which she graduated in 1981. She went on to Smith College, earning a Bachelor's Degree in psychology in 1985. She followed that with a Master of Divinity from Harvard Divinity School in 1989, a J.D. from the University of Louisville School of Law in 1995, and a Master of Fine Arts in writing from Spalding University.
Thirty-six years old at the time, she rowed for eighty-one days, traveling 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), starting from the Canary Islands and finishing at Guadeloupe on December 3, 1999. It was her second trip across the Ocean, her first one cut short due to hurricane season in 1998.
wn.com/Tori_Murden -
Victor Mature
Victor John Mature (January 29, 1913 – August 4, 1999) was an American stage, film and television actor.
Mature was born in Louisville, Kentucky. His father, Marcello Gelindo Maturi, later Marcellus George Mature, was an Italian-speaking immigrant from the town Pinzolo, in the Italian part of the former County of Tyrol (now Trentino in Italy, at that time Austrian-Hungarian Empire); he was a cutler. His mother, Clara P. (Ackley), was Kentucky-born and of Swiss heritage. An older brother, Marcellus Paul Mature, died at 11 in 1918 from osteomyelitis. Victor Mature was educated at parochial schools, the Kentucky Military Institute and the Spencerian Business School. He briefly sold candy and operated a restaurant before moving to California.
Discovered while on stage at the Pasadena Community Playhouse, his first leading role was as a fur-clad caveman in One Million B.C. (1940), after which he joined 20th Century Fox to star opposite actresses such as Betty Grable and Rita Hayworth.
In July 1942 Mature attempted to enlist in the U.S. Navy but was rejected for color blindness. He enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard after taking a different eye test the same day. He was assigned to the USCGC Storis, which was doing Greenland patrol work. After 14 months aboard the Storis, Mature was promoted to the rate of Chief Boatswain's Mate. In 1944 he did a series of War Bond tours and acted in morale shows. He assisted Coast Guard recruiting efforts by being a featured player in the musical revue "Tars and Spars" which opened in Miami, Florida in April 1944 and toured the United States for the next year. In May 1945 Mature was reassigned to the Coast Guard manned troop transport USS Admiral H. T. Mayo which was involved in transferring troops to the Pacific Theater. Mature was honorably discharged from the Coast Guard in November 1945 and he resumed his acting career.
wn.com/Victor_Mature -
White American
White Americans are people of the United States who are considered or consider themselves White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported “White” or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish." Like all official U.S. racial categories, "White" has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and white Cuban Americans. The term "Caucasian" is often used interchangeably with "White", despite the fact they are not synonymous.
German Americans (16.5%), Irish Americans (11.9%), English Americans (9.0%), Italian Americans (5.8%), French Americans (4%), Polish Americans (3%), Scottish Americans (1.9%), Dutch Americans (1.6%), Norwegian Americans (1.5%), and Swedish Americans (1.4%) constitute the ten largest White American ancestries. Whites constitute the majority, with a total of 223,553,265 or 72.4% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.
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Will Oldham
Will Oldham (born January 15, 1970), better known by the stage name Bonnie 'Prince' Billy, is an American singer-songwriter and actor. From 1993 to 1997, he performed and recorded under variations of the Palace name, including the Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, and Palace Music. After releasing material under his own name, he adopted the "Bonnie 'Prince' Billy" moniker for the majority of his output since 1998.
Oldham is known for his "do-it-yourself punk aesthetic and blunt honesty," and his music has been likened to Americana, folk, roots, country, punk, and indie rock. He has been called an "Appalachian post-punk solipsist", with a voice that has been described as "a fragile sort-of warble frittering around haunted melodies in the American folk or country tradition."
Will Oldham first performed and recorded under various permutations of the Palace name, including Palace Brothers, Palace Songs, Palace Music, and simply Palace. Regarding the name changes during this period (1993–1997), Oldham said:
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William Mapother
William Reibert Mapother, Jr. ( /ˈmeɪpɒθər/; born April 17, 1965) is an American actor and former teacher, perhaps best known for his role as Ethan Rom on the television series Lost.
Mapother was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Louisa (Riehm) and William Reibert Mapother, Sr. He is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. He is a first cousin of actor Tom Cruise (whose given name is Thomas Cruise Mapother IV). Mapother has appeared in five movies starring Cruise. He had a cameo role in Minority Report, Vanilla Sky, and supporting roles in Mission: Impossible II, Born on the Fourth of July, and Magnolia. Mapother has two sisters, Katherine and Amy (an occasional actress, born February 17, 1974), both born in Louisville, Kentucky. His father was an attorney, bankruptcy consultant and judge in Louisville, between 1967 and 1970; William Reibert, Sr., died on June 22, 2006, after fighting lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis.
Mapother graduated from the University of Notre Dame as an English major, and then taught high school in East Los Angeles for three years before becoming an actor.
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Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States (1849–1850) and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. He was a planter and slaveholder based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Known as "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor had a 40-year military career in the United States Army, serving in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and the Second Seminole War. He achieved fame leading American troops to victory in the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican–American War.
As president, Taylor angered many Southerners by taking a moderate stance on the issue of slavery. He urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.
Taylor died July 9, 1850, 16 months after his inauguration; the third-shortest tenure of any President. He is thought to have died of gastroenteritis. President Taylor was succeeded by his Vice President, Millard Fillmore.
wn.com/Zachary_Taylor -
ZZ Packer
ZZ Packer (born January 12, 1973 Chicago, Illinois) is an African-American author, notable for her works of short fiction.
She grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and Louisville, Kentucky. "ZZ" was a childhood nickname; her given name is Zuwena (Swahili for "good"). Recognized as a talented writer at an early age, her first significant publication was in Seventeen magazine at the age of 19. She is a 1990 graduate of Seneca High School, in Louisville, Kentucky.
Packer attended Yale University, where she received a B.A in 1994. Her graduate work included an M.A. at Johns Hopkins University in 1995 and an M.F.A. from the Iowa Writers' Workshop of the University of Iowa in 1999. She was named a Stegner Fellow in fiction at Stanford University.
Shortly thereafter, she entered the national literary scene with a high-profile appearance in the Debut Fiction issue of The New Yorker (2000). Her short story in the issue became the title story in her collection Drinking Coffee Elsewhere (Riverhead Books, 2003), which was published to considerable acclaim. As Publishers Weekly put it, "this debut short story collection is getting the highest of accolades from the New York Times, Harper's, the New Yorker and most every other branch of the literary criticism tree." The book was a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award, a New York Times Notable Book, and personally selected by John Updike for the Today Show Book Club. Her stories have also appeared in Best American Short Stories 2000 and 2003 and she edited New Stories from the South: The Year's Best, 2008.
wn.com/ZZ_Packer
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Tour Of Louisville, ky
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Driving Downtown Louisville, ky To A Job
http://wn.com/Tour_Of_Louisville,_ky
Riders Are Family 2k12 Louisville, KY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Riders from all over the country came together for a street ride, show, Lot ride and fellow rider judged laid back mini comp. Street & Lot footage. David Boyd Kyle Sliger GR's Finest Matt Guidas Corey Gushwa C-Bear Drastic Dan Brennan Foreman Blox Stars Josh Graham Shot & Editing: J. Vetter @ Legalize Murder Productions you can find us on FaceBook
http://wn.com/Riders_Are_Family_2k12_Louisville,_KY
#1 Kentucky vs #4 Louisville Ncaa Tournament Final Four 2012 (Full Game)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 97:55
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
All rights belong to CBS. No copyright infringement intended, this game has been uploaded strictly for entertainment purposes. If the copyright holder wishes that I take down the game, I will gladly do so.
http://wn.com/_1_Kentucky_vs_4_Louisville_Ncaa_Tournament_Final_Four_2012_Full_Game
Louisville " Kentucky"
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- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
This is where I live. A short video driving to downtown Louisville and Indiana. The music is song I recorded a while back.
http://wn.com/Louisville_Kentucky
Highlights: Kentucky - Louisville 69:61
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- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Anthony Davis and top-seeded Kentucky are right where they planned to be all along, playing for the national title after finally putting away pesky Louisville 69-61 in the Final Four on Saturday night.
http://wn.com/Highlights_Kentucky_Louisville_6961
Louisville, KY is WEiRD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Louisville, KY was sooo fun. With an alt/underground art scene to be reckoned with, Pizza as good as Chicago Pizza, Coffee like no other and of course THE CORNEL - Louisville is truly a Southern Oasis. We truly hope to make it back.
http://wn.com/Louisville,_KY_is_WEiRD
Shocking Video: Shooting at Louisville Kentucky Hospital 3 Dead 6 Injured
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- Duration: 1:21
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Shooting in Louisville, Kentucky, leaves three people dead __________________________________________________ LOUISVILLE, Ky. - Three people were killed Thursday after a chaotic shooting scene that had crowds running for cover in a crime-ridden section of Louisville. Two men — Tyson Mimms, 24 and Craig Bland Jr., 22 — were killed Thursday afternoon in a shooting that attracted dozens of onlookers anxious for answers in the city's Russell neighborhood, which is dotted with boarded-up houses. As police investigated and a host of media gathered nearby, shots rang out about four houses down. Makeba Lee, 24, was killed after she was shot by a woman who had gotten into an argument with her about the incident, police said. That woman was later wounded by police and taken to the hospital, Louisville Metro Police Chief Steve Conrad. Jefferson County chief deputy coroner Jo-Ann Farmer identified the three slain people on Thursday night. Police have not released a motive for the first shooting, which also wounded at least three other people. There appears to be no connection between the slayings, Conrad said. "We had people at the scene yelling," said Conrad, who spent his day in the neighborhood west of downtown working with officers in that precinct before the shootings. "I don't know if that played a role or not. This level of violent behavior is unacceptable." The shootings made the day the bloodiest in Louisville since at least July 5, 2011, when four people were killed, and ...
http://wn.com/Shocking_Video_Shooting_at_Louisville_Kentucky_Hospital_3_Dead_6_Injured
Best Restaurants In Louisville - Harvest Restaurant Review - 502 384 9090
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- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Best Restaurants in Louisville KY - www.harvestlouisville.com Harvest has exploded on to the Louisville restaurant scene. Watch this review if you are looking for the best places to eat in Louisville. "You don't more home grown in the state of kentucky than bluegrass music - except for...
http://wn.com/Best_Restaurants_In_Louisville_Harvest_Restaurant_Review_502_384_9090
KY STATE OF MIND by Kasanova directed by KC Cosby
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- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
This was my First video shoot! so hope you like
http://wn.com/KY_STATE_OF_MIND_by_Kasanova_directed_by_KC_Cosby
Louisville, Kentucky Tornado Warning: March 2, 2012
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- Duration: 25:31
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
There are no tornado's or funnel clouds in this video. This was more about the sirens/clouds/looking for debris. Key points in the video: - Siren ambiance & Lyndon VFD 3T22: 0:12 to 3:40 - Radio coverage starts: 5:15 - Bowen Elementary 1000T: 6:45 to 12:20 - Bowen Elementary 1000T close proximity and false wind-down: 11:02 - Wilder Elementary 1000T (not sounding): 17:44 - Awesome closeup of Wilder 1000T: 18:04 Just like in June, I went out driving during the storms (after making sure there were no tornados barreling directly towards me) to film the area and catch some sirens. The times above will interest most people, but I uploaded the whole ordeal for anyone who wants to hear more of the radio broadcast. Weather permitting, look for TWO siren recordings coming up before April! Lyndon VFD 3T22: g.co Bowen Elementary 1000T: g.co Louisville siren map: g.co
http://wn.com/Louisville,_Kentucky_Tornado_Warning_March_2,_2012
Louisville Empire State of Mind
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- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
(Empire State of Mind remix) Louisville State of Mind - Kasanova KY State of Mind 2 www.keys2ky.com
http://wn.com/Louisville_Empire_State_of_Mind
Movin' like Bernie Flash Mob - Louisville KY
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- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Movin' Like Bernie Flash Mob at Bardstown Road and Eastern Parkway. Thanks to Kyle Zoeller, Kyle Kocks, Vincent Moloney, Keith Zoeller for coordinating the 3 minute party. :) Check out more pictures at www.spry-media.com Become a Fan on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Movin'_like_Bernie_Flash_Mob_Louisville_KY
Big Time Rush "Worldwide" (Louisville, KY)
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- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
on stage with Big Time Rush while they performed "Worldwide" :)
http://wn.com/Big_Time_Rush_Worldwide_Louisville,_KY
Made in Emerica Tour: Home in Louisville, Kentucky
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- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Made in Emerica Tour: Home in Louisville, Kentucky. Emerica.com facebook.com twitter.com youtube.com instagram @Emerica
http://wn.com/Made_in_Emerica_Tour_Home_in_Louisville,_Kentucky
ViSalus Flashmob (Louisville, KY)
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- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
ViSalus Flashmob. Louisville, KY.
http://wn.com/ViSalus_Flashmob_Louisville,_KY
Zombie Run in Louisville, Ky 2012
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- Duration: 10:34
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
This zombie run took place at Cherokee Park in Louisville Ky.
http://wn.com/Zombie_Run_in_Louisville,_Ky_2012
lady gaga @ connection nite club, louisville, ky
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- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
lady gaga @ the connection last nite!!! only paid $10 for great dj, and front row, balcony seats to see her!!! this was at connection nite club, 120 s floyd st, louisville, ky
http://wn.com/lady_gaga_@_connection_nite_club,_louisville,_ky
Landing in Louisville, KY at Louisville International Airport (SDF)
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- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
American Airlines md-82 flight from Dallas landing in Louisville, Kentucky, runway 35R.
http://wn.com/Landing_in_Louisville,_KY_at_Louisville_International_Airport_SDF
DJ Soundwave x Mindless Behavior - Louisville, KY Scream Tour | www.IJustPlayTheMusic.com
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- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Much love to Louisville, KY. We had the privilege of hitting Central High School, two radio stations and perform in front of a sold out crowd. Had a blast in LKY and cannot wait to come back. Shouts out to my man Col. Sanders!!!!
http://wn.com/DJ_Soundwave_x_Mindless_Behavior_Louisville,_KY_Scream_Tour_|_wwwIJustPlayTheMusiccom
Van Halen- Jump 2012 Louisville Ky
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- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
Van Halen Tour 2012
http://wn.com/Van_Halen_Jump_2012_Louisville_Ky
2012 Mid America Trucking Show Louisville, Kentucky
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- Duration: 10:37
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
2012 Mid America Trucking Show. Louisville, Kentucky. Walking around Saturday morning before the gates opened to the public. No copyrights intended by adding songs Semi Crazy by Junior Brown; I'm a Truck by Red Simpson; & East Bound & Down by Jerry Reed.
http://wn.com/2012_Mid_America_Trucking_Show_Louisville,_Kentucky
Van Halen 2012 Tour Opening Night Louisville KY Setlist Montage VIDEO - not stills !!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:07
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Could not miss the first night of the Different Kind of Truth tour, so I made the journey to downtown Louisville Kentucky at the YUM Center for opening night. Worth every penny! Eddie , Alex , Wolfgang , and the limber Diamond David Lee Roth stepped up to the plate and knocked it outta the orbit. This is a video with crappy handheld Flip Camera, with just a pinch of each song played, in order...my way of posting the Set List ! LONG LIVE ROTH & ROLL!!!!!!!!
http://wn.com/Van_Halen_2012_Tour_Opening_Night_Louisville_KY_Setlist_Montage_VIDEO_not_stills_!!
August Storm Louisville, KY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Right as the storm rolled in. Gets intense around 1:50min.
http://wn.com/August_Storm_Louisville,_KY
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
25 Nov 2012
Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial meeting with Kabila after the summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, ended on Saturday....(size: 20.0Kb)
photo: AP / Henry Griffin
26 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "In our opinion and from our experience," declared John Kerry in 1971, "there is nothing in South Vietnam which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia or Laos by linking such loss to the preservation of freedom..is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy..." ... The U.S....(size: 6.4Kb)
photo: AP
26 Nov 2012
This town of 19,000 nestled in an idyllic mountain pass of impossibly green pastures and golden autumn trees is on the front lines of Turkey's rapidly escalating guerrilla war. In a struggle for autonomy as well as independent language and education rights, the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has waged a low-grade conflict in Turkey for decades. ... 4 just as a Turkish army tank rolled by. ... "The violence is getting worse....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Ahmed Gomaa
26 Nov 2012
Egyptian President Mohammed Mursi is due to meet meet senior judges to try and ease a crisis over the extent of his powers. A decree giving him sweeping new powers was announced on Thursday, sparking violent nationwide protests and leading to a 9% drop in Egypt's stock market. Mr Mursi said on Sunday the decree was temporary and not intended to concentrate power in his hands. ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
27 Nov 2012
Kypost
27 Nov 2012
The field has been set for the Russell Athletic/KHSAA Commonwealth Gridiron Bowl games to decide six state champions in Kentucky....(size: 0.8Kb)
Chicago Sun-Times
27 Nov 2012
SOUTH BEND, Ind. — It won’t be this easy on Thursday. Not against Kentucky. Notre Dame likely won’t go 9-for-12 on three-pointers in the first 12 minutes against the Wildcats. ... Surely won’t be as many open looks and fast-break dunks and clean put-backs, either. ... We just tightened it all up.”
Brey was particularly encouraged by the fast-moving, free-flowing offense, even if it’s unlikely to work as well against Kentucky. ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
MSNBC
27 Nov 2012
Kentucky State Police are investigating after two people are killed in two separate shootings. Police said the first shooting happened about 7 p.m....(size: 1.2Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
27 Nov 2012
SOUTH BEND, Ind. - Jerian Grant issued a quick fake, took one dribble and drained a rather nondescript jumper in the context of a Notre Dame offensive detonation. As he backpedaled, backcourt mate Eric Atkins smiled, duly noting that his assist on the play had made him double-doubly productive as well. ... "We have guys that can play. ... 8 Kentucky storming the premises on Thursday already, right?
The Irish did, anyway. ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
Kansas City Star
27 Nov 2012
The mother of a Laurel County high school student has filed a complaint against a teacher who wrote "You can't be a Democrat & go to heaven" on her classroom whiteboard. ... 6 election, said Mary Gilbert. Gilbert's daughter, Chelsea, 17, was in Baker's psychology class. ... The Kentucky Equality Federation condemned Baker's act in a statement released Monday, which said the group plans to file complaints with state officials. ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
27 Nov 2012
"Dining Out for Life is a fun event that the community loves, but it also allows us to create some dialogue around HIV/AIDS in Kentucky in a very public way," said Mark Royse, executive director of AVOL. ... AVOL serves more than 550 low-income men, women and families living with HIV/AIDS in 72 counties in Central and Eastern Kentucky....(size: 1.9Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
27 Nov 2012
Education Department says three Kentucky applications are among finalists in the latest Race to the Top federal funding competition....(size: 1.0Kb)
The Examiner
27 Nov 2012
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Dannielynn Birkhead and her father Larry Birkhead attend the 138th Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs on May 5, 2012 in Louisville, Kentucky....(size: 4.0Kb)
MSNBC
27 Nov 2012
MSNBC
27 Nov 2012
(AP) - A task force aimed at overhauling Kentucky's
alcoholic-beverage regulations is preparing its report and
recommendations to Gov. ... "In northern Kentucky and here, we don't understand how it is in
the eastern (part of the state) and the Bible Belt - but when you
bring an alcohol bill on that House floor, it gets pretty dicey,"
Keene said last month after a public hearing in Louisville....(size: 4.1Kb)
"Louisville" redirects here. For other uses, see Louisville (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) |
| Louisville | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — Consolidated city-county — | |||
| Louisville-Jefferson County Metro Government |
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| Nickname(s): Derby City, River City, Gateway to the South, Falls City, The 'Ville[1] | |||
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 Louisville
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| Coordinates: 38°15′N 85°46′W / 38.25°N 85.767°W / 38.25; -85.767Coordinates: 38°15′N 85°46′W / 38.25°N 85.767°W / 38.25; -85.767 | |||
| Country |  United States |
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| State |  Kentucky |
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| County | Jefferson | ||
| Founded | |||
| Incorporation | 1780 | ||
| Named for | King Louis XVI of France | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Greg Fischer (D) | ||
| Area[2] | |||
| • Consolidated city-county | 1,032 km2 (399 sq mi) | ||
| • Land | 997.38 km2 (385.09 sq mi) | ||
| • Water | 35 km2 (13 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 142 m (466 ft) | ||
| Population (2010)[3] | |||
| • Consolidated city-county | 741,096 (consolidated) 597,337 (balance) |
||
| • Density | 743.0/km2 (1,924/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 1,307,647 | ||
| Time zone | EST (UTC-5) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||
| Area code(s) | 502 | ||
| FIPS code | 21-48000 | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0509453 | ||
| Demonym | Louisvillian | ||
| Website | louisvilleky.gov | ||
Louisville (i/ˈluːiːvɪl/, local i/ˈluːəvəl/ or i/ˈlʌvəl/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kentucky, and the county seat of Jefferson County. Since 2003, the city's borders have been coterminous with those of the county because of a city-county merger. The city's total consolidated population at the 2010 census was 741,096 (Louisville's balance total, 597,337, excludes semi-autonomous towns and is the population listed in most sources and national rankings). An important internal shipping port in the 19th century, Louisville today is best known as the location of the Kentucky Derby, the first of three annual thoroughbred horse races making up the Triple Crown.
Louisville is southeasterly situated along the border between Kentucky and Indiana, the Ohio River, in north-central Kentucky at the Falls of the Ohio. The Louisville metropolitan area is often referred to as Kentuckiana because it includes counties in Southern Indiana.[4][5] A resident of Louisville is referred to as a Louisvillian. Although situated in a Southern state, Louisville is influenced by both Southern and Midwestern culture. It is sometimes referred to as either one of the most northernmost Southern cities or as on of the southernmost Northern cities in the United States along with St. Louis, Missouri and Washington, D.C.[6][7]
The settlement that became the city of Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark and is named after King Louis XVI of France, making Louisville one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Contents |
Nomenclature, population and ranking[link]
On November 7, 2000, voters in Louisville and Jefferson County approved a referendum to merge into a consolidated city-county government named Louisville-Jefferson County Metro Government (official long form) and Louisville Metro (official short form), which took effect January 6, 2003.[8]
As of the 2010 Census, Louisville in its consolidated form had a population of 741,096;[9] in 2007, it was the 17th-largest city in the nation,[10] and the balance had a population of 557,224 in 2008.[11][dated info]
The "balance" is a designation created by the Census Bureau to describe the portion of Louisville-Jefferson County that does not include any of the semi-independent separately incorporated places located within Louisville Metro (such as Anchorage, Middletown or Jeffersontown).[12] Census methodology uses balance values in comparing consolidated cities to other cities for ranking purposes.
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1790 | 200 |
|
|
| 1800 | 359 | 79.5% | |
| 1810 | 1,357 | 278.0% | |
| 1820 | 4,012 | 195.7% | |
| 1830 | 10,341 | 157.8% | |
| 1840 | 21,210 | 105.1% | |
| 1850 | 43,194 | 103.6% | |
| 1860 | 68,033 | 57.5% | |
| 1870 | 100,753 | 48.1% | |
| 1880 | 123,758 | 22.8% | |
| 1890 | 161,129 | 30.2% | |
| 1900 | 204,731 | 27.1% | |
| 1910 | 223,928 | 9.4% | |
| 1920 | 234,891 | 4.9% | |
| 1930 | 307,745 | 31.0% | |
| 1940 | 319,077 | 3.7% | |
| 1950 | 369,129 | 15.7% | |
| 1960 | 390,639 | 5.8% | |
| 1970 | 361,472 | −7.5% | |
| 1980 | 298,451 | −17.4% | |
| 1990 | 269,063 | −9.8% | |
| 2000 | 256,231 | −4.8% | |
| 2010 | 741,096 | 189.2% | |
| Sources:[13][14] 2010 and later are post-merger[9] |
|||
As of 2010, the Louisville metropolitan area (MSA) (not to be confused with Louisville Metro), had a population of 1,307,647 ranking 42nd nationally.[15] The metro area includes Louisville-Jefferson County and 12 surrounding counties, eight in Kentucky and four in Southern Indiana (see Geography below). The Louisville Combined Statistical Area, having a population of 1,451,564, includes the MSA, Hardin County and Larue County in Kentucky, and Scott County, Indiana.
Pronunciation[link]
Most natives of Louisville pronounce the city's name as i/ˈluːəvəl/, which is sometimes shortened to i/ˈlʌvəl/. The pronunciation i/ˈluːiːvɪl/, however, is often used by political leaders, the media and outsiders. In all but the most anglicized pronunciations, the "s" is silent due to the name's French origin.
The variability in local pronunciation of the city's name can perhaps be laid at the feet of the city's location on the border between the Northern and Southern regions of the United States. Louisville's diverse population has traditionally represented elements of both Northern and Southern culture.
History[link]
Main article: History of Louisville, Kentucky
See also: History of Kentucky, Louisville in the American Civil War, and The Filson Historical Society
The history of Louisville spans hundreds of years, and has been influenced by the area's geography and location. The rapids at the Falls of the Ohio created a barrier to river travel, and as a result, settlements grew up at this stopping point.
The first European settlement in the vicinity of modern-day Louisville was on Corn Island in 1778 by Col. George Rogers Clark, credited as the founder of Louisville. Several landmarks in the community are named after him.[16]
Two years later, in 1780, the Virginia General Assembly approved the town charter of Louisville. The city was named in honor of King Louis XVI of France, whose soldiers were then aiding Americans in the Revolutionary War. Early residents lived in forts to protect themselves from Indian raids, but moved out by the late 1780s.[17] In 1803, explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark organized their expedition across America in the original town of Clarksville, Indiana at the present-day Falls of the Ohio in Louisville.[18][19]
File:Louisville 1846.jpg
View of Main Street Louisville in 1846
The city's early growth was influenced by the fact that river boats had to be unloaded and moved downriver before reaching the falls. By 1828, the population had swelled to 7,000 and Louisville became an incorporated city. The city grew rapidly in its formative years.[20]
Louisville was a major shipping port and slaves worked in a variety of associated trades. The city was often a point of escape for slaves to the north, as Indiana was a free state.
During the Civil War Louisville was a major stronghold of Union forces, which kept Kentucky firmly in the Union. It was the center of planning, supplies, recruiting and transportation for numerous campaigns, especially in the Western Theater. By the end of the war, Louisville had not been attacked, although skirmishes and battles, including the battles of Perryville and Corydon, took place nearby. After Reconstruction, returning Confederate veterans largely took political control of the city, leading to the jibe that Louisville joined the Confederacy after the war was over.
The first Kentucky Derby was held on May 17, 1875, at the Louisville Jockey Club track (later renamed Churchill Downs). The Derby was originally shepherded by Meriwether Lewis Clark, Jr.. He was the grandson of William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and grandnephew of the city's founder George Rogers Clark. Horse racing had a strong tradition in Kentucky, whose Inner Bluegrass Region had been a center of breeding high quality livestock throughout the 19th century. Ten thousand spectators watched the first Derby, where Aristides won.[21]
On March 27, 1890 the city was devastated and its downtown nearly destroyed when an F4 tornado tore through as part of the March 1890 Mid-Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak. An estimated 74 to 120 people were killed.
In late January and February 1937, 19 inches (48 cm) of rain fell during a month of heavy rain. It caused the "Great Flood of '37".[22][23] The flood submerged about 70% of the city, caused the loss of power, and forced the evacuation of 175,000 residents. It led to dramatic changes in where residents lived. Today, the city is protected by numerous flood walls. After the flood, the areas of high elevation in the eastern part of the city saw decades of residential growth.
Louisville was a center for factory war production during World War II. In May 1942, the U.S. government assigned the Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Company, a war plant located at Louisville's air field, for wartime aircraft production. The factory produced the C-46 Commando cargo plane, among other aircraft. In 1946 the factory was sold to International Harvester Corporation, which began large-scale production of tractors and agricultural equipment. In 1950, the Census Bureau reported Louisville's population as 84.3% white and 15.6% black.[24]
Similar to many other older American cities, Louisville began to experience a movement of people and businesses to the suburbs in the 1960s and 1970s. Middle class residents used newly built freeways and interstate highways to commute to work, moving into more distant but newer housing. Because of tax laws, businesses found it cheaper to build new rather than renovate older buildings. Economic changes included a decline in local manufacturing. The West End and older areas of the South End, in particular, began to decline economically as many local factories closed.
In 1974, a major (F4) tornado hit Louisville as part of the Super Outbreak of tornadoes that struck 13 states. It covered 21 miles (34 km) and destroyed several hundred homes in the Louisville area. Only two people died.[25]
Since the 1980s, many of the city's urban neighborhoods have been revitalized into areas popular with young professionals and college students. The greatest change has occurred along the Bardstown Road corridor, Frankfort Avenue, and the Old Louisville neighborhoods. Downtown has had significant residential and retail growth, including the conversion of waterfront industrial sites into Waterfront Park, and the refurbishing of the former Galleria into the bustling entertainment complex Fourth Street Live!.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville is located at 38°15′N 85°46′W / 38.25°N 85.767°W / 38.25; -85.767 (38.2542, −85.7603). As of 2000[update], Louisville and Jefferson County have a combined area of 399 square miles (1,030 km2), of which, 385 square miles (1,000 km2) of it is land and 13 square miles (34 km2) of it (3.38%) is water.[26][27]
Louisville is located in the Bluegrass region.[28] Its development has been influenced by its location on the Ohio River, which spurred Louisville's growth from an isolated camp site into a major shipping port. Much of the city is located on a very wide and flat flood plain surrounded by hill country on all sides. Much of the area was swampland that had to be drained as the city grew. In the 1840s, most creeks were rerouted or placed in canals to prevent flooding and disease outbreaks.
Areas generally east of I-65 are above the flood plain, and are composed of gently rolling hills. The Southernmost parts of Jefferson County are in the scenic and largely undeveloped Knobs region, which is home to Jefferson Memorial Forest.
The Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 42nd largest in the United States,[15] includes the Kentucky county of Jefferson (coterminous with Louisville Metro), plus twelve outlying counties—eight in Kentucky and four in Southern Indiana.
Louisville's MSA is included in the Louisville-Elizabethtown-Scottsburg, KY-IN Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which also includes the Elizabethtown, KY MSA as well as the Scottsburg, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Climate[link]
Louisville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and experiences four seasons. Spring-like conditions typically begin in mid to late March, summer from mid- to late-May to late September, with fall in the October–November period. Seasonal extremes in both temperature and precipitation are not uncommon during early spring and late fall; severe weather is not uncommon, with occasional tornado outbreaks in the region. Winter typically brings a mix of rain, sleet, and snow, with occasional heavy snowfall and icing. Louisville averages 87 days with low temperatures below freezing. Summer is typically hazy, hot, and humid with long periods of 90–100 degree temperatures and drought conditions at times. Louisville averages 31 days a year with high temperatures above 90 degrees. The mean annual temperature is 56.9 °F (13.8 °C), with an average annual snowfall of 14.7 inches (37 cm) and an average annual rainfall of 44.5 inches (1,130 mm).
The wettest seasons are spring and summer, although rainfall is fairly constant year round. During the winter, particularly in January and February, several days of snow can be expected. January is the coldest month, with a mean temperature of 33.0 °F (0.6 °C). July is the average hottest month with a mean of 78.4 °F (25.8 °C).[29] The highest recorded temperature was 107 °F (42 °C) on July 14, 1936, and the lowest recorded temperature was −22 °F (−30 °C) on January 19, 1994.[30] In 2010, Louisville had the third hottest summer on record, with the temperature rising up to 102 °F (39 °C). Temperatures in commercial areas and in the industrialized areas along interstates are often higher than in the suburbs, often as much as 5 °F (3 °C).
Air pollution is trapped in Louisville's Ohio River Valley location. The city is ranked by Environmental Defense as America's 38th worst city for air quality.[31] Louisville also often exemplifies the heat island effect.
| Climate data for Louisville, Kentucky (Louisville Airport), 1981-2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 77 (25) |
78 (26) |
88 (31) |
91 (33) |
98 (37) |
102 (39) |
107 (42) |
105 (41) |
104 (40) |
93 (34) |
84 (29) |
76 (24) |
107 (42) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 42.4 (5.8) |
47.2 (8.4) |
57.4 (14.1) |
68.2 (20.1) |
76.5 (24.7) |
84.8 (29.3) |
88.2 (31.2) |
87.7 (30.9) |
80.9 (27.2) |
69.5 (20.8) |
57.3 (14.1) |
45.2 (7.3) |
67.11 (19.50) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 26.5 (−3.1) |
29.6 (−1.3) |
37.5 (3.1) |
47.0 (8.3) |
56.7 (13.7) |
65.7 (18.7) |
69.6 (20.9) |
68.2 (20.1) |
60.3 (15.7) |
48.6 (9.2) |
39.2 (4.0) |
29.7 (−1.3) |
48.22 (9.01) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −22 (−30) |
−19 (−28) |
−1 (−18) |
21 (−6) |
31 (−1) |
42 (6) |
49 (9) |
45 (7) |
33 (1) |
23 (−5) |
−1 (−18) |
−15 (−26) |
−22 (−30) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | 3.24 (82.3) |
3.18 (80.8) |
4.16 (105.7) |
4.01 (101.9) |
5.26 (133.6) |
3.79 (96.3) |
4.09 (103.9) |
3.33 (84.6) |
3.05 (77.5) |
3.22 (81.8) |
3.59 (91.2) |
3.83 (97.3) |
44.75 (1,136.7) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 4.0 (10.2) |
4.3 (10.9) |
1.6 (4.1) |
.1 (0.3) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
.1 (0.3) |
.1 (0.3) |
2.5 (6.4) |
12.7 (32.3) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.4 | 10.1 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 12.6 | 10.3 | 9.9 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 10.1 | 12.0 | 122.7 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.8 | 3.5 | 1.3 | .1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .1 | .3 | 2.8 | 11.9 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139.5 | 149.7 | 189.1 | 222.0 | 263.5 | 288.0 | 294.5 | 272.8 | 234.0 | 207.7 | 135.0 | 117.8 | 2,513.6 |
| Source: NOAA [32] Weather.com (records),[33] HKO [34] | |||||||||||||
Cityscape[link]
Main article: Cityscape of Louisville, Kentucky
The downtown business district of Louisville is located immediately south of the Ohio River, and southeast of the Falls of the Ohio. Major roads extend outwards from the downtown area in all directions, like the spokes of a wheel. The airport is approximately 6.75 miles (10.86 km) south of the downtown area. The industrial sections of town are to the south and west of the airport, while most of the residential areas of the city are to the southwest, south and east of downtown. The Louisville skyline is slated to be changed with the proposed 62-story Museum Plaza[35] as well as the 22,000-seat KFC Yum! Center.[36][37] Twelve of the 15 buildings in Kentucky over 300 feet (91 m) are located in downtown Louisville.
Another primary business and industrial district is located in the suburban area east of the city on Hurstbourne Parkway.[38]
Louisville's late 19th and early 20th century development was spurred by three large suburban parks built at the edges of the city in 1890.
The city's architecture contains a blend of old and new. The Old Louisville neighborhood is the largest historic preservation district solely featuring Victorian homes and buildings in the United States;[39][40] it is also the third largest such district overall. There are many modern skyscrapers downtown, as well as older preserved structures. The buildings of West Main Street in downtown Louisville have the largest collection of cast iron facades of anywhere outside of New York's SoHo district.[41]
Since the mid-20th century, Louisville has in some ways been divided up into three sides of town: the West End, the South End, and the East End. In 2003, Bill Dakan, a University of Louisville geography professor, said that the West End, west of 7th Street and north of Algonquin Parkway, is "a euphemism for the African-American part of town" although he points out that this belief is not entirely true, and most African Americans no longer live in areas where more than 80% of residents are black. Nevertheless, he says the perception is still strong.[42] The South End has long had a reputation as a white, working-class part of town, while the East End has been seen as middle and upper class.[43]
According to the Greater Louisville Association of Realtors, the area with the lowest median home sales price is west of Interstate 65, in the West and South Ends, the middle range of home sales prices are between Interstates 64 and 65 in the South and East Ends, and the highest median home sales price are north of Interstate 64 in the East End.[44] Immigrants from Southeast Asia tend to settle in the South End, while immigrants from Eastern Europe settle in the East End.[45]
Government and politics[link]
Main article: Government of Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville Metro is governed by an executive dubbed the Metro Mayor and a city legislature dubbed the Metro Council. The second and current Metro Mayor is Greg Fischer (D), who entered office on January 3, 2011.
The Metro Council consists of 26 seats representing districts apportioned by population throughout the city and county. The residents of the semi-independent municipalities within Louisville Metro are apportioned to districts along with all other county residents. Half (13) of the seats come up for reelection every two years. The council is chaired by a Council President, currently Jim King (D), who is elected by the council members annually. Democrats currently have a 17 to 9 seat majority on the council.
The Official Seal of the City of Louisville, no longer used following the formation of a consolidated city-county government in 2003, reflected its history and heritage in the fleur-de-lis representing French aid given during the Revolutionary War, and the thirteen stars signifying the original colonies. The new seal of the consolidated government retains the fleur-de-lis, but has only two stars, one representing the city and the other the county.
Kentucky's 3rd congressional district is roughly coterminous with Louisville Metro, and is represented by Rep. John Yarmuth (D), though some of the southern and southwestern areas of the community are in the 2nd congressional district, which is represented by Brett Guthrie (R).[46]
Public safety and crime[link]
Louisville has been ranked among the top 10 safest large cities by Morgan Quitno in the past four years.[when?] In the 2005 Morgan Quitno survey, the city was ranked as the seventh safest large city in the United States.[47] The 2006 edition of the survey ranked Louisville eighth.[48]
In 2004, Louisville recorded 70 murders. The numbers for 2005 ranged from 55 to 59 (FBI says 55, LMPD says 59), which was down 16 percent from 2004.[49] In 2006, Louisville-Jefferson County recorded 50 murders, which was significantly lower than previous years. In 2008, Louisville recorded 79 murders.[50]
The Louisville Metro Area's overall violent crime rate was 412.6 per 100,000 residents in 2005.[51] The Elizabethtown, Kentucky Metro Area, which is part of Louisville's Combined Statistical Area, was the 17th safest Metro in the U.S.[52] Kentucky has the 5th lowest violent crime rate out of the 50 states.[53]
Violent crime is most concentrated west of downtown, especially in the Russell neighborhood. The West End, located north of Algonquin Parkway and West of 9th Street, had 32 of the city's 79 murders in 2007.[54]
.JPG)
The primary law enforcement agencies are the Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) and the Jefferson County Sheriff's Office. 911 emergency medical services are provided by the government as Louisville Metro EMS which responds to about 100,000 calls for service annually. Louisville Metro Department of Corrections operates a 1,000+ bed centralized "mega jail" as well as a few other smaller facilities.
Louisville has recently been featured on the television show First 48. The show follows LMPD's homicide unit while they try to solve murders.
Fire protection, which is not solely a Metro government function, is provided by 20 independent fire departments (most of which are autonomous taxing districts) working in concert through mutual aid agreements. The only fire department operated by metro government is Louisville Fire & Rescue (formerly Louisville Division of Fire before city-county merger in 2003). The independent city of Shively in western Jefferson County possesses a city-run department. The other 18 fire departments in Louisville-Jefferson County are taxing districts known collectively as the Jefferson County Fire Service.
Demographics[link]
|
|
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. See talk page for details. (May 2011) |
- Note: All demographics, unless otherwise stated, are the same as that of Jefferson County, Kentucky, which merged with the former city of Louisville on January 6, 2003.
The 2005–2007 population estimate was 74.8% White (71.7% non-Hispanic White alone), 22.9% Black or African American, 0.6% American Indian and Alaska Native, 2.0% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 1.4% from some other race and 1.6% from two or more races. 2.9% of the total population were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).[55]
As of the census[56] of 2000, there were 693,604 people, 287,012 households, and 183,113 families residing in the city/county. The population density was 1,801 people per square mile (695/km2). There were 305,835 housing units at an average density of 794/sq mi (307/km2). The racial makeup of the city/county is 77.4% White, 18.9% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 1.78% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
As of 2007, the area lying within pre-merger Louisville (i.e., the area known as the city of Louisville before the 2003 consolidation) had 245,315 people and 3,995 people per square mile. The racial makeup of pre-merger Louisville is 60.1% white, 35.2% black, 1.9% Asian, 0.2% Native American, and 3.0% 'Other', 2.4% of the people in pre-merger Louisville claim Hispanic ethnicity (meaning 97.58% are non-Hispanic).
There were 287,012 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97.
The age distribution is 24.3% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 91.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.60 males.
The median income for a household is $39,457, and the median income for a family was $49,161. Males had a median income of $36,484 versus $26,255 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,352. About 9.5% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those ages 65 or over.
Over one-third of the population growth in Kentucky is in Louisville's CSA counties.
Religion[link]
Louisville hosts religious institutions of various diverse faiths; including Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Wicca and other Pagan religions.
There are 135,421 Roman Catholic Louisvillians who are part of the Archdiocese of Louisville, covering 24 counties in central Kentucky (consisting of 121 parishes and missions spread over 8,124 square miles).[57] The Cathedral of the Assumption in downtown Louisville is the seat of the Archdiocese of Louisville. Our Lady of Gethsemani Abbey, the monastic home of Catholic writer Thomas Merton, is in nearby Bardstown, Kentucky and also in the archdiocese. Most of Louisville's Roman Catholic population is of German descent, the result of large-scale 19th-century immigration.
One in three Louisvillians is Southern Baptist, belonging to one of 147 local congregations.[58] This denomination increased in number when large numbers of people moved into Louisville in the early 20th century from rural Kentucky and Tennessee to work in the city's factories; some of these migrants also formed Holiness and Pentecostal churches and Churches of Christ.
German immigrants in the 19th century brought not only a large Catholic population, but also the Lutheran and Evangelical faiths, which are represented today in Louisville by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, and the United Church of Christ, respectively.
The city is home to several megachurches. Southeast Christian Church is the largest of the Christian churches in the United States and St. Stephen Baptist Church has the largest African-American congregation[clarification needed] and is home to contemporary gospel recording artists Joe Leavell & the St. Stephen Temple Choir.[59]
The city is home to several religious institutions: the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville Bible College, Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary and the denominational headquarters of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).
Louisville is home to the oldest African-American Seventh-day Adventist congregation, Magazine Street Church.
The historic Christ Church Cathedral is the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky, which covers the western part of the state.
Louisville has two Eastern Orthodox parishes: Assumption Greek Orthodox Church, and the Antiochian parish, St. Michael the Archangel (with a Chapel, St. George).
The Louisville Kentucky Temple, the 76th temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), is located in nearby Crestwood.
There is a Jewish population of around 8,500 in the city served by five synagogues. Most Jewish families emigrated from Eastern Europe at the turn of the 20th century; around 800 Soviet Jews have moved to Louisville since 1991.[60] Jewish immigrants founded Jewish Hospital, which was once the center of the city's Jewish district. In 2005, Jewish Hospital merged with the Catholic healthcare system CARITAS to form the Jewish Hospital and St. Mary's Healthcare network. On one corner near Bowman field are located the one orthodox synagogue, Shalom Towers, the Jewish Community Center and Jewish Family and Career Services.
The Hindu temple of Kentucky [61] opened in suburban Louisville in 1999, and had about 125 members and two full-time priests in 2000.[62] The temple was renovated and rededicated in the summer of 2011.[63]
Various Buddhist sanghas and organizations exist in and around the Louisville area. These include: The Louisville Community of Mindful Living (formerly "The Sangha of Louisville"),[64] the Drepung Gomang Institute,[65] the Vietnamese Buddhist Association of Louisville,[66] and Soka Gakkai / Nichiren Shoshu.[67]
Taoist practices in Louisville are represented by a local branch [68] of the International Taoist Tai Chi Society.[69]
In 2001, there were an estimated 4,000 to 10,000 practicing Muslims in Louisville attending six local mosques.[70] These mosques include the Westport Mosque, a part of the newly founded Muslim Community Center. The Muslim Community Center includes The Islamic School of Louisville (ISofL), an expanding school located on Old Westport Road. The ISofL is adjacent to the Westport Mosque.
The Baha'i faith has been present in Louisville from the 1920s, with the first Baha'i center opening in 1965. The current Baha'i center, dating to 1999, was designed to accommodate a larger active Baha'i community.[71]
The city is also the home of three Unitarian Universalist churches: Thomas Jefferson Unitarian Church, First Unitarian Church, and Clifton Unitarian Church.
Louisville is home to a strong and vibrant Pagan community, including Wicca and other neopagan religions. There are over 60 Kentucky pagan groups listed at Witchvox, including over a dozen in Louisville.[72] (Witchvox listings are voluntary, and usually represent only a small portion of the local pagan groups. Many or most covens and other pagan groups still prefer to remain private, as a way to avoid religious persecution.) Local networking for Louisville pagans is organized in various ways, not only through local covens and groves, but also through Louisville Pagan Pride,[73] local pagan meetups via meetup.com,[74] local occult shops such as MoonStruck,[75] and a CUUPS chapter at a local Unitarian church.[76] There was a Pagan Student Union active for years at the University of Louisville, but the club is currently dormant.[77][78][79]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Louisville, Kentucky
See also: Greater Louisville Inc.
Louisville's early economy first developed through the shipping and cargo industries. Its strategic location at the Falls of the Ohio, as well as its unique position in the central United States (within one day's road travel to 60% of the cities in the continental U.S.) make it an ideal location for the transfer of cargo along its route to other destinations.[80] The Louisville and Portland Canal and the Louisville and Nashville Railroad were important links in water and rail transportation. Louisville's importance to the shipping industry continues today with the presence of the Worldport global air-freight hub for UPS at Louisville International Airport. Louisville's location at the crossroads of three major Interstate highways (I-64, I-65 and I-71) also contributes to its modern-day strategic importance to the shipping and cargo industry. As of 2003, Louisville ranks as the 7th largest inland port in the United States.[81]
Recently, Louisville has emerged as a major center for the health care and medical sciences industries. Louisville has been central to advancements in heart and hand surgery as well as cancer treatment. Some of the earliest artificial heart transplants were conducted in Louisville. Louisville's thriving downtown medical research campus includes a new $88 million rehabilitation center, and a health sciences research and commercialization park that, in partnership with the University of Louisville, has lured nearly 70 top scientists and researchers. Louisville is also home to Humana, one of the nation's largest health insurance companies.
Louisville is home to several major corporations and organizations:
- Brown-Forman (Fortune 1000)
- Hillerich & Bradsby (manufacturer of Louisville Slugger baseball bats)
- Hilliard Lyons (investment firm)
- Humana (Fortune 100)
- Kindred Healthcare (Fortune 500)
- Norton Healthcare
- Papa John's Pizza
- PharMerica (Fortune 1000)
- Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
- Republic Bank & Trust Company
- SHPS (healthcare and human resources services company)
- Texas Roadhouse
- Thorntons
- Tumbleweed Southwest Grill
- UPS Airlines[82]
- Yum! Brands (owners of KFC, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell which were formerly Tricon Global Restaurants (a spin-off of PepsiCo) as well as Long John Silver's and A & W Restaurants which were formerly Yorkshire Global Restaurants) (Fortune 500)
Louisville for a long time was also home to Brown & Williamson, the third largest company in the tobacco industry before merging with R. J. Reynolds in 2004 to form the Reynolds American Company. Brown & Williamson, one of the subjects of the tobacco industry scandals of the 1990s, was the focus of The Insider, a 1999 film shot around the Louisville area. Also located in Louisville are two major Ford plants, the headquarters of GE Consumer & Industrial a subsidiary of General Electric, and a major General Electric appliance factory.
Additionally, one-third of all of the bourbon whiskey comes from Louisville. The Brown-Forman Corporation is one of the major makers of bourbon, which is headquartered in Louisville. Other major distilleries of bourbon can be found both in the city of Louisville, and in neighboring cities in Kentucky.
Louisville also prides itself in its large assortment of small, independent businesses and restaurants, some of which have become known for their ingenuity and creativity. In 1926 the Brown Hotel became the home of the Hot Brown "sandwich". A few blocks away, the Seelbach Hotel, which F. Scott Fitzgerald references in The Great Gatsby, is also famous for a secret back room where Al Capone would regularly meet with associates during the Prohibition era. The drink the Old Fashioned was invented in Louisville's Pendennis Club.
Several major motion pictures have also been filmed in or near Louisville, including The Insider, Goldfinger, Stripes, Lawn Dogs, Elizabethtown and Secretariat.
Culture[link]
Annual festivals and other events[link]
Louisville is home to a number of annual cultural events. Perhaps most well-known is the Kentucky Derby, held annually during the first Saturday of May. The Derby is preceded by a two-week long Kentucky Derby Festival, which starts with the annual Thunder Over Louisville, the largest annual fireworks display in North America and second largest in the world. The Kentucky Derby Festival also features notable events such as the Pegasus Parade, The Great Steamboat Race, Great Balloon Race, a marathon, and about seventy events in total. Esquire magazine has called the Kentucky Derby "the biggest party in the south."
Usually beginning in late February or early March is the Humana Festival of New American Plays at Actors Theatre of Louisville, an internationally acclaimed new-play festival that lasts approximately six weeks.
On Memorial Day weekend, Louisville hosts the largest annual Beatles Festival in the world, Abbey Road on the River. The festival lasts five days and is located on the Belvedere in downtown Louisville.
The summer season in Louisville also features a series of cultural events such as the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival (commonly called Shakespeare in the Park), held in July of every year and features free Shakespeare plays in Central Park in Old Louisville. June sees the relatively new addition of Louisville Pride festivities, including an annually growing and media-covered gay-pride parade through the streets of downtown Louisville and picnic at the Belvedere. Lebowski Fest was first held in Louisville in 2002 and continues every year in July, to commemorate the noir-esque film The Big Lebowski.
Also in July, the Forecastle Festival, draws 35,000 visitors annually to Louisville Waterfront Park in celebration of the best in music, art and environmental activism. Past performers include The Black Keys, The Flaming Lips, Widespread Panic, The Smashing Pumpkins, The Avett Brothers, The Black Crowes and hundreds more. The festival's 10th anniversary, held July 13–15, 2012, is set to feature Louisville natives My Morning Jacket, alongside Wilco, Bassnectar, Andrew Bird, Neko Case and 70+ acts in total.
The Kentucky State Fair is held every August at the Kentucky Exposition Center in Louisville as well, featuring an array of culture from all areas of Kentucky. In places, the African American community celebrates Juneteenth commemorating June 19, 1865, when slaves in the western territories learned of their freedom.[83][84][85]
Since 2007, Louisville has been host to the annual Ironman Louisville triathlon in August, one of only eight Ironman events in North America. In 2009, 2352 participants finished the course.[86]
In September is the Bluegrass Balloon Festival, the fifth largest hot air balloon festival in the nation. The festival features early morning balloon races, as well as balloon glows in the evening. In September, in nearby Bardstown, is the annual Kentucky Bourbon Festival, which features some of the finest bourbon in the world. The suburb of Jeffersontown is also the home of the annual Gaslight Festival, a series of events spread over a week. Attendance is approximately 200,000 for the week.
The month of October features the St. James Court Art Show in Old Louisville. Thousands of artists gather on the streets and in the courtyard to exhibit and sell their wares, and the event is attended by many art collectors and enthusiasts. The show is the second most-attended event next to the Derby.
Another art-related event that occurs every month is the First Friday Trolley Hop. A TARC trolley takes art lovers to many downtown area (especially East Market District, or "NuLu") independent art galleries on the first Friday of every month.
Indie scene[link]
Louisville has blossomed as a booming center for independent art, music and business.
A Louisville locale that highlights this scene is Bardstown Road, an area located in the heart of the Highlands. Bardstown Road is known for its cultural diversity and local trade. The majority of the businesses along Bardstown Road, such as coffee shops, clothing stores and art galleries, are locally owned and operated businesses. Though it is only about one mile (1.6 km) long, this strip of Bardstown Road constitutes much of the city's culture and diverse lifestyle. Just a few blocks down the road was ear X-tacy, a local record store that was a fixture in the Louisville music scene for many years until late 2011.
In downtown Louisville, 21c Museum Hotel, a hotel that showcases contemporary art installations and exhibitions throughout its public spaces, and features a red penguin on its roof, is, according to The New York Times, "an innovative concept with strong execution and prompt and enthusiastic service."
Louisville is home to a thriving indie music scene with bands such as the widely known Love Jones, Flaw, CABIN, Slint, My Morning Jacket, The Glasspack, VHS or Beta and The Villebillies. Acclaimed singer/songwriter Will Oldham is a resident. The town is also home to the post-grunge bands Days of the New and Tantric. This scene reaches a crescendo every July during the Forecastle Festival, a three-day music, art, and environmental activism festival taking place at Louisville Waterfront Park.
Also catering to the musical ear within the community is 91.9 WFPK Radio Louisville, a local public radio station funded from local listeners, featuring local, national, and international musicians. The station also hosts summer concerts on the waterfront from April until July. Up-and-coming alternative artists are brought to stage in order to enhance the community both culturally and musically.
Museums, galleries, and interpretive centers[link]
See also: Museums of Louisville, Kentucky and List of attractions and events in Louisville, Kentucky
The West Main District in downtown Louisville features what is locally known as "Museum Row". In this area, the Frazier International History Museum, which opened in 2004, features a collection of arms, armor and related historical artifacts spanning 1,000 years, concentrating on U.S. and UK arms. The building features three stories of exhibits, two reenactment arenas, a 120-seat auditorium, and a 48-seat movie theater. Also nearby is the Louisville Science Center, which is Kentucky's largest hands-on science center and features interactive exhibits, IMAX films, educational programs and technology networks. The Kentucky Museum of Art and Craft, opened in 1981 and located at 715 West Main Street, is a nonprofit organization with a mission to support and promote excellence in art, craft, applied arts and design. The Muhammad Ali Center opened November 2005 in "Museum Row" and features Louisville native Muhammad Ali's boxing memorabilia.
The Speed Art Museum opened in 1927 and is the oldest and largest art museum in the state of Kentucky. Located adjacent to the University of Louisville, the museum features over 12,000 pieces of art in its permanent collection and hosts regular temporary exhibitions. Multiple art galleries are located in the city, but they are especially concentrated in the East Market District of downtown. This row of galleries, plus others in the West Main District, are prominently featured in the monthly First Friday Trolley Hop.
Several local history museums can be found in the Louisville area. The most prominent among them is The Filson Historical Society, founded in 1884, which has holdings exceeding 1.5 million manuscript items and over 50,000 volumes in the library. The Filson's extensive collections focus on Kentucky, the Upper South, and the Ohio River Valley, and contain a large collection of portraiture and over 10,000 museum artifacts. Other local history museums include the Portland Museum, Historic Locust Grove, Conrad-Caldwell House Museum, the Falls of the Ohio State Park interpretive center (Clarksville, Indiana), Howard Steamboat Museum (Jeffersonville, Indiana) and the Carnegie Center for Art and History (New Albany, Indiana). The Falls interpretive center, part of the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area, also functions as a natural history museum, covering findings in the nearby exposed Devonian fossil bed.
There are also several historical properties and items of interest in the area, including the Belle of Louisville, the oldest Mississippi-style steamboat in operation in the United States. The United States Marine Hospital of Louisville is considered the best remaining antebellum hospital in the United States. It was designed by Robert Mills, who is best known as the designer of the Washington Monument. Fort Knox, spread out among Bullitt, Hardin and Meade Counties (two of which are in the Louisville metropolitan area), is home to the U.S. Bullion Depository and the General George Patton Museum. The previously mentioned Locust Grove, former home of Louisville Founder George Rogers Clark, portrays life in the early days of the city. Other notable properties include the Farmington Historic Plantation (home of the famous Speed family), Riverside, The Farnsley-Moremen Landing, and the restored Union Station, which was opened on September 7, 1891. The Louisville area is also home to the Waverly Hills Sanatorium, a turn-of-the-century (20th) hospital that was originally built to accommodate tuberculosis patients, and subsequently has been reported and sensationalized to be haunted.
Media[link]
Main article: Media of Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville's newspaper of record is The Courier-Journal, and the alternative paper is the progressive alt-weekly Louisville Eccentric Observer (commonly called 'LEO'), which was founded by 3rd district U.S. Representative John Yarmuth (D). WAVE 3, an NBC affiliate, was Kentucky's first TV station. Another prominent TV station is ABC affiliate WHAS 11, formerly owned by the famous Bingham family (who also owned The Courier-Journal), which hosts the regionally notable annual fundraiser, the WHAS Crusade for Children. WDRB-FOX41/WMYO and CBS affiliate WLKY 32 round out the major television stations in the city. The most popular radio station is 84 WHAS 840 AM, designated by the FCC as a clear-channel station. This station was also formerly owned by the Binghams (now Clear Channel Communications), and is a talk radio station which also broadcasts regional sports. In early 2012, GQ Magazine named Louisville the "Manliest City in the United States."
Parks and outdoor attractions[link]
See also: List of parks in Louisville, Kentucky and List of attractions and events in Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville Metro has 122 city parks covering more than 13,000 acres (53 km2). Several of these parks were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed New York City's Central Park as well as parks, parkways, college campuses and public facilities in many U.S. locations. The Louisville Waterfront Park is prominently located on the banks of the Ohio River near downtown, and features large open areas, which often feature free concerts and other festivals. Cherokee Park, one of the most visited parks in the nation,[87] features a 2.6-mile (4.2 km) mixed-use loop and many well-known landscaping and architectural features including the Hogan Fountain Pavilion. Other notable parks in the system include Iroquois Park, Shawnee Park, Seneca Park and Central Park.
Further from the downtown area is the Jefferson Memorial Forest, which at 6,218 acres (25.16 km2) is the largest municipal urban forest in the United States.,[88] The forest is designated as a National Audubon Society wildlife refuge, and offers over 30 miles (48 km) of various hiking trails.
Otter Creek Outdoor Recreation Area, owned and operated by the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, is another large park in nearby Brandenburg, Kentucky. The park's namesake, Otter Creek, winds along the eastern side of the park. A scenic bend in the Ohio River, which divides Kentucky from Indiana, can be seen from northern overlooks within the park. The park is a popular mountain biking destination, with trails maintained by a local mountain bike organization.
Other outdoor points of interest in the Louisville area include Cave Hill Cemetery (the burial location of Col. Harland Sanders), Zachary Taylor National Cemetery (the burial location of President Zachary Taylor), the Louisville Zoo and the Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area.
In development is the City of Parks, a project to create a continuous paved pedestrian and biking trail around Louisville Metro while also adding a large amount of park land. Current plans call for making approximately 4,000 acres (16 km2) of the Floyds Fork flood plain in eastern Jefferson County into a new park system called The Parklands of Floyds Fork, expanding area in the Jefferson Memorial Forest, and adding riverfront land and wharfs along the Riverwalk Trail and Levee Trail.
Performing arts[link]
Main article: Performing arts in Louisville, Kentucky
The Kentucky Center, dedicated in 1983, located in the downtown hotel and entertainment district, features a variety of plays and concerts. This is also the home of the Louisville Ballet, Louisville Orchestra, Bourbon Baroque, Music Theatre Louisville, Stage One, and the Kentucky Opera, which is the twelfth oldest opera in the United States.
The Louisville Orchestra was founded in 1937 by conductor Robert Whitney and Charles Farnsley, then Mayor of Louisville, and was a world leader in commissioning and recording contemporary works for orchestra from the 1950s to 1980s. The Louisville Orchestra today performs more than 125 concerts per year with a core of salaried musicians and is recognized as a cornerstone of the Louisville arts community.
Actors Theatre of Louisville, is in the city's urban cultural district and hosts the Humana Festival of New American Plays each spring. It presents approximately six hundred performances of about thirty productions during its year-round season, composed of a diverse array of contemporary and classical fare.
The Louisville Palace, the official venue for the Louisville Orchestra, is an ornate theatre in downtown Louisville's so-called theatre district. In addition to orchestra performances, the theatre shows films, and hosts concerts.
Iroquois Park is the home of the renovated Iroquois Amphitheater, which hosts a variety of musical concerts in a partially covered outdoor setting.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
College sports are very popular in the Louisville area, especially college basketball. The Louisville Cardinals rank first nationally in percent to capacity attendance annually, with Freedom Hall averaging better than 100% for 10 straight years. The Cardinals ranked 4th in actual attendance in 2007. The Cardinals also hold the Big East conference women's basketball paid attendance record with nearly 17,000 attending the game against the Kentucky Wildcats in 2008.
The Louisville market has ranked first in ratings for the NCAA men's basketball tournament every year since 1999.[89] The Kentucky Wildcats also play an annual game in Freedom Hall, although attendance has declined steadily in recent years, with only 10,163 fans attending the 2008 game, only 54% of Freedom Hall's capacity.
The Louisville Cardinals football team, which had produced talent like Johnny Unitas, Gene Sartini, Deion Branch, Sam Madison, David Akers, Ray Buchanan, Michael Bush, Harry Douglas and Brian Brohm, achieved national respect in the 1990s under coach Howard Schnellenberger when the team defeated Alabama in the 1991 Fiesta Bowl. The program's stock continued to rise as it joined the Big East Conference and won the FedEx Orange Bowl in 2007 under Bobby Petrino. The University of Louisville baseball team advanced to the College World Series in Omaha in 2007, as one of the final eight teams to compete for the national championship.
Horse racing is also a major attraction. Churchill Downs is home to the Kentucky Derby, the largest sporting event in the state, as well as the Kentucky Oaks which together cap the two-week-long Kentucky Derby Festival. Churchill Downs has also hosted the renowned Breeders' Cup on six occasions, most recently in 2006.
Louisville is also the home of Valhalla Golf Club which hosted the 1996 and 2000 PGA Championships, the 2004 Senior PGA Championship, and the 2008 Ryder Cup. It is also home to Louisville Extreme Park, open since 2002, and which skateboarder Tony Hawk has called one of his top five skate parks.[90]
Louisville has six professional and semi-professional sports teams, but no major league teams. It is the second largest U.S. city without one with only Austin, Texas larger. The Louisville Bats are a baseball team playing in the International League as the Class AAA affiliate of the nearby Cincinnati Reds. The team plays at Louisville Slugger Field at the edge of the city's downtown.
The city of Louisville has made several unsuccessful bids in recent years to draw major league sports teams to the city, most notably when the Vancouver Grizzlies franchise was considering a move several years ago, as well as the Charlotte Hornets franchise, which ultimately ended up in New Orleans. Between 1967 and 1976, Louisville was home to the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association. The Colonels was one of the ABA's most successful teams during its existence, winning four division titles and the 1975 ABA Championship, but was not invited to join the NBA when the two leagues merged in 1976, and subsequently folded.
In early 2012, Louisville will be the first American city to ever host the UCI Masters Cyclocross World Championships, and then in 2013, the city will host both the Masters, Juniors, U23, and Professionial Elite Women's and Men's UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships, the biggest race of the fastest growing form of bicycle racing.[91] The event will be at the future permanent cyclocross course at Eva Bandman Park.[92]
High school sports are also popular. Louisville-area high schools have been dominant in football for decades. Schools such as Butler, St. Xavier, Trinity and Male have won every state 4A football title except one since 1992 and have been 13 of the 15 finalists since 1997. Some fierce rivalries have developed over the years. The annual game between St. Xavier and Trinity draws over 35,000 fans and is the largest attended high school sporting event in the country.[dubious – discuss] The 2002 Kentucky state 4A Football Championship between Male and Trinity, a showdown between future UofL teammates Brian Brohm (Trinity) and Michael Bush (Male) that ended with a 59–56 Trinity win, is listed as one of the top 50 sporting events of all time by many critics. The "Old Rivalry" between Male and Manual high schools is one of the nation's oldest, dating back to 1893, and was played on Thanksgiving Day through 1980, with Manual winning the final T-Day game by a score of 6–0 in overtime.
Louisville has the added distinction of being the only city in the world that is the birthplace of four heavyweight boxing champions: Marvin Hart, Muhammad Ali, Jimmy Ellis and Greg Page.
Current professional teams[link]
| Louisville Bats | Baseball | 2002 | International League | Louisville Slugger Field |
| Kentucky Stickhorses | Indoor lacrosse | 2011 | North American Lacrosse League | Freedom Hall |
| Louisville Lightning | indoor soccer | 2009 | PASL-Pro | Mockingbird Valley Soccer Club |
| River City Rovers | Soccer | 2011 | PDL | Centurion Soccer Fields |
Infrastructure[link]
Education[link]
Louisville is home to several institutions of higher learning. There are five four-year universities, the University of Louisville, Bellarmine University, Spalding University, Sullivan University, and Simmons College of Kentucky; a two-year community college, Jefferson Community and Technical College; and several other business or technical schools such as Spencerian College, ITT Technical Institute, Strayer University and Louisville Technical Institute. Indiana University Southeast is located across the Ohio River in New Albany, Indiana.
The University of Louisville has notable achievements including several hand transplants, and the world's first wireless artificial heart transplant. The school's Health Sciences Center in Downtown Louisville is currently adding an expansive medical research market on the city's old Haymarket site, which is projected to add 10,000 high paying jobs within 10 years.
Two major graduate-professional schools of religion are also located in Louisville. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, with more than 2,000 students, is the flagship institution of the Southern Baptist Convention. It was founded in Greenville, South Carolina, in 1859 and moved to Louisville in 1877, occupying its present campus on Lexington Road in 1926. Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, product of a 1901 merger of two predecessor schools founded at Danville, Kentucky in 1853 and in Louisville in 1893, occupied its present campus on Alta Vista Road in 1963.
According to the U.S. Census, of Louisville's population over 25, 21.3% (the national average is 24%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 76.1% (80% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent.
The public school system, Jefferson County Public Schools, consists of more than 98,000 students in 89 elementary schools, 24 middle schools, 22 high schools and 22 other learning centers.[93] Due to Louisville's large Catholic population, there are 27 Catholic schools in the city. The Kentucky School for the Blind for all of Kentucky's blind and visually impaired students is located on Frankfort Avenue in the Clifton neighborhood.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville's main airport is the centrally located Louisville International Airport, whose IATA Airport Code (SDF) reflects its former name of Standiford Field. The airport is also home to UPS's Worldport global air hub. UPS operates its largest package-handling hub at Louisville International Airport and bases its UPS Airlines division there. Over 3.5 million passengers and over 3 billion pounds (1,400,000 t) of cargo pass through the airport each year. Louisville International Airport is also the 4th busiest airport in the United States in terms of cargo passage, and it is the 11th busiest in cargo passage in the world.[dubious – discuss] Furthermore, since Louisville is located only around 35 minutes from Fort Knox, the airport is a major hub for armed services personnel traveling to and from the military installation. The historic but smaller Bowman Field is used mainly for general aviation while nearby Clark Regional Airport is used mostly by private jets.
The McAlpine Locks and Dam is located on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River, near the downtown area. The locks were constructed to allow shipping past the Falls of the Ohio. In 2001 over 55 million tons of commodities passed through the locks. A new lock was constructed to replace two of the auxiliary locks, with a projected completion date of 2008, but was completed in early 2009.
Public transportation consists mainly of buses run by the Transit Authority of River City (TARC). The city buses serve all parts of downtown Louisville and Jefferson County, as well as Kentucky suburbs in Oldham County, Bullitt County, and the Indiana suburbs of Jeffersonville, Clarksville and New Albany. A light rail system has been studied and proposed for the city, but no plan was in development as of 2007.[94]
Louisville has inner and outer interstate beltways, I-264 and I-265 respectively. Interstates I-64, I-65 pass through Louisville, and I-71 has its southern terminus in Louisville. Since all three of these highways intersect at virtually the same location on the east side of downtown, this spot has become known as "Spaghetti Junction". Two bridges carry I-64 and I-65 over the Ohio River, and a third automobile bridge carries non-interstate traffic. Plans for two more bridges to connect Louisville to Indiana, along with a reconfiguration of Spaghetti Junction, have been under consideration for years and some exploratory construction began in 2007. One bridge would be located downtown for relief of I-65 traffic. The other would connect the Indiana and Kentucky I-265's (via KY-841).[95] As with any major project, there are detractors and possible alternatives; one grassroots organization, 8664.org, has proposed options for downtown revitalization improvements, and a simpler and less expensive roadway design.
Louisville has historically been a major center for railway traffic. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad was once headquartered here, before it was purchased by CSX Transportation. Today the city is served by two major freight railroads, CSX (with a major classification yard in the southern part of the metro area) and Norfolk Southern. Five major main lines connect Louisville to the rest of the region. Two regional railroads, the Paducah and Louisville Railway and the Louisville and Indiana Railroad, also serve the city. With the discontinuance of the short-lived Kentucky Cardinal in 2003, Amtrak passenger trains no longer serve Louisville; it is thus the fifth largest city in the country with no passenger rail service.[96]
Walkability[link]
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Louisville 41st most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[97]
Utilities[link]
Electricity is provided to the Louisville Metro area by Louisville Gas & Electric. Water is provided by the Louisville Water Company, which provides water to more than 800,000 residents in Louisville as well as parts of Oldham and Bullitt counties. Additionally, they provide wholesale water to the outlying counties of Shelby, Spencer and Nelson.[98]
The Ohio River provides for most of the city's source of drinking water. Water is drawn from the river at two points: the raw water pump station at Zorn Avenue and River Road, and the B.E. Payne Pump Station northeast of Harrods Creek. Water is also obtained from a riverbank infiltration well at the Payne Plant. There are also two water treatment plants serving the Louisville Metro area: The Crescent Hill Treatment Plant and the B.E. Payne Treatment Plant. In June 2008, the Louisville Water Company received the "Best of the Best" award from the American Water Works Association, citing it as the best-tasting drinking water in the country.[99]
Sister cities[link]
Louisville has eight sister cities:[100][101]
Jiujiang, China
La Plata, Argentina
Mainz, Germany
Montpellier, France
Perm, Russia
Quito, Ecuador
Tamale, Ghana
Leeds, UK
In addition, Leeds is considered a "friendship city". The two cities have engaged in many cultural exchange programs, particularly in the fields of nursing and law, and cooperated in several private business developments, including the Frazier International History Museum.[102]
On April 15, 2008, it was announced that Louisville would be twinned with the town of Bushmills in Northern Ireland. The two places share a tradition for the brewing of whiskey. The choice of Louisville came after a search of U.S. cities, followed by an online poll conducted for the public to decide between three finalists, which also included Boston and Portland, Maine.[103]
Natives and residents[link]
Main article: List of people from Louisville, Kentucky
- Raymond Abbott, writer
- Muhammad Ali, boxing legend.
- Louis Brandeis, U.S. Supreme Court Justice
- Foster Brooks, comedian, comic actor
- Lance Burton, illusionist
- Jennifer Carpenter, actress
- Jim Cornette, professional wrestling manager
- Tom Cruise, actor
- Denny Crum, former University of Louisville men's basketball coach
- Irene Dunne, actress
- Thomas Edison, inventor
- Jimmy Ellis, boxer
- Dian Fossey, primatologist
- Stephen Gaghan, screenwriter and film director, Academy Award winner for Best Adapted Screenplay (Traffic, 2000)
- Gertrude Ganote, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player from 1944 through 1945
- Stephen "Static Major" Garrett, Grammy Award-Winning American singer and songwriter
- Sue Grafton, writer
- Darrell Griffith, Utah Jazz, basketball Player
- James Guthrie, industrialist and politician
- Charles T. Hinde, a successful businessman and original investor of the Hotel del Coronado
- Paul Hornung, former NFL Quarterback
- Anna Mae Hutchison, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player from 1944 through 1948
- Jim James, musician (My Morning Jacket)
- Julie Kagawa, writer
- James Kottak, drummer of Rock band #Scorpions
- Paul Laird, Kansas University musicology professor and author
- Jennifer Lawrence, actress[104]
- William Mapother, actor (Lost, In the Bedroom, Another Earth)
- Victor Mature, actor
- Mitch McConnell, U.S. Senate Minority Leader
- Tori Murden, first female to row across the Atlantic
- ZZ Packer, writer
- Greg Page, boxer
- Rick Pitino, University of Louisville men's basketball coach
- Rajon Rondo, Boston Celtics basketball player
- Don Rosa, Eisner Award winning writer/artist of Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge comic books.
- Diane Sawyer, newscaster
- Phil Simms, former NFL quarterback, broadcaster
- Nicole Scherzinger, singer
- John Schnatter, Papa John's Pizza founder
- James Speed, U.S. Attorney General
- Joshua Fry Speed, Abraham Lincoln's close friend
- President Zachary Taylor and his wife Margaret rest in the mausoleum at what is now the Zachary Taylor National Cemetery
- Hunter S. Thompson, writer
- Ron Thompson, actor
- Johnny Unitas, former NFL Quarterback
- John Yarmuth, United States Representative, former editor of the Louisville Eccentric Observer (LEO)
Events[link]
Important events occurring in the city have included the first large space lighted by Edison's light bulb which occurred during the Southern Exposition. (At the time, in 1883, the largest such installation to date.) Also, Louisville had the first library open to African Americans in the South,[105][106] and medical advances including the first human hand transplant[107] and the first self-contained artificial heart transplant.[108]
See also[link]
- List of cities and towns along the Ohio River
- List of people from Louisville, Kentucky
- Louisville Magazine
- Rolled oyster
References[link]
- ^ The term "The 'Ville" has been used in print in The Courier-Journal 60+ times since 1999 and appears to have been popularized by a 2003 billboard campaign promoting Louisville as "The best college sports town in America." See Forde, Pat (2003-09-10). "UofL's bogus billboards don't impress experts". The Courier-Journal.
- ^ "Jefferson County, Kentucky Atlas & Gazetteer". Uky.edu. http://www.uky.edu/KentuckyAtlas/21111.html. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ See Nomenclature, population and ranking for explanation of consolidated vs. balance figures
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- ^ "Phoenix 5th largest city as Philly falls; Louisville is 17th if all are counted". The Courier-Journal. 2007-06-28. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1727307131.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Jun+29,+2007&author=&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.2&desc=Clarification. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
- ^ "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (CSV). 2008 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-07-01. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20110102045504/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-01.csv. Retrieved 2009-07-01.
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- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008" (CSV). 2008 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 19, 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20110511101607/http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2008/CBSA-EST2008-01.csv. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
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- ^ Yater, George H. (1987). Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio: A History of Louisville and Jefferson County (2nd ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Filson Club, Incorporated. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-9601072-3-1.
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- ^ "Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html.
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- ^ "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files" (TXT). United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/cousub2k.txt. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
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- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=lmk. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
- ^ "Average Weather for Louisville, KY - Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USKY1096?from=36hr_bottomnav_undeclared.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Louisville". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/louisville_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Green, Marcus. "Museum Plaza plan expands, cost grows", 'The Courier-Journal', December 6, 2006. December 7, 2006.
- ^ Green, Marcus (2007-05-22). "Hotel removed from arena plan". The Courier-Journal. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1728957251.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+22%2C+2007&author=&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=Hotel+removed+from+arena+plan.
- ^ Green, Marcus (2007-04-27). "First look inside the arena". The Courier-Journal. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1730873931.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Apr+24%2C+2007&author=&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=First+look+inside+the+arena.
- ^ Berzof, Ken (2006-02-26). "Office space goes begging". The Courier-Journal.
- ^ "Louisville Facts & Firsts". LouisvilleKy.gov. http://www.louisvilleky.gov/Visitors/Louisville+Facts+and+Firsts.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ^ "What is Old Louisville?". Old Louisville Guide. http://www.oldlouisville.com/old_louisville.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
- ^ "Louisville's Downtown Alive with Development". LouisvilleKy.gov. 2006-02-24. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929103233/http://www.louisvilleky.gov/DowntownDevelopment/News/2006/DowntownActivity.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ Pike, Bill (2003-01-23). "Will old names work in 'new' city?". The Courier-Journal: p. 1N.
- ^ Forde, Pat (2002-08-26). "Read all about it: Valley has city united". The Courier-Journal.
- ^ "''The Courier-Journal'' 2006–07 Kentuckiana Guide". Pqasb.pqarchiver.com. 2007-06-29. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1727307131.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Jun+29,+2007&author=&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.2&desc=Clarification. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ Cummins, Peggy. "Continuity and Change in Louisville's Ethnic Communities". Jefferson Community College.
- ^ "Kentucky Congressional District Data and Maps". Kentucky State Data Center. http://ksdc.louisville.edu/sdc/congress.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ^ "America's Safest (and Most Dangerous) Cities." Morgan Quitno Press. November 21, 2005. Retrieved on July 8, 2006.
- ^ "Louisville among nation's safest cities". The Courier-Journal. 2006-10-31.
- ^ "FBI Report: Louisville Crime Rate Outpacing National Average". http://www.wave3.com/story/5021890/fbi-report-louisville-crime-rate-outpacing-national-average.
- ^ "The Urban Louisvillian — FBI Crime Statistics from 2006 Released". http://theurbanlouisvillian.blogspot.com/2007/06/fbi-crime-statistics-from-2006-released.html.
- ^ "Morgan Quitno — Violent Crime Rate in 2005 (ordered by metro area)" (PDF). http://www.morganquitno.com/met05a.pdf.
- ^ "Morgan Quitno — Safest 25 Metropolitan Areas". http://www.morganquitno.com/cit07pop.htm#METRO.
- ^ "Infoplease — Crime Rate by State, 2004 (rate per 100,000 inhabitants)". http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0004912.html.
- ^ "courier-journal.com — Jefferson County homicide victims, 2007". http://datacenter.courier-journal.com/police/homicides/victims.php?year=2007.
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "Louisville/Jefferson County metro government (balance): ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2005–2007". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3307&-redoLog=true&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=16000US2148006&-format=&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
- ^ "Data on Catholic residents from the Archdiocese of Louisville". Archlou.org. http://www.archlou.org/history/statistics/. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ Data on Baptist Population from LRA website Long Run Baptist Association
- ^ "Joe Leavell & The Temple Choir". http://www.emtro.com/joeleaveltemple.html. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ Smith, Peter (2003-09-28). "Some synagogues eye broader styles of worship". The Courier-Journal.
- ^ "Hindu Temple of Kentucky". Kytemple.org. http://www.kytemple.org/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ Haukebo, Kirsten (2000-12-03). "Hindu temple greets visitors". The Courier-Journal.
- ^ "Week of celebrations to surround Hindu temple rededication [Visual art". Louisville.com. 2011-06-03. http://www.louisville.com/content/week-celebrations-surround-hindu-temple-rededication-visual-art. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ Mark Stein (2010-06-06). "Louisville Community of Mindful Living". Sanghalou.org. http://www.sanghalou.org/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Drepung Gomang Institute". Drepunggomang.com. http://www.drepunggomang.com/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Center Profile". Pluralism.org. 1996-05-01. Archived from the original on 2010-02-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20100228032057/http://pluralism.org/profiles/view/74436. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Nichiren Shu Buddhist Temple Community, Lexington Kentucky (KY)". Tripleworld.org. http://tripleworld.org/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Taoist Tai Chi Society of the USA — Louisville, KY". Kentucky.usa.taoist.org. http://kentucky.usa.taoist.org/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Taoist Tai Chi". http://www.taoist.org/content/standard.asp. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ Smith, Peter (2001-11-18). "ISLAM IN AMERICA; Muslims a diverse presence in Kentucky". The Courier-Journal.
- ^ "About | Bahá'ís of Louisville, Kentucky, Inc". Louisvillebahai.org. 2011-01-01. http://www.louisvillebahai.org/content/about. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ "Kentucky: Adult Run Groups/Orgs". Witchvox.com. http://www.witchvox.com/vn/gr/usky_gra.html. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Louisville Pagan Pride Day". Louisvillepaganpride.org. http://www.louisvillepaganpride.org/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Pagan Meetups near Louisville, Kentucky — Pagan Meetups — Louisville". Pagan.meetup.com. 2010-05-23. http://pagan.meetup.com/cities/us/ky/louisville/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Moon Struck Louisville Kentucky's Number One Pagan/Wiccan Store". Moonstruckky.com. http://www.moonstruckky.com/index.php?page=community. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "First Unitarian Church-CUUPS". Firstulou.org. http://www.firstulou.org/groups/cuups.html. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Welcome to the Pagan Student Union at The University of Louisville website". Uoflpaganstudents.tripod.com. http://uoflpaganstudents.tripod.com/. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "University of Louisville | Louisville, Kentucky | Tuition: $16072". Eduinreview.com. 2010-04-07. http://www.eduinreview.com/school-search/colleges/university-of-louisville. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ "Arsenic & Old Lace — Resources — Pagan Student Organizations". Arsenic.com. http://www.arsenic.com/resourcepages/studentorgs.aspx#KY. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
- ^ Kramer, Carl (1978). Louisville Survey: Central Report. p. 32.
- ^ (PDF) Top 20 Inland U.S. Ports for 2003. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil//wcsc/pdf/inlandport03f.pdf.
- ^ "Special Delivery: UPS Moving Ancient Terra Cotta Army". United Parcel Service. May 5, 2008. http://www.pressroom.ups.com/Press+Releases/Archive/2008/Q2/Special+Delivery%3A+UPS+Moving+Ancient+Terra+Cotta+Army. Retrieved June 19, 2010. "UPS air operations are headquartered in Louisville, Ky."
- ^ "The 11th Annual Juneteenth Jamboree of New Plays". http://www.juneteenthlegacytheatre.com/Jamboree.html. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ "Juneteenth Jamboree runs June 3–19 – Louisville, Kentucky". http://www.hellolouisville.com/Articles/Event/2949/Juneteenth_Jamboree_runs_June_3–19.Cfm. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ "Juneteenth — Kentucky". http://www.juneteenth.com/0kentucky_us.htm. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ "Ford IRONMAN Louisville Kentucky — August 30, 2009". http://ironman.com/events/ironman/louisville/?show=raceresults&year=2009. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
- ^ "America's Most Visited City Parks" (PDF). 2008-10-01. Archived from the original on 2009-03-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5fgh5pn16. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
- ^ "New Property Connects Sections of Jefferson Memorial Forest – November 2009". http://www.louisvilleky.gov/News/WideNewsItem.htm?PostingGuid={C2B603F2-674F-4071-BAB9-C94AE3F9CA75}.
- ^ "Louisville No. 1 in basketball TV ratings". The Courier-Journal. 2008-04-08. http://www.city-data.com/forum/kentucky/301079-louisville-market-1-ncaa-tournament-ratings.html. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ "Louisville Extreme Park". Skateboardermag.com. Skateboarder Magazine. http://skateboardermag.com/Google-Earth/louisville-extreme-park/. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ "Louisville to host 2013 UCI Cyclocross World Championships". Cyclocross Magazine. 2010-01-29. http://www.cxmagazine.com/breaking-story-uci-confirms-louisville-world-champs-2013. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "Louisville Moving Forward with Permanent Cyclocross Course". Cyclocross Magazine. 2009-12-16. http://www.cxmagazine.com/louisville-kentucky-moving-forward-with-permanent-cyclocross-course. Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- ^ "JCPS at a Glance". Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070711141007/http://www.jefferson.k12.ky.us/AboutUs/About.html. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
- ^ Green, Marcus (2006-11-29). "Mass transit plan still possible; Officials will look for financing options". The Courier-Journal. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1749372341.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+29%2C+2006&author=&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=B.1&desc=Mass+transit+plan+still+possible. Retrieved 2007-01-23.
- ^ Green, Marcus (2007-07-16). "Bridge project tunnels' cost rises; Exploratory shaft will plot path for two others". The Courier-Journal. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courier_journal/access/1725940601.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+16%2C+2007&author=&pub=Courier+-+Journal&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=Bridge+project+tunnels%27+cost+rises. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ "Metropolitan Areas Served by Amtrak". 2006-11-23. http://www.trainweb.org/moksrail/documents/pop/msa.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. http://www.walkscore.com/rankings/cities/. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
- ^ Data from Louisville Water
- ^ "Louisville wins best water taste test". American Water Works Association. June 10, 2008. http://www.awwa.org/publications/MainStreamArticle.cfm?itemnumber=36618. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ Sister cities designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI). Retrieved June 1, 2006.
- ^ "Sister Cities of Louisville, Inc.". http://sclou.org/. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ "Friendship City Status." Sister Cities of Louisville. 2006. Retrieved on June 1, 2006.
- ^ "Louisville tastes victory in twin search". BBC. 2008-04-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7347994.stm. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
- ^ Schneller, Johanna (11 June 2010). "Interview with Winter's Bone star Jennifer Lawrence". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/movies/johanna-schneller/interview-with-winters-bone-star-jennifer-lawrence/article1600683/. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ "African Americans in Library Professions: The Kentucky Connection". Uky.edu. 2004-12-07. http://www.uky.edu/Subject/lama.html. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ "African-American Archives". Louisville Free Public Library. http://www.lfpl.org/western/htms/archives.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
- ^ Altman, Lawrence K. (1999-01-26). "Doctors in Louisville Perform Nation's First Hand Transplant". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/26/us/doctors-in-louisville-perform-nation-s-first-hand-transplant.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
- ^ Rowland, Rhonda (2001-07-03). "Patient gets first totally implanted artificial heart". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/07/03/artificial.heart/index.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
Further reading[link]
- Louisville Then and Now. Butler Books. 2006. ISBN 1-884532-68-3.
- Domer, Dennis; Gregory A. Luhan, and David Mohney (2004). The Louisville Guide. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-451-0.
- Kleber, John E., et al. (editor) (2000). The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 1-56898-451-0.
- Lee, Gary (2006-08-20). "Louisville Old and New: Either Way, It's a Knockout". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/18/AR2006081800300.html. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
- Nold, Chip; and Bob Bahr (1997). Insiders' Guide to Louisville, Kentucky & Southern Indiana. Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-57380-043-0.
- Sanders, David; and Glen Conner (2000). Fact Sheet: Ohio River Floods. Kentucky Climate Center. http://kyclim.wku.edu/factsheets/ohioriverfloods.html. Retrieved 2009-04-21. [dead link]
- Yater, George H. (1987). Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio: A History of Louisville and Jefferson County (2nd ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Filson Club, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9601072-3-1.
External links[link]
| Find more about Louisville, Kentucky on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Official Website of Louisville, Kentucky
- Louisville Convention and Visitors Bureau
- Possibility City — Louisville's branding campaign
- Louisville/Jefferson County Information Consortium
- Metro Mapper – Interactive Maps for the Louisville Metro Area
- City Mayors feature: "Louisville Metro has shown other regions how mergers can change balance of power"
- Louisville travel guide from Wikitravel
- Louisville Life — weekly broadcast on Kentucky Educational Television
- Louisville Culture Vulture: Current Calendar of Fine Cultural Performances of Classical Music, Opera, Ballet, Theater, and Visual Art
- Images of Louisville from the University of Louisville Digital Collections
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Kentucky (disambiguation).
| Commonwealth of Kentucky | |||||
|
|||||
| Nickname(s): Bluegrass State | |||||
| Motto(s): United we stand, divided we fall and Deo gratiam habeamus (Let us be grateful to God) | |||||
 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | English[1] | ||||
| Demonym | Kentuckian | ||||
| Capital | Frankfort | ||||
| Largest city | Louisville | ||||
| Largest metro area | Louisville metropolitan area | ||||
| Area | Ranked 37th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 40,409 sq mi (104,659 km2) |
||||
| - Width | 140 miles (225 km) | ||||
| - Length | 379 miles (610 km) | ||||
| - % water | 1.7 | ||||
| - Latitude | 36° 30′ N to 39° 09′ N | ||||
| - Longitude | 81° 58′ W to 89° 34′ W | ||||
| Population | Ranked 26th in the U.S. | ||||
| - Total | 4,369,356 (2011 est)[2] | ||||
| - Density | 110/sq mi (42.5/km2) Ranked 22nd in the U.S. |
||||
| Elevation | |||||
| - Highest point | Black Mountain[3][4] 4,145 ft (1263 m) |
||||
| - Mean | 750 ft (230 m) | ||||
| - Lowest point | Mississippi River at Kentucky Bend[3][4] 257 ft (78 m) |
||||
| Before statehood | Kentucky County, Virginia | ||||
| Admission to Union | June 1, 1792 (15th) | ||||
| Governor | Steve Beshear (D) | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Jerry Abramson (D) | ||||
| Legislature | General Assembly | ||||
| - Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| U.S. Senators | Mitch McConnell (R) Rand Paul (R) |
||||
| U.S. House delegation | 4 Republicans, 2 Democrats (list) | ||||
| Time zones | |||||
| - eastern half | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 | ||||
| - western half | Central: UTC-6/-5 | ||||
| Abbreviations | KY US-KY | ||||
| Website | kentucky.gov | ||||
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
Contents |
Origin of name[link]
It is generally accepted that the historic Native American tribes who hunted in what is now Kentucky referred to the region as Catawba, or some similar variant. Some have said that the land was described in this way to Daniel Boone by a native Chief. According to The Kentucky Blue Book,[citation needed] Dragging Canoe, a young Cherokee chief opposed to selling ancestral hunting grounds, warned the whites that they were purchasing a "dark and bloody ground." The origin of Kentucky's modern name (variously spelled Cane-tuck-ee, Cantucky, Kain-tuck-ee, and Kentuckee before its modern spelling was accepted)[5] comes from an Iroquois word meaning "meadow lands", referring to the buffalo hunting grounds in Central Kentucky's savanna. Members of the Haudenosaunee, the Iroquois Confederacy, were historically based in New York and Pennsylvania. They penetrated to this area of the Ohio River Valley and drove other tribes out in order to control more hunting land. In addition to buffalo, they trapped beaver for the lucrative fur trade with the French and English, long before European-American settlement in this area.[6]
Geography[link]
See also: List of Kentucky counties and Coal mining in Kentucky
Kentucky is considered to be situated in the Upland South. It is infrequently included in the Midwest.[7][8] A significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia.
Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast. West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more states.
Kentucky's northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792. In several places, the rivers have changed courses away from the original borders. For instance, northbound travelers on US 41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about a half-mile (800 m) longer on the north side. Ellis Park, a thoroughbred racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the only land border between Indiana and Kentucky.[9]
Kentucky is the only U.S. state to have a non-contiguous part existing as an exclave surrounded by other states. Fulton County, in the far west corner of the state, includes Kentucky Bend. This small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River, bordered by Missouri and accessible via Tennessee, was created by the 1812 New Madrid Earthquake changing the course of the river.[10]
Regions[link]
Kentucky can be divided into five primary regions: the Cumberland Plateau in the east, the north-central Bluegrass region, the south-central and western Pennyroyal Plateau, the Western Coal Fields and the far-west Jackson Purchase. The Bluegrass region is commonly divided into two regions, the Inner Bluegrass—the encircling 90 miles (145 km) around Lexington—and the Outer Bluegrass—the region that contains most of the Northern portion of the state, above the Knobs. Much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. This map is a rough depiction of the regions because it relies largely on county lines; as a result, the Inner Bluegrass appears larger than it is, and the Cumberland Plateau appears slightly smaller. The latter region is more commonly known in Kentucky as the East Kentucky Coal Field. Note the singular; these regions are not the sites of coal "fields" but one continuous field with many overlapping seams; the West Kentucky Coal Field is part of the Illinois Basin.
-
Kentucky's Inner Bluegrass region features hundreds of horse farms
-
The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps
-
The East Kentucky Coal Field is known for its rugged terrain
.jpg)
Climate[link]
Located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa). Monthly average temperatures in Kentucky range from a summer daytime high of 87 °F (31 °C) to a winter low of 23 °F (−5 °C). The average precipitation is 46 inches (1,200 mm) a year.[11] Kentucky experiences all four seasons, usually with striking variations in the severity of summer and winter from year to year.[12] Kentucky's highest recorded temperature was 114 °F (46 °C) at Greensburg on July 28, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −34 °F (−37 °C) at Cynthiana on January 28, 1963.
Major weather events that have affected Kentucky include:
| Event | Death Toll |
|---|---|
| Louisville Tornado of 1890 | est. 76–120+ |
| Ohio River flood of 1937 | ? |
| April 3, 1974 Tornado Outbreak | 72 |
| April 7, 1977 Flooding (Cumberland River toppled Pineville floodwall) | ? |
| March 1, 1997 Flooding | 18 |
| North American blizzard of 2003 | ? |
| 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak | Weather.com reported 17 deaths |
| September 2008 Windstorm | 1 |
| January 2009 ice storm | 24+ |
| March 2012 Tornado Outbreak | 22 |
| Monthly Average High and Low Temperatures For Various Kentucky Cities | ||||||||||||
| City | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lexington | 40/24 | 45/28 | 55/36 | 65/44 | 74/54 | 82/62 | 86/66 | 85/65 | 78/58 | 67/46 | 54/37 | 44/28 |
| Louisville | 41/25 | 47/28 | 57/37 | 67/46 | 75/56 | 83/65 | 87/70 | 86/68 | 79/61 | 68/48 | 56/39 | 45/30 |
| Owensboro | 42/25 | 47/28 | 57/36 | 69/45 | 78/55 | 86/64 | 88/68 | 88/65 | 81/58 | 70/46 | 57/37 | 45/28 |
| Paducah | 42/24 | 48/28 | 58/37 | 68/46 | 77/55 | 85/64 | 89/68 | 87/65 | 81/57 | 71/45 | 57/36 | 46/28 |
| Pikeville | 46/23 | 50/25 | 60/32 | 69/39 | 77/49 | 84/58 | 87/63 | 86/62 | 80/56 | 71/42 | 60/33 | 49/26 |
| Ashland | 42/19 | 47/21 | 57/29 | 68/37 | 77/47 | 84/56 | 88/61 | 87/59 | 80/52 | 69/40 | 57/31 | 46/23 |
Lakes and rivers[link]
Kentucky's 90,000 miles (140,000 km) of streams provides one of the most expansive and complex stream systems in the nation. Kentucky has both the largest artificial lake east of the Mississippi in water volume (Lake Cumberland) and surface area (Kentucky Lake). It is the only U.S. state to be bordered on three sides by rivers—the Mississippi River to the west, the Ohio River to the north, and the Big Sandy River and Tug Fork to the east.[13] Its major internal rivers include the Kentucky River, Tennessee River, Cumberland River, Green River and Licking River.
Though it has only three major natural lakes,[14] the state is home to many artificial lakes. Kentucky also has more navigable miles of water than any other state in the union, other than Alaska.[15]
Natural environment and conservation[link]
Kentucky has an expansive park system which includes one national park, two National Recreation areas, two National Historic Parks, two national forests, two National Wildlife Refuges, 45 state parks, 37,696 acres (153 km2) of state forest, and 82 Wildlife Management Areas.
Kentucky has been part of two of the most successful wildlife reintroduction projects in United States history. In the winter of 1997, the Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources began to re-stock elk in the state's eastern counties, which had been extinct from the area for over 150 years. As of 2009, the herd had reached the project goal of 10,000 animals, making it the largest herd east of the Mississippi River.[16]
The state also stocked wild turkeys in the 1950s. Once extinct here, more wild turkeys thrive in Kentucky today than in any other eastern state. Hunters telechecked a record 29,006 birds taken during the 23-day season in Spring 2009.[17]
Significant natural attractions[link]
File:Half Moon, Kentucky.JPG
Red River Gorge is one of Kentucky's most visited places
- Cumberland Gap, chief passageway through the Appalachian Mountains in early American history.
- Cumberland Falls, the only place in the Western Hemisphere where a "moon-bow" may be regularly seen, due to the spray of the falls.[18]
- Mammoth Cave National Park, featuring the world's longest known cave system.[19]
- Red River Gorge Geological Area, part of the Daniel Boone National Forest.
- Land Between the Lakes, a National Recreation Area managed by the United States Forest Service.
- Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area near Whitley City.
- Black Mountain, state's highest point.[20] Runs along the border of Harlan and Letcher counties.
- Bad Branch Falls State Nature Preserve, 2,639-acre (11 km2) state nature preserve on southern slope of Pine Mountain in Letcher County. Includes one of the largest concentrations of rare and endangered species in the state,[21] as well as a 60-foot (18 m) waterfall and a Kentucky Wild River.
- Jefferson Memorial Forest, located in the southern fringes of Louisville in the Knobs region, the largest municipally run forest in the United States.[22]
- Lake Cumberland, 1,255 miles (2,020 km) of shoreline located in South Central Kentucky.
- Natural Bridge, located in Slade, Kentucky Powell County
- Breaks Interstate Park, located in southeastern Pike County, Kentucky and Southwestern Virginia. The Breaks is commonly known as the "Grand Canyon of the South."
History[link]
File:Lincoln and Davis Statue.jpg
Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis were born in Kentucky.
Main article: History of Kentucky
What is now the state was inhabited by varying cultures of Native Americans from at least 1000 BC to about 1650 AD, particularly along the waterways and in areas of game. Bison roamed in the region. By the time that European and colonial explorers and settlers began entering Kentucky in greater number in the mid-18th century, there were no major Native American settlements in the region. The Iroquois had controlled much of the Ohio River valley for hunting from their bases in what is now New York. The Shawnee from the northwest and Cherokee from the south also sent parties into the area regularly for hunting. As more settlers entered the area, warfare broke out because the American Indians considered the settlers to be encroaching on their traditional hunting grounds.[23] Today the Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky is a state-recognized tribe.
According to a 1790 U.S. government report, 1,500 Kentucky settlers had been killed in Indian raids since the end of the Revolutionary War.[24] In an attempt to end such raids into the state, Clark led an expedition of 1,200 drafted men against Shawnee towns on the Wabash River in 1786, one of the first actions of the Northwest Indian War.[25]
After the American Revolution, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County.[26] Eventually, the residents of Kentucky County petitioned for a separation from Virginia. Ten constitutional conventions were held in the Constitution Square Courthouse in Danville between 1784 and 1792. In 1790, Kentucky's delegates accepted Virginia's terms of separation, and a state constitution was drafted at the final convention in April 1792. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state to be admitted to the union. Isaac Shelby, a military veteran from Virginia, was elected the first Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.[27]
Central Kentucky, the Bluegrass region, was the center of the greatest slaveholding, as planters cultivated tobacco and hemp, and also were noted for their quality livestock. During the nineteenth century, Kentucky slaveholders began to sell surplus slaves to the Deep South, with Louisville becoming a major slave market and departure port for slaves being transported downriver.
It was one of the border states during the American Civil War.[28] Although frequently described as never having seceded, representatives from several counties met at Russellville calling themselves the "Convention of the People of Kentucky" and passed an Ordinance of Secession on November 20, 1861.[29] They established a Confederate government of Kentucky with its capital in Bowling Green.[30] Though Kentucky was represented by the central star on the Confederate battle flag,[31] the Russellville Convention did not represent the majority of residents. Kentucky officially remained "neutral" throughout the war due to Union sympathies of many of the Commonwealth's citizens.
In a revival of the "Lost Cause" that has exceeded the support it gained during the war, some contemporary people observe Confederate Memorial Day on Confederate President Jefferson Davis' birthday, June 3 and participate in Confederate re-enactments.[32][33]
The Black Patch Tobacco Wars, a vigilante action, occurred in the area in the early 20th century. As result of the tobacco industry monopoly, tobacco farmers in the area were forced to sell their tobacco at low prices. Many local farmers and activists united to refuse to sell tobacco to the tobacco industry. A vigilante wing, the "Night Riders", terrorized farmers who sold their tobacco at the low prices demanded by the tobacco corporations. They burned several tobacco warehouses, notably in Hopkinsville and Princeton. In the later period of their operation, they were known to physically assault farmers who broke the boycott. The Governor declared martial law and deployed the Kentucky Militia to end the Black Patch Tobacco Wars.
On January 30, 1900, Governor William Goebel, flanked by two bodyguards and walking to the State Capitol in downtown Frankfort, was mortally wounded by an assassin. Goebel was contesting the election of 1899, which William S. Taylor was initially believed to have won. For several months, J. C. W. Beckham, Goebel's running mate, and Taylor fought over who was the legal governor, until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in May in favor of Beckham. After fleeing to Indiana, Taylor was indicted as a co-conspirator in Goebel's assassination. Goebel is the only governor of a U.S. state to have been assassinated while in office.[34]
Law and government[link]
Kentucky is one of four U.S. states to officially use the term commonwealth. The the term was used for Kentucky as it had also been used by Virginia, from which Kentucky was created. The term has no particular significance in its meaning and was chosen to emphasize the distinction from the status of royal colonies as a place governed for the general welfare of the populace.[35] The commonwealth term was used in citizen petitions submitted between 1786 and 1792 for the creation of the state,[citation needed] and in the Kentucky Constitution adopted in 1850. It was also used the title of a history of the state that was published in 1834 and was used in various places within that book in references to Virginia and Kentucky.[36]
Kentucky is one of only five states that elects its state officials in odd-numbered years (the others being Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, and Virginia). Kentucky holds elections for these offices every 4 years in the years preceding Presidential election years. Thus, Kentucky held gubernatorial elections in 2003, 2007, and 2011.
Executive branch[link]
The executive branch is headed by the governor who serves as both head of state and head of government. The lieutenant governor may or may not have executive authority depending on whether the person is a member of the Governor's cabinet. Under the current Kentucky Constitution, the lieutenant governor assumes the duties of the governor only if the governor is incapacitated. (Prior to 1992, the lieutenant governor assumed power any time the governor was out of the state.) The governor and lieutenant governor usually run on a single ticket (also per a 1992 constitutional amendment), and are elected to four-year terms. Currently, the governor and lieutenant governor are Democrats Steve Beshear and Jerry Abramson.
Other elected constitutional offices include: the Secretary of State, Attorney General, Auditor of Public Accounts, State Treasurer and Commissioner of Agriculture. Currently, Democrat Alison Lundergan Grimes serves as the Secretary of State. The commonwealth's chief prosecutor, law enforcement officer, and law officer is the attorney general. The current Kentucky attorney general is Democrat Jack Conway. The Auditor of Public Accounts is held by Democrat Crit Luallen. Democrat Todd Hollenbach is the current Treasurer. Republican James Comer is the current Commissioner of Agriculture.
Legislative branch[link]
Kentucky's legislative branch consists of a bicameral body known as the Kentucky General Assembly.
The Senate is considered the upper house. It has 38 members, and is led by the President of the Senate, currently Republican David L. Williams.
The House of Representatives has 100 members, and is led by the Speaker of the House, currently Democrat Greg Stumbo.
Judicial branch[link]
The judicial branch of Kentucky is called the Kentucky Court of Justice and comprises courts of limited jurisdiction called District Courts; courts of general jurisdiction called Circuit Courts; specialty courts such as Drug Court, Family Court; an intermediate appellate court, the Kentucky Court of Appeals; and a court of last resort, the Kentucky Supreme Court.
The Kentucky Court of Justice is headed by the Chief Justice of the Commonwealth.
Unlike federal judges, who are usually appointed, justices serving on Kentucky state courts are chosen by the state's populace in non-partisan elections.
Federal representation[link]
Kentucky's two Senators are Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and Rand Paul, both Republicans. The state is divided into six Congressional Districts, represented by Republicans Ed Whitfield (1st), Brett Guthrie (2nd), Geoff Davis (4th), and Hal Rogers (5th), and Democrats John Yarmuth (3rd) and Ben Chandler (6th).
Judicially, Kentucky is split into two Federal court districts: the Kentucky Eastern District and the Kentucky Western District. Appeals are heard in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals based in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Law[link]
Kentucky's body of laws, known as the Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS), were enacted in 1942 to better organize and clarify the whole of Kentucky law.[37] The statutes are enforced by local police, sheriffs and deputy sheriffs, and constables and deputy constables. Unless they have completed a police academy elsewhere, these officers are required to complete training at the Kentucky Department of Criminal Justice Training Center on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University.[38] Additionally, in 1948, the Kentucky General Assembly established the Kentucky State Police, making it the 38th state to create a force whose jurisdiction extends throughout the given state.[39]
Kentucky is one of 36 states in the United States that sanctions the death penalty for certain crimes. Those convicted of capital crimes after March 31, 1998 are always executed by lethal injection; those convicted before this date may opt for the electric chair.[40] Only three people have been executed in Kentucky since the U.S. Supreme Court re-instituted the practice in 1976. The most notable execution in Kentucky, however, was that of Rainey Bethea on August 14, 1936. Bethea was publicly hanged in Owensboro for the rape and murder of Lischia Edwards.[41] Irregularities with the execution led to this becoming the last public execution in the United States.[42]
Kentucky has been on the front lines of the debate over displaying the Ten Commandments on public property. In the 2005 case of McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals that a display of the Ten Commandments in the Whitley City courthouse of McCreary County was unconstitutional.[43] Later that year, Judge Richard Fred Suhrheinrich, writing for the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in the case of ACLU of Kentucky v. Mercer County, wrote that a display including the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence, the Ten Commandments, the Magna Carta, The Star-Spangled Banner, and the national motto could be erected in the Mercer County courthouse.[44] Still, a 2008 study found that Kentucky's Supreme Court to be the least influential high court in the nation with its decisions rarely being followed by other states.[45]
Kentucky has also been known to have unusually high political candidacy age laws, especially compared to surrounding states. The origin of this is unknown, but it has been suggested it has to do with the commonwealth tradition.
Politics[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121127113907/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Further information: Political party strength in Kentucky
| Year | Republicans | Democrats |
|---|---|---|
| 2008 | 57.37% 1,048,462 | 41.15% 751,985 |
| 2004 | 59.55% 1,069,439 | 39.69% 712,733 |
| 2000 | 56.50% 872,492 | 41.37% 638,898 |
| 1996 | 44.88% 623,283 | 45.84% 636,614 |
| 1992 | 41.34% 617,178 | 44.55% 665,104 |
| 1988 | 55.52% 734,281 | 43.88% 580,368 |
| 1984 | 60.04% 822,782 | 39.37% 539,589 |
| 1980 | 49.07% 635,274 | 47.61% 616,417 |
| 1976 | 45.57% 531,852 | 52.75% 615,717 |
| 1972 | 63.37% 676,446 | 34.77% 371,159 |
| 1968 | 43.79% 462,411 | 37.65% 397,541 |
| 1964 | 35.65% 372,977 | 64.01% 669,659 |
| 1960 | 53.59% 602,607 | 46.41% 521,855 |
Where politics are concerned, Kentucky historically has been very hard fought and leaned slightly toward the Democratic Party, although it was never included among the "Solid South". In 2006, 57.05% of the state's voters were officially registered as Democrats, 36.55% registered Republican, and 6.39% registered with some other political party.[47] Despite this, the state often supports Republican candidates for federal offices.
From 1964 through 2004, Kentucky voted for the eventual winner of the election for President of the United States. In the 2008 election, however, the state lost its bellwether status when John McCain, who won Kentucky, lost the national popular and electoral vote to Barack Obama (McCain carried Kentucky 57 to 41%). The Commonwealth supported the previous three Democratic candidates elected to the White House, all elected from Southern states: Lyndon B. Johnson (Texas) in 1964, Jimmy Carter (Georgia) in 1976, and Bill Clinton (Arkansas) in 1992 and 1996. In presidential elections, the state has become a Republican stronghold, supporting that party's presidential candidates by double-digit margins in 2000, 2004 and 2008. At the state level and in most local areas, the Democratic Party is the dominant party.[citation needed]
| Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of June 26, 2010[48] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Number of Voters | Percentage | |||
| Democratic | 1,619,391 | 56.59% | |||
| Republican | 1,052,902 | 36.79% | |||
| Other | 189,499 | 6.62% | |||
| Total | 2,861,792 | 100% | |||
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Kentucky
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1790 | 73,677 |
|
|
| 1800 | 220,955 | 199.9% | |
| 1810 | 406,511 | 84.0% | |
| 1820 | 564,317 | 38.8% | |
| 1830 | 687,917 | 21.9% | |
| 1840 | 779,828 | 13.4% | |
| 1850 | 982,405 | 26.0% | |
| 1860 | 1,155,684 | 17.6% | |
| 1870 | 1,321,011 | 14.3% | |
| 1880 | 1,648,690 | 24.8% | |
| 1890 | 1,858,635 | 12.7% | |
| 1900 | 2,147,174 | 15.5% | |
| 1910 | 2,289,905 | 6.6% | |
| 1920 | 2,416,630 | 5.5% | |
| 1930 | 2,614,589 | 8.2% | |
| 1940 | 2,845,627 | 8.8% | |
| 1950 | 2,944,806 | 3.5% | |
| 1960 | 3,038,156 | 3.2% | |
| 1970 | 3,218,706 | 5.9% | |
| 1980 | 3,660,777 | 13.7% | |
| 1990 | 3,685,296 | 0.7% | |
| 2000 | 4,041,769 | 9.7% | |
| 2010 | 4,339,367 | 7.4% | |
| Source: 1790-2000[49] 1910-2010[50] | |||
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Kentucky was 4,369,356 on July 1, 2011, a 0.69% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[2]
As of July 1, 2006, Kentucky has an estimated population of 4,206,074, which is an increase of 33,466, or 0.8%, from the prior year and an increase of 164,586, or 4.1%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 77,156 people (that is 287,222 births minus 210,066 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 59,604 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 27,435 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 32,169 people. As of 2004, Kentucky's population included about 95,000 foreign-born persons (2.3%). The population density of the state is 101.7 people per square mile.[51]
Kentucky's total population has grown during every decade since records began. However, during most decades of the 20th century there was also net out-migration from Kentucky. Since 1900, rural Kentucky counties have experienced a net loss of over 1 million people from migration, while urban areas have experienced a slight net gain.[52]
The center of population of Kentucky is located in Washington County, in the city of Willisburg.[53]
Race and ancestry[link]
The largest ancestries in the commonwealth are: English (30.6%), German (12.7%), Irish (10.5%), and African American (7.8%).[54][55] In the state's most urban counties of Jefferson, Oldham, Fayette, Boone, Kenton, and Campbell, German is the largest reported ancestry. Americans of Scots-Irish and English stock are present throughout the entire state. Many claim Irish ancestry because of the term "Scots-Irish". Southeastern Kentucky was populated by a large group of multiracial settlers, sometimes called Melungeons, in the early 19th century. Groups such as the Ridgetop Shawnee in the early 21st century organized as a non-profit to increase awareness of Native American descent in Kentucky. In the 2000 census, there were 20,000 people in the state who identified as Native American. In June 2011, Jerry “2 Feather” Thornton, a Cherokee, led a team in the Voyage of Native American Awareness 2011 canoe journey, to begin on the Green River in Rochester, Kentucky and travel through to the Ohio River at Henderson, Kentucky.[56]
African Americans, who made up one-fourth of Kentucky's population prior to the Civil War, primarily in the Bluegrass region, declined in number during the twentieth century, as many moved to the industrial North in the Great Migration. Today, 44.2% of Kentucky's African-American population is in Jefferson County and 52% are in the Louisville Metro Area; 20% of the county's population is African American. Other areas with high concentrations, beside Christian and Fulton counties, are the city of Paducah, the Bluegrass, and the city of Lexington. Some mining communities in far Southeastern Kentucky have populations that are between five and 10 percent African American.
| Race/Ethnicity (2010) | ||
|---|---|---|
| White, non-Hispanic | 86.3% | |
| Black or African American | 7.8% | |
| Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 3.1% | |
| Asian | 1.1% | |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.2% | |
| Pacific Islander | 0.1% | |
Religion[link]
In 2000, The Association of Religion Data Archives reported[57] that of Kentucky's 4,041,769 residents:
- 47% were not affiliated with any church
- 34% were members of Evangelical Protestant churches
- Southern Baptist Convention (979,994 members, 24%)
- Christian churches and churches of Christ (106,638 members, 3%)
- Churches of Christ (58,602 members, 1%)
- 10% were Roman Catholics
- 9% belonged to mainline Protestant churches
- United Methodist Church (208,720 members, 5%)
- Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (67,611 members, 2%)
- 0.05% were Orthodox Christians
- 1% were affiliated with other theologies.
Today Kentucky is home to several seminaries. Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville is the principal seminary for the Southern Baptist Convention. Louisville is also the home of the Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Lexington has two seminaries, Lexington Theological Seminary, and the Baptist Seminary of Kentucky. Asbury Theological Seminary is located in nearby Wilmore. In addition to seminaries, there are several colleges affiliated with denominations. Transylvania in Lexington is affiliated with the Disciples of Christ. The University of Pikeville in Pikeville, Kentucky is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. In Louisville, Bellarmine and Spalding are affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church. In Owensboro, Kentucky, Kentucky Wesleyan College is associated with the Methodist Church and Brescia University is associated with the Roman Catholic Church. Wilmore is home to Asbury University (a separate institution from the seminary), which is associated with the Christian College Consortium. The University of the Cumberlands, located in Williamsburg, Campbellsville University in Campbellsville, Georgetown College in Georgetown and Mid-Continent University in Mayfield all have connections with the Southern Baptist Convention. Louisville is also home to the headquarters of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and their printing press. Louisville is also home to a sizable Muslim[58] and Jewish population.
Economy[link]
Early in its history Kentucky gained recognition for its excellent farming conditions. It was the site of the first commercial winery in the United States (started in present day Jessamine County in 1799) and due to the high calcium content of the soil in the Bluegrass region quickly became a major horse breeding (and later racing) area. Today Kentucky ranks 5th nationally in goat farming, 8th in beef cattle production,[59] and 14th in corn production.[60]
Today Kentucky's economy has expanded to importance in non agricultural terms as well, especially in auto manufacturing, energy fuel production, and medical facilities. As of 2010 24% of electricity produced in the USA depended on either enriched uranium rods coming from the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (the only domestic site of low grade uranium enrichment), or from the 107,336 tons of coal extracted from the state's two coal fields (which combined produce 4% percent of the electricity in the United States).[61] Kentucky ranks 4th among U.S. states in the number of automobiles and trucks assembled.[62] The Chevrolet Corvette, Cadillac XLR (2004–2009), Ford Escape, Ford Super Duty trucks, Ford Expedition, Lincoln Navigator, Toyota Camry, Toyota Avalon, Toyota Solara, and Toyota Venza are assembled in Kentucky.
The total gross state product for 2010 was $163.3 billion, 28th in the nation.[63] Its per-capita personal income was US$28,513, 43rd in the nation.[64]
As of October 2010, the state's unemployment rate is 10%.[65]
Taxation[link]
There are six income tax brackets, ranging from 2% to 6% of personal income.[66] The sales tax rate in Kentucky is 6%.[67] Kentucky has a broadly based classified property tax system. All classes of property, unless exempted by the Constitution, are taxed by the state, although at widely varying rates.[68] Many of these classes are exempted from taxation by local government. Of the classes that are subject to local taxation, three have special rates set by the General Assembly, one by the Kentucky Supreme Court and the remaining classes are subject to the full local rate, which includes the tax rate set by the local taxing bodies plus all voted levies. Real property is assessed on 100% of the fair market value and property taxes are due by December 31. Once the primary source of state and local government revenue, property taxes now account for only about 6% of the Kentucky's annual General Fund revenues.[69]
Until January 1, 2006, Kentucky imposed a tax on intangible personal property held by a taxpayer on January 1 of each year. The Kentucky intangible tax was repealed under House Bill 272.[70] Intangible property consisted of any property or investment which represents evidence of value or the right to value. Some types of intangible property included: bonds, notes, retail repurchase agreements, accounts receivable, trusts, enforceable contracts sale of real estate (land contracts), money in hand, money in safe deposit boxes, annuities, interests in estates, loans to stockholders, and commercial paper.
"Unbridled Spirit"[link]
To boost Kentucky's image, give it a consistent reach, and help Kentucky "stand out from the crowd", former Governor Ernie Fletcher launched a comprehensive branding campaign with the hope of making its $12 – $14 million advertising budget more effective. The "Unbridled Spirit" brand was the result of a $500,000 contract with New West, a Kentucky-based public relations advertising and marketing firm to develop a viable brand and tag line. The Fletcher administration aggressively marketed the brand in both the public and private sectors. The "Welcome to Kentucky" signs at border areas have Unbridled Spirit's symbol on them.
The previous campaign was neither a failure nor a success. Kentucky's "It's that friendly" slogan hoped to draw more people into the state based on the idea of southern hospitality. Though it was meant to embrace southern values, most Kentuckians rejected it as cheesy and ineffective. It was quickly seen that it was also not an image that encouraged tourism as much as initially hoped for. Therefore it was necessary to reconfigure a slogan to embrace Kentucky as a whole while also encouraging more people to visit the Bluegrass.[71]
Transportation[link]
- Main article: Transportation in Kentucky.
Roads[link]
File:Kentucky license plate.gif
The current state license plate design, introduced in 2005.
See also: List of Kentucky State Highways
Kentucky is served by five major interstate highways (I-75, I-71, I-64, I-65, I-24), nine parkways, and three bypasses and spurs. The parkways were originally toll roads, but on November 22, 2006, Governor Ernie Fletcher ended the toll charges on the William H. Natcher Parkway and the Audubon Parkway, the last two parkways in Kentucky to charge tolls for access.[72] The related toll booths have been demolished.[73]
Ending the tolls some seven months ahead of schedule was generally agreed to have been a positive economic development for transportation in Kentucky. In June 2007, a law went into effect raising the speed limit on rural portions of Kentucky Interstates from 65 to 70 miles per hour (105 to 110 km/h).[74]
Greyhound provides bus service to most major towns in the state.
Rails[link]
File:Picture 467.jpg
High Bridge over the Kentucky River was the tallest rail bridge in the world when it was completed in 1877.
See also: List of Kentucky railroads
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Ashland, South Portsmouth, Maysville and Fulton. The Cardinal (trains 50 and 51) is the line that offers Amtrak service to Ashland, South Shore, Maysville and South Portsmouth. The City of New Orleans (trains 58 and 59) serve Fulton. The Northern Kentucky area is served by the Cardinal at the Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal. The Museum Center is just across the Ohio River in Cincinnati.
As of 2004, there were approximately 2,640 miles (4,250 km) of railways in Kentucky, with about 65% of those being operated by CSX Transportation. Coal was by far the most common cargo, accounting for 76% of cargo loaded and 61% of cargo delivered.[75]
Bardstown features a tourist attraction known as My Old Kentucky Dinner Train. Run along a 20-mile (30 km) stretch of rail purchased from CSX in 1987, guests are served a four-course meal as they make a two-and-a-half hour round-trip between Bardstown and Limestone Springs.[76] The Kentucky Railway Museum is located in nearby New Haven.[77]
Other areas in Kentucky are reclaiming old railways in rail trail projects. One such project is Louisville's Big Four Bridge. If completed, the Big Four Bridge rail trail will contain the second longest pedestrian-only bridge in the world.[78] The longest pedestrian-only bridge is also found in Kentucky—the Newport Southbank Bridge, popularly known as the "Purple People Bridge", connecting Newport to Cincinnati, Ohio.[79]
Air[link]
See also: List of airports in Kentucky
Kentucky's primary airports include Louisville International Airport (Standiford Field), Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), and Blue Grass Airport in Lexington. Louisville International Airport is home to UPS's Worldport, its international air-sorting hub.[80] There are also a number of regional airports scattered across the state.
On August 27, 2006, Kentucky's Blue Grass Airport in Lexington was the site of a crash that killed 47 passengers and 2 crew members aboard a Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet designated Comair Flight 191, or Delta Air Lines Flight 5191, sometimes mistakenly identified by the press as Comair Flight 5191.[81] The lone survivor was the flight's first officer, James Polehinke, who doctors determined to be brain damaged and unable to recall the crash at all.[82]
Water[link]
As the state is bounded by two of the largest rivers in North America, water transportation has historically played a major role in Kentucky's economy. Louisville was a major port for steamships in the nineteenth century. Today, most barge traffic on Kentucky waterways consists of coal that is shipped from both the Eastern and Western Coalfields, about half of which is used locally to power many power plants located directly off the Ohio River, with the rest being exported to other countries, most notably Japan.
Many of the largest ports in the United States are located in or adjacent to Kentucky, including:
- Huntington/Tri-State (includes Ashland, KY), largest inland port and 7th largest overall
- Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky, 5th largest inland port and 43rd overall
- Louisville-Southern Indiana, 7th largest inland port and 55th overall
As a state, Kentucky ranks 10th overall in port tonnage.[83][84]
The only natural obstacle along the entire length of the Ohio River is the Falls of the Ohio, located just west of Downtown Louisville.
Subdivisions and settlements[link]
Counties[link]
See also: List of counties in Kentucky and Fiscal Court
Kentucky is subdivided into 120 counties, the largest being Pike County at 787.6 square miles (2,040 km2), and the most populous being Jefferson County (which coincides with the Louisville Metro governmental area) with 741,096 residents as of 2010.[85]
County government, under the Kentucky Constitution of 1891, is vested in the County Judge/Executive, (formerly called the County Judge) who serves as the executive head of the county, and a legislature called a Fiscal Court. Despite the unusual name, the Fiscal Court no longer has judicial functions.
Consolidated city-county governments[link]
Kentucky's two most populous counties, Jefferson and Fayette, have their governments consolidated with the governments of their largest cities. Louisville-Jefferson County Government (Louisville Metro) and Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government (Lexington Metro) are unique in that their city councils and county Fiscal Court structures have been merged into a single entity with a single chief executive, the Metro Mayor and Urban County Mayor, respectively. Although the counties still exist as subdivisions of the state, in reference the names Louisville and Lexington are used to refer to the entire area coextensive with the former cities and counties. Somewhat incongruously, when entering Lexington-Fayette the highway signs read "Fayette County" while most signs leading into Louisville-Jefferson simply read "Welcome to Louisville Metro."
Cities and towns[link]
See also: List of cities in Kentucky
| Rank | City | 2010 Pop | 2000 Pop | Δ Current Pop |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Louisville | 566,503 | 551,299 | 15,204 |
| 2 | Lexington | 295,803 | 260,512 | 35,291 |
| 3 | Bowling Green | 58,067 | 49,296 | 8,771 |
| 4 | Owensboro | 57,265 | 54,067 | 3,198 |
| 5 | Covington | 40,640 | 43,370 | -2,730 |
| 6 | Hopkinsville | 31,577 | 30,089 | 1,488 |
| 7 | Richmond | 31,364 | 27,152 | 4,212 |
| 8 | Florence | 29,951 | 23,551 | 6,400 |
| 9 | Georgetown | 29,098 | 18,080 | 11,018 |
| 10 | Henderson | 28,757 | 27,373 | 1,384 |
| 11 | Elizabethtown | 28,531 | 22,542 | 5,989 |
| 12 | Nicholasville | 28,015 | 19,680 | 8,335 |
| 13 | Jeffersontown | 26,595 | 26,442 | 153 |
| 14 | Frankfort | 25,527 | 27,741 | -2,214 |
| 15 | Paducah | 25,024 | 26,442 | -1,418 |
The Louisville Metro government area has a 2010 population of 741,096. Under United States Census Bureau methodology, the population of Louisville was 566,503. The latter figure is the population of the so-called "balance"—the parts of Jefferson County that were either unincorporated or within the City of Louisville before the formation of the merged government in 2003. In 2010, the Louisville Combined Statistical Area (CSA) has a population of 1,451,564; including 1,061,031 in Kentucky, which is nearly one-fourth of the state's population. Since 2000, over one-third of the state's population growth has occurred in the Louisville CSA. In addition, the top 28 wealthiest places in Kentucky are in Jefferson County and seven of the 15 wealthiest counties in the state are located in the Louisville CSA.[86]
The second largest city is Lexington with a 2010 census population of 295,803 and its CSA, which includes the Frankfort and Richmond statistical areas, having a population of 687,173. The Northern Kentucky area (the seven Kentucky counties in the Cincinnati MSA) had a population of 425,483 in 2010. The metropolitan areas of Louisville, Lexington, and Northern Kentucky have a combined population of 2,173,687 as of 2010, which is 50.1% of the state's total population.
The two other fast growing urban areas in Kentucky are the Bowling Green area and the "Tri Cities Region" of southeastern Kentucky, comprising Somerset, London and Corbin.
Although only one town in the "Tri Cities", namely Somerset, currently has more than 10,000 people, the area has been experiencing heightened population and job growth since the 1990s. Growth has been especially rapid in Laurel County, which outgrew areas such as Scott and Jessamine counties around Lexington or Shelby and Nelson Counties around Louisville. London significantly grew in population in the 2000s, from 5,692 in 2000 to 7,993 in 2010. London also landed a Wal-Mart distribution center in 1997, bringing thousands of jobs to the community.
In northeast Kentucky, the greater Ashland area is an important transportation, manufacturing, and medical center. Iron and petroleum production, as well as the transport of coal by rail and barge, have been historical pillars of the region's economy. Due to a decline in the area's industrial base, Ashland has seen a sizable reduction in its population since 1990. The population of the area has since stabilized, however, with the medical service industry taking a greater role in the local economy. The Ashland area, including the counties of Boyd and Greenup, are part of the Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH, Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 288,649. More than 21,000 of those people (as of 2010) reside within the city limits of Ashland.
The largest county in Kentucky by area is Pike, which contains Pikeville and suburb Coal Run Village . The county and surrounding area is the most populated region in the state that is not part of a Micropolitan Statistical Area or a Metropolitan Statistical Area containing nearly 200,000 people in five counties: Floyd County, Martin County, Letcher County, and neighboring Mingo County, West Virginia. Pike County contains slightly over 68,000 people.
Only three U.S. states have capitals with smaller populations than Kentucky's Frankfort (pop. 25,527), those being Augusta, Maine (pop. 18,560), Pierre, South Dakota (pop. 13,876), and Montpelier, Vermont (pop. 8,035).
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Louisville is the state's largest city with a metro population of 1.2 million.
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PhotodowntownLexKY.JPG
Lexington is the state's second largest city with a metro population of around 500,000.
-
Although Covington, Kentucky only has a population of 40,000, the Kentucky side of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area has a population of over 400,000.
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Newport's Aquarium and waterfront
Education[link]
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Main article: Education in Kentucky
See also: List of colleges and universities in Kentucky, List of high schools in Kentucky, and List of school districts in Kentucky
Kentucky maintains eight public four-year universities. There are two general tiers: major research institutions (the University of Kentucky and the University of Louisville) and regional universities, which encompasses the remaining 6 schools. The regional schools have specific target counties that many of their programs are targeted towards (such as Forestry at Eastern Kentucky University or Cave Management at Western Kentucky University), however most of their curriculum varies little from any other public university. "UK" and "U of L" have the highest academic rankings and admissions standards although the regional schools aren't without their national recognized departments - examples being Western Kentucky University's nationally ranked Journalism Department or Morehead State offering one of the nation's only Space Science degrees. "UK" is the flagship and land grant of the system and has agriculture extension services in every county. The two research schools split duties related to the medical field, "UK" handles all medical outreach programs in the eastern half of the state while "U of L" does all medical outreach in the state's western half.
The state's sixteen public two-year colleges have been governed by the Kentucky Community and Technical College System since the passage of the Postsecondary Education Improvement Act of 1997, commonly referred to as House Bill 1.[87] Prior to the passage of House Bill 1, most of these colleges were under the control of the University of Kentucky.
Transylvania University, located in Lexington, is the oldest university west of the Allegheny Mountains, founded in 1780. Transylvania is a liberal arts university, consistently ranked in the top tier in the country.
Berea College, located at the extreme southern edge of the Bluegrass below the Cumberland Plateau, was the first coeducational college in the South to admit both black and white students, doing so from its very establishment in 1855.[88] This policy was successfully challenged in the United States Supreme Court in the case of Berea College v. Kentucky in 1908.[89] This decision effectively segregated Berea until the landmark Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
Kentucky has been the site of much educational reform over the past two decades. In 1989, the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that the state's education system was unconstitutional.[90] The response of the General Assembly was passage of the Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) the following year. Years later, Kentucky has shown progress, but most agree that further reform is needed.[91]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Kentucky
See also: Theater in Kentucky
Although Kentucky's culture is generally considered to be Southern, it is unique in that it is also influenced by the Midwest and Southern Appalachia in certain areas of the state. The state is known for bourbon and whiskey distilling, tobacco, horse racing, and college basketball. Kentucky is more similar to the Upland South in terms of ancestry which is predominantly American.[92] Nevertheless, during the 19th century, Kentucky did receive a substantial number of German immigrants, who settled mostly in the Midwest, along the Ohio River primarily in Louisville, Covington and Newport.[93] Only Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia have higher German ancestry percentages than Kentucky among Census-defined Southern states, although Kentucky's percentage is closer to Arkansas and Virginia's than the previously named state's percentages. Scottish Americans, English Americans and Scotch-Irish Americans have heavily influenced Kentucky culture, and are present in every part of the state.[94] Kentucky was a slave state, and blacks once comprised over one-quarter of its population. However, it lacked the cotton plantation system and never had the same high percentage of African Americans as most other slave states. With less than 8% of its current population being black, Kentucky is rarely included in modern-day definitions of the Black Belt, despite a relatively significant rural African American population in the Central and Western areas of the state.[95][96][97] Kentucky adopted the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in most public spheres after the Civil War, but the state never disenfranchised African American citizens to the level of the Deep South states, and it peacefully integrated its schools after the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education verdict, later adopting the first state civil rights act in the South in 1966.[98]
The biggest day in horse racing, the Kentucky Derby, is preceded by the two-week Derby Festival[99] in Louisville. Louisville also plays host to the Kentucky State Fair,[100] the Kentucky Shakespeare Festival,[101] and Southern gospel's annual highlight, the National Quartet Convention.[102] Bowling Green, the state's third-largest city and home to the only assembly plant in the world that manufactures the Chevrolet Corvette,[103] opened the National Corvette Museum in 1994.[104] The fourth-largest city, Owensboro, gives credence to its nickname of "Barbecue Capital of the World" by hosting the annual International Bar-B-Q Festival.[105]
Old Louisville, the largest historic preservation district in the United States featuring Victorian architecture and the third largest overall,[106] hosts the St. James Court Art Show, the largest outdoor art show in the United States.[107] The neighborhood was also home to the Southern Exposition (1883–1887), which featured the first public display of Thomas Edison's light bulb,[108] and was the setting of Alice Hegan Rice's novel, Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch and Fontaine Fox's comic strip, the "Toonerville Trolley.[109]
The more rural communities are not without traditions of their own, however. Hodgenville, the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln, hosts the annual Lincoln Days Celebration, and will also host the kick-off for the National Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Celebration in February 2008. Bardstown celebrates its heritage as a major bourbon-producing region with the Kentucky Bourbon Festival.[110] (Legend holds that Baptist minister Elijah Craig invented bourbon with his black slave in Georgetown, but some dispute this claim.)[111] Glasgow mimics Glasgow, Scotland by hosting the Glasgow Highland Games, its own version of the Highland Games,[112] and Sturgis hosts "Little Sturgis", a mini version of Sturgis, South Dakota's annual Sturgis Motorcycle Rally.[113] The residents of tiny Benton even pay tribute to their favorite tuber, the sweet potato, by hosting Tater Day.[114] Residents of Clarkson in Grayson County celebrate their city's ties to the honey industry by celebrating the Clarkson Honeyfest.[115] The Clarkson Honeyfest is held the last Thursday, Friday and Saturday in September, and is the "Official State Honey Festival of Kentucky."
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Kentucky
See also: Category:Musicians from Kentucky
The breadth of music in Kentucky is indeed wide, stretching from the Purchase to the eastern mountains.
Renfro Valley, Kentucky is home to Renfro Valley Entertainment Center and the Kentucky Music Hall of Fame and is known as "Kentucky's Country Music Capital," a designation given it by the Kentucky State Legislature in the late 1980s. The Renfro Valley Barn Dance was where Renfro Valley's musical heritage began, in 1939, and influential country music luminaries like Red Foley, Homer & Jethro, Lily May Ledford & the Original Coon Creek Girls, Martha Carson, and many others have performed as regular members of the shows there over the years. The Renfro Valley Gatherin' is today America's second oldest continually broadcast radio program of any kind. It is broadcast on local radio station WRVK and a syndicated network of nearly 200 other stations across the United States and Canada every week.
Contemporary Christian music star Steven Curtis Chapman is a Paducah native, and Rock and Roll Hall of Famers The Everly Brothers are closely connected with Muhlenberg County, where older brother Don was born. Kentucky was also home to Mildred and Patty Hill, the Louisville sisters credited with composing the tune to the ditty Happy Birthday to You in 1893; Loretta Lynn (Johnson County), Brian Littrell and Kevin Richardson of the Backstreet Boys, and Billy Ray Cyrus (Flatwoods). However, its depth lies in its signature sound—Bluegrass music. Bill Monroe, "The Father of Bluegrass", was born in the small Ohio County town of Rosine, while Ricky Skaggs, Keith Whitley, David "Stringbean" Akeman, Louis Marshall "Grandpa" Jones, Sonny and Bobby Osborne, and Sam Bush (who has been compared to Monroe) all hail from Kentucky. The International Bluegrass Music Museum is located in Owensboro,[116] while the annual Festival of the Bluegrass is held in Lexington.[117]
Kentucky is also home to famed jazz musician and pioneer, Lionel Hampton (although this has been disputed in recent years).[118] Blues legend W.C. Handy and R&B singer Wilson Pickett also spent considerable time in Kentucky. The R&B group Midnight Star and Hip-Hop group Nappy Roots were both formed in Kentucky, as were country acts The Kentucky Headhunters, Montgomery Gentry and Halfway to Hazard, The Judds, as well as Dove Award-winning Christian groups Audio Adrenaline (rock) and Bride (metal). Heavy Rock band Black Stone Cherry hails from rural Edmonton, Indie rock band My Morning Jacket with lead singer and guitarist Jim James also originated out of Louisville, on the local independent music Scene. Rock band Cage the Elephant is also from Bowling Green. The bluegrass groups Driftwood and Kentucky Rain, along with Nick Lachey of the pop band 98 Degrees are also from Kentucky.
In eastern Kentucky, old-time music carries on the tradition of ancient ballads and reels developed in historical Appalachia.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Cuisine of Kentucky
Kentucky's cuisine is generally similar to traditional southern cooking, although in some areas of the state it can blend elements of both the South and Midwest.[119][120] One original Kentucky dish is called the Hot Brown, a dish normally layered in this order: toasted bread, turkey, bacon, tomatoes and topped with mornay sauce. It was developed at the Brown Hotel in Louisville.[121] The Pendennis Club in Louisville is the birthplace of the Old Fashioned cocktail. Also, western Kentucky is known for its own regional style of barbecue.
Harland Sanders originated Kentucky Fried Chicken at his service station in North Corbin, though the first franchised KFC was located in South Salt Lake, Utah.[122]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Kentucky
Kentucky is the home of several sports teams such as Minor League Baseball's Triple-A Louisville Bats and Class A Lexington Legends and the Class A Bowling Green Hot Rods. They are also home to the Frontier Leagues Florence Freedom and several teams in the MCFL. The Lexington Horsemen and Louisville Fire of the af2 appear to be interested in making a move up to the "major league" Arena Football League. The northern part of the state lies across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, which is home to a National Football League team, the Bengals, and a Major League Baseball team, the Reds. It is not uncommon for fans to park in the city of Newport and use the Newport Southbank Pedestrian Bridge, locally known as the "Purple People Bridge," to walk to these games in Cincinnati. Also, Georgetown College in Georgetown was the location for the Bengals' summer training camp, until it was announced in 2012 that the Bengals would no longer use the facilities.[123]
As in many states, especially those without major league professional sport teams, college athletics are very important. This is especially true of the state's three Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) programs, including the Kentucky Wildcats, the Western Kentucky University Hilltoppers, and the Louisville Cardinals. The Wildcats, Hilltoppers, and Cardinals are among the most tradition-rich college basketball teams in the United States, combining for 10 National championships and 24 NCAA Final Fours; and all three are on the lists of total all-time wins, wins per season, and average wins per season. The Kentucky Wildcats are particularly notable, leading all Division I programs in all time wins, win percentage, NCAA tournament appearances, and being second only to UCLA in NCAA championships. Louisville has also stepped onto the football scene in recent years, including winning the 2007 Orange Bowl. Western Kentucky, the 2002 national champion in Division I-AA football (now Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)), completed its transition to Division I FBS football in 2009.
Ohio Valley Wrestling in Louisville was the primary location for training and rehab for WWE professional wrestlers from 2000 until February 2008, when WWE ended its relationship with OVW and moved all of its contracted talent to Florida Championship Wrestling. In November 2011, OVW became the primary developmental territory for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
The NASCAR Sprint Cup Series has a race at the Kentucky Speedway in Sparta, Kentucky, an hour away from Louisville. The race is called the Quaker State 400. The NASCAR Nationwide Series and the Camping World Truck Series also race there.
State symbols[link]
Main article: List of Kentucky state insignia
See also: Flag of Kentucky and Seal of Kentucky
| Insignia | Symbol | Binomial nomenclature | Year Adopted[124] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Official State Bird | Cardinal | Cardinalis cardinalis | 1926 |
| Official State Butterfly | Viceroy Butterfly | Limenitis archippus | 1990 |
| Official State Dance | Clogging | 2001 | |
| Official State Beverage | Milk | 2005 | |
| Official State Fish | Kentucky Spotted Bass | Micropterus punctulatus | 2005 |
| Official State Fossil | Brachiopod | undetermined | 1986 |
| Official State Flower | Goldenrod | Soldiago gigantea | 1926 |
| Official State Fruit | Blackberry | Rubus allegheniensis | 2004 |
| Official State Gemstone | Freshwater Pearl | 1986 | |
| State Grass | Kentucky Bluegrass | Poa pratensis | Traditional |
| Official State Motto | "United we stand, divided we fall" | 1942 | |
| Official State Latin Motto | "Deo gratiam habeamus" ("Let us be grateful to God") | 2002 | |
| Official State Horse | Thoroughbred | Equus caballus | 1996 |
| Official State Mineral | Coal | 1998 | |
| Official State Outdoor Musical | "The Stephen Foster Story" (now called "Stephen Foster - The Musical") | 2002 | |
| Official State Instrument | Appalachian Dulcimer | 2001 | |
| State Nickname | "The Bluegrass State" | Traditional | |
| Official State Rock | Kentucky Agate | 2000 | |
| Official State Slogan | "Kentucky: Unbridled Spirit" | 2004[125] | |
| Official State Soil | Crider Soil Series | 1990 | |
| Official State Tree | Tulip Poplar | Liriodendron tulipifera | 1994 |
| Official Wild Animal Game Species | Gray Squirrel | Sciurus carolinensis | 1968 |
| Official State Song | "My Old Kentucky Home"
(revised version) |
1986 | |
| Official State Silverware Pattern | Old Kentucky Blue Grass: The Georgetown Pattern | 1996 | |
| Official State Music | Bluegrass music | 2007[126] | |
| Official State Automobile | Chevrolet Corvette | 2010 |
Official state places and events[link]
|
|
Unless otherwise specified, all state symbol information is taken from Kentucky State Symbols.
Gallery[link]
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This section looks like an image gallery. Wikipedia policy discourages galleries of random images of the article subject; please improve or remove the section accordingly, moving freely licensed images to Wikimedia Commons if not already hosted there. |
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The world famous Louisville Slugger baseball bat is made in Kentucky. It holds the Guinness World Record for the largest bat.
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Kentucky's 2001 commemorative quarter.
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Thunder Over Louisville is the largest annual fireworks show in the world.
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Kentucky's horse farms are world renowned.
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The Ohio River forms the northern border of Kentucky.
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Many Kentucky cities have historic areas near downtown, such as this example in Bowling Green.
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US Highway 23 cuts through the rugged Cumberland Plateau near Pikeville.
See also[link]
 |
Book: United States |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of history
- Outline of geography
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
- List of people from Kentucky
- Southern Cherokee Nation of Kentucky
- U.S. state
References[link]
- ^ "Kentucky State Symbols". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on 2007-07-31. http://www.webcitation.org/5QkXwvPBH. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ "State Symbols". Encyclopedia of Kentucky. New York, New York: Somerset Publishers. 1987. ISBN 0-403-09981-1.
- ^ "Native American Tribes of Kentucky". Native-languages.org. http://www.native-languages.org/kentucky.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
- ^ ed. in chief Frederick C. Mish (2003). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Merriam–Webster. p. 1562. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5. http://books.google.com/?id=O78rzaI2XmUC&pg=RA1-PA1562.
- ^ The North American Midwest: A Regional Geography. New York, New York: Wiley Publishers. 1955. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-901411-93-1|0-901411-93-1]].
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Bibliography[link]
Politics[link]
- Miller, Penny M. Kentucky Politics & Government: Do We Stand United? (1994)
- Jewell, Malcolm E. and Everett W. Cunningham, Kentucky Politics (1968)
History[link]
Surveys and reference[link]
- Bodley, Temple and Samuel M. Wilson. History of Kentucky 4 vols. (1928).
- Caudill, Harry M., Night Comes to the Cumberlands (1963). ISBN 0-316-13212-8
- Channing, Steven. Kentucky: A Bicentennial History (1977).
- Clark, Thomas Dionysius. A History of Kentucky (many editions, 1937–1992).
- Collins, Lewis. History of Kentucky (1880).
- Harrison, Lowell H. and James C. Klotter. A New History of Kentucky (1997).
- Kleber, John E. et al. The Kentucky Encyclopedia (1992), standard reference history.
- Klotter, James C. Our Kentucky: A Study of the Bluegrass State (2000), high school text
- Lucas, Marion Brunson and Wright, George C. A History of Blacks in Kentucky 2 vols. (1992).
- Notable Kentucky African Americans http://web.archive.org/web/20080306060234/http://www.uky.edu/Subject/aakyall.html
- Share, Allen J. Cities in the Commonwealth: Two Centuries of Urban Life in Kentucky (1982).
- Wallis, Frederick A. and Hambleton Tapp. A Sesqui-Centennial History of Kentucky 4 vols. (1945).
- Ward, William S., A Literary History of Kentucky (1988) (ISBN 0-87049-578-X).
- WPA, Kentucky: A Guide to the Bluegrass State (1939), classic guide.
- Yater, George H. (1987). Two Hundred Years at the Fall of the Ohio: A History of Louisville and Jefferson County (2nd ed.). Filson Club, Incorporated. ISBN 0-9601072-3-1.
Specialized scholarly studies[link]
- Bakeless, John. Daniel Boone, Master of the Wilderness (1989)
- Blakey, George T. Hard Times and New Deal in Kentucky, 1929–1939 (1986)
- Coulter, E. Merton. The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926)
- Davis, Alice. "Heroes: Kentucky's Artists from Statehood to the New Millennium" (2004)
- Ellis, William E. The Kentucky River (2000).
- Faragher, John Mack. Daniel Boone (1993)
- Fenton, John H. Politics in the Border States: A Study of the Patterns of Political Organization, and Political Change, Common to the Border States: Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri (1957)
- Ireland, Robert M. The County in Kentucky History (1976)
- Klotter, James C.; Lowell Harrison, James Ramage, Charles Roland, Richard Taylor, Bryan S. Bush, Tom Fugate, Dixie Hibbs, Lisa Matthews, Robert C. Moody, Marshall Myers, Stuart Sanders and Stephen McBride (2005). Jerlene Rose. ed. Kentucky's Civil War 1861–1865. Back Home In Kentucky Inc. ISBN 0-9769231-1-4.
- Klotter, James C. Kentucky: Portrait in Paradox, 1900–1950 (1992)
- Pearce, John Ed. Divide and Dissent: Kentucky Politics, 1930–1963 (1987)
- Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991).
- Sonne, Niels Henry. Liberal Kentucky, 1780–1828 (1939)
- Tapp, Hambleton and James C Klotter. Kentucky Decades of Discord, 1865–1900 (1977)
- Townsend, William H. Lincoln and the Bluegrass: Slavery and Civil War in Kentucky (1955)
- Waldrep, Christopher Night Riders: Defending Community in the Black Patch, 1890–1915 (1993) tobacco wars
External links[link]
| Find more about Kentucky on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Kentucky.gov: My New Kentucky Home
- Kentucky State and County Government Websites
- Kentucky State Databases - Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Kentucky state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Kentucky at the Open Directory Project
- Kentucky Department of Tourism
- Kentucky travel guide from Wikitravel
- The Kentucky Highlands Project
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Kentucky
- Energy & Environmental Data for Kentucky
- Kentucky State Facts
- Kentucky: Unbridled Spirit
- Kentucky Virtual Library
- "Science In Your Backyard: Kentucky" U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey, July 3, 2006, retrieved November 4, 2006
- U.S. Census Bureau Kentucky QuickFacts
Geographic data related to Kentucky at OpenStreetMap- Kentucky at Ballotpedia
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| Preceded by Vermont |
List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on June 1, 1792 (15th) |
Succeeded by Tennessee |
Coordinates: 37°30′N 85°00′W / 37.5°N 85°W / 37.5; -85
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| Lady Gaga | |
|---|---|
 Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta |
| Born | (1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance, electronic |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope |
| Website |
 Lady Gaga's signature |
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.
Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.
Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[2][3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.[4]
Contents |
Biography[link]
1986–2004: Early life[link]
Lady Gaga was born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28, 1986 in New York City to parents Cynthia (née Bissett) and Joseph Germanotta, an Internet entrepreneur.[5][6] Descending from Italian and more distant French-Canadian roots, Gaga is the elder of two children.[7][8] Her sister, Natali, a fashion student, was born in 1992.[9][10] Despite her seemingly affluent upbringing in the family home in Manhattan's Upper West Side, Gaga has stressed that she did not come from a wealthy background, stating that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father."[11][12]
From the age of 11, Gaga – who was raised Roman Catholic – attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side.[13][14][15] She described her academic life in high school as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure": "I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak."[16][17] Acquaintances dispute that she did not fit in at school. "She had a core group of friends; she was a good student. She liked boys a lot, but singing was No. 1," recalled a former high school classmate.[18] Gaga began playing the piano at the age of 4, went on to write her first piano ballad at 13, and started to perform at open mike nights by the age of 14.[19][20] Her passion for musical theatre brought her lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.[21] She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell" in addition to unsuccessfully auditioning for parts in New York shows.[11][22]
When her time at the Convent of the Sacred Heart came to an end, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theatre training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.[11] After becoming one of twenty students to gain early admission, she eventually lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street by the age of 17.[21] CAP21 prepared her for her future career focus in "music, art, sex and celebrity" where, in addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.[20][23][24] With CAP21, she also tried out for and won auditions, including the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.[11][25] But Gaga felt more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said.
2005–07: Career beginnings[link]
Gaga withdrew from CAP21 at 19, in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career.[26] Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, on the condition that she re-enroll at Tisch if unsuccessful. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she remembers.[21] Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying the children's book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey.[11][27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckham and booking manager Frank Fredericks – in September of that year.[11][21] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er".[11] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village's The Bitter End and the Lower East Side's the Mercury Lounge, the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis.[11] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis' studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue (both 2005) at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.[21]
SGBand reached their career peak at the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June where Wendy Starland, a musician, appeared as a talent scout for music producer Rob Fusari. Starland informed Fusari – who was searching for a female singer to front a new band – of Gaga's ability and contacted her. With SGBand disbanded, Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with the music producer.[11] While in collaboration, Fusari compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.[28] It was Fusari who helped create the moniker Gaga after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Gaga was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read "Lady Gaga."[29] He explained, "Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'. That was her entrance song" and that the text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed "radio" to "lady". She texted back, "That's it," and declared, "Don't ever call me Stefani again."[29][30] The New York Post, however, has reported that this story is incorrect, and that the name resulted from a marketing meeting.[18]
Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon set up a company titled Team Lovechild in which they recorded and produced electropop tracks and sent them to music industry bosses.[11] Joshua Sarubin, the head of A&R at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and vied for the record company to take a chance on her "unusual and provocative" performance. After having his boss Antonio "L.A." Reid in agreement, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006 with the intention of having an album ready in nine months.[11] However, she was dropped by the label after only three months – an unfortunate period of her life that would later inspire her treatment for the music video for her 2011 single "Marry the Night".[31][32] Devastated, Gaga returned to the solace of the family home for Christmas and the nightlife culture of the Lower East Side.[11]
She became increasingly experimental: fascinating herself with emerging neo-burlesque shows, go-go dancing at bars dressed in little more than a bikini in addition to experimenting with drugs.[11][14] Her father, however, did not understand the reason behind her drug intake and could not look at her for several months.[14][30] "I was onstage in a thong, with a fringe hanging over my ass thinking that had covered it, lighting hairsprays on fire, go-go dancing to Black Sabbath and singing songs about oral sex. The kids would scream and cheer and then we'd all go grab a beer. It represented freedom to me. I went to a Catholic school but it was on the New York underground that I found myself."[23] It was then when she became romantically involved with a heavy metal drummer in a relationship and break-up she likened to the musical film Grease: "I was his Sandy, and he was my Danny, and I just broke." He later became an inspiration behind some of her later songs.[33]
During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her on-stage persona.[34] Starlight explained that, upon their first meeting, Gaga wanted to perform with her to songs she had recorded with Fusari. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and, billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts.[35][36] Soon after, the two were invited to play at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival in August that year.[37] The show was critically acclaimed, and their performance received positive reviews.[20][35] Having initially focused on avant-garde electronic dance music, Gaga had found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music.[38]
While Gaga and Starlight were busy performing, producer Rob Fusari continued to work on the songs he had created with Gaga. Fusari sent these songs to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert.[39] Herbert was quick to sign her to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007.[40] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her, adding "I really feel like we made pop history, and we're gonna keep going."[39] Having served as an apprentice songwriter under an internship at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV.[41] As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears and labelmates New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls.[41] At Interscope, singer-songwriter Akon recognized her vocal abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.[42] Akon then convinced Interscope-Geffen-A&M Chairman and CEO Jimmy Iovine to form a joint deal by having her also sign with his own label Kon Live, making her his "franchise player."[31][43]
As 2007 came to a close, her former management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.[44] The first song she produced with RedOne was "Boys Boys Boys", a mash-up inspired by Mötley Crüe's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and AC/DC's "T.N.T.".[30][44] Gaga continued her collaboration with RedOne in the recording studio for a week on her debut album and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum, after co-writing four songs with Kierszenbaum including the singles "Christmas Tree" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)".[41] Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too "racy", "dance-orientated" and "underground" for the mainstream market. Her response: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."[15]
[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster
By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album and set up her own creative team Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.[30][45] The Fame was first released on August 19, 2008 to slow radio play. Gaga supported it by performing around Europe and in small gay clubs around the US in addition to being billed as a supporting artist on the North American leg of New Kids on the Block's reunion concert tour.[46][47] A sleeper hit, lead single "Just Dance" had preceded the album's release by four months but only hit the summit of the international charts in January 2009, provoking the instant success of the album, earning her first Grammy Award nomination (for Best Dance Recording) and becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide.[46][48] Gaga achieved a greater unexpected success when "Poker Face", another sleeper hit, reached number one in most major music markets worldwide in early 2009, selling 9.8 million singles worldwide.[49][50] The follow-up single won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards over nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.
The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronica Album at the same ceremony.[51] Contemporary critics lauded the album, describing it as an exploration of her obsession with fame and the intricacies of a rich and famous lifestyle, noting its combination of genres "from Def Leppard drums and hand claps to metal drums on urban tracks", the inspiration drawn from 1980s synthpop and incorporation of dance music with clear hooks.[31] The Fame went to number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK and appeared in the top five in Australia, the US and 15 other countries.[52][53] It also stayed atop the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 106 non-consecutive weeks and, since its release, has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[54] The album's success spawned many 2009 honors including Billboard magazine's Rising Star award and the accumulation of 3 of 9 MTV Video Music Awards nominations, winning Best New Artist with the video for her single "Paparazzi" gaining Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.[55][56] In addition to being an opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour during the first half of 2009 in Europe and Oceania, she also embarked on her own six-month critically appreciated worldwide concert tour The Fame Ball Tour which ran from March to September 2009.[57][58]
While she traveled the globe, she wrote The Fame Monster, an EP of eight songs released in November 2009. Each song, dealing with the darker side of fame from personal experience, is expressed through a monster metaphor. Making Gaga the first artist in digital history to have three singles (alongside "Just Dance" and "Poker Face") to pass the four million mark in digital sales, its lead single "Bad Romance" topped the charts in eighteen countries and reached the top two in the US, Australia and New Zealand while accruing the Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video.[59] The second single "Telephone", which features singer Beyoncé, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and became Gaga's fourth UK number one single; its accompanying music video, although controversial, received positive reception from contemporary critics who praised her for "the musicality and showmanship of Michael Jackson and the powerful sexuality and provocative instincts of Madonna."[60][61] Her following single "Alejandro" paired Gaga with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video similarly as controversial – critics complimented its ideas and dark nature but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her alleged use of blasphemy.[62] Despite the controversy surrounding her music videos, they made Gaga the first artist to gain over one billion viral views on video-sharing website YouTube.[63] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won 8 of her 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for "Bad Romance" (with "Telephone" also nominated), which made her the first female artist to be nominated twice for the award.[64][65] In addition, The Fame Monster garnered a total of six nominations at the 53rd Grammy Awards – equating to the amount of Grammy nominations her debut received – winning Best Pop Vocal Album and earning her a second-consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.[66][67]
The success of the album allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after the release of The Fame Monster and months after having finished The Fame Ball Tour.[68] Upon finishing in May 2011, the critically acclaimed and commercially accomplished tour ran for over one and a half years and grossed $227.4 million, making it one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time and the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist.[69] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. The special accrued one of its five Emmy Award nominations and has since been released on DVD and Blu-ray.[70] Gaga also performed songs from the album at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance where she sang "Speechless", a power ballad, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II; the 52nd Grammy Awards where her opening performance consisted of the song "Poker Face" and a piano duet of "Speechless" in a medley of "Your Song" with Elton John; and the 2010 BRIT Awards where a performance of an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" followed by "Dance in the Dark" dedicated to the late fashion designer and close friend, Alexander McQueen, supplemented her hat-trick win at the awards ceremony.[71] Other performances may have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena. "I was actually asked to open for Michael on his tour," she stated. "We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage."[72]
In 2009 she collaborated with consumer electronic company Monster Cable Products to create a pair of in-ear jewel-encrusted headphones titled Heartbeats. "They are designed to be the first ever fashion accessories that double as the absolute best sonically sounding headphones in the world," she commented.[73] Gaga also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their Creative Director.[74] Excited about "blending the iconic history of Polaroid and instant film with the digital era," Gaga unveiled the first trio of new products called Grey Label: a pair of picture-taking sunglasses, a paperback-sized mobile printing unit and an updated version of the traditional Polaroid camera at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.[75] But her collaboration with past producer Rob Fusari led to her production team, Mermaid Music LLC, being sued in March 2010 when he claimed that he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings. Gaga's lawyer, Charles Ortner, described the agreement with Fusari as "unlawful" and declined to comment, but five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a countersuit by Gaga.[76][77] In addition to such strife, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms. The revelations caused considerable dismay among fans, leading to Gaga addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King, saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[78][79]
[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way
Gaga released her second studio album and third major release, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Described as a marriage of electronic music with metal, rock 'n' roll, pop and anthemic style melodies with sledge-hammering dance beats and referred to as an album "about what what keeps us up at night and what makes us afraid," Gaga characterized it as "something so much deeper than a wig or lipstick or a fucking meat dress" and, upon hearing it, Akon remarked that she is taking music to the "next level."[80][81] Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its range of different styles and her vocals.[82][83] Born This Way sold 1.108 million copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than 20 other countries.[84] In addition to exceeding 8 million copies in worldwide sales, Born This Way received 3 Grammy Award nominations, including her third consecutive for Album of the Year.[85]
In the months prior to its unveiling, Gaga released the singles "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory" alongside promotional single "Hair". The eponymous lead single, first sung live at the 53rd Grammy Awards in a performance that saw Gaga emerge from an egg-like vessel, deals with self-acceptance regardless of race or sexual orientation. The single debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 19th number-one debut and the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.[86] It sold more than 3 million digital copies in the US by October 2011, becoming her eighth consecutive single to exceed sales of 2 million and, with worldwide sales of 8.2 million copies by November 2011, one of her five best-selling singles worldwide.[87] Critics noted artistic and cultural references and praised the concept of the song's accompanying music video, in which Gaga gives birth to a new race amidst surrealistic images.[88][89] The video for "Judas", in which Gaga portrays Mary Magdalene, and Biblical figures such as Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot are also featured, was criticized for its religious references but received acclaim for its overall delivery and praise from others who claimed that there was nothing offensive about it.[90] "Judas" also peaked within the top ten in several major musical markets, while "The Edge of Glory", first a commercial success in digital outlets, was later released as a single to critical appreciation, accompanied by a video which was notably stripped down from her usually "extravagant" efforts.[91][92] She released "You and I" and "Marry the Night" as the following singles from Born This Way. Although their "crazy and ambitious" videos were praised for their audacity, both songs failed to match the similar international success that their predecessors achieved.[93]
Gaga continued her musical endeavors by pairing with veteran artists like Tony Bennett to record a jazz version of "The Lady Is a Tramp".[94] She also recorded a duet with Cher on a "massive" and "beautiful" track, which Gaga "wrote a long time ago, and I've never put it on one of my own albums for, really, no particular reason."[95] Gaga also lent her vocals to an original duet with Elton John for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet. The song, "Hello, Hello", was released without Gaga's vocals but the duet version features in the film.[96][97] She also continued her live appearances throughout 2011, performing a one-of-a-kind concert at the Sydney Town Hall on July 13 in promotion of Born This Way and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday, wearing a blond wig as a nod to the famous performance of Marilyn Monroe for John F. Kennedy and changing the lyrics to "You and I" specifically for the performance.[98] Televised appearances comprised her own Thanksgiving Day television special entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving which was critically lauded, attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth extended play A Very Gaga Holiday.[99] Her second performance on Saturday Night Live saw her singing a selection of Born This Way songs alongside appearing in number of sketches with Justin Timberlake and Andy Samberg.[100] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing $25,353,039 dollars, which includes sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.[4]
In early 2012, Gaga stated that songs for a new album were "beginning to flourish" as she worked with producer Fernando Garibay, while the accompanying tour for Born This Way was materializing.[101][102] Gaga's manager, Vincent Herbert, revealed that Gaga will is working on her upcoming album during the tour, stating that the material is "insane, great records."[103] The Born This Way Ball Tour began on April 27, 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.[104] The tour was met with protests from several religious groups who denounced the tour as satanic and against religious values, resulting in protests mainly from the Islamic Defenders Front, causing a cancellation in the Indonesian city of Jakarta, where Gaga was denied a license to perform. The concert however was still in question as concert promoters were optimistic that the performance will in fact go on. However, due to threats of violence from Muslim hardliners, Gaga decided to cancel the concert although 52,000 tickets have sold out in just a few days.[105][106][107] On May 20, 2012, Gaga guest-starred on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons entitled "Lisa Goes Gaga".[108]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Gaga's parents, who exposed her to artists like The Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin and Elton John had significant influence on her childhood and, presently, still do.[109] "I am a real family girl. When it comes to love and loyalty, I am very old-fashioned. And I am quite down-to-earth for such an eccentric person," she insists.[110] "I'm quite traditional in the family sense. I've always been that way."[109] According to Gaga, Joanne Germanotta – her aunt who died of lupus aged 19 – lives on through her and inspires all of her music and art.[111] Joanne's date of death is tattooed on Gaga's body and, despite dying 12 years before her birth, Gaga commented, "I really believe I have two hearts. I think I actually carry two souls in my body, and that I'm living out the rest of her life and her goodness – she died a virgin, she died never having experienced all these things that we all get to love and experience in our lives."[112] Another spiritual influence on Gaga has been the Indian physician, public speaker and writer Deepak Chopra. Labeling him a "true inspiration", she stated that "he's always reminded me to work in a life of service to my fans and to fulfill my vision and my destiny" in addition to thinking about Chopra when it comes to her work as a musician: "I want so much for it to go beyond the music for my fans."[113]
Musically, Gaga takes influence from numerous musicians from dance-pop singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Queen whilst employing the theatrics of artists like Andy Warhol and of her musical theatre roots in performance.[31][114][115] The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name [...] Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music," she commented.[18][114][116] Gaga receives regular comparisons to recording artist Madonna who admits that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.[117] In response to the comparisons, Gaga stated, "I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionize pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago" in addition to commenting that "there is really no one that is a more adoring and loving Madonna fan than me. I am the hugest fan personally and professionally."[114][118] Like Madonna, Gaga has continued to reinvent herself and, over the years of her career, has drawn musical inspiration from a diverse mix of artists including Whitney Houston, Grace Jones, Cyndi Lauper, Blondie singer Debbie Harry, Scissor Sisters, Prince, Marilyn Manson, Yoko Ono, and Britney Spears.[119]
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Gaga has been influenced by a wide-range of artists as to which she has played homages to, including Madonna (left) and Bruce Springsteen. (Right)
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Gaga has mentioned Spears in several interviews, and revealed, "Britney certainly doesn’t need any freakin’ tips from me! Britney Spears is the queen of pop. I was learning from her."[120] Gaga also paid tribute to Spears during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, adding that the pop singer "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[121]
Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and has been stylistically compared to English eccentrics Leigh Bowery and Isabella Blow and to American recording artist Cher.[14][26][110][122] She commented that "as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own."[122] She has considered Donatella Versace her muse and the late British fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that "I miss Lee every time I get dressed" while channeling him in some of her work.[14][78] Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.[123] Her adoration of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."[6] "When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion. For me, it's everything coming together and being a real story that will bring back the super-fan. I want to bring that back. I want the imagery to be so strong that fans will want to eat and taste and lick every part of us."[26] The Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.[124] Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream."[125] Gaga made her runway debut at Thierry Mugler's Paris fashion show in March 2011 where she wore items from Nicola Formichetti's debut women's wear collection.[126] In June of the same year, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award for Fashion Icon.[127] Time Magazine placed Gaga on their "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List" amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and the The Beatles, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."[128] She has since devoted her time as a fashion columnist for V magazine, where she has written about her creative process, her studying of the world of pop culture, and her ability to tune into the evolution of pop-culture meme.[129]
In August 2011 she sent to her 15 millions followers that she had at that time on Twitter, a quote about creativity from the book "Creativity"[130] by Osho,[131] which led journalists, on October 28, of the same year, on her arrival to India for the inauguration of a big Formula One motorsport event,[132] to ask her about her connection to him, to which Gaga said she was influenced by his work and that for her, "the creativity is the greatest way of rebellion": "Equality", she concluded, "is one of the most important things in my life".[133]
Musical style[link]
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A 30-second sample of Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" featuring the chorus sung by Lady Gaga and Colby O'Donis in the range of B3 to C♯, backed by a synth marching beat. The song became her first international hit single and sold 7.7 million copies worldwide.
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Continually experimenting with new musical ideas and images, Gaga's musical and performance style is the subject of much analysis and scrutiny from critics. She professes that she is "liberating" herself by constantly reinventing her sound and image, insisting that she has been drawn to such a practice since her childhood.[134] Vocally, Gaga possesses the range of a contralto and exhibits "overwhelming expression, instinctive vocal phrasing, '80s rock reminiscent chest belts and animalistic vocal ticks" while being able to move through 2.4 octaves.[135][136] Refusing to lip sync, Gaga – whose range is frequently compared to those of Madonna and Gwen Stefani – has manipulated her vocal style over the course of her career yet considers Born This Way (2011) "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of."[137][138] In summation of her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."[139]
Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "[Gaga] does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace."[140] She admits that her songwriting has been misinterpreted; her friend and blogger Perez Hilton articulated her message in a clearer way: "you write really deep intelligent lyrics with shallow concepts." Gaga opined, "Perez is very intelligent and clearly listened to my record from beginning to end, and he is correct."[141] "I love songwriting. It's so funny – I will just jam around in my underwear or I could be washing my dishes. I wrote several songs just at the piano," she confesses.[141] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played at a piano and still sound like a hit."[142] She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting like love, sex, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom and individualism.[143][144]
The structure of her music is said to echo classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop.[145] Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert "in combining music, fashion, art and technology, [Gaga] evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now" and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws "obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in [her] girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats."[146][147] Music critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats."[148] The follow-up The Fame Monster (2009), saw Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q" while Born This Way (2011) also draws on the records of her childhood and still has the "electro-sleaze beats and Eurodisco chorus chants" of its predecessor but includes genres as diverse as opera, heavy metal, disco, and rock and roll.[143] "There isn't a subtle moment on the album, but even at its nuttiest, the music is full of wide-awake emotional details," wrote Rolling Stone, who concluded: "The more excessive Gaga gets, the more honest she sounds."[144]
Music videos and performances[link]
With constant costume changes, backup dancers, and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.[149] "Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way," she professes.[149] Exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, "the three central themes that shape Lady Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power."[150] "Vaudevillian and carnal, Lady Gaga has got the knack of sending rape-like fantasies—in songs and videos that double as catch club hits—to the top of the charts," wrote one critic.[151] "Whether it is physical violence or sexual exploitation, these videos offer vivid depictions of male power over women's bodies," wrote another.[150] While she labels herself "a little bit of a feminist" (she rejects man-hating feminism) and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women,"[151] Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in.[150] She also attempts to liberate her fans so they can feel "less alone."[152] "She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality," professed pop critic Ann Powers, "but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act."[153] In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: "does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?"[93]
Her performances are described as "highly entertaining and innovative"; the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV.[154] She continued the "blood soaked" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and was "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood. Her performances of that scene in England triggered protests from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people.[155] "What happened in Bradford is very fresh in people's minds and given all the violence which happened in Cumbria just hours earlier, it was insensitive," said Lynn Costello of Mothers Against Violence.[156] Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: performing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song "You and I".[157] Some have defended her flamboyant and provocative behavior. "Well, she's Lady Gaga," Chris Rock said. "She's not 'Lady Behave Yourself.' Do you want great behavior from a person named Gaga? Is this what you were expecting?"[158] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years. However, the pair parted in November 2011; Gaga replacing her with Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson.[159] Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. "I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect."[149]
Public image[link]
See also: Lady Gaga on Twitter
While Rolling Stone named Gaga the "Queen of Pop" in 2011, public reception of Gaga's music, fashion sense and persona are mixed.[160] Her status as a role model, self-esteem booster for her fans, trailblazer and fashion icon who breathes new life into the industry is by turns affirmed and denied.[161] Gaga's albums have received mostly positive reviews and critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music, the need for new movements in popular culture, the attention Gaga brings to modern social issues, and the inherently subjective nature of her art.[162] In view of her influence on modern culture and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has organized a course titled "Lady Gaga and the Sociology of Fame" since spring 2011 with the objective of unravelling "some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga."[163] When Gaga briefly met with US president Barack Obama at a Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he described the interaction as "intimidating" as she was dressed in 16-inch heels making her undoubtedly the tallest woman in the room.[164]
Contrary to her outré style, the New York Post described her early look as like "a refugee from Jersey Shore" with "big black hair, heavy eye makeup and tight, revealing clothes."[18] Gaga is a natural brunette; she bleached her hair blonde because she was often mistaken for Amy Winehouse.[6] She has nine tattoos on the left side of her body (her father has banned etchings on her right): a unicorn head with a ribbon wrapped around its horn that says "Born This Way"; a small heart with "dad" written inside it; several white roses; a treble clef; three daises; "Tokyo Love" with a little heart; "Little Monsters" written in cursive; a peace symbol, which was inspired by John Lennon, whom she stated was her hero; and a curling German script on her left arm quoting the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, her favorite writer, commenting that his "philosophy of solitude" spoke to her.[116][165] In a question posed about the necessary procedure to attach the prosthetics to give the unconventional appearance of recent horn-like ridges on her cheekbones, temples, and shoulders, Gaga responded, "They're not prosthetics, they're my bones." She also clarified that they were not the result of plastic surgery, believing such surgery to only be the modern byproduct of fame-induced insecurity to which she does not subscribe. The interviewer's further probing brought Gaga to the conclusion that they are an artistic representation of her inner inspirational light and part of the "performance piece" that is her musical persona: an inevitability of her becoming who she now is.[166]
Towards the end of 2008, comparisons were made between the fashions of Gaga and recording artist Christina Aguilera that noted similarities in their styling, hair, and make-up.[14] Aguilera stated that she was "completely unaware of [Gaga]" and "didn't know if it [was] a man or a woman."[14] Gaga released a statement in which she welcomed the comparisons due to the attention providing useful publicity, saying, "She's such a huge star and if anything I should send her flowers, because a lot of people in America didn't know who I was until that whole thing happened. It really put me on the map in a way."[167][168] When interviewed by Barbara Walters for her annual ABC News special 10 Most Fascinating People in 2009, Gaga dismissed the claim that she is intersex as an urban legend. Responding to a question on this issue, she stated, "At first it was very strange and everyone sorta said, 'That's really quite a story!' But in a sense, I portray myself in a very androgynous way, and I love androgyny."[169] In addition to Aguilera's statement, comparisons continued into 2010, when Aguilera released the music video of her single "Not Myself Tonight". Critics noted similarities between the song and its accompanying music video with Gaga's video for "Bad Romance".[170] There have also been similar comparisons made between Gaga's style and that of fashion icon Dale Bozzio from the band Missing Persons. Some have considered their respective images to be strikingly parallel although fans of Missing Persons note that Bozzio had pioneered the look more than thirty years earlier.[171]
While devout followers call Gaga "Mother Monster", Gaga often refers to her fans as "Little Monsters" which has been tattooed on "the arm that holds my mic" in dedication.[172][173] Her treatment of her "Little Monsters" has inspired criticism, due to the highly commercial nature of her music and image.[174] To some, this dichotomy contravenes the concept of outsider culture. Camille Paglia in her 2010 cover story "Lady Gaga and the death of sex" in The Sunday Times asserts that Gaga "is more an identity thief than an erotic taboo breaker, a mainstream manufactured product who claims to be singing for the freaks, the rebellious and the dispossessed when she is none of those."[175][176] Writing for The Guardian, Kitty Empire opined that the dichotomy "...allows the viewer to have a 'transgressive' experience without being required to think. At [her performance's] core, though, is the idea that Gaga is at one with the freaks and outcasts. The Monster Ball is where we can all be free. This is arrant nonsense, as the scads of people buying Gaga's cunningly commercial music are not limited to the niche worlds of drag queens and hip night creatures from which she draws her inspiration. But Gaga seems sincere."[177]
Philanthropy[link]
Besides her career in music, Gaga has also contributed to various charities. For natural disasters, Gaga has helped various relief efforts. Although declining an invitation to appear on the single "We Are the World 25" to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, she donated the proceeds of her January 24, 2010 concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall to the country's reconstruction relief fund.[178] All profits from her official online store on that day were also donated. Gaga announced that an estimated total of US$500,000 was collected for the fund.[179] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, Gaga tweeted a message and a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts.[180] As of March 29, 2011, the bracelets raised $1.5 million.[181] However, attorney Alyson Oliver filed a lawsuit against Gaga in Detroit in June 2011, noting that the bracelet was subject to a sales tax and an extra $3.99 shipping charge was added to the price. She also believed that not all proceeds from the bracelets would go to the relief efforts, demanding a public accounting of the campaign and refunds for people who had bought the bracelet. Gaga's spokesperson called the lawsuit "meritless" and "misleading".[182] On June 25, 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.[183]
HIV and AIDS[link]
Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam. Titled Viva Glam Gaga and Viva Glam Cyndi for each contributor respectively, all net proceeds of the lipstick line were donated to the cosmetic company's campaign to prevent HIV and AIDS worldwide.[184] In a press release, Gaga declared, "I don't want Viva Glam to be just a lipstick you buy to help a cause. I want it to be a reminder when you go out at night to put a condom in your purse right next to your lipstick."[185] The sales of Gaga-endorsed Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.[3]
Born This Way Foundation[link]
Main article: Born This Way Foundation
As a humanitarian, she has launched her own non-profit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on youth empowerment and issues like self-confidence, well-being, anti-bullying, mentoring, and career development. "My mother and I have initiated a passion project. We call it the Born This Way Foundation," Gaga said in a statement about the foundation, which takes its name from the 2011 single and album. "Together we hope to establish a standard of Bravery and Kindness, as well as a community worldwide that protects and nurtures others in the face of bullying and abandonment." The foundation will work with a number of partners, including the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The California Endowment and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.[186] She also jumped into the debate surrounding SB 1070, Arizona's recently-enacted anti-immigration law, after premiering her Born This Way song "Americano" on the Guadalajara stop of The Monster Ball Tour in Mexico, telling the local press that she could not "stand by many of the unjust immigration laws" in the US.[187] A devoted advocate for the LGBT community, Gaga is also an outspoken activist for LGBT rights worldwide.[188] On February 29, 2012, Gaga and Oprah Winfrey visited Harvard University to launch her Born This Way Foundation.
LGBT advocacy[link]
Gaga attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered to be a gay icon.[189] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."[190] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame, saying, "I love you so much. You were the first heartbeat in this project, and your support and brilliance means the world to me. I will always fight for the gay community hand in hand with this incredible team."[191] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo, where she sang her song "Just Dance".[192] In June of the same year, she performed the song again at the San Francisco Pride event.[193]
After The Fame was released, she revealed that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she spoke about how her boyfriends tended to react to her bisexuality, saying "The fact that I'm into women, they're all intimidated by it. It makes them uncomfortable. They're like, 'I don't need to have a threesome. I'm happy with just you'."[33] When she appeared as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in May 2009, she praised DeGeneres for being "an inspiration for women and for the gay community".[194] She proclaimed that the October 11, 2009 National Equality March rally on the National Mall was "the single most important event of her career." As she exited, she left with an exultant "Bless God and bless the gays,"[195] similar to her 2009 MTV Video Music Awards acceptance speech for Best New Artist a month earlier.[196] At the Human Rights Campaign Dinner, held the same weekend as the rally, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" declaring that "I'm not going to [play] one of my songs tonight because tonight is not about me, it's about you." She changed the original lyrics of the song to reflect the death of Matthew Shepard, a college student murdered because of his sexuality.[197]
Gaga attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four service members of the United States Armed Forces (Mike Almy, David Hall, Katie Miller and Stacy Vasquez), all of whom, under the United States military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, had been prohibited from serving openly because of their sexuality.[198] In addition, Gaga wore a meat dress to the ceremony which was supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat that were all fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal.[199] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue.com UK named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time magazine's named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010, it received divided opinions – evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.[200][201][202] She denied any intention of causing disrespect to any person or organization and wished for the dress to be interpreted as a statement of human rights with focus upon those in the LGBT community, adding that "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones."[203]
She later released three videos on YouTube urging her fans to contact their Senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In late September 2010 she spoke at the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's "4the14K" Rally in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine. The name of the rally signified the number – an estimated 14,000 – of service members discharged under the DADT policy at the time. During her remarks, she urged members of the U.S. Senate (and in particular, moderate Republican Senators from Maine, Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins) to vote in favor of legislation that would repeal the DADT policy. Following this event, editors of The Advocate commented that she had become "the real fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians, one that Barack Obama had promised to be.[204][205]
Gaga appeared at Europride, a pan-European international event dedicated to LGBT pride, held in Rome in June 2011. In a nearly twenty-minute speech, she criticized the intolerant state of gay rights in many European countries and described homosexuals as "revolutionaries of love" before performing acoustic renderings of "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory" in front of thousands at the Circus Maximus.[206][207] She stated that "Today and every day we fight for freedom. We fight for justice. We beckon for compassion, understanding and above all we want full equality now".[208] Gaga revealed that she is often questioned why she dedicates herself to "gayspeak" and "how gay" she is, to which, she told the audience: "Why is this question, why is this issue so important? My answer is: I am a child of diversity, I am one with my generation, I feel a moral obligation as a woman, or a man, to exercise my revolutionary potential and make the world a better place." She then joked: "On a gay scale from 1 to 10, I'm a Judy Garland fucking 42."[209]
Discography[link]
For the full list, see Lady Gaga discography.
- The Fame (2008)
- The Fame Monster (2009)
- Born This Way (2011)
Filmography[link]
- Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (2011)
- A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (2011)
- "Lisa Goes Gaga" (The Simpsons episode) (2012)
- Men in Black 3 (Plays the role of an alien.) (2012)[210]
Concert tours[link]
- The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
- Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10) (cancelled)
- The Monster Ball Tour (2009–11)
- The Born This Way Ball Tour (2012–13)
See also[link]
|
Book: Lady Gaga |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- List of awards and nominations received by Lady Gaga
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
References[link]
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- ^ Review: Unnecessary ‘Men in Black 3’ just O‘K’ compared to predecessors - a-e - The Lantern - Ohio State University
Further reading[link]
- Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
- Goodman, Elizabeth (2010). Lady Gaga: Critical Mass Fashion. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-66840-6.
- Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-4027-8059-1.
- Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9795-6.
- Phoenix, Helia (2010). Lady Gaga: Just Dance—The Biography. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4091-1567-0.
- Monster Anthems (2011) by Robert Christgau
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lady Gaga |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lady Gaga |
- Official website
- Lady Gaga at Allmusic
- Lady Gaga at AllRovi
- Lady Gaga discography at Discogs
- Lady Gaga on Facebook
- Lady Gaga at the Internet Movie Database
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about Lady Gaga in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Slide show Vanity Fair
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina |
| Alternative names | Lady Gaga |
| Short description | American pop singer |
| Date of birth | March 28, 1986 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
