Indoctrination is the process of inculcating ideas, attitudes, cognitive strategies or a professional methodology (see doctrine).^[1] It is often distinguished from education by the fact that the indoctrinated person is expected not to question or critically examine the doctrine they have learned.^[2] As such the term may be used pejoratively, often in the context of education, political opinions, theology or religious dogma. The term is closely linked to socialization; in common discourse, indoctrination is often associated with negative connotations, while socialization refers to cultural or educational learning.

Religious indoctrination[link]

Religious indoctrination, the original sense of indoctrination, refers to a process of imparting doctrine in an authoritative way, as in catechism. Most religious groups among the revealed religions instruct new members in the principles of the religion; this is now not usually referred to as indoctrination by the religions themselves, in part because of the negative connotations the word has acquired. Mystery religions require a period of indoctrination before granting access to esoteric knowledge. (cf. Information security)

As a pejorative term indoctrination implies forcibly or coercively causing people to act and think on the basis of a certain ideology.^[3] Some secular critics^[who?] maintain that all religions indoctrinate their adherents, as children, and the accusation is made in the case of religious extremism. Sects such as Scientology use personality tests and peer pressures to indoctrinate new members.^[4] Some religions have commitment ceremonies for children 13 years and younger, such as Bar Mitzvah, Confirmation, and Shichi-Go-San. In Buddhism Temple boys are encouraged to follow the faith while still very young.^{[citation needed]} Critics of religion, such as Richard Dawkins, maintain that the children of religious parents are often unfairly indoctrinated.^[5] The process of subjecting children to complex initiation rituals before they are able to critically assess the event is seen by Dawkins and other critics of religion as cruel.^{[citation needed]}

Military indoctrination[link]

The initial psychological preparation of soldiers during training is referred to (non-pejoratively) as indoctrination.

Information security[link]

In the field of information security, indoctrination is the initial briefing and instructions given before a person is granted access to secret information.^[6]

Criticism of indoctrination[link]

Noam Chomsky remarks,"For those who stubbornly seek freedom around the world, there can be no more urgent task than to come to understand the mechanisms and practices of indoctrination. These are easy to perceive in the totalitarian societies, much less so in the propaganda system to which we are subjected and in which all too often we serve as unwilling or unwitting instruments."^[7]

See also[link]

Psychology portal

• Behavior modification

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up indoctrination in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Students for Academic Freedom
• Habermas and the Problem of Indoctrination Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Education

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Dimmu Borgir
Dimmu Borgir performing in 2011.
Background information
Origin	Oslo, Norway
Genres	Black metal, symphonic black metal, symphonic metal
Years active	1993–present
Labels	Ex-No Colours, ex-Spikefarm, ex-Cacophonous, ex-Century Media, Nuclear Blast
Associated acts	Old Man's Child, Cradle of Filth, Ov Hell, Carpe Tenebrum, Brujeria, The Kovenant, Mayhem, Arcturus, Chrome Division, Code, Susperia, Dødheimsgard, Nile, Borknagar, Nachtmystium, Ragnarok, Angelcorpse, God Dethroned, Vesania, Vader, Infernal Method, Ved Buens Ende
Website	http://www.site.dimmu-borgir.com/
Members
Shagrath Silenoz Galder Daray Cyrus Gerlioz
Past members
(see below)

Dimmu Borgir ( /ˌdɪmuː ˈbɔrɡɪər/) is a Norwegian black metal band from Oslo, Norway, formed in 1993. Dimmu Borgir means "dark cities" or "dark castles/fortresses" in Icelandic, Faroese and Old Norse. The name is derived from a volcanic formation in Iceland, Dimmuborgir. The band has been through numerous line-up changes over the years; guitarist Silenoz and vocalist Shagrath are the only founding members remaining.^[1][2]

Biography[link]

[edit] For All Tid and Stormblåst period

Dimmu Borgir was founded in 1993 by Shagrath, Silenoz, and Tjodalv, the band released an EP in 1993 entitled Inn i evighetens mørke ("Into the Darkness of Eternity" in English). This short EP sold out within weeks, and the band followed up with the 1994 full length album For All Tid ('For All Time' in English) This album featured vocal contributions by Vicotnik of Ved Buens Ende and Dødheimsgard and Aldrahn of Dødheimsgard and Zyklon-B. The initial lineup consisted of Shagrath playing drums with Tjodalv on guitar and Silenoz contributing lead vocals. This line-up changed before the release of Stormblåst (translates to "Storm Blown") on Cacophonous Records in 1996, an album considered by many to be their finest.^[3] It is also the last album which features all lyrics written and sung in Norwegian.^[4][5] This album was criticized by Allmusic because of bad sound quality and inaccessibility to wide audience.

[edit] Enthrone Darkness Triumphant period

After Stormblåst, keyboardist Stian Aarstad left the band due to his obligation to serve in the Norwegian army, thus being unable to participate in the 1996 recording of Devil's Path. That period was also marked by the departure of bassist Brynjard Tristan and the arrival of Nagash. Stian Aarstad returned for the recording of 1997's Enthrone Darkness Triumphant. While on tour to support the album, he had trouble attending rehearsals and being on tour, and was subsequently fired.^[6] Enthrone Darkness Triumphant was a huge success for the band, and was their first release signed to Nuclear Blast, a German record label. The album was recorded in the Abyss Studios, owned by Hypocrisy's frontman Peter Tägtgren.^[7][8] After the release of Enthrone Darkness Triumphant, the band went on tour with In Flames, Dissection and other bands who had penetrated to the scene at the time.

[edit] Spiritual Black Dimensions and Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia period

After the tour for Enthrone Darkness Triumphant, the band recruited new members Mustis on keyboards and Astennu on lead guitar. Dimmu Borgir's following full-length albums Spiritual Black Dimensions in 1999 and 2001's Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia, both met critical acclaim.^[9][10][11] However, another line-up change occurred between the two albums; Nagash quit and was replaced by new bassist/singer ICS Vortex, and Tjodalv left due to his family commitments, and to form the subsequent band Susperia,^[12] only to be replaced with Nicholas Barker, of Cradle of Filth. Astennu was fired from his guitar duties as well, and was replaced by Galder.^[13][14][15]

[edit] Death Cult Armageddon and Stormblåst MMV period

Despite the regular video play on MTV2 and Fuse TV that their follow-up album would receive, the band stated that they were not "commercially-oriented," and instead, they 'simply wished to spread their message to more people'.^[16] In 2003, Dimmu Borgir recorded Death Cult Armageddon. Death Cult Armageddon was recorded with the Prague Philarmonic Orchestra, conducted by Adam Klemens. All orchestrations were arranged by Gaute Storaas (who had previously worked with Dimmu Borgir on the album Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia) In 2004, Dimmu Borgir performed on the mainstage at Ozzfest.

In 2005, the band did a complete re-recording of the Stormblåst album, featuring Hellhammer of Mayhem fame as the session drummer. The album also featured a DVD with a live performance from the 2004 Ozzfest tour.

[edit] In Sorte Diaboli period

Dimmu Borgir's eighth studio album, In Sorte Diaboli, was released April 24, 2007.^[17] A special edition version was released in a boxed case with a DVD, backward-printed lyrics, and a mirror. The album artwork was released on February 14, 2007 on a promotional webpage for the album. This album features the drumming of "Hellhammer" Jan Axel Blomberg of Mayhem. Blomberg left the band in mid tour in 2007 because of a neck injury that resulted in limited movement of his right arm. With the release of this album, Dimmu Borgir became the first black metal band with a number one album in their native country.^[18]

Shagrath performing on Gods of Metal 2007.

In 2009, members ICS Vortex and Mustis independently announced their departure from Dimmu Borgir. Mustis released a statement claiming his disfavor with the band, stating that he was not properly credited for his writing contributions to the band's music, mentioning possibly taking legal action.^[19]

Dimmu Borgir soon after confirmed the pair's dismissal from the band, releasing a statement explaining why the two were fired.^[20] Shagrath, Silenoz, and Galder wrote, "Funny then, how the new album is halfway finished written already by the rest of us without any of these guys' input, still having all those elements we're known for."^[20]

[edit] Abrahadabra period

Dimmu Borgir's ninth studio album, Abrahadabra, was released on September 24, 2010, in Germany, September 27, 2010, for the rest of Europe, and October 12, 2010 in North America.^[21] Silenoz explained that the growing periods of time between albums was because the band had stopped writing music while touring, which was affecting the quality of the music. He described the new album as having an "eerie and haunting feel to it", adding that the material is "epic", "primal", atmospheric and ambient. A promotional image released with the statement showed Shagrath returning to the keyboards.^[22] The album features an ensemble orchestra, the Kringkastingsorkestret (the Norwegian Radio Orchestra), as well as the Schola Cantorum choir, totaling more than 100 musicians and singers. Gaute Storaas, composer of the orchestral arrangements, released a statement on his role in working on the album. “Their music is epic, thematic and symphonic already from the creation; they are clearly having an orchestral approach to composing. My role in this is sometimes just to transcribe their themes, sometimes to take their ideas, tear them apart and build them back up in ways that are true to the band's intentions. The music must also be both interesting and playable for the musicians, and hopefully, meet the quality standards of the orchestral world.”

On July 8, the band confirmed that they had tapped Swedish multi-instrumentalist Snowy Shaw (Therion, Dream Evil) to replace bassist/clean vocalist ICS Vortex on their then upcoming album, Abrahadabra, and world tour.^[23] On August 25 it was announced that Snowy Shaw has left Dimmu Borgir to rejoin Therion.^[24] On September 17, 2010 Dimmu Borgir released the song "Born Treacherous" from Abrahadabra on their official Myspace page.^[25] Then on September 24 the band announced they would stream Abrahadabra in its entirety until 7 p.m. EST that evening.^[26] The keyboards and bass are currently played by Gerlioz from Apoptygma Berzerk and Cyrus of Susperia respectively, and the clean vocals are sampled. On May 28, 2011, Dimmu Borgir gave a very special one-off show at the Oslo Spektrum with the Norwegian Radio Orchestra and Schola Cantorum choir. A live album and DVD of the show titled "Forces of the Northern Night" with an accompanying documentary is scheduled for release in 2012.^[27]

Influences and musical style[link]

Dimmu Borgir's older releases (since 1992 to 1999) are strongly influenced by Darkthrone, Mayhem, Bathory, Emperor, Celtic Frost, Immortal, Venom and Iron Maiden.^[1] The band became more progressive and symphonic through the years; many black metal purists consider the band's second album, Stormblåst, to be "the act's last true contribution to Black Metal".^[28] Enthrone Darkness Triumphant, Dimmu Borgir's third album, "distinguished itself in two important areas, firstly forgoing their native language for English and secondly for its dramatic increase in synthesizer content".^[28] Significant experimentation started approximately around 2000, during the era of Spiritual Black Dimensions (due to the addition of Vortex's clean vocals, and the variety of musical ideas from then-new member Mustis), as well as Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia^[15] due to addition of influences from composers such as Antonín Dvořák, Enya, Richard Wagner and Frédéric Chopin.^[29] As the music strongly differed from the older, rawer black metal style, Jon "Metalion" Kristiansen called Spiritual Black Dimensions “a fine case of melodic, over produced, symphonic Metal. If you like this melodic style I can’t really think of anyone doing it better […]. No, I wouldn’t call this Black Metal. Read the interview with FUNERAL MIST for the right definition of Black Metal.”^[30]

Discography[link]

To see other releases:

Galder and ICS Vortex live on Gods of Metal Festival 2007.

Full-length albums

• For All Tid (1994)
• Stormblåst (1996)
• Enthrone Darkness Triumphant (1997)
• Spiritual Black Dimensions (1999)
• Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia (2001)
• Death Cult Armageddon (2003)
• Stormblåst MMV (2005)
• In Sorte Diaboli (2007)
• Abrahadabra (2010)

Band members[link]

Current[link]

• Shagrath (Stian Tomt Thoresen) – vocals (since 1995), drums (1993–1995), guitars (1995–1997, 2005), bass (2005)
• Silenoz (Sven Atle Kopperud) – rhythm guitars (since 1993), lead vocals (1993–1995), bass (2005)
• Galder (Tom Rune Andersen) – lead guitars (since 2000)
• Daray (Dariusz Brzozowski) – drums, percussion (since 2008)
• Cyrus (Terje Andersen) – bass guitar (since 2010)
• Gerlioz (Geir Bratland) – keyboards, synthesizer (since 2010)^[31]

Former[link]

• Tjodalv (Ian Kenneth Åkesson) – lead guitars (1993–1995), drums, percussion (1995–1999)
• Stian Aarstad – keyboards, piano (1993–1997)
• Brynjard Tristan (Ivar Tristan Lundsten) – bass (1993–1996)
• Nagash (Stian Arnesen) – bass, backing vocals (1996–1999)
• Astennu (Jamie Stinson) – lead guitars (1997–1999)
• Mustis (Øyvind Mustaparta) – keyboards, piano (1998–2009)
• ICS Vortex (Simen Hestnæs) – bass (1999–2009), clean vocals (1998–2009)
• Nicholas Barker – drums, percussion (1999–2005)
• Hellhammer (Jan Axel Blomberg) – drums, percussion (2005–2007)

Session[link]

• Jens Petter – lead guitars (1996–1997)
• Kimberly Goss – keyboards (1997–1998)^[32]
• Aggressor (Carl-Michael Eide) – drums, percussion (1997)
• Archon – lead guitars (2000)
• Reno Kiilerich – drums, percussion (2003–2004)
• Tony Laureano – drums, percussion (2004–2005, 2007–2008)
• Secthdamon (Odd Tony Ingebrigtsen) – bass (2007)
• Snowy Shaw (Tommie Helgesson) – bass, clean vocals (2010)

Timeline[link]

 id:Guitar value:green legend:Guitar
 id:Vocals value:blue legend:Vocals
 id:Vocals_guitar value:magenta legend:Vocals, guitar
 id:Vocals_bass value:purple legend:Vocals, bass
 id:Bass value:red legend:Bass
 id:Keyboards value:yellow legend:Keyboards
 id:Keyboards_back value:orange legend:Keyboards, piano
 id:Drums value:gray(0.45) legend:Drums
 id:Lines value:black legend:Studio releases

 at:12/01/1994 color:black layer:back
 at:01/25/1996 color:black layer:back
 at:05/30/1997 color:black layer:back
 at:03/02/1999 color:black layer:back
 at:03/20/2001 color:black layer:back
 at:09/09/2003 color:black layer:back
 at:11/11/2005 color:black layer:back
 at:04/23/2007 color:black layer:back
 at:09/22/2010 color:black layer:back

 bar:Shagrath text:"Shagrath"
 bar:Silenoz text:"Silenoz"
 bar:Brynjard text:"Brynjard Tristan"
 bar:Stian text:"Stian Aarstad"
 bar:Tjodalv text:"Tjodalv"
 bar:Nagash text:"Nagash"
 bar:Astennu text:"Astennu"
 bar:Mustis text:"Mustis"
 bar:Simen text:"ICS Vortex"
 bar:Galder text:"Galder"
 bar:Nicholas text:"Nicholas Barker"
 bar:Hellhammer text:"Hellhammer"
 bar:Snowy text:"Snowy Shaw"
 bar:Daray  text:"Daray"
 bar:Gerlioz text:"Gerlioz"
 bar:Cyrus text:"Cyrus"

 width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:Shagrath from:01/01/1994 till:01/01/1995 color:Drums
 bar:Shagrath from:01/01/1995 till:end color:Vocals
 bar:Silenoz from:01/01/1994 till:01/01/1995 color:Vocals_guitar
 bar:Silenoz from:01/01/1995 till:end color:Guitar
 bar:Brynjard from:01/01/1994 till:01/26/1996 color:Bass
 bar:Stian from:01/01/1994 till:08/04/1998 color:Keyboards
 bar:Tjodalv from:01/01/1994 till:01/01/1995 color:Guitar
 bar:Tjodalv from:01/01/1995 till:05/10/1999 color:Drums
 bar:Nagash from:01/01/1996 till:05/10/1999 color:Vocals_bass
 bar:Astennu  from:08/04/1998 till:05/10/1999 color:Guitar
 bar:Mustis from:08/04/1998 till:03/01/2009 color:Keyboards_back
 bar:Simen from:08/01/1998 till:05/10/1999 color:Vocals
 bar:Simen from:05/10/1999 till:03/01/2009 color:Vocals_bass
 bar:Galder from:05/10/1999 till:end color:Guitar
 bar:Nicholas from:05/10/1999 till:01/01/2005 color:Drums
 bar:Hellhammer from:01/01/2005 till:05/01/2007 color:Drums
 bar:Snowy from:11/01/2009 till:09/22/2010 color:Vocals_bass
 bar:Daray from:05/01/2007 till:end color:Drums
 bar:Gerlioz from:09/24/2010 till:end color:Keyboards
 bar:Cyrus from:09/24/2010 till:end color:Bass

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dimmu Borgir

• Official website