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A mixed language is a language that arises through the fusion of two source languages, normally in situations of thorough bilingualism, so that it is not possible to classify the resulting language as belonging to either of the language families that were its source. Although the concept is frequently encountered in historical linguistics from the early twentieth century, attested cases of language mixture, as opposed to code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing, are quite rare. A mixed language may mark the appearance of a new ethnic or cultural group, such as the Métis. The fusion of more than two languages is not attested.

Definitions[link]

According to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckerman, "Every language is mixed to some extent,"^[1] but few languages are "mixed languages" in the specific sense here.

A mixed language differs from a pidgin in that the speakers developing the language are fluent, even native, speakers of both languages, whereas a pidgin develops when groups of people with little knowledge of each other's languages come into contact and have need of a basic communication system, as for trade, but do not have enough contact to learn each other's language.

In a mixed language, both source languages are clearly identifiable. This differs from a creole language, which generally has one identifiable parent, in addition to diverse input which cannot be traced to any particular language. While creoles tend to have drastically simplified morphologies, mixed languages often retain the inflectional complexities of both parent languages.

Finally, a mixed language differs from code-switching, such as Spanglish or Portuñol, in that, once it has developed, the fusion of the source languages is fixed in the grammar and vocabulary, and speakers do not need to know the source languages in order to speak it. But, linguists believe that mixed languages evolve from persistent code-switching, with younger generations picking up the code-switching, but not necessarily the source languages that generated it.

Most portmanteau language names, such as Franglais and Anglo-Romani, are not mixed languages, or even examples of code-switching, but registers of a language (here French and English), characterized by large numbers of loanwords from a second language (here English and Romani). English developed from such a situation, incorporating many Norman borrowings into Anglo-Saxon, but it is not considered a mixed language.

Examples[link]

Genuine mixed languages include:

• Michif, a mixture of French and Cree, where the nouns and adjectives tend to be French (including agreement), and the polysynthetic verbs are entirely Cree. There are two simultaneous gender systems, French masculine/feminine as well as Cree animate/inanimate, and the Cree obviative (fourth person).
• Mednyj Aleut, a mixture of Russian and Aleut, which retains Aleut verbs but has replaced most of the inflectional endings with their Russian equivalents.
• Cappadocian Greek, comprising mostly Greek root words, but with many Turkish grammatical endings and Turkish vowel harmony, and no gender.
• Mbugu or Ma’a, an inherited East Cushitic vocabulary with a borrowed Bantu morphology in one of two registers, the other register being Bantu.
• Media Lengua, an inherited Quechua grammar and phonology with a borrowed Spanish lexicon (see relexification).
• Light Warlpiri, with Kriol verbs and verbal morphology and Warlpiri nouns and nominal morphology, in addition to numerous English loan words.
• Gurindji Kriol, which emerged from code-switching between Australian Kriol and Gurindji. This mixed language is structurally similar to Light Warlpiri.
• Erromintxela, which derives most of its lexicon from Kalderash Romani but uses Basque grammar and syntax.
• Bonin Mixed Language, of the Bonin Islands, a mixture of American English and Japanese with additional Polynesian and Melanesian influences^[2].

The histories of these languages differ. Michif and Mednyj Aleut appear to have risen through the mixture and intermarriage of two bilingual peoples, French with Cree and Russian with Aleut. Cappadocian Greek and Media Lengua, on the other hand, appear to have arisen as minority languages (Greek and Quechua) shifted under the influence of the surrounding majority language (Turkish and Spanish). While the Greek and Quechua were bilingual in Turkish and Spanish, the reverse was not true. The history of Mbugu is not known.

Possible examples include:

• Surzhyk, a mixture of Ukrainian and Russian spoken in Ukraine, especially the Central area.
• Wutunhua (a mixture of Chinese and Tibetan).
• Revived Cornish, which often uses Breton and Welsh as sources of vocabulary and guides to pronunciation and grammar.
• Chiac, a mixture of Acadian French language and English language
• Yeniche (a mixture of German, Yiddish, and Romani).
• Jopará, mixture of Guaraní and Spanish, Spanish verbs are changed to match Guaraní phonology and conjugated following Guaraní patterns.

See also[link]

• Code-switching
• Metatypy
• Interlinguistics
• Language merger
• Language contact
• Language transfer
• Lingua franca
• Relexification
• Creole language
• Sprachbund

References[link]

Notes[link]

General references[link]

• Bakker, Peter (1997). A Language of Our Own: The Genesis of Michif, the Mixed Cree-French Language of the Canadian Metis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509712-2. 
• Bakker, P., and M. Mous, eds. (1994). Mixed languages: 15 case studies in language intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT. 
• Matras, Yaron and Peter Bakker, eds. (2003). The Mixed Language Debate: Theoretical and Empirical Advances. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017776-5. 
• Mous, Maarten. 2003. The making of a mixed language: The case of Ma'a/Mbugu. Creole language library (No. 26). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
• Sebba, Mark (1997). Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-63024-6. 
• Thomason, Sarah and Terrence Kaufman (1988). Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07893-4. 
• Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009). "Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns." Journal of Language Contact, Varia 2:40-67.

David Bisbal
David Bisbal in August 2006
Background information
Birth name	David Bisbal Ferre
Born	(1979-06-05) June 5, 1979 (age 33) Almería, Spain
Genres	Latin pop, pop
Occupations	Singer, songwriter
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	2001–present
Labels	Signature Records, Wrasse Records (UK)
Website	www.davidbisbal.com

David Bisbal Ferré (born in Almería, Spain on June 5, 1979) is a Grammy-winning Spanish pop singer. He gained his initial fame as a runner up on the interactive reality television show Operación Triunfo.

He has since released four studio albums, all of which topped the Spanish Albums Chart, in addition to recording a number of live albums. He's toured throughout Europe and Latin America and is now considered to be a crossover international artist.

Until 2012, David Bisbal has sold more than 5 million records in Spain and America, getting 35 Platinum albums, 17 gold and 2 diamond. 'Corazón Latino' and 'Bulería' treasure each one IFPI Platinum Award, official certification for selling over 1 million copies across Europe.

[edit] Beginnings: Operación Triunfo

David Bisbal left school early and worked in a platinum and flower nursery. He was encouraged by his colleagues to audition for a music contest and he initially became part of Orquesta Expresiones where he continued singing and dancing.

In October 2001 he auditioned for the first ever edition of Operación Triunfo (Spanish equivalent of Star Academy) where he was accepted and was one of the 16 finalists. The grand prize was the chance of representing Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest. He came second in the final losing to Rosa López. She went on to sing Europe's Living a Celebration for Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 (ESC) competition.

Career[link]

David Bisbal, at Los Premios Nokia Amigo, 2007

Bisbal signed a contract with Vale Music Record label and released his first album recorded in Miami under the title "Corazón Latino" with Kike Santander. The album became 7 times platinum by summer 2002 after having topped the Spanish charts. The first single from the album, called Ave Maria, had a phenomenal success. After winning the Latin Grammys, the album went platinum (over 1 million sales).

In February 2004, he released his second album entitled "Bulería" again produced by his friend Kike Santander. It found similar success in Spain and throughout Latin America turning diamond with more than 1 million albums sold in Spain alone, becoming the best Spanish seller of 2004.

In March 2005, he also released a DVD "Todo Por Ustedes" that contained live registrations of some of his concerts in the United States, Latin America and Spain.

"Premonición" became the third studio album by David Bisbal released on 3 October 2006. By the end of its first week of release, it had achieved enough sales to be certified as 5 times platinum with sales over 400,000 copies in Spain alone.

On October 20, 2009, Bisbal released Sin Mirar Atrás, receiving positive reviews^[1] On the track "Aqui Ahora", which is features on the album Premonicion, David worked with writer/producer DJ Sammy.

Youth and early[link]

David Bisbal was born on June 5, 1979 in Almería ( Spain ), son of José Bisbal, a professional boxer and part of a trio of flamenco music, and Maria Ferre. He is the youngest of three siblings, a brother named José María and a sister named María del Mar. He loved to perform in public. During his childhood as a child showed a talent for performing, but was always very shy about doing so. He dropped out of school in third year of school(ninth year), and his father took him to work for Ranger (Gardener) at the municipal nursery in Almeria, which was his first job. Years later he met the producer of the Orchestra Expressions, who discovered David singing, and after listening to and discovering his vocal quality, offered him employment as the main voice of the orchestra. David began working there in the Orchestra Expressions, a band very popular Almeria. He gradually began to develop as a singer, and to discover his passion for music. Having been in the orchestra, David went to the auditions for Pop Idol, in Barcelona, Spain. In 2001, he was one of 16 contestants from the first Spanish edition of ' Idol 'contest designed to choose the representative for the festival' Eurovision 'of that year. Finally he came in second place to Rosa Lopez . Bisbal also performed at Eurovision with Rosa Lopez, David Bustamante, Chenoa, Gisela and Geno, in the chorus.

2002-2003: international launch debut album[link]

Once completed Idol, signed a contract with Vale Music company that offered the opportunity to record his first solo debut album. This one, entitled 'Corazón Latino', was released in summer 2002, recorded in Miami with production Kike Santander . The album reached number one in its first week to debut sold over 600,000 copies, breaking sales records, disk was maintained for seven consecutive weeks at number one on the charts in Spain . With more than 900,000 copies sold in Spain, Bisbal was released to the Spanish-speaking countries, to promote his debut album, the disc would be released on October 15 . In 2003, in January Bisbal friend picked up the award in January in Madrid's Palacio de Cristal de la Arganzuela. On October 31 he began his first tour in America, in Argentina, where he visited 12 countries and 17 live concerts. In November it went on sale in Mexico a special edition of "Corazón Latino".

2004-2005: Bulería, the second million[link]

On 7 January premiered the first single from their second album "Bulería" which reached number 656 in the charts and radio stations of Spain and America . On February 11 was released Bulería the same name as the first single. The album debuted at number on the charts in Spain where he sold over 300,000 copies in a week, also reached in two weeks to get disc gold in Colombia and Venezuela . In November he set foot on Germany to promote the duo with singer Joana Zimmer, a duet with the song 'Let's make history', days after submitting the video to Joana Zimmer, David also appeared at the gala 'tribute to Rocío Jurado', singing with the singer.

2006-2008: The Gift and his time in Europe and Japan[link]

His first single was made ​​in August entitled 'Who was going to say', got to be number one in the charts and radio stations of Spain and America . On October 3 he released his third album called "Premonition", "reached number one on his debut, where he achieved five platinum albums, more than 900,000 copies distributed. On October 24 he performed in Strasbourg , the seat of European Parliament in Strasbourg where he gave an exclusive concert, in which he played the songs from his album, to representatives of 25 member countries. The album was kept for 1 month at number one on the Spanish list. The singer won the Ondas Awards held at the Musical Theatre of Barcelona , at the 53 th Gala Awards and the Golden Microphone in the music category. In 2007 , in January , his second single 'silenced' comnsecutivas stayed for eight weeks at number one in the top 40, In 2008 , Bisbal sang a duet with Rihanna in the song 'Hate That I Love You' which includes the reissue of the album 'Good girl, gone bad'. Whith G-unit

2009-present: No looking back[link]

In summer, the singer gave several concerts by some countries in Europe. Bisbal while he was putting the finishing touches on this new album called Do not look back . The first single from the album, entitled "Slave kisses" under the production of Mexican Armando Avila. Its world premiere was on August 24 and the video came out on 7 September . Has been one of the most successful singles David throughout his career, reaching number 1 in sales and radio in Spain, USA and Latin America. On January 9, 2010 Promusicae announced that the single slave to his kisses and was double platinum by its more than 80,000 copies sold in Spain and platinum in Argentina for more than 20,000 copies sold. Their second single was "My Princess." The song "24 Hours" made ​​by Espinoza Paz Mexico, the third single in the U.S. and Latin America, was presented at the Billboard Awards Gala 2010, while in Spain the single was "Do not look back", a song that gives title track. now makes a guest appearance on the soap opera that money to us part . On November 14, 2010 he was presented in the United States Gold Disc for sales of his album Do not look back in USA and Puerto Rico.

2010-present: Heirs[link]

Well as Ricardo Montaner musicalized the phenomenon Valiant (The Thirteen) last year, and as bastard also opted for a foreigner (Carlos Matari) for curtain, soap opera will come to another international star as the voice of openness. The Spanish David Bisbal sing especially for Heirs of revenge. "Kabbalah?

The recorded history that began last week and will star Luciano Castro Romina Gaetani and have as a backdrop to the track named heirs. The authors are the very Bisbal, more Sebastian Bazan and Karen Oliver. The footage was filmed in Puerto Madero. It was in October, during the tour de Almería man held by Argentina. Famous after participating in the reality Operación triunfo (Spanish version) and its hit Bulería, drew up now as a ballad Bisbal true to form. The musical direction was by Nicolas Repetto-care, Nico is not the driver, and the production is Metronome Music.

The love story will pass in Vidisterra, people (fictional) famous for its vineyards, which Mercedes (Gaetani) and Antonio (Castro) will burn with passion, promise, devastating.

International Appeal[link]

Internationally David Bisbal enjoys popularity in a great number of countries.

• On September 3, 2003, he won the Latin Grammies held in Miami from the category "Best New Artist". During the event, He sang Angels,^[2] with Jessica Simpson. He also launched a big promotional tour in Latin America with sold-out concerts Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and others.
• In 2008, he recorded Hate That I Love You (Odio Amarte),^[3] a Spanglish version with Rihanna. He achieved European success in England, Germany, Belgium, Russia and Romania in addition to great success in Japan.
• In 2009, he recorded "Sufriras" a Spanglish duet with singer Pixie Lott, eventually released as a bonus track on the Deluxe Edition of his fourth studio album, Sin Mirar Atrás.
• In 2010 David was featured in the Spanish version of the FIFA 2010 Official World Cup song Waving Flag with Somali-Canadian Musician K'naan who is the original artist of the song.
• In 2011 David recorded a song for the TV series "Herederos" in Argentina. The song is called "Herederos" and David has sold over 300,000 copies of the cd "Sin Mirar Atrás Tour" in Argentina.

Discography[link]

All discography information obtained from the David Bisbal Official Website

Albums[link]

Singles[link]

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• David Bisbal on Twitter
• David Bisbal Romania
• Comunidad Gyggs
• Portal Mix Fan Site
• David's UK Label
• Concerts, News and Videoclips of Bisbal(Spanish)
• Portal Mix David Bisbal Site
• David Bisbal UK Site (in English)
• David Bisbal at MTV
• Interview with David Bisbal about his new album Premonición
• Dutch Fan Site
• David Bisbal Spanish Fan Site
• David Bisbal Browser
• Official German Fanclub-David Bisbal-Siempre a tu lado
• David Bisbal at Acceso Total Show

Preceded by Barbados

OGAE Second Chance Contest winner 2002

Succeeded by Alcazar

Helen Keller
Helen Keller sitting holding a magnolia flower, circa 1920.
Born	Helen Adams Keller (1880-06-27)June 27, 1880 Tuscumbia, Alabama, USA
Died	June 1, 1968(1968-06-01) (aged 87) Arcan Ridge, Easton, Connecticut, USA
Signature

Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1][2] The story of how Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through the isolation imposed by a near complete lack of language, allowing the girl to blossom as she learned to communicate, has become widely known through the dramatic depictions of the play and film The Miracle Worker.

A prolific author, Keller was well-traveled, and was outspoken in her anti-war convictions. A member of the Socialist Party of America and the Industrial Workers of the World, she campaigned for women's suffrage, labor rights, socialism, and other radical left causes. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[3]

Early childhood and illness[link]

Keller with Anne Sullivan vacationing at Cape Cod in July 1888

Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] that Helen's grandfather had built decades earlier.^[5] Helen's father, Arthur H. Keller,^[6] spent many years as an editor for the Tuscumbia North Alabamian and had served as a captain for the Confederate Army.^[5] Helen's paternal grandmother was the second cousin of Robert E. Lee.^[7] Helen's mother, Kate Adams,^[8] was the daughter of Charles Adams.^[9] Though originally from Massachusetts, Charles Adams also fought for the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, earning the rank of brigadier-general.^[7]

Helen's father's lineage can be traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland.^[7][10] Coincidentally, one of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zurich.^[7] Helen reflects upon this coincidence in her first autobiography, stating "that there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his."^[7]

Helen Keller was not born blind and deaf; it was not until she was 19 months old that she contracted an illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain", which might have been scarlet fever or meningitis. The illness did not last for a particularly long time, but it left her deaf and blind. At that time, she was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington,^[11] the six-year-old daughter of the family cook, who understood her signs; by the age of seven, she had over 60 home signs to communicate with her family.

In 1886, her mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful education of another deaf and blind woman, Laura Bridgman, dispatched young Helen, accompanied by her father, to seek out Dr. J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice.^[12] He subsequently put them in touch with Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised the couple to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated, which was then located in South Boston. Michael Anaganos, the school's director, asked former student Anne Sullivan, herself visually impaired and only 20 years old, to become Keller's instructor. It was the beginning of a 49-year-long relationship, Sullivan evolving into governess and then eventual companion.

Anne Sullivan arrived at Keller's house in March 1887, and immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with "d-o-l-l" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller was frustrated, at first, because she did not understand that every object had a word uniquely identifying it. In fact, when Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she broke the doll.^[13] Keller's big breakthrough in communication came the next month, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water"; she then nearly exhausted Sullivan demanding the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.

Due to a protruding left eye, Keller was usually photographed in profile. Both her eyes were replaced in adulthood with glass replicas for "medical and cosmetic reasons".^[14]

Formal education[link]

Starting in May, 1888, Keller attended the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1894, Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College, where she lived in Briggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, with his wife Abbie, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated from Radcliffe, becoming the first deaf blind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first to discover her literary talent.^[15]

Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible, Keller learned to speak, and spent much of her life giving speeches and lectures. She learned to "hear" people's speech by reading their lips with her hands—her sense of touch had become extremely supple. She became proficient at using Braille and reading sign language with her hands as well.^{[volume & issue needed]}

Companions[link]

Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her. Anne married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thompson was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who had no experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.^[16]

Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens, together with Anne and John, and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind.^[17]

After Sullivan died in 1936, Keller and Thompson moved to Connecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funds for the blind. Thompson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered, and died in 1960.^[1]

Winnie Corbally, a nurse who was originally brought in to care for Thompson in 1957, stayed on after her death and was Keller's companion for the rest of her life.^[1]

Political activities[link]

Helen Keller portrait, 1904.

Keller went on to become a world-famous speaker and author. She is remembered as an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She was a suffragist, a pacifist, an opponent of Woodrow Wilson, a radical socialist and a birth control supporter. In 1915 she and George Kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health and nutrition. In 1920 she helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Keller traveled to 40 some-odd countries with Sullivan, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S. President from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures, including Alexander Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain. Keller and Chaplin shared anti-capitalist views; Keller and Twain were both considered radicals at the beginning of the 20th century, and as a consequence, their political views have been forgotten or glossed over in popular perception.^[19]

Keller was a member of the Socialist Party and actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency. Newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities. The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her "mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development." Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of her political views:

Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (known as the IWW or the Wobblies) in 1912,^[19] saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog". She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW,^[21] Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities:

The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a frequent cause of the latter, and the latter a leading cause of blindness. In the same interview, Keller cited the 1912 strike of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts for instigating her radicalization.

Writings[link]

Helen Keller, circa 1912

Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles.

One of her earliest pieces of writing, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story had been plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby. An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her but forgot about it, while the memory remained in her subconscious.^[1]

At age 22, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903), with help from Sullivan and Sullivan's husband, John Macy. It includes words that Keller wrote and the story of her life up to age 21, and was written during her time in college.

Keller wrote The World I Live In in 1908 giving readers an insight into how she felt about the world.^[22] Out of the Dark, a series of essays on socialism, was published in 1913.

When Keller was young, Anne Sullivan introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Keller famously saying: "I always knew He was there, but I didn't know His name!"^[23][24][25]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion, was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revised and re-issued under the title Light in My Darkness. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christian revelator and theologian who gives a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and who claims that the second coming of Jesus Christ has already taken place. Adherents use several names to describe themselves, including Second Advent Christian, Swedenborgian and New Church.

Akita dog[link]

When Keller visited Akita Prefecture in Japan in July 1937, she inquired about Hachikō, the famed Akita dog that had died in 1935. She told a Japanese person that she would like to have an Akita dog; one was given to her within a month, with the name of Kamikaze-go. When he died of canine distemper, his older brother, Kenzan-go, was presented to her as an official gift from the Japanese government in July 1938. Keller is credited with having introduced the Akita to the United States through these two dogs.

By 1939 a breed standard had been established and dog shows had been held, but such activities stopped after World War II began. Keller wrote in the Akita Journal:

Later life[link]

Keller suffered a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.^[1]

On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States' two highest civilian honors. In 1965 she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair.^[1]

Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut. A service was held in her honor at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and her ashes were placed there next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thompson.

Portrayals[link]

Keller's life has been interpreted many times. She appeared in a silent film, Deliverance (1919), which told her story in a melodramatic, allegorical style.^[28]

She was also the subject of the documentaries Helen Keller in Her Story, narrated by Katharine Cornell, and The Story of Helen Keller, part of the Famous Americans series produced by Hearst Entertainment.

The Miracle Worker is a cycle of dramatic works ultimately derived from her autobiography, The Story of My Life. The various dramas each describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan, depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feral wildness into education, activism, and intellectual celebrity. The common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker." Its first realization was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by William Gibson. He adapted it for a Broadway production in 1959 and an Oscar-winning feature film in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke. It was remade for television in 1979 and 2000.

In 1984, Helen Keller's life story was made into a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[29] This film that entailed the semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker recounts her college years and her early adult life. None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller's later life, although a Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality.

The Bollywood movie Black (2005) was largely based on Keller's story, from her childhood to her graduation. A documentary called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Foundation in the same year. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness, deafness and a severe speech impediment.

On March 6, 2008, the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, had escaped widespread attention.^[30] Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls, it is believed to be the earliest surviving photograph of Anne.^[31]

Posthumous honors[link]

Helen Keller as depicted on the Alabama state quarter

In 1999, Keller was listed in Gallup's Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century.

In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter.^[32]

The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama is dedicated to her.^[33]

There are streets named after Helen Keller in Getafe, Spain, in Lod, Israel^[34], in Lisbon, Portugal^[35] and in Caen, France.

A preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore, India, was originally named after Helen Keller by its founder K. K. Srinivasan.

On October 7, 2009, a bronze statue of Helen Keller was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection, as a replacement for the State of Alabama's former 1908 statue of the education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry. It is displayed in the United States Capitol Visitor Center and depicts Keller as a seven-year-old child standing at a water pump. The statue represents the seminal moment in Keller's life when she understood her first word: W-A-T-E-R, as signed into her hand by teacher Anne Sullivan. The pedestal base bears a quotation in raised letters and Braille characters: "The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched, they must be felt with the heart."^[36] The statue is the first one of a person with a disability and of a child to be permanently displayed at the U.S. Capitol.^[37][38][39]

See also[link]

• Helen Keller Services for the Blind

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Keller, Helen with Anne Sullivan and John A. Macy (1903) The Story of My Life. New York, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co.
• Lash, Joseph P. (1980) Helen and Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy . New York, NY: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-03654-8
• Herrmann, Dorothy (1998) Helen Keller: A Life. New York, NY: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44354-4
• "Keller, Helen Adams" World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Edinburgh. February 10, 2012 <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t142.e6208>

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Helen Keller

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Helen Keller

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Helen Keller

• The Story of My Life by Helen Keller at Project Gutenberg
• The Story of My Life with introduction to the text
• Works by or about Helen Keller in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Booknotes interview with Dorothy Herrmann on Helen Keller: A Life, October 25, 1998.

v t e Helen Keller Life history Ivy Green Tuscumbia, Alabama Laura Bridgman Alexander Graham Bell Schools attended Perkins School for the Blind Anne Sullivan Wright-Humason School for the Deaf Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing The Cambridge School of Weston Radcliffe College Related foundations Helen Keller International American Civil Liberties Union Helen Keller Services for the Blind Related works The Frost King The Story of My Life The World I Live In My Religion Light in My Darkness Deliverance Helen Keller in Her Story The Miracle Worker The Miracle Continues Black

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (December 2011)

Alexander Draper "Alex" Wolff (born November 1, 1997) is an American child actor and musician, currently playing in Nat and Alex Wolff. He is best known for his role as himself on the Nickelodeon series The Naked Brothers Band, also starring his older brother, Nat Wolff; the series was created by the boys' mother, Polly Draper. He also guest starred on Monk, in the episode Mr. Monk Goes Camping. He is also the boy played in the beginning of Fall Out Boy's music video for "The Take Over, The Break's Over"

Wolff was born in Manhattan, New York. He is the son of actress and screenwriter Polly Draper and jazz pianist and composer Michael Wolff, and is the younger brother of singer-songwriter, keyboardist, and actor Nat Wolff. His maternal grandfather is venture capitalist William Henry Draper III. His father is Jewish and his mother is Christian.^[1] Wolff got his middle name from his mother's maiden name of Draper.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Alex Wolff at the Internet Movie Database
• Alex Wolff on Myspace

This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (March 2011)

Sean Forbes
Sean at 54 Sound.
Background information
Birth name	Sean Forbes
Origin	Detroit, Michigan
Genres	Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, singer
Instruments	drums, hands
Years active	2005–
Labels	Web Entertainment
Website	www.deafandloud.com

Sean Forbes (born on February 5, 1982 in Detroit) is a deaf American hip-hop artist. Sean's parents bought him a drumset when he was 5 years old ^[1] and he started writing songs and playing guitar when he was 10. Sean attended R.I.T./N.T.I.D where he discovered that like himself many others who are deaf and hard-of-hearing loved music. In 2006 Sean co-founded D-PAN the Deaf Professional Arts Network a non profit organization aimed to make music and music culture accessible to the deaf and hard of hearing community.^[2] His dream of being a professional musician came true upon signing a record deal with the Bass Brothers who discovered Detroit Superstar Eminem ^[3] Sean's long time producer and collaborator is Jake Bass, together they have penned over 50 songs, many of which they perform live. Sean recently had Oscar award winning actress Marlee Matlin co-star in his music video for the song "Let's Mambo."

Sean is prominently featured on "Motor City Rising" a television show on the Ovation (TV Channel) about artists from Detroit.

Sean will soon be releasing a full-length CD/DVD album titled "Perfect Imperfection"

Music Videos/Discography[link]

• I’m Deaf (2010)
• Let's Mambo (2011)^[4]
• Hammer (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Facebook page
• Twitter page
• YouTube channel