- published: 10 Sep 2007
- views: 56835
- author: srekauq
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Auckland
The Auckland metropolitan area (
/ˈɔːklənd/, AWK-lənd), in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with 1,377,200 residents, 31 percent of the country's population. Auckland has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world. In Māori Auckland's names are Tāmaki Makaurau, and the transliterated version of Auckland, Ākarana.
The 2011 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland 3rd equal place in the world on its list, while the Economist's World's Most Livable Cities index of 2011 ranked Auckland in 9th place. In 2010, Auckland was classified as a Beta World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory by Loughborough University.
Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate major bodies of water.
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Benares
Varanasi Hindustani pronunciation: [ʋaːˈraːɳəsi] (
listen)), also commonly known as Banaras or Benaras (Banāras [bəˈnaːrəs] ( listen)) and Kashi, Kāśī [ˈkaːʃi] ( listen)), is a city situated on the banks of the River Ganges in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, 320 kilometres (199 mi) southeast of state capital Lucknow. It is regarded as a holy city by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the oldest in India.
The Kashi Naresh (Maharaja of Kashi) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi and an essential part of all religious celebrations. The culture of Varanasi is closely associated with the River Ganges and the river's religious importance. The city has been a cultural and religious centre in North India for several thousand years. The Benares Gharana form of the Indian classical music developed in Varanasi, and many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians resided or reside in Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath located near Varanasi (Kashi).
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Birmingham, UK
Birmingham (
i/ˈbɜrmɪŋəm/ BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɜrmɪŋɡəm/ BUR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 (2010 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 2,284,093 (2001 census). Birmingham's metropolitan area is also the United Kingdom's second most populous with a population of 3,683,000.
A medium-sized market town during the medieval period, Birmingham grew to international prominence in the 18th century at the heart of the Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution, which saw the town at the forefront of worldwide developments in science, technology and economic organisation, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society. By 1791 it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world". Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly-skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided a diverse and resilient economic base for industrial prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. Its resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of broad-based political radicalism, that under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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Brummana High School
Brummana High School is a secondary school in Lebanon. It is located in the village of Brummana, situated in Metn, Mount Lebanon, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east of the capital city Beirut.
This school was established in 1873, by the Quaker Theophilus Waldmeier (a Swiss missionary). Historically Quakers were among the pioneers in developing a modern form of learner-centred education which prized the worth and development of the whole child and student. With other educators, Quakers recognised that schooling involved far more than academic study.[citation needed] Today much internationally accepted good practice in education follows these principles. BHS remains a school which aims to follow the ideals and values of its Quaker founders.
Brummana High School has been licensed and accredited by the Lebanese Ministry of Education to be a coeducational, boarding and day school for students in the classes of the infant, primary, intermediate and secondary schools in 1947.
Theophilus Waldmeier, a German-Swiss missionary, first came to Mount Lebanon in 1867, during the time of the Ottoman rule, and was engaged as inspector of branch schools in Beirut, the mountains, and Damascus.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cockermouth
Coordinates: 54°39′41″N 3°21′43″W / 54.6613°N 3.3620°W / 54.6613; -3.3620
Cockermouth /ˈkɒkərməθ/ is an ancient market town and civil parish in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria, England, and is so named because it is at the confluence of the River Cocker as it flows into the River Derwent. The 2001 census records the population at that time as being 7,877.
Historically a part of Cumberland, Cockermouth is situated outside the English Lake District on its northwest fringe. Much of the architectural core of the town remains unchanged since the basic medieval layout was filled in the 18th and 19th centuries. The regenerated Market place is now a central historical focus within the town and reflects events during its eight hundred year history. The town is prone to flooding, being flooded in 2005 and again much more severely on 19th November 2009.
Cockermouth owes its existence to the confluence of the rivers Cocker and Derwent, being the lowest point, historically, at which the resultant fast flowing river powered by the Lake District could be bridged. Cockermouth is situated a few minutes travelling distance from lakes such as Ennerdale, Crummock Water, Loweswater, and Bassenthwaite.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Friendswood, Texas
Friendswood is a city in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. The city lies in Galveston and Harris counties. As of the 2010 census, the population of Friendswood was 35,805.
In 2007, CNN/Money Magazine rated Friendswood as one of "America's Best Places to Live."
Friendswood was founded in 1895 by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Today, Friendswood houses the Houston area headquarters for the Quaker Society.[citation needed]
Friendswood is located at 29°30′45″N 95°11′53″W / 29.5125°N 95.19806°W / 29.5125; -95.19806 (29.512532, -95.197933).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.9 square miles (54.1 km2), of which 20.7 square miles (53.7 km2) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km2), or 0.69%, is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 29,037 people, 10,107 households, and 8,085 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,381.2 people per square mile (533.4/km²). There were 10,405 housing units at an average density of 495.0 per square mile (191.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 90.09% White, 2.70% African American, 0.40% Native American, 2.39% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.79% from other races, and 1.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.79% of the population.
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Greenleaf, Idaho
Greenleaf is a city in Canyon County, Idaho, United States. The population was 862 at the 2000 census. Named after Quaker poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier.
Greenleaf is part of the Boise City–Nampa, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Greenleaf is located at 43°40′16″N 116°48′59″W / 43.67111°N 116.81639°W / 43.67111; -116.81639 (43.671142, -116.816480).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all of it land.
As of the census of 2000, there were 862 people, 277 households, and 219 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,190.1 people per square mile (462.3/km²). There were 284 housing units at an average density of 392.1 per square mile (152.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 74.59% White, 0.46% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 22.39% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.32% of the population.
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Guatemala
Guatemala (i/ˌɡwɑːtəˈmɑːlə/ GWAH-tə-MAH-lə), officially the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala [reˈpuβlika ðe ɣwateˈmala]), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km2 (42,043 mi2) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala de la Asunción, also known as Guatemala City. Guatemala's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contributes to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The former Mayan civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization, which continued throughout the Post-Classic period until the arrival of the Spanish. The Mayas live in Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, the southern part of Mexico and northern parts of El Salvador.
Guatemala became independent from Spain in 1821, joining the Mexican Empire. After it became an independent country in its own right, it was ruled by a series of dictators, assisted by the United Fruit Company. The late 20th century saw Guatemala embroiled in a 36-year-long civil war. Following the war, Guatemala has witnessed both economic growth and successful democratic elections. In the most recent election, held in 2011, Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, won the presidency.
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Huntley & Palmers
Huntley & Palmers was a British firm of biscuit makers originally based in Reading, Berkshire. The company created one of the world's first global brands and ran what was once the world’s largest biscuit factory. Over the years, the company was also known as J. Huntley & Son and Huntley & Palmer.
A biscuit business of the same name has recently been re-established in Sudbury, Suffolk. Since 1985 the New Zealand firm Griffin's Foods, make Huntley and Palmers biscuits under licence.
Huntley & Palmers was founded in 1822 by Joseph Huntley as J. Huntley & Son. Initially the business was a small biscuit baker and confectioner shop at number 72 London Street. At this time London Street was the main stage coach route from London to Bristol, Bath and the West Country. One of the main calling points of the stage coaches was the Crown Inn, opposite Joseph Huntley's shop and he started selling his biscuits to the travellers on the coaches. Because the biscuits were vulnerable to breakage on the coach journey, he started putting them in metal tins . Out of this innovation grew two businesses: Joseph's biscuit shop that was to become Huntley & Palmers, and Huntley, Bourne and Stevens, a firm of biscuit tin manufacturers founded by his younger son, also called Joseph.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Kaimosi
Kaimosi is a town in western Kenya, heavily influenced by Quakers.
It is located along the C39 road, 10 kilometres east of Chavakali and 30 kilometres west of Kapsabet
Coordinates: 0°08′N 34°52′E / 0.133°N 34.867°E / 0.133; 34.867
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Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
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Leighton Park School
Leighton Park School is a co-educational Quaker independent school for both day and boarding pupils. It is situated in the town of Reading in Berkshire, in South East England. The school was founded in 1890, following the closure of Grove House School, also a Quaker establishment.
The school is based in a parkland estate setting just south of the town centre of Reading, adjacent to the Whiteknights Park campus of the University of Reading. The school is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference. From 2009, the school has offered the International Baccalaureate qualification. In January 2011, John Dunston stepped down as Headmaster after over a decade in the post. He was succeeded by Alex McGrath, former deputy head of Trent College.
The latest edition of The Good Schools Guide describes Leighton Park as "one of the most distinctive schools we'd visited and we came away with a renewed sense of hope for the future. More schools would do well to adopt the LP model — it has integrity and honesty at heart". In December 2010, following inspection, the ISI wrote "The excellent personal development of the pupils is a strength of the school."
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Madegascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], French: République de Madagascar) is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in complete isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot in which over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by human settlement.
Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred from 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo who were later joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Manchester
Coordinates: 53°28′N 2°14′W / 53.467°N 2.233°W / 53.467; -2.233
Manchesteri/ˈmæntʃɛstər/ is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England with an estimated population of 498,800 in 2010. Manchester lies within one of the United Kingdom's largest urban areas; the Greater Manchester Urban Area which has a population of 2.2 million. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian and the local authority is Manchester City Council.
Manchester is situated in the south-central part of North West England, fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south and the Pennines to the north and east. The recorded history of Manchester began with the civilian settlement associated with the Roman fort of Mamucium, which was established in c. 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers Medlock and Irwell. Historically, most of the city was a part of Lancashire, although areas south of the River Mersey were in Cheshire. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a manorial township, but it began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city. An early 19th-century factory building boom transformed Manchester from a township into a major mill town and borough that was granted city status in 1853. In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was built, creating the Port of Manchester.
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Mombasa
Mombasa is the second-largest city in Kenya. Lying next to the Indian Ocean, it has a major port and an international airport. The city also serves as the centre of the coastal tourism industry.
Also known as Mombas in colonial times, its name derives from Manbasa. This was the Arabic name of the former sultanate of Mvita, which had its capital here. In modern times the town is the headquarters of Mombasa District, which, like most other districts in Kenya, is named after its chief town.
The city has a population of 939,370, as per the 2009 census,[citation needed] and is located on Mombasa Island, which is separated from the mainland by two creeks: Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. The island is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry and to the west by the Makupa Causeway, alongside which runs the Kenya-Uganda Railway. The port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the Ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, northwest of Changamwe area.
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Nelson, New Zealand
Nelson is a city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay, and is the economic and cultural centre of the Nelson-Tasman region. Established in 1841, it is the second oldest settled city in New Zealand and the oldest in the South Island.
Nelson received its name in honour of the Admiral Horatio Nelson who defeated both the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Many of the roads and public areas around the city are named after people and ships associated with that battle and Trafalgar Street is the main shopping axis of the city. Inhabitants of Nelson are referred to as Nelsonians.
Together with the town of Richmond, the Nelson Urban Area has a population of around 60,000 ranking it as New Zealand’s 9th most populous city and the geographical centre of New Zealand.
Nelson is well known for its arts and crafts, and each year hosts popular events such as the Nelson Arts Festival. The annual Wearable Art Awards began near Nelson and a museum, World of Wearable Art, is now housed close to Nelson Airport showcasing winning designs.
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Newberg, Oregon
Newberg is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. Located in the Portland metropolitan area, the city is home to George Fox University. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 22,110,[citation needed] making it the second most populous city in the county.
Ewing Young, after leading pioneering fur brigades in California, came to Portland in 1834 and settled on the west bank of the Willamette River near the mouth of Chehalem Creek, opposite of Champoeg. Young's home is believed to be the first house built by European-Americans on that side of the river. Later, Joseph Rogers settled near the Willamette River at what is now Newberg in 1848. The community was known early on as Chehalem, and later as Roger's Landing for Rogers who founded the settlement, and who died in 1855. In 1883, the community was platted. Incorporated in 1889, tradition holds[who?] that this town was named by its first postmaster, Sebastian Brutscher, for his former hometown of Neuberg in Germany. One of the current streets, Brutscher Street, is named after him.
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Pemba Island
Pemba Island, known as "The Green Island" in Arabic (الجزيرة الخضراء), is an island forming part of the Zanzibar Archipelago, lying off the east coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. It is situated about 50 kilometres to the north of the Unguja (the island proper of Zanzibar). In 1964 Zanzibar was united with the former colony of Tanganyika to form Tanzania. It lies 50 kilometres east of mainland Tanzania, across the Pemba Channel. Together with Mafia Island (south of Zanzibar), these three islands form the Spice Islands (not to be confused with the Maluku Islands of Indonesia). In 1988, the estimated population was 265,000, with an area of 980 km².
Most of the island, which is hillier and more fertile than Zanzibar, is dominated by small scale farming. There is also large scale farming of cash crops such as cloves — there are over 3 million clove trees.
In previous years the island was seldom visited due to inaccessibility and a reputation for political violence, with the notable exception of those drawn by its reputation as a center for traditional medicine and witchcraft. There is a quite large Arab community on the island who immigrated from Oman. The population is a mix of Arab and original Waswahili inhabitants of the island. A significant portion of the population also identifies as Shirazi people.
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Penn Treaty Park
Penn Treaty Park is a small park on the western bank of the Delaware river, in the Fishtown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at the intersection of Delaware (Columbus) Avenue and Beach Street, just off Delaware Avenue.
The southern part of the park consists of a walkway surrounding an open green favored by dog walkers and lunchtime picnickers. A stand of mature trees shades the northern part of the park. At the river's edge, the park provides an unimpeded view of the full span of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge that connects Philadelphia to the city of Camden, New Jersey. Directly to the north is a power-generating station owned and operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO). Bordering the southern edge of the park there was a nightclub with part of its facilities built on a reclaimed pier that stretches out into the river, however this is gone and will soon become a condominium development. An iron and concrete fishing pier used to extend out into the river, but it was seriously damaged by an out-of-control barge, fenced off for a while and then eventually done away with.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( /ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the county seat of Philadelphia County, with which it is coterminous. The city is located in the Northeastern United States along the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. It is the fifth-most-populous city in the United States, with a population of 1,526,006 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. Philadelphia is also the commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Delaware Valley, home to 6 million people and the country's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The Philadelphia metropolitan division consists of five counties in Pennsylvania and has a population of 4,008,994. Popular nicknames for Philadelphia are Philly and The City of Brotherly Love, the latter of which comes from the literal meaning of the city's name in Greek (Greek: Φιλαδέλφεια ([pʰilaˈdelpʰeːa], Modern Greek: [filaˈðelfia]) "brotherly love", compounded from philos (φίλος) "loving", and adelphos (ἀδελφός) "brother").
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Quaker Tapestry
The Quaker Tapestry consists of 77 panels illustrating the history of Quakerism from the 17th century up to the present day. The idea of Quaker Anne Wynn-Wilson, the tapestry has a permanent home at the Friends Meeting House at Kendal, Cumbria, England.
The design was heavily influenced by the Bayeux Tapestry, and includes similar design choices, including three horizontal divisions within panels, embroidered outlines for faces and hands, and solid infilling of clothing, which is embroidered in the Bayeux Technique. The tapestry is worked in crewel embroidery using woolen yarns on a handwoven woolen background. In addition to using four historic and well-known stitches (Split Stitch, Stem Stitch, Chain Stitch, and Peking Knot), Wynn-Wilson invented a new corded stitch, known as Quaker Stitch, to allow for tight curves on the lettering.
Each panel measures 25 inches wide by 21 inches tall.
4,000 men, women and children from 15 countries worked on the panels between 1981 and 1989.
Panels have been toured in traveling exhibitions including a North American tour in 1993/1994. An exhibition of 39 panels in Ely Cathedral in 2012 attracted 11,273 visitors during its 27 day stay.
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Ramallah
Ramallah (Arabic: رام الله (help·info) Rāmallāh) (literally "Height of God") is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank located 10 kilometers (6 miles) north of Jerusalem, adjacent to al-Bireh. It currently serves as the de facto administrative capital of the Palestinian National Authority. With a population of nearly 25,500, Ramallah was historically a Christian town, but today Muslims form the majority of the population, with a strong Christian minority.
Modern Ramallah was founded in the mid-16th century by the Haddadins, a Jordanian tribe of brothers descended from Ghassanid Christian Arabs. The Haddadins, led by Rashid Haddadin, arrived from east of the Jordan River near the Jordanian town of Shoubak. The Haddadin migration is attributed to fighting and unrest among clans in that area. According to modern living descendents of original Haddadin family members, Rashid's brother Sabra Haddadin was hosting Emir Ibn Kaysoom, head of a powerful Muslim clan in the region, when Sabra's wife gave birth to a baby girl. According to custom, the Emir proposed a betrothal to his own young son when they came of age. Sabra believed the proposal was in jest, as Muslim-Christian marriages were not customary, and gave his word. When the Emir later came to the Haddadins and demanded that they fulfill their promise, they refused. This set off bloody conflict between the two families. The Haddadins fled west and settled on the hilltops of Ramallah, where only a few Muslim families lived at the time. Today, a large community of people descended directly from the Haddadins live in the United States. The town is now predominately Muslim.
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Rhode Island
Rhode Island (i/ˌroʊd ˈaɪlɨnd/ or /rɵˈdaɪlɨnd/), officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the 8th least populous, but the 2nd most densely populated of the 50 United States. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west and Massachusetts to the north and east, and it shares a water boundary with New York's Long Island to the southwest.
Rhode Island was the first of the 13 original colonies to declare independence from British rule, declaring itself independent on May 4, 1776, two months before any other state in the whole U.S. and the convention. The state was also the last to ratify the United States Constitution.
Rhode Island's official nickname is "The Ocean State", a reference to the state's geography, since Rhode Island has several large bays and inlets that amount to about 14% of its total area. Its land area is 1,045 square miles (2706 km2), but its total area is significantly larger.
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Richmond, Indiana
Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/) is a city largely within Wayne Township, Wayne County, in east central Indiana, United States, which borders Ohio. The city also includes the Richmond Municipal Airport, which is in Boston Township and separated from the rest of the city. It is sometimes called the "cradle of recorded jazz" because some early jazz records were made here at the studio of Gennett Records, a division of the Starr Piano Company.
Richmond is the county seat of Wayne County. The city's 2010 population was 36,812. Like many cities that formerly depended on manufacturing, Richmond is having to create a new economy. Its rich architectural heritage and Main Street attest to a strong base. The city has twice received the All-America City Award, most recently in a youth-initiated 2009 effort.
Richmond is located at 39°49′49″N 84°53′26″W / 39.830189°N 84.890668°W / 39.830189; -84.890668.
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 24.07 square miles (62.3 km2), of which 23.92 square miles (62.0 km2) (or 99.38%) is land and 0.16 square miles (0.41 km2) (or 0.66%) is water.
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Rwanda
Rwanda /ruːˈɑːndə/ or /ruːˈændə/, officially the Republic of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.7 million (2012). Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All of Rwanda is at high elevation, with a geography dominated by mountains in the west, savanna in the east, and numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons every year.
The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density among the highest in Africa. Rwandans form three groups: the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The Twa are a pygmy people who descend from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, but scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi; some believe that they are derived from former social castes, while others view them as being races or tribes. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, and the principal language is Kinyarwanda, which is spoken by most Rwandans. Rwanda has a presidential system of government. The President is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Rwanda has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries, but human rights organisations allege suppression of opposition groups, intimidation, and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country has been governed by a strict administrative hierarchy since precolonial times; there are currently five provinces, which are delineated by borders drawn in 2006.
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Sibford School
Sibford School is a British co-educational independent school in Sibford Ferris, west of Banbury in Oxfordshire, linked with the Religious Society of Friends. The school has both day and boarding pupils between the ages of 3 and 18.
Sibford School was founded in 1842 as a co-educational boarding school for the children of Quaker families. It is set in more than 50 acres (200,000 m2) of grounds surrounded by the Oxfordshire countryside.
Today this independent school accommodates both boarders and day pupils, of all faiths and none, and in September 2011 had more than 420 pupils.
The Quaker values of the school, which seek to recognise "that of God in everyone", remain at the heart of school life.[citation needed] Head, Michael Goodwin commented, "We believe passionately in the uniqueness of every pupil and know it is our job to seek out and nurture their gifts and develop their confidence to meet the challenges of the 21st century."[citation needed]
The main building (The Hill) was opened be Dame Elizabeth Cadbury in 1930.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Swansea
Swansea ( /ˈswɒnzi/ SWONZ-ee; Welsh: Abertawe [abɛrˈtauɛ], "mouth of the Tawe") is a coastal city and county in Wales. Swansea is in the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county area includes the Gower Peninsula and the Lliw uplands. Swansea had a population of 169,880 in 2001 and is the second most populous city in Wales after Cardiff and the third most populous county in Wales after Cardiff and Rhondda Cynon Taf. During its 19th century industrial heyday, Swansea was one of the key centres of the world copper industry, earning the nickname 'Copperopolis'.
Archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula, and include items from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Romans reached the area, as did the Vikings.
Swansea is thought to have originally developed as a Viking trading post. Some think that its name is derived from Sveinn's island (Old Norse: Sveinsey) – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, or perhaps an area of raised ground in marshes. An alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name 'Sweyn' and 'ey', which can mean inlet. The name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. The Welsh name first appears in Welsh poems at the beginning of the 13th century, as "Aber Tawy".
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
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The Retreat
The Retreat, commonly known as the York Retreat, is a place in England for the treatment of people with mental health needs. Located in Lamel Hill in York, it operates as a not for profit charitable organisation.
Opened in 1796, it is famous for having pioneered the humane treatment and moral treatment that became a model for asylums around the world. Founded by William Tuke, it was originally run by and for Quakers but gradually became open to everyone. It inspired other progressive facilities such as the American Brattleboro Retreat, Hartford Retreat and Friends Hospital. The present day Retreat seeks to retain the essence of early moral treatment, while applying the principles to a modern healthcare setting.
The York Retreat developed from the English Quaker community both as a reaction against the harsh, inhumane treatment common to other asylums of that era, and as a model of Quaker therapeutic beliefs. A common belief at the time was that the mad were wild beasts. The recommended medical practices included debilitating purges, painful blistering, long-term immobilization by manacles, and sudden immersion in cold baths - all administered in regimes of fear, terror and brutality. But the Quakers maintained that the humanity and inner light of a person could never be extinguished. A specific trigger was the death in 1790 of a Quaker, Hannah Mills, a few weeks after she had been admitted to the York Asylum (now known as Bootham Park Hospital). The asylum had not let her friends or family visit her, and they became suspicious. Visiting afterwards to investigate the conditions, the Quakers found that the patients were treated worse than animals.
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Uganda
Coordinates: 1°17′N 32°23′E / 1.28°N 32.39°E / 1.28; 32.39
Uganda (
/juːˈɡændə/ yew-GAN-də or /juːˈɡɑːndə/ yew-GAHN-də), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by Kenya and Tanzania.
Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country including the capital Kampala.
The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962.
The official languages are English and Swahili, although multiple other languages are spoken in the country.
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UK
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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USA
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Varanasi
Varanasi Hindustani pronunciation: [ʋaːˈraːɳəsi] ( listen)), also commonly known as Banaras or Benaras (Banāras [bəˈnaːrəs] ( listen)) and Kashi, Kāśī [ˈkaːʃi] ( listen)), is a city situated on the banks of the River Ganges in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, 320 kilometres (199 mi) southeast of state capital Lucknow. It is regarded as a holy city by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the oldest in India.
The Kashi Naresh (Maharaja of Kashi) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi and an essential part of all religious celebrations. The culture of Varanasi is closely associated with the River Ganges and the river's religious importance. The city has been a cultural and religious centre in North India for several thousand years. The Benares Gharana form of the Indian classical music developed in Varanasi, and many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians resided or reside in Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath located near Varanasi (Kashi).
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become the national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.
A new capital city named after George Washington was founded in 1791 to the east of the preexisting port of Georgetown. Congress consolidated the City of Washington, Georgetown, and the remaining unincorporated area within the District under a single municipal government in 1871. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, located on the country's Pacific coast.
Washington, D.C., had an estimated population of 617,996 in 2011. The city was the 24th most populous place in the United States as of 2010. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the city's population to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.
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Wem
Coordinates: 52°51′20″N 2°43′30″W / 52.8555°N 2.725°W / 52.8555; -2.725
Wem is a small market town in Shropshire, England. It is the administrative centre for the northern area committee of Shropshire Council, which has its headquarters at Edinburgh House in the centre of Wem.Wem railway station is on the Shrewsbury to Crewe railway line. Nine miles south of the town is the county town of Shropshire, Shrewsbury.
The civil parish which constitutes the town is Wem Urban - see also Wem Rural.
The area now known as Wem is believed to have been settled prior to the Roman Conquest of Britain, by the Cornovii, Celtic Iron Age settlers. The town is recorded in the Domesday Book as consisting of four manors. In 1202, Wem became a market town.
The town supported the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was subject to an attack by Lord Capel, in which the town held off the attackers. In 1677, a fire destroyed many of the wooden buildings in the town.
Within the town the sweet pea was first born, under the name the Eckford Sweet Pea, after its inventor, nursery-man Henry Eckford. He first introduced a variety of the sweet pea in 1882, and set up in Wem in 1888, developing and producing many varieties. There is a road to signify the Eckford name, called Eckford Park (within Wem). Each year, the Eckford Sweet Pea Society of Wem hold a sweet pea festival. In Victorian times, the town was known as "Wem, where the sweet peas grow".[citation needed]
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West Jersey
West Jersey and East Jersey were two distinct parts of the Province of New Jersey. The political division existed for 28 years, between 1674 and 1702. Determination of an exact location for a border between West Jersey and East Jersey was often a matter of dispute.
The Delaware Valley had been inhabited by the Lenape (or Delaware) Indians prior to exploration and settlement starting around 1609 by the Dutch, Swedish and English. The Dutch West India Company had established one or two Delaware River settlements but by the late 1620s had moved most of their inhabitants to Manhattan which became the center of New Netherlands.
The development of the colony of New Sweden in the lower Delaware began in 1638. Most of the Swedish population was on the west side of the Delaware, but after the New Netherlands' Fort Nassau was re-established to challenge the Swedes, Fort Nya Elfsborg was established in present day Salem County. Fort Nya Elfsborg was located between present day Salem and Alloway Creek near Bridgeport. The New Sweden colony established two primary settlements in New Jersey: Sveaborg, now Swedesboro and Nya Stockholm, now Bridgeport. Trinity Church, located in Swedesboro, was the site of the Church of Sweden for the area.
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Whittier, California
Whittier is a city in Los Angeles County, California about 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Los Angeles. The city had a population of 85,331 at the 2010 census, up from 83,680 as of the 2000 census, and encompasses 14.7 square miles (38.0 square kilometers). Like nearby Montebello, the city constitutes part of the Gateway Cities. Whittier was incorporated in February 1898, although it was first settled in 1887, and became a charter city in 1955. The city is named for the poet John Greenleaf Whittier and is home to Whittier College.
Whittier's roots can be traced to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto. In 1784, Nieto received a Spanish land grant of 300,000 acres (1,200 km2), Rancho Los Nietos, as a reward for his military service and to encourage settlement in California. The area of Nieto's land grant was reduced in 1790 as the result of a dispute with Mission San Gabriel. Nonetheless, Nieto still had claim to 167,000 acres (680 km2) stretching from the hills north of Whittier, Fullerton and Brea, south to the Pacific ocean, and from what is known today as the Los Angeles River east to the Santa Ana River. Nieto built a rancho for his family near Whittier, and purchased cattle and horses for his ranch and also planted cornfields. When Nieto died in 1804, his children inherited their father's property.
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York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
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Abraham Darby I
Abraham Darby I (14 April 1678 – 8 March 1717) was the first, and most famous, of three generations with that name in an English Quaker family that played an important role in the Industrial Revolution. He developed a method of producing pig iron in a blast furnace fuelled by coke rather than charcoal. This was a major step forward in the production of iron as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution.
Abraham Darby was the son of John Darby, a yeoman farmer and locksmith by trade, and his wife Ann Baylies. He was born at Wren's Nest, Woodsetton, Staffordshire, just across the county boundary from Dudley, Worcestershire. He was descended from nobility; his great-grandmother Jane was an illegitimate child of Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley.
Abraham's great-grandmother was a sister of the whole blood to Dud Dudley, who claimed to have smelted iron using coke as a fuel. Unfortunately, the iron that Dudley produced was not acceptable to the charcoal ironmasters. However, this may have inspired his great-grandnephew Darby to perfect this novel method of smelting.
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Anthony Benezet
Anthony Benezet, or Antoine Bénézet (January 31, 1713 - May 3, 1784), was a French-born American educator and abolitionist.
Anthony Benezet was born in Saint-Quentin, France, on 31 January 1713. His family were Huguenots. Because of the persecution of Protestants after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, his family decided to leave France. They moved first to Rotterdam, then briefly to Greenwich, then to London. In 1727 Benezet joined the Religious Society of Friends. In 1731 the Benezet family immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in North America.
Anthony Benezet and John Woolman were the earliest American abolitionists. Like Woolman, Benezet was also an advocate of war tax resistance.
In Philadelphia, Benezet worked to convince his Quaker brethren that slave-owning was not consistent with Christian doctrine. He believed that the British ban on slavery should be extended to the colonies (and later to the independent states) in North America.
After several years as a failed merchant, in 1739 Benezet began teaching at a Germantown school. In 1742, he moved to the Friends' English School of Philadelphia (now the William Penn Charter School). In 1750 he added night classes for black slaves to his schedule.
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Boston martyrs
The Boston martyrs is the name given in Quaker tradition to the three English members of the Society of Friends, Marmaduke Stephenson, William Robinson and Mary Dyer, and to the Friend William Leddra of Barbados, who were condemned to death and executed by public hanging for their religious beliefs under the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1659, 1660 and 1661. Several other Friends lay under sentence of death at Boston in the same period, but had their punishments commuted to that of being whipped out of the colony from town to town.
"The hanging of Mary Dyer on the Boston gallows in 1660 marked the beginning of the end of the Puritan theocracy and New England independence from English rule. In 1661 King Charles II explicitly forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism. In 1684 England revoked the Massachusetts charter, sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686, and in 1689 passed a broad Toleration act."
The settlement of Boston was founded by Puritan chartered colonists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop, and acquired the name of Boston soon after the arrival of the Winthrop Fleet in 1630. It was named after Boston, Lincolnshire in England. During the 1640s, as the English Civil War reached its climax, the founder of English Quakerism George Fox (1624–1691) discovered his religious vocation. Under the Puritan English Commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell, the Quakers in England were persecuted, and during the 1650s various parties of Quakers left England as 'Publishers of Truth'.[citation needed]
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Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit and Pāli). The Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end ignorance (avidyā), craving (taṇhā), and suffering (dukkha), by recognizing dependent origination and sunyata, and attain Nirvana.
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tiantai (Tendai) and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications, Vajrayana—practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana. There are other categorisations of these three Vehicles or Yanas.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Edward Hicks
Edward Hicks (April 4, 1780 – August 23, 1849) was an American folk painter and distinguished minister of the Society of Friends. He became a Quaker icon because of his paintings.
Edward Hicks was born in his grandfather's mansion at Attleboro (now Langhorne), in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. His parents were Anglican. Isaac Hicks, his father, was a Loyalist who was left without any money after the British defeat in the Revolutionary War. After young Edward's mother died when he was eighteen months old, Matron Elizabeth Twining – a close friend of his mother's – raised him as one of her own. She also taught him the Quaker beliefs, which had a great effect on the rest of his life.
At the age of thirteen Hicks began an apprenticeship to coach makers William and Henry Tomlinson. He stayed with them for seven years, during which he learned the craft of coach painting. In 1800 he left the Tomlinson firm to earn his living independently as a house and coach painter, and in 1801 he moved to Milford to work for Joshua C. Canby, a coach maker.
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Elias Hicks
Elias Hicks (March 19, 1748 – February 27, 1830) was an itinerant Quaker preacher from Long Island, New York. He promoted doctrines that embroiled him in controversy that led to the first major schism within the Religious Society of Friends. Elias Hicks was the older cousin of the painter Edward Hicks, also known then as a Quaker preacher.
Elias Hicks was born at Rockaway, Long Island, New York. Hicks's parents were not Friends themselves. He came to the Society at about the age of twenty, after being convinced by its beliefs and practices.
Hicks married Jemima Seaman January 2, 1771. They moved to her family farm, which Hicks eventually took over when his parents-in-law died. The Hicks' had eleven children: Martha, David, Elias, Phebe, Abigail, Jonothan, John, Elizabeth, Sarah, and one who died at birth. Only four of his children married.[citation needed]
At about the age of twenty-seven, Hicks was recognized as a preacher by the Friends in his meeting. He was regarded as a very gifted speaker, with a strong voice, great poise, and dramatic flair.
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First World War
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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George Fox
George Fox (July 1624 – 13 January 1691) was an English Dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends.
The son of a Leicestershire weaver, Fox lived in a time of great social upheaval and war. He rebelled against the religious and political authorities by proposing an unusual and uncompromising approach to the Christian faith. He travelled throughout Britain as a dissenting preacher, for which he was often persecuted by the authorities who disapproved of his beliefs.
Fox married Margaret Fell, the widow of one of his wealthier supporters; she was a leading Friend. His ministry expanded and he undertook tours of North America and the Low Countries, between which he was imprisoned for over a year. He spent the final decade of his life working in London to organize the expanding Quaker movement.
Though his movement attracted disdain from some, others such as William Penn and Oliver Cromwell viewed Fox with respect. His journal, first published after his death, is known even among non-Quakers for its vivid account of his personal journey.
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Hannah Whitall Smith
Hannah Tatum Whitall Smith (February 7, 1832 – May 1, 1911) was a lay speaker and author in the Holiness movement in the United States and the Higher Life movement in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. She was also active in the Women’s suffrage movement and the Temperance movement.
Born in Philadelphia, Smith was from a long line of prominent and influential Quakers in New Jersey. Hannah Tatum Whitall was the daughter of John Mickle Whitall and Mary Tatum Whitall. Her most famous ancestor was Ann Cooper Whitall.
On November 5, 1851 Hannah married Robert Pearsall Smith, a man who also descended from a long line of prominent Quakers in the region. The Smiths settled in Germantown, Pennsylvania. They left the Quakers in 1858 after undergoing a Christian conversion. The Smiths were highly influenced firstly by the Plymouth Brethren, and then by the Methodist revivalists. They adopted the Wesleyan doctrine of sanctification. They were also influenced by William E. Boardman, who wrote The Higher Christian Life (1858).
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Isaac Crewdson
Isaac Crewdson (6 June 1780 – 8 May 1844) was a minister of the Quaker meeting in Manchester who published a book, A Beacon to the Society of Friends, that triggered a split that affected Quakers throughout England. The book was said to have "set off ... a volcanic explosion".
Isaac Crewdson was born in 1780 in Kendal but moved in his teens to Manchester. He successfully entered the cotton trade and became a mill owner. He had been brought up in the Society of Friends but it was not until later that he became empowered by evangelism.
Crewdson married Elizabeth Jowitt of Leeds in about 27 July 1803 and he was said to be related to many Quakers around the country. He rose to be a traditionalist Quaker minister from 1816 in the Society of Friends although his convictions were later questioned by his studies. In January 1835 he published, at a book fair in Frankfurt, A Beacon to the Society of Friends which highlighted a dichotomy he saw between the Bible's teachings and the doctrines of his church.
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Jesus
Jesus ( /ˈdʒiːzəs/; Greek: Ἰησοῦς; 7–2 BC/BCE to 30–36 AD/CE), also referred to as Jesus Christ or simply Christ, is the central figure of Christianity and most Christian denominations venerate him as God the Son incarnated. In Islam, Jesus (in Arabic: عيسى in Islamic usage, commonly transliterated as Isa) is considered one of God's important prophets.
Most modern historians agree that Jesus existed and was a Jewish teacher from Galilee in Roman Judaea, who was baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the orders of the Roman Prefect, Pontius Pilate. Scholars have offered competing descriptions and portraits of Jesus, which at times share a number of overlapping attributes, such as a rabbi, a charismatic healer, the leader of an apocalyptic movement, a self-described Messiah, a sage and philosopher, or a social reformer who preached of the "Kingdom of God" as a means for personal and egalitarian social transformation. Scholars have correlated the New Testament accounts with non-Christian historical records to arrive at an estimated chronology of Jesus' life.
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John Wesley
John Wesley ( /ˈwɛzlɪ/; 28 June [O.S. 17 June] 1703 – 2 March 1791) was a Church of England cleric and Christian theologian. Wesley is largely credited, along with his brother Charles Wesley, as founding the Methodist movement which began when he took to open-air preaching in a similar manner to George Whitefield. In contrast to George Whitefield's Calvinism, Wesley embraced the Arminian doctrines that were dominant in the 18th-century Church of England. Methodism in both forms was a highly successful evangelical movement in the United Kingdom, which encouraged people to experience Jesus Christ personally.
Wesley's teachings, known as Wesleyanism, provided the seeds for both the modern Methodist movement, the Holiness movement, Pentecostalism, the Charismatic Movement, and Neo-charismatic churches, which encompass numerous denominations across the world. In addition, he refined Arminianism with a strong evangelical emphasis on the Reformed doctrine of justification by faith.
Wesley helped to organize and form societies of Christians throughout England, Scotland, Wales, North America and Ireland as small groups that developed intensive, personal accountability, discipleship and religious instruction among members. His great contribution was to appoint itinerant, unordained preachers who travelled widely to evangelise and care for people in the societies. Young men who acted as their assistants, known as "exhorters", emulated the twelve apostles after the ascension of Jesus.[citation needed]
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John Woolman
John Woolman (October 19, 1720 – October 7, 1772) was an American itinerant Quaker preacher who traveled throughout the American colonies and in England, advocating against cruelty to animals, economic injustices and oppression, conscription, military taxation, and particularly slavery and the slave trade.
John Woolman came from a family of Friends (Quakers). His grandfather, also named John Woolman, was one of the early colonial settlers of New Jersey. His father Samuel Woolman was a farmer. Their estate was between Burlington and Mount Holly Township in that colony.
In his Journal, John Woolman related a story about a major turning point in his life. During his youth he happened upon a robin's nest with hatchlings in it. Woolman, as many young people would do, began throwing rocks at the mother robin just to see if he could hit her. He ended up killing the mother bird, but then remorse filled him as he thought of the baby birds who had no chance of surviving without her. He got the nest down from the tree and quickly killed the hatchlings — believing it to be the most merciful thing to do. This experience weighed on his heart, and inspired in him a love and protectiveness for all living things from then on.
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Katherine Milhous
Katherine Milhous (1894–1977) was an American writer, illustrator and artist. She is best known as the author and illustrator of The Egg Tree, which won the Caldecott Medal for the "most distinguished" picture book for children of 1951. Born into a Quaker family active in the printing industry in Philadelphia, Milhous is also known for her graphic designs for the Works Progress Administration(WPA). Her work has been exhibited at the 1939 New York World's Fair and at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Katherine Milhous was born Nov. 27, 1894 to Osborn and Katherine Daly Milhous of Philadelphia, Quakers who made their living as printers. When she was young they moved to Pitman, a small camp-meeting town in New Jersey. She returned to Philadelphia to attend the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art. Milhous helped support her schooling by illustrating magazines. In 1934, while at the Academy of Fine Arts, she won the Cresson Traveling Fellowship, which allowed her to study overseas. She then returned to Philadelphia where, for forty years, she shared a studio with friend and fellow-artist Frances Lichten.
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Kenneth E. Boulding
Kenneth Ewart Boulding (January 18, 1910 – March 18, 1993) was an economist, educator, peace activist, poet, religious mystic, devoted Quaker, systems scientist, and interdisciplinary philosopher. He was cofounder of General Systems Theory and founder of numerous ongoing intellectual projects in economics and social science. He was married to Elise M. Boulding.
Boulding was born in Liverpool, England in 1910. He graduated from Oxford University, and was granted United States citizenship in 1948. During the years 1949 to 1967, he was a faculty member of the University of Michigan. In 1967, he joined the faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he remained until his retirement.
Boulding was president of numerous scholarly societies including the American Economic Association, the Society for General Systems Research, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was not only a prolific writer and a creative integrator of knowledge, but an academician of world stature—indeed, a magisterial figure in the discipline of social science. For Boulding, economics and sociology were not social sciences—rather, they were all aspects of a single social science devoted to the study of human persons and their relationships (organizations). Boulding spearheaded an evolutionary (instead of equilibrium) approach to economics.
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Levi Coffin
Levi Coffin (October 28, 1798 – September 16, 1877) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, and businessman. Coffin was deeply involved in the Underground Railroad in Indiana and Ohio and his home is often called "Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad". He was nicknamed "President of the Underground Railroad" because of the thousands of slaves that are reported to have passed through his care while escaping their masters.
Born in the Southern United States, Coffin was exposed to and developed an opposition to slavery as a child. He followed his family and immigrated to Indiana from North Carolina in 1826 following a persecution of the Quakers by the slave-holders. In Indiana he quickly became a local business leader as a merchant and farmer. The wealth he accumulated allowed him to become a major investor in the Richmond branch of the Bank of Indiana where he served as director during the 1830s. His position in the community allowed him to provide most of the funds necessary to supply food, clothing, and transportation for the Underground Railroad operations in his region.
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Lucretia Mott
Lucretia Coffin Mott (January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and a social reformer.
Lucretia Coffin was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, the second child of six by Anna Folger and Thomas Coffin. At the age of thirteen, she was sent to the Nine Partners Quaker Boarding School in what is now Millbrook, Dutchess County, New York, which was run by the Society of Friends. There she became a teacher after graduation. Her interest in women's rights began when she discovered that male teachers at the school were paid three times as much as the female staff. After her family moved to Philadelphia, she and James Mott, another teacher at Nine Partners, followed.
On April 10, 1811, Lucretia Coffin married James Mott at Pine Street Meeting in Philadelphia. They had six children. Their second child, Thomas Coffin, died at age two. Their surviving children all became active in the anti-slavery and other reform movements.
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Margaret Fell
Margaret Fell or Margaret Fox (1614 – 23 April 1702) was a founder of the Religious Society of Friends. Known popularly as the "mother of Quakerism", she is considered one of the Valiant Sixty early Quaker preachers and missionaries.
She was born Margaret Askew in Dalton-in-Furness, a small town in the north of England. (Dalton was then in Lancashire and is now in Cumbria). She married Thomas Fell, a barrister, in 1632, and became the lady of Swarthmore Hall. In 1641, Thomas became a Justice of the Peace for Lancashire, then in 1645 he became a member of Parliament. Thomas Fell ceased to be a member from 1647 to 1649 when he disapproved of Oliver Cromwell's assumption of authority.
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Mehmed IV
Mehmed IV Modern Turkish Mehmet (Ottoman Turkish: محمد رابع Meḥmed-i rābi‘; also known as Avcı Mehmed, Mehmed the Hunter; January 2, 1642 – January 6, 1693) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. Taking the throne at age six, his reign was significant as he changed the nature of the Sultan's position forever by giving up most of his executive power to his Grand Vizier.
Born at Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, in 1642, he was the son of Sultan Ibrahim (1640–48) by Valide Sultan Turhan Hatice, a Ruthenian (Ukrainian) concubine, and the grandson of Kösem Sultan of Greek origin. Soon after his birth, his father and mother quarreled, and Ibrahim was so enraged that he tore Mehmed from his mother's arms and flung the infant into a cistern. Fortunately, Mehmed was rescued by the harem servants. His father's actions resulted in Mehmed cutting his head, which left him with a lifelong scar.
Mehmed ascended to the throne in 1648 at the age of only six. His ascension marked the end of a very volatile time for the Ottoman Dynasty; there had been a Mustafa I deposed twice and two Sultans killed, including Mehmed’s father and predecessor, Ibrahim I.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire or Turkish Empire or Sublime Ottoman State or sometimes also referred to as Turkey (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (also عثمانلى دولتى Osmanlı Devleti),Modern Turkish: Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was a Turkish empire which lasted from 27 July 1299 to 1 November 1922, when the Sultanate was abolished.
The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest and longest lasting empires in history; such that the Ottoman State, its politics, conflicts, and cultural heritage in a vast geography provide one of the longest continuous narratives. During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary (modern Slovakia) and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, some of which were later absorbed into the empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.
wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Puritan
The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, including, but not limited to, English Calvinists. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms. Historically, the word was used pejoratively to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564, Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of modern "stickler".
Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion, but their views were taken by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands and later New England, and by evangelical clergy to Ireland and later into Wales, and were spread into lay society by preaching and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive views on clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarian views in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.
wn.com/Puritan -
Puritanism
The Puritans were a significant grouping of English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries, including, but not limited to, English Calvinists. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some Marian exiles from the clergy shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England. The designation "Puritan" is often incorrectly used, notably based on the assumption that hedonism and puritanism are antonyms. Historically, the word was used pejoratively to characterize the Protestant group as extremists similar to the Cathari of France, and according to Thomas Fuller in his Church History dated back to 1564, Archbishop Matthew Parker of that time used it and "precisian" with the sense of modern "stickler".
Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion, but their views were taken by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands and later New England, and by evangelical clergy to Ireland and later into Wales, and were spread into lay society by preaching and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the University of Cambridge. They took on distinctive views on clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the Synod of Dort were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted Sabbatarian views in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism.
wn.com/Puritanism -
Rufus Jones (writer)
Rufus Matthew Jones (January 25, 1863–June 16, 1948) was an American writer, magazine editor, philosopher, and college professor. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Haverford Emergency Unit (a pre-cursor to the American Friends Service Committee). One of the most influential Quakers of the 20th century, he was a Quaker historian and theologian as well as a philosopher. He is the only person to have delivered two Swarthmore Lectures.
Jones was born into an old Quaker family in South China, Maine. In 1885 he graduated from Haverford College in Pennsylvania, and stayed on to earn his M.A. there in 1886. From 1893 to 1912 he was the editor of the Friends' Review (later called The American Friend); from this position he tried unsuccessfully to unite the divided body of Quakers. In 1901 Jones received another M. A. from Harvard. He also began teaching philosophy and psychology at Haverford in 1893 and continued to do so until retiring in 1934. From 1898 to 1936 he served on the board of trustees of Bryn Mawr College.
wn.com/Rufus_Jones_(writer) -
Sampson Lloyd
There are three generations of Sampson Lloyd in the Lloyd family of Birmingham, England. The second co-founded Lloyds Bank.
Sampson Lloyd I and Mary (née Crowley, sister of Ambrose Crowley), Quakers of Welsh origin, moved from their Leominster, Herefordshire farm in 1698 to Edgbaston Street in Birmingham.
After the death of Sampson I in 1725 his sons Charles and Sampson II bought the Town Mill and traded in iron. Sampson II (1699–1779) also bought a forge in Burton upon Trent. After Charles' death in 1741, Sampson II became wealthy and in 1742 bought an Elizabethan house in (then rural) Sparkbrook called "The Farm" for £1,290. He built a Georgian house there, now a grade II* listed building, but continued to live in Edgbaston Street.
In 1765, at the age of 66, he formed a company with the button maker John Taylor (1711–1775) and his own son, Sampson III, creating Birmingham's first bank: Taylor's and Lloyds, located at 7 Dale End. This is the bank which became Lloyds Bank, and then Lloyds TSB.
wn.com/Sampson_Lloyd -
Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tamanend
Tamanend or Tammany or Tammamend, the "affable", (c. 1628–c. 1698) was a chief of one of the clans that made up the Lenni-Lenape nation in the Delaware Valley at the time Philadelphia was established. Tamanend is best known as a lover of peace and friendship who played a prominent role in the establishment of peaceful relations among the Native American tribes and the English settlers who established Pennsylvania, led by William Penn.
Tamanend reputedly took part in a meeting between the leaders of the Lenni-Lenape nation, and the leaders of the Pennsylvania colony held under a large elm tree at Shakamaxon in the early 1680s. There, Tamanend is reported to have announced that the Lenni-Lenape and the English colonists would "live in peace as long as the waters run in the rivers and creeks and as long as the stars and moon endure." These words have been memorialized on the statue of Tamanend that stands in Philadelphia today.
It is believed that Tamanend died in 1698. Over the next century, many folk legends surrounded Tamanend and his fame assumed mythical proportions among the people of Philadelphia, who began to call him "King Tammany," "Saint Tammany," and the "Patron Saint of America." The people of Philadelphia also organized a Tammany society and an annual Tammany festival. These traditions soon spread across America. The reason for Tammany's popular status can be attributed to the need that patriotic colonists had to express a distinct "American" identity, in place of their former European nationalities. Tammany, an American Indian, provided an apt symbol for patriotic Americans to identify with.
wn.com/Tamanend -
Theophilus Waldmeier
Theophilus Waldmeier (b 1832 Basel - d 1915) was a Swiss Quaker missionary. Married Susan Bell, eldest daughter of John Bell, at Magdala, Ethiopia on the 4th of December 1859.[1]
He was held prisoner by Ethiopian King Theodore and later released by General Napier's British troops at the siege of Magdala, Ethiopia in 1868.
He went to Beirut with the British Syrian Mission (which was founded in 1860). He started the Friends' Syrian Mission in 1873, founded Brummana High School in 1873 and the Asfuriya Mental Hospital in 1894. In 1874, he traveled to Europe to seek financial backing from the Society of Friends. British and American Quakers provided support for the Brummana School.
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wn.com/Theophilus_Waldmeier -
William Penn
William Penn (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.
In 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to satisfy a debt the king owed to Penn's father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware. Penn immediately sailed to America and his first step on American soil took place in New Castle in 1682. On this occasion, the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new Proprietor, and the first general assembly was held in the colony. Afterwards, Penn journeyed up river and founded Philadelphia. However, Penn's Quaker government was not viewed favorably by the Dutch, Swedish, and English settlers in what is now Delaware. They had no "historical" allegiance to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own Assembly. In 1704 they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of Pennsylvania were permitted to split off and become the new semi-autonomous colony of Lower Delaware. As the most prominent, prosperous and influential "city" in the new colony, New Castle became the capital.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
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An introduction to Quakers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Friends at Watford Quaker Meeting explain why Quaker silent worship is important to them. Produced by Just Film www.justfilm.co.uk
http://wn.com/An_introduction_to_Quakers
Max Carter: The Quakers Explained
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Quaker Religion professor Max Carter of Guilford College discusses the Quaker movement, how it began and the different elements of influence, including Radicalism, Restorationism, Apocalypticism, Perfectionism and Paracelsianism. **Links** Friends Center on.fb.me Max's Blog bit.ly Music Video bit.ly Transcript "How are we to understand the beginnings of Quakerism? For some, it was a mystical movement. (Rufus Jones) For some, it was a movement out of radical puritanism, left wing puritanism. (Hugh Barber) Inward apocalypse, second coming. (Tim Pete, Doug Guinn, Ben Pink Dandelion) Or was it a holiness movement? (a la Carol Spencer) Actually, it was probably all of those and more. If we take a look at the streams of influence of Early Quakerism you'll see that elements of all of that was in the genesis of Quakerism. Quakerism arose out of the English Civil War period. 1640's, 1650's. A period of radicalism. Economic, political, religious, ecclesiastical radicalism as people sought to reform society from the grassroots up. The Diggers: Digging up common greens to bring them back into the common people's usage after they'd been expropriated by the gentry. The Levelers: seeking to level social distinctions in the class society of the time. We see elements of that in Quakers refusal to doff the hat, emphasizing equality, using thee and thou for those above them. Restorationism was a movement that proceeded Quakerism by a good 150 years, rising out of the radical reform period ...
http://wn.com/Max_Carter_The_Quakers_Explained
Dance Party Erupts During Quaker Meeting for Worship | Jon Watts Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Pendle Hill's daily Quaker Meeting transforms into a raucous quaker dance party as the result of some unconventional quaker rap ministry from Jon Watts. Filmed and edited by Ben Schilling. The music video for "Friend Speaks My Mind." "Friend Speaks My Mind" From Jon Watts' album "The Art of Fully Being". Download! bit.ly Listen to the Full Album! bit.ly Live Version! bit.ly Twitter! bit.ly Facebook! on.fb.me T-Shirts! bit.ly Blog! bit.ly Lyrics I found Quakers when I was just a kid and now I'm studying them I hope you know how that is I've got George Fox on my right, James Naylers on my left and Margaret Fell is holding us together give her some respect It's that first generation we look back to to find out what being a Friend means through and through I don't fully understand it I don't know if I can but I understand enough to know that I am a fan I'm like, damn, I didn't think that I would do this anymore I got bored listening to lectures felt like a chore But now I'm begging Max Carter just to tell me some more Oh lord So when I heard this Christian stuff I'd get uncomfortable a lot I'm like, What does Jesus have to do with George Fox? And when I heard the word Christ it would make my jaw drop but now I kind of understand the man I've got a soft spot I'm not a Christian but I'm a Quaker I've got Christ's inner light but he's not my savior I'm on a date to meet my maker I got down at Young Friends with some funky behavior Now I'm a liberal Friend That means FGC and tons ...
http://wn.com/Dance_Party_Erupts_During_Quaker_Meeting_for_Worship_|_Jon_Watts_Music_Video
Are Quakers Christians?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Friends from the Watford (UK) Meeting give their opinions about whether Quakers in Britain are Christians. Just Film www.justfilm.co.uk
http://wn.com/Are_Quakers_Christians?
Quakers - Fitta Happier (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Guilty Simpson & MED featured MCs. Quakers is a 35-person hip-hop collective, centered around three producers - Fuzzface (Geoff Barrow), Katalyst (Ashley Anderson), and 7Stu7 (Stuart Matthews). Quakers 41-track album is out now on Stones Throw. stonesthrow.com itunes.com Video Director: Eric Coleman; Cinematography: Jerry Henry; Editor: Laith Majali; Cameras: Jerry Henry, B+, Mike Park; Producers: Marybell Chavez, Eric Coleman.
http://wn.com/Quakers_Fitta_Happier_Official_Video
Quakers and the Bible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
How important is the Bible to Quakers?
http://wn.com/Quakers_and_the_Bible
Quaker Quest - Quakers and Worship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:29
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
In QUAKER QUEST Friends(Quakers) speak of their own experience in response to the questions people ask. What is worship? More about Quaker Quest www.quakerquest.org More about Quakers http For Information pack outreach@quaker.org.uk
http://wn.com/Quaker_Quest_Quakers_and_Worship
The Quaker Testimonies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:41
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
What are the Quaker Testimonies and why are they so important? How do principles established 300 years ago have any relevance today
http://wn.com/The_Quaker_Testimonies
Yoshi the talking quaker
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Here is a small sample of what Yoshi can say. Since I get a lot of people asking how to teach their quakers to talk, I thought I could answer that as best as I can here. To be honest, it really depends on your bird and the amount of time you spend with him/her. Yoshi loves attention and he quickly figured out when he started talking that he got lots of positive attention. I also play a lot of games with him and sing to him everyday. I don't know if this has anything to do with it, but I keep a radio on for him all day as well. He loves Bob FM mainly because they always play Blondie and Madonna! You can tell the songs he likes because he will sing along to them...not the actual lyrics but parts of "Twinkle twinkle little star". To get him comfortable with the whole foot-shaking thing, I started by playing games with his feet. When he was on my shoulder, I'd touch his toes and say "What's this?" and tell him "Toes!" or "Toe Toes!" Then I started switching it up and I'd grab his foot and say "Nice to meet you!" and eventually he just started offering it to me. He also likes the "Gimme those toes" game where I say that, grab his foot and pretend to eat it (complete with nom nom nom sounds). So really, the secret to Yoshi is just spending a lot of time playing and keeping him entertained. At first I think he started with regular sounds I make...it's been a long time but I think he was copying my sneezes and hiccups before the actual words came out. He was mainly saying things ...
http://wn.com/Yoshi_the_talking_quaker
Quaker Parrot Talking
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
This is Casey, our ten month old quaker parrot. This is her practicing her talking! Listen carefully, the end will make you laugh!
http://wn.com/Quaker_Parrot_Talking
Pico the Quaker Parrot laughing hysterically with Lovebird
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:21
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
My quaker Pico sometimes bursts out in random laughter. He's a cutie!
http://wn.com/Pico_the_Quaker_Parrot_laughing_hysterically_with_Lovebird
Quaker Business Method
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
How can Quakers ever reach a decision when they never vote at their business meetings? They have no Priest or Minister so who's in charge?
http://wn.com/Quaker_Business_Method
Quakers: Woolly-minded liberals?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Are Quakers woolly-minded liberals and, if so, why?
http://wn.com/Quakers_Woolly-minded_liberals?
Quakers and Christianity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:28
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
In QUAKER QUEST Friends(Quakers) speak of their own experience in response to the questions people ask. Are Quakers Christian? More about Quaker Quest www.quakerquest.org More about Quakers http For Information pack outreach@quaker.org.uk
http://wn.com/Quakers_and_Christianity
Baby Quaker Parrots Time to Eat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:22
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
These babies are waiting for lunch and practicing the idea of "step up." At each feeding, babies are told, "step up" when I move them in and out of the feeding basket. They learn to associate "step up" with being picked up and with something good - food!
http://wn.com/Baby_Quaker_Parrots_Time_to_Eat
PLANXTY - MERRILY KISSED QUAKER
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
One of the best performance of a wonderful traditional irish song
http://wn.com/PLANXTY_MERRILY_KISSED_QUAKER
Quaker Kitchen Making Oatmeal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:02
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
TheQuakerKitchen.com Making oatmeal from scratch with Quaker Anne in the Quaker Kitchen. Healthy and delicious, economical too! Alcona Michigan.
http://wn.com/Quaker_Kitchen_Making_Oatmeal
Quakers Get Naked in Meeting for Worship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Meeting for Worship at Guilford College transforms into naked quaker group streaking after some rousing ministry from Jon Watts, encouraging us to disrobe and shed these fig leaves. The music video for "Let's Get Naked". Download the song bit.ly Getting Naked on Facebook on.fb.me **Related Videos** -Quakerism 101 with Max Carter bit.ly -Maggie and Jon Talk Nakedness, Quakeris, and Clothing Yourself in Righteousness bit.ly -Dance Party Erupts During Quaker Meeting For Worship bit.ly -Let's Get Naked VideoSong bit.ly **The Clothe Yourself in Righteousness Project** -Pamphlet bit.ly -Music bit.ly -T-Shirts bit.ly -Tour bit.ly -Downloads bit.ly -iTunes t.co **Jon Watts** Blog bit.ly Facebook on.fb.me Twitter bit.ly Youtube bit.ly "Let's Get Naked" Lyrics Adam wasn't full of knowledge. Adam was ashamed. Adam only knew about that one mistake he made And the worst mistake ever was to give these leaves to us I mean, our own doubts and fears would be perfectly enough but no, we've got to hide them and ignore what's at the roots we're told to love our fig leaves more than we love the truth But I'm here to tell you Adam I'm shedding all your shame I'm throwing off this clothing and I'm dancing in the rain. I've got a lot to lose by speaking truth but even more to gain. So let's get naked let your shame fall away like shedding blankets let your fear and your identity hang around your ankles then let's run around show the world the stuff we've found the beauty we've kept hidden ...
http://wn.com/Quakers_Get_Naked_in_Meeting_for_Worship
Stucco Hardcoat Installation guide- Quaker Stucco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
Stucco hardcoat installation guide for Home Builders, Stucco contractors and Homeowners.
http://wn.com/Stucco_Hardcoat_Installation_guide_Quaker_Stucco
Parrot (quaker)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
My parrot talking to me ..He understands french language !
http://wn.com/Parrot_quaker
Pico the Quaker Parrot preening Lovebird
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:55
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Quaker parrot preening love bird
http://wn.com/Pico_the_Quaker_Parrot_preening_Lovebird
Quaker Steak & Lube® Brand Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:53
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Founded in 1974, Quaker Steak & Lube® is a family friendly restaurant with a motor-themed atmosphere. Commonly referred to as "The Lube®," the restaurant features a unique blend of great service, award-winning food, supercharged events and eye-popping décor. Today, with over 30 locations, The Lube® serves over 70 million wings annually, sells its bottled sauces around the world, has won the title of "Best Wings USA," and has over 100 local, national and international awards for its wings and over 21 signature wing sauces.
http://wn.com/Quaker_Steak_Lube®_Brand_Video
Philadelphia Mummers Parade 2011 - Quaker City String Band
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Organization: Quaker City String Band Captain: Charlie Roetz Theme Title: My Kind of Clown Theme Concept: Clowns in a carnival type atmosphere doing what they do best.....Clowning Around. You'll find them playing games, juggling, dancing with umbrellas and even walking the high wire. Doing whatever they can do to steal the show.
http://wn.com/Philadelphia_Mummers_Parade_2011_Quaker_City_String_Band
photo: AP / Jerome Delay
27 Nov 2012
M23 rebels controlling the eastern city of Goma in the DR Congo have said they are not about to withdraw as demanded by regional leaders. The rebels said on Tuesday there were still in charge of Goma, just hours after General Aronda Nyakairima, the head of the Ugandan military, was quoted by the Reuters news agency as saying that their leader, Sultani Makenga, had told him he would pull out of Goma and Sake....(size: 17.7Kb)
photo: AP / Henry Griffin
26 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "In our opinion and from our experience," declared John Kerry in 1971, "there is nothing in South Vietnam which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia or Laos by linking such loss to the preservation of freedom..is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy..." ... The U.S....(size: 6.4Kb)
photo: UN / Jan Golinski
27 Nov 2012
Permafrost covers nearly a quarter of the northern hemisphere. Photograph: Francis Latreille/Corbis
The United Nations sounded a stark warning on the threat to the climate from methane in the thawing permafrost as governments met for the second day of climate change negotiations in Doha, Qatar. ... The next IPCC report will be published in several parts from next year. ... The talks will continue until the end of next week. ....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: AP / George Osodi
25 Nov 2012
Twin suicide car bombs exploded Sunday at a church inside one of Nigeria's top military bases, killing at least 11 people and wounding another 30 in an embarrassing attack showing the continued insecurity that haunts Africa's most populous nation. ... This attack in Jaji on Sunday, however, happened inside a barracks home to the Armed Forces Command and Staff College, one of the country's most important military colleges. ... Gen. ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
Stockhouse
28 Nov 2012
PURCHASE, N.Y., Nov. 27, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- The Board of Directors of PepsiCo, Inc. ... Based on today's closing stock price of $70.11, the dividend represents an annualized dividend yield of 3.1 percent. ... Our main businesses – Quaker, Tropicana, Gatorade, Frito-Lay and Pepsi-Cola – make hundreds of enjoyable foods and beverages that are loved throughout the world. ... For more information, please visit www.pepsico.com. ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
My Top 10 December concerts: Lights All Night, Holy Moly, Better Than Ezra, Trey Songz, Kem and more
The Dallas Morning News28 Nov 2012
1. Lights All Night: Itâs a homegrown electronic music festival, all the way. The third installment promises to be even bigger than last yearâs gargantuan shindig at Dallas Convention Center. In the line-up we have heavyweights Tiësto, Avicii, Bassnectar, Calvin Harris, Axwell, Krewella, Ghostland Observatory, Redeye and so many more. ... lightsallnight.com. 2. ... 3. ... Also taking the stage are Somebodyâs Darling and Quaker City Night Hawks. ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
PR Newswire
27 Nov 2012
27, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- The Award-Winning casual-dining franchise Quaker Steak & Lube® known for its Best Wings and more than 20 sauces, announced today the signing of an area development agreement with Salt & Pepper Restaurants Inc. ... Quaker Steak & Lube® has quickly become one of the fastest-growing restaurant chains in the country....(size: 7.1Kb)
The Business Review
27 Nov 2012
Earlier this summer, Quaker Steak & Lube in Lakewood, Ohio, near Cleveland....(size: 9.0Kb)
MSNBC
27 Nov 2012
Tampabay.com
27 Nov 2012
By Cleo Ann Druzbick, Spring Hill Cleo Ann DruzbickTampa Bay Times ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT Story Tools Print this story Purchase reprints Contact the editor Email Newsletters Lace Oatmeal Cookies 1 cup Quick Quaker Oats 1 cup sugar ½ cup (1 stick) unsalted butter, melted 4 tablespoons ......(size: 1.6Kb)
Democracy Now
27 Nov 2012
Read an excerpt from the book below, and click here to see a past interview with Phillips on Democracy Now!
You can send us question suggestions to ask Phillips. ... Tweet to @democracynow #DNlive. ... It was all very heady. ... In Pennsylvania,
even erstwhile pacifist Quakers marched in a volunteer light infantry company
nicknamed the “Quaker Blues,” for which some were quickly read out
of their monthly meetings....(size: 7.3Kb)
The Business Review
27 Nov 2012
... 22nd commented on on Monday, November 26th commented on on Friday, November 16th PghBizTimes SEIU asks for transparency in Altoona Regional-UPMC affiliation talks Quaker Steak & Lube to glide into Houston @ RIDC sells building to candy maker Tsudis Online Services Subscriptions Tools About Affiliates © 2012 American City Business Journals....(size: 10.1Kb)
The Business Review
27 Nov 2012
Most Popular Most popular Slideshows Facebook Twitter Emailed Mobile commented on on Sunday, November 18th commented on on Thursday, November 22nd commented on on Friday, November 16th commented on on Monday, November 26th PghBizTimes SEIU asks for transparency in Altoona Regional-UPMC affiliation talks Quaker Steak & Lube to glide into Houston ......(size: 8.9Kb)
The Business Review
27 Nov 2012
Most Popular Most popular Slideshows Facebook Twitter Emailed Mobile commented on on Thursday, November 22nd commented on on Monday, November 26th commented on on Friday, November 16th PghBizTimes SEIU asks for transparency in Altoona Regional-UPMC affiliation talks Quaker Steak & Lube to glide into Houston @ RIDC sells building to candy maker ......(size: 9.1Kb)
The Business Review
27 Nov 2012
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27 Nov 2012
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Quakers, or Friends, are members of the Religious Society of Friends, or Friends' Church—an international family of diverse Christian religious organizations that focus on the priesthood of all believers.[2][3][4] Quakers today are theologically diverse: mostly regarded as Christian, they include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. From the end of the 20th century, small but vocal groups of Friends with Christian atheist[5] or universalist beliefs have emerged.
Quakers are organized into independent regional and national bodies called Yearly Meetings which often split from one another because of doctrinal differences. Several federations for Yearly Meetings unite Quakers who share similar beliefs—for example Evangelical Friends Church International which unites evangelical Christian Friends,[6]; Friends United Meeting which unites Friends into "fellowships where Jesus Christ is known, loved and obeyed as Teacher and Lord"[7]; and Friends General Conference links groups that have liberal beliefs. Many Yearly Meetings are also members of Friends World Committee for Consultation, a loose international federation of Yearly Meetings from the different traditions.
The movement began in mid-17th century England when travelling preachers broke away from the Church of England and set out to convert others to what they believed were the practices of the early Church.[citation needed] This group emphasised a personal, direct experience of Christ, acquired through both direct experience and through reading the Bible.[8] Quakerism was originally based on the idea that Christ has come to teach his people himself: stressing Christ's direct relationship with a universal priesthood of which everyone is a part.[9]
Worship is practiced as programmed worship—that is a meeting with singing and prepared messages and Bible readings, often coordinated by a pastor. Or waiting worship (also known as unprogrammed worship) —that is a meeting with no planned programme which Friends believe is led by the Holy Spirit, which often includes silent prayer and unprepared verbal contributions from any Quaker present. Some meetings of both styles have Recorded Ministers who are recognised for their gift of speaking in meetings.[10]
Historically, Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war; plain dress; refusal to swear oaths; and opposition to alcohol.[citation needed] Quakers founded banks and financial institutions including Barclays, Lloyds and Friends Provident; and manufacturing companies including Clarks, Cadbury, Rowntree and Fry's and for philanthropy, which included funding anti-slavery, prison reform and social justice projects.
What is perhaps the most popular image of a Quaker is found on the label of Quaker Oats, dating back to 4 September 1877, when the first trademark for a breakfast cereal with "a man in 'Quaker garb'" was applied for by Henry Seymour, owner of the Quaker Mill Company.[11]
History[link]
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The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2011) |
Main article: History of the Religious Society of Friends
Beginnings in England[link]
In England in the late 1640s, following the English Civil War, a young man, George Fox, became convinced that it was possible to have a direct experience of Christ without clergy. He traveled around England, preaching. His central teaching was Christ has come to teach his people himself.[12] They considered themselves the restoration of the true Christian church after centuries of apostasy. They described themselves using terms such as true Christianity, Saints, Children of the Light and Friends of the Truth, reflecting terms used in the New Testament by members of the early Christian church. Their numbers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680,[13] 1.15% of the population of England and Wales.[13]
In 1650, Fox was brought before magistrates Gervase Bennet and Nathaniel Barton on a charge of blasphemy. According to his autobiography, Bennet "was the first that called us Quakers, because I bade them tremble at the word of the Lord".[14] It is thought that Fox was referring to Isaiah 66:2[15] or Ezra 9:4[16]. Thus, the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing Fox's admonition, but became widely accepted and used by some Quakers.[17]
Quakers were officially persecuted in England under the Quaker Act (1662) and the Conventicle Act 1664. This was relaxed after the Declaration of Indulgence (1687–1688) and stopped under the Act of Toleration 1689.
Emigration to America[link]
Some Friends emigrated to America. Some experienced persecution there (e.g., the Boston martyrs were hanged in Massachusetts Bay colony), but they were tolerated in other places, including West Jersey. In Rhode Island 36 governors in the first 100 years were Quakers. Pennsylvania was established by affluent Quaker William Penn in 1682 as a state run under Quaker principles. Quakerism spread across the eastern seaboard. Penn signed a peace treaty with Tammany, leader of the Delaware tribe.[18] Other treaties with native Americans followed. Penn's Treaty was never violated.[19]
Following Christian revivals in the mid-19th century, Friends in Britain wanted to start missionary activity overseas. The first missionaries were sent in 1866 to Benares (Varanasi) in India.[20] The Friends Foreign Mission Association was formed in 1868 and sent missionaries to Madhya Pradesh, India forming what is now Mid-India Yearly Meeting, and later to Madegascar from 1867, China from 1896, Sri Lanka from 1896 and Pemba Island from 1897.[20] The Friends Syrian Mission was established in 1874, which among other institutions ran the Ramallah Friends Schools which still exist today. Swiss missionary Theophilus Waldmeier founded Brummana High School in Lebanon in 1873.[20] Friends Churches from Ohio Yearly Meeting sent missionaries to India in 1896,[21] forming what is now Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting. Cleveland Friends went toMombasa, Kenya, starting what was Friends' most successful mission. Quakerism spread within Kenya and toUganda, Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda.
Quietism[link]
During the 18th century, Quakers entered the quietist phase: more inward looking and less active in converting others. Marrying outside the Society was outlawed. Numbers dwindled, dropping to 19,800 in England and Wales by 1800[13] (0.21%[13]) and 13,859 by 1860.[13] (0.07% of population[13]). The formal name "Religious Society of Friends", dates from the 18th century. The term Religious Society of Friends, harks back to the "Friends of the Truth".
| Divisions of the Religious Society of Friends | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Showing the divisions of Quakers occurring in the 19th and 20h centuries. |
Splits[link]
Hicksite - Orthodox split[link]
Several splits occurred in the 19th century. Elias Hicks' views were claimed to be Universalist and to contradict the sect's historical tradition. His preaching precipitated the Great Separation of 1827 which resulted in a parallel system of Yearly Meetings in America, joined by Friends from Philadelphia, New York, Ohio, Indiana and Baltimore. They were referred to by their opponents as Hicksites and others as orthodox.
Beaconite Controversy[link]
Isaac Crewdson. a Recorded Minister in Manchester, UK published A Beacon to the Society of Friends in 1835, which strongly argued that the inward light could not exist alongside a belief in salvation, by atonement.[22](p155) This controversy led to Crewdson's resignation along with 48 fellow members of Manchester Meeting and about 250 other British Quakers, in 1836–1837, some of whom joined the Plymouth Brethren.
Rise of Gurneyite Quakerism[link]
File:Joseph John Gurney.jpg
Joseph John Gurney was a prominent 19th century British Friend and a strong proponent of evangelical views
Orthodox Friends became more evangelical during the 19th century,[23] influenced by the Second Great Awakening. This move was led by British Quaker Joseph John Gurney. Friends held Revival meetings and became involved in the Holiness movement. Quakers such as Hannah Whitall Smith and Robert Pearsall Smith became speakers in the movement and introduced Quaker phrases and practices.[22](p157). British Friends became involved with the Higher Life movement, with Robert Wilson, from Cockermouth meeting, founding the Keswick Convention[22](p157).
From the 1870s it became commonplace in Britain to have Sunday evening home mission meetings with hymns and an evangelical address alongside the Sunday morning silent meetings for worship.[22](p155)
In 1887, a British Quaker, Joseph Bevan Braithwaite proposed a declaration of faith known as the Richmond Declaration. This was agreed by 95 representatives at a meeting of Five Years Meeting but unexpectedly the declaration was not adopted by London Yearly Meeting, because a vocal minority, including Edward Grubb, opposed it.[24]
Gurneyite - Conservative split[link]
Some Quakers in America disliked the move towards evangelicalism, seeing this as the dilution of the Friends' tradition of being led by the Holy Spirit. These Friends were led by John Wilbur, who was expelled from his yearly meeting in 1842. He and his supporters formed their own yearly meeting. In the UK, in 1868, some Friends split off from London Yearly Meeting, for the same reason. They formed the separate Fritchley General Meeting which remained distinct from the London Yearly Meeting until 1968. Similar splits took place in Canada. The remainder of London Yearly Meeting and the remaining American yearly meetings were called Gurneyite yearly meetings, after Joseph John Gurney, and eventually collectively became called Five Years Meeting and then Friends United Meeting.
Quaker Renaissance: move towards liberalism in Britain[link]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a movement known as the Quaker Renaissance began within London Yearly Meeting—young Friends moved away from evangelicalism and towards liberal Christianity.[25] This was particularly influenced by John Wilhelm Rowntree, Edward Grubb and Rufus Jones. These Friends promoted the theory of evolution, modern biblical criticism and the social meaning of Jesus's teaching—encouraging Friends to follow the example of Christ by performing good works. They downplayed evangelical ideas of atonement.[25] Following the Manchester Conference of 1895 where 1,000 British Friends met to consider the future of British Quakerism, liberalism gradually increased within London Yearly Meeting.[26]
Conscious objection[link]
The First World War and Second World War put the Friends' opposition to war to the test. Many Quakers became conscientious objectors and some formed the Friends Ambulance Unit and American Friends Service Committee.
Formation of Friends World Committee for Consultation[link]
Friends brought together from different yearly meetings to work together for service in the Friends Ambulance Unit, American Friends Service Committee and other post-war relief work. Friends from across the spectrum worked together with several World Conferences and the subsequent creation of the Friends World Committee for Consultation which brought together Friends from different yearly meetings.
Evangelical Friends[link]
After World War I, growing desire for a more fundamentalist approach among some Friends began to split Five Years Meetings. In 1926, Oregon Yearly Meeting seceded from Five Years Meeting, bringing several other yearly meetings and scattered monthly meetings. In 1947, the Association of Evangelical Friends was formed, with triennial meetings which lasted until 1970. In 1965, this was replaced by the Evangelical Friends Association which in 1989 became Evangelical Friends Church International.[27]
Role of women[link]
Despite the survival of strong patriarchal elements, Friends believed in the spiritual equality of women, who were allowed to take a far more active role than had ordinarily existed before the emergence of radical civil war sects. However after the Restoration of 1660, Quakers became unwilling to defend women when they adopted tactics such as disrupting services. Meetings were organized to involve Quaker women in modest, feminine pursuits and men excluded them from public concerns, such as allocating aid to the poor and ensuring that Quaker marriages could not be attacked as immoral. Women were treated as severely as men by the authorities.[28]
Friends in business[link]
Dynasties of Quakers were successful in business. This included ironmaking by Abraham Darby I[29] and his family; banking, including Lloyds Banking Group (founded by Sampson Lloyd)[29], Barclays PLC[29],Backhouse's Bank and Gurney's Bank; life assurance (Friends Provident); pharmaceuticals (Allen & Hanburys[29]); chocolate (Cadbury,[29] Terry's, Fry's,[29]), confectionery (Rowntree,[29]), and biscuit manufacturing (Huntley & Palmers[29]); and shoe manufacturing (Clarks).
Friends in education[link]
Initially, Quakers had no ordained priests and thus needed no seminaries for theological training. The first major Quaker colleges were founded much later—in America they founded Haverford College (1833),[30] Guilford College (1837), Earlham College (1844), Swarthmore College (1864), Wilmington College (Ohio) (1870), Bryn Mawr College (1885), Friends Pacific Academy (now George Fox University) (1885), Cleveland Bible College (now Malone University) (1892),[31] Friends University (1898), Training School for Christian Workers (now Azusa Pacific University) (1899)[32] and Friends Bible College (now Barclay College) (1917).[33] In Britain, they organized Woodbrooke College in 1903. In Kenya, Quakers founded Friends Bible Institute (now Friends Theological College in Kaimosi, Kenya in 1942.
Friends and slavery[link]
Some Quakers in America and Britain became well known for their involvement in the abolition of slavery.
Five yearly meetings belong both to Five Years Meeting and Friends General Conference.
Theology[link]
Quaker doctrines, some codified, were declarations of faith, confessions or theological texts. Due in part to the emphasis on the immediate guidance of the Spirit, diverse statements of "faith and practice" and diverse understandings of the "leading of the Spirit" existed among Friends—for example Letter to the Governor of Barbados (Fox, 1671),[34] An Apology for the True Christian Divinity (Barclay, 1678),[35] A Catechism and Confession of Faith (Barclay, 1690),[36] The Testimony of the Society of Friends on the Continent of America (adopted jointly by all orthodox yearly meetings in USA, 1830),[37] Richmond Declaration of Faith (Adopted by Five Years Meeting, 1887),[38] Essential Truths (Rufus Jones and James Wood, adopted by Five Years Meeting, 1922).[39] As a public statement of faith, each yearly meeting publishes its own Book of Discipline, that expresses discipleship within the experience of Friends in that yearly meeting.
The theological beliefs of yearly meetings vary considerably, ranging from evangelicals, to Universalists and Unitarians. Tolerance of dissent widely varies among yearly meetings. Yearly meetings that employ programmed worship tend to have more evangelical theologies, while those with unprogrammed worship tend to have more conservative or liberal theologies.[40]
Most Friends believe in continuing revelation, which is the idea that truth is continuously revealed directly to individuals from God, without systematic theology. For this reason, many Quakers reject the idea of priests, believing in the priesthood of all believers. Some Friends express this idea using the phrase Inner Light, or Inward Light of Christ, whilst others talk of the Holy Spirit or use other phrases. George Fox, an "early Friend" described it as "Christ has come to teach His people Himself."[14] Friends often focus on trying to hear God. As Isaac Penington wrote in 1670, "It is not enough to hear of Christ, or read of Christ, but this is the thing — to feel him my root, my life, my foundation..."[41]
Conservative[link]
.jpg)
Main article: Conservative Friends
Conservative Friends, or Primitive Friends (also known as "Wilburite" after John Wilbur), share the beliefs of the early Friends. Prior to the mid-18th century, all Quakers were Wilburite, but splits and developments in the 19th and 20th century called the majority of Friends away from this branch. Conservative Friends stress their trust in the immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit.[42] Conservative Friends completely reject all forms of religious symbolism and outward sacraments, such as water baptism or the Eucharist. Conservative Friends do not believe in the reliance upon practice of the outward rites and sacraments, believing that holiness can exist in all the activities of one's life—that all of life is sacred. Many Friends believe that any meal with others could be a form of communion. Conservative Friends reject any formal written creed.
In the US, Conservative Friends are part of the conservative yearly meetings of Ohio, Iowa and North Carolina; the conservative Ohio Yearly Meeting is generally considered the most traditional in this regard, retaining more rural Quakers who use the plain language and continue wearing plain dress more than the other two.[43] Groups of Conservative Friends attend the UK's Ripley Quaker Meeting, Greece's Athens Meeting and yearly meetings in Canada. Some of the more moderate Conservative Friends have beliefs and practices similar to the more Christocentric liberal Friends. Today, Conservative Friends make up around 0.03% of Quakers worldwide.[40]
Evangelical[link]
See also: Evangelical Friends International
Evangelical Friends make up at least 40% of Friends worldwide.[40] They regard Christ as their Lord and savior[42] and have similar views to other evangelical Christians. They believe in, and place a high regard for, the penal substitution theory of atonement, biblical infallibility and the need for everyone to personally experience a relationship with God.[44] They believe that the purpose of the Friends Church is to evangelise and transform others through love and service for others.[44] Evangelical Friends regard the Bible as the infallible and self-authenticating word of God. The "Beliefs of Friends" statement by Evangelical Friends International, is comparable to other evangelical churches' confessions of faith. Evangelical Friends are mainly located in the US, Asia and Central America, particularly in meetings which are affiliated with Evangelical Friends Church International). Beginning in the 1880s, some Friends began using outward sacraments, first in Evangelical Friends Church-Eastern Region (then known as Ohio Yearly Meeting [Damascus]). Friends Church Southwest approved the practice of outward sacraments. In places where Evangelical Friends do missionary work, including in Africa, Asia and Latin America, baptism with water is carried out. This practice differs from most other branches of the Religious Society of Friends.
Gurneyite[link]
See also: Friends United Meeting
Gurneyite Friends are the modern-day followers of the theology promoted by Joseph John Gurney, a British 19th century Friend. They make up 49% of Quakers worldwide.[40] They regard Christ as their teacher and Lord,[42] and favor working closely with other protestant Christian groups. Gurneyite Friends put more emphasis on the authority of the Bible over the direct experience of God, often seeing the Bible as the direct word of God. Both children and adults participate in ongoing religious education emphasising Bible and its relationship to Quaker testimonies and Quaker history. Gurneyite Friends subscribe to a set of doctrines, such as the Richmond Declaration. While there was conflict over the role of the Richmond Declaration in subsequent years, it was "adopted," "accepted" or "approved" by nearly all of the Gurneyite yearly meetings at the time. The Five Years Meeting of Friends reaffirmed the Richmond Declaration in 1912 but specifically stated that it was not to constitute a creed. Although Gurneyism was the main form of Quakerism in Britain in the 19th century, today Gurneyite Friends are mainly located in Ireland, Africa, India and parts of the US - particularly within meetings affiliated to Friends United Meeting). Many Gurneyite Friends combine "waiting worship" (unprogrammed worship) with practices common to other Protestant services, such as scripture reading and singing hymns. A minority practice entirely unprogrammed worship.
Holiness[link]
See also: Central Yearly Meeting of Friends
Holiness Friends are heavily influenced by the Holiness movement, in particular John Wesley's doctrine of Christian perfection. This doctrine holds that loving God and loving humanity totally, as exemplified by Christ, enables believers to voluntarily rid themselves of sin. This was a predominant view within Quakerism in the United States in the 19th century. It held fairly widely in the United Kingdom and influenced other branches of Quakerism. Holiness Friends argue that early Friends, including Fox's message of perfection was the same as holiness.[45] While some Friends accept holiness within most yearly meetings, it is a officially part of Central Yearly Meeting of Friends (founded in 1926 specifically to promote holiness theology) and the Bolivian Holiness Mission Evangelical Friends Church (founded by missionaries from that meeting in 1919, the largest group of Friends in Bolivia).[46]
Liberal[link]
Liberal Quakerism generally refers to Friends who have taken ideas from liberal Christianity, often sharing a similar mix of ideas, such as more critical Biblical hermeneutics, often with a focus on the social gospel. The ideas of That of God in everyone and the inner light were popularised by American Friend Rufus Jones in the early 20th century. He and John Wilhelm Rowntree originated the movement. Liberal Friends were predominant in Britain in the 20th century and amongst US meetings affiliated to Friends General Conference, and some meetings in Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa.
These ideas remain an important part of liberal Friends' understanding of God. Liberal Friends highlight the importance of good works, particularly living a life that upholds the virtues preached by Jesus. They often emphasize pacifism, treating others equally, living simply and telling the truth.[40]
Like conservatives, liberals reject religious symbolism and sacraments, such as water baptism and the Eucharist. While liberals recognize the potential of these outward forms for awakening experiences of the Light, they are not part of their worship, and are unnecessary to authentic spirituality.
The Bible remains central to many liberal's worship, and almost all meetings make the Bible available in the meeting house (often on a table in the centre of the room) which attendees may read privately or publicly during worship. However, liberals decided that scripture should give way if God leads them in a way that is contrary to the Bible. Many Friends are also influenced by liberal Christian theologians and modern Biblical criticism. They often adopt non-propositional Biblical hermeneutics, such as believing that the Bible is an anthology of human authors' beliefs and feelings about God rather than Holy Writ and that multiple interpretations of scripture are acceptable.
Liberal Friends believe a corporate confession of faith would be an obstacle—both to authentic listening and to new insight. As a non-creedal form of Christianity, liberal Quakerism is receptive to a wide range of faith understandings. Most liberal yearly meetings publish a Faith and Practice book with a range of experiences of what it means to be a Friend in that yearly meeting.
Universalist[link]
Main article: Quaker Universalist Fellowship
Universalist Friends affirm religious pluralism, that there are many different paths to God and that understandings of the divine reached through non-Christian religious experiences are as valid as Christian understandings. This group was founded by John Linton, in the late 1970s. Linton had worshipped God with the Delhi Worship Group in India (an independent meeting not affiliated to any yearly meeting or wider Quaker group) with Christians, Muslims and Hindus worshipping together.[47] Following a move to Great Britain he founded the Quaker Universalist Fellowship in 1978. Later his views spread to the US where the Quaker Universalist Fellowship was founded in 1983.[47] Most of the Friends who joined these two fellowships were Liberal Friends from Britain Yearly Meeting in the United Kingdom and Friends from Friends General Conference in the United States. Interest in Quaker Universalism was low among Friends from other meetings. The views of the Universalists provoked controversy between themselves and Christian Quakers within Britain Yearly Meeting and within Friends General Conference, during the 1980s.
Non-theist[link]
Main article: Nontheist Friend
These Friends have views similar to other post-Christian non-theists in other churches such as the Sea of Faith within the Anglican church. They are predominantly atheists, agnostics and humanists who nevertheless value membership in a religious organization. The first organization for non-theist Friends was the Humanistic Society of Friends, founded in Los Angeles in 1939. This organization remained small and was absorbed into the American Humanist Association.[48] More recently, interest in non-theism resurfaced, particularly led by British Friend David Boulton, who founded the 40 member Nontheist Friends Network in 2011.[49] Non-theism is controversial, leading some Christian Quakers from within Britain Yearly Meeting to call for non-theists to be refused membership.[50] In one study of Friends in Britain Yearly Meeting, around 30% of Quakers had views were described as non-theistic, agnostic or atheist.[51][52] Another study put the number of believing Friends as high as 92%. It claimed that 70%+ of Quakers in Great Britain regard Christ as their supreme religious guide, while a further 20%+ believed in Christ's importance and hold a syncreticist view of religious life (Quaker Universalists).[citation needed] Another study of British Quakers found that of the 727 members of the Religious Society of Friends who completed the survey, 75.1%said that they consider themselves Christian; 17.6% did not consider themselves Christian; and 7.3% of the members either did not answer or circled both answers.[53]:p.41 A further 22% of Quakers did not consider themselves to be a Christian, but fulfilled a definition of being a Christian in that they said that they devoutly followed the teachings and example of Jesus Christ.[53]:p.52 In the same survey 86.9% said that they believed in God.[53]
Practical theology[link]
Quakers bear witness or testify to their beliefs in their lives,[54] drawing on James' advice that faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by action, is dead.[55] This witness is rooted in their immediate experience of God and verified by the Bible, especially in Jesus' the life and teachings. They may bear witness in many ways, according to how they believe God is leading them. Although Quakers share how they relate to God and the world, mirroring Christian ethical codes, e.g. the Sermon on the Mount or the Sermon on the Plain, Friends argue that they feel personally moved by God or Christ rather than following an ethical code.
Some theologians classify Friends' witness into categories—known by some Friends as testimonies. These Friends believe these principles and practices testify to, witness to or provide evidence for God's truth. No categorization is universally accepted.[56]
In East Africa, Friends teach peace and non-violence, simplicity, honesty, equality, humility, marriage and sexual ethics (defining marriage as lifelong between one man and one woman), sanctity of life (opposition to abortion), cultural conflicts and Christian life.[57]
In the USA, the acronym SPICES is often used (Simplicity, Peace, Integrity, Community, Equality and Stewardship). Rocky Mountain Yearly Meeting Friends put their faith in action through living their lives by the following principles: prayer, personal integrity, stewardship (which includes giving away minimum of 10% income and refraining from lotteries), marriage and family (lifelong commitment), regard for mind and body (refraining from certain amusements, propriety and modesty of dress, abstinence from alcohol, tobacco and drugs), peace and non-violence (including refusing to participate in war), abortion (opposition to abortion, practical ministry to women with unwanted pregnancy and promotion of adoption), human sexuality, the Christian and state (look to God for authority, not the government), capital punishment (find alternatives), human equality, women in ministry (recognising women and men have an equal part to play in ministry).[58]
In the UK, the acronym STEP or PEST is used (peace, equality, simplicity and truth). In his book Quaker Speak, British Friend Alastair Heron lists the following ways in which British Friends testify to God:[59] Opposition to betting and gambling, capital punishment, conscription, hat honor[clarification needed], oaths, slavery, times and seasons, tithing and promotion of integrity (or truth), peace, penal reform, plain language, relief of suffering, simplicity, social order, Sunday observance, sustainability, temperance and moderation.
Worship[link]
See also: Meeting for worship
Most groups of Quakers meet for regular worship. There are two main types of worship worldwide: programmed worship and waiting worship.
Programmed worship[link]
See also: Friends United Meeting, Evangelical Friends Church International, and Central Yearly Meeting of Friends
In programmed worship there is often a prepared message, which may be delivered by an individual with theological training. There may be hymns, a sermon, Bible readings, joint prayers and a period of silent worship. The worship resembles the church services of other protestant denominations, although in most cases does not include any Eucharist service. A paid pastor may be responsible for pastoral care. Worship of this kind is celebrated by about 89% of Friends worldwide.[40](p5-6) It is found in many yearly meetings in Africa, Asia and parts of the US (southern and central), and is common in programmed meetings affiliated to Friends United Meeting (who make up around 49% of worldwide membership[40](p5)), and evangelical meetings, including those affiliated to Evangelical Friends International (who make up at least 40% of Friends worldwide[40](p5-6)). The event is sometimes called a meeting for worship or sometimes called a Friends church service. This tradition arose among Friends in the United States in the 19th century in response to the many converts to Quakerism during the national spiritual revival of the time. Friends meetings in Africa and Latin America were generally started by Friends from programmed elements of the society, therefore most African and Latin American Friends worship in a programmed style.
Some Friends also hold "Semi-Programmed" Worship, which brings programmed elements such as hymns and readings into an otherwise unprogrammed worship service.
Waiting worship[link]
See also: Conservative Friends, Friends General Conference, Britain Yearly Meeting, and Beanite Quakerism
Waiting worship, also known as unprogrammed worship or holy communion in the manner of Friends, is based on the practices of early Friends, who based their beliefs and practices on their interpretation of how the early Christians worshipped. Friends gather together in "expectant waiting upon God" to experience God's direction from within. There is no plan of how the meeting proceeds. Friends believe that God plans what will happen, with the Holy Spirit leading people to speak. When an individual Quaker feels led to speak, he or she will rise and share a spoken message ("vocal ministry") with the others. When this happens, Quakers believe that the Holy Spirit is speaking. After someone has spoken, more than a few minutes pass in silence before further vocal ministry is given. Sometimes a meeting is entirely silent, sometimes many speak. These meetings lasted for several hours in Fox's time. Modern meetings are often limited to an hour, ending when two people (usually the elders) exchange the sign of peace by handshake. This handshake is often shared by the others. This style of worship is the norm in Britain, Ireland, the continent of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Southern Africa, Canada and parts of the United States (particularly yearly meetings associated with Friends General Conference and Beanite Quakerism)—constituting about 10%[40]:page 5 of Quakers. Those who worship in this style hold each person to be equal before God and capable of knowing the light directly. Anyone present may speak if they feel led to do so. Traditionally, Recorded Ministers were recognised for their particular gift in vocal ministry. This practice continues amongst Conservative Friends, and some liberal Friends (e.g. New York Yearly Meeting[60]). Many meetings where liberal Friends predominate abolished this practice. The London Yearly Meeting abolished the acknowledging and recording of Recorded Ministers in 1928.
Membership[link]
A Friend is a member of a Yearly Meeting, usually beginning with membership in a local monthly meeting. Methods for acquiring membership vary—for example in most Kenyan yearly meetings, attenders who wish to become members are required to take part in around two years of adult education, memorising key Bible passages and learning about the history of Christianisty and Quakerism. Within Britain Yearly Meeting, membership is acquired through a process of peer review where a potential member is visited by several members who present a report to the other members of the monthly meeting before a decision is reached.
Within some Friends Churches in the Evangelical Friends Church, in particular in Rwanda, Burundi and parts of the USA, an adult believers' baptism with water is optional. Within the liberal, conservative and pastoral traditions, Friends do not practice water baptism, Christening or other initiation ceremonies to admit a new member or a newborn. Children are often welcomed into the meeting at their first attendance. Formerly, children born to Quaker parents automatically became members (sometimes called Birthright membership), but this is no longer the case in many areas. Some parents apply for membership on behalf of their children, while others allow the child to decide whether to become a member when they ready.
Meetings for worship for specific tasks[link]
Marriage[link]
Main article: Quaker wedding
See also: Homosexuality and Quakerism
A meeting for worship for the solemnisation of marriage in an unprogrammed Friends meeting is similar to any other unprogrammed Meeting for Worship.[61] The pair exchange vows before God and gathered witnesses and the meeting returns to open worship. At the rise of meeting the witnesses, including the youngest children, are asked to sign the wedding certificate as a record. In Britain, Quakers keep a separate record of the union and notify the General Register Office.
In the early days of the United States, there was doubt whether a marriage solemnized in that manner was entitled to legal recognition. Over the years each state set rules for the procedure. Most US states (except Pennsylvania) expect the marriage document to be signed by a single officiant (a priest, rabbi, minister, Justice of the Peace, etc.). Quakers routinely modify the document to allow three or four Friends to sign as the officiant. Often these are the members of a committee of oversight who have helped the couple plan their marriage. Usually a separate document containing their vows and the signatures of all present is kept by the couple and often displayed prominently in their home.
In many Friends meetings, the couple meet with a "clearness committee" prior to the wedding. This committee's purpose is to discuss with the couple the many aspects of marriage and life as a couple. If the couple seems ready, the marriage is recommended to the meeting. "Clearness committees" are used in other contexts as well, where individuals or groups need to obtain guidance on a particular action to be taken.
Same-sex marriage[link]
In recent years, Friends within unprogrammed meetings in Australia, Britain and some in North America celebrated weddings or civil unions between partners of the same sex. Britain Yearly Meeting decided in 2009 to recognise marriages between same-sex couples, making them the first mainstream religious body in the UK to do so. As true same-sex marriage (as distinct from civil partnership) is not recognized in law or by civil authorities in the United Kingdom these marriages are not recognized as such in civil courts. However, these meetings stated that the law does not preclude Friends from "playing a central role in the celebration and recording" of marriage between same-sex couples, and asked the government to change the law.[62] In parts of the United States where same-sex marriages are not legal, some meetings follow the practice of early Quakers in overseeing the union without reference to the state. Many Friends meetings in the US celebrated "union" ceremonies for same-sex couples. As in the wider society, Friends have varying views on the topic. Many Friends in the US are involved in the movement to allow same-sex marriage legally.
Memorial services[link]
Traditional Quaker memorial services are held as a form of worship and are known as memorial meetings. Friends gather for worship and offer remembrances about the deceased. In some traditions, the coffin or ashes are not present. Memorial meetings may be held many weeks after the death, which can enable wider attendance and can also replace grief with spiritual reflection and celebration of life to dominate. Memorial meetings can last over an hour, particularly if many people attend. Memorial services give everyone a chance to remember the lost individual in their own way, comforting those present and re-affirming the larger community.
Church government and polity[link]
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This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
Governance and decision making is conducted at a special meeting for worship—often called a meeting for worship with a concern for business or meeting for worship for church affairs at which all members can attend, as in a Congregational church. Quakers consider this to be a form of worship, conducted in the manner of meeting for worship. They believe this is the gathering of believers who wait upon the Lord to discover God's will, believing that they are not making their own decisions. They seek to understand God's will for the community via the actions of the Holy Spirit within the meeting.[63]
As in a meeting for worship, each member is expected to listen to God and, if led by him, stand up and contribute. In some business meetings, Friends wait for the clerk to acknowledge them before speaking. Direct replies to someone's contribution are not permitted, with an aim of seeking truth rather than of debating. A decision is reached when the meeting, as a whole, feels that the "way forward" has been discerned (also called "coming to unity"). There is no voting. On some occasions a single Friend delays a decision because they feel the meeting is not following God's will. Because of this, many non-Friends describe this as consensus decision-making; however Friends are instead determined to continue seeking God's will. It is assumed that if everyone is listening to God's spirit, the way forward will become clear.
The meeting for business affairs is conducted in this way, and can seem time-consuming and impractical. Many non-Friends doubt whether this process can work in a large group, although many Yearly Meetings have employed this practice for generations.
National and international divisions and organization[link]
Like many movements, the Religious Society of Friends has evolved, changed and split into subgroups.
Quakerism started in the United Kingdom, and quickly spread to the United States. Today Kenya is by far the country with the most Quakers. Other countries with over 1,000 Quakers are Burundi, Bolivia, Cambodia, Canada, Guatemala, Ireland, Indonesia, Rwanda, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda, United Kingdom and the United States.[1] Although the total number of Quakers is around 360,000 worldwide,[64] Quaker influence is concentrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;Kaimosi, Kenya; Newberg, Oregon; Greenleaf, Idaho; Whittier, California; Richmond, Indiana; Friendswood, Texas; Birmingham, UK; Ramallah, Palestine and Greensboro, North Carolina.
International organization[link]
Main article: Friends World Committee for Consultation
Friends World Committee for Consultation (FWCC) is the international Quaker organization which loosely unifies the groups; FWCC brings together the largest variety of Friends in the world.
Various organizations associated with Friends include a U.S. lobbying organization based in Washington, D.C. called the Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL); service organizations such as the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), the Quaker United Nations Offices, Quaker Peace and Social Witness, Friends Committee on Scouting, the Quaker Peace Centre in Cape Town, South Africa and the Alternatives to Violence Project.
Friends World Committee for Consultation is divided into four sections to represent different regions of the world: Africa, Asia West Pacific, Europe and Middle East and Americas.
Africa[link]
Main article: Religious Society of Friends in Africa
| Country | Number of Quakers |
|---|---|
| Burundi |
12,000
|
| South Africa |
144
|
| Congo (Republic of) |
10
|
| Kenya |
133,825
|
| Madagascar |
16
|
| Nigeria |
16
|
| Rwanda |
3,234
|
| Tanzania |
3,100
|
| Uganda |
5,000
|
The highest concentration of Quakers is in Africa.[65] The Friends of East Africa were at one time part of a single East Africa Yearly Meeting, then the world's largest yearly meeting. Today, this region is served by several distinct yearly meetings. Most of these are affiliated with the Friends United Meeting, practice programmed worship and employ pastors. Friends meet in Rwanda and Burundi, as well as new work beginning in North Africa. Small unprogrammed meetings exist also in Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
Australia and New Zealand[link]
| Country | Number of Quakers |
|---|---|
| Australia |
949
|
| New Zealand |
656
|
Friends in Australia and New Zealand follow the unprogrammed tradition, similar to Britain Yearly Meeting
Considerable distances between the colonies and small numbers of Quakers meant that Australia Friends were dependent on London until the 20th century. The Society remained unprogrammed and is named the Australia Yearly Meeting, with local organizations around seven Regional Meetings: Canberra (which extends into southern New South Wales), New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia (which extends into Northern Territory), Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.[66] An annual meeting each January is hosted by a different Regional Meeting over a seven year cycle, with a Standing Committee each July or August. The 2006 Australian Census recorded 1,984 Quakers in Australia, which was an increase of 11% since the 2001 Census.[67]
Meetings for worship in New Zealand started in Nelson in 1842 and in Auckland in 1885.
Asia[link]
| Country | Number of Quakers |
|---|---|
| Cambodia |
2,500
|
| China |
95
|
| India |
712
|
| Indonesia |
3,000
|
| Japan |
135
|
| Korea |
12
|
| Nepal |
500
|
| Philippines |
850
|
| Taiwan |
3,200
|
Quaker meetings occur in India, Hong Kong, Korea, Philippines, Japan and Nepal.
India has four yearly meetings - the unprogrammed Mid-India Yearly Meeting, programmed Bhopal Yearly Meeting and the Mahoba Yearly Meeting. Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting is an evangelical Friends Church affiliated to Evangelical Friends International. Other programmed and unprogrammed worship groups are not affiliated to any yearly meeting.
Evangelical Friends Churches exist in the Philippines and Nepal, affiliated to Evangelical Friends International.
Europe[link]
| Country | Number of Quakers |
|---|---|
| Belgium / Luxembourg |
42
|
| Britain |
15,775
|
| Croatia |
2
|
| Czech Republic |
12
|
| Denmark |
29
|
| Estonia |
4
|
| Finland |
20
|
| France |
71
|
| Georgia |
13
|
| Germany |
338
|
| Greece |
3
|
| Hungary / Romania / Albania |
4,306
|
| Ireland |
1,591
|
| Latvia |
6
|
| Lithuania |
2
|
| Netherlands |
115
|
| Norway |
151
|
| Russia |
13
|
| Spain |
8
|
| Sweden |
100
|
| Switzerland |
104
|
In the United Kingdom, the predominantly liberal and unprogrammed Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain has 478 local meetings,[68] and a total of 14,260 adult members,[68] and an additional 8,560 non-member adults who attend worship[68] and 2,251 children.[68] The number has declined steadily since the mid-20th century.[68] Programmed meetings occur, including in Wem[69] and London.[70] Amall groups of Conservative Friends meet in Ripley and Greenwich in England and Arbroath in Scotland,[71] who follow Ohio Yearly Meeting's Book of Discipline.[72]
Evangelical Friends Central Europe Yearly Meeting has 4,306 members[1] across six nations,[73] including Albania, Hungary and Romania.[1]
Ireland Yearly Meeting is unprogrammed and is more conservative than Britain Yearly Meeting. They have 1,591 members[1] in 28 meetings[74] across the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
German Yearly Meeting is liberal and unprogrammed and has 338 members,[1] worshipping in 31 meetings in Germany and Austria.
Small groups of Friends in Belgium, Luxembourg, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Palestine, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine attend meetings ther.[1]
Middle East[link]
| Country | Number of Quakers |
|---|---|
| Lebanon / Israel |
60
|
Middle East Yearly Meeting has meetings in Lebanon and Israel.
North and South America[link]
| Country | Number of Quakers |
|---|---|
| Bolivia |
13,000
|
| Canada |
1,216
|
| Chile |
15
|
| Colombia |
8
|
| Costa Rica |
72
|
| Cuba |
535
|
| El Salvador |
472
|
| Guatamala |
20,730
|
| Honduras |
2,000
|
| Jamaica |
330
|
| Mexico |
861
|
| Peru |
1,700
|
| United States |
86,837
|
Quakers can be found throughout Canada. Some of the largest concentrations are in Southern Ontario[citation needed].
Friends in the United States have diverse worship style come differences of theology, vocabulary and practice.
A local congregation in the unprogrammed tradition is called a meeting, or a monthly meeting (e.g., Smalltown Meeting or Smalltown Monthly Meeting). The reference to "monthly" is because the meeting meets monthly to conduct the group's business. Most "monthly meetings" meet for worship at least once a week; some meetings have several worship meetings during the week. In programmed traditions, local congregations are often referred to as "Friends Churches".
Monthly meetings are often part of a regional group called a quarterly meeting, which is usually part of an even larger group called a yearly meeting; with the adjectives "quarterly" and "yearly" referring specifically to the frequency of meetings for worship with a concern for business.
Some yearly meetings belong to larger organizations to help maintain order and communication within the society. The three chief ones are Friends General Conference (FGC), Friends United Meeting (FUM) and Evangelical Friends Church International (EFCI). In all three groups, most member organizations, though not necessarily members are from the United States. FGC is theologically the most liberal of the three groups, while EFCI is the most evangelical. FUM is the largest. Friends United Meeting was originally known as "Five Years Meeting." Some monthly meetings belong to more than one larger organization, while others are fully independent.
Ecumenical relations[link]
Quakers prior to the 20th century considered the Religious Society of Friends to be a Christian movement, but did not feel their faith fit within categories of Catholic, Orthodox, or Protestant.[75] Many conservative Friends, whilst fully seeing themselves as Christian, choose to remain separate from other Christian groups.
Many Friends in liberal Friends' meetings are actively involved in the ecumenical movement, often working closely with other Mainline Protestant and liberal Christian churches with whom they share common ground. Concern for peace and social justice often brings Friends together with other churches and Christian groups. Some liberal yearly meetings are members of ecumenical pan-Christian organizations which include Protestant, Orthodox and Anglican churches—for example Philadelphia Yearly Meeting is a member of the National Council of Churches,[76] Britain Yearly Meeting is a member of Churches Together in Britain and Ireland and Friends General Conference is a member of the World Council of Churches.[77] Guerneyite Friends would typically see themselves as part of a Christian movement and work closely with other Christian groups. Friends United Meeting (the international organization of Gurneyite yearly meetings) is a member of the National Council of Churches [76] and the World Council of Churches,[77] which are pan-Christian organizations which include Protestant, Orthodox and Anglican churches. Evangelical Friends work closely with other evangelical churches from other Christian traditions. The North American branch of Evangelical Friends Church International is a member church of the National Association of Evangelicals. Evangelical Friends tend to be less involved with non-evangelical churches and are not members of the World Council of Churches or National Council of Churches.
The majority of other Christian groups recognize Friends amongst their fellow-Christians.[78] The Bible Theology Ministries (a small charismatic church in Swansea) is an exception,[79] but they also do not recognize Roman Catholics as Christian,[80] regarding both as cults. Some people who attend Friends meetings assume that Quakers are not Christian when they do not hear overtly Christian language during the meeting for worship.[81]
Relations with other faiths[link]
Relationships between Quakers and non-Christians vary considerably, according to sect, geography and history.
Early Quakers distanced themselves from practices that they saw as pagan, such as refusing to use the usual names of days of the week, since they derive from names of pagan deities.[82] They refused to celebrate Christmas because of its basis on pagan festivities.[83] Early Friends attempted to convert Muslims to Christianity, for examplein Fox's open letter, To the Turk[84] in which he encouraged all to turn to Christ as the only path to salvation. Mary Fisher attempted to convert the Muslim Mehmed IV (the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire) in 1658.
In 1870, Richard Price Hallowell argued that the logical extension of Quakerism is a universal Church, which demands a religion which embraces Jew, Pagan and Christian, and which cannot be limited by the dogmas of one or the other.[85]
From the late 20th century onwards some attendees at liberal Quaker meetings actively identify with faiths other than Christianity, such as Judaism, Islam,[86] Buddhism [87] or Paganism.
Calendar and church holidays[link]
Quakers traditionally use numbers to denominate the names of the months and days of the week, something they call the plain calendar. This does not use names of calendar units derived from the names of pagan deities. The days begin with First Day (Sunday) and ends on Seventh Day (Saturday) and months run from First Month (January) to Twelfth Month (December). This is based on the terms used in the Bible: e.g., Jesus' followers went to the tomb early on the First Day of the week.[88][89][90][91] The plain calendar emerged in the 17th century in England in the Puritan movement but became closely identified with Friends by the end of the 1650s and was commonly employed into the 20th century. It is less commonly encountered today. The term First Day School is commonly used, for what is called by most churches Sunday School.
In common with other Christian denominations derived from the 16th century Puritanism, many Friends do not observe religious festivals (eg Christmas, Lent, or Easter), but instead believe that Christ's birth, crucifixion and resurrection should be commemorated every day of the year. For example, many Quakers feel that fasting at Lent but then eating in excess at other times of the year is hypocrisy and therefore many Quakers, rather than observing Lent, live a simple lifestyle all the year round (see Testimony of Simplicity). These practices are often referred to as the testimony against times and seasons.
Some Friends are non-Sabbatarians, holding that "every day is the Lord's day", and that what should be done on a First Day should be done every day of the week, although Meeting for Worship is usually held on a First Day, something which has been advised since the first advice issued by elders in 1656.[92]
Mysticism[link]
Quakerism differs from other mystical religions in at least two important ways. Quaker mysticism is primarily group-oriented rather than focusing on the individual. The Friends' traditional meeting for worship expresses of that group mysticism, where all the members of the meeting listen together for the Spirit of God, speaking when that Spirit moves them.
Quaker mysticism after the late 19th century includes a strong emphasis on outwardly-directed witness. Rather than seeking withdrawal from the world, the Quaker mystic translates his or her mysticism into action. They believe this action leads to greater spiritual understanding—both by individuals and by the Meeting. This view of mysticism includes social and political activities.
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Friends, Society of. |
Notes and references[link]
 |
This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (November 2011) |
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- ^ "Baltimore Yearly Meeting Faith & Practice 2011 draf". http://www.bym-rsf.org/publications/fandp/11worship.html#vocal.
- ^ "Quaker atheists, agnostics, humanists, and others who practice Quakerism without supernatural beliefs". Nontheist Friends. http://www.nontheistfriends.org/. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
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- ^ Fox, George (1803). Armistead, Wilson. ed. 2 (7 ed.). p. 186. http://books.google.com/books?id=pYxFAAAAIAAJ.
- ^ Drayton, Brian (1994) Recorded Ministers in the Society of Friends: Then and Now. Friends General Conference. http://www.fgcquaker.org/library/ministry/recordedministers-drayton.html
- ^ Adams, Cecil.Is the guy on the Quaker Oats box John Penn? The Straight Dope Accessed 2006-07-28.
- ^ Britain Yearly Meeting (2008). "19: Openings; paragraph 20". Quaker Faith and Practice (4th edition). http://qfp.quakerweb.org.uk/qfp19-20.html.
- ^ a b c d e f Wrigley, Edward Anthony; Schofield, Roger; Schofield, R.S. (1989). The population history of England, 1541-1871: a reconstruction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-521-35688-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pV9SZS4WpjkC&dq.
- ^ a b George Fox (1694). George Fox: An Autobiography (George Fox's Journal). http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/title.html.
- ^ Isaiah 66:2, King James Version (Authorized, 1611)
- ^ Ezra 9:4, King James Version (Authorized, 1611)
- ^ Margery Post Abbott et al., Historical dictionary of the Friends (Quakers) (2003) p. xxxi
- ^ David Yount (2007). How the Quakers invented America. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. ISBN 0-7425-5833-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Sydney G. Fisher (2009). "The Quaker Colonies". Echo Library. p.13 ISBN 1-4068-5110-8
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- ^ a b c d Bebbington, David William (1989). Evangelicalism in modern Britain: a history from the 1730s to the 1980s. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd. ISBN 0-415-10464-5.
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- ^ Kennedy, Thomas C. (2001). British Quakerism 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ a b Packer, Ian (1 April 2003). "Religion and the New Liberalism: The Rowntree Family, Quakerism and Social Reform". Journal of British Studies 42 (2): 236–257. DOI:10.1086/345607. ISSN 0021-9371. http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/345607.
- ^ Blamires, David (1996). ") The context and character of the 1895 Manchester Conference". Friends Quarterly 30: 50.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h Burns Windsor, D (1980) The Quaker Enterprise: Friends in Business, Frederick Muller Ltd, London ISBN 0-584-10257-7
- ^ David Yount How the Quakers invented America (2007) pp. 83-84
- ^ "History of Malone". Malone University. http://www.malone.edu/about-malone/history-of-malone.php.
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- ^ "About Barclay". Barclay College. http://barclaycollege.edu/index.php?id=about-bc.
- ^ Fox, George. "Letter to the Governor of Barbadoes". http://www.quakerinfo.com/barbados.shtml.
- ^ Barclay, Robert (1678). An Apology for the True Christian Divinity. http://www.qhpress.org/texts/barclay/apology/.
- ^ Barclay, Robert (1690). A Catechism and Confession of Faith. http://www.qhpress.org/texts/barclay/catechism/index.html.
- ^ The Testimony of the Society of Friends on the Continent of America. New York: Richard and George S Wood. 1830. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CtctAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ "Richmond Declaration of Faith". QuakerInfo.com. http://www.quakerinfo.com/rdf.shtml.
- ^ "Essential Truths". QuakerInfo.com. http://www.quakerinfo.com/esstruth.shtml.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i http://www.quaker.org.uk/files/ymg-2009-epistles-and-testimonies.pdf Page 5; Introduction from Quaker World Relations Committee
- ^ "Isaac Penington to Thomas Walmsley (1670)". Quaker Heritage Press. http://www.qhpress.org/texts/penington/letter40.html. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ a b c "Quaker Finder". Friends General Conference. http://www.quakerfinder.org/. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
- ^ anonymous. "A short history of Conservative Friends". http://www.snowcamp.org/shocf/.
- ^ a b Evangelical Friends Church International. "Friends Beliefs". http://www.evangelicalfriends.org/6.
- ^ Central Yearly Meeting of Friends. "About Us". http://www.centralyearlymeetingoffriends.org/AboutUs.dsp.
- ^ al.], Margery Post Abbott ... [et. Historical Dictionary of the Friends (Quakers) (2nd ed. ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. 327–328. ISBN 0-8108-7088-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WlTnzA6kHYwC&pg=PA328&lpg=PA328&dq=Bolivian+Holiness+Mission+Evangelical+Friends+Church&source=bl&ots=_7cCaucsFV&sig=a53kHYYP5vfM8AEozXPzLiGzPrI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MOZsT6HYDqK-0QWIyM3CBg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Bolivian%20Holiness%20Mission%20Evangelical%20Friends%20Church&f=false.
- ^ a b Rickermann, Sally (2007). "Quaker Universalist Fellowship: Its History". Journal of the Quaker Universalist Fellowship (46). http://www.universalistfriends.org/uf046.html#Rickerman.
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- ^ "New Nontheist Friends Network in Britain". nontheistfriends.org. http://www.nontheistfriends.org/article/new-nontheist-friends-network-in-britain/.
- ^ Heathfield, D (27). "Non-theist Friends Network". The Friend 169 (21). http://thefriend.org/article/letters-27-may-2011/.
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- ^ a b c Mellor, Katherine (2009). CHRISTIAN BELIEF IN THE RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS (QUAKERS): A RESPONSE TO THE CLAIM THAT BRITISH FRIENDS ARE POST-CHRISTIAN (A dissertation submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of Master of Philosophy). Birmingham: University of Birmingham. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/682/1/Mellor10MPhil.pdf. (pp39-40)
- ^ Testimonies Committee of Quaker Peace and Social Witness (2005). Living What We Believe: Quaker Testimonies: a way of living faithfully (leaflet).
- ^ James 2:17
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- ^ 43 percent of Quakers worldwide are found in Africa, versus 30 percent in North America, 17 percent in Latin America and the Caribbean, 6 percent in Europe and 4 percent in Asia/West Pacific. See Quaker Information Center.
- ^ list of Australian Quaker Regional Meetings
- ^ www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/research/_pdf/poa-2008.pdf
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- ^ Wem Quaker Meeting. "Meeting Style - Wem Quaker Meeting". http://www.wemquakers.org.uk/index.php/meeting-style.
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- ^ "Ripley Christian Quakers". http://www.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk.
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- ^ "Quakers - the Religious Society of Friends". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/quakers_1.shtml. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "Quakers - Are They Christians?". Christiandoctrine.net. 2008-10-26. http://www.christiandoctrine.net/doctrine/outlines/outline_00027_quakers_are_they_christians_web.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "Roman Catholicism". Christiandoctrine.net. 2008-10-26. http://www.christiandoctrine.net/about/beliefs_web.htm#21. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ "If Quakers were more Christian". Guardian. 2008-07-16. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/belief/2010/mar/18/quaker-religion-jesus-christianity. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
- ^ Yount, David (2007). How the Quakers invented America. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 11. ISBN 0-7425-5833-9.
- ^ Frost, Jerry William (1968). The Quaker family in colonial America: a social history of the Society of Friends, Volume 2. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. p. 436.
- ^ Fox, George (1821). "To the Turk and all that are under his Authority, to read this over, which concerns their Salvation". The Works of George Fox: Gospel truth demonstrated, in a collection of doctrinal books, given forth by that faithful minister of Jesus Christ, George Fox: containing principles essential to Christianity and salvation, held among the people called Quakers. Marcus T.C. Gould. pp. 216–221. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wuEYAAAAYAAJ.
- ^ Richard Price Hollowell (1870). The Quakers in New England: An Essay. Merrihew & Son, Printers. p. 26. http://books.google.com/?id=6IOQcwb7xTYC.
- ^ Brett Miller-White (2004) The Journeyman – The Making of a Muslim Quaker Quaker Theology, 10
- ^ Valerie Brown (2006) The Mindful Quaker
- ^ Mark 16:2
- ^ Luke 24:1
- ^ John 20:1
- ^ John 20:19
- ^ Dewsbury, William; Farnworth, Richard. "The Epistle from the Elders at Balby, 1656". http://www.qhpress.org/texts/balby.html.
Further reading[link]
- Abbott, Margery; Chijioke, Mary Ellen; Dandelion, Pink; Oliver, John William, ed. (June 2003). Historical Dictionary of The Friends (Quakers). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4483-4.
- Bacon, Margaret Hope (April 2000). The Quiet Rebels: The Story of the Quakers in America. Pendle Hill Publications. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-87574-935-8.
- Bacon, Margaret Hope. "Quakers and Colonization," Quaker History, 95 (Spring 2006), 26–43.
- Barbour, Hugh; Frost, J. William. The Quakers. (1988), 412pp; historical survey, including many capsule biographies online edition
- Barbour, Hugh (October 1985). The Quakers in Puritan England. Friends United Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-913408-87-2.
- Benjamin, Philip. Philadelphia Quakers in an Age of Industrialism, 1870-1920 (1976),
- Bill, J. Brent, Holy Silence: The Gift of Quaker Spirituality ISBN 1-55725-420-6
- Boulton, David (ed.) 2006. Godless for God's Sake: Nontheism in Contemporary Quakerism. Dales Historical Monographs. ISBN 0-9511578-6-8
- Birkel, Michael L., Silence and Witness: The Quaker Tradition ISBN 1-57075-518-3 (in the UK, ISBN 0-232-52448-3)
- Braithwaite, William C. The Beginnings of Quakerism (1912); revised by Henry J. Cadbury (1955) online edition
- Braithwaite, William C. Second Period of Quakerism (1919); revised by Henry Cadbury (1961), covers 1660 to 1720s in Britain
- Brinton, Howard H., Friends for 350 Years ISBN 0-87574-903-8
- Brock, Peter. Pioneers of the Peaceable Kingdom (1968), on Peace Testimony from the 1650s to 1900.
- Bronner, Edwin B. William Penn's Holy Experiment (1962)
- Burnet, G.B., Story of Quakerism in Scotland The Lutterworth Press 2007, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-7188-9176-3
- Connerley, Jennifer. "Friendly Americans: Representing Quakers in the United States, 1850-1920." PhD dissertation U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 2006. 277 pp. Citation: DAI 2006 67(2): 600-A. DA3207363 online at ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Cooper, Wilmer A., A Living Faith: An Historical and Comparative Study of Quaker Beliefs. 2nd ed. ISBN 0-944350-53-4
- Dandelion, Pink, The Quakers: A Very Short Introduction ISBN 978-0-19-920679-7
- Davies, Adrian. The Quakers in English Society, 1655-1725. (2000). 261 pp.
- Doherty, Robert. The Hicksite Separation (1967), uses the new social history to inquire who joined which side
- Dunn, Mary Maples. William Penn: Politics and Conscience (1967)
- Frost, J. William. The Quaker Family in Colonial America: A Portrait of the Society of Friends (1973), emphasis on social structure and family life
- Frost, J. William. "The Origins of the Quaker Crusade against Slavery: A Review of Recent Literature," Quaker History 67 (1978): 42-58,
- Gillman, Harvey, A Light that is Shining: Introduction to the Quakers ISBN 0-85245-213-6
- Guiton, Gerard, The Growth and Development of Quaker Testimony' ISBN 0-7734-6002-0
- Hamm, Thomas. The Quakers in America. (2003). 293 pp., strong analysis of current situation, with brief history
- Hamm, Thomas. The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800-1907 (1988), looks at the impact of the Holiness movement on the Orthodox faction
- Hamm, Thomas D. Earlham College: A History, 1847-1997. (1997). 448 pp.
- Hatton, Jean. "Betsy: The Dramatic Biography of Prison Reformer Elizabeth Fry" (2005) ISBN 1-85424-705-0 and ISBN 0-8254-6092-1
- Hatton, Jean. "George Fox: Founder of the Quakers" (2007) ISBN 978-1-85424-763-7 and ISBN 978-0-8254-6106-4.
- Hubbard, Geoffrey, Quaker by Convincement ISBN 0-85245-189-X and ISBN 0-14-021663-4
- Illick, Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania: A History. 1976. online edition
- Ingle, H. Larry, First Among Friends: George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism ISBN 0-19-507803-9 and ISBN 0-19-510117-0
- Ingle, H. Larry, Quakers in Conflict: The Hicksite Reformation ISBN 0-87574-926-7
- James, Sydney. A People among Peoples: Quaker Benevolence in Eighteenth-Century America (1963), a broad ranging study that remains the best history in America before 1800
- Jones, Rufus M., Amelia M. Gummere and Isaac Sharpless. Quakers in the American Colonies (1911), history to 1775 online edition
- Jones, Rufus M. Later Periods of Quakerism, 2 vols. (1921), covers England and America until World War I.
- Jones, Rufus M. The Story of George Fox (1919) 169 pages online edition
- Jones, Rufus M. A Service of Love in War Time: American Friends Relief Work in Europe, 1917-1919 (1922) online edition
- Jordan, Ryan. "The Dilemma of Quaker Pacifism in a Slaveholding Republic, 1833-1865," Civil War History, Vol. 53, 2007 online edition
- Jordan, Ryan. Slavery and the Meetinghouse: The Quakers and the Abolitionist Dilemma, 1820–1865. (2007) 191pp
- Kennedy, Thomas C. British Quakerism, 1860-1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community. (2001). 477 pp.
- Larson, Rebecca. Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700-1775. (1999). 399 pp.
- LeShana, James David. "'Heavenly Plantations': Quakers in Colonial North Carolina." PhD dissertation: U. of California, Riverside 1998. 362 pp. DAI 2000 61(5): 2005-A. DA9974014 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
- Minear, Mark., "Richmond, 1887: A Quaker Drama Unfolds" ISBN (0913408980) ISBN (9780913408988)
- Moore, Rosemary, The Light in Their Consciences: The Early Quakers in Britain 1646-1666 (2000) 314pp ISBN 0-271-01989-1
- Moretta, John A., William Penn and the Quaker Legacy ISBN 0-321-16392-3
- Mullet, Michael, editor, New Light on George Fox ISBN 1-85072-142-4
- Nash, Gary. Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1680-1726 (1968)
- Punshon, John, Portrait in Grey : a short history of the Quakers (1994) ISBN 0-85245-180-6
- Punshon, John. Portrait in Grey: A short history of the Quakers. (Quaker Home Service, 1984).
- Rasmussen, Ane Marie Bak. A History of the Quaker Movement in Africa. (1994). 168 pp.
- Russell, Elbert. The History of Quakerism (1942). online edition
- Smuck, Harold. Friends in East Africa (Richmond, Indiana: 1987)
- Steere, Douglas. 1967. On Being Present Where You Are. Wallingford, Pa: Pendle Hill Pamphlet No. 151.
- Tolles, Frederick B. Meeting House and Counting House (1948), on Quaker businessmen in colonial Philadelphia
- Tolles, Frederick B. Quakers and the Atlantic Culture (1960)
- Trueblood, D. Elton The People Called Quakers (1966)
- Vlach, John Michael. "Quaker Tradition and the Paintings of Edward Hicks: A Strategy for the Study of Folk Art," Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 94, 1981 online edition
- Walvin, James. The Quakers: Money and Morals. (1997). 243 pp.
- Yarrow, Clarence H. The Quaker Experience in International Conciliation (1979), for post-1945
Primary sources[link]
- Bill, J. Brent, Imagination and Spirit: A Contemporary Quaker Reader ISBN 0-944350-61-5
- Gummere, Amelia, ed. The Journal and Essays of John Woolman (1922) online edition
- Jones, Rufus M., ed. The Journal of George Fox: An Autobiography online edition
- Mott, Lucretia Coffin. Selected Letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott. edited by Beverly Wilson Palmer, U. of Illinois Press, 2002. 580 pp
- Smith, Robert Lawrence, A Quaker Book of Wisdom ISBN 0-688-17233-4
- West, Jessamyn, editor, The Quaker Reader (1962) ISBN 0-87574-916-X collection of essays by Fox, Penn and other notable Quakers
Children's books[link]
- De Angeli, Marguerite Thee, Hannah! ISBN 0-8361-9106-4
- Milhous, Katherine
- The Egg Tree ISBN 978-0-689-71568-6
- Appolonia's Valentine ISBN 978-0-684-92306-2
- Turkle, Brinton
- The Adventures of Obadiah ISBN 0-670-10614-3
- Obadiah the Bold ISBN 1-893103-19-6
- Rachel and Obadiah ISBN 1-893103-18-8
- Thy Friend, Obadiah ISBN 0-14-050393-5
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Quakers |
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- Friends World Committee for Consultation: - International Umbrella Body for Quakers of all Kinds
- Quakers In The World: - A Quaker Information Centre
- QuakerInfo.org: - A Quaker Information Centre
- Quaker.org: - A Quaker Information Centre
- About Quaker Worship: - An explanation about Quaker Worship by British Quakers
- Liberal Quakers: - An introduction to Liberal Quakers
- Christian Quaker Internet Mission: - A website about the faith and practice of Christian Friends
- QuakerQuaker: - A website about the faith and practice of Christian Friends
- Quaker Theological Electronic Archive
- QuakerFinder: - A online directory of Quaker Meetings and Friends Churches in America and Canada
- QuakerMaps: - A online directory of Quaker Meetings and Friends Churches
- American County Map for U.S. Quakers
- Quaker Resources Collection: - Quaker Resources Collection from Tasmania, Australia.
- Records of the Religious Society of Friends:- Liberal Quakers in America
- An Introduction to Watford Quakers in the United Kingdom
- Quakers - Seeking The Light Within: - A television presentation about Australian Quakers
- A QuakerQuaker Video Collection
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