- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 25473
- author: shootandscribble
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Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi (Arabic: أبو ظبي Abu Dhabi, Father of Deer) is the capital and the second largest city of the United Arab Emirates in terms of population and the largest of the seven member emirates of the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city proper had an estimated population of 896,800 in 2009.
Abu Dhabi houses important offices of the federal government, and is the seat for the United Arab Emirates Government and the home for the Abu Dhabi Emiri Family and the President of the UAE from this family. Abu Dhabi has grown to be a cosmopolitan metropolis. Its rapid development and urbanisation, coupled with the relatively high average income of its population, has transformed Abu Dhabi to a larger and advanced metropolis. Today the city is the country's center of political, industrial activities, and a major cultural, and commercial centre due to its position as the capital. Abu Dhabi alone generated 56.7% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates in 2008.
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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Amman
Amman (Arabic: عمان
/ɑːˈmɑːn/; ʿAmmān; Rabat Ammon) is the capital and largest city of Jordan. It is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The Greater Amman area has a population of 2,842,629 as of 2010. The population of Amman is expected to jump from 2.8 million to almost 6.5 million by 2025 due to constant and rapid immigration. The recent economic growth experienced in Amman is unmatched by any other Arab city except those located in the Gulf. Amman is also the administrative seat of the homonymous governorate. Amman is also ranked a Gamma global city on the World city index.
Amman was named one of the MENA's best cities according to economic, labour, environmental, and socio-cultural factors. Amman is among the most popular locations for multinational corporations to set up their regional offices, alongside Doha and only behind Dubai. Furthermore, it is expected that in the next 10 years these three cities will capture the largest share of multinational corporation activity in the region. It is a major tourist destination in the region and the capital is especially popular among Gulf tourists. Amman is considered one of the richest and most Western-oriented cities in the Middle East.
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Angren, Uzbekistan
Angren (Uzbek: Angren / Ангрен; Russian: Ангрен) is a city in eastern Uzbekistan 70 mi (110 km) east of Tashkent. It was founded in 1946 as a center for the Uzbek SSR's coal industry. It is located on the Angren River.
A notable industrial town, it has a large construction-materials industry, a rubber processing plant and a power station.
Prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city had a significant Russian population. The population of the city has declined since the early 1990s because of very poor living conditions, unemployment and mass immigration. In 1992 it had a population of 133,000 but as of 2005 it was 126,962.
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Ankara
Ankara (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈan.ka.ɾa]; historically known as Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 938 metres (3,077 ft), and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.
Centrally located in Anatolia, Ankara is an important commercial and industrial city. It is the center of the Turkish Government, and houses all foreign embassies. It is an important crossroads of trade, strategically located at the centre of Turkey's highway and railway networks, and serves as the marketing centre for the surrounding agricultural area. The city was famous for its long-haired Angora goat and its prized wool (mohair), a unique breed of cat (Angora cat), Angora rabbits and their prized wool (Angora wool), pears, honey, and the region's muscat grapes.
The historical center of Ankara is situated upon a rocky hill, which rises 150 m (492 ft) above the plain on the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya (Sangarius) river. The city is located at 39°52'30" North, 32°52' East (39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333Coordinates: 39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333), about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul, the country's largest city. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, which is 72 m2 per head.
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Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Asaka, Uzbekistan
Asaka (Uzbek: Asaka / Асака; Russian: Асака) is a city in Andijan Province, Uzbekistan, to the east of Andijan in the Ferghana Valley. It was formerly known as Leninsk during the communist era. The first automobile assembly plant in Central Asia was opened there by an Uzbekistani-South Korean joint venture, UzDaewoo.
Coordinates: 40°38′N 72°14′E / 40.633°N 72.233°E / 40.633; 72.233
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Ashgabat
Ashgabat (Turkmen: Aşgabat, Persian: اشک آباد, Russian: Ашхабад, also Ashkhabad in transliteration from Russian formerly Poltoratsk between 1919–1927) is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, a country in Central Asia. It has a population of 695,300 (2001 census estimate), 2009 estimates around 1 million people in Ashgabat, and is situated between the Kara Kum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. Ashgabat has a primarily Turkmen population, with ethnic minorities of Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. It is 250 km from the second largest city in Iran, Mashhad.
Ashgabat is Aşgabat in Turkmen, Ашхабад (Ashkhabad) in Russian, and اشک آباد (UniPers: Ešq-âbâd) in Persian. From 1919 until 1927, the city was renamed Poltoratsk after a local revolutionary. Before 1991, the city was usually spelled Ashkabad in English, a transliteration of the Russian form, which was itself from the original Persian form. It has also been variously spelled Ashkhabat and Ashgabad.
Root of the name of the city goes back to Arshacid Empire era, and derived from the name of the founder of the Parthian Empire,Arsaces I of Parthia. So it seems the original form of the name was Ashk-Abad, and because of Turkish pronunciation of the name it became like it is today.
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Astana
Astana (Russian/Kazakh: Астана, formerly known as Akmola (Kazakh: Ақмола / Aqmola, until 1998), Целиноград / Tselinograd until 1992) and Akmolinsk (Russian: Акмолинск, until 1961), is the capital and second largest city (after Almaty) of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population of 708,794 as of 1 August 2010. It is located in the north-central portion of Kazakhstan, within Akmola Province, though administrated separately from the province as a federal city area.
The current mayor of Astana is Imangali Tasmagambetov. He was appointed on 4 April 2008.
The word Astana in Kazakh literally means Capital but the word itself originates from Persian Astane (Persian: آستانه means "sublime threshold," "royal porte" implying a royal capital city or a holy shrine town, (from the Persian verb Istadan (آستان) 'to stand' (in respect)), and literally means "threshold" (royal or sacred, where people stand in respect or awe),[citation needed] implying where the court is seated (the capital city) or the body of a sacred person is interred (a shrine town). The city of Turkistan in Kazakhstan that hosts the body of the saint Ahmad Yasavi is also called the "astana" as is the city of Mashhad in Iran that is the burial place of the 8th Shiite Imam Reza. In fact, long before becoming the new capital of Kazakhstan, the city was "an astana," a burial ground of a saint, hence the old name of the city, Ak Mola (Ақмола), "white mausoleum."
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
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Bahrain
Bahrain ( pronunciation) (Arabic: البحرين, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: بحرين, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.
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Baku
Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı, IPA: [bɑˈcɯ]), sometimes spelled as Baki or Bakou, is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, which projects into the Caspian Sea. The city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Baku's urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people. Officially, about 25 percent of all inhabitants of the country live in the metropolitan city area of Baku.
Baku is divided into eleven administrative districts (raions) and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on islands in the Baku Bay and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 60 km (37 mi) away from Baku. The Inner City of Baku along with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. According to the Lonely Planet's ranking, Baku is also among the world's top ten destinations for urban nightlife.
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Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan (Jawi: بندر سري بڬاوان ; Malay: [ˌbanda səˌri bəˈɡawan]) with an estimated population of 140,000 (as of 2010), is the capital and largest city of the Sultanate of Brunei. The urban area has a population of 296,500 people.
Habitation on the banks of the Brunei River can be traced back to the 8th century where there had been settlements similar to those in Kt, located on areas close to the present site of the Brunei Museum.
Seri Begawan was named after the Sultan's late father Omar Ali Saifuddien on 5 October 1970, its original name being Bandar Brunei or Brunei Town. Begawan is a name given to Bruneian monarchs who have abdicated, originally coming from the Sanskrit word for "god": भगवान bhagavān. Seri also comes from the honorific Sanskrit word Sri. Bandar, comes from Persian بندر via Indian languages and means "port" or "haven" (bandar means "town" in Malay).
On 1 August 2007, the sultan of Brunei gave consent for the extension of Bandar Seri Begawan from 12.87 km2 (4.97 sq mi) to 100.36 km2 (38.75 sq mi). For a list of the included villages and mukims see "Expansion of the City" below.
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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] (
listen)) or simply Krung Thep ( listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Beirut
Coordinates: 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E / 33.88694; 35.51306
Beirut (Arabic: بيروت Bayrūt, Greek: Βηρυττός, Latin: Berytus, French: Beyrouth, Hebrew: ביירות Beyrut) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon. As there has been no recent population census, the exact population is unknown; estimates in 2007 ranged from slightly less than 1 million to slightly more than 2 million. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's Mediterranean coast, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport. The Beirut metropolitan area consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating from the 15th century BC. The city has been inhabited continuously since then.
Beirut is Lebanon's seat of government and plays a central role in the Lebanese economy, with many banks and corporations based in its city centre, Hamra Street, Rue Verdun and Ashrafieh. The city is the focal point of the region's cultural life, renowned for its press, theatres, cultural activities and nightlife. After the destructive Lebanese Civil War, Beirut underwent major reconstruction, and the redesigned historic city centre, marina, pubs and nightlife districts have once again made it a tourist attraction. Beirut was named the top place to visit by The New York Times in 2009, and as one of the ten liveliest cities in the world by Lonely Planet in the same year.
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Bekabad
Bekabad (Uzbek: Bekobod / Бекобод; Russian: Бекабад) is a city in Toshkent Province, Eastern Uzbekistan. The city was founded in 1945 as Begovat and was renamed Bekabad in 1964. Population: 82,082 (1989 Census). Bekabad lies along both banks of the Syr Darya River at the extreme southern tip of the region. It is an important industrial center, with a large steel mill and cement factory. The Farkhad dam (architect Karakis J.Y.) and hydroelectric plant, just upstream from Bekabad, is a major source of electricity and irrigation water for Uzbekistan.
Bekobad is a railway junction on the national railway network.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Beruniy
Beruniy also spelled as Beruni (Uzbek: Beruniy / Беруний; Karakalpak: Biruniy / Бируний; Russian: Беруни) is a town and seat of Beruniy District in Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan.
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Bhutan
Coordinates: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, tr ʼbrug-yul, "Druk Yul"; Devanagari भूटान, Bhūṭān), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby country of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the area was unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who fled religious persecution in Tibet and cultivated a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire, after which Bhutan continued strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, based on a global survey.
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Bishkek
Bishkek (in Kyrgyz and Russian: Бишкек), formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.
The name is thought to derive from a Kyrgyz word for a churn used to make fermented mare's milk (kumis), the Kyrgyz national drink. Founded in 1825 as the Kyrgyz-Khokand fortress of "Bishkek", then, in 1862, named as the Russian fortress Pishpek (крепость Пишпек), in 1926 the city was renamed Frunze (Фрунзе), after the Bolshevik military leader Mikhail Frunze. In 1991, the Kyrgyz parliament restored the city's historical name.
Bishkek is situated at about 800 metres (2,600 ft) altitude just off the northern fringe of the Kyrgyz Ala-Too range, an extension of the Tian Shan mountain range, which rises up to 4,855 metres (15,928 ft) and provides a spectacular backdrop to the city. North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring Kazakhstan. The Chui River drains most of the area. Bishkek is connected to the Turkestan-Siberia Railway by a spur line.
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Brunei
Bruneii/bruːˈnaɪ/, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: نڬارا بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and it is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang. It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia. Brunei's population was 401,890 in July 2011.
The official national history claims that Brunei can trace its beginnings to the 7th century, when it was a subject state of the Srivijayan empire under the name P'o-li. It later became a vassal state of Majapahit empire before converting to Islam in the 15th century. At the peak of its empire, the sultanate had control that extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. The thalassocracy was visited by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 and fought the Castille War in 1578 against Spain. Its empire began to decline with the forced ceding of Sarawak to James Brooke and the ceding of Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company. After the loss of Limbang, Brunei finally became a British protectorate in 1888, receiving a resident in 1906. In the years after the Japanese wartime occupation during World War II, it formalised a constitution and fought an armed rebellion. Brunei regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984. Economic growth during the 1970s and 1990s, averaging 56% from 1999 to 2008, has transformed Brunei Darussalam into a newly industrialised country.
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Bukhara
Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро Bukhoro, Persian: بخارا; Uzbek: Buxoro; Russian: Бухара Bukhara), from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky place"), is the capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat) of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 263,400 (2009 census estimate). The region around Bukhara has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas, has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Ethnic Uzbek may constitute the largest element in Bukhara, with the native Tajiks being as numerous. The city long has had a mixed population including Jews and other ethnic minorities.
Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.
Persian-speaking Soghdians inhabited the area, and some centuries later the Persian language became dominant among them. Encyclopædia Iranica mentions that the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Soghdian βuxārak (Place of Good Fortune).
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Bukhara Province
Coordinates: 40°10′N 63°40′E / 40.167°N 63.667°E / 40.167; 63.667
Buxoro Province (Bukhara Province) (Uzbek: Buxoro viloyati/Бухоро вилояти) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan located in the southwest of the country. The Kyzyl-Kum Desert takes up a large portion of its territory. It borders Turkmenistan, Navoiy Province, Qashqadaryo Province, a tiny bit of Xorazm Province, and the Karakalpakstan Republic. It covers an area of 40,300 km2. The population is estimated at 1,525,900 (end of 2005 data), with 71% living in rural areas.
Buxoro Province is divided into 11 administrative districts. The capital is Buxoro (pop. est. 241,300 at the end of 2005). Other major towns include Alat, Karakul, Galaasiya, Gazli, Gijduvan (pop. 40,600 end of 2005), Kagan (pop. 53,500, end of 2005), Romitan, Shafirkan, and Vabkent.
The climate is a typically arid continental climate.
The old city of Bukhara is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, famous as a "living museum" and a center for international tourism. There are numerous historical and architectural monuments in and around the city and adjacent districts.
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Burma
Burmai/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Chimboy
Chimboy also spelled as Chimbay (Uzbek: Chimboy / Чимбой; Karakalpak: Shımbay / Шымбай; Russian: Чимбай) is a town and seat of Chimboy District in Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Chirchiq
Chirchiq also spelled as Chirchik (Uzbek: Chirchiq / Чирчиқ; Russian: Чирчик) is a city (1999 pop. 145,600) in Toshkent Province, Uzbekistan, about 32 km northeast of Tashkent, along the Chirciq River. Chirchiq lies in the Chatkal Mountains.
It is located at latitude 41° 28' 8N; longitude 69° 34' 56E, 582 meters above sea level.
The city was founded in 1935, when several local villages grew together as a consequence of the construction of a hydroelectric power station on the Chirchiq River.
Chirchiq is in the middle of an intensively cultivated area, producing mainly vegetables and fruits, including melons and grapes. A large electrochemical works produces fertilizer for the region's collective farms. Chirchiq's industries also include the production of ferroalloys and machinery for the agricultural and chemical industries.
Chirchiq is also a major winter recreation area in the Tashkent Province. There is a ski resort near the city, named Chimgan, that attract tourists from throughout Central Asia and Russia. A water diversion on the Chirchiq River just outside the city provides the major source of drinking water for Tashkent and other cities to the south.
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City of Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Damascus
Damascus (Arabic: دِمَشق / ALA-LC: Dimashq; commonly known in Syria as al-Sham (Arabic: الشام / al-Shām), and as the City of Jasmine (Arabic: مدينة الياسمين / Madīnat al-Yāsmīn), is the capital and the second largest city of Syria. Both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major cultural and religious center of the Levant. The city has an estimated population of 1,711,000 (2009 est.).
Located in southwestern Syria, Damascus is the center of a large metropolitan area of 2.6 million people (2004). Geographically embedded on the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range 80 kilometres (50 mi) inland from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean on a plateau 680 metres (2,230 ft) above sea-level, Damascus experiences a semi-arid climate due to the rain shadow effect. The Barada River flows through Damascus.
First settled in the 2nd millennium BC, it was chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty, the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad. Damascus saw a political decline throughout the Abbasid era, only to regain significant importance in the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods. During Ottoman rule, the city decayed completely while maintaining a certain cultural prestige. Today, it is the seat of the central government and all of the government ministries. Damascus was chosen as the 2008 Arab Capital of Culture.
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Dhaka
Dhaka (Bengali: ঢাকা, pronounced IPA: [ˈɖʱaka]; formerly spelled Dacca, named Jahangirnagar during Mughal era) is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka Division. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. It is located on the banks of the Buriganga River. Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, had a population of over 16 million in 2011, making it the largest city in Bangladesh. It is the 9th largest city in the world and also 28th among the most densely populated cities in the world. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques and with 400,000 cycle rickshaws running on its streets every day, the city is also described as the Rickshaw Capital of the World.
Under Mughal rule in the 17th century, the city was known as Jahangir Nagar. It was a provincial capital and a centre of the worldwide muslin trade. The modern city, however, was developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century, and became the second-largest city in Bengal after Calcutta (presently Kolkata). After the Partition of Bengal in 1905, Dhaka became the capital of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam but lost its status as a provincial capital again after the partition was annulled in 1911. After the partition of India in 1947, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1971, the capital of an independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread turmoil; this included many impositions of martial law, the declaration of Bangladesh's independence, military suppression, devastation during war, and natural calamities.
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Dili
Dili is the capital, largest city, chief port and commercial centre of East Timor.
Dili lies on the northern coast of Timor island, the easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It is the seat of the administration of the district of Dili, which is the administrative entity of the area and includes the island of Atauro and some cities close to Dili city. The city is divided into the subdistricts of Nain Feto, Vera Cruz, Dom Aleixo and Cristo Rei and is divided into several sucos, which are headed by an elected chefe de suco. 18 of the 26 sucos of the four subdistricts are categorized as urban.
There is no city administration beside the district administrator, who was appointed by state government. The Timorese government started to plan in 2009 to change the status of districts into municipalities. These will have an elected mayor and council.
The 2010 census recorded a population of 193,563 in the areas of Dili district classified as urban, with a population of 234,331 in the whole district including rural areas such as Atauro and Metinaro.
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Dnipropetrovsk
Dnipropetrovsk (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровськ [ˌdɲiprope̝ˈtrɔu̯sʲk]) or Dnepropetrovsk (Russian: Днепропетровск) formerly Yekaterinoslav (Russian: Екатеринослав, Ukrainian: Катеринослав, translit. Katerynoslav, also Catharinoslav on old maps) is Ukraine's fourth largest city with one million inhabitants. It is located southeast of Ukraine's capital Kiev on the Dnieper River, in the south-central part of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative centre of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province).
Within the Dnipropetrovsk Metropolitan area the population is about 1,004,000 to 1,360,000 people.
A vital industrial centre of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was one of the key centres of the nuclear, arms, and space industries of the former Soviet Union. In particular, it is home to Yuzhmash, a major space and ballistic missile design bureau and manufacturer. Because of its military industry, Dnipropetrovsk was a closed city until the 1990s.
In 1917 Yekaterinoslav was renamed Sicheslav by the Ukrainian People's Republic; this name lapsed in 1919.
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Doha
Doha (Arabic: الدوحة, ad-Dawḥa or ad-Dōḥa, literally: "the big tree") is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar. Doha is Qatar's largest city, with over 60% of the nation's population residing in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and is also the economic centre of the country.
Doha also serves as the seat of government of Qatar, which is ruled by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. Doha is home to the Education City, an area devoted to research and education. Doha was the site of the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations. The city of Doha held the 2006 Asian Games, which was the largest Asian Games ever held. Doha also hosted the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. Doha will also host a large number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha in December 2011.
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Dushanbe
Dushanbe (Tajik: Душанбе, Dushanbe, Dyushambe until 1929; Stalinabad, Tajik: Сталинабад until 1961), population 679,400 people (2008 est.), is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in Tajik, and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday marketplace.
Situated at the confluence of two rivers, Varzob and Kofarnihon, Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan. Although archaeological remnants dating to the 5th century BC have been discovered in the area, there is little to suggest that Dushanbe was more than a small village until the early 20th century. In 1920, the last Emir of Bukhara briefly took refuge in Dushanbe (then called Dyushambe) after being overthrown by the Bolshevik revolution. He fled to Afghanistan after the Red Army conquered the area the next year.
Dushanbe, which means "Monday" in Persian, (فارسی), developed on the site of a Monday marketplace village, Dyushambe-Bozor, and its former name Dyushambe was a Russified version of the word meaning "Monday" in Persian (du-shanbe from du two + shanbe Saturday, lit. "second day after Saturday"). Following the Red Army victory in Central Asia the village was upgraded to town in 1925 and made the capital of the newly created Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik ASSR). After the transformation of Tajik ASSR to Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) in 1929, Dyushambe was renamed Stalinabad, after Joseph Stalin. As part of Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization initiative, the city was renamed Dushanbe in 1961.
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East Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ), commonly known as East Timori/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/ (Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e, Portuguese: Timor-Leste), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.
East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Fergana
Coordinates: 40°23′11″N 71°47′11″E / 40.38639°N 71.78639°E / 40.38639; 71.78639 Fergana (Uzbek: Farg'ona/Фарғона; Persian: فرغانه Farghāneh; Russian: Фергана́) is a city (population: 214,000), the capital of Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southern edge of the Fergana Valley in southern Central Asia, cutting across the borders of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Fergana is about 420 km east of Tashkent, and about 75 km west of Andijan.
The fertile Fergana Valley was an important conduit on the Silk Roads (more precisely the North Silk Road), which connected the ancient Chinese capital of Xi'an to the west over the Wushao Ling Mountain Pass to Wuwei and emerging in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia, or on to the north of the Aral and Caspian Seas to ports on the Black Sea.
The ancient kingdom referred to as Dayuan (大宛, "Great Yuan", literally "Great Ionians") in the Chinese chronicles is now generally accepted as being in the Ferghana Valley. It is sometimes, though less commonly, written as Dawan (大宛). Dayuan were Greeks, the descendants of the Greek colonists that were settled by Alexander the Great in Ferghana in 329 BCE, and prospered within the Hellenistic realm of the Seleucids and Greco-Bactrians, until they were isolated by the migrations of the Yuezhi around 160 BCE. It has been suggested that the name "Yuan" was simply a transliteration of the words “Yona”, or “Yavana”, used throughout antiquity in Asia to designate Greeks (“Ionians”). Their capital was Alexandria Eschate.
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Fergana Province
Coordinates: 40°46′12″N 71°42′07″E / 40.77°N 71.702°E / 40.77; 71.702
Fergana Province (Uzbek: Farg‘ona viloyati, Russian: Ферганский вилоят) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in the far east of the country. It borders the Namangan and Andijan Provinces of Uzbekistan, as well as Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It covers an area of 6,800 km2. The population is estimated to be around 2,597,000, with over 71% of the population living in rural areas.
Fergana Province is divided into 15 administrative districts. The capital is the city of Fergana, with an estimated 214,000 inhabitants. Other major cities include Besharik, Khamza, Kokand, Kuva, Kuvasay, Margilan and Rishdan.
Fergana Province has a typically continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.
Agriculture is the main economy activity of Fergana Province, primarily irrigated cotton, sericulture, horticulture, and wine. Animal husbandry concentrates on meat and milk production.
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Georgia (country)
Georgiai/ˈdʒɔrdʒə/ (Georgian: საქართველო Sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of Georgia is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is almost 4.7 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.
During the classical era independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century. A unified Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 11th–12th centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, Georgia was annexed by the Russian Empire. After a brief period of independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia was occupied by Soviet Russia in 1921, becoming the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and part of the Soviet Union. After independence in 1991, post-communist Georgia suffered from civil unrest and economic crisis for most of the 1990s. This lasted until the Rose Revolution of 2003, after which the new government introduced democratic and economic reforms.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gijduvan
Gijduvan or Gizhduvan (Uzbek: G'ijduvon / Ғиждувон; Russian: Гиждуван) is a town in the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan and the capital of Gizhduvan district (raion). Its population in 1970 was 16,000.
One of the three madrasahs built by Ulugh Beg is in Gijduvan (the others are in Samarkand and Bukhara). The tomb and memorial of a prominent Central Asian philosopher Abduholik Gijduvoni is also located in Gijduvan.
Historically, Gijduvan is used to be an educational, religious, and cultural center for Gijduvan and the province. However, starting from 1930's the population became increasingly secular and today the religion plays a very minor role in everyday life. Modern Gijduvan is a commercial center for not only Gijduvan raion but also for neighboring areas.
Gijduvan is famous for its local cuisine and is considered to have the best fish frying and shashlik making techniques. Shashlik is beef or lamb marinated overnight and grilled on skewers. Many other restaurants in the country, including those in the capital Tashkent copy Gijduvan's fish frying technique. The main difference is that in Gijduvan cooks de-bone the fish before frying while in the rest of the country fish is not de-boned.
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G‘uzor
G‘uzor also spelled as Guzar (Uzbek: G‘uzor / Ғузoр; Russian: Гузар) is a town in Uzbekistan.
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Hanoi
Hanoi (Hà Nội; listen), is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city. Its population in 2009 was estimated at 2.6 million for urban districts, 6.5 million for the metropolitan jurisdiction. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế during the Nguyen dynasty as the capital of Vietnam, but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam.
The city is located on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is located at 1,760 km (1,090 mi) north of Ho Chi Minh City.
October 2010 officially marked 1000 years since the establishment of the city.
Turtle Tower in Hoan Kiem Lake, in central Hanoi
Emperor Lý Thái Tổ made Thăng Long (Hanoi) his capital in the 11th century
Colonial Hanoi
Modern Hanoi
Hanoi has been inhabited since at least 3000 BC. One of the first known permanent settlements is the Co Loa citadel (Cổ Loa) founded around 200 BC.
Hanoi has had many names throughout history, all of them of Sino-Vietnamese origin. During the Chinese domination of Vietnam, it was known first as Long Biên, then Tống Bình (Chinese: 宋平, Sòngpíng, "Song Peace") and Long Đỗ (Chinese: 龍肚, Lóngdù, "Dragonbelly"). In 866, it was turned into a citadel and named Đại La (Chinese: 大羅, Dàluó, "Big Net").
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Jakarta
Jakarta ( /dʒəˈkɑrtə/), officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 10,187,595 as of November 2011, it is the most populous city in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, and is the twelfth-largest city in the world. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabekjur, is the second largest in the world, yet the city's suburbs still continue beyond it. Jakarta is listed as a global city in the 2008 Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) research. and has an area of 661 square kilometres (255 sq mi)
Based on Brooking Institute survey about growth, in 2011 Jakarta ranked 17th among the world's 200 largest cities, a significant jumps from 2007 when Jakarta ranked 171st. Jakarta has seen more rapid growth than Kuala Lumpur, Beijing and Bangkok.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Jizzakh
Jizzakh (Uzbek: Jizzax / Жиззах; Russian: Джизак) is a city (population 138,400 in 2004) and the center of Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan, northeast of Samarkand.
Jizzakh was an important Silk Road junction on the road connecting Samarkand with Fergana Valley. It is at the edge of Golodnaya Steppe, and next to the strategic Pass of Jilanuti (Timur's Gate) in the Turkestan Mountains, controlling the approach to the Zeravshan Valley, Samarkand and Bukhara.
The name Jizzakh derives from the Sogdian word for "small fort" and the present city is built of the site of the Sogdian town of Osrūshana. After the Arab conquest of Sogdiana, Jizzakh served as a market town between the nomadic raiders and settled farmers. The Arabs built a series of rabats (blockhouses) at Jizzakh, housing ghazis to protect the people. By the 19th century, these blockhouses had evolved into a major fortress for the Emirate of Bukhara. Russian General Mikhail Chernyayev, the “Lion of Tashkent” failed in his first attempt to take Jizzakh, but succeed in his second try, with a loss of 6 men, against 6000 dead for the defenders. The old town was mostly destroyed, its remaining inhabitants evicted, and Russian settlers brought in.
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Jizzakh Province
Coordinates: 40°25′N 67°40′E / 40.417°N 67.667°E / 40.417; 67.667
Jizzakh Province (Uzbek: Jizzax viloyati / Жиззах вилояти) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan located in the center of the country. It borders with Tajikstan to the south and south-east, Samarqand Province to the west, Navoiy Province to the north-west, Kazakhstan to the north, and Sirdaryo Province to the east. It covers an area of 20,500 km². The population is estimated to be around 910,500, with some 80% living in rural areas.[citation needed]
The provincial capital is Jizzakh (pop est 127,500 inhabitants). Other major towns include Dustlik, Gagarin, Gallyaaral (Gallaorol), Pakhtakor, and Mardjanbulak. Jizzakh Province was formerly a part of Sirdaryo Province but was given separate status in 1973.
The climate is a typically continental climate, with mild winters and hot, dry summers.
The economy of Jizzakh Province is primarily based on agriculture. Cotton and wheat are the main crops, and extensive irrigation is used. Natural resources include lead, zinc, iron, and limestone.
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Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.
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Juma (town)
Djuma or Dzhuma (Uzbek: Juma / Жума; Russian: Джума) is a town in the Samarkand province of Uzbekistan. The population is about 65,000 people.
Coordinates: 39°43′N 66°40′E / 39.717°N 66.667°E / 39.717; 66.667
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Kabul
Kabul ( /ˈkɑːbəl/, /ˈkɑːbuːl/; Pashto: کابل Kābəl, IPA: [kɑˈbəl]; Persian: کابل Kābol, IPA: [kɒːˈbol]), also spelled Cabool, Caubul or Cabul, mostly in historical contexts, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Kabul is the 5th fastest growing city in the world [2] and the world's 64th largest city [3]. It is also the capital of Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan. According to latest estimates, the population of the Kabul metropolitan area is over 4 million.
The city serves as the nation's cultural and learning centre, situated 1,791 metres (5,876 ft) above sea level in a narrow valley, wedged between the Hindu Kush mountains along the Kabul River. It is linked with Kandahar, Herat and Mazar-e Sharif via the circular Highway 1 that stretches across Afghanistan. It is also the start of the main road to Jalalabad and further to Peshawar, Pakistan. The Kabul International Airport is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from the center of the city, next to the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood. Bagram Airfield is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Kabul.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Karakalpakstan
Coordinates: 43°10′N 58°45′E / 43.167°N 58.75°E / 43.167; 58.75
Karakalpakstan (Karakalpak: Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası or Қарақалпақстан Республикасы; Uzbek: Qoraqalpog‘iston Respublikasi or Қоракалпоғистон Республикаси) is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It occupies the whole western end of Uzbekistan. The capital is Nukus (Karakalpak: No'kis or Нөкис). The Republic of Karakalpakstan has an area of 160,000 square kilometres (62,000 sq mi). Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarezm, though in classical Persian literature the area was known as "Kāt کات".
From about 500 BC to 500 AD the region of Karakalpakstan was a thriving agricultural area supported by extensive irrigation. The Karakalpak people, who were formerly nomadic herders and fishers, were first recorded in the 16th century. Karakapakstan was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Khanate of Khiva in 1867. Under Soviet rule it was originally an autonomous area within Kazakhstan before becoming part of Uzbekistan in 1936. The region was probably at its most prosperous in the 1960s and 1970s when irrigation from the Amu Darya was being expanded. Today, however, the destruction of the Aral Sea has rendered Karakalpakstan one of Uzbekistan's poorest regions. The region is suffering from extensive drought, partly due to weather patterns, but also largely because the Amu and Syr Darya rivers are exploited mostly in the eastern part of the country. Crop failures have deprived about 48,000 of their main source of income and shortages of potable water have created a surge in infectious diseases.
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Kathmandu
Kathmandu (Nepali: काठमांडौ [kɑːʈʰmɑːɳɖuː]; Nepal Bhasa: येँ देय्) is the capital and, with more than one million inhabitants, the largest metropolitan city of Nepal. The city is the urban core of the Kathmandu Valley in the Himalayas, which contains two sister cities: Lalitpur (Patan), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to its south and Bhaktapur or Bhadgaon, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to its east, and a number of smaller towns. It is also acronymed as 'KTM' and named 'tri-city'. In the last census (2001), the city of Kathmandu had 671,846 inhabitants. Population estimates for 2005 were 790,612 and for 2010 they stood at 989,273. The municipal area is (50.67 square kilometres (19.56 sq mi)) and the population density is 19,500 per km².
The city stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in the bowl-shaped valley in central Nepal surrounded by four major hills: Shivapuri, Phulchowki, Nagarjun and Chandragiri. Kathmandu valley is part of three districts, Kathmandu District, Lalitpur District and Bhaktapur District, with the highest population density in the country and accounting for about 1/15 of its population. These three disticts contain 2.5 million people, as of the 2011 census.
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Kattaqo‘rg‘on
Kattakurgan (Uzbek: Kattaqo‘rg‘on / Каттақўрғон / کته قورغان; Russian: Каттакурган) is a town in the Samarqand Province of Uzbekistan. It is located on the road and railway between Bukhara and Samarkand. The name is Turkic and means "large town or kurgan". The town does not appear to be of any great antiquity, although after Alexander the Great's sack of Marakanda (Samarkand) the centre of cultural life in that part of the Zeravshan valley may briefly have shifted west to the region around Katta-Kurgan. According to F.F. Pospelov a fortress was built on the current site by the local saint Sufi Allahyar and his two brothers, Farhat-Atalyk and Allah-Nazar-bii, in 1095 AH/1684 AD, and the town subsequently grew up around it. It was the seat of a Bek (local Governor) under the rule of the Bukharan Manghit dynasty. In 1868, following the fall of Samarkand to the Russians and the annexation of the Upper Zeravshan Valley from Bukhara, it became the border town between Russian Turkestan and the Bukharan Emirate, and the centre of a district. In 1924 both entities were dissolved by the Soviet regime, and Katta-Kurgan was incorporated in the new Uzbek SSR.It is currently the second largest city in Samarkand Province. Population of Kattakurgan is of Uzbek nationality, there used to be quite a big Russian minority, which is not the case anymore.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Khiva
Khiva (Uzbek: Xiva / Хива; Persian: خیوه / Khiveh; Russian: Хива; alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chorezm, and Persian: خوارزم) is a city of approximately 50,000 people located in Xorazm Province, Uzbekistan. It is the former capital of Khwarezmia and the Khanate of Khiva. Itchan Kala in Khiva was the first site in Uzbekistan to be inscribed in the World Heritage List (1991).
In the early part of its history, the inhabitants of the area were from Iranian stock and spoke an Eastern Iranian language called Khwarezmian. Subsequently the Iranic ruling class was replaced by Turks in the 10th century A.D, and the region gradually tuned into an area with a majority of Turkic speakers.
The city of Khiva was first recorded by Muslim travellers in the 10th century, although archaeologists assert that the city has existed since the 6th century. By the early 17th century, Khiva had become the capital of the Khanate of Khiva, ruled by a branch of the Astrakhans, a Genghisid dynasty.
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Khujand
Khujand (Tajik: Хуҷанд,خجند) (Greek: Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη)), also transliterated as Khudzhand, Russian: Худжанд, formerly Khodjend or Khodzhent until 1936 and Leninabad (Leninobod, Ленинобод, لنینآباد) until 1991, is the second-largest city of Tajikistan. It is situated on the Syr Darya River at the mouth of the Fergana Valley. The population of the city is 149,000 (2000 census), down from 160,000 in 1989. It is also the capital of the northernmost province of Tajikistan, now called Sughd.
The population in the city and the countryside around it, are heavily Persian speaking. Except for the towns of [Kasan] and Akhsikat in the Uzbek northeastern Fergana Valley, and the town of Baghistan, northeast of Tashkent, city of Khujand is the most northerly Persian-speaking city in the world.
This is the site of Cyropolis, or the City of Cyrus. In his last expedition against the Saka tribe of Massagetae and shortly before his death in that battle, king Cyrus the Great the founder of the Persian Empire founded a city here which he named after himself. Greek authors maintain that later in time, Alexander of Macedon built a Greek settlement near Cyropolis (Khujand) in 329 BC and named it Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη) or "Alexandria The Furthest". It would have formed a bastion for the Greek settlers against the Scythian tribes to the north of the Syr Darya, which the Greeks called the Jaxartes River. It became a major staging point on the northern Silk Road. Some famous Persian poets and scientists come from this city. Khujand is an integral part of the Iranic world and culture.
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Kokand
Kokand (Uzbek: Qo‘qon / Қўқон; Tajik: Хӯқанд; Persian: خوقند; Chagatai: خوقند; Russian: Коканд) is a city in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan, at the southwestern edge of the Fergana Valley. It has a population of 192,500 (1999 census estimate). Kokand is 228 km (142 mi) southeast of Tashkent, 115 km (71 mi) west of Andijan, and 88 km (55 mi) west of Fergana. It is nicknamed “City of Winds”, or sometimes “Town of the Boar".
Kokand is on the crossroads of the ancient trade routes, at the junction of two main routes into the Fergana Valley, one leading northwest over the mountains to Tashkent, and the other west through Khujand. As a result, Kokand is the main transportation junction in the Fergana Valley.
Kokand has existed since at least the 10th century, under the name of Khavakend and was frequently mentioned in traveler’s accounts of the caravan route between India and China. The Mongols destroyed Kokand in the 13th century.
The present city began as a fort in 1732 on the site of another older fortress called Eski-Kurgan. In 1740, it became the capital of an Uzbek kingdom, the Khanate of Kokand, which reached as far as Kyzylorda to the west and Bishkek to the northeast. Kokand was also the major religious center of the Fergana Valley, boasting more than 300 mosques.
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Kosonsoy
Kosonsoy also spelled as Kasansay (Uzbek: Kosonsoy / Кoсoнсoй; Tajik: Кoсoнсoй; Russian: Касансай) is a town in Uzbekistan. Kosonsoy in Namangan Province is different from the town of Koson of the Qashqadaryo Province of Uzbekistan. Kosonsoy is named after the River "Koson" which flows from high mountains of Kyrgyzstan to Turakurgan District of Namangan Province of Uzbekistan, the word "soy" in Tajik means "small river".
Kosonsoy is an ancient place, its first settlements date back to times of Kushan Empire. The word "koson" came out from the word Kushan. Kosonsoy was an essential part of Kushan Empire together with ancient city Akhsikent, near Namangan city. There are still remains of ancient Mug Castle of Kushanids in the north part of the city But in other books were written that the "Koson" means "Big town","strong castle".
Kosonsoy has a population about 43,684 inhabitants. The centre of district is town of Kosonsoy. The majority of population in Kosonsoy are ethnic Tajiks.
There are five Secondary Special Education Colleges (SSEC) and one Academic Lyceum in Kosonsoy. SSECs include medical College, pedagogical College, transport and communication College, Technical college and few others. There are about 46 secondary schools in Kosonsoy,two or three of them are Tajik schools and one Russian and Uzbek school.
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia. The city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2012.Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy.
Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remains in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is also situated in Kuala Lumpur. Rated as an alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur was ranked 48th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index and was ranked 67th among global cities for economic and social innovation by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index in 2010.
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Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwaiti/kuːˈweɪt/ (Arabic: دولة الكويت, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic أكوات ākwāt, the plural of كوت kūt, meaning a fortress built near water. The country covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.5 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between Mesopotamia and India. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region, and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By the 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s.
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Kuwait City
Kuwait City (Arabic: مدينة الكويت, transliteration: Madīnat al-Kuwayt), is the capital of Kuwait. It has a population of 2.38 million in the metropolitan area. Located at the heart of the country on the shore of the Persian Gulf, and containing Kuwait's parliament (Majlis Al-Umma), most governmental offices, the headquarters of most Kuwaiti corporations and banks, it is the political, cultural and economic center of the emirate.
Kuwait City’s trade and transportation needs are served by Kuwait International Airport, Mina Al-Shuwaik (Shuwaik Port) and Mina Al Ahmadi (Ahmadi Port) 50 kilometers to the south, on the Persian Gulf coast.
Kuwait City was first settled in the early 18th century by the Al-Sabāh clan, later the ruling family of Kuwait and a branch of the Al-Utūb tribe (that also included the Al-Khalīfah clan, the ruling family of Bahrain), and their leader, Sheikh Sabāh I. Its name may have derived from an earlier abandoned fort located there, called "Kūt" (كوت) – Arabic for a fortress by the sea.
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Laos
Laos ((i/ˈlaʊs/, /ˈlɑː.ɒs/, /ˈlɑː.oʊs/, or /ˈleɪ.ɒs/) Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, pronounced [sǎː.tʰáː.laʔ.naʔ.lat páʔ.sáː.tʰiʔ.páʔ.tàj páʔ.sáː.són.láːw] Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west. Its population was estimated to be 6.5 million in 2012.
Laos traces its history to the Kingdom which existed from the 14th to the 18th century when it split into three separate kingdoms. In 1893, it became a French protectorate, with the three kingdoms, Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak, uniting to form what is now known as Laos. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation, but returned to French rule until it was granted autonomy in 1949. Laos became independent in 1953, with a constitutional monarchy under Sisavang Vong. Shortly after independence, a long civil war ended the monarchy, when the Communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975.
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Latvia
Latviai/ˈlætviə/ (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden. With 2,067,887 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.
The Latvians are a Baltic people, culturally related to the Lithuanians. Together with the Finno-Ugric Livs (or Livonians), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia.Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch. Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finno-Ugric Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history: historical Livonia, times of German (Teutonic Order), Polish-Lithuanian, Swedish, Russian, Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation. Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia) of whom some are non-citizens. Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant, except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which is historically predominantly Roman Catholic.
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Lebanon
Lebanon (i/ˈlɛbənɒn/ or /ˈlɛbənən/; Arabic: لبنان Libnān or Lubnān, Lebanese Arabic: [lɪbˈneːn]), officially the Lebanese Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Libnānīyah, Lebanese Arabic: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbneːnɪjje]), is a country in the East Mediterranean. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than 7,000 years—predating recorded history. Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians, a maritime culture that flourished for nearly 2,500 years (3000–539 BC). Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, the five provinces that comprise modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon, which was mostly populated by Maronite Catholics and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, and established a unique political system, known as confessionalism, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities – Bechara El Khoury who became independent Lebanon's first President and Riad El-Solh, who became Lebanon's first prime minister, are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.
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Lenin's Tomb
Lenin's Mausoleum (Russian: Мавзоле́й Ле́нина, tr. Mavzoléy Lénina; IPA: [məvzɐˈlʲej ˈlʲenʲɪnə]) also known as Lenin's Tomb, situated in Red Square in the center of Moscow, is the mausoleum that serves as the current resting place of Vladimir Lenin. His embalmed body has been on public display there since shortly after his death in 1924 (with rare exceptions in wartime). Aleksey Shchusev's diminutive but monumental granite structure incorporates some elements from ancient mausoleums, such as the Step Pyramid and the Tomb of Cyrus the Great.
Soon after January 21, 1924, the day that Lenin died, the Soviet government received more than 10,000 telegrams from all over Russia, which asked the government to preserve his body somehow for future generations.[citation needed] On the morning of January 23, Professor Alexei Ivanovich Abrikosov—a prominent Russian pathologist and anatomist (not to be confused with physicist Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, his son)— embalmed Lenin's body to keep it intact until the burial. On the night of January 23, architect Aleksey Shchusev was given a task to complete within three days: design and build a tomb to accommodate all those who wanted to say their goodbyes to Lenin. On January 26, the decision was made to place the tomb in Red Square by the Kremlin Wall. By January 27, Shchusev built a tomb out of wood and at 4 p.m. that day they placed Lenin's coffin in it. More than 100,000 people visited the tomb within a month and a half. By August 1924, Shchusev upgraded the tomb to a bigger version. The architect Konstantin Melnikov designed Lenin's sarcophagus.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Maldives
Maldives (i/ˈmɒldaɪvz/ or /ˈmɒldiːvz/), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, Dhivehi Raa'je), officially Republic of Maldives (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, Dhivehi Raa'jeyge Jumhooriyya), also referred to as the Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls oriented north-south off India's Lakshadweep Islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south-west of India. During the colonial era, the Dutch referred to the country as "Maldivische Eilanden" in their documentation, while "Maldive Islands" is the anglicised version of the local name used by the British, which later came to be written "Maldives".
The archipelago is located on top of the Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge, a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. Maldives also form a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep. The atolls of Maldives encompass a territory spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making it one of the world's most geographically dispersed countries. Its population of 328,536 (2012) inhabits 200 of its 1,192 islands. Maldives' capital and largest city Malé had a population of 103,693 in 2006. It is located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll, in the Kaafu Atoll. It is also one of the Administrative divisions of the Maldives. Traditionally it was the King's Island where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties were enthroned.
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Manama
Manama (Arabic: المنامة Al Manāma) is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, with an approximate population of 155,000 people. Long an important trading center in the Persian Gulf, Manama is home to a very diverse population. After periods of Portuguese and Persian control and invasions from the Al Sauds and Oman, Bahrain established itself as an independent nation during the 19th century period of British hegemony. In the 20th century, Bahrain's oil wealth helped spur fast growth and in the 1990s a concerted diversification effort led to expansion in other industries and helped transform Manama into an important financial hub in the Middle East.
Manama was mentioned in Islamic chronicles at least as far back as 1345. It was conquered by Portugal in 1521 and then by the Persians in 1602. Since 1783 it has been under the control of the Al-Khalifa dynasty. Manama was declared a free port in 1958, and in 1971 it became the capital of independent Bahrain.
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Margilan
Margilan (Uzbek: Marg‘ilon / Марғилон; Russian: Маргилан) is a city (2009 pop 197,000) in Fergana Province in eastern Uzbekistan. It is located at latitude 40°28' 16 N: longitude 71°43' 29 E. at an altitude of 487 meters.
According to European legend, Margilan was founded by Alexander the Great. On a lunch stop, he was given chicken (murgh; in Persian مرغ) and bread (nan; in Persian نان), from which the town took its name. More reliable records indicate that Margilan was an important stop on the Silk Road by the 9th century AD, along the route going across the Alay Mountains to Kashgar.
Writing in the early 16th century, the founder of the Mughal dynasty, Babur, mentioned that “the pomegranates and apricots are superb .... the game in Margilan is good; white deer may be found nearby. The people are Sarts. They are a feisty people, ready with their fists. The custom of exorcism is widespread throughout Transoxiana, and most of the renowned exorcists of Samarkand and Bukhara are Margilanis. The author of the Hidaya (Burhan ud-din Ali ben Abu Bakr al-Marghilani) was from a Margilan village called Rishtan”. . This reputation for toughness extends to modern times. Margilan merchants were key players in Central Asian commerce, and were said to be a law unto themselves during Soviet days, when Margilan was the heart of Uzbekistan’s black market. Margilan today is also a stronghold of conservative Islam.
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Mongolia
Mongoliai/mɒŋˈɡoʊliə/ (Mongolian: Монгол улс (help·info), literally Mongol country/state) is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest city, is home to about 45% of the population. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.
The area of what is now Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Rouran, the Gökturks and others. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols returned to their earlier pattern of constant internal conflict and occasional raids on the Chinese borderlands. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Mongolia came under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism. At the end of the 17th century, all of Mongolia had been incorporated into the area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. During the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Mongolia declared independence, but had to struggle until 1921 to firmly establish de facto independence from the Republic of China, and until 1945 to gain international recognition.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Muscat, Oman
Muscat (Arabic: مسقط, Masqaṭ) is the capital of Oman. It is also the seat of government and largest city in the Governorate of Muscat. As of 2010 census, the population of the Muscat metropolitan area was 734,697. The metropolitan area spans approximately 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi) and includes six provinces called wilayats. Known since the early 1st century CE as an important trading port between the west and the east, Muscat was ruled by various indigenous tribes as well as foreign powers such as the Persians and the Portuguese Empire at various points in its history. A regional military power in the 18th century, Muscat's influence extended as far as East Africa and Zanzibar. As an important port-town in the Gulf of Oman, Muscat attracted foreign tradesmen and settlers such as the Persians, the Balochs and Gujaratis. Since the ascension of Qaboos bin Said as Sultan of Oman in 1970, Muscat has experienced rapid infrastructural development that has led to the growth of a vibrant economy and a multi-ethnic society.
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Namangan
Namangan (Uzbek: Namangan / Наманган; Russian: Наманган) is the third-largest city in Uzbekistan (2011 pop. 449,200.). It is the capital of Namangan Province, in the northern edge of Fergana Valley of north-eastern Uzbekistan.
Namangan is about 300 km east of Tashkent, about 65 km west of Andijan, and about 75 km north of Fergana. It is located 1561 feet (476 meters) above sea level. The Qoradaryo and Naryn Rivers join together to form the Syr Darya just outside the southern edge of the city.
Namangan was originally a settlement of the native Uyghur Turkish[citation needed] population of central Asia.[citation needed] After the destructive earthquake in Akhsikanth city, the population of the city moved to Namangan.
Namangan was part of the Uyghur Empire, the Karakhanid State and was known to have been a settlement in the 15th century and a part of the Khanate of Kokand by the middle of the 18th century. It takes its name from the local salt mines (in Persian: نمککان namak kan).[citation needed] At the time of the Russian occupation, Namangan was a center of Islamic learning, with 20 madrassahs and over 600 mosques.[citation needed] After annexation by the Russians in 1876, cotton production and food processing became the dominant economic activity. Namangan suffered a destructive earthquake in 1926. The primary language of the people of the Namangan region is Uzbek; Tajik is spoken partially in Chust and Kasan-sai districts.
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Namangan Province
Coordinates: 41°0′N 71°10′E / 41°N 71.167°E / 41; 71.167
Namangan Province (Uzbek: Namangan viloyati, Russian: Наманганская область) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the Fergana Valley in far eastern part of the country. It is on the right bank of Syr Darya River and borders with Kyrgyzstan, Fergana Province and Andijan Province. It covers an area of 7,900 km2. The population is estimated to be around 1,970,000, with over 62% of the population living in rural areas.
Namangan Province is divided into 11 administrative districts. The capital is the city of Namangan (pop est 410,000 inhabitants). Other major cities include Kosonsoy, Pop, Uchqo‘rg‘on, To‘raqo‘rg‘on, Chortoq, Haqqulobod and Chust.
The climate is a typically continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.
Natural resources include deposits of petroleum, natural gas, gold, lead, copper, quartz and antimony. Main agriculture includes cotton, horticulture and sericulture, animal husbandy, including breeding of Angora goats for their valuable down hair.
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Navoiy
Navoiy also spelled as Navoi (Uzbek: Navoiy / Навоий; Russian: Навои) is a city (pop 125,800 in 2007) and the capital of Navoiy Province in the southwestern part of Uzbekistan. It is located at latitude 40° 5' 4N; longitude 65° 22' 45E, at an altitude of 382 meters. The city is named after Ali-Shir Nava'i.
Originally known as Kermine ("Karmana") under the Emirate of Bukhara, the city was re-founded in 1958, under the name of the great Uzbek poet and statesman Alisher Navoi, who wrote in Persian and Chaghatai at the court of Emir Husein Boykara (or Husayn Bayqaro) in Herat.
Navoiy Region has large stocks of natural gas and deposits of precious metals, as well as large stocks of raw materials for production of construction materials. Among these enterprises are Navoi and Zarafshan Gold Mining and Metallurgical Complexes, which extract one of the purest gold in the world. The enterprise NavoiyAzot is the largest producer of mineral fertilizers in the country.
Navoiy Free Industrial Economic Zone (FIEZ)
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Navoiy Province
Coordinates: 42°0′N 64°15′E / 42°N 64.25°E / 42; 64.25
Navoiy Province (Uzbek: Navoiy viloyati, Навоий вилояти) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country. The Kyzyl-Kum Desert takes up a large portion of its territory, which is the largest of the provinces of Uzbekistan except for the autonomous Karakalpakstan Republic. Navoiy Province borders with Kazakhstan, Samarqand Province, Buxoro Province and the Karakalpakstan Republic. It covers an area of 110,800 km2. The population is estimated to be around 767,500, with some 60% living in rural areas. The province is named after Ali-Shir Nava'i.
Navoiy Province is divided into 8 administrative districts. The capital is Navoiy (pop est 128,000). Other major towns include Qiziltepa, Nurota, Uchquduq, Zarafshon, and Yangirabot.
The climate is a typically semi-desert continental climate.
Navoiy Province has significant natural resources, especially natural gas, petroleum, and precious metals, plus raw materials for construction. The province's economy is heavily dependent on large mining, metallurgical, and chemical production complexes. The Navoi and Zarafshan mines produce some of the world's purest gold.
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Naypyidaw
Naypyidaw (Burmese: နေပြည်တော်; MLCTS: Nepranytau, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw and Naypyitaw; pronounced: [nèpjìdɔ̀]) is the capital city of Burma, also known as Myanmar. It is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the administrative capital of Myanmar was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km (2.0 mi) west of Pyinmana, and approximately 320 km (200 mi) north of Yangon (Rangoon), the previous capital. The capital's official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Myanmar Armed Forces Day. Much of this planned city is still under construction, which is set to be completed by around 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Myanmar's third largest city, behind Yangon and Mandalay. The city is one of the world's 10 fastest-growing cities.
Nay Pyi Daw is generally translated as "royal capital", "seat of the king" or "abode of kings". Traditionally, it was used as a suffix to the names of royal capitals, such as Mandalay, which was called ရတနာပုံနေပြည်တော် (Yadanabon Naypyidaw). The name literally means "royal city of the sun" in Burmese.
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New Delhi
New Delhii/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.
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Nicosia
Nicosia (/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə), known locally as Lefkosia (Greek: Λευκωσία, Turkish: Lefkoşa), is the capital and largest city in Cyprus, as well as its main business center. After the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Nicosia remained the only divided capital in the world, with the southern and the northern portions divided by a Green Line. It is located near the center of the island, on the banks of the Pedieos River.
Nicosia is the capital and seat of government of the Republic of Cyprus. The northern part of the city functions as the capital of the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a disputed breakaway region whose independence is recognized only by Turkey, and which the rest of the international community considers as occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus since the Turkish Invasion in 1974.
Despite the division Nicosia has managed to become a sophisticated and cosmopolitan city, rich in history and culture that combines its historic past with the amenities of a modern city.
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North Korea
Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국), commonly referred to as "North Korea" ( listen), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok, or Yalu, and the Tumen rivers form the border between North Korea and China. A section of the Tumen River in the far northeast is the border with Russia.
The peninsula was governed by the Korean Empire until it was annexed by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in 1910. It was divided into Soviet- and American-occupied zones in 1945, after the end of World War II. North Korea refused to participate in a United Nations–supervised election held in the south in 1948, which led to the creation of separate Korean governments for the two occupation zones. North and South Korea each claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean Peninsula, which led to the Korean War of 1950. The Armistice Agreement of 1953 ended the fighting; but the two countries are officially still at war against each other, for a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.
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Nukus
Nukus (Uzbek: Nukus / Нукус; Karakalpak: No‘kis / Нөкис; Russian: Нукус) is the sixth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and the capital of the autonomous Karakalpakstan Republic. It has a population of 260,000 (2004 estimate). The Amu Darya river passes west of the town.
The city is best known for its world-class Nukus Museum of Art.
Nukus developed from a small settlement in 1932 into a large, modern Soviet city with broad avenues and big public buildings by the 1950s. The city's isolation made it host to the Red Army's Chemical Research Institute, a major research and testing center for Chemical Weapons.
With the fall of the Soviet Union and the growing environmental disaster of the Aral Sea, the city's situation has deteriorated. Contamination of the region by wind-borne salt and pesticides from the dry Aral Sea bed have turned the surrounding area into a wasteland, with very high rates of respiratory disorders, cancer, birth defects and deformities.
Nukus is host to the Nukus Museum of Art (also known as the State Art Museum of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, named after Igor V. Savitsky) and State Museum. The State Museum houses the usual collection of artifacts recovered from archaeological investigations, traditional jewelry, costumes and musical instruments, but more interestingly, displays of the area's now vanished or endangered flora and fauna, and on the Aral Sea issue. The Art Museum is noted for its collection of modern Russian and Uzbek art from 1918-1935. Stalin tried his best to eliminate all non Soviet art from this period, and sent most of the artists to the gulag. Both Savitsky himself and the collection at Nukus survived because of the city's remoteness. The documentary film The Desert of Forbidden Art is all about the collection and its history.
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Olmaliq
Olmaliq also spelled as Almalyk (Uzbek: Olmaliq / Олмалиқ; Russian: Алмалык) is a city (2004 pop est 138,000) in the Tashkent Province of central Uzbekistan, approximately 65 km east of Tashkent. It is located at latitude 40° 50' 41N; longitude 69° 35' 54E; at an altitude of 585 meters.
Almalyk is a company town developed by the Soviet Union in the 1930s, to exploit local reserves of copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver and barite. The town contains several enormous smelting facilities and related industries operated today by JSC Almalyk MMC, one of the largest mining-metallurgical enterprises in Uzbekistan.
The smelter operations have extensively contaminated Almalyk, which is considered one of the most polluted places on earth. The air has high concentrations of sulphuric acid fumes and the ground has hundreds of tons of toxic waste. The Uzbek government has resisted calls to close the plant, arguing that the country's economy cannot afford to do so: The plant employs around 25,000 residents of the city, and accounts for a substantial share of the region's economy. However, in January 2005 the government announced plans to clean up the area, with a target of 2010.
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Oman
Oman (i/oʊˈmɑːn/ oh-MAAN; Arabic: عمان ʻUmān), officially called the Sultanate of Oman (Arabic: سلطنة عُمان Salṭanat ʻUmān), is an Arab state in southwest Asia on the southeast coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam enclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries.
For a period, Oman was a moderate regional power, formerly having a sultanate extending across the Strait of Hormuz to Iran, and modern day Pakistan, and far south to Zanzibar on the coat of south-east Africa. Over time, as its power declined, the sultanate came under heavy influence from the United Kingdom, though Oman was never formally part of the British Empire, or a British protectorate. The Omani royal family claim that Oman has been ruled by the Al Said dynasty since 1744, although without substantial proof. Oman has long-standing military and political ties with the United Kingdom and the United States, although it maintains an independent foreign policy.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (PNG; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries on Earth. According to recent data, 841 different languages are listed for the country, although 11 of these have no known living speakers. . (A detailed series of language maps of Papua New Guinea may be found at Ethnologue) There may be at least as many traditional societies,out of a population of about 6.2 million. It is also one of the most rural, as only 18% of its people live in urban centres. The country is one of the world's least explored, culturally and geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are thought to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea.
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Penjikent
Panjakent (Tajik: Панҷакент; Persian: پنجکنت; Russian: Пенджикент), also spelled Panjikent, Panjekent or Penjikent, is a city in the Sughd province of Tajikistan on the Zeravshan River, with a population of 33,000 (2000 census). It was once an ancient town in Sogdiana. The ruins of the old town are on the outskirts of the modern city.
Ancient Panjekent was a small but flourishing town of the Soghdians in pre-Islamic Central Asia. It served as the capital of Panch and was known as Panchekanth.
The ethnic and territorial name "Soghd/Soghdian" or Sughd/Sughdian was mentioned in history as early as the Iranian Achaemenid Dynasty (6th century BCE). The Achaemenids founded several city-states, as well as cities along the ancient Silk road and in the Zarafshan valley.
The town grew in the 5th century CE and many professionals such as established businessmen and landowners made their livelihoods in Panjakent. In 722 CE, Arabian forces besieged and annexed the town. The last ruler of the town Devashtich fled into upper Zarafshan but he was captured and sentenced to death. For around 50 years, ancient Panjakent was ruled by new administrators but towards the end of the 8th century the town on the upper terraces was depopulated and relocated. Many ancient ruins of the old city, particularly the city architecture and works of art remain today.
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Persian Empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh (/pəˈnɒm ˈpɛn/ or /ˈnɒm ˈpɛn/; Khmer: ភ្នំពេញ, Khmer pronunciation: [pnum pɨɲ]) is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic and industrial activities, as well as the center of security, politics, economics, cultural heritage, and diplomacy of Cambodia.
Once known as the “Pearl of Asia”, it was considered one of the loveliest French-built cities in Indochina in the 1920s. Phnom Penh, along with Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, are significant global and domestic tourist destinations for Cambodia. Founded in 1434, the city is noted for its beautiful and historical architecture and attractions. There are a number of surviving French colonial buildings scattered along the grand boulevards.
Situated on the banks of the Tonlé Sap, Mekong and Bassac rivers, the Phnom Penh metropolitan area is home to more than 2 million of Cambodia’s population of over 14 million. The city is the wealthiest and most populous city in Cambodia and is home to the country’s political hub.
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Port Moresby
Port Moresby ( /ˌpɔərt ˈmɔərzbi/), or Pot Mosbi in Tok Pisin, is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea (PNG). It is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the southeastern coast of the island of New Guinea, which made it a prime objective for conquest by the Imperial Japanese forces during 1942–43 in World War II, as a staging point and air base to cut off Australia from Southeast Asia and the Americas. In 2000 it had a population of 254,158. As of 2009 it has a population of 307,643, giving it an annual growth rate of 2.1% over a nine year period.
The place where the city was founded has been inhabited by the Motu-Koitabu people for centuries. The first European to see it was Captain John Moresby in 1873. It was named in honour of his father, Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby.
According to a survey of world cities by the Intelligence Unit of The Economist, Port Moresby is one of the world's least livable cities (ranked 137 of 140 cities rated).
Although Port Moresby is surrounded by Central Province, of which it is also the capital, it is not part of that province, but forms the National Capital District.
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Putrajaya
Putrajaya is a planned city, located 25km south of Kuala Lumpur, that serves as the federal administrative centre of Malaysia. The seat of government was shifted in 1999 from Kuala Lumpur to Putrajaya, due to the overcrowding and congestion in the Kuala Lumpur areas. Nevertheless, Kuala Lumpur remains Malaysia's national capital, being the seat of the King and Parliament, as well as the country's commercial and financial centre. Putrajaya was the brainchild of former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad. In 2001, Putrajaya became Malaysia's third Federal Territory after Kuala Lumpur and Labuan.
Named after the first Malaysian Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra, the city is situated within the Multimedia Super Corridor, beside the also newly developed Cyberjaya. In Malay/Sanskrit, the words "putra" or "putera" means "prince", and "jaya" means "success" or "victory". The development of Putrajaya started in early 1990s, and today major landmarks are completed and the population is expected to grow bigger.
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Pyongyang
Pyongyang (평양, Korean pronunciation: [pʰjɔŋjaŋ], literally: "Flat Land") is the capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, and the largest city in the country. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River and, according to preliminary results from the 2008 population census, has a population of 3,255,388. The city was split from the South P'yŏngan province in 1946. It is administered as a directly governed city (chikhalsi), on the same level as provincial governments, not a special city (teukbyeolsi) as Seoul is in South Korea.
One of Pyongyang's many historic names is Ryugyong (류경; 柳京), or "capital of willows", as willow trees have always been numerous throughout the city's history, and many poems have been written about these willows. Even today, the city has numerous willow trees, with many buildings and places having "Ryugyŏng" in their names. The most notable of these is the uncompleted Ryugyong Hotel. The city's other historic names include Kisong, Hwangsong, Rakrang, Sŏgyong, Sodo, Hogyong, and Changan.[citation needed] During the colonial period (1910–1945), Pyongyang was named Puto ".
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Qarshi
Qarshi (Uzbek: Qarshi / Қарши; Persian: نخشب / Nakhshab; Russian: Karshi / Карши; Mongolian: Kharsh-khot / Харш-хот) is a city in southern Uzbekistan. It is the capital of Qashqadaryo Province and has a population of 197,600 (1999 census estimate). It is about 520 km south-southwest of Tashkent, and about 335 km north of Uzbekistan's border with Afghanistan. It is located at latitude 38° 51' 48N; longitude 65° 47' 52E at an altitude of 374 meters. The city is important in natural gas production, but Qarshi is also famous for its production of woven flat carpets.
Originally the Sogdian city of Nakhshab, and the Islamic Uzbek (Turkic) city of Nasaf, and the Mongolian Uzbek (East Asian) city of Kharsh-khot, Qarshi was the second city of the Emirate of Bukhara. It is in the center of a fertile oasis that produces wheat, cotton, and silk and was a stop on the 11 day caravan route between Balkh and Bukhara. The Chagatai's Mongolian Khans Kebek and Qazan built palaces here on the site of Chinggis Khaan's summer pasture. In 1364, Timur also built a fortified palace with moats in what is now the southern part of the city. The modern name "Qarshi" means fort.
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Qashqadaryo Province
Coordinates: 38°50′N 66°5′E / 38.833°N 66.083°E / 38.833; 66.083
Qashqadaryo Province (Uzbek: Qashqadaryo viloyati, Қашқадарё вилояти), (old spelling Kashkadarya Province) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan, located in the southern part of the country in the basin of the Qashqadaryo River and the western slopes of the Pamir Mountains. It borders with Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Samarqand Province, Buxoro Province and Surxondaryo Province. It covers an area of 28,400 km². The population is estimated to be around 2,067,000 (2007), with some 73% living in rural areas.
The provincial capital is Karshi (Qarshi) (pop est 177,000 inhabitants). Other major towns include Beshkent, Chiroqchi (Chirakchi), Dehkanabad (Dehqonobod), Guzar (G‘uzor), Kitob, Koson, Myrishkor, Muborak, Kamashi (Qamashi), Shahrisabz, Shurbazar, Tollimarjon (Talimardzhan), and Yakkabog.
Qashqadaryo Province is currently (As of 2009[update]) divided into thirteen administrative districts. Formerly it
Latinization of district names is in accordance with the official Uzbekistan governmental website.
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Qatar
Qatar (i/ˈkɑːtɑr/ or i/kəˈtɑr/;Arabic: قطر [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ɡɪtˤɑr]), also known as the country or State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain.
Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by Al Thani family since the mid-19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has become one of the region's wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'état. The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the Al Thani family, or close confidants of the al-Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate military ties with the United States, and is now the location of U.S. Central Command’s Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center.
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Qorako‘l
See also: Karakul (disambiguation)
Qorako‘l also spelled as Karakul (Uzbek: Qorako‘l / Қоракўл; Russian: Каракуль) is a town in the Buxoro Province of Uzbekistan. It is the capital of Qorako‘l District (Qorako‘l tumani).
Coordinates: 39°29′58″N 63°51′14″E / 39.4994444544°N 63.8538888989°E / 39.4994444544; 63.8538888989
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Qo‘ng‘irot
Qo‘ng‘irot also spelled as Kungrad (Uzbek: Qo‘ng‘irot / Қўнғирот; Karakalpak: Qon‘ırat / Қоңырат; Russian: Кунград), formerly known as Zheleznodorozhny (Russian: Железнодорожный, until 1969), is a town in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, located in the Amu Darya delta on the left bank of the river. Population: 11,000 (1970).
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Ramallah
Ramallah (Arabic: رام الله (help·info) Rāmallāh) (literally "Height of God") is a Palestinian city in the central West Bank located 10 kilometers (6 miles) north of Jerusalem, adjacent to al-Bireh. It currently serves as the de facto administrative capital of the Palestinian National Authority. With a population of nearly 25,500, Ramallah was historically a Christian town, but today Muslims form the majority of the population, with a strong Christian minority.
Modern Ramallah was founded in the mid-16th century by the Haddadins, a Jordanian tribe of brothers descended from Ghassanid Christian Arabs. The Haddadins, led by Rashid Haddadin, arrived from east of the Jordan River near the Jordanian town of Shoubak. The Haddadin migration is attributed to fighting and unrest among clans in that area. According to modern living descendents of original Haddadin family members, Rashid's brother Sabra Haddadin was hosting Emir Ibn Kaysoom, head of a powerful Muslim clan in the region, when Sabra's wife gave birth to a baby girl. According to custom, the Emir proposed a betrothal to his own young son when they came of age. Sabra believed the proposal was in jest, as Muslim-Christian marriages were not customary, and gave his word. When the Emir later came to the Haddadins and demanded that they fulfill their promise, they refused. This set off bloody conflict between the two families. The Haddadins fled west and settled on the hilltops of Ramallah, where only a few Muslim families lived at the time. Today, a large community of people descended directly from the Haddadins live in the United States. The town is now predominately Muslim.
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Riga
Riga (Latvian: Rīga, pronounced [riːɡa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 657,424 inhabitants ( 2011) Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltic Sea region.[citation needed] The city lies on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of the river Daugava. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies between 1 and 10 metres (3.3 and 33 ft) above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture. The city will be the European Capital of Culture in 2014, along with Umeå in Sweden. The city hosted the 2006 NATO Summit, the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 and the 2006 IIHF Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. It is home to the European Union's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC). Riga is served by Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states.
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Rishton, Uzbekistan
Rishton (Uzbek: Rishton, Russian: Риштан, alternative spellings Rishtan, Rishdan, Roshidon, previously called also Kyubishev by Russians) is a town (pop est 22,580) in Fergana Province, in Uzbekistan, located about halfway between Kokand and Fergana. It is located at latitude 40°21'24N longitude 71°17'5E, and at an altitude of 471 meters.
Rishton is one of the most famous and oldest centers of ceramics in Uzbekistan. Legend claims that the art is over 800 years old, passed down from generation to generation. A fine quality reddish-yellow clay deposit 1-1.5 meters deep and 0.5-1.5 meters thick underlies almost the whole Rishton area. The clay can be used without refinement or addition of other types of clay from other regions. Besides clay, the potters of Rishton extracted various dyes, quartz sand, and fire clay from the surrounding the mountains.
One of the most popular Islamic Scholar Burhaniddin Ar-Rashidani Al-Margilani author of Hidaye was born in this small town and grew up in Margilan, a neighbor city in Fergana. Famous Khurshid Ahmad also born here but he later left this town to explore more cultures and civilizations.
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Riyadh
Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/; Arabic: الرياض transliterated Ar Riyāḍ pronounced [ʔɑrːiˈjɑːdˤ], English: The Gardens) is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 5,254,560 people, and the urban center of a region with a population of close to 7 million people. The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the Governor of Riyadh Province, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz. The current mayor of Riyadh is Abdul Aziz ibn Ayyaf Al-Miqrin, appointed in 1998. Riyadh has the largest female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University.. It has been designated as Beta World City.
During the Pre-Islamic era, the settlement at the site was called Hajr (Arabic: حجر), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
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Samarkand
Coordinates: 39°39′15″N 66°57′35″E / 39.65417°N 66.95972°E / 39.65417; 66.95972
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд; Persian: سمرقند; Uzbek: Samarqand; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane) and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient center of the city.
In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
The city was known by an abbreviated name of Marakanda when Alexander the Great took it in 332BC. There are various theories of how Marakanda evolved into Samarkanda/Samarkan. One derives the name from the Old Persian asmara, "stone", "rock", and Sogdian kand, "fort", "town". Others less convincingly derive the name from the old Turkic "Semiz-Kent" meaning "Rich City".[citation needed]. Since the name Marakanda was already in existence 2300 years ago and long before anyone had heard of Turks in that region of Transoxiana, this version is likely a folk etymology.
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Samarqand Province
Coordinates: 39°50′N 66°15′E / 39.833°N 66.25°E / 39.833; 66.25
Samarqand Province (Samarkand Province) (Uzbek: Samarqand viloyati) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan located in the center of the country in the basin of Zarafshan River. It borders with Tajikstan, Navoiy Province, Jizzakh Province and Qashqadaryo Province. It covers an area of 16,400 km². The population is estimated to be around 2,322,000, with some 75% living in rural areas.
Samarqand Province was established on January 15, 1938, and is divided into 14 administrative districts. The capital is Samarqand (pop est 368,000 inhabitants). Other major towns include Bulung‘ur, Juma, Ishtixon, Kattaqo‘rg‘on, Urgut, and Oqtosh.
The climate is a typically arid continental climate.
Samarkand is the 2nd largest center for economy, science, and culture in Uzbekistan, after Tashkent. The Institute of Archeology at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan is based at Samarqand. The Province's UNESCO World Heritage Site architectural monuments are world famous, and make Samarkand the largest center for international tourism in the country.
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Sana'a
Sana'a (Arabic: صنعاء Ṣanʿāʾ pronounced [sˤɑnʕaːʔ], Yemeni Arabic: [ˈsˤɑnʕɑ]), also spelled "Sana", is the capital of Yemen and the centre of San‘a’ Governorate; however the city itself is not part of the Governorate, but forms the separate administrative district of "Amanat Al-Asemah".
Sana'a is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. At an altitude of 2,300 metres (7,500 ft), it is also one of the highest capital cities in the world. Sana'a has a population of approximately 1,748,000 (2010) making it Yemen's largest city. The old city of Sana'a, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has a distinctive visual character due its unique architectural characteristics, most notably expressed in its multi-story buildings decorated with geometric patterns.
Sana'a is one of the oldest populated places in the world. According to popular legend it was founded by Shem, the son of Noah. It was known as "Azal" in ancient times, referring to Uzal, a son of Qahtan who was a great-grandson of Shem. Its current name likely derived from the South Arabian word for "well-fortified". Arab historian al-Hamdani wrote that Sana'a was walled by the Sabeans under their ruler Sha'r Awtar who also built the Ghumdan Palace in the city. Because of its location, Sana'a has served as an urban center for the surrounding tribes of the region and as a nucleus of regional trade in southern Arabia. It was positioned at the crossroad of two major ancient trade routes linking Marib in the east to the Red Sea in the west.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (i/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdīyah[citation needed] or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
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Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
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Seoul
Seoul (Korean pronunciation: [sʌ.ul] ( listen), English /soʊl/), officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world. The Seoul National Capital Area is the world's second largest metropolitan area with over 25 million inhabitants, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province. Almost a quarter of South Koreans live in Seoul, half of South Koreans live in the metropolitan area, along with over 275,000 international residents.
Located in the Han River, Seoul has been a major settlement for over 2,000 years, with its foundation dating back to 18 B.C. when Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, established its capital in what is now south-east Seoul. It continued as the capital of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty and the Korean Empire. The Seoul National Capital Area is home to four UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeokgung, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty.
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Shirin, Uzbekistan
Shirin is a city in Uzbekistan. Near Shirin, there is Syrdarya Power Plant and Farkhad Dam.
Population: 14,000 (2004 estimate).
The city was established in 1972.
The history of the city begins with a construction of power station in the early Syrdarinskaya 1970 - one of the largest power plants in the former Soviet Union.
Prior to the establishment of the city the vicinity had small rural settlements
Coordinates: 40°13′37″N 69°08′04″E / 40.2269°N 69.1344°E / 40.2269; 69.1344
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Shymkent
Shymkent (Kazakh: Шымкент / Şımkent), formerly known as Chimkent (Russian: Чимкент, until 1993), is the capital city of South Kazakhstan Province, the most populated region in Kazakhstan. It is the third most populous city in Kazakhstan behind Almaty and Astana with a population of 629,600 (2011-02-01). A major railroad junction on the Turkestan-Siberia Railway, the city is also a notable cultural centre, with an international airport. It is situated 690 km west of Almaty and 120 km to the north of Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Shymkent was founded in the 12th century as a caravanserai to protect the Silk Road town of Sayram, 10 km to the east. Shymkent grew as a market center for trade between nomads and the settled people. It was destroyed several times: by Genghis Khan, soldiers from the southern Khanates, and by nomad attacks. Once part of the Khanate of Kokand, it became part of the Emirate of Bukhara in 1810 and was then annexed by the Russian Empire in 1864. It was renamed Chernyaev in 1914 and renamed Shymkent in 1924. Following the Russian conquest, Shymkent was a city of trade between nomadic Turks and sedentary Turks, and was famous for its kumis.
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Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
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Sirdaryo
Sirdaryo also spelled as Syrdarya (Uzbek: Sirdaryo / Сирдарё; Russian: Сырдарья) is a city in Uzbekistan.
Coordinates: 40°51′N 68°40′E / 40.85°N 68.667°E / 40.85; 68.667
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Sirdaryo Province
Coordinates: 40°25′N 68°40′E / 40.417°N 68.667°E / 40.417; 68.667
Sirdarya Province (Uzbek: Sirdaryo viloyati, Сирдарё вилояти) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan, located in the center of the country on the left bank of Syr Darya River. It borders with (Kazahstan), Tajikstan, Toshkent Province and Jizzakh Province. It covers an area of 5,100 km², and is mostly desert, with the Starving Steppe taking up a significant part of the province's area. The population is estimated to be around 648,100.
Syrdaryo Province is divided into 9 administrative districts. The capital is the city of Guliston (pop. est. 54,000 inhabitants). Other cities and towns include Baxt, Boyovut, Farhod, Qahramon, Sayhun, Sirdaryo, Shirin and Yangiyer.
The climate is a typically arid continental climate with extreme differences between winter and summer temperatures.
The economy is based on cotton and cereal crops, with strong reliance on irrigation and on cattle breeding. Minor crops include forage plants, vegetables, melons, gourds, potatoes, maize, a variety of fruit and grapes. Industry consists of construction materials, irrigation equipment and raw-cotton processing.
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Skopje
Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, [ˈskɔpjɛ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282 the town was part of the Serbian realm and its capital city since 1346. In 1392 the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Ottoman control over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture. In 1912 the city was conquered by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was part of Axis powers. In 1944 it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake. In 1991 it became the capital city of independent Macedonia.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Surxondaryo Province
Coordinates: 38°0′N 67°30′E / 38°N 67.5°E / 38; 67.5
Surxondaryo Province (Uzbek: Surxondaryo viloyati, Сурхондарё вилояти, Persian: سرخاندریا, UniPers: "sorxāndaryā"), old spelling Surkhandarya Province is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan, located in the extreme south-east of the country. Established on March 6, 1941, it borders on Turkmenistan, Tajikstan, Afghanistan and Qashqadaryo Province. It covers an area of 20,100 km². The population is estimated at 1,925,100 (end of 2005 data), with 80% living in rural areas. According to official data, 83% of the population are Uzbeks and 1% Tajiks. The highest point of Province and also of Uzbekistan is Khazrati Sulton peak reaching 4,643 m/15,233 ft in Gissar Range.
The provincial capital is Termez with population of 122,900 and the second largest city is Denov (Denau) with 69,500 inhabitants (data for 2005). Other major towns include Boysun, Jarqo‘rg‘on, Qumqo‘rg‘on, Shargun, Sherobod, Sho‘rchi, and Sariosiyo.
The climate is typical continental with mild wet winters and hot dry summers. The southern part of the province is in the Badkhiz-Karabil semi-desert ecoregion (PA0808), characterized by a savanna of pistachio and desert sedge. The northern portion is characterized by open woodlands (Gissaro-Alai open woodlands ecoregion, PA1306), with characteristic plants being pistachio, almond, walnut, apple, and juniper. Sagebrush is common at lower elevations [the cited link does not lead to this information: need a direct link]
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Taipei
Taipei City (/ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/; [tʰǎipèi]; Chinese: 臺北市 or 台北市; pinyin: Táiběi Shì) is the capital of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Situated at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River; it is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, a port city on the Pacific Ocean. It lies in the two relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung (基隆河) and Xindian (新店溪) rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border. The city proper (Taipei City) is home to an estimated 2,618,772 people. Taipei, New Taipei, and Keelung together form the Taipei metropolitan area with a population of 6,900,273. However, they are administered under different local governing bodies. "Taipei" sometimes refers to the whole metropolitan area, while "Taipei City" refers to the city proper. Taipei City proper is surrounded on all sides by New Taipei.
Taipei is the political, economic, and cultural center of Taiwan. The National Palace Museum which has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts and artworks in the world is located in Taipei. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major industrial area. Railways, high speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Tashkent
Tashkent (/ˌtæʃˈkɛnt/; Uzbek: Toshkent, Тошкент; Russian: Ташкент, [tɐʂˈkʲent]; literally "Stone City") is the capital of Uzbekistan and of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was about 2.2 million. Unofficial sources estimate the actual population may be as much as 4.45 million.
During its long history, Tashkent has had various changes in names and political and religious affiliations.
Tashkent started as an oasis on the Chirchik River, near the foothills of the West Tian Shan Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the Kangju confederacy.
In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times the town and the province were known as "Chach". The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach. Later the town came to be known as Chachkand/Chashkand, meaning "Chach City".[citation needed] The principality of Chach, whose main town had a square citadel built around the 5th to 3rd centuries BC, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the Syr Darya River. By the 7th century AD, Chach had over 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between the Sogdians and Turkic nomads. The Buddhist monk Xuánzàng 玄奘 (602/603? – 664 CE), who travelled from China to India through Central Asia, mentioned the name of the city as Zhěshí 赭時. The Chinese chronicles Suí shū 隋書 (Book of Suí), Běi shǐ 北史 (History of Northern Dynasties) and Táng shū 唐書 (Book of Táng) mention a possession called Shí 石 or Zhěshí 赭時 with a capital of the same name since the fifth century AD [Bichurin, 1950. v. II]. The region came under the sway of Islam in the early parts of the 8th century.
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Tashkent Province
Coordinates: 41°10′N 69°45′E / 41.167°N 69.75°E / 41.167; 69.75
Tashkent Province (Uzbek: Toshkent viloyati, Тошкент вилояти) is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan, located in the northeastern part of the country, between the Syr Darya River and the Tien Shan Mountains. It borders with Kyrgyzstan, Tajikstan, Sirdaryo Province and Namangan Province. It covers an area of 15,300 km². The population is estimated to be around 4,450,000.
Toshkent Province is divided into 15 administrative districts. The capital is Toshkent (Tashkent) (pop est 2,000,000 inhabitants), which is also the capital of the country, and is governed separately from the province as an independent city. Other major cities include Angren, Olmaliq, Ohangaron, Bekobod, Chirchiq, G‘azalkent, Keles, Parkent, To‘ytepa, Yangiobod and Yangiyo‘l,
The climate is a typically continental climate with mild wet winters and hot dry summers.
Natural resources include copper, brown coal, molybdenum, zinc, gold, silver, rare earths, natural gas, petroleum, sulfur, [table salt], limestone, and granite.
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Tashkent Tower
The Tashkent Television Tower (Uzbek: Toshkent Teleminorasi) is a 375 metres (1,230 ft) high tower, located in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. Construction started in 1978 and it began operation 6 years later, on 15 January 1985. It was the 3rd tallest tower in the world from 1985 to 1991.
It is of a vertical cantilever structure, and is constructed out of steel. Its architectural design is a product of the Terxiev, Tsarucov & Semashko firm.
The tower has an observation deck located 97 metres (318 ft) above the ground. It is the tallest structure in Central Asia. It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers, ranking as the 8th tallest.
The main purposes of the tower are radio and TV-transmission. The signal reaches the farthest points of Tashkent Province and some of the south regions of Kazakhstan. The tower is also used for communication between governmental departments, and organizations. The tower also serves as a complex hydrometeorological station.
Coordinates: 41°20′44.05″N 69°17′4.57″E / 41.3455694°N 69.2846028°E / 41.3455694; 69.2846028
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Tbilisi
Tbilisi (Georgian: თბილისი [tʰb̥ilisi] ( listen)) is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi (ტფილისი) and it was officially known as Tpilisi (in Georgian) or Tiflis (in Russian) until 1936. The city covers an area of 726 km2 (280 sq mi) and has 1,480,000 inhabitants.
Founded in the 5th century by Vakhtang Gorgasali, the monarch of Georgia's precursor Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has served, with various intervals, as Georgia's capital for nearly 1500 years and represents a significant industrial, social, and cultural center of the country. Located near the southeastern edge of Europe, Tbilisi's proximity to lucrative east-west trade routes often made the city a point of contention between various rival empires throughout history and the city's location to this day ensures its position as an important transit route for global energy and trade projects. Tbilisi's varied history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, classical, and Soviet structures.
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Tehran
Tehran ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)[citation needed].
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Termez
Termez (Uzbek: Termiz/Термиз; Russian: Термез; Persian: ترمذ Termez, Tirmiz) is a city in southern Uzbekistan near the border with Afghanistan.
Some link the name of the city to thermos, "hot" in Greek, tracing its name back to Alexander the Great. Others suggest that it came from Sanskrit taramato, meaning "on the river bank". It is the hottest point of Uzbekistan. It has a population of 140,404 (1 January 2005), and is the capital of Surxondaryo Province.
Its most famous native son is Al-Tirmidhi, born in its suburb Bugh and buried 60 kilometers north of Termez, on the outskirts of Sherobod. He is locally known as Iso At Termezi or Termez Ota (Father of Termez City). Hakim-e-Termizi, one of the famous Sufi leaders, is buried in the suburbs of Termez. He is also known as Termez Ota (Father of Termez City). It was once a great center of Buddhism and Islam.
The river Amu Darya divides the two countries of Uzbekistan and Afghanistan and the Afghanistan–Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge crosses the river to Hairatan in Afghanistan. Termez is also served by Termez Airport, with flights to Tashkent.
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Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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Thimphu
Thimphu (Tibetan alphabet: ཐིམ་ཕུག་, Dzongkha: ཐིམ་ཕུ་) also spelt Thimpu, is the capital and largest city of Bhutan. It is situated in the western central part of Bhutan and the surrounding valley is one of Bhutan's dzongkhags, the Thimphu District. The city became the capital of Bhutan in 1961. As of 2005 it had a population of 79,185, with 98,676 people living in the entire Thimphu district.
The city is spread out longitudinally in a north-south direction on the west bank of the valley formed by the Wang Chuu, also known as the Thimphu Chuu River. Thimphu is located at 27°28′00″N 89°38′30″E / 27.4666667°N 89.64167°E / 27.4666667; 89.64167Coordinates: 27°28′00″N 89°38′30″E / 27.4666667°N 89.64167°E / 27.4666667; 89.64167 and is spread over an altitudinal range between 2,248 metres (7,375 ft) and 2,648 metres (8,688 ft). Unusually for a capital city, Thimphu is not served by an airport, but relies on the airport at Paro, connected by road some 54 kilometres (34 mi) away.
Thimphu, as the political and economic centre of Bhutan, has a dominant agricultural and livestock base, which contributes to 45% of the country's GNP. Tourism, though a contributor to the economy, is strictly regulated, maintaining a balance between the traditional and development and modernization. Thimphu contains most of the important political buildings in Bhutan, including the National Assembly of the newly formed parliamentary democracy and Dechencholing Palace, the official residence of the King, located to the north of the city. As a metropolis and capital city, Thimphu is coordinated by the "Thimphu Structure Plan", an Urban Development Plan which evolved in 1998 with the objective of protecting the fragile ecology of the valley. This development is ongoing with financial assistance from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.
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Tian Shan
The Tian Shan (Chinese: 天山; pinyin: Tiān Shān; literally "celestial mountains"; Mongolian: Тэнгэр уул; Uyghur: تەڭرى تاغ, ULY: Tengri Tagh), also spelled Tien Shan, is a large system of mountain ranges located in Central Asia. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is Victory Peak (Jengish Chokusu), 7,439 metres (24,406 ft).
The Chinese name for Tian Shan may be derived from the Xiongnu language name qilian (祁连), which was described by Sima Qian in the Records of the Grand Historian as the homeland of the pre-Xiongnu peoples of the region, the Yuezhi, and has been said to refer to the Tian Shan rather than to the range 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) further east now known by this name. The nearby Tannu-Ola Mountains (Tuvan: Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula) bear the same name ("heaven/celestial mountains" or "god/spirit mountains").
Tian Shan lies to the north and west of the Taklamakan Desert and directly north of the Tarim Basin in the border region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of western China. In the south it links up with the Pamir Mountains and to north and east it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia. It also extends into the Chinese province of Xinjiang and into the northern areas of Pakistan, where it joins the Hindu Kush.[citation needed]
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Tokyo
Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō?, "Eastern Capital") [toːkʲoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/; officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to?), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of the world. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) and the city of Tokyo (東京市, Tōkyō-shi?).
The Tokyo Metropolitan government administers the 23 special wards of Tokyo (each governed as a city), which cover the area that was the city of Tokyo, as well as 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the special wards is over 8 million people, with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million. The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 35 million people and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy with a GDP of US$1.479 trillion at purchasing power parity in 2008, ahead of New York City metropolitan area, which ranks second on the list. The city hosts 47 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest amount of any city.
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To‘rtko‘l
Turtkul (Uzbek: To‘rtko‘l / Тўрткўл; Karakalpak: To‘rtku‘l / Төрткүл; Turkmen: Dörtgül / Дөрткүл; Russian: Турткуль) is a city in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. It is an administrative center of To‘rtko‘l District.
The city was founded in 1873 and before 1920 was known as Petroaleksandrovsk (Russian: Петро-Александровск). It was then a major jewelry producing center of Uzbekistan, and was equipped with telegraph in 1913 and with a radio station in 1922; the station began regular translations in 1930. In 1932, the city was renamed to Turtkul (from Turkish törktkül meaning square) and between 1932 and 1939 was the capital of the newly formed autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan. The city was standing nearby a major Amu Darya River, which is known for significantly altering its flow path several times in its history. In 1932, Amu Darya once more changed its terrain and flooded Turtkul. This and past damage by Amu Darya urged the authorities to move the capital of Karakalpakstal over 170 km to Nukus in 1939. The river banks were reinforced, stopping further flooding. However, in 1942 the river suddenly moved on Turtkul destroying it overnight. Consequently, in 1949 Turtkul had been relocated.
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To‘ytepa
Toytepa (Uzbek: To'ytepa / Тўйтепа; Russian: Тойтепа; literally "Joy Mount") is a town in the Region of Tashkent (Tashkent Province, Uzbekistan). The population of the town is estimated at 21,000.
Toytepa is located at 41°03′N 69°36′E / 41.05°N 69.6°E / 41.05; 69.6. The local time in Toytepa is UTC/GMT +5 hours.
Two Zoroastrian period ossuaries, dating to the 6th century, are kept in Samarkand museum.
Important cotton processing enterprises in Toytepa, mostly Uzbek-South-Korean joint ventures. Fluorspar, the most important source of fluorine, is mined at Toytepa.
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Tunis
Tunis (Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the capital of both the Tunisian Republic and the Tunis Governorate. It is Tunisia's largest city, with a population of 728,453 as of 2004; the greater metropolitan area holds some 2,412,500 inhabitants.
Situated on a large Mediterranean Sea gulf (the Gulf of Tunis), behind the Lake of Tunis and the port of La Goulette (Halq al Wadi), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At the centre of more modern development (from the colonial era and later) lies the old medina. Beyond this district lie the suburbs of Carthage, La Marsa, and Sidi Bou Said.
The medina is found at the centre of the city: a dense agglomeration of alleys and covered passages, full of intense scents and colours, boisterous and active trade, and a surfeit of goods on offer ranging from leather to plastic, tin to the finest filigree, tourist souvenirs to the works of tiny crafts shops.
Just through the Sea Gate (also known as the Bab el Bahr and the Porte de France) begins the modern city, or Ville Nouvelle, transversed by the grand Avenue Habib Bourguiba (often referred to by popular press and travel guides as "the Tunisian Champs-Élysées"), where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller, older structures. As the capital city of the country, Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life; it is also the centre of the country's commercial activity. The expansion of the Tunisian economy in recent decades is reflected in the booming development of the outer city where one can see clearly the social challenges brought about by rapid modernization in Tunisia.
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Tunisia
Tunisia (USi/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (i/tɜrkˈmɛnɨstæn/ or i/tɜrkmɛnɨˈstɑːn/; Turkmen: Türkmenistan), formerly also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения), is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010[update] ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
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Uchquduq
Uchkuduk (Uzbek: Uchquduq / Учқудуқ; Russian: Учкудук) is a city (pop est 27,000) in the north of the Navoiy Province, Uzbekistan. The city's name means "three draw-wells" in Uzbek. It is located at 42°9′24″N 63°33′20″E / 42.15667°N 63.55556°E / 42.15667; 63.55556, at an altitude of 193 meters. Located in the middle of the Kyzyl Kum Desert, Uchkuduk was a "closed city" in Soviet times due to its strategic open pit uranium mines, which supplied the raw material for the nuclear weapons in the Soviet military arsenal.
Aeroflot Flight 7425 crashed near Uchkuduk on July 10, 1985.
The Uzbek group Yalla made a Soviet-wide hit named after the city.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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Ulan Bator
Ulan Bator /ˌuːlɑːn ˈbɑːtər/ or Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian: Улаанбаатар, [ʊɮɑːŋ.bɑːtʰɑ̆r], ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ, Ulaγanbaγatur, literally "Red Hero") is the capital and by far the largest city of Mongolia. An independent municipality, the city is not part of any province, and its population as of 2008 is over one million.
Located in north central Mongolia, the city lies at an elevation of about 1,310 metres (4,300 ft) in a valley on the Tuul River. It is the cultural, industrial, and financial heart of the country. It is the center of Mongolia's road network, and is connected by rail to both the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia and the Chinese railway system.
The city was founded in 1639 as a movable (nomadic) Buddhist monastic centre. In 1778 it settled permanently at its present location, the junction of the Tuul and Selbe rivers. Before that it changed location twenty-eight times, with each location being chosen ceremonially. In the twentieth century, Ulan Bator grew into a major manufacturing centre.
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United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emiratesi/juːˌnaɪtɨd ˌærəb ˈɛmɪrɨts/ (Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, Al Imārāt al ‘Arabīyah al Muttaḥidah), sometimes simply called the Emirates or the UAE, is a country situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing sea borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates (equivalent to principalities), each governed by a hereditary emir, with a single national president. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain. The capital is Abu Dhabi, which is also the state's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
Prior to independence in 1971, the UAE was known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference to a 19th-century truce between the local sheikhs, hereditary rulers of the territories, and the United Kingdom. The term Pirate Coast was also used by some to refer to the emirates from the 18th to the early 20th century, owing to the preponderance of pirates operating from Emirati ports.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Urganch
Urgench (Uzbek: Urganch/Урганч; Persian: گرگانج / Gorganch) is a city (1999 pop. 139,100) in western Uzbekistan. It is the capital of the Khorezm Province, on the Amu Darya River and the Shavat canal. The city is situated 450 km west of Bukhara across the Kyzyl Kum Desert. It is located at latitude 41° 32' 60N longitude 60° 37' 60E, at an altitude of 91 meters.
The history of the city goes back to the second half of the 18th century. The city should not be confused with the like-named city of Konya-Urgench (also known as "Old Urgench" or "Gurgench") in Turkmenistan. The city of Old Urgench was relocated to Urgench after the Amu Darya river changed its course in the 16th century, leaving the old town high and dry and without water. New Urgench was a trade center of the Khanate of Khiva.
Modern Urgench is a Soviet-style city with cotton motifs adorning many objects, from street lights to apartment houses. Of note is a monument to the twenty Komsomol members killed by Tekke basmachi on the banks of the Syr Darya in 1922, and a large statue to Muhammed al-Khwarizmi, the 9th century local mathematician who revolutionised algebra, outside the Hotel Urgench. A flat, dry place, this hotel is the main gateway for tourists to Khiva 35 kilometres to the southeast, whose old city, known as Itchan Kala, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Urgut
Urgut (Uzbek: Urgut / Ургут; Russian: Ургут) is a town in the Samarqand Province of Uzbekistan and the capital of Urgut District. It is known for the grove of platans, some of which are more than 1000 years old. Urgut is located in mountainous areas.
Urgutlik (also known as Urguti in Tajik) people are a subgroup of ethnic Uzbeks who track their ancestry to people from a town of Urgut. There are almost 500,000 people who describe themselves as Urgutlik. Urgutlik people frequently use Tajik words in their daily conversation. Majority of the population speak Uzbek; however, there are some Tajik ethnic villages and they speak Tajik.
Urguti people are heavily involved in basic mercantile trading in their respective locations and in farming. In the town craftsmanship is also well-known which has been maintained traditionally throughout the centuries.[citation needed]
Urgut's biggest market with varied and relatively inexpensive merchandise attracts folks even from Samarkand, the capital of the Province
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Vientiane
Vientiane ( /vjɛnˈtjɑːn/ French pronunciation: [vjɛ̃'tjan]; Lao: ວຽງຈັນ Wiang-jun; Thai: เวียงจันทน์ Wiang-chan, IPA: [wíəŋ tɕàn]) is the capital and largest city of Laos, situated in the Mekong river. Vientiane became the capital in 1563 due to fears of a Burmese invasion. During French rule, Vientiane was the administrative capital and due to economic growth in recent times, it has become the economic centre of Laos.
The estimated population of the city is 754,000 (2009). The city hosted the 25th Southeast Asian Games in December 2009 celebrating the 50 years of SEA Games.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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Vobkent
Vabkent (Uzbek: Vobkent / Вобкент; Russian: Вабкент) is a town in the Bukhara Province of Uzbekistan and the capital of Vabkent district. It is famous for a minaret constructed in 1196–1198, under the reign of Ala ad-Din Tekish.
Vabkent is situated ca. 28 km from the city of Bukhara. The population of Vabkent in 2004 was 16.600. It has textile industry and poultry.
Coordinates: 40°02′N 64°31′E / 40.033°N 64.517°E / 40.033; 64.517
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Xorazm Province
Coordinates: 41°20′N 61°0′E / 41.333°N 61°E / 41.333; 61
Xorazm Province (Uzbek: Xorazm viloyati, Хоразм вилояти) or Khorezm Province as it is still more commonly known, is a viloyat (province) of Uzbekistan located in the northwest of the country in the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya River. It borders with Turkmenistan, Karakalpakstan, and Buxoro Province. It covers an area of 6,300 km². The population is estimated to be around 1,200,000, with some 80% living in rural areas.
Khorezm Province is divided into 10 administrative districts. The capital is Urganch (pop est 135,000). Other major towns include Khonka, Khiva, Shovot, and Pitnak.
The climate is a typically arid continental climate, with cold winters and extremely hot, dry summers.
The city of Khiva in Khorezm Province is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with world famous architectural monuments, making Khiva one of the main centers for international tourism in the country.
The economy of Khorezm Province is primarily based on cotton. Cotton is by far the main crop, although rice production has increased significantly in the last several years. There are also many orchards and vineyards, melon and gourd plantations and potato fields. Khorezm Province is famous for its "gurvak" melon in Uzbekistan. Industry is also heavily oriented to cotton, with cotton refining, cottonseed oil extraction and textiles predominating. The Khiva Carpet-Weaving Factory produces “Persian carpets” for export.
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Xo‘jayli
Xo‘jayli also spelles as Khodjeyli and Khodzheyli (Uzbek: Xo‘jayli / Хўжaйли; Karakalpak: Хojeli / Хожели; Russian: Ходжейли) is a town and seat of Xo’jayli District in Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan.
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Yangiabad
Yangiabad is a city located in the Angren municipality of Tashkent Province, Uzbekistan.
The village has only three sources of drinking water. The village was previously the site of Kolkhoz (collective farms), but currently there are only farmers and workers. The farmers file quarterly reports to the mayor of Fergana Province.
Every year the government sets a new plan for the year, and the plan for each farmer will be different depending on how much land the farmer holds.
Coordinates: 41°07′09″N 70°05′39″E / 41.1191666767°N 70.0941666767°E / 41.1191666767; 70.0941666767
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Yangiyer
Yangiyer (Uzbek: Yangiyer / Янгиер; Russian: Янгиер) is a city (1991 pop. 29.600) in Sirdaryo Province, Eastern Uzbekistan. It was established in 1957 as part of the grand Soviet project to cultivate the naturally saline virgin lands of Golodnaya Steppe, a vast area of about 10,000 square kilometres in Eastern Uzbekistan. The shortage of irrigation water was the main problem hindering the development of agriculture in the area.
The city has several plants including a plant of building materials (комбинат стройматериалов), pipe plant (гончарно-дренажный завод), asphalt plant (асфальтобетонный).
Yangier also has a branch of Tashkent Institute of Agriculture and Irrigation Engineering (Филиал Ташкентского Института Инженеров Ирригации и Механизации Сельского Хозяйства), a college of civil engineering (коммунально-строительный техникум) and a museum dedicated to cultivation of virgin lands of Golodnaya Steppe (Музей "Освоение Голодной Степи")
Coordinates: 40°16′N 68°49′E / 40.267°N 68.817°E / 40.267; 68.817
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Yangiyo‘l
Yangiyo‘l also spelled as Yangiyul (Uzbek: Yangiyo‘l / Янгийўл; Russian: Янгиюль) is a 13th city (after 12 province centres) in Uzbekistan's Toshkent Province, 20km from the city of Tashkent. It has a population of about 60,000 people. Industry in the area includes textiles and paper. In recent years, the city has had an outbreak of HIV, most prevalent among users of injected drugs like heroin.
The largest factories and plants in the city: Confectionary Factory, Bio-chemical Plant, Oil Plant, Wine plant, Paper Factory, Brick Production Plant, Canned Food Plant. Some of the factories and plants are in great need of investments. There are 18 schools, 3 colleges and 1 academic lyceum in this city. All the other city facilities, such as a park, a cinema, restaurants, bars and cafes are also available for the people living in that area.
Coordinates: 41°06′45″N 69°02′48″E / 41.11250001°N 69.0466666767°E / 41.11250001; 69.0466666767
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Yarkant County
Shache (Yarkant) County or Yarkand County (lit. Cliff city; altitude 1,189 metres (3,901 ft), population 373,492 in 2003), is a county in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin. It is one of 11 counties administered under Kashgar Prefecture. Yarkant, usually written Yarkand in English, was the seat of an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the southern branch of the Silk Road.
The fertile oasis is fed by the Yarkand River which flows north down from the Kunlun Mountains known historically as Congling mountains (lit. 'Onion Mountains' - from the abundance of wild onions found there). The oasis now covers 3,210 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi), but was likely far more extensive before the period of desiccation began to afflict the region from the 3rd century CE onwards.
Today, Yarkant is a predominantly Uyghur city. The irrigated oasis farmland produces cotton, wheat, corn, fruits (especially pomegranates, pears and apricots), and walnuts. Yak and sheep graze in the highlands. Mineral deposits include petroleum, natural gas, gold, copper, lead, bauxite, granite and coal.
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Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemeni/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.
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Yerevan
Coordinates: 40°11′00″N 44°31′00″E / 40.183333°N 44.516667°E / 40.183333; 44.516667
Yerevan (Armenian: Երևան, Armenian pronunciation: [jɛɾɛˈvɑn]) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the thirteenth in the history of Armenia.
The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century BC, with the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by king Argishti I at the western extreme of the Ararat plain. After World War I, Yerevan became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as thousands of survivors of the Armenian Genocide settled in the area. The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century as Armenia became one of the fifteen republics in the Soviet Union. In fifty years, Yerevan was transformed from a town of a few thousand residents within the Russian Empire, to Armenia's principal cultural, artistic, and industrial center, as well as becoming the seat of national government.
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Akgul Amanmuradova
Akgul Amanmuradova (born June 23, 1984 in Tashkent) is a professional female tennis player from Uzbekistan.
In 2005, she reached her first ever WTA singles final in Tashkent, the capital of her home country. In the final she lost to 16-year old Michaëlla Krajicek of the Netherlands. Her first WTA Tour doubles win was 2009 AEGON International at Eastbourne, where she and partner Ai Sugiyama defeated Rennae Stubbs and Samantha Stosur in the final.
Akgul played her first ever match on the WTA Circuit in her home town of Tashkent. She lost in the first round of qualifying.
She received a wildcard into her home town tournament the Tashkent Open. However she lost to eventual finalst Seda Noorlander of the Netherlands 6–4, 6–2. She received a cheque for $1,000 after this match, the biggest of her tennis career.
Akgul played her first ITF Tournaments in 2002, she managed to reach the semi finals in Mysore and finals in Manila and Hyderabad, both times losing to Sania Mirza. She played for Uzbekistan in the Fed Cup for the first time at the age of 18, she beat three of her four group opponents. Beating Thailand, The Philippines and Hong Kong but losing to Akiko Morigami of Japan. She ended 2002 with a Singles record of 18–7 and a ranking of 665.
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Aleksey Kuropatkin
Alexei Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (Russian: Алексей Николаевич Куропаткин, March 17(29) 1848 - January 16, 1925) was the Russian Imperial Minister of War (1898–1904) who is often held responsible for major Russian drawbacks in the Russian-Japanese War, notably the Battle of Mukden and the Battle of Liaoyang.
Kuropatkin was born in 1848 in what is now Pskov, in the Russian Empire. His father, a retired army captain, was of the landed gentry. Educated in Cadet Corps and Pavlovsky Military School, Kuropatkin entered the army in 1864. On August 8, 1866 promoted to lieutenant in the 1st Turkestan Infantry Battalion, and he participated in combat in the conquest of Bukhara, the storming of Samarkand and other battles in the Russian conquest of Turkestan. In August 1870, he was promoted to major.
From 1872 to 1874, Kuropatkin studied at the Nicholas General Staff Academy, after which he was dispatched as a military attaché to Berlin and Paris, completing his military studies, and with the French troops in Algiers, accompanying French expedition to Sahara. Returning to Russia in late 1875, he was assigned to the Turkestan Military District. He was awarded the Order of St. George (4th class) for his role in the Russian conquest of Kokand.
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Aleksey Shchusev
Alexey Viktorovich Shchusev (Russian: Алексе́й Ви́кторович Щу́сев, 26 September (8 October (new style)), 1873, Chişinău—24 May 1949, Moscow) was an acclaimed Russian and Soviet architect whose works may be regarded as a bridge connecting Revivalist architecture of Imperial Russia with Stalin's Empire Style.
Shchusev studied under Leon Benois and Ilya Repin at the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1891–1897. From 1894 to 1899, he travelled in North Africa and Central Asia. Shchusev was a diligent student of old Russian art and won public acclaim with his restoration of the 12th-century St. Basil Church in Ovruch, Ukraine. He dwelt on 15th-century Muscovite architecture to design the Trinity Cathedral in Pochayiv Lavra and a memorial church on the Kulikovo Field. He was then commissioned by the royal family to design a cathedral for Marfo-Mariinsky Convent in Moscow. The result was a charming medieval structure of the purest Novgorodian style (1908–1912).
Shchusev embarked upon his most wide-scale project in 1913, when his design for the Kazan Railway Station won a contest for a Moscow terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway. This Art Nouveau design fused elements of the Kremlin towers and traditional Tatar architecture in one of the most imaginative Revivalist designs ever put to execution. The construction of the railway station, however, was not finished until 1940.
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Alina Kabayeva
Alina Maratovna Kabaeva (Russian: Али́на Мара́товна Каба́ева; Tatar: Älinä Marat qızı Qabayeva; born May 12, 1983) is a Russian Honored Master of Sports, retired rhythmic gymnast, and politician. Since 2007, she has been a State Duma deputy from the United Russia party.
Kabaeva is Russia's most successful rhythmic gymnast to date, and is also one of the most decorated gymnasts in the history of rhythmic gymnastics with two Olympic medals, 18 world championship medals and 25 European championship medals.
Kabaeva, the daughter of a Tatar father and Russian mother, was born in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, in the Soviet Union. She started rhythmic gymnastics there at the age of 3 with coach Margarita Samuilovna. Her father Marat Kabayev was a professional football (soccer) player and the family was constantly following him to different places in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. At first, many coaches did not like Alina because they considered her "too heavy" and "ugly" to be a rhythmic gymnast, none of them seemed to consider her a rhythmic gymnast of any particular talent. In her young teens she moved to Russia, where her mother took her to the Russian head coach Irina Viner, who liked her from the start.
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Alisher Navoi
(Mir) ‘Alī Shīr Navā’ī (also spelled Nevā’ī) (Uzbek: Alisher Navoiy, Алишер Навоий; Persian: نظام الدین على شير هروی; Uyghur: ئەلىشىر نەۋائى), also known as Nizām-al-Din ʿAlī-Shīr Herawī (9 February 1441 – 3 January 1501) was a Central Asian Turkic politician, mystic, linguist, painter, and poet. He was the greatest representative of Chagatai language literature. He is widely considered as the founder of the Uzbek language and literature. Alī Shīr Navā’ī was born and lived in Herat. He is generally known by his pen name Navā'ī (Persian: نوایی, meaning "melodic" or "melody maker"). Because of his distinguished Chagatai language poetry, he is considered by many throughout the Turkic-speaking world to be the founder of early Turkic literature. Many places and institutions in Uzbekistan and other Turkic countries are named after Alī Shīr Navā’ī. Navoiy Province, the city of Navoiy, the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, and Navoiy Airport — all are named after him. Many of Nava'i's ghazals have become popular Uzbek folk songs, especially by Sherali Jo'rayev, and his works have been staged as plays by Uzbek playwrights.
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Amir Timur
Timur (Turkish: Demir "iron", Persian: تمور Timūr, Chagatai: Temür "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (from Persian: تيمور لنگ, Timūr-i Lang, Aksak Timur "Timur the Lame" in Turkish), was a Turkic, who conquered West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled South Asia for centuries.
Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. Unlike his predecessors Timur was also a devout Muslim and referred to himself as the Sword of Islam. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and multicultural. During his lifetime Timur would emerge as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the formidable Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi; Timur had also decisively defeated the Knights Hospitaler at Smyrna and since then referred to himself as a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete suzerainty over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even the Yuan Khanate.
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Babur
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530; sometimes also spelt Baber or Babar) was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian Subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Timur through his father, and a descendant also of Genghis Khan through his mother. Babur identified his lineage as Timurid and Chaghatay-Turkic. He was greatly influenced by Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.
Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad (Persian: ﻇﻬﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ محمد, also known by his royal titles as al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram bādshāh-e ġāzī), is more commonly known by his nickname, Bābur (بابر).
According to Stephen Frederic Dale, the name Babur is derived from the Persian word babr, meaning "tiger", a word that repeatedly appears in Firdawsī's Shāhnāma and had also been borrowed by the Turkic languages of Central Asia. This thesis is supported by the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, explaining that the Turko-Mongol name Timur underwent a similar evolution, from the Sanskrit word cimara ("iron") via a modified version *čimr to the final Turkicized version timür, with -ür replacing -r due to the Turkish vowel harmony (hence babr → babür).[citation needed]
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Beijing
Beijing ( /beɪˈdʒɪŋ/; Chinese: 北京; pinyin: Běijīng, [peɪ˨˩ t͡ɕiŋ˥]), formerly romanized as Peking ( /piːˈkɪŋ/ or /peɪˈkɪŋ/), is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The metropolis, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government, with 14 urban and suburban districts and two rural counties. Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast.
Beijing is China's second largest city by urban population after Shanghai and is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's largest state-owned companies. Beijing is a major transportation hub in the national highway, expressway, railway and high-speed rail network. Beijing's Capital International Airport is the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic.
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Buddhist
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit and Pāli). The Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end ignorance (avidyā), craving (taṇhā), and suffering (dukkha), by recognizing dependent origination and sunyata, and attain Nirvana.
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tiantai (Tendai) and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications, Vajrayana—practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana. There are other categorisations of these three Vehicles or Yanas.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan (/ˈɡɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/ or /ˈdʒɛŋɡɪs ˈkɑːn/,Mongol: [tʃiŋɡɪs xaːŋ] ( listen); 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in Khwarezmia. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions resulted in the large-scale slaughter of local populations, which have given Genghis Khan and his empire a fearsome reputation in local histories.
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Iroda Tulyaganova
Iroda Tulyaganova (Uzbek: Iroda To'laganova, Ирода Тўлаганова) (born 7 January 1982) is a professional tennis player who comes from Uzbekistan.
She has been ranked as high as No.16 on the WTA Tour and has won three WTA singles titles in her career. She returned to the main Tour in 2006 after a long injury absence, and in Kolkata in September 2006, she reached the semi-finals as a qualifier, leaping more than 120 places in the rankings to No. 222 after her success. The following week, she reached the final of her home event in Tashkent, beating a string of players including Top 60-ranked Olga Poutchkova. She also won the women's singles gold medal in the 2002 Asian Games in Busan by defeating Tamarine Tanasugarn of Thailand.
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Islam Karimov
Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov (Cyrillic Uzbek: Ислом Абдуғаниевич Каримов; Russian: Ислам Абдуганиевич Каримов Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov) (born January 30, 1938) is the first President of Uzbekistan, serving since 1990.
Karimov, placed in an orphanage in Samarkand at birth, grew up to study economics and engineering at school. He became an official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, becoming the party's First Secretary in Uzbekistan in 1989. On March 24, 1990 he became President of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Karimov's election to the Uzbek Communist Party resulted after his predecessor Rafik Nishanov failed to quell inter-ethnic clashes and instability in the Fergana region. He declared Uzbekistan an independent nation on August 31, 1991 and subsequently won Uzbekistan's first presidential election on December 29, 1991, with 86% of the vote. The election was called unfair[citation needed], with state-run propaganda and a falsified vote count, although the opposing candidate and leader of the Erk (Freedom) Party, Muhammad Salih, had a chance to participate. Karimov permitted the participation of the opposition organizations Birlik ("popular movement") and the Islamic Renaissance Party until his efforts to consolidate power over Shukrullo Mirsaidov, a former Communist Party elite who had originally supported Karimov's rise to the Party presidency. The period of political thaw was brief; Karimov began to complicate the registration process of opposition parties during elections. As Birlik grew in strength as a "popular movement", it was denied the ability to register as a "political party" without the required 60,000 signatures. The Karimov government allowed Birlik one day to gather these signatures, 25,000 of which they rejected. Karimov effectively took authoritarian measures to block any meaningful opposition.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин; born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Russian: Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили; 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953) was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 and later held the position of General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953. While the office of the General Secretary was officially elective and not initially regarded as the top position in the Soviet state, Stalin managed to use it to consolidate more and more power in his hands after the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 and gradually put down all opposition groups within the Communist Party. This included Leon Trotsky, a socialist theorist and the principal critic of Stalin among the early Soviet leaders, who was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929. Whereas Trotsky was an exponent of permanent revolution, it was Stalin's concept of socialism in one country that became the primary focus of Soviet politics.
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Kalmyks
Kalmyk people (or Kalmyks) (Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, Halm'gud) is the name given to the Oirats, western Mongols in Russia, whose descendants migrated from Dzhungaria in 1607. Today they form a majority in the autonomous Republic of Kalmykia on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Kalmykia is Europe's only Buddhist government. Through emigration, small Kalmyk communities have been established in the United States, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic.
The Kalmyks are a branch of the Oirats whose ancient grazing lands are now located in Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and the People's Republic of China. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty in 1368, the Oirats emerged as a formidable foe against the Eastern Mongols, the Ming Chinese and their successor, the Manchu who founded the Qing Dynasty, in a nearly 400 year military struggle for domination and control over both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. The struggle ended in 1757 with the defeat of the Oirats in Dzungaria, the last of the Mongol groups to resist vassalage to China (Grousset, 1970: 502-541).
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Kazakhs
The Kazakhs (also spelled Kazaks, Qazaqs; Kazakh: Қазақтар [qɑzɑqtɑ́r]; the English name is transliterated from Russian) are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely Kazakhstan, but also found in parts of Uzbekistan, China, Russia, and Mongolia).
Kazakhs are descendants of the Turkic tribes - Argyns, Khazars, Qarluqs; and of the Kipchaks and Cumans (the Kipchaks and Cumans being one of their major ancestors) Proto-Tatar groups (Kiyat, Dughlat, Naimans, Kerait, Onggirat, Manghud, Jalayir) and other Proto Turkic tribes such as the Kankalis, origin and Iranian tribes like the Sarmatians, Saka and Scythians. Kazakhs populated the territory between Siberia and the Black Sea and remained in Central Asia when the Turkic and Turko-Tatar groups started to invade and conquer the area between the 5th and 13th centuries AD.
The Kazakhs began using this name during either the 15th or 16th centuries. There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkish verb qaz (to wander), because the Kazakhs were wandering steppemen; or that it derives from the prototurk word khasaq (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their yurts and belongings).
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Michael Kolganov
Michael Kolganov (Hebrew: מיכאל קלגנוב, born October 24, 1974 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) is a Soviet-born, Israeli sprint canoer and former world champion. Competing in three Summer Olympics, he won the bronze medal in the K-1 500 m event at Sydney in 2000. He was the flag bearer for Israel during the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Born Mikhail Kolganov in the former Soviet Union, he is Jewish, and took up canoeing at the age of 14. "I was a fat young boy," he recalled, "and my parents were looking for a hobby for me that would help me lose weight." Kolganov's older brother Andrei was already a Soviet youth champion in kayaks, and represented the former Soviet Union.
Kolganov was brought to Israel by the Jewish Agency in 1995. A graduate in Physical Education from the University of Tashkent, he first settled in Haifa, and after a brief spell with the Hapoel Haifa rowing club, he moved eastwards to join Hapoel Emek HaYarden, living nearby at Kibbutz Degania Bet.
He has represented Israel in competition since 1997. Kolganov was K-1 200 m world champion in 1998 and 1999, and earned a K-1 500 m silver in 1998.
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Mikhail Frunze
Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (Russian: Михаи́л Васи́льевич Фру́нзе; Romanian: Mihail Frunză; also known by the pseudonyms Арсе́ний Три́фоныч–Arseniy Trifonych, Серге́й Петро́в–Sergei Petrov, А. Шу́йский–A. Shuiskiy, М. Ми́рский–M. Mirskiy; 2 February [O.S. 21 January] 1885–31 October 1925) was a Bolshevik leader during and just prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Frunze was born in Bishkek (at the time Pishpek, the Russian misnomer), then a small Imperial Russian garrison town in the Kyrgyz part of Russian Turkestan (Semirechensky Region), to a Romanian medical practitioner (originally from the Kherson Governorate) and his Russian wife. He began his studies at Verniy (present name Almaty), and in 1904 he attended the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University.
At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party Labour Party in London (1903), during the ideological split between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov, the two main party leaders, over party tactics (Martov argued for a large party of activists, whilst Lenin wanted a small group of professional revolutionaries with a large fringe group of sympathisers), Frunze sided with Lenin's majority, the so called Bolsheviks (opposed to Martov's minority, the Mensheviks).
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Mirzo Ulugbek
Mirzo Ulugbek (also spelled Mirzo Ulug'bek) is one of 11 districts (tuman) of Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. It was named after the Persian astronomer, mathematician and sultan Ulugh Beg.
It is a north-eastern district of the city and was established in 1981 with the name of Kuybyshev, referred to the Russian revolutionary leader Valerian Kuybyshev.
Mirzo Ulugbek borders with the districts of Yunusabad and Hamza. It borders also with Tashkent Province.
Media related to Districts of Tashkent at Wikimedia Commons
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Mongols
Mongols (Mongolian: Монголчууд (help·info)), Mongolchuud) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. Owing to wars and migrations, Mongols are also found in some Central Asian states such as Kazakhstan. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia (a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China). The Buryat branch of the Mongol ethnic group can be found in the autonomous republic of Buryatia, Russia. Ethnic Mongols are bound together by a common language and culture. They speak languages belonging to the Mongolic languages. The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia[disambiguation needed 
]. There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
A definition includes the Mongols proper, who can be approximately divided into the eastern Mongols (the Khalkha Mongols, the Inner Mongolians, the Buryats), and the Oirats. In a wider sense, the Mongol people includes all people who speak a Mongolic language, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.
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Oirats
Oirats (Mongolian: Ойрад, Oirad; in the past, also Eleuths) are the westernmost group of the Mongols who unified several tribes origin whose ancestral home is in the Altai region of western Mongolia. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of the Russian Federation, where they are called Kalmyks. The Kalmyks migrated from Dzungaria to the southeastern European part of the Russian Federation in the early XVII century.
Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Dzungar (Choros or Ööled), Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoshut. The minor tribes include: Khoid, Bayid, Myangad, Zakhchin, Baatud, Barga and Darkhad.
In the 17th century, Zaya Pandita, a Gelug monk of the Khoshut tribe, devised a new writing system called Todo Bichig (clear script) for use by the Oirat people. This system was developed on the basis of the older Mongolian script, but had a more developed system of diacritics to exclude misreading, and reflected some lexic and grammar differences of the Oirat language from Mongolian.
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Peter Odemwingie
Peter Osaze Odemwingie (Russian: Питер Осазе Одемвингие; born 15 July 1981) is a Soviet-born Nigerian footballer who plays for Premier League club West Bromwich Albion as a striker. His name, Osaze, means "God chooses (for you)".
Raised in Russia, Odemwingie chose to pledge his allegiances to the national team of Nigeria, although he was also eligible for Russia and Uzbekistan.
Born in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Soviet Union, Odemwingie played in the youth systems at KAMAZ and CSKA. He first plied his trade with Nigerian Premier League side Bendel Insurance, where he scored 19 goals in 53 league appearances from 2000 to 2002. He signed for Belgian club La Louvière in 2002 and made his mark by helping the club to win the Belgian Cup in his first season. Scoring nine goals in 44 appearances attracted the attention of the French Ligue 1 side Lille OSC and before long he was a starter in the first team playing in the French Ligue 1. Famous for his technique and pace, the Nigerian player was being monitored by a number of prestigious European clubs. Odemwingie indicated that he wanted to stay at Lille and help them fight for the league the following season and scored five league goals for them in the 2006–07 season[citation needed] as well as two against A.C. Milan at the San Siro to take Lille to the UEFA Champions League knockout stages.
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Saman Khuda
Saman Khuda (Saman Khoda, Saman-khudat) was the founder of the Samanid dynasty – The House of Saman. He was a landowner from the village of Saman in Balkh province in northern Afghanistan, who arrived in the early 8th century in Merv to the court of the Caliphal governor of Khorasan, Asad ibn ‘Abd Allah al-Qasri (723-727), adopted Islam under his patronage, and named his son Asad in his honor. Caliph al-Mamun (786-833) subsequently appointed Asad's four sons – Saman Khuda's grandsons – to be rulers of Samarqand, Ferghana, Shash and Ustrushana, and Herat in recognition of their role in the suppression of a revolt against the Caliph. The Samanid dynasty was thus started, rising to its peak of glory during the rule of Saman Khuda's great-grandson Ismail Samani (892-907).
Saman was also a descendant of the Sasanian general Bahram Chobin in 4th or 5th generation, a noble of the ancient Iranian Mehran clan, who played an important role in the history of the later Sasanians. Saman was originally a Zoroastrian noble from Balkh province, who became so impressed with the piety of Asad ibn 'Abd-Allah al-Qasri, the Caliphal governor of Khorasan, that he converted to Islam.
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Sergey Kirov
Sergei Mironovich Kirov (Russian: Серге́й Миро́нович Ки́ров; 27 March [O.S. 15 March] 1886 – 1 December 1934), born Sergei Mironovich Kostrikov, was a prominent early Bolshevik leader in the Soviet Union. Kirov rose through the Communist Party ranks to become head of the Party organization in Leningrad. Kirov was seen as a focal point of opposition to some policies of Joseph Stalin, and as a counterbalance to the increasing concentration of power in Stalin's hands.[citation needed]
On 1 December 1934, Kirov was shot and killed by a gunman at his offices in the Smolny Institute. Some historians place the blame for his assassination at the hands of Stalin and believe the NKVD organised its execution, but any evidence for this claim remains elusive. Kirov's death served as one of the pretexts for Stalin's escalation of repression against dissident elements of the Party, culminating in the Great Purge of the late 1930s in which many of the Old Bolsheviks were arrested, expelled from the Party, and executed. Complicity in Kirov's assassination was a common charge to which the accused confessed in the show trials of the era.
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Sogdiana
Sogdiana or Sogdia ([pronunciation?]; Old Persian: Suguda-; Ancient Greek: Σογδιανή, Sogdianē; Persian: سغد Soġd; Tajik: Суғд, سغد Suġd; Uzbek: Sơģd; Chinese: 粟特 Sùtè) was the ancient civilization of an Iranian people and a province of the Achaemenid Empire, eighteenth in the list on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great (i. 16). Sogdiana is "listed" as the second of the "good lands and countries" that Ahura Mazda created. This region is listed second after Airyana Vaeja, Land of the Aryans, in the Zoroastrian book of Vendidad or "Videvdat", indicating the importance of this region from ancient times. Sogdiana, at different times, included territories around Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand and Shahrisabz in modern Uzbekistan. The inhabitants of Sogdiana were the Sogdians, an Eastern Iranian people who are among the ancestors of modern-day Tajik, Pashun and Yaghnobi peoples.
The Sogdian states, although never politically united, were centered around the main city of Samarkand. Sogdiana lay north of Bactria, east of Khwarezm, and southeast of Kangju between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Jaxartes (Syr Darya), embracing the fertile valley of the Zeravshan (ancient Polytimetus). Sogdian territory corresponds to the modern provinces of Samarkand and Bokhara in modern Uzbekistan as well as the Sughd province of modern Tajikistan.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Timur
Timur (Turkish: Demir "iron", Persian: تمور Timūr, Chagatai: Temür "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (from Persian: تيمور لنگ, Timūr-i Lang, Aksak Timur "Timur the Lame" in Turkish), was a Turkic, who conquered West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty. He was the grandfather of Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-grandfather of Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire, which ruled South Asia for centuries.
Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan. Unlike his predecessors Timur was also a devout Muslim and referred to himself as the Sword of Islam. His armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and multicultural. During his lifetime Timur would emerge as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the formidable Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Sultanate of Delhi; Timur had also decisively defeated the Knights Hospitaler at Smyrna and since then referred to himself as a Ghazi. By the end of his reign Timur had also gained complete suzerainty over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, Golden Horde and even the Yuan Khanate.
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Tsar Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia (Russian: Александр II Николаевич, Aleksandr II Nikolaevich) (29 April [O.S. 17 April] 1818, Moscow – 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881, Saint Petersburg), also known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Александр Освободитель, Aleksandr Osvoboditel') was the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. He was also the King of Poland and the Grand Prince of Finland.
Born in Moscow, he was the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. His early life gave little indication of his ultimate potential; until the time of his accession in 1855, aged 37, few imagined that he would be known to posterity as a leader able to implement the most challenging reforms undertaken in Russia since the reign of Peter the Great. The kings that are listed in this section are among the best that empire had ever seen.
In the period of his life as heir apparent, the intellectual atmosphere of Saint Petersburg was unfavourable to any kind of change: freedom of thought and all forms of private initiative were being suppressed vigorously. Personal and official censorship was rife; criticism of the authorities was regarded as a serious offence. Some 26 years afterward, he had the opportunity of implementing changes; he would, however, be assassinated in public by the Narodnaya Volya (People's Will) terrorist organisation.
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Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethnic groups that live in northern, central and western Asia, northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds. The term Turkic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people including existing societies such as the Turkish, Azerbaijani, Chuvashes, Kazakhs, Tatars, Kyrgyzs, Turkmens, Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Qashqai, Gagauzs, Yakuts, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks, Karakalpaks, Karachays, Nogais and as well as past civilizations such as the Göktürks, Kumans, Kipchaks, Avars, Bulgars, Turgeshes, Khazars, Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, Mamluks, Timurids and possibly Huns and the Xiongnu.
The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Eastern Europe. As of 2011[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, East Turkistan region of western China, northern Iraq, Pakistan, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland. There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.
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Ukrainians
Ukrainians (Ukrainian: Українці, Ukrayintsi, [ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi]) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "inhabitants of Ukraine" is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people.Russians and Belarusians are considered the closest relatives of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are either considered another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.
Ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century, so modern Ukrainians identify their ancestry with differently named historical Slavic groups, who are often called Ukrainians too, in retrospect. The oldest recorded ethnonyms used for Ukrainian ancestors are Rusy, Rusyny, and Rusychi (from term Rus'). From the 9th to 12th centuries those names applied to the population of Kievan Rus', as the united state of Rusy is restrospectively called. Similar names were adopted by the proto-Russian and proto-Belarusian inhabitants of the northern principalities of Rus', reflecting the common origin of all those East Slavic peoples.
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Uzbek language
Uzbek (O‘zbek tili or O‘zbekcha in Latin script, Ўзбек тили or Ўзбекча in Cyrillic script; اوزبیک تیلی or اوزبیکچه in Arabic script) is a Turkic language and the official language of Uzbekistan. It has about 40 million native speakers, and it is spoken by the Uzbeks in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia. Uzbek belongs to the southeastern Turkic or Uyghur family of Turkic languages, and consequently its lexicon and grammar are most closely linked to the Uyghur language, while other influences rose from Persian, Arabic and Russian.
One of the most distinguishing aspects of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is its rounding of the vowel /a/ to /ɒ/ or /ɔ/, a feature influenced by Persian.
Turkic speakers have probably settled in the Amu-Darya, Syr-Darya and Zeravshan river basins since at least AD 600–700, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of Eastern Iranian languages who previously inhabited Soghdiana, Bactria and Chorasmia. The first Turkic dynasty in the region was that of the Karakhanids in the 9th–12th centuries AD, who were a confederation of Karluks (Qarluq), Chigil, Yaghma and other tribes.
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Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, pl. Oʻzbeklar) are a major Turkic-speaking ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Smaller diaspora populations of Uzbeks from Central Asia, mainly from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, are also found in Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, North America, and Western Europe.
The origin of the name Uzbek remains disputed. One view holds that it is eponymously named after Uzbeg Khan. Another states that the name means independent or the lord itself, from Oʻz (self) and Bek/Bey/Beg (from the Turkic root meaning a noble title). However there is another theory that the pronunciation of Uz comes from one of the Oghuz Turks variously known as Uz or Uguz united with the word Bey or Bek to form uguz-bey, meaning "leader of an oguz".
Although Turko-Mongol infiltration into Central Asia had started early, as late as the 13th century AD when Turkic and Mongol armies finally conquered the entire region, the majority of Central Asia's peoples were Iranic peoples such as Sogdians, Bactrians and, more ancient, the Saka–Massagetae tribes. It is generally believed that these ancient Indo-European-speaking peoples were linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups while the sedentary population finally adopted the Persian language, the traditional lingua franca of the eastern Islamic lands. The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an elite dominance process. This process was dramatically boosted during the Mongol conquest when millions were either killed or pushed further south to the Pamir region.
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Valerian Kuybyshev
Valerian Vladimirovich Kuybyshev (Russian: Валериа́н Влади́мирович Ку́йбышев (1888–1935), was a Russian revolutionary, Red Army officer, and prominent Soviet politician.
Kuybyshev was born in Omsk in the Russian Empire on 6 June [O.S. 25 May] 1888. He studied at the Omsk Military Cadet School. He joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1904. The following year, he entered a military medical academy, but was expelled in 1906 for controversial political activities.
Between 1906-14 Kuybyshev performed subversive activities for the Bolsheviks throughout the Empire, for which he was exiled to Narym in Siberia where—together with Yakov Sverdlov—he set up a local Bolshevik organization. In May 1912 he fled and returned to Omsk, where he was arrested the next month, and imprisoned for a year. He was transferred to Tambov to live independently under police surveillance, but soon fled again, whereafter he spent 1913-14 encouraging civil unrest in the cities of St. Petersburg, Kharkov, and Vologda; relocated to Samara in 1917; and became President of the local soviet—a position he held at the time of the October Revolution and for the next year. During the Russian Civil War he chaired the revolutionary committee of Samara province and became a political commissar in the First and Fourth Red Armies.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ленин; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɪlʲˈjitɕ ˈlʲenʲɪn] ( listen); 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary, intellectual and politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system.
As a politician, Lenin was a persuasive and charismatic orator. As an intellectual his extensive theoretic and philosophical developments of Marxism produced Marxism–Leninism, a pragmatic Russian application of Marxism that emphasized the critical role played by a committed and disciplined political vanguard in the revolutionary process, while defending the possibility of a socialist revolution in less advanced capitalist countries through an alliance of the proletarians with the rural peasantry.
Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Russian: Владимир Ильич Ульянов) on 22 April [O.S. 10 April] 1870 in the town of Simbirsk in the Russian Empire. Simbirsk, a rural town on the River Volga nearly 1,500 miles from the capital Saint Petersburg, would be renamed upon Ulyanov's death fifty-four years later as "Ulyanovsk" in his honour. That same year, Saint Petersburg itself would be renamed Leningrad after Ulyanov's better-known cadre name.
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Xuanzang
Xuanzang (Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang Sanskrit: ह्वेनसांग) (c. 602 – 664) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. Born in Henan province of China in 602 or 603, from boyhood he took to reading sacred books, including the Chinese Classics and the writings of the ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang, Xuanzang entered Buddhist monkhood at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan (Szechuan), where he was ordained at the age of twenty. He later traveled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Here Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist scriptures that had reached China.
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Yarkant County
Shache (Yarkant) County or Yarkand County (lit. Cliff city; altitude 1,189 metres (3,901 ft), population 373,492 in 2003), is a county in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan desert in the Tarim Basin. It is one of 11 counties administered under Kashgar Prefecture. Yarkant, usually written Yarkand in English, was the seat of an ancient Buddhist kingdom on the southern branch of the Silk Road.
The fertile oasis is fed by the Yarkand River which flows north down from the Kunlun Mountains known historically as Congling mountains (lit. 'Onion Mountains' - from the abundance of wild onions found there). The oasis now covers 3,210 square kilometres (1,240 sq mi), but was likely far more extensive before the period of desiccation began to afflict the region from the 3rd century CE onwards.
Today, Yarkant is a predominantly Uyghur city. The irrigated oasis farmland produces cotton, wheat, corn, fruits (especially pomegranates, pears and apricots), and walnuts. Yak and sheep graze in the highlands. Mineral deposits include petroleum, natural gas, gold, copper, lead, bauxite, granite and coal.
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MEET THE STANS -- episodes 3&4: Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:07
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Please visit www.simonreeve.co.uk for more information. Simon Reeve travels through Central Asia in this four-part BBC TV series, shown on BBC2, BBC World and by broadcasters internationally. The adventure took Simon from the far north-west of Kazakhstan, by the Russian border, east to the Chinese border, south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. The Guardian said it was 'a thrilling postcard from the edge' The Times said: 'Simon Reeve's journey through Kazakhstan is a first-class Boys Own adventure on film and illuminating too. I can't imagine anyone switching off who stays for the first five minutes.' ------------------------------------ SIMON REEVE is an adventurer, TV presenter and New York Times bestselling author with a passion for travel, current affairs, history, conservation and the environment. He has been around the world three times for the BBC series Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, and Tropic of Cancer, and has travelled extensively in more than 100 countries. Simon's last journey around the Tropic of Cancer enthralled millions and was described by The Times of London as: "a real gem...Reeve is in a class of his own". Readers of a leading travel magazine voted it their favourite TV series. Simon, who is an ambassador for the nature conservation organisation WWF, has been awarded a One World Broadcasting Trust award for an "outstanding contribution to ...
http://wn.com/MEET_THE_STANS_-_episodes_3&4_Uzbekistan_and_Tajikistan
Please visit www.simonreeve.co.uk for more information. Simon Reeve travels through Central Asia in this four-part BBC TV series, shown on BBC2, BBC World and by broadcasters internationally. The adventure took Simon from the far north-west of Kazakhstan, by the Russian border, east to the Chinese border, south through Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the edge of Afghanistan, and west to Uzbekistan and the legendary Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. The Guardian said it was 'a thrilling postcard from the edge' The Times said: 'Simon Reeve's journey through Kazakhstan is a first-class Boys Own adventure on film and illuminating too. I can't imagine anyone switching off who stays for the first five minutes.' ------------------------------------ SIMON REEVE is an adventurer, TV presenter and New York Times bestselling author with a passion for travel, current affairs, history, conservation and the environment. He has been around the world three times for the BBC series Equator, Tropic of Capricorn, and Tropic of Cancer, and has travelled extensively in more than 100 countries. Simon's last journey around the Tropic of Cancer enthralled millions and was described by The Times of London as: "a real gem...Reeve is in a class of his own". Readers of a leading travel magazine voted it their favourite TV series. Simon, who is an ambassador for the nature conservation organisation WWF, has been awarded a One World Broadcasting Trust award for an "outstanding contribution to ...
National food of Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:50
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Gastronomic Tour in Uzbekistan. Oriental Dastarkhan (Asian Tablecloth)! During this tour you will have a opportunity not only to try Oriental gastronomy, but meet with ancient history and culture of Uzbekistan.
http://wn.com/National_food_of_Uzbekistan
Gastronomic Tour in Uzbekistan. Oriental Dastarkhan (Asian Tablecloth)! During this tour you will have a opportunity not only to try Oriental gastronomy, but meet with ancient history and culture of Uzbekistan.
- published: 01 Dec 2011
- views: 66758
- author: TheCATravel
Uzbekistan Today
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:26
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Life in Uzbekistan; Fear; Long term imprisonments; Dictatorship; etc... Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Today
Life in Uzbekistan; Fear; Long term imprisonments; Dictatorship; etc... Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
- published: 12 Jul 2007
- views: 84592
- author: uzbekhelp
Iran vs Uzbekistan Highlights - 2014 World Cup Qualification - November 14, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:38
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Iran vs Uzbekistan Highlights - 2014 World Cup Qualification - November 14, 2012
http://wn.com/Iran_vs_Uzbekistan_Highlights_2014_World_Cup_Qualification_November_14,_2012
Iran vs Uzbekistan Highlights - 2014 World Cup Qualification - November 14, 2012
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 7498
- author: IranFilm20
Uzbekistan redefines itself on global stage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:07
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
CNN's Jill Dougherty looks at Uzbekistan's cultural heritage as the country redefines itself on the global stage. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_redefines_itself_on_global_stage
CNN's Jill Dougherty looks at Uzbekistan's cultural heritage as the country redefines itself on the global stage. For more CNN videos, check out our YouTube channel at www.youtube.com Or visit our site at www.cnn.com
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 4514
- author: CNN
Uzbekistan vs Kuweit. 07.09.2012 full match
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 107:24
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Friendly match between UZBEKISTAN and KUWEIT. All recording credits go to Sport Channel Uzbekistan.
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_vs_Kuweit_07092012_full_match
Friendly match between UZBEKISTAN and KUWEIT. All recording credits go to Sport Channel Uzbekistan.
- published: 10 Sep 2012
- views: 655
- author: Dilmurod Bezori
Uzbekistan Journey 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:40
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Travel through Uzbekistan in April 2012; Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, the Kyzylkum Desert & Nukus. Shot on a GH2, Vario 14-140mm, Voigtländer 25mm.
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Journey_2012
Travel through Uzbekistan in April 2012; Tashkent, Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, the Kyzylkum Desert & Nukus. Shot on a GH2, Vario 14-140mm, Voigtländer 25mm.
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 2448
- author: Florian Witulski
Uzbekistan Video - Tourism
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
www.advantour.com - In this Uzbekistan video watch historical monuments, nature, hotels, people and other travel information on Uzbekistan, that was located on the ancient Silk Road, the route connecting the East and West. You can see hotels and other travel infrastructure.
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Video_Tourism
www.advantour.com - In this Uzbekistan video watch historical monuments, nature, hotels, people and other travel information on Uzbekistan, that was located on the ancient Silk Road, the route connecting the East and West. You can see hotels and other travel infrastructure.
- published: 05 Jun 2011
- views: 64433
- author: advantourcom
Wrestling Men's Freestyle 120 kg Finals - Uzbekistan v Georgia Replay - London 2012 Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Wrestling Men's Freestyle 120 kg Finals Gold - Uzbekistan v Georgia Full Replay from the ExCeL - North Arena 2 at the London 2012 Olympic Games. -- 11 August 2012 The 1900 Games were the only ones where wrestling was not present in any shape or form. As from the 1908 Olympic Games in London, Greco-Roman wrestling has always been included on the programme. Since the 1920 Antwerp Games, there have been both freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling competitions. Find more about Wrestling at www.olympic.org/wrestling-freestyle and www.olympic.org/wrestling-grego-roman
http://wn.com/Wrestling_Men's_Freestyle_120_kg_Finals_Uzbekistan_v_Georgia_Replay_London_2012_Olympic_Games
Wrestling Men's Freestyle 120 kg Finals Gold - Uzbekistan v Georgia Full Replay from the ExCeL - North Arena 2 at the London 2012 Olympic Games. -- 11 August 2012 The 1900 Games were the only ones where wrestling was not present in any shape or form. As from the 1908 Olympic Games in London, Greco-Roman wrestling has always been included on the programme. Since the 1920 Antwerp Games, there have been both freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling competitions. Find more about Wrestling at www.olympic.org/wrestling-freestyle and www.olympic.org/wrestling-grego-roman
- published: 11 Aug 2012
- views: 36425
- author: olympic
Massacre in Uzbekistan (Trailer)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Nearly 1000 people were killed on the orders of the Uzbek dictator, Islam Karimov, one of the most brutal dictators in the world. But today, the West has long since forgiven and forgotten the Massacre in Andijan. Order the DVD / support the project www.massacre-in-uzbekistan.com
http://wn.com/Massacre_in_Uzbekistan_Trailer
Nearly 1000 people were killed on the orders of the Uzbek dictator, Islam Karimov, one of the most brutal dictators in the world. But today, the West has long since forgiven and forgotten the Massacre in Andijan. Order the DVD / support the project www.massacre-in-uzbekistan.com
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 24048
- author: MulberryMediaNet
Uzbekistan. Узбекистан.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
www.studioOlga.com
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Узбекистан
www.studioOlga.com
- published: 01 Sep 2012
- views: 2190
- author: olgaperry
History of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 54:36
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
In the first millennium BC, Iranian nomads established irrigation systems along the rivers of Central Asia and built towns at Bukhoro and Samarqand. These places became extremely wealthy points of tr... History of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Whole_world_-_land_and_oceans_12000.jpg Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Whole_world_-_land_and_oceans_12000.jpg Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: DieBuche Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: unknown / (of the reproduction) National Palace Museum in Taipei Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Sharuf ad-din Ali Yesdy Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Unknown Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. )
http://wn.com/History_of_Uzbekistan_Wiki_Article
In the first millennium BC, Iranian nomads established irrigation systems along the rivers of Central Asia and built towns at Bukhoro and Samarqand. These places became extremely wealthy points of tr... History of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Whole_world_-_land_and_oceans_12000.jpg Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Whole_world_-_land_and_oceans_12000.jpg Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: DieBuche Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: unknown / (of the reproduction) National Palace Museum in Taipei Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Sharuf ad-din Ali Yesdy Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Unknown Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. )
- published: 01 Dec 2012
- views: 8
- author: WikiPlays
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:53
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU, Uzbek: Ўзбекистон Исломий Ҳаракати/O'zbekiston islomiy harakati) is a militant Islamist group formed in 1991 by the Islamic ideologue Tahir Yuldashev, and fo... Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 )
http://wn.com/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan_Wiki_Article
The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU, Uzbek: Ўзбекистон Исломий Ҳаракати/O'zbekiston islomiy harakati) is a militant Islamist group formed in 1991 by the Islamic ideologue Tahir Yuldashev, and fo... Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 )
- published: 30 Nov 2012
- views: 36
- author: WikiPlays
Iran vs Uzbekistan 2014 World Cup Qualification 14.11 2012.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:33
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Iran_vs_Uzbekistan_2014_World_Cup_Qualification_1411_2012
Uzbekistan
- published: 16 Nov 2012
- views: 465
- author: ulugbek12
IR Iran vs Uzbekistan: 2014 FIFA World Cup Asian Qualifiers (Final Rd, Match Day 6)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Iran 0-1 Uzbekistan: Ulugbek Bakaev netted the only goal as Uzbekistan stunned Iran 1-0 at a damp Azadi Stadium on Wednesday to move to the top of Group A in the final round of the Asian qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. For more, visit goo.gl Visit our channel: goo.gl FACEBOOK: goo.gl TWITTER: goo.gl
http://wn.com/IR_Iran_vs_Uzbekistan_2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Asian_Qualifiers_Final_Rd,_Match_Day_6
Iran 0-1 Uzbekistan: Ulugbek Bakaev netted the only goal as Uzbekistan stunned Iran 1-0 at a damp Azadi Stadium on Wednesday to move to the top of Group A in the final round of the Asian qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. For more, visit goo.gl Visit our channel: goo.gl FACEBOOK: goo.gl TWITTER: goo.gl
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 15777
- author: AsianQualifiers2014
NTU boy goes to Uzbekistan to make a documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
NTU boy was sent to the Republic of Uzbekistan to make a documentary. He was there representing Sports+Travel Magazine in collaboration with the Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Singapore.
http://wn.com/NTU_boy_goes_to_Uzbekistan_to_make_a_documentary
NTU boy was sent to the Republic of Uzbekistan to make a documentary. He was there representing Sports+Travel Magazine in collaboration with the Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Singapore.
- published: 16 Apr 2012
- views: 4999
- author: Eugene Soh
MTS Uzbekistan: Interview with Michael Hecker, VP
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:24
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Russia-based MTS says its Uzbek subsidiary, Uzdunrobita, accused of violating anti-monopoly rules, consumer protection laws and advertising regulations, is being terminated. In an exclusive interview with Navbahor Imamova of Voice of America's Uzbek Service, Vice president Michael Heecker says that the charges are unwarranted and that the company has become victim of a systematic expropriation campaign engineered by the authorities in Uzbekistan. Uzdunrobita's license has been suspended and four employees remain in prison. Around 10 million of Uzbekistan's 25 million mobile phone users are MTS customers.
http://wn.com/MTS_Uzbekistan_Interview_with_Michael_Hecker,_VP
Russia-based MTS says its Uzbek subsidiary, Uzdunrobita, accused of violating anti-monopoly rules, consumer protection laws and advertising regulations, is being terminated. In an exclusive interview with Navbahor Imamova of Voice of America's Uzbek Service, Vice president Michael Heecker says that the charges are unwarranted and that the company has become victim of a systematic expropriation campaign engineered by the authorities in Uzbekistan. Uzdunrobita's license has been suspended and four employees remain in prison. Around 10 million of Uzbekistan's 25 million mobile phone users are MTS customers.
- published: 10 Aug 2012
- views: 2524
- author: AmerikaOvoziUZBEK
Iran 0 Uzbekistan 1 - World Cup Qualification - Bakaev
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
for more go to pfdctv.com
http://wn.com/Iran_0_Uzbekistan_1_World_Cup_Qualification_Bakaev
for more go to pfdctv.com
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 3374
- author: pfdctv2
Uzbekistan Heavyweight Artur Taymazov Wins 3rd Straight Olympic Gold Medal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
As a young boy in Russia, Artur Taymazov dreamed of becoming the next Alexander Karelin. He did it.Taymazov of Uzbekistan won his third straight Olympic wrestling gold in men's 120-kg division on Saturday night, beating Georgia's Davit Modzmanashvili to become the third male wrestler to win gold medals in three straight Olympics. Taymazov, who grew up in Russia and moved to Uzbekistan ahead of the Sydney Olympics in 2000, joins Alexander Medved of the former Soviet Union and Karelin as three-time winners. Taymazov, by virtue of his silver in Sydney in 2000, also equaled Karelin's Olympic medal haul in Greco-Roman wrestling. Taymazov quickly acknowledged that Karelin should still be ranked higher because he's won more world championships, but in terms of the Olympics Taymazov has matched him. "He's the name in wrestling, and I'm really, really glad that I've equalized with him on the medal total," Taymazov said. "I wanted to be like (Karelin), and now I am." At 33 years old, many wondered if Taymazov had enough left to make a run at another gold medal. He showed the quickness of a teenager in beating Modzmanashvili in the first period, escaping a leg clinch and scoring in just five seconds to break a scoreless tie. "I was thinking about it all the time...I wanted the third gold as well," Taymazov said. "It was my dream. I didn't think about anything else." A pair of Azerbaijanis; Toghrul Asgarov and Sharif Sharifov, also won gold medals Saturday. Asgarov won the Olympic ...
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Heavyweight_Artur_Taymazov_Wins_3rd_Straight_Olympic_Gold_Medal
As a young boy in Russia, Artur Taymazov dreamed of becoming the next Alexander Karelin. He did it.Taymazov of Uzbekistan won his third straight Olympic wrestling gold in men's 120-kg division on Saturday night, beating Georgia's Davit Modzmanashvili to become the third male wrestler to win gold medals in three straight Olympics. Taymazov, who grew up in Russia and moved to Uzbekistan ahead of the Sydney Olympics in 2000, joins Alexander Medved of the former Soviet Union and Karelin as three-time winners. Taymazov, by virtue of his silver in Sydney in 2000, also equaled Karelin's Olympic medal haul in Greco-Roman wrestling. Taymazov quickly acknowledged that Karelin should still be ranked higher because he's won more world championships, but in terms of the Olympics Taymazov has matched him. "He's the name in wrestling, and I'm really, really glad that I've equalized with him on the medal total," Taymazov said. "I wanted to be like (Karelin), and now I am." At 33 years old, many wondered if Taymazov had enough left to make a run at another gold medal. He showed the quickness of a teenager in beating Modzmanashvili in the first period, escaping a leg clinch and scoring in just five seconds to break a scoreless tie. "I was thinking about it all the time...I wanted the third gold as well," Taymazov said. "It was my dream. I didn't think about anything else." A pair of Azerbaijanis; Toghrul Asgarov and Sharif Sharifov, also won gold medals Saturday. Asgarov won the Olympic ...
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 5502
- author: seleena gom
Iran vs Uzbekistan Goal - 2014 World Cup Qualification - November 14, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Iran_vs_Uzbekistan_Goal_2014_World_Cup_Qualification_November_14,_2012
www.facebook.com
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 11723
- author: IranFootballMagazine
Military of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:44
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Uzbekistan's armed forces form the state organisation charged with the defence of Uzbekistan. They are reported to be the largest in Central Asia. According to the 1992 Law on Defence, Uzbekistan's m... Military of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Abjiklam Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: NC Master Sgt. Stephen Barrett, USA Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Scott T. Sturkol, US Air Force Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. )
http://wn.com/Military_of_Uzbekistan_Wiki_Article
Uzbekistan's armed forces form the state organisation charged with the defence of Uzbekistan. They are reported to be the largest in Central Asia. According to the 1992 Law on Defence, Uzbekistan's m... Military of Uzbekistan - Wiki Article - wikiplays.org Original @ http All Information Derived from Wikipedia using Creative Commons License: en.wikipedia.org Author: Abjiklam Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( Creative Commons ASA 3.0 ) Author: NC Master Sgt. Stephen Barrett, USA Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. ) Author: Scott T. Sturkol, US Air Force Image URL: en.wikipedia.org ( This work is in the Public Domain. )
- published: 09 Nov 2012
- views: 158
- author: WikiPlays
Uzbekistan New Eskalator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_New_Eskalator
- published: 22 Dec 2011
- views: 47859
- author: Gombosuren Arslan
Qatar vs Uzbekistan: 2014 FIFA World Cup Asian Qualifiers (Final Rd, Match Day 5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Qatar 0-1 Uzbekistan: AFC Asian Cup 2011 semi-finalists Uzbekistan recorded a much-needed first win of the final round of qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup as Sanjar Tursunov's superb first-half volley secured a 1-0 win over Qatar. For more, visit goo.gl Visit our channel: goo.gl FACEBOOK: goo.gl TWITTER: goo.gl
http://wn.com/Qatar_vs_Uzbekistan_2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Asian_Qualifiers_Final_Rd,_Match_Day_5
Qatar 0-1 Uzbekistan: AFC Asian Cup 2011 semi-finalists Uzbekistan recorded a much-needed first win of the final round of qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup as Sanjar Tursunov's superb first-half volley secured a 1-0 win over Qatar. For more, visit goo.gl Visit our channel: goo.gl FACEBOOK: goo.gl TWITTER: goo.gl
- published: 16 Oct 2012
- views: 12705
- author: AsianQualifiers2014
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Samarkand 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:44
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Update of the city
http://wn.com/Samarkand_2012
Update of the city
- published: 16 Apr 2012
- views: 23657
- author: morhash0
Samarkand - Bloodshed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
rock purba kala
http://wn.com/Samarkand_Bloodshed
rock purba kala
- published: 13 Jan 2008
- views: 81530
- author: rockemeyan
The silk road city of Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
2002 Visit of / Visite de / Besuch von / Visita de / Chiamata di de Samarkande (ouzbekistan) / Samarkand (uzbekistan) Semerkand / Самарқанд / Samarkand / の訪問 / زياره سمرقند / 访问萨马尔罕 / Samarkand / 의 방문 Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded circa 700 BCE it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BCE (see Afrasiab, Sogdiana). Under Sassanid Empire of Persia, Samarkand flourished and became one of the most important cities of the Persian empire. Under Abbasid rule, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world to be founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe (either through Spain or through crusaders). From the 6th to 13th centuries it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs (who converted the area to Islam), Persian Samanids, Karakhan Turks, Seljuk Turks, Karakitay, and Khorezmshah before being sacked by the Mongols in 1220. A small part of the population survived, but Samarkand suffered at ...
http://wn.com/The_silk_road_city_of_Samarkand
2002 Visit of / Visite de / Besuch von / Visita de / Chiamata di de Samarkande (ouzbekistan) / Samarkand (uzbekistan) Semerkand / Самарқанд / Samarkand / の訪問 / زياره سمرقند / 访问萨马尔罕 / Samarkand / 의 방문 Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded circa 700 BCE it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BCE (see Afrasiab, Sogdiana). Under Sassanid Empire of Persia, Samarkand flourished and became one of the most important cities of the Persian empire. Under Abbasid rule, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world to be founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe (either through Spain or through crusaders). From the 6th to 13th centuries it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs (who converted the area to Islam), Persian Samanids, Karakhan Turks, Seljuk Turks, Karakitay, and Khorezmshah before being sacked by the Mongols in 1220. A small part of the population survived, but Samarkand suffered at ...
- published: 14 Jul 2006
- views: 162548
- author: valpard
BBC - In the footsteps of Alexander (Samarkand) 18
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
In thefootsteps of Alexander the Great In this award winning adventure Micheal Wood embarks on a 2000 mile journey in the foot steps of Alexander's triumphal march from Greece to India. Travelling with Lebanese traders, Iranian pilgrims and Afghan guerillas, by jeep, train, boat, camel and on foot, he interweaves the momentous events of the past with present day reality and brings us new insights into a man whose myth and acheivements still resonate down the centuries. "We saw things I can scarcely believe. We took shelter for the night with an Afghan warlord who had delivered pizzas in the United States, and were hauled off to jail more than once. It was one of the great experiences of my life" - Michael Wood lexander then set off in pursuit of Darius again, first into Media, and then Parthia.[94] The Persian king was no longer in control of his destiny, having been taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman.[95] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius' successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander.[96] Darius' remains were buried by Alexander next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a full regal funeral.[97] Alexander claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne.[98] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with the death of Darius.[99] Silver coin of Alexander ...
http://wn.com/BBC_In_the_footsteps_of_Alexander_Samarkand_18
In thefootsteps of Alexander the Great In this award winning adventure Micheal Wood embarks on a 2000 mile journey in the foot steps of Alexander's triumphal march from Greece to India. Travelling with Lebanese traders, Iranian pilgrims and Afghan guerillas, by jeep, train, boat, camel and on foot, he interweaves the momentous events of the past with present day reality and brings us new insights into a man whose myth and acheivements still resonate down the centuries. "We saw things I can scarcely believe. We took shelter for the night with an Afghan warlord who had delivered pizzas in the United States, and were hauled off to jail more than once. It was one of the great experiences of my life" - Michael Wood lexander then set off in pursuit of Darius again, first into Media, and then Parthia.[94] The Persian king was no longer in control of his destiny, having been taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman.[95] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius' successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander.[96] Darius' remains were buried by Alexander next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a full regal funeral.[97] Alexander claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne.[98] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with the death of Darius.[99] Silver coin of Alexander ...
- published: 02 Aug 2007
- views: 53577
- author: alexandros1821
Magdalena Released From Shame -Samarkand Tajik Dialect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:59
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
The Story of Isa's life and teachings narrated by Marium Magdalena who lived and witnessed Isa while he was walking the Earth.
http://wn.com/Magdalena_Released_From_Shame_-Samarkand_Tajik_Dialect
The Story of Isa's life and teachings narrated by Marium Magdalena who lived and witnessed Isa while he was walking the Earth.
- published: 06 Feb 2012
- views: 2330
- author: TajikWomen
Walking In Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
With Best Regards
http://wn.com/Walking_In_Samarkand
With Best Regards
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 4520
- author: BekMedia
Amuk - Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
original artis bloodshed! best lgu nieh.. download lagendarockmp3.blogspot.com komen o msg snie www.myspace.com
http://wn.com/Amuk_Samarkand
original artis bloodshed! best lgu nieh.. download lagendarockmp3.blogspot.com komen o msg snie www.myspace.com
- published: 19 Apr 2009
- views: 23725
- author: rockersmalaya07
- published: 14 Apr 2012
- views: 867
- author: samuzb1
Lola - Tashkent Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Uzbek music video with nice scenery of Uzbekistan.
http://wn.com/Lola_Tashkent_Samarkand
Uzbek music video with nice scenery of Uzbekistan.
- published: 04 Jul 2006
- views: 139556
- author: Rubaru
Ouzbékistan Découverte monuments de Samarkand (Discovery monuments of Samarkand Uzbekistan)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:39
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
( Merci de noter cette vidéo ) ,La ville historique de Samarkand ,représente un carrefour et un lieu de synthèse des cultures du monde entier. Fondée au VIIe siècle avant l'ère chrétienne sous le nom d'Afrasyab, Samarkand connut son apogée à l'époque timouride, du XIVe au XVe siècle. Les principaux monuments comprennent la mosquée et les médersas du Registan, la mosquée de Bibi-Khanum, l'ensemble de Shah i-Zinda et celui de Gur i-Emir, ainsi que l'observatoire d'Ulugh-Beg. --------------------------(english)---------------------- The historic town of Samarkand illustrates in its art, architecture and urban structure the most important stages of Central Asian cultural and political history from the 13th century to the present day. Ensembles such as the Bibi Khanum Mosque and Registan Square played a seminal role in the development of Islamic architecture over the entire region, from the Mediterranean to the Indian subcontinent. Samarkand is a crossroad and melting pot of the world's cultures. Founded in the 7th century BC as ancient Afrosiab, Samarkand had its most significant development in the Timurid period from the 14th to 15th centuries. Located on the crossroads of the great trade routes that traversed Central Asia, Samarkand has a multi-millennial history. Archaeological excavations have brought to light the remains of settlements from the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. Afrosiab had a strategic location at the time of the formation of the first large states ...
http://wn.com/Ouzbékistan_Découverte_monuments_de_Samarkand_Discovery_monuments_of_Samarkand_Uzbekistan
( Merci de noter cette vidéo ) ,La ville historique de Samarkand ,représente un carrefour et un lieu de synthèse des cultures du monde entier. Fondée au VIIe siècle avant l'ère chrétienne sous le nom d'Afrasyab, Samarkand connut son apogée à l'époque timouride, du XIVe au XVe siècle. Les principaux monuments comprennent la mosquée et les médersas du Registan, la mosquée de Bibi-Khanum, l'ensemble de Shah i-Zinda et celui de Gur i-Emir, ainsi que l'observatoire d'Ulugh-Beg. --------------------------(english)---------------------- The historic town of Samarkand illustrates in its art, architecture and urban structure the most important stages of Central Asian cultural and political history from the 13th century to the present day. Ensembles such as the Bibi Khanum Mosque and Registan Square played a seminal role in the development of Islamic architecture over the entire region, from the Mediterranean to the Indian subcontinent. Samarkand is a crossroad and melting pot of the world's cultures. Founded in the 7th century BC as ancient Afrosiab, Samarkand had its most significant development in the Timurid period from the 14th to 15th centuries. Located on the crossroads of the great trade routes that traversed Central Asia, Samarkand has a multi-millennial history. Archaeological excavations have brought to light the remains of settlements from the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. Afrosiab had a strategic location at the time of the formation of the first large states ...
- published: 09 Apr 2011
- views: 1989
- author: videovalence
Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:04
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
ancient samarkand
http://wn.com/Samarkand
ancient samarkand
- published: 15 Apr 2012
- views: 2655
- author: morhash0
Samarkand - City of Amir Temur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Samarkand video shows historical monuments of the city and other tourist attractions. See more info on Samarkand at www.advantour.com
http://wn.com/Samarkand_City_of_Amir_Temur
Samarkand video shows historical monuments of the city and other tourist attractions. See more info on Samarkand at www.advantour.com
- published: 05 Jun 2011
- views: 18305
- author: advantourcom
Bachoyi Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 05 Oct 2012
uzbek boy samarkaqnd behzod jurayev
http://wn.com/Bachoyi_Samarkand
uzbek boy samarkaqnd behzod jurayev
- published: 16 Jul 2008
- views: 22072
- author: Sayriya bekinem
Flash mob Diabet in Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Flash_mob_Diabet_in_Samarkand
- published: 15 Nov 2011
- views: 1713
- author: MyLife16100
Samarkand jewish semetary Amini Kobulis grave first & other buharians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:04
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Samarkand august 1987 coments made Tomor Shimunova Rahmat kuna Tomor holaya Grandduther Amini Kobuli.
http://wn.com/Samarkand_jewish_semetary_Amini_Kobulis_grave_first_other_buharians
Samarkand august 1987 coments made Tomor Shimunova Rahmat kuna Tomor holaya Grandduther Amini Kobuli.
- published: 07 Mar 2011
- views: 2811
- author: eyahuda
Видео улиц Самарканда 2012 - www.samarkand.me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
Видео улиц Самарканда 2012- www.samarkand.me
http://wn.com/Видео_улиц_Самарканда_2012_wwwsamarkandme
Видео улиц Самарканда 2012- www.samarkand.me
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 6788
- author: samarkandme
Samarkand 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:52
- Updated: 24 Sep 2012
New city of Samarkand, Uzbekistan 2011
http://wn.com/Samarkand_2011
New city of Samarkand, Uzbekistan 2011
- published: 03 Feb 2011
- views: 41403
- author: morhash0
The Samarkand Run ~ Al Gromer Khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:45
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Song: The Samarkand Run. Artist: Al Gromer Khan. Album: Space Hotel. iTunes: itunes.apple.com Myspace: www.ilike.com . Top albums on Amazon by Al Gromer Khan and sample music: www.amazon.com Al Gromer Khan is a German-born sitar player and composer whose music spans the multiple genres of ambient, New Age, world and electronica. Al Gromer Khan's ultimate musical awakening came during a trip to India in 1968, at a recital by sitarist Ustad Vilayat Khan. Gromer Khan professes to have been so moved by the performance that he instantly decided to devote his life to the study of the sitar. He remained in India, where he was to find a powerful teacher in Vilayat Khan's brother, Ustad Imrat Khan. Gromer Khan remained in India for the next three years, speed-learning his instrument at the feet of his guru. He returned to Bavaria in 1971, already an accomplished sitarist. Gromer Khan spent the next 10 years studying with Imrat Khan in Europe and India. In 1975, his teacher performed the Ghanda Ceremony, thus initiating Al Gromer into the Khan-I-Gharana lineage of sitarists. He was the first outsider to be accepted into this particular Gharana, which like most Hindustani musical traditions, passes knowledge down the generations from father to son. After his initiation, Al Gromer added "Khan" to his name. Read more here: en.wikipedia.org DISCLAIMER! - I DO NOT OWN THE MUSIC IN THIS VIDEO! THE RIGHTS TO OWNERSHIP OF THE MUSIC IN THIS VIDEO GOES TO ITS RIGHTFUL OWNER!
http://wn.com/The_Samarkand_Run_~_Al_Gromer_Khan
Song: The Samarkand Run. Artist: Al Gromer Khan. Album: Space Hotel. iTunes: itunes.apple.com Myspace: www.ilike.com . Top albums on Amazon by Al Gromer Khan and sample music: www.amazon.com Al Gromer Khan is a German-born sitar player and composer whose music spans the multiple genres of ambient, New Age, world and electronica. Al Gromer Khan's ultimate musical awakening came during a trip to India in 1968, at a recital by sitarist Ustad Vilayat Khan. Gromer Khan professes to have been so moved by the performance that he instantly decided to devote his life to the study of the sitar. He remained in India, where he was to find a powerful teacher in Vilayat Khan's brother, Ustad Imrat Khan. Gromer Khan remained in India for the next three years, speed-learning his instrument at the feet of his guru. He returned to Bavaria in 1971, already an accomplished sitarist. Gromer Khan spent the next 10 years studying with Imrat Khan in Europe and India. In 1975, his teacher performed the Ghanda Ceremony, thus initiating Al Gromer into the Khan-I-Gharana lineage of sitarists. He was the first outsider to be accepted into this particular Gharana, which like most Hindustani musical traditions, passes knowledge down the generations from father to son. After his initiation, Al Gromer added "Khan" to his name. Read more here: en.wikipedia.org DISCLAIMER! - I DO NOT OWN THE MUSIC IN THIS VIDEO! THE RIGHTS TO OWNERSHIP OF THE MUSIC IN THIS VIDEO GOES TO ITS RIGHTFUL OWNER!
- published: 25 Feb 2011
- views: 8104
- author: Aetopus
Samarkand tuy Jasur and Hilola (1) 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:38
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Samarkand_tuy_Jasur_and_Hilola_1_2012
- published: 16 Jul 2012
- views: 5556
- author: JasurSam89
Samarkand tuy XURSHED IRODA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 17 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Samarkand_tuy_XURSHED_IRODA
- published: 04 Oct 2009
- views: 39856
- author: saman2607
Märkte und Menschen: Markt in Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:34
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
Der Markt in Samarkand
http://wn.com/Märkte_und_Menschen_Markt_in_Samarkand
Der Markt in Samarkand
- published: 30 Dec 2010
- views: 2970
- author: amazone314
Uzbekistan: Bazaar in Samarkand
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Travel in Uzbekistan in 2007
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Bazaar_in_Samarkand
Travel in Uzbekistan in 2007
- published: 07 Feb 2009
- views: 98738
- author: chojiro22
Samarkand - Hohner Super 64X
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Samarkand_Hohner_Super_64X
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 1449
- author: micmarkDK
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Uzbekistan - Andijan Massacre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:29
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
May 2005 One year on and there is still no justice for those killed in the massacre in Andijan, Uzbekistan on 13 May 2005. After an attempt by gunmen to release religious extremists in the jails, the whole town was moved to protest not simply over the men in prison but poverty and a repressive government regime. Hundreds of unarmed people were killed and injured. This film was made by the first camera crew to make it to Andijan. Having secretly entered the town via Kurdistan they interview those involved both in Andijan itself, and in the refugee camps that the tragedy created.
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Andijan_Massacre
May 2005 One year on and there is still no justice for those killed in the massacre in Andijan, Uzbekistan on 13 May 2005. After an attempt by gunmen to release religious extremists in the jails, the whole town was moved to protest not simply over the men in prison but poverty and a repressive government regime. Hundreds of unarmed people were killed and injured. This film was made by the first camera crew to make it to Andijan. Having secretly entered the town via Kurdistan they interview those involved both in Andijan itself, and in the refugee camps that the tragedy created.
- published: 17 Oct 2007
- views: 202721
- author: journeymanpictures
Uzbekistan, Andijan Uprising Report by PBS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
10 days after uprising in Andijan PBS reported this program.
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan,_Andijan_Uprising_Report_by_PBS
10 days after uprising in Andijan PBS reported this program.
- published: 15 Apr 2008
- views: 11431
- author: uzbekhelp
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 2-3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 08 Dec 2011
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
http://wn.com/Massacre_of_Andijan_on_Uzbek_TV_Part_2-3
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
- published: 22 Nov 2007
- views: 16817
- author: uzbekhelp
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 1-3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:21
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
http://wn.com/Massacre_of_Andijan_on_Uzbek_TV_Part_1-3
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
- published: 22 Nov 2007
- views: 33932
- author: uzbekhelp
Raw Silk: Uzbekistan Travels Part XXIII: Andijon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:23
- Updated: 08 Jun 2012
We continue our tour of the Margilon silk factory and then via Kuva (Kuba) to Andijon (Andijan), stopping to taste pomegranates and quince. At Andijon, we eat sitting on a tapchan at a chaikhana. Finally, we visit the Bobur Mirza (Babur) museum.
http://wn.com/Raw_Silk_Uzbekistan_Travels_Part_XXIII_Andijon
We continue our tour of the Margilon silk factory and then via Kuva (Kuba) to Andijon (Andijan), stopping to taste pomegranates and quince. At Andijon, we eat sitting on a tapchan at a chaikhana. Finally, we visit the Bobur Mirza (Babur) museum.
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 1295
- author: sanbanerj1
usa,сша,Андижан,Andijan?uzbekistan,узбекистан,ozbekiston,happy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 15 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/usa,сша,Андижан,Andijan?uzbekistan,узбекистан,ozbekiston,happy
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 6470
- author: baht.hasan bahtiyor.hasan
German TV uzbek journalists after Andijan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:32
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
German TV uzbek journalists after Andijan
http://wn.com/German_TV_uzbek_journalists_after_Andijan
German TV uzbek journalists after Andijan
- published: 28 Nov 2008
- views: 4572
- author: ZumradY
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 3-3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:58
- Updated: 08 Dec 2011
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
http://wn.com/Massacre_of_Andijan_on_Uzbek_TV_Part_3-3
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
- published: 22 Nov 2007
- views: 21808
- author: uzbekhelp
Uzbekistan KHASANOV SANJAR (Andijan) -- ADEL JAWAD ABDULKADHIM (Iraq)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Muay Thai
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_KHASANOV_SANJAR_Andijan_-_ADEL_JAWAD_ABDULKADHIM_Iraq
Muay Thai
- published: 23 Jan 2011
- views: 11668
- author: Farruh Muhiddinov
Andijon Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
In April 2005, I spent two weeks with a family in Andijon in the Ferghana Valley learning the Uzbek language. Here's some video of the experience. In this first installment we step into a typical Uzbek home, browse through a food market, taste some horse sausage, and visit the towns of Ferghana and Margilon.
http://wn.com/Andijon_Part_1
In April 2005, I spent two weeks with a family in Andijon in the Ferghana Valley learning the Uzbek language. Here's some video of the experience. In this first installment we step into a typical Uzbek home, browse through a food market, taste some horse sausage, and visit the towns of Ferghana and Margilon.
- published: 15 Aug 2009
- views: 11305
- author: BLobstein
Uzbekistan Andijon Andijan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Salom hammaga Aziz Andijon halqiga Vatan soginchni shu Suratlar orqaliyk .... Kifoya qlishlikni Allah nasib etsin .....
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_Andijon_Andijan
Salom hammaga Aziz Andijon halqiga Vatan soginchni shu Suratlar orqaliyk .... Kifoya qlishlikni Allah nasib etsin .....
- published: 01 Mar 2009
- views: 20095
- author: Firdavsi05
Andijon Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:36
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Today, in the second episode of my 2005 Uzbekistan homestay, we visit a street kiosk and learn how to make "somsa," the national snack food baked in a tandoor oven; watch bakers churning out "non," the distinctive round Uzbek bread; and watch my host mother preparing the bean-and-rice stew "moshkichiri." Finally we visit a tea house and help prepare "plov" (rice pilaf with lamb), the Uzbeks' most beloved dish.
http://wn.com/Andijon_Part_2
Today, in the second episode of my 2005 Uzbekistan homestay, we visit a street kiosk and learn how to make "somsa," the national snack food baked in a tandoor oven; watch bakers churning out "non," the distinctive round Uzbek bread; and watch my host mother preparing the bean-and-rice stew "moshkichiri." Finally we visit a tea house and help prepare "plov" (rice pilaf with lamb), the Uzbeks' most beloved dish.
- published: 15 Aug 2009
- views: 11592
- author: BLobstein
ANDIJAN and Barcelona ( Travel from Uzbekistan to Spain)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Updated: 15 Sep 2010
Barcelona, Spain - 2008
http://wn.com/ANDIJAN_and_Barcelona_Travel_from_Uzbekistan_to_Spain
Barcelona, Spain - 2008
- published: 10 Dec 2009
- views: 516
- author: Bek Bekov
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:15
- Updated: 17 Oct 2012
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
http://wn.com/Андижон,_Узбекистон_кучаси,_Andijan,_Uzbekistan_kuchasi,
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 7027
- author: asiusweb
Andijon Part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:05
- Updated: 17 Dec 2011
In the final episode of my Ferghana Valley adventure, we visit a wheat field, tour the Mullah Kyrgyz Madrassah in the historic city of Namangan, get an unauthorized tour of a cotton processing factory, and see the Tashkent home of Uzbekistan's first (Soviet era) president, Yuldosh Akhunbabaev. Featured music includes a sufi chant, Philip Glass's music from "Koyannisqatsi," and a rousing march by the Red Army Chorus.
http://wn.com/Andijon_Part_3
In the final episode of my Ferghana Valley adventure, we visit a wheat field, tour the Mullah Kyrgyz Madrassah in the historic city of Namangan, get an unauthorized tour of a cotton processing factory, and see the Tashkent home of Uzbekistan's first (Soviet era) president, Yuldosh Akhunbabaev. Featured music includes a sufi chant, Philip Glass's music from "Koyannisqatsi," and a rousing march by the Red Army Chorus.
- published: 15 Aug 2009
- views: 4255
- author: BLobstein
uzbekistan
- published: 15 Oct 2007
- views: 42648
- author: ozod2007
Andijan, part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 13 Jan 2012
A video produced by the government of Uzbekistan of the 2005 events in Andijan. Read more here: www.joshuakucera.net
http://wn.com/Andijan,_part_1
A video produced by the government of Uzbekistan of the 2005 events in Andijan. Read more here: www.joshuakucera.net
- published: 13 Jun 2006
- views: 28502
- author: joshkucera
UZBEK KOREA ANDIJON
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 02 Jul 2012
UZBEK KOREA ANDIJON
http://wn.com/UZBEK_KOREA_ANDIJON
UZBEK KOREA ANDIJON
- published: 24 Jun 2011
- views: 21522
- author: oybek66
Andijhan massacre on Channel 4 (Great Britain)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:14
- Updated: 20 Jun 2012
Andijhan massacre on Channel 4 (Great Britain).
http://wn.com/Andijhan_massacre_on_Channel_4_Great_Britain
Andijhan massacre on Channel 4 (Great Britain).
- published: 13 Jul 2007
- views: 53589
- author: uzbekhelp
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:20
- Updated: 27 Jan 2012
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
http://wn.com/Андижон,_Узбекистон_кучаси,_Andijan,_Uzbekistan_kuchasi,
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 1483
- author: asiusweb
Massacre in Uzbekistan (Trailer)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Nearly 1000 people were killed on the orders of the Uzbek dictator, Islam Karimov, one of the most brutal dictators in the world. But today, the West has long since forgiven and forgotten the Massacre in Andijan. Order the DVD / support the project www.massacre-in-uzbekistan.com
http://wn.com/Massacre_in_Uzbekistan_Trailer
Nearly 1000 people were killed on the orders of the Uzbek dictator, Islam Karimov, one of the most brutal dictators in the world. But today, the West has long since forgiven and forgotten the Massacre in Andijan. Order the DVD / support the project www.massacre-in-uzbekistan.com
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 24048
- author: MulberryMediaNet
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
http://wn.com/Андижон,_Узбекистон_кучаси,_Andijan,_Uzbekistan_kuchasi,
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 30010
- author: asiusweb
UZBEK KOREA ANDIJON
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
UZBEK KOREA ANDIJON
http://wn.com/UZBEK_KOREA_ANDIJON
UZBEK KOREA ANDIJON
- published: 24 Jun 2011
- views: 1361
- author: oybek66
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A Tourist's Guide to Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Part II of my 3 Stan' Tour! This time I move onto the Uzbek capital to see the sights. Tashkent surprised me.
http://wn.com/A_Tourist's_Guide_to_Tashkent,_Uzbekistan
Part II of my 3 Stan' Tour! This time I move onto the Uzbek capital to see the sights. Tashkent surprised me.
- published: 17 Apr 2011
- views: 10134
- author: cessnagbdso
BAZAR IN TASHKENT - UZBEKISTAN = ESKI-JUVA BAZAR ( OAJ EKSI-JUVA DEHQUON BOZORI ) 21.10.09.AVI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Spicy open food on the market in Tashkent / Uzbekistan / Central Asia / Near East
http://wn.com/BAZAR_IN_TASHKENT_UZBEKISTAN_=_ESKI-JUVA_BAZAR_OAJ_EKSI-JUVA_DEHQUON_BOZORI_211009AVI
Spicy open food on the market in Tashkent / Uzbekistan / Central Asia / Near East
- published: 14 Jan 2010
- views: 49546
- author: GastroConsult
Tashkent - the Capital of Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
www.advantour.com - Tashkent video tour of the historical sites and attractions.
http://wn.com/Tashkent_the_Capital_of_Uzbekistan
www.advantour.com - Tashkent video tour of the historical sites and attractions.
- published: 06 Jun 2011
- views: 42288
- author: advantourcom
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan - Oct. 2008
http://wn.com/Tashkent,_Uzbekistan
Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan - Oct. 2008
- published: 06 Mar 2009
- views: 587002
- author: maratn707
Nash Lyubimiy Tashkent, Uzbekistan!!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Nash Lubimiy Gorod gde mi rodilis!!! 120 Nationalnostey projivayut v Uzbekistane i mnogiye skuchayut po Uzbekistanu i po Tashkentu kto za predelami Rodini! Nadeyus posle video prilyotsa energiya!!!
http://wn.com/Nash_Lyubimiy_Tashkent,_Uzbekistan!!!
Nash Lubimiy Gorod gde mi rodilis!!! 120 Nationalnostey projivayut v Uzbekistane i mnogiye skuchayut po Uzbekistanu i po Tashkentu kto za predelami Rodini! Nadeyus posle video prilyotsa energiya!!!
- published: 01 Jun 2009
- views: 12540
- author: Sanjar10A7777
Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2010 (HDTV 1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Taken Video was June 16, 2010..
http://wn.com/Tashkent,_Uzbekistan_2010_HDTV_1080p
Taken Video was June 16, 2010..
- published: 06 Dec 2010
- views: 2603
- author: uzbeksamarqand14
My City, My Tashkent 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
WATCH IN HD. Inspired by: Midnight in Paris Movie Shot in Summer of 2012 Camera: iPhone 4S Music: Si tu vois ma mère - Sidney Bechet Twitter: skoba85 Facebook: facebook.com/skoba85
http://wn.com/My_City,_My_Tashkent_2012
WATCH IN HD. Inspired by: Midnight in Paris Movie Shot in Summer of 2012 Camera: iPhone 4S Music: Si tu vois ma mère - Sidney Bechet Twitter: skoba85 Facebook: facebook.com/skoba85
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 12961
- author: Skoba85
Tashkent,Uzbekistan,Subways,Streets,Wedding and Night Life/Sevara Nazarxon-Bahor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Tashkent,Uzbekistan,Subways,Streets,Wedding_and_Night_Life_Sevara_Nazarxon-Bahor
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 9095
- author: UZuser2011
Jadoo Live at Caravan Art Cafe, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:48
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
Here is a clip from a recent episode of PBS travel series Rudy Maxa's World of premier Uzbek jam-band JADOO. Enjoy and please visit us at effigyrecords.net to review our catalog. Toir Kuziev, sato Matrasul Matyoqubov, kuchnay Utkur Kadirov, fiddle Otanazar Khudaynazarov: accordion Jack Clift, guitar Gulom Mukhamedjanov, tabla Bakhodir Mirakov, tabla Nodir Raimov, karnay Nodir Azimov, karnay
http://wn.com/Jadoo_Live_at_Caravan_Art_Cafe,_Tashkent,_Uzbekistan_2009
Here is a clip from a recent episode of PBS travel series Rudy Maxa's World of premier Uzbek jam-band JADOO. Enjoy and please visit us at effigyrecords.net to review our catalog. Toir Kuziev, sato Matrasul Matyoqubov, kuchnay Utkur Kadirov, fiddle Otanazar Khudaynazarov: accordion Jack Clift, guitar Gulom Mukhamedjanov, tabla Bakhodir Mirakov, tabla Nodir Raimov, karnay Nodir Azimov, karnay
- published: 10 May 2011
- views: 4235
- author: effigyrecords
Chorsu Bazaar in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 28 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/Chorsu_Bazaar_in_Tashkent,_Uzbekistan
- published: 11 Jan 2012
- views: 1412
- author: Sean Yuen
Uzbekistan TASHKENT 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 30 Oct 2012
samie novie i krasivie foto TASHKENTA
http://wn.com/Uzbekistan_TASHKENT_2011
samie novie i krasivie foto TASHKENTA
- published: 13 Jan 2011
- views: 12501
- author: MrFarruh1
Uzbek wedding party in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:59
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
uzbek wedding party full version from begining to the end of party
http://wn.com/Uzbek_wedding_party_in_Tashkent,_Uzbekistan
uzbek wedding party full version from begining to the end of party
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 5102
- author: Bahodir Bahodirov
1. Tashkent to Samarkand, Uzbekistan Highway Road 2010 (HDTV 1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:10
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Tasheknt to Samarkand, Uzbekistan Highway Road 2010 (HDTV 1080p) Parts 1.. Taken Video was June 16, 2010. I and My Uncle drive to Samarkand, Uzbekistan.. I need visited my friends and family. soon last day September 2010 because here Tashkent Uzbekistan no more they have not jobs I know I do not want stay to Samarkand because family much problem. I won't get new uzbek girl then wedding but warning problem.. I want stay to USA... GOOD LUCK..
http://wn.com/1_Tashkent_to_Samarkand,_Uzbekistan_Highway_Road_2010_HDTV_1080p
Tasheknt to Samarkand, Uzbekistan Highway Road 2010 (HDTV 1080p) Parts 1.. Taken Video was June 16, 2010. I and My Uncle drive to Samarkand, Uzbekistan.. I need visited my friends and family. soon last day September 2010 because here Tashkent Uzbekistan no more they have not jobs I know I do not want stay to Samarkand because family much problem. I won't get new uzbek girl then wedding but warning problem.. I want stay to USA... GOOD LUCK..
- published: 13 Dec 2010
- views: 2666
- author: uzbeksamarqand14
Xorazm / Hits concerto Tashkent Uzbekistan 2009 new Uzbek
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
Uzbek Tashkent 2009 new OG`ABEK SOBIROV Hits concerto Tashkent Classical hits Uzbek uzbek hits uzbek clips uzbek songs Uzbek music uzbek dance uzbek traditional music uzbek pop music yulduz xorazm,yulduzlari popular songs xorazm xorazm lazgi uzbek new clips uzbek lazgi uzbek konsert...
http://wn.com/Xorazm_Hits_concerto_Tashkent_Uzbekistan_2009_new_Uzbek
Uzbek Tashkent 2009 new OG`ABEK SOBIROV Hits concerto Tashkent Classical hits Uzbek uzbek hits uzbek clips uzbek songs Uzbek music uzbek dance uzbek traditional music uzbek pop music yulduz xorazm,yulduzlari popular songs xorazm xorazm lazgi uzbek new clips uzbek lazgi uzbek konsert...
- published: 20 Jul 2009
- views: 12334
- author: UZBEKHITS
Lal Bahadur Shastri - Meeting in Tashkent 1966
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:21
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
On January 4, 1966, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the official opening of the meeting of the statesmen of Pakistan and India with the participation of the Russian Prime-Minister Kosyigin took place. On the Indian part, there was Prime-Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri who was accompanied by Mr. Chandrika Srivastava (Sir CP). The negotiations lasted till January 10 and resulted in signing Tashkent Declaration. This meeting was described in Sir CP's book.
http://wn.com/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Meeting_in_Tashkent_1966
On January 4, 1966, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the official opening of the meeting of the statesmen of Pakistan and India with the participation of the Russian Prime-Minister Kosyigin took place. On the Indian part, there was Prime-Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri who was accompanied by Mr. Chandrika Srivastava (Sir CP). The negotiations lasted till January 10 and resulted in signing Tashkent Declaration. This meeting was described in Sir CP's book.
- published: 15 Sep 2010
- views: 32489
- author: 108Ananas
Tashkent, Uzbekistan and surroundings traveler photos - TripAdvisor TripWow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 08 Aug 2012
tripwow.tripadvisor.com - Tour of Tashkent, Uzbekistan created at TripWow by TravelPod TripAdvisor™ TripWow Slideshow of Tashkent by TravelPod. Cities visited on this trip: - Tashkent, Uzbekistan Photos in this video: - "Amir Timur museum" by Dzasta from a blog titled "Tashkent" - "Chorsu Bazaar" by Jimsim from a blog titled "Tashkent - our first taste of Central Asia" - "Chorsu Bazaar" by Dzasta from a blog titled "Tashkent Metro" - "Mosque and Library near the Chorsu Bazaar" by Scottandchar from a blog titled "Impressions of Tashkent" - "View of Telyashyakh Mosque from Barakhon Madrassa" by Lraleigh from a blog titled "The Lonesome Smoking Santa" - "Close-up of Sher Dor Lion Medressa, Samarkand" by Diannemurray from a blog titled "More mosques and medressas in Uzbekistan" - "World War II Memorial: Names of the Fallen" by Lraleigh from a blog titled "The Lonesome Smoking Santa" - "Cousin Nacema's 18th B-day Party (3-24-05)" by Uzbekland_okie from a blog titled "It's official...I'm a volunteer!!" - "The master bedroom in an apartment I liked" by Ahamill from a blog titled "House hunting in Tashkent" - "Interior of Alisher Navoi Monument dome" by Meaganlandry from a blog titled "Central Asia, Land of Broken Hearts" - "Amir Timur (Tamerlane) Square, Tashkent" by Ware_daniel from a blog titled "Tashkent Express..." - "Uzbekhs desert - on the way to Bukhara" by Jtroussier from a blog titled "Tashkent" - "Side street in residential Tashkent" by Ware_daniel from a blog titled ...
http://wn.com/Tashkent,_Uzbekistan_and_surroundings_traveler_photos_TripAdvisor_TripWow
tripwow.tripadvisor.com - Tour of Tashkent, Uzbekistan created at TripWow by TravelPod TripAdvisor™ TripWow Slideshow of Tashkent by TravelPod. Cities visited on this trip: - Tashkent, Uzbekistan Photos in this video: - "Amir Timur museum" by Dzasta from a blog titled "Tashkent" - "Chorsu Bazaar" by Jimsim from a blog titled "Tashkent - our first taste of Central Asia" - "Chorsu Bazaar" by Dzasta from a blog titled "Tashkent Metro" - "Mosque and Library near the Chorsu Bazaar" by Scottandchar from a blog titled "Impressions of Tashkent" - "View of Telyashyakh Mosque from Barakhon Madrassa" by Lraleigh from a blog titled "The Lonesome Smoking Santa" - "Close-up of Sher Dor Lion Medressa, Samarkand" by Diannemurray from a blog titled "More mosques and medressas in Uzbekistan" - "World War II Memorial: Names of the Fallen" by Lraleigh from a blog titled "The Lonesome Smoking Santa" - "Cousin Nacema's 18th B-day Party (3-24-05)" by Uzbekland_okie from a blog titled "It's official...I'm a volunteer!!" - "The master bedroom in an apartment I liked" by Ahamill from a blog titled "House hunting in Tashkent" - "Interior of Alisher Navoi Monument dome" by Meaganlandry from a blog titled "Central Asia, Land of Broken Hearts" - "Amir Timur (Tamerlane) Square, Tashkent" by Ware_daniel from a blog titled "Tashkent Express..." - "Uzbekhs desert - on the way to Bukhara" by Jtroussier from a blog titled "Tashkent" - "Side street in residential Tashkent" by Ware_daniel from a blog titled ...
- published: 16 Nov 2010
- views: 3596
- author: TripAdvisorTRIPWOW
ITF World Championships 2008 Tashkent Uzbekistan - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 12 Feb 2012
ITF World Championships 2008 Tashkent Uzbekistan Part 1
http://wn.com/ITF_World_Championships_2008_Tashkent_Uzbekistan_Part_1
ITF World Championships 2008 Tashkent Uzbekistan Part 1
- published: 15 Dec 2008
- views: 4747
- author: ITFHQ
THE SCENIC CITY OF TASHKENT,UZBEKISTAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFE TIME DURING MY FIRST VISIT TO UZBEKISTAN
http://wn.com/THE_SCENIC_CITY_OF_TASHKENT,UZBEKISTAN
AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFE TIME DURING MY FIRST VISIT TO UZBEKISTAN
- published: 04 Mar 2012
- views: 1894
- author: QalamIqra
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 10 Apr 2012
Me walking at Chigatai in Tashkent, Uzbekistan with my god friend Damir.
http://wn.com/Tashkent,_Uzbekistan
Me walking at Chigatai in Tashkent, Uzbekistan with my god friend Damir.
- published: 06 Aug 2009
- views: 3212
- author: kcmasterman
Tashkent Uzbekistan in 1982
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Shot on Super 8mm film and transferred to tape. A visit to Tashkent in Uzbekistan (a part of the Soviet Union at the time) in August 1982.
http://wn.com/Tashkent_Uzbekistan_in_1982
Shot on Super 8mm film and transferred to tape. A visit to Tashkent in Uzbekistan (a part of the Soviet Union at the time) in August 1982.
- published: 07 Aug 2009
- views: 18931
- author: tvboy61
Tashkent Rasvet 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Shot in Summer of 2012 Camera: iPhone 4S Music: Blackmill - Miracle Twitter: skoba85 Facebook: facebook.com/skoba85
http://wn.com/Tashkent_Rasvet_2012
Shot in Summer of 2012 Camera: iPhone 4S Music: Blackmill - Miracle Twitter: skoba85 Facebook: facebook.com/skoba85
- published: 22 Aug 2012
- views: 1815
- author: Skoba85
Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 17 Jan 2011
welcome to Uzbekistan
http://wn.com/Tashkent,_Uzbekistan
welcome to Uzbekistan
- published: 05 Sep 2007
- views: 2858
- author: AmiriBuxoro
Iran beat 1-0 strong Uzbekistan in Tashkent in final round of World Cup
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
In the first match of the final round of Asian zone of Football World Cup , Iran beat Uzbakistan 1-0 in Tashkent on Sunday 3 June ..
http://wn.com/Iran_beat_1-0_strong_Uzbekistan_in_Tashkent_in_final_round_of_World_Cup
In the first match of the final round of Asian zone of Football World Cup , Iran beat Uzbakistan 1-0 in Tashkent on Sunday 3 June ..
- published: 03 Jun 2012
- views: 5478
- author: Lenziran Newsvideo
4:58
Samarkand - Bloodshed
rock purba kala...
published: 13 Jan 2008
author: rockemeyan
Samarkand - Bloodshed
rock purba kala
- published: 13 Jan 2008
- views: 81530
- author: rockemeyan
3:53
The silk road city of Samarkand
2002 Visit of / Visite de / Besuch von / Visita de / Chiamata di de Samarkande (ouzbekista...
published: 14 Jul 2006
author: valpard
The silk road city of Samarkand
2002 Visit of / Visite de / Besuch von / Visita de / Chiamata di de Samarkande (ouzbekistan) / Samarkand (uzbekistan) Semerkand / Самарқанд / Samarkand / の訪問 / زياره سمرقند / 访问萨马尔罕 / Samarkand / 의 방문 Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded circa 700 BCE it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BCE (see Afrasiab, Sogdiana). Under Sassanid Empire of Persia, Samarkand flourished and became one of the most important cities of the Persian empire. Under Abbasid rule, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world to be founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe (either through Spain or through crusaders). From the 6th to 13th centuries it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs (who converted the area to Islam), Persian Samanids, Karakhan Turks, Seljuk Turks, Karakitay, and Khorezmshah before being sacked by the Mongols in 1220. A small part of the population survived, but Samarkand suffered at ...
- published: 14 Jul 2006
- views: 162548
- author: valpard
7:21
BBC - In the footsteps of Alexander (Samarkand) 18
In thefootsteps of Alexander the Great In this award winning adventure Micheal Wood embark...
published: 02 Aug 2007
author: alexandros1821
BBC - In the footsteps of Alexander (Samarkand) 18
In thefootsteps of Alexander the Great In this award winning adventure Micheal Wood embarks on a 2000 mile journey in the foot steps of Alexander's triumphal march from Greece to India. Travelling with Lebanese traders, Iranian pilgrims and Afghan guerillas, by jeep, train, boat, camel and on foot, he interweaves the momentous events of the past with present day reality and brings us new insights into a man whose myth and acheivements still resonate down the centuries. "We saw things I can scarcely believe. We took shelter for the night with an Afghan warlord who had delivered pizzas in the United States, and were hauled off to jail more than once. It was one of the great experiences of my life" - Michael Wood lexander then set off in pursuit of Darius again, first into Media, and then Parthia.[94] The Persian king was no longer in control of his destiny, having been taken prisoner by Bessus, his Bactrian satrap and kinsman.[95] As Alexander approached, Bessus had his men fatally stab the Great King and then declared himself Darius' successor as Artaxerxes V, before retreating into Central Asia to launch a guerrilla campaign against Alexander.[96] Darius' remains were buried by Alexander next to his Achaemenid predecessors in a full regal funeral.[97] Alexander claimed that, while dying, Darius had named him as his successor to the Achaemenid throne.[98] The Achaemenid Empire is normally considered to have fallen with the death of Darius.[99] Silver coin of Alexander ...
- published: 02 Aug 2007
- views: 53577
- author: alexandros1821
78:59
Magdalena Released From Shame -Samarkand Tajik Dialect
The Story of Isa's life and teachings narrated by Marium Magdalena who lived and witnessed...
published: 06 Feb 2012
author: TajikWomen
Magdalena Released From Shame -Samarkand Tajik Dialect
The Story of Isa's life and teachings narrated by Marium Magdalena who lived and witnessed Isa while he was walking the Earth.
- published: 06 Feb 2012
- views: 2330
- author: TajikWomen
4:33
Amuk - Samarkand
original artis bloodshed! best lgu nieh.. download lagendarockmp3.blogspot.com komen o msg...
published: 19 Apr 2009
author: rockersmalaya07
Amuk - Samarkand
original artis bloodshed! best lgu nieh.. download lagendarockmp3.blogspot.com komen o msg snie www.myspace.com
- published: 19 Apr 2009
- views: 23725
- author: rockersmalaya07
24:39
Ouzbékistan Découverte monuments de Samarkand (Discovery monuments of Samarkand Uzbekistan)
( Merci de noter cette vidéo ) ,La ville historique de Samarkand ,représente un carrefour ...
published: 09 Apr 2011
author: videovalence
Ouzbékistan Découverte monuments de Samarkand (Discovery monuments of Samarkand Uzbekistan)
( Merci de noter cette vidéo ) ,La ville historique de Samarkand ,représente un carrefour et un lieu de synthèse des cultures du monde entier. Fondée au VIIe siècle avant l'ère chrétienne sous le nom d'Afrasyab, Samarkand connut son apogée à l'époque timouride, du XIVe au XVe siècle. Les principaux monuments comprennent la mosquée et les médersas du Registan, la mosquée de Bibi-Khanum, l'ensemble de Shah i-Zinda et celui de Gur i-Emir, ainsi que l'observatoire d'Ulugh-Beg. --------------------------(english)---------------------- The historic town of Samarkand illustrates in its art, architecture and urban structure the most important stages of Central Asian cultural and political history from the 13th century to the present day. Ensembles such as the Bibi Khanum Mosque and Registan Square played a seminal role in the development of Islamic architecture over the entire region, from the Mediterranean to the Indian subcontinent. Samarkand is a crossroad and melting pot of the world's cultures. Founded in the 7th century BC as ancient Afrosiab, Samarkand had its most significant development in the Timurid period from the 14th to 15th centuries. Located on the crossroads of the great trade routes that traversed Central Asia, Samarkand has a multi-millennial history. Archaeological excavations have brought to light the remains of settlements from the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. Afrosiab had a strategic location at the time of the formation of the first large states ...
- published: 09 Apr 2011
- views: 1989
- author: videovalence
2:01
Samarkand - City of Amir Temur
Samarkand video shows historical monuments of the city and other tourist attractions. See ...
published: 05 Jun 2011
author: advantourcom
Samarkand - City of Amir Temur
Samarkand video shows historical monuments of the city and other tourist attractions. See more info on Samarkand at www.advantour.com
- published: 05 Jun 2011
- views: 18305
- author: advantourcom
3:53
Bachoyi Samarkand
uzbek boy samarkaqnd behzod jurayev...
published: 16 Jul 2008
author: Sayriya bekinem
Bachoyi Samarkand
uzbek boy samarkaqnd behzod jurayev
- published: 16 Jul 2008
- views: 22072
- author: Sayriya bekinem
6:34
Flash mob Diabet in Samarkand
...
published: 15 Nov 2011
author: MyLife16100
Flash mob Diabet in Samarkand
- published: 15 Nov 2011
- views: 1713
- author: MyLife16100
Vimeo results:
2:56
ARAL SEA
2541 Pics, 2 directors, 1 cat, 2 expulsions --> It's an Oʻzbekiston version
www.alaryromai...
published: 14 Jan 2011
author: Romain A
ARAL SEA
2541 Pics, 2 directors, 1 cat, 2 expulsions --> It's an Oʻzbekiston version
www.alaryromain.com
www.antoinelevi.com
More Pics: alaryromain.com/bl0g/aral-sea-moynaq/
Music: Ninja Tune XX - Eskmo - Cloudlight
Date : December 2008 - January 2011
2:06
Uzbekistan
Backcountry snowboarding in Uzbekistan...
published: 13 Mar 2008
author: Pavel Polyakov
Uzbekistan
Backcountry snowboarding in Uzbekistan
1:14
Visualtraveling - 'Meet The Stans' (Trailer)
Not much is known to the world about the bizarre countries within Central Asia all ending ...
published: 09 Oct 2012
author: Patrik Wallner
Visualtraveling - 'Meet The Stans' (Trailer)
Not much is known to the world about the bizarre countries within Central Asia all ending with 'stan. 'Meet the Stans' documents the journey of a group of various skateboarders traveling along the ancient Silk Road traversing China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
Featuring Dave Bachinsky, Jimmy McDonald, Laurence Keefe, Dan Zvereff, Stas Provotorov, Gosha Konyshev, Walker Ryan, Kenny Reed and Michael Mackrodt.
Directed, Filmed & Edited by Patrik Wallner
Sponsored by Absurd Skateboards, Element Skateboards and VHS Magazine.
Premiering in:
Shanghai 12/10
Seoul 19/10
Tokyo 25/10
Bangkok 27/10
Moscow 4/11
Online 5/11
For more info go to visualtraveling.com
49:07
Uzbekistan
Visiting my (then future) wife in her hometown of Samarkand in Uzbekistan and stopping alo...
published: 30 May 2009
author: Derek Morrison
Uzbekistan
Visiting my (then future) wife in her hometown of Samarkand in Uzbekistan and stopping along the way in Instanbul, Turkey.
2006-08-09
Youtube results:
14:04
Samarkand jewish semetary Amini Kobulis grave first & other buharians
Samarkand august 1987 coments made Tomor Shimunova Rahmat kuna Tomor holaya Grandduther Am...
published: 07 Mar 2011
author: eyahuda
Samarkand jewish semetary Amini Kobulis grave first & other buharians
Samarkand august 1987 coments made Tomor Shimunova Rahmat kuna Tomor holaya Grandduther Amini Kobuli.
- published: 07 Mar 2011
- views: 2811
- author: eyahuda
8:20
Видео улиц Самарканда 2012 - www.samarkand.me
Видео улиц Самарканда 2012- www.samarkand.me...
published: 09 Mar 2012
author: samarkandme
Видео улиц Самарканда 2012 - www.samarkand.me
Видео улиц Самарканда 2012- www.samarkand.me
- published: 09 Mar 2012
- views: 6788
- author: samarkandme
6:45
The Samarkand Run ~ Al Gromer Khan
Song: The Samarkand Run. Artist: Al Gromer Khan. Album: Space Hotel. iTunes: itunes.apple....
published: 25 Feb 2011
author: Aetopus
The Samarkand Run ~ Al Gromer Khan
Song: The Samarkand Run. Artist: Al Gromer Khan. Album: Space Hotel. iTunes: itunes.apple.com Myspace: www.ilike.com . Top albums on Amazon by Al Gromer Khan and sample music: www.amazon.com Al Gromer Khan is a German-born sitar player and composer whose music spans the multiple genres of ambient, New Age, world and electronica. Al Gromer Khan's ultimate musical awakening came during a trip to India in 1968, at a recital by sitarist Ustad Vilayat Khan. Gromer Khan professes to have been so moved by the performance that he instantly decided to devote his life to the study of the sitar. He remained in India, where he was to find a powerful teacher in Vilayat Khan's brother, Ustad Imrat Khan. Gromer Khan remained in India for the next three years, speed-learning his instrument at the feet of his guru. He returned to Bavaria in 1971, already an accomplished sitarist. Gromer Khan spent the next 10 years studying with Imrat Khan in Europe and India. In 1975, his teacher performed the Ghanda Ceremony, thus initiating Al Gromer into the Khan-I-Gharana lineage of sitarists. He was the first outsider to be accepted into this particular Gharana, which like most Hindustani musical traditions, passes knowledge down the generations from father to son. After his initiation, Al Gromer added "Khan" to his name. Read more here: en.wikipedia.org DISCLAIMER! - I DO NOT OWN THE MUSIC IN THIS VIDEO! THE RIGHTS TO OWNERSHIP OF THE MUSIC IN THIS VIDEO GOES TO ITS RIGHTFUL OWNER!
- published: 25 Feb 2011
- views: 8104
- author: Aetopus
8:29
Uzbekistan - Andijan Massacre
May 2005 One year on and there is still no justice for those killed in the massacre in And...
published: 17 Oct 2007
author: journeymanpictures
Uzbekistan - Andijan Massacre
May 2005 One year on and there is still no justice for those killed in the massacre in Andijan, Uzbekistan on 13 May 2005. After an attempt by gunmen to release religious extremists in the jails, the whole town was moved to protest not simply over the men in prison but poverty and a repressive government regime. Hundreds of unarmed people were killed and injured. This film was made by the first camera crew to make it to Andijan. Having secretly entered the town via Kurdistan they interview those involved both in Andijan itself, and in the refugee camps that the tragedy created.
- published: 17 Oct 2007
- views: 202721
- author: journeymanpictures
4:49
Uzbekistan, Andijan Uprising Report by PBS
10 days after uprising in Andijan PBS reported this program....
published: 15 Apr 2008
author: uzbekhelp
Uzbekistan, Andijan Uprising Report by PBS
10 days after uprising in Andijan PBS reported this program.
- published: 15 Apr 2008
- views: 11431
- author: uzbekhelp
9:56
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 2-3)
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV station...
published: 22 Nov 2007
author: uzbekhelp
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 2-3)
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
- published: 22 Nov 2007
- views: 16817
- author: uzbekhelp
10:21
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 1-3)
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV station...
published: 22 Nov 2007
author: uzbekhelp
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 1-3)
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
- published: 22 Nov 2007
- views: 33932
- author: uzbekhelp
13:23
Raw Silk: Uzbekistan Travels Part XXIII: Andijon
We continue our tour of the Margilon silk factory and then via Kuva (Kuba) to Andijon (And...
published: 14 Dec 2010
author: sanbanerj1
Raw Silk: Uzbekistan Travels Part XXIII: Andijon
We continue our tour of the Margilon silk factory and then via Kuva (Kuba) to Andijon (Andijan), stopping to taste pomegranates and quince. At Andijon, we eat sitting on a tapchan at a chaikhana. Finally, we visit the Bobur Mirza (Babur) museum.
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 1295
- author: sanbanerj1
2:10
usa,сша,Андижан,Andijan?uzbekistan,узбекистан,ozbekiston,happy
...
published: 26 Jan 2011
author: baht.hasan bahtiyor.hasan
usa,сша,Андижан,Andijan?uzbekistan,узбекистан,ozbekiston,happy
- published: 26 Jan 2011
- views: 6470
- author: baht.hasan bahtiyor.hasan
8:58
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 3-3)
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV station...
published: 22 Nov 2007
author: uzbekhelp
Massacre of Andijan on Uzbek TV (Part 3-3)
Following film was made by Uzbek officials, and periodically shown on all Uzbek TV stations. However, there was no independent investigation to Andijan uprising. According to Uzbek officials, 187 people died most of whom clamed to be Uzbek Soldiers and Policemen. But according to some International Human Rights monitors, 800-1500 died mainly ordinary people, ie elderly, women, and children. (Special thanks to those who translated and dubbed this film into English) Uzbekistan tashkent human rights violation torture jail prison uzbek opposition brutal uzbeks america british britain craig murray interview islam karimov dictator regime boiling killing freedom 9-11 politics
- published: 22 Nov 2007
- views: 21808
- author: uzbekhelp
2:19
Uzbekistan KHASANOV SANJAR (Andijan) -- ADEL JAWAD ABDULKADHIM (Iraq)
Muay Thai...
published: 23 Jan 2011
author: Farruh Muhiddinov
Uzbekistan KHASANOV SANJAR (Andijan) -- ADEL JAWAD ABDULKADHIM (Iraq)
Muay Thai
- published: 23 Jan 2011
- views: 11668
- author: Farruh Muhiddinov
5:28
Andijon Part 1
In April 2005, I spent two weeks with a family in Andijon in the Ferghana Valley learning ...
published: 15 Aug 2009
author: BLobstein
Andijon Part 1
In April 2005, I spent two weeks with a family in Andijon in the Ferghana Valley learning the Uzbek language. Here's some video of the experience. In this first installment we step into a typical Uzbek home, browse through a food market, taste some horse sausage, and visit the towns of Ferghana and Margilon.
- published: 15 Aug 2009
- views: 11305
- author: BLobstein
5:36
Uzbekistan Andijon Andijan
Salom hammaga Aziz Andijon halqiga Vatan soginchni shu Suratlar orqaliyk .... Kifoya qlish...
published: 01 Mar 2009
author: Firdavsi05
Uzbekistan Andijon Andijan
Salom hammaga Aziz Andijon halqiga Vatan soginchni shu Suratlar orqaliyk .... Kifoya qlishlikni Allah nasib etsin .....
- published: 01 Mar 2009
- views: 20095
- author: Firdavsi05
8:36
Andijon Part 2
Today, in the second episode of my 2005 Uzbekistan homestay, we visit a street kiosk and l...
published: 15 Aug 2009
author: BLobstein
Andijon Part 2
Today, in the second episode of my 2005 Uzbekistan homestay, we visit a street kiosk and learn how to make "somsa," the national snack food baked in a tandoor oven; watch bakers churning out "non," the distinctive round Uzbek bread; and watch my host mother preparing the bean-and-rice stew "moshkichiri." Finally we visit a tea house and help prepare "plov" (rice pilaf with lamb), the Uzbeks' most beloved dish.
- published: 15 Aug 2009
- views: 11592
- author: BLobstein
0:15
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,...
published: 21 May 2011
author: asiusweb
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
Андижон, Узбекистон кучаси, Andijan, Uzbekistan kuchasi,
- published: 21 May 2011
- views: 7027
- author: asiusweb
Vimeo results:
2:56
ARAL SEA
2541 Pics, 2 directors, 1 cat, 2 expulsions --> It's an Oʻzbekiston version
www.alaryromai...
published: 14 Jan 2011
author: Romain A
ARAL SEA
2541 Pics, 2 directors, 1 cat, 2 expulsions --> It's an Oʻzbekiston version
www.alaryromain.com
www.antoinelevi.com
More Pics: alaryromain.com/bl0g/aral-sea-moynaq/
Music: Ninja Tune XX - Eskmo - Cloudlight
Date : December 2008 - January 2011
2:06
Uzbekistan
Backcountry snowboarding in Uzbekistan...
published: 13 Mar 2008
author: Pavel Polyakov
Uzbekistan
Backcountry snowboarding in Uzbekistan
1:14
Visualtraveling - 'Meet The Stans' (Trailer)
Not much is known to the world about the bizarre countries within Central Asia all ending ...
published: 09 Oct 2012
author: Patrik Wallner
Visualtraveling - 'Meet The Stans' (Trailer)
Not much is known to the world about the bizarre countries within Central Asia all ending with 'stan. 'Meet the Stans' documents the journey of a group of various skateboarders traveling along the ancient Silk Road traversing China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
Featuring Dave Bachinsky, Jimmy McDonald, Laurence Keefe, Dan Zvereff, Stas Provotorov, Gosha Konyshev, Walker Ryan, Kenny Reed and Michael Mackrodt.
Directed, Filmed & Edited by Patrik Wallner
Sponsored by Absurd Skateboards, Element Skateboards and VHS Magazine.
Premiering in:
Shanghai 12/10
Seoul 19/10
Tokyo 25/10
Bangkok 27/10
Moscow 4/11
Online 5/11
For more info go to visualtraveling.com
49:07
Uzbekistan
Visiting my (then future) wife in her hometown of Samarkand in Uzbekistan and stopping alo...
published: 30 May 2009
author: Derek Morrison
Uzbekistan
Visiting my (then future) wife in her hometown of Samarkand in Uzbekistan and stopping along the way in Instanbul, Turkey.
2006-08-09
Youtube results:
7:05
Andijon Part 3
In the final episode of my Ferghana Valley adventure, we visit a wheat field, tour the Mul...
published: 15 Aug 2009
author: BLobstein
Andijon Part 3
In the final episode of my Ferghana Valley adventure, we visit a wheat field, tour the Mullah Kyrgyz Madrassah in the historic city of Namangan, get an unauthorized tour of a cotton processing factory, and see the Tashkent home of Uzbekistan's first (Soviet era) president, Yuldosh Akhunbabaev. Featured music includes a sufi chant, Philip Glass's music from "Koyannisqatsi," and a rousing march by the Red Army Chorus.
- published: 15 Aug 2009
- views: 4255
- author: BLobstein
6:39
Andijan, part 1
A video produced by the government of Uzbekistan of the 2005 events in Andijan. Read more ...
published: 13 Jun 2006
author: joshkucera
Andijan, part 1
A video produced by the government of Uzbekistan of the 2005 events in Andijan. Read more here: www.joshuakucera.net
- published: 13 Jun 2006
- views: 28502
- author: joshkucera
8:03
A Tourist's Guide to Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Part II of my 3 Stan' Tour! This time I move onto the Uzbek capital to see the sights. Tas...
published: 17 Apr 2011
author: cessnagbdso
A Tourist's Guide to Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Part II of my 3 Stan' Tour! This time I move onto the Uzbek capital to see the sights. Tashkent surprised me.
- published: 17 Apr 2011
- views: 10134
- author: cessnagbdso
4:11
BAZAR IN TASHKENT - UZBEKISTAN = ESKI-JUVA BAZAR ( OAJ EKSI-JUVA DEHQUON BOZORI ) 21.10.09.AVI
Spicy open food on the market in Tashkent / Uzbekistan / Central Asia / Near East...
published: 14 Jan 2010
author: GastroConsult
BAZAR IN TASHKENT - UZBEKISTAN = ESKI-JUVA BAZAR ( OAJ EKSI-JUVA DEHQUON BOZORI ) 21.10.09.AVI
Spicy open food on the market in Tashkent / Uzbekistan / Central Asia / Near East
- published: 14 Jan 2010
- views: 49546
- author: GastroConsult
2:02
Tashkent - the Capital of Uzbekistan
www.advantour.com - Tashkent video tour of the historical sites and attractions....
published: 06 Jun 2011
author: advantourcom
Tashkent - the Capital of Uzbekistan
www.advantour.com - Tashkent video tour of the historical sites and attractions.
- published: 06 Jun 2011
- views: 42288
- author: advantourcom
3:47
Nash Lyubimiy Tashkent, Uzbekistan!!!
Nash Lubimiy Gorod gde mi rodilis!!! 120 Nationalnostey projivayut v Uzbekistane i mnogiye...
published: 01 Jun 2009
author: Sanjar10A7777
Nash Lyubimiy Tashkent, Uzbekistan!!!
Nash Lubimiy Gorod gde mi rodilis!!! 120 Nationalnostey projivayut v Uzbekistane i mnogiye skuchayut po Uzbekistanu i po Tashkentu kto za predelami Rodini! Nadeyus posle video prilyotsa energiya!!!
- published: 01 Jun 2009
- views: 12540
- author: Sanjar10A7777
3:38
Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2010 (HDTV 1080p)
Taken Video was June 16, 2010.....
published: 06 Dec 2010
author: uzbeksamarqand14
Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2010 (HDTV 1080p)
Taken Video was June 16, 2010..
- published: 06 Dec 2010
- views: 2603
- author: uzbeksamarqand14
3:14
My City, My Tashkent 2012
WATCH IN HD. Inspired by: Midnight in Paris Movie Shot in Summer of 2012 Camera: iPhone 4S...
published: 19 Jul 2012
author: Skoba85
My City, My Tashkent 2012
WATCH IN HD. Inspired by: Midnight in Paris Movie Shot in Summer of 2012 Camera: iPhone 4S Music: Si tu vois ma mère - Sidney Bechet Twitter: skoba85 Facebook: facebook.com/skoba85
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 12961
- author: Skoba85
3:06
Tashkent,Uzbekistan,Subways,Streets,Wedding and Night Life/Sevara Nazarxon-Bahor
...
published: 30 Mar 2011
author: UZuser2011
Tashkent,Uzbekistan,Subways,Streets,Wedding and Night Life/Sevara Nazarxon-Bahor
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 9095
- author: UZuser2011
8:48
Jadoo Live at Caravan Art Cafe, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2009
Here is a clip from a recent episode of PBS travel series Rudy Maxa's World of premier Uzb...
published: 10 May 2011
author: effigyrecords
Jadoo Live at Caravan Art Cafe, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2009
Here is a clip from a recent episode of PBS travel series Rudy Maxa's World of premier Uzbek jam-band JADOO. Enjoy and please visit us at effigyrecords.net to review our catalog. Toir Kuziev, sato Matrasul Matyoqubov, kuchnay Utkur Kadirov, fiddle Otanazar Khudaynazarov: accordion Jack Clift, guitar Gulom Mukhamedjanov, tabla Bakhodir Mirakov, tabla Nodir Raimov, karnay Nodir Azimov, karnay
- published: 10 May 2011
- views: 4235
- author: effigyrecords
13:59
Uzbek wedding party in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
uzbek wedding party full version from begining to the end of party...
published: 15 Sep 2011
author: Bahodir Bahodirov
Uzbek wedding party in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
uzbek wedding party full version from begining to the end of party
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 5102
- author: Bahodir Bahodirov
9:10
1. Tashkent to Samarkand, Uzbekistan Highway Road 2010 (HDTV 1080p)
Tasheknt to Samarkand, Uzbekistan Highway Road 2010 (HDTV 1080p) Parts 1.. Taken Video was...
published: 13 Dec 2010
author: uzbeksamarqand14
1. Tashkent to Samarkand, Uzbekistan Highway Road 2010 (HDTV 1080p)
Tasheknt to Samarkand, Uzbekistan Highway Road 2010 (HDTV 1080p) Parts 1.. Taken Video was June 16, 2010. I and My Uncle drive to Samarkand, Uzbekistan.. I need visited my friends and family. soon last day September 2010 because here Tashkent Uzbekistan no more they have not jobs I know I do not want stay to Samarkand because family much problem. I won't get new uzbek girl then wedding but warning problem.. I want stay to USA... GOOD LUCK..
- published: 13 Dec 2010
- views: 2666
- author: uzbeksamarqand14
4:27
Xorazm / Hits concerto Tashkent Uzbekistan 2009 new Uzbek
Uzbek Tashkent 2009 new OG`ABEK SOBIROV Hits concerto Tashkent Classical hits Uzbek uzbek ...
published: 20 Jul 2009
author: UZBEKHITS
Xorazm / Hits concerto Tashkent Uzbekistan 2009 new Uzbek
Uzbek Tashkent 2009 new OG`ABEK SOBIROV Hits concerto Tashkent Classical hits Uzbek uzbek hits uzbek clips uzbek songs Uzbek music uzbek dance uzbek traditional music uzbek pop music yulduz xorazm,yulduzlari popular songs xorazm xorazm lazgi uzbek new clips uzbek lazgi uzbek konsert...
- published: 20 Jul 2009
- views: 12334
- author: UZBEKHITS
Vimeo results:
2:56
ARAL SEA
2541 Pics, 2 directors, 1 cat, 2 expulsions --> It's an Oʻzbekiston version
www.alaryromai...
published: 14 Jan 2011
author: Romain A
ARAL SEA
2541 Pics, 2 directors, 1 cat, 2 expulsions --> It's an Oʻzbekiston version
www.alaryromain.com
www.antoinelevi.com
More Pics: alaryromain.com/bl0g/aral-sea-moynaq/
Music: Ninja Tune XX - Eskmo - Cloudlight
Date : December 2008 - January 2011
2:06
Uzbekistan
Backcountry snowboarding in Uzbekistan...
published: 13 Mar 2008
author: Pavel Polyakov
Uzbekistan
Backcountry snowboarding in Uzbekistan
1:14
Visualtraveling - 'Meet The Stans' (Trailer)
Not much is known to the world about the bizarre countries within Central Asia all ending ...
published: 09 Oct 2012
author: Patrik Wallner
Visualtraveling - 'Meet The Stans' (Trailer)
Not much is known to the world about the bizarre countries within Central Asia all ending with 'stan. 'Meet the Stans' documents the journey of a group of various skateboarders traveling along the ancient Silk Road traversing China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
Featuring Dave Bachinsky, Jimmy McDonald, Laurence Keefe, Dan Zvereff, Stas Provotorov, Gosha Konyshev, Walker Ryan, Kenny Reed and Michael Mackrodt.
Directed, Filmed & Edited by Patrik Wallner
Sponsored by Absurd Skateboards, Element Skateboards and VHS Magazine.
Premiering in:
Shanghai 12/10
Seoul 19/10
Tokyo 25/10
Bangkok 27/10
Moscow 4/11
Online 5/11
For more info go to visualtraveling.com
49:07
Uzbekistan
Visiting my (then future) wife in her hometown of Samarkand in Uzbekistan and stopping alo...
published: 30 May 2009
author: Derek Morrison
Uzbekistan
Visiting my (then future) wife in her hometown of Samarkand in Uzbekistan and stopping along the way in Instanbul, Turkey.
2006-08-09
Youtube results:
9:21
Lal Bahadur Shastri - Meeting in Tashkent 1966
On January 4, 1966, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the official opening of the meeting of the st...
published: 15 Sep 2010
author: 108Ananas
Lal Bahadur Shastri - Meeting in Tashkent 1966
On January 4, 1966, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the official opening of the meeting of the statesmen of Pakistan and India with the participation of the Russian Prime-Minister Kosyigin took place. On the Indian part, there was Prime-Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri who was accompanied by Mr. Chandrika Srivastava (Sir CP). The negotiations lasted till January 10 and resulted in signing Tashkent Declaration. This meeting was described in Sir CP's book.
- published: 15 Sep 2010
- views: 32489
- author: 108Ananas
2:40
Tashkent, Uzbekistan and surroundings traveler photos - TripAdvisor TripWow
tripwow.tripadvisor.com - Tour of Tashkent, Uzbekistan created at TripWow by TravelPod Tri...
published: 16 Nov 2010
author: TripAdvisorTRIPWOW
Tashkent, Uzbekistan and surroundings traveler photos - TripAdvisor TripWow
tripwow.tripadvisor.com - Tour of Tashkent, Uzbekistan created at TripWow by TravelPod TripAdvisor™ TripWow Slideshow of Tashkent by TravelPod. Cities visited on this trip: - Tashkent, Uzbekistan Photos in this video: - "Amir Timur museum" by Dzasta from a blog titled "Tashkent" - "Chorsu Bazaar" by Jimsim from a blog titled "Tashkent - our first taste of Central Asia" - "Chorsu Bazaar" by Dzasta from a blog titled "Tashkent Metro" - "Mosque and Library near the Chorsu Bazaar" by Scottandchar from a blog titled "Impressions of Tashkent" - "View of Telyashyakh Mosque from Barakhon Madrassa" by Lraleigh from a blog titled "The Lonesome Smoking Santa" - "Close-up of Sher Dor Lion Medressa, Samarkand" by Diannemurray from a blog titled "More mosques and medressas in Uzbekistan" - "World War II Memorial: Names of the Fallen" by Lraleigh from a blog titled "The Lonesome Smoking Santa" - "Cousin Nacema's 18th B-day Party (3-24-05)" by Uzbekland_okie from a blog titled "It's official...I'm a volunteer!!" - "The master bedroom in an apartment I liked" by Ahamill from a blog titled "House hunting in Tashkent" - "Interior of Alisher Navoi Monument dome" by Meaganlandry from a blog titled "Central Asia, Land of Broken Hearts" - "Amir Timur (Tamerlane) Square, Tashkent" by Ware_daniel from a blog titled "Tashkent Express..." - "Uzbekhs desert - on the way to Bukhara" by Jtroussier from a blog titled "Tashkent" - "Side street in residential Tashkent" by Ware_daniel from a blog titled ...
- published: 16 Nov 2010
- views: 3596
- author: TripAdvisorTRIPWOW
9:01
ITF World Championships 2008 Tashkent Uzbekistan - Part 1
ITF World Championships 2008 Tashkent Uzbekistan Part 1...
published: 15 Dec 2008
author: ITFHQ
ITF World Championships 2008 Tashkent Uzbekistan - Part 1
ITF World Championships 2008 Tashkent Uzbekistan Part 1
- published: 15 Dec 2008
- views: 4747
- author: ITFHQ
3:19
THE SCENIC CITY OF TASHKENT,UZBEKISTAN
AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFE TIME DURING MY FIRST VISIT TO UZBEKISTAN...
published: 04 Mar 2012
author: QalamIqra
THE SCENIC CITY OF TASHKENT,UZBEKISTAN
AN EXPERIENCE OF A LIFE TIME DURING MY FIRST VISIT TO UZBEKISTAN
- published: 04 Mar 2012
- views: 1894
- author: QalamIqra
photo: AP / Lefteris Pitarakis
30 Nov 2012
- For historians, it represents a treasure trove of boundless rewards and an opportunity to revisit some of the most enduring myths about Britain's colonial past. But for some of those still living with the physical and psychological scars, the release of thousands of previously secret government-held documents offers fresh hope of finally gaining a measure of justice for their suffering under British rule ... 1096 Source.. Al Jazeera ... ;">....(size: 22.4Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Patrice Clarke
02 Dec 2012
There have been "multiple explosions" near an airfield at a US base in eastern Afghanistan, Nato has said. Afghan intelligence officials told the BBC seven suicide attackers targeted the base in Jalalabad, and witnesses said that gunfire was heard ... Counter claims ... There were no Nato casualties in the attack, officials said ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: US NARA
30 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Staring at the quote on the small granite monument which read. "They said to one another, behold here comes the dreamer...Let us slay him...And we shall see what will become of his dreams," I tried to understand that fateful moment when a shot shattered heaven and earth ... Martin Luther King, Jr. Straining my ears, I tried to hear Rev. Abernathy cry out, "Oh my God, Martin's been shot!" ... Dr....(size: 6.5Kb)
photo: UN / David Manyua
01 Dec 2012
The conflict in Syria has now reached "new and appalling heights of brutality and violence", according to the UN secretary-general, while the world body's envoy to Syria has said the country is in danger of becoming "a failed state" ... The fighting has killed about 40,000 people, making it the bloodiest of Arab uprisings that have ousted entrenched leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen since early last year ... 957 Source.. Agencies ... ....(size: 21.8Kb)
photo: AP / Thomas Hartwell
02 Dec 2012
Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi has called a December 15 referendum on a constitution drafted by the Islamist-led assembly. The decree follows mass protests against the country's new constitutional charter. Morsi called the referendum on Saturday after Egypt's assembly handed its final draft of the planned new constitution to the president for final approval. It is now expected to go to a popular referendum within two weeks ... DW.DE ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
In Uzbekistan, according to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan a fire safety month is being held from 20 November and will last till 20 December ... This noodl was issued by Government of Republic of Uzbekistan and was initially posted at www.gov.uz ......(size: 2.0Kb)
noodls
01 Dec 2012
At the forum the first deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan Rustam Azimov noted that consistent development of cooperation between our countries, for which agreements, reached during the meetings of the heads of the two states serve as an important legal basis ... The volume of trade between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have been increasing dynamically....(size: 4.4Kb)
noodls
30 Nov 2012
First project in Uzbekistan for Agfa HealthCare includes 115 CR 30-X digitizers with DRYSTAR 5300 imagers ... • Tender is part of project to modernize diagnostic equipment in Uzbekistan ... Agfa HealthCare announces it has won a project of 115 CR 30-X computed radiography (CR) systems with DRYSTAR 5300 direct digital imagers in Uzbekistan ... Modernizing diagnostic equipment in Uzbekistan....(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
Remarks by High Representative Catherine Ashton at the end of her visit to Uzbekistan. "I am really pleased to have had the opportunity to visit Uzbekistan, one of the European Union's partners in Central Asia ... I also encouraged the President to continue with political and economic reforms that are essential for the long-term development and prosperity of Uzbekistan....(size: 2.9Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
Remarks by High Representative Catherine Ashton at the end of her visit to Uzbekistan. I am really pleased to have had the opportunity to visit Uzbekistan, one of the European Union's partners in Central Asia ... I also encouraged the President to continue with political and economic reforms that are essential for the long-term development and prosperity of Uzbekistan....(size: 2.6Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
At the Oqsaroy November 28, President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov met with Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the European Commission ... The EU's top diplomat confirmed the willingness of the Union to build longer-run and mutually advantageous relations with Uzbekistan....(size: 3.5Kb)
noodls
29 Nov 2012
Special attention is paid to improving training of service and hospitality personnel in the process of a large-scale work on tourism development in Uzbekistan ... More than eight hundred firms and companies operate in the tourism sector of Uzbekistan ... This noodl was issued by Government of Republic of Uzbekistan and was initially posted at www.gov.uz....(size: 3.8Kb)
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29 Nov 2012
Established in 1991, this mobile-service operator was purchased by Russia's MTS in 2004 and has progressively ensured the coverage of almost 95% of Uzbekistan's territory ... On July 17, Uzbekistan's Communications Agency suspended the company's operating license for 10 days ... On September 17, the Tashkent court charged MTS Uzbekistan's top managers with fraud and pronounced a ruling to seize all of the company's assets....(size: 12.4Kb)
GroundReport
28 Nov 2012
A leading Central Asian human rights defender says the international community is not doing enough to pressure Uzbekistan to free political prisoners ... In a recent statement, the New York-based advocacy group Human Rights Watch urged the EU official to use her November 26-29 visit, which will include Uzbekistan, to âpublicly call for the release of wrongfully imprisoned activists."....(size: 5.0Kb)
BBC News
27 Nov 2012
Investigators in Switzerland and Sweden are probing alleged links between a leading European telecommunications company and a high-level multi-million dollar fraud and corruption scandal in Uzbekistan ... Gulnara Karimova is believed to have major commercial interests in Uzbekistan - including in the telecoms sector ... people close to members of the government⦠in countries like Uzbekistan," he said....(size: 6.3Kb)
Novosti
23 Nov 2012
MOSCOW, November 23 (RIA Novosti) – Uzbekistan will create a national DNA database to help track and fight crime, a spokesperson for the country’s Legislative Chamber ......(size: 0.8Kb)
"Shash" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Shash, Iran.
| Tashkent Uzbek: Toshkent, Тошкент Russian: Ташкент Toshqand, Toshkand |
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 Tashkent
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| Coordinates: 41°16′N 69°13′E / 41.267°N 69.217°E / 41.267; 69.217 | |||
| Country |  Uzbekistan |
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| Province | Tashkent Province | ||
| Settled | 5th to 3rd centuries BC | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Rakhmonbek Usmonov | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 334.8 km2 (129.3 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| • Total | 2,200,000 | ||
| • Density | 6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | (UTC+5) | ||
| Website | http://tashkent.uz/ | ||
Tashkent (/ˌtæʃˈkɛnt/; Uzbek: Toshkent, Тошкент; Russian: Ташкент, [tɐʂˈkʲent]; literally "Stone City") is the capital of Uzbekistan and of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was about 2.2 million.[1] Unofficial sources estimate the actual population may be as much as 4.45 million.[2]
Contents |
History[link]
During its long history, Tashkent has had various changes in names and political and religious affiliations.
Early history[link]
Tashkent started as an oasis on the Chirchik River, near the foothills of the West Tian Shan Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the Kangju confederacy.[3]
History as Chach[link]
In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times the town and the province were known as "Chach". The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi also refers to the city as Chach. Later the town came to be known as Chachkand/Chashkand, meaning "Chach City".[citation needed] The principality of Chach, whose main town had a square citadel built around the 5th to 3rd centuries BC, some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the Syr Darya River. By the 7th century AD, Chach had over 30 towns and a network of over 50 canals, forming a trade center between the Sogdians and Turkic nomads. The Buddhist monk Xuánzàng 玄奘 (602/603? – 664 CE), who travelled from China to India through Central Asia, mentioned the name of the city as Zhěshí 赭時. The Chinese chronicles Suí shū 隋書 (Book of Suí), Běi shǐ 北史 (History of Northern Dynasties) and Táng shū 唐書 (Book of Táng) mention a possession called Shí 石 or Zhěshí 赭時 with a capital of the same name since the fifth century AD [Bichurin, 1950. v. II]. The region came under the sway of Islam in the early parts of the 8th century.
Islamic history[link]
In the mid-seventh century, the Sassanian Persian empire fell to an Arab-lead Islamic conquest. Under the Samanid dynasty (819–999), whose founder Saman Khuda of an Zoroastrian Sassanian Persian had converted to Islam, the city came to be known as Binkath. However, the Arabs retained the old name of Chach for the surrounding region, pronouncing it al-Shash instead. The modern Turkic name of Tashkent (City of Stone) comes from Kara-Khanid rule in the 10th century. (Tash in Turkic languages means stone. Kand, qand, kent, kad, kath, kud—all meaning a city—are derived from the Persian/Sogdian کنده kanda, meaning a town or a city. They are found in city names like Samarkand, Yarkand, Penjikent, Khujand etc.). After the 16th century, the name was steadily changed slightly from Chachkand/Chashkand to Tashkand, which, as "stone city", was more meaningful to the new inhabitants than the old name[citation needed]. The modern spelling of Tashkent reflects Russian orthography.
Mongol conquest and aftermath[link]
The city was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219, although the great conqueror had found that the Khorezmshah had already sacked the city in 1214. Under the Timurids and subsequent Shaybanid dynasties the city revived, despite occasional attacks by the Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Persians, Mongols, Oirats and Kalmyks.
Kokand khanate[link]
In 1809, Tashkent was annexed to the Khanate of Kokand. At the time, Tashkent had a population of around 100,000 and was considered the richest city in Central Asia. It prospered greatly through trade with Russia, but chafed under Kokand’s high taxes. The Tashkent clergy also favored the clergy of Bukhara over that of Kokand. However, before the Emir of Bukhara could capitalize on this discontent, the Russian army arrived.
Tsarist period[link]
In May, 1865, Mikhail Grigorevich Chernyayev (Cherniaev), acting against the direct orders of the tsar, and outnumbered at least 15-1 staged a daring night attack against a city with a wall 25 kilometres (16 mi) long with 11 gates and 30,000 defenders. While a small contingent staged a diversionary attack, the main force penetrated the walls, led by a Russian Orthodox priest armed only with a crucifix. Although defense was stiff, the Russians captured the city after two days of heavy fighting and the loss of only 25 dead as opposed to several thousand of the defenders (including Alimqul, the ruler of the Kokand Khanate). Chernyayev, dubbed the "Lion of Tashkent" by city elders, staged a "hearts-and-minds" campaign to win the population over. He abolished taxes for a year, rode unarmed through the streets and bazaars meeting common people, and appointed himself "Military Governor of Tashkent", recommending to Tsar Alexander II that the city be made an independent khanate under Russian protection.
The Tsar liberally rewarded Chernyayev and his men with medals and bonuses, but regarded the impulsive general as a "loose cannon", and soon replaced him with General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman. Far from being granted independence, Tashkent became the capital of the new territory of Russian Turkistan, with Kaufman as first Governor-General. A cantonment and Russian settlement were built across the Ankhor Canal from the old city, and Russian settlers and merchants poured in. Tashkent was a center of espionage in the Great Game rivalry between Russia and the United Kingdom over Central Asia. The Turkestan Military District was established as part of the military reforms of 1874. The Trans-Caspian Railway arrived in 1889, and the railway workers who built it settled in Tashkent as well, bringing with them the seeds of Bolshevik Revolution.
Impact of the Russian revolution[link]
With the fall of the Russian Empire, the Russian Provisional Government removed all civil restrictions based on religion and nationality, contributing to local enthusiasm for the February Revolution. The Tashkent Soviet of Soldiers' and Workers' Deputies was soon set up, but primarily represented Russian residents, who made up about a fifth of the Tashkent population. Muslim leaders quickly set up the Tashkent Muslim Council (Tashkand Shura-yi-Islamiya) based in the old city. On 10 March 1917, there was a parade with Russian workers marching with red flags, Russian soldiers singing the La Marseillaise and thousands of local Central Asians. Following various speeches, Governor-General Aleksey Kuropatkin closed the vents with words "Long Live a great free Russia".[4] The First Turkestan Muslim Conference in Tashkent 16–20 April 1917. Like the Muslim Council this was dominated by the Jadid, Muslim reformers. However, a more conservative faction emerged in Tashkent centered around the Ulema. This faction proved more successful during the local elections of July 1917. They formed an alliance with Russian conservatives, while the Soviet became more radical. The Soviet attempt to seize power in September 1917 proved unsuccessful.[5]
In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkestan ASSR). The new regime was threatened by White forces, basmachi, revolts from within, and purges ordered from Moscow. Tashkent fell within the borders of the Uzbek SSR, and became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1930, displacing Samarkand.
Soviet period[link]
The city began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s, but industry increased tremendously during World War II, with the relocation of factories from western Russia to preserve the Soviet industrial capacity from the invading Nazis. The Russian population increased dramatically as well, with evacuees from the war zones increasing the population to well over a million. The Russians and Ukrainians would eventually comprise more than half of the total residents of Tashkent.[6]
On 26 April 1966, Tashkent was destroyed by a huge earthquake (7.5 on the Richter scale) and over 300,000 were left homeless. Some 78,000 poorly engineered homes were destroyed[7] mainly in the densely packed areas of the old city where traditional adobe housing predominated.[8] The Soviet republics and some other countries such as Finland sent "battalions of fraternal peoples” and urban planners to help rebuild devastated Tashkent. They created a “model Soviet city” of wide shady streets, parks, immense plazas for military parades, fountains, monuments, and acres of apartment blocks. About 100,000 new homes were built by 1970,[7] many of which were filled with the families of the builders. Further development in the following years increased the size of the city with major new developments in the Chilonzar area, north-east and south-east of the city.[7]
At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth largest city in the country and a center of learning in the science and engineering fields.
With the 1966 earthquake and the Soviet redevelopment afterward, very little is left of Tashkent's ancient history, including its significance as a trading point on the historic Silk Road.
Capital of Uzbekistan[link]
At the moment, Tashkent is the most cosmopolitan city in Uzbekistan. The city is noted for its tree lined streets, numerous fountains, and pleasant parks.
Since 1991, the city has changed economically, culturally, and architecturally. The largest statue ever erected for Lenin was replaced with a globe, complete with a geographic map of Uzbekistan over it. Buildings from the Soviet era have been replaced with new, modern buildings. One example is the "Downtown Tashkent" district which includes the 22-story NBU Bank building, the Intercontinental Hotel, the International Business Center, and the Plaza Building.
In 2007, Tashkent was named the cultural capital of the Islamic world as the city is home to numerous historic mosques and Islamic locations of interest.[9] Tashkent also houses the earliest written Qur'an which has been in Tashkent since 1924.[10]
- Development of Tashkent
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c1865
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1913
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1940
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1965
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1966 Earthquake and subsequent redevelopment
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1981
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2000
Geography and climate[link]
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Geography[link]
Tashkent 41°18′N 69°16′E / 41.3°N 69.267°E / 41.3; 69.267 is situated in a well-watered plain to the west of the last Altai mountains[citation needed] on the road between Shymkent and Samarkand. Tashkent sits at the confluence of the Chirchik river and several of its tributaries and is built on deep alluvial deposits up to 15 metres (49 ft). The city is located in a lively tectonic area suffering large numbers of tremors and some earthquakes. One earthquake in 1966 measured 7.5 on the Richter scale. The local time in Tashkent is UTC/GMT +5 hours.
Climate[link]
Tashkent has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa)[12] with long, hot and dry summers from May to September and short but cold winters from December to February. The climate has continental influences, and features two peaks of precipitation in the early winter and spring. The slightly unusual precipitation pattern is partially due to the 500 m (roughly 1600 feet) altitude that the city features. The temperatures in Tashkent can be extremely hot during July and August. Most precipitation occurs in the months of winter and spring, while the period between July and September is dry.[13][14]
| Climate data for Tashkent | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 5.8 (42.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
14.3 (57.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
33.2 (91.8) |
35.7 (96.3) |
34.0 (93.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
14.2 (57.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
21.04 (69.88) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.1 (26.4) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
8.34 (47.02) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 54.5 (2.146) |
46.8 (1.843) |
72.3 (2.846) |
63.6 (2.504) |
32.0 (1.26) |
7.1 (0.28) |
3.5 (0.138) |
2.0 (0.079) |
4.5 (0.177) |
34.1 (1.343) |
45.0 (1.772) |
53.4 (2.102) |
418.8 (16.488) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 13.7 | 12.3 | 13.8 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 8.1 | 10.2 | 12.8 | 107.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 124.0 | 112.0 | 155.0 | 240.0 | 310.0 | 360.0 | 403.0 | 372.0 | 300.0 | 248.0 | 150.0 | 124.0 | 2,898 |
| Source no. 1: World Meteorological Organisation (UN)[11] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: Hong Kong Observatory[15] | |||||||||||||
Districts[link]
.jpg)
Tashkent is currently divided into the following districts (Uzbek tuman):
| Nr | District | Population (2009)[16] |
Area (km²)[16] |
Density (area/km²)[16] |
Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bektemir | 27,500 | 20.5 | 1,341 |  |
| 2 | Chilanzar | 217,000 | 30.0 | 7,233 |  |
| 3 | Hamza | 204,800 | 33.7 | 6,077 |  |
| 4 | Mirobod | 122,700 | 17.1 | 7,175 |  |
| 5 | Mirzo Ulugbek | 245,200 | 31.9 | 7,687 |  |
| 6 | Sergeli | 149,000 | 56.0 | 2,661 |  |
| 7 | Shaykhontohur | 285,800 | 27.2 | 10,507 |  |
| 8 | Olmazar | 305,400 | 34.5 | 8,852 |  |
| 9 | Uchtepa | 237,000 | 28.2 | 8,404 |  |
| 10 | Yakkasaray | 115,200 | 14.6 | 7,890 |  |
| 11 | Yunusabad | 296,700 | 41.1 | 7,219 |  |
At the time of the Tsarist take over it had four districts (Uzbek daha):
- Beshyoghoch
- Kukcha
- Shaykhontokhur
- Sebzor
In 1940 it had the following districts (Russian район):
By 1981 they were reorganized into:[7]
- Bektemir
- Akmal-Ikramov (Uchtepa)
- Khamza (Hamza)
- Lenin (Mirobod)
- Kuybishev (Mirzo Ulugbek)
- Sergeli
- Oktober (Shaykhontokhur)
- Sobir Rakhimov (Olmazar)
- Chilanzar
- Frunze (Yakkasaray)
- Kirov (Yunusabad)
Main sights[link]
Due to the destruction of most of the ancient city during the 1917 revolution and, later, to the 1966 earthquake, little remains of Tashkent's traditional architectural heritage. Tashkent is, however, rich in museums and Soviet-era monuments. They include:
- Kukeldash Madrasah. Dating back to the reign of Abdullah Khan II (1557–1598) it is currently being restored by the provincial Religious Board of Mawarannahr Moslems. There is talk of making it into a museum, but it is currently being used as a mosque.
- Chorsu Bazaar, located near the Kukeldash Madrassa. This huge open air bazaar is the center of the old town of Tashkent. Everything imaginable is for sale.
- Telyashayakh Mosque (Khast Imam Mosque). It Contains the Uthman Qur'an, considered to be the oldest extant Qur'an in the world. Dating from 655 and stained with the blood of murdered caliph, Uthman, it was brought by Timur to Samarkand, seized by the Russians as a war trophy and taken to Saint Petersburg. It was returned to Uzbekistan in 1924.[17]
- Yunus Khan Mausoleum. It is a group of three 15th century mausoleums, restored in the 19th century. The biggest is the grave of Yunus Khan, grandfather of Mughal Empire founder Babur.
- Palace of Prince Romanov. During the 19th century Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich, a first cousin of Alexander III of Russia was banished to Tashkent for some shady deals involving the Russian Crown Jewels. His palace still survives in the centre of the city. Once a museum, it has been appropriated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, built by the same architect who designed Lenin's Tomb in Moscow, Aleksey Shchusev, with Japanese prisoner of war labor in World War II. It hosts Russian ballet and opera.
- Fine Arts Museum of Uzbekistan. It contains a major collection of art from the pre-Russian period, including Sogdian murals, Buddhist statues and Zoroastrian art, along with a more modern collection of 19th and 20th century applied art, such as suzani embroidered hangings. Of more interest is the large collection of paintings "borrowed" from the Hermitage by Grand Duke Romanov to decorate his palace in exile in Tashkent, and never returned. Behind the museum is a small park, containing the neglected graves of the Bolsheviks who died in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and to Ossipov's treachery in 1919, along with first Uzbekistani President Yuldosh Akhunbabayev.
- Museum of Applied Arts. Housed in a traditional house originally commissioned for a wealthy tsarist diplomat, the house itself is the main attraction, rather than its collection of 19th and 20th century applied arts.
- History Museumm the largest museum in the city. It is housed in the ex-Lenin Museum.
- Amir Timur Museum, housed in a building with brilliant blue dome and ornate interior. It houses exhibits of Timur and of President Islam Karimov. The gardens outside contain a statue of Timur on horseback, surrounded by some of the nicest gardens and fountains in the city.
- Navoi Literary Museum, commemorating Uzbekistan's adopted literary hero, Alisher Navoi, with replica manuscripts, Persian calligraphy and 15th century miniature paintings.
Russian Orthodox church in Amir Temur Square, built in 1898, was demolished in 2009, along with Soviet-time World War II memorial park and Defender of Motherland monument.[18][19][20]
City built environment[link]
- The one of only two metro systems in Central Asia. (Almaty's is the other one.)
- The largest city square (Independence Square) in the former Soviet Union, which once held the tallest statue of Lenin (30 meters tall) in the Soviet Union. Lenin was replaced in 1992 by a globe showing a map of Uzbekistan.
- Government, trade union and private medical and dental facilities.
- Offices of several American and European consulting firms like Ernst & Young Ltd, Deloitte & Touche, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Gravamen Fidelis and Fides LLP.[21]
Education[link]
- Several universities and institutions of higher learning:
- Tashkent Automobile & Road Construction institute[22]
- Tashkent State Technical University
- Tashkent Institute of Architecture and Construction[23]
- International Business School "Kelajak Ilmi"[24]
- Tashkent University of Information Technologies[25]
- Westminster International University in Tashkent[26]
- National University of Uzbekistan[27]
- University of World Economy and Diplomacy
- Tashkent State Economic University
- Tashkent State Institute of Law
- Tashkent Institute of Finance
- State University of Foreign Languages
- Conservatory of Music
- Tashkent State Medicine Academy
- Institute of Oriental Studies.
- Tashkent Islamic University[28]
- Management Development Institute of Singapore in Tashkent[29]
- Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry[30]
- Tashkent Institute of Railway Transport Engineers[31]
Media[link]
- 9 Uzbek language newspapers, 4 in English and 9 publications in Russian
- Several television and cable television facilities, including Tashkent Tower, the tallest structure in Central Asia
Transportation[link]
- Metro system
- Tashkent International Airport is the largest in the country, connecting the city to Asia, Europe, and North American continents.
- Tashkent–Samarkand high-speed rail line
- Trolleybus system was closed down in 2010.
Sport[link]
Tashkent's most prominent football clubs are Pakhtakor Tashkent, and FC Bunyodkor, both of which compete in the Uzbek League.
Cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov and footballer Vassilis Hatzipanagis were born in the city. Tennis player Denis Istomin was born and lives in the city.
Gymnast Alina Kabayeva was also born in Tashkent, as were tennis players Akgul Amanmuradova and Iroda Tulyaganova.
Footballer Peter Odemwingie was born in Tashkent but plays for the Nigeria national football team.
Former world champion and Olympic bronze medalist sprint canoer in the K-1 500 m event Michael Kolganov was also born in Tashkent.[32]
Twin towns – sister cities[link]
Tashkent is twinned with:
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Official website portal of Tashkent City
- ^ Uzbektourism.uz
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1963. "The consonantal system of Old Chinese." Asia Major 9 (1963), p. 94.
- ^ Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent by Jeff Sahadeo, Indiana University Press, 2007, p188
- ^ The Russian Revolution, 1917 by Rex A. Wade, Cambridge University Press, 2005
- ^ Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview. Edward Allworth (1994). Duke University Press. p.102. ISBN 0-8223-1521-1
- ^ a b c d Sadikov, A C; Akramob Z. M., Bazarbaev, A., Mirzlaev T.M., Adilov S. R., Baimukhamedov X. N., et al. (in Russian) (72 × 112). Geographical Atlas of Tashkent (Ташкент Географический Атлас) (2 ed.). Moscow. p. 64.
- ^ Nurtaev Bakhtiar (1998). "Damage for buildings of different type.". Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/net/hara/uzbekistan/DamageForBuildings.htm. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ "Moscow News – World – Tashkent Touts Islamic University". Mnweekly.ru. 21 June 2007. http://mnweekly.ru/world/20070524/55252222.html. Retrieved 6 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Tashkent's hidden Islamic relic". BBC. 5 January 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4581684.stm. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
- ^ a b "World Weather Information Service – Tashkent". World Meteorological Organisation. http://worldweather.wmo.int/032/c00115.htm. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
- ^ Updated Asian map of the Köppen climate classification system
- ^ Tashkent Travel. "Tashkent weather forecast". Tashkent, Uzbekistan. http://www.tashkent-travel.com/weather. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
- ^ Happy-Tellus.com. "Tashkent, Uzbekistan travel information". Helsinki, Finland: Infocenter International Ltd.. http://www.happytellus.com/tashkent/uzbekistan. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Tashkent". Hong Kong Observatory. August 2010. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/tashkent_e.htm. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ a b c (Russian) Statistics of the subdivisions of Tashkent
- ^ MacWilliams, Ian (5 January 2006). "Tashkent's hidden Islamic relic". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4581684.stm. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ uznews.net, Tashkent's central park is history, 25 November 2009
- ^ Army memorial dismantled in Tashkent, 24 November 2009
- ^ Ferghana.ru, МИД России указал послу Узбекистана на обеспокоенность «Наших», 16 January 2010 (Russian)
- ^ GFF.uz
- ^ TAYI.uz
- ^ TASI.uzsci.net
- ^ IBS.uz
- ^ TUIT.uz
- ^ WIUT.uz
- ^ NUU.uz
- ^ TIU.uz
- ^ MDIS.uz
- ^ TITLI.uz
- ^ Tashiit.uz
- ^ Sports-reference.com
Further reading[link]
- Stronski, Paul, Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010).
- Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 (Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2010).
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tashkent |
- Tashkent travel guide from Wikitravel
- Photos of historical monuments and modern buildings in Tashkent
- Recent photos of Tashkent with comments in English
- Disability Information Resource Centre in Tashkent
- Tashkent Directory
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Coordinates: 41°16′N 69°13′E / 41.267°N 69.217°E / 41.267; 69.217vep:Taškent
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent
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Coordinates: 39°39′15″N 66°57′35″E / 39.65417°N 66.95972°E / 39.65417; 66.95972
| سمرقند Samarkand Samarqand / Самарқанд |
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سمرقند Samarkand
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| Coordinates: 39°39′15″N 66°57′35″E / 39.65417°N 66.95972°E / 39.65417; 66.95972 | |||
| Country |  Uzbekistan |
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| Province | Samarqand Province | ||
| Elevation | 702 m (2,303 ft) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| • City | 596,300 | ||
| • Urban | 643,970 | ||
| • Metro | 708,000 | ||
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд; Persian: سمرقند; Uzbek: Samarqand; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane) and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient center of the city.
In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The city was known by an abbreviated name of Marakanda when Alexander the Great took it in 332BC. There are various theories of how Marakanda evolved into Samarkanda/Samarkan. One derives the name from the Old Persian asmara, "stone", "rock", and Sogdian kand, "fort", "town".[1] Others less convincingly derive the name from the old Turkic "Semiz-Kent" meaning "Rich City".[citation needed]. Since the name Marakanda was already in existence 2300 years ago and long before anyone had heard of Turks in that region of Transoxiana, this version is likely a folk etymology.
Population[link]
The population of Samarkand grew from 134,346 in 1939[2] to 384,000 in 2005. Around 10 percent of Samarkand population is Tajik and speak Persian.[citation needed]
History[link]
Along with Bukhara,[3] Samarkand is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean (Silk Road). At times Samarkand has been one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.
Early history[link]
Founded circa 700 BC by the Sogdians, Samarkand has been one of the main centres of Persian civilization from its early days. It was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BC. The Greeks referred to Samarkand as Maracanda.[4]
| Samarkand – Crossroads of Culture * | |
|---|---|
 Bibi-Khanym Mausoleum |
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| Country | Uzbekistan |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, ii, iv |
| Reference | 603 |
| Region ** | Asia-Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2001 (25th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
|
Although a Persian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran most of the times between the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire and the Arab conquest (except at the time of early Sassanids, such as Shapur I).[5] In the 6th century it was within the domain of the Turkic kingdom of the Göktürks.[6]
At the start of the 8th century Samarkand came under Arab control. Under Abbasid rule, the legend goes,[7] the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.
From the 6th to the 13th century it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand[citation needed] and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs (who converted the area to Islam), Persian Samanids, Kara-Khanid Turks, Seljuk Turks, Kara-Khitan, and Khorezmshah before the Mongols arrived in 1220.
Although Genghis Khan "did not disturb the inhabitants [of the city] in any way," according to Juvaini he killed all who took refuge in the citadel and the mosque. He also pillaged the city completely and conscripted 30,000 young men along with 30,000 craftsmen. Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol sack by Khan Baraq to get treasure he needed to pay an army. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters.
The Travels of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road, describes Samarkand as a "a very large and splendid city..." Here also is related the story of a Christian church in Samarkand, which miraculously remained standing after a portion of its central supporting column was removed.
14th century[link]
In 1365, a revolt against Mongol control occurred in Samarkand.[8]
In 1370, Timur the Lame decided to make Samarkand the capital of his empire, which extended from India to Turkey. During the next 35 years he built a new city and populated it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had conquered. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts and Samarkand grew to become the centre of the region of Transoxiana. During this time the city had a population of about 150,000.[9]
15th century[link]
Between 1424 and 1429, the great astronomer Ulugh Beg built the Samarkand Observatory. The sextant was 11 metres long and once rose to the top of the surrounding three-storey structure, although it was kept underground to protect it from earthquakes. Calibrated along its length, it was the world’s largest 90-degree quadrant at the time.[10] However, the observatory was destroyed by religious fanatics in 1449.[10]
Modern history[link]
See also: Russian Turkestan
 |
This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Please see the talk page for more information. (November 2011) |
In 1500 the Uzbek nomadic warriors took control of Samarkand.[9] The Shaybanids emerged as the Uzbek leaders at or about this time.
In the second quarter of 16th century, the Shaybanids moved their capital to Bukhara and Samarkand went into decline. After an assault by the Persian king, Nadir Shah, the city was abandoned in the 18th century, about 1720 or a few years later.[11]
From 1599 to 1756, Samarkand was ruled by the Ashtarkhanid dynasty of Bukhara.
From 1756 to 1868, Samarkand was ruled by the Manghyt emirs of Bukhara.[2]
The city came under Russian rule after the citadel had been taken by a force under Colonel Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman in 1868. Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves besieged. The assault, which was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the Bukharan Emir, and Bek of Shahrisabz, was beaten off with heavy losses. Alexander Abramov, became the first Governor of the Military Okrug which the Russians established along the course of the Zeravshan River, with Samarkand as the administrative centre. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely to the west of the old city.
In 1886 the city became the capital of the newly formed Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930.
Main sights[link]
- The Registan, one of the most relevant examples of Islamic architecture. It consists of three separate buildings:
- Madrasa of Ulugh Beg (1417–1420)
- Sher-Dor Madrasah (Lions Gate) (1619–1635/36).
- Tilya-Kori Madrasah (1647–1659/60).
- Bibi-Khanym Mosque (replica)
- Gur-e Amir Mausoleum (1404)
- Observatory of Ulugh Beg (1428–1429)
- Shah-i-Zinda necropolis
- Historical site of Afrasiyab (13th–7th centuries BC)
Climate[link]
Samarkand features a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk) with hot, dry summers and relatively wet, cool winters. July and August are the hottest months of the year with temperatures reaching, and exceeding, 40 °C (104 °F). Most of the sparse precipitation is received from December through April.[12]
| Climate data for Samarkand | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
32.0 (89.6) |
33.8 (92.8) |
32.2 (90.0) |
27.9 (82.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
14.9 (58.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) |
2.2 (36.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
7.5 (45.5) |
3.3 (37.9) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.3 (26.1) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
3.2 (37.8) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.9 (60.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 44 (1.73) |
39 (1.54) |
71 (2.8) |
63 (2.48) |
33 (1.3) |
4 (0.16) |
4 (0.16) |
0 (0) |
4 (0.16) |
24 (0.94) |
28 (1.1) |
41 (1.61) |
355 (13.98) |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory[13] | |||||||||||||
Notable people[link]
- Amoghavajra, 8th century Buddhist monk, translator of Vajrayana scripture, figure in the Tang court, remembered as one of the three founders of Chinese esoteric Buddhism.
- Abu Mansur Maturidi, Sunni theologist of the 10th century
- Omar Khayyám, poet and mathmatician of the 11th century
- Nizami Aruzi Samarqandi, poet and writer of the 12th century
- Suzani Samarqandi, poet of the 12th century
- Najib ad-Din-e-Samarqandi, scholar of the 13th century
- Jamshīd al-Kāshī, astronomer and mathmatician of the 15th century
- Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī, scholar
- Nawab Khwaja Abid Siddiqi and Nawab Qaziuddin Siddiqi, grandfather and father of Mir Qamaruddin Siddiqi Asaf Jah I whose dynasty ruled Hyderabad Deccan for seven generations from 1724 to 1951
- Islam Karimov, 1st President of Uzbekistan.
Also said to be the place of death of Muhammad b. Isma'il al-Bukhari, one of the six prominent collectors of hadith of Sunni Islam. See Sahih Bukhari
Popular culture[link]
Fiction[link]
- Chapters 37 and 38 of Jin Yong's Wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes briefly portray the Mongolian siege of Samarkand in March 1220.
- Samarkand is the title of a 1988 novel by Amin Maalouf, about Omar Khayyám's life.
- The Amulet of Samarkand is the first book in the Bartimaeus Trilogy written by Jonathan Stroud.
- The Road to Samarcand is one of Patrick O'Brian's early novels (1954) about an American teenage boy, the son of recently deceased missionary parents, who travels from China with a small party on the Silk Road en route to the West.
- In Corto Maltese graphical novels by Hugo Pratt one episode is titled "The Golden House of Samarkand"
- The fictional city of Zanarkand in the Final Fantasy series, used Samarkand as inspiration.[14]
- Samarkand is the name of a continent in the Fable fictional universe, though it is more based on Africa and the Orient than Central Asia.
- For part of the history espoused in Clive Barker's novel Galilee, the city of Samarkand is held as a shining light of humanity, and one of the characters longs to go there.[15]
- 'Trębacz z Samarkandy' (The Trumpeter of Samarkand) a short story by Ksawery Pruszyński set during the Second World War, inspired by a Polish legend.
- In The Venetian Betrayal, Samarkand was the world's most powerful city and the "cradle of civilization".
- The objective of the fourth mission in the Ghengis Khan campaign of the video game Age of Empires 2 is to destroy the city of Samarkand.
- Lord of Samarcand is a work of historical fiction by Robert E. Howard.
- An ice-world in Gridlinked, part of Neal Asher's Polity Universe.
- The location of the rose of the DeVirga World Map on the 39 clues.
Poetry, drama and film[link]
- Samarkand can appear as an archetype of romantic exoticism, notably in the work by James Elroy Flecker: The Golden Journey to Samarkand (1913).
- In Islamic literature and discussions, Samarkand has taken on a semi-mythological status and is often cited as an ideal of Islamic philosophy and society, a place of justice, fairness, and righteous moderation.
- Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka, winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Literature, explores the metaphysical significance of the marketplace in a volume of poetry entitled Samarkand and Other Markets I Have Known, 2002.
- Samarkand has a large featuring in the originally Russian film Day Watch, originally written by Sergei Lukyanenko as part of a Trilogy. Samarkand is the place where the fictional battle for the "Chalk of fate" takes place.
- The American musical Once Upon a Mattress features a character known as the Nightingale of Samarkand. The bird supposedly sings people to sleep.
Non-fiction[link]
- Ibn Battuta, the Muslim 14th century traveler, spent time in Samarkand in the 1330s
- Murder in Samarkand by Craig Murray is a book about the UK Ambassador to Uzbekistan's experiences in this role, until he resigned over human rights abuses in the country in October 2004.
- In her 2010 memoir The Possessed: Adventures with Russian Books and the People Who Read Them[16] Elif Batuman writes three chapters about her experiences studying the Uzbek language as a graduate exchange student in Samarkand.
Music[link]
- In 1972, Swedish composer Thorstein Bergman wrote "Om du någonsin kommer fram till Samarkand" ("If you ever reach Samarkand") made notable by Swedish singer Lill Lindfors in 1978.
- In 1977, the Italian singer and composer Roberto Vecchioni issued an LP titled Samarcanda.
- In 2004, violinist Lucia Micarelli released the album Music from a Farther Room, which includes the song "Samarkand".
- In 2008, the Norwegian singer and musician Odd Nordstoga released the album Pilegrim, which includes the song "I byen Samarkand" ("In the city of Samarkhand").
- In 2011, the Australian/British string quartet BOND released the album Play featuring the recording "Road to Samarkand".
- The Uzbek group Yalla made a song in Russian called "The Blue Domes of Samarkand".
In 2012, the Swedish singer Thåström released the album "Beväpna dig met vingar" which includes a song called "Samarkanda".
Sister cities[link]
Boonton, USA
Nishapur, Iran- Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Balkh, Afghanistan
Merv, Turkmenistan
Cuzco, Peru
Lahore, Pakistan
Lviv, Ukraine
Kairouan, Tunisia
Eskişehir, Turkey- Istanbul, Turkey
- İzmir, Turkey
Khujand, Tajikistan
Banda Aceh, Indonesia
See also[link]
- Samarkand Airport
- Semerkand a monthly religious magazine published in Turkey, named after this city because Samarkand has long been a major centre for Islamic scholars.
References[link]
- ^ Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites (2nd edition ed.). London: McFarland. pp. 330. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. "Samarkand City, southeastern Uzbekistan. The city derives its name from that of the former Greek city here of Marakanda, captured by Alexander the Great in 329 B.C.. Its own name derives from the Old Persian asmara, "stone", "rock", and Sogdian kand, "fort", "town"."
- ^ a b Columbia-Lippincott Gazeteer. p. 1657
- ^ Vladimir Babak, Demian Vaisman, Aryeh Wasserman, Political organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: sources and documents, p.374
- ^ Columbia-Lippincott Gazeteer (New York: Comubia University Press, 1972 reprint) p. 1657
- ^ Guitty Azarpay (1980), Sogdian painting: the pictorial epic in Oriental art, Berkeley : University of California Press, page 16.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984) Vol. 16, p. 204
- ^ Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries", Bookbinder, 1989 (3): 29–36.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Ed., p. 204
- ^ a b Columbia-Lippincott Gazeteer, p. 1657
- ^ a b "Samarqand". Raw W Travels. http://www.rayw20.co.uk/SAMARQAND.htm. Retrieved November 1, 2009.
- ^ Britannica. 15th Ed., p. 204
- ^ Samarkand.info. "Weather in Samarkand". Samarkand, Uzbekistan. http://www.samarkand.info/html/weather.html. Retrieved 2009-06-11.
- ^ "Climatological Normals of Samarkand". http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/westasia/samarkand_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
- ^ (2001) in Studio BentStuff: Final Fantasy X Ultimania Ω (in Japanese). DigiCube/Square Enix, 476. ISBN 4-88787-021-3.
- ^ Clive Barker, Galilee ISBN 0-00-617805-7rm
- ^ Batuman, Elif. "The Possessed: Adventures with Russian Books and the People who Read Them" Farrar, Straus and Giroux Paperbacks, February 2010. ISBN 978-0-374-53218-5.
Bibliography[link]
- Alexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand 1868-1910: A Comparison with British India (Oxford, OUP, 2008) (Oxford Historical Monographs).
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Samarkand |
- Samarkand – Silk Road Seattle Project, University of Washington
- The history of Samarkand, according to Columbia University's Encyclopædia Iranica
| Preceded by Tabriz |
Capital of Iran 1353–1375 |
Succeeded by Tabriz |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Andijan / Andizhan Andijon / Андижон |
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Andijan / Andizhan
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| Coordinates: 40°47′N 72°20′E / 40.783°N 72.333°E / 40.783; 72.333Coordinates: 40°47′N 72°20′E / 40.783°N 72.333°E / 40.783; 72.333 | |
| Country | Uzbekistan |
| Province | Andijan Province |
| Population (1999) | |
| • Total | 323,900 |
Andijan or Andizhan (Uzbek: Andijon / Андижон; Russian: Андижан) is the fourth-largest city in Uzbekistan, and the capital of the Andijan Province. It is located in the east of the country, at 40°47′N 72°20′E / 40.783°N 72.333°E / 40.783; 72.333, in the Fergana Valley, near the border with Kyrgyzstan on the Andijan-Say River. It has a population of 323,900 (1999 census estimate).
Contents |
Name[link]
Arab geographers from the tenth century and later give the name as Andiyon, Andukan, Andugan, and Andigan. The etymology is unknown; the traditional explanation links it to the Turkic tribal name Andi.[1]
History[link]
The city of Andijan is located in the eastern point of the chain of the first settlements of the early civilizations of Fergana Valley. Study of the history of Andijan began nearly 100 years ago. At different times in the city was historical-ethnographic and archaeological excavations scientists A.k. Pisarčik, v.i. Kozenkova, b. Abdulgazieva, s. Jalilov and others. Detailed archaeological research of the city were carried out in 80-ies of the last century by the Institute of archaeology of the Academy of Sciences. Information about the structural and spatial location of Andijan, meet on a topographic map, 1893. At stake were the quarters, mosques, mausoleums, the streets of the city. Archaeologists researching historical locations such as Andijan, Čordona, Sarvontepa, Âkkatepa, Koštepa, Ark ichi, Shakhristan.
In subsequent years, in the process of archaeological research and excavations revealed findings related to VI-IV centuries BC found that cultural monuments associated with the ancient history of Andijan, are located in the South-Western or central part of the city-Sarvontepe and its environs. Approximately 4 metres deep was discovered archaeological complex 1 meter wide, built 2400-2600 years ago. According to excavations in 2007, the complex occupies an area of several hectares. Naturally, in the context of Central Asia will reclaim the farming population, lived and built large and small settlements close to the water. Andijan is no exception. According to the Academician A. R. Muhammadžanova, the origin of the term "Andijan" associated with water. In other words, the term Turkic-Mongol origin, had the meaning "settlement near the saya (water)".
In the first quarter of the 13th century, Andijan was the capital of Fergana region. Both Babur, Ark Andijan wrote on its largest was in Maveraunnahre following after Samarkand and cache. At that time in Andijan also operated his Mint.
Consequently, Andijan is located in one of the hotbeds of Central Asia, which appeared early farming, formed the first samples of urban culture. In this territory were the ruins of an early city Dalvarzina (IX-VII centuries BC) and the ancient city of Èjlatona (VI-III centuries BC). To its geopolitical location Andijan served as a bridge between Bactria, Sogdiana, Chach with China (East Turkestan).[2]
Andijan was an important stop on the Silk Road, lying roughly mid-way between Kashgar and Khodjend. Destroyed by Genghis Khan, it was rebuilt by his grandson Kaidu Khan in the late 13th century, and became the capital of Ferghana for the next three centuries. It is perhaps best known as the birthplace of Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur (Babur), who founded the Mughal dynasty that ruled much of today's India, Pakistan, and South Asia, born in 1483.[3][4]
The city was the center and flashpoint of the Andijan Uprising of 1898, in which the followers of Sufi leader Madali Ishan attacked the Russian barracks in the city, killing 22 and injuring 16-20 more. In retaliation, 18 of the participants were hanged and 360 exiled.[5]
On December 12, 1902, much of the city was leveled by a severe earthquake, which destroyed up to 30,000 homes in the region, and killed as many as 4,500 residents.[6]
Andijan during and after Soviet rule[link]
During the Soviet Union, Andijan was separated from its historical hinterland when the present borders were created, dividing Ferghana Valley between three separate Soviet republics. Andijan itself became part of the Uzbek SSR. The borders did not make a great deal of difference during the Soviet period, as the entire region was developed to grow cash crops such as cotton and silk.
During World War II many Soviet citizens were evacuated to Andijan and the surrounding republics.
In the 1990s, though, the Andijan and the surrounding region became much more unstable. Poverty and an upsurge in Islamic fundamentalism produced tensions in the region. The town, and the region as a whole, suffered a severe economic decline following the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Repeated border closures badly damaged the local economy, worsening the already widespread poverty of Andijan's inhabitants. Islamic fundamentalists established a presence in the city. In May 2003, a local man named Azizbek Karimov was arrested and accused of carrying out terrorist bombings on behalf of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. He was convicted and executed in April 2004.
May 2005 Massacre[link]
Main article: Andijan massacre
On May 13, 2005, Uzbekistan's military opened fire on a mass of people who were protesting against poor living conditions and corrupt government. Estimated casualties range from 187 to 5,000.[citation needed] The government of Uzbekistan first blamed the murders on terrorists, but after the requests for independent investigations by Western countries, the government acknowledged its fault. The number of killed people is disputed, as no independent investigations were allowed.[citation needed]
Economy[link]
Andijan is an industrial center in an irrigated area that produces fruits, wheat, cotton, Uzbek Ikat and silk.
Images from Andijan[link]
-
Monument to Babur in Andijan, by sculptor Rashit Suleymanov (1984)
Notes[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Andijan |
- ^ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow, 1998), p. 36.
- ^ http://www.bakutoday.net/in-uzbekistan-decided-to-celebrate-the-2500-year-anniversary-of-andijan.html
- ^ Wheeler M. (ed. & trans.) The Babur-nama
- ^ Beatrice Forbes Manz “Central Asian Uprisings in the Nineteenth Century: Ferghana under the Russians” Russian Review Vol. 46 (1987), pp. 267-281
- ^ Khalid, Adeeb (1998). The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia. Comparative studies on Muslim societies. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 59. ISBN 0-520-21355-6.
- ^ s.v. Andijan, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia, cited in D. Kislov. (July 13, 2007). "Листая старые журналы: Свидетельства андижанского землетрясения 1902 года", fergana.ru.
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http://wn.com/Andijan
Related pages:
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http://id.wn.com/Andijan
http://es.wn.com/Andiján
http://ru.wn.com/Андижан
http://nl.wn.com/Andizan (stad)
http://pt.wn.com/Andijon
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http://hi.wn.com/अन्दीझ़ान
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andijan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Republic of Uzbekistan
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi
Ўзбекистон Республикаси |
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| Anthem: National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan "O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi" |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Tashkent 41°16′N 69°13′E / 41.267°N 69.217°E / 41.267; 69.217 |
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| Official language(s) | Uzbek | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Karakalpak | |||||
| Language for inter-ethnic communication |
Russian | |||||
| Ethnic groups (1996) | 80.0% Uzbek 5.5% Russian 5.0%–5.5% (Official Uzbek Statistics) (30% Foltz, Cordell, Jonson) Tajik[1][2][3][4] 3.0% Kazakh 2.5% Karakalpak 1.5% Tatar 2.5% Others[5] |
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| Demonym | Uzbek | |||||
| Government | Presidential Republic | |||||
| - | President | Islam Karimov | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Shavkat Mirziyoyev | ||||
| Legislature | Supreme Assembly | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | Legislative Chamber | ||||
| Independence | from the Soviet Union | |||||
| - | Formation | 17471 | ||||
| - | Uzbek SSR | October 27, 1924 | ||||
| - | Declared | September 1, 1991 | ||||
| - | Recognized | December 8, 1991 | ||||
| - | Completed | December 25, 1991 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 447,400 km2 (56th) 172,742 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 4.9 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 29,559,100[6] (45th) | ||||
| - | Density | 61.4/km2 (136th) 159.1/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $95.239 billion[7] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $3,302[7] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $45.353 billion[7] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $1,572[7] | ||||
| Gini (2000) | 26.8  0.21 (low) (95th) |
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| HDI (2010) |  0.617[8] (medium) (102nd) |
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| Currency | Uzbekistan som (O'zbekiston so'mi) (UZS) |
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| Time zone | UZT (UTC+5) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | not observed (UTC+5) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | UZ | |||||
| Internet TLD | .uz | |||||
| Calling code | 998 | |||||
| 1 | As Emirate of Bukhara, Kokand Khanate, Khwarezm. | |||||
Uzbekistan i/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
Uzbekistan's economy relies mainly on commodity production, including cotton, gold, uranium, potassium, and natural gas. Despite the declared objective of transition to a market economy, Uzbekistan continues to maintain rigid economic controls, which often repel foreign investors. The policy of gradual, strictly controlled transition to the market economy has nevertheless produced beneficial results in the form of economic recovery after 1995. Uzbekistan's domestic policies on human rights and individual freedoms have been criticised by some international organizations.[9]
Contents |
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Uzbekistan
See also: List of cities in Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan has an area of 447,400 square kilometres (172,700 sq mi). It is the 56th largest country in the world by area and the 42nd by population.[10] Among the CIS countries, it is the 5th largest by area and the 3rd largest by population.[11]
Uzbekistan lies between latitudes 37° and 46° N, and longitudes 56° and 74° E. It stretches 1,425 kilometres (885 mi) from west to east and 930 kilometres (580 mi) from north to south. Bordering Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea to the north and northwest, Turkmenistan to the southwest, Tajikistan to the southeast, and Kyrgyzstan to the northeast, Uzbekistan is not only one of the largest Central Asian states but also the only Central Asian state to border all the other four. Uzbekistan also shares a short border (less than 150 km or 93 mi) with Afghanistan to the south.
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country; it is one of two doubly landlocked countries in the world; that is, a country completely surrounded by landlocked countries – the other being Liechtenstein. Less than 10% of its territory is intensively cultivated irrigated land in river valleys and oases. The rest is vast desert (Kyzyl Kum) and mountains.
The highest point in Uzbekistan is the Khazret Sultan, located at 4,643 metres (15,233 ft) above sea level, located in the southern part of the Gissar Range in Surkhandarya Province, on the border with Tajikistan, just north-west of Dushanbe (formerly called Peak of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party).[11]
The climate in the Republic of Uzbekistan is continental, with little precipitation expected annually (100–200 millimeters, or 3.9–7.9 inches). The average summer high temperature tends to be 40 °C (104 °F), while the average winter low temperature is around −23 °C (−9 °F).[12]
Major cities include Andijan, Bukhara, Samarkand, Namangan and the capital Tashkent.
Environment[link]
Decades of questionable Soviet policies in pursuit of greater cotton production have resulted in a catastrophic scenario. The agricultural industry appears to be the main contributor to the pollution and devastation of the air and water in the country.[13]
The Aral Sea disaster is a global, not a local problem. The Aral Sea used to be the fourth-largest inland sea on Earth, acting as an influencing factor in the air moisture and arid landuse.[14] Since the 1960s, the decade when the misuse of the Aral Sea water began, it has shrunk to less than 50% of its former area and decreased in volume threefold. Alas, reliable or even approximate data have not been collected, stored or provided by any organization or official agency. Much of the water was and less continues to be used for the irrigation of cotton fields, a crop requiring a large amount of water to grow.[15]
The numbers of animal deaths and human refugees flows from the area around the sea can only be guessed. The question of who is responsible for the crisis remains open – the Soviet scientists and politicians who directed the distribution of water during the 1960s, or the post-Soviet politicians who did not allocate sufficient funding for the building of dams and irrigation systems. Nevertheless, it is a big catastrophe.
Due to the virtually unsolvable Aral Sea problem, high salinity and contamination of the soil with heavy elements are especially widespread in Karakalpakstan, the region of Uzbekistan adjacent to the Aral Sea. The bulk of the nation's water resources is used for farming, which accounts for nearly 84% of the water usage and contributes to high soil salinity. Heavy use of pesticides and fertilizers for cotton growing further aggravates soil pollution.[12]
History[link]
Main article: History of Uzbekistan
The earliest Bronze Age colonists of the Tarim Basin were people of Caucasoid physical type who entered probably from the north and west and spoke languages that could be classified as Pre- or Proto-Tocharian, ancestral to the Indo-European Tocharian languages documented later in the Tarim Basin. These early settlers occupied the northern and eastern parts of the Tarim Basin, where their graves have yielded mummies dated about 1800 BC. They participated in a cultural world centered on the eastern steppes of central Eurasia, including the modern northeastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
At the eastern end of the Tarim Basin, people of Mongoloid physical type began to be buried in cemeteries such as Yanbulaq some centuries later, during the later second or early first millennium BC. About the same time, Iranian-speaking people moved into the Tarim Basin from the steppes to the west. Their linguistic heritage and perhaps their physical remains are found in the southern and western portions of the Tarim. These three populations interacted, as the linguistic and archaeological evidence reviewed by Mallory and Mair makes clear, and then Turkic people arrived and were added to the mix.[16]
The first people known to inhabit the Central Asia were Iranian nomads who arrived from the northern grasslands of what is now Uzbekistan sometime in the first millennium BC. These nomads, who spoke Iranian dialects, settled in the Central Asia and began to build an extensive irrigation system along the rivers of the region. At this time, cities such as Bukhoro (Bukhara), Samarqand (Samarkand) and Chash (Tashkent) began to appear as centers of emerging government and high culture. By the 5th century BC, the Bactrian, Soghdian, and Tokharian states dominated and ruled over the region.
As China began to develop its silk trade with the West, Iranian cities took advantage of this commerce by becoming centres of trade. Using an extensive network of cities and rural settlements in the province of Mouwaurannahr (a name given the region after the Arab conquest) in Uzbekistan, and further east in what is today China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Soghdian intermediaries became the wealthiest of these Iranian merchants. Because of this trade on what became known as the Silk Route, Bukhoro and Samarqand eventually became extremely wealthy cities, and at the times Mawarannahr was the only large and one of the most influential and powerful Persian provinces of antiquity in human history.[17]
Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Sogdiana and Bactria in 327 BC, marrying Roxana, daughter of a local Bactrian chieftain. A conquest was supposedly of little help to Alexander as popular resistance was fierce, causing Alexander's army to be bogged down in the region that became the northern part of Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. For many centuries the region of Uzbekistan was ruled by Persian empires, including the Parthian and Sassanid Empires as well as by Turkic Hephthalite and Gokturk ones.
In the 8th century Transoxiana (territory between the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers) was conquered by Arabs (Ali ibn Sattor), which inherited the region with the Early Renaissance. Many notable scientists have lived and contributed during the Islamic Golden Age. Among the achievements of the scholars during this period were the development of trigonometry into its modern form (simplifying its practical application to calculate the phases of the moon), advances in optics, in astronomy, as well as in poetry, philosophy, art, calligraphy and many other, set a foundation for a Muslim Renaissance.
In the 9th – 10th centuries, Transoxiana was included into Samanid State. Later Transoxiana saw the incursion of the Turkic Karakhanids, as well as the Seljuks (Sultan Sanjar) and Kara-Khitans. [18]
The Mongol conquest under Genghis Khan during the 13th century would bring about a dramatic change to the region. The brutal conquest and widespread genocide characteristic of the Mongols almost entirely exterminated the indigenous Indo-Persian (Scythian) people of the region, their culture and heritage being superseded by that of the Mongolian-Turkic peoples who came thereafter.
Following the death of Genghis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his four sons and his family members. Despite the potential for serious fragmentation, Mongol law of the Mongol Empire maintained orderly succession for several more generations, and control of most of Mawarannahr stayed in the hands of direct descendants of Chagatai Khan, the second son of Genghis Khan. Orderly succession, prosperity, and internal peace prevailed in the Chaghatai lands, and the Mongol Empire as a whole remained strong and united kingdom. (Ulus Batiy, Sattarkhan) [19]
In the early 14th century, however, as the empire began to break up into its constituent parts, the Chaghatai territory also was disrupted as the princes of various tribal groups competed for influence. One tribal chieftain, Timur (Tamerlane),[20] emerged from these struggles in the 1380s as the dominant force in Mawarannahr. Although he was not a descendant of Chinggis, Timur became the de facto ruler of Mawarannahr and proceeded to conquer all of western Central Asia, Iran, Asia Minor, and the southern steppe region north of the Aral Sea. He also invaded to Russia, Turkey, Spain, placed under his command Iran and India before dying during an invasion of China in 1405.[19]
Timur initiated the last flowering of Mawarannahr by gathering in his capital, Samarqand, numerous artisans and scholars from the wast lands he had conquered. By supporting such people, Timur imbued his empire with a very rich culture. During Amir Timur's reign and the reigns of his immediate descendants, a wide range of religious and palatial construction masterpieces were undertaken in Samarqand and other population centres. Timur also initiated exchange of medical thoughts and patronized physicians, scientists and artists from the neighboring countries like India;[21] his grandson Ulugh Beg was one of the world's first great astronomers. It was during the Timurid dynasty that Turkish, in the form of the Chaghatai dialect, became a literary language in its own right in Mawarannahr—although the Timurids also patronized writing in Persian. Until then only Persian had been used in the region. The greatest Chaghataid writer, Ali-Shir Nava'i, was active in the city of Herat, now in northwestern Afghanistan, in the second half of the 15th century.[19]
The Timurid state quickly broke into two halves after the death of Timur. The chronic internal fighting of the Timurids attracted the attention of the Uzbek nomadic tribes living to the north of the Aral Sea. In 1501 the Uzbeks folks began a wholesale invasion of Mawarannahr.[19] The slave trade in the Khanate of Bukhara became prominent and was firmly established.[22] Estimates from 1821 suggest that between 25,000 and 60,000 Persian slaves were working only in Bukhara at the time.[23]
In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand and spread into Central Asia. By 1911 Russians living in Uzbekistan numbered 210,306.[24] The "Great Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. Following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, a second, less intensive phase followed. At the start of the 19th century, there were some 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) separating British India and the outlying regions of Tsarist Russia. Much of the land in between was unmapped.
By the beginning of 1920, Central Asia was firmly in the hands of Russia and, despite some early resistance to the Bolsheviks, Uzbekistan and the rest of the Central Asia became a part of the Soviet Union. On October 27, 1924 the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic was created. On August 31, 1991, Uzbekistan declared independence, proclaiming September 1 as the National Independence Day.
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of Uzbekistan
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The first elections of the Oliy Majlis (Parliament) were held under a resolution adopted by the 16th Supreme Soviet in 1994. In that year, the Supreme Soviet was replaced by the Oliy Majlis. Since then Uzbekistan has held presidential and parliamentarian elections on regular basis but no real opposition candidates or parties are able to participate.[citation needed]
The third elections for the bicameral 150-member Oliy Majlis — the Legislative Chamber and the 100-member Senate — for five-year terms, were held on December 27, 2009, after the second elections that were held in December 2004–2005. The Oliy Majlis was unicameral up to 2004. Its strength increased from 69 deputies (members) in 1994 to 120 in 2004–05 and presently to 150.
The executive holds a great deal of power, and the legislature has little power to shape laws. Under terms of a December 27, 1995 referendum, Islam Karimov's first term was extended. Another national referendum was held January 27, 2002 to extend the Constitutional Presidential term from 5 years to 7 years.
The referendum passed, and Islam Karimov's term was extended by an act of parliament to December 2007. Most international observers refused to participate in the process and did not recognize the results, dismissing them as not meeting basic standards. The 2002 referendum also included a plan for a bicameral parliament, consisting of a lower house (the Oliy Majlis) and an upper house (Senate). Members of the lower house are to be "full time" legislators. Elections for the new bicameral parliament took place on December 26, but no truly independent opposition candidates or parties were able to take part.
The OSCE limited observation mission concluded that the elections fell significantly short of OSCE commitments and other international standards for democratic elections. Several political parties have been formed with government approval. Similarly, although multiple media outlets (radio, TV, newspaper) have been established, these either remain under government control or rarely broach political topics. Independent political parties were allowed to organise, recruit members and hold conventions and press conferences, but they have been denied registration under restrictive registration procedures.
Human rights[link]
Main article: Human rights in Uzbekistan
The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan asserts that "democracy in the Republic of Uzbekistan shall be based upon common human principles, according to which the highest value shall be the human being, his life, freedom, honour, dignity and other inalienable rights."
The official position is summarised in a memorandum "The measures taken by the government of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the field of providing and encouraging human rights"[25] and amounts to the following: the government does everything that is in its power to protect and to guarantee the human rights of Uzbekistan's citizens. Uzbekistan continuously improves its laws and institutions in order to create a more humane society. Over 300 laws regulating the rights and basic freedoms of the people have been passed by the parliament. For instance, an office of Ombudsman was established in 1996.[26] On August 2, 2005, President Islam Karimov signed a decree that was to abolish capital punishment in Uzbekistan on January 1, 2008.
However, non-governmental human rights watchdogs, such as IHF, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, as well as United States Department of State and Council of the European Union define Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights"[27] and express profound concern about "wide-scale violation of virtually all basic human rights".[28] According to the reports, the most widespread violations are torture, arbitrary arrests, and various restrictions of freedoms: of religion, of speech and press, of free association and assembly.[29] The reports maintain that the violations are most often committed against members of religious organizations, independent journalists, human rights activists and political activists, including members of the banned opposition parties.
The 2005 civil unrest in Uzbekistan, which resulted in several hundred people being killed, is viewed by many as a landmark event in the history of human rights abuse in Uzbekistan.[30][31][32] A concern has been expressed and a request for an independent investigation of the events has been made by the United States, European Union, the UN, the OSCE Chairman-in-Office and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. The government of Uzbekistan is accused of unlawful termination of human life and of denying its citizens freedom of assembly and freedom of expression. The government vehemently rebuffs the accusations, maintaining that it merely conducted an anti-terrorist operation, exercising only necessary force.[33] In addition, some officials claim that "an information war on Uzbekistan has been declared" and the human rights violations in Andijan are invented by the enemies of Uzbekistan as a convenient pretext for intervention into the country's internal affairs.[34]
Uzbekistan also does not allow Tajiks to teach their youth in their native language. There have been cases of destroying Tajiki (Persian-language) literary works.[35]
Provinces and districts[link]
Main articles: Provinces of Uzbekistan and Districts of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is divided into twelve provinces (viloyatlar, singular viloyat, compound noun viloyati e.g., Toshkent viloyati, Samarqand viloyati, etc.), one autonomous republic (respublika, compound noun respublikasi e.g. Qaraqalpaqstan Avtonom Respublikasi, Karakalpakistan Autonomous Republic, etc.), and one independent city (shahar. compound noun shahri, e.g., Toshkent shahri). Names are given below in the Uzbek language, although numerous variations of the transliterations of each name exist.
| Division | Capital City | Area (km²) |
Population (2008)[36] | Key |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buxoro Viloyati | Buxoro (Bukhara) | 39,400 | 1,576,800 | 3 |
| Jizzax Viloyati | Jizzax | 20,500 | 1,090,900 | 5 |
| Navoiy Viloyati | Navoiy | 110,800 | 834,100 | 7 |
| Qashqadaryo Viloyati | Qarshi | 28,400 | 2,537,600 | 8 |
| Samarqand Viloyati | Samarqand | 16,400 | 3,032,000 | 9 |
| Sirdaryo Viloyati | Guliston | 5,100 | 698,100 | 10 |
| Surxondaryo Viloyati | Termiz | 20,800 | 2,012,600 | 11 |
| Toshkent Viloyati | Toshkent (Tashkent) | 15,300 | 2,537,500 | 12 |
| Toshkent Shahri | Toshkent (Tashkent) | 335 | 2,192,700 | 1 |
| Fergana Valley Region | ||||
| Farg'ona Viloyati | Farg'ona (Fergana) | 6,800 | 2,997,400 | 4 |
| Andijon Viloyati | Andijon | 4,200 | 2,477,900 | 2 |
| Namangan Viloyati | Namangan | 7,900 | 2,196,200 | 6 |
| Karakalpakstan Region | ||||
| Xorazm Viloyati | Urganch | 6,300 | 1,517,600 | 13 |
| Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikasi | Nukus | 160,000 | 1,612,300 | 14 |
The statistics for Toshkent Viloyati also include the statistics for Toshkent Shahri.
The provinces are further divided into districts (tuman).
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan has the fourth largest gold deposits in the world. The country mines 80 tons of gold annually, seventh in the world. Uzbekistan's copper deposits rank tenth in the world and its uranium deposits twelfth. The country's uranium production ranks seventh globally.[37][38][39] The Uzbek national gas company, Uzbekneftgas, ranks 11th in the world in natural gas production with an annual output of 60 to 70 billion cubic meters. The country has significant untapped reserves of oil and gas: there are 194 deposits of hydrocarbons in Uzbekistan, including 98 condensate and natural gas deposits and 96 gas condensate deposits.
The largest corporations involved in Uzbekistan's energy sector are the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), Petronas, the Korea National Oil Corporation, Gazprom, Lukoil, and Uzbekneftgas.
Along with many Commonwealth of Independent States or CIS economies, Uzbekistan's economy declined during the first years of transition and then recovered after 1995, as the cumulative effect of policy reforms began to be felt. It has shown robust growth, rising by 4% per year between 1998 and 2003 and accelerating thereafter to 7%–8% per year. According to IMF estimates,[40] the GDP in 2008 will be almost double its value in 1995 (in constant prices). Since 2003 annual inflation rates averaged less than 10%.
Uzbekistan has a very low GNI per capita (US$610 in current dollars in 2006, giving a PPP equivalent of US$2,250).[41] By GNI per capita in PPP equivalents Uzbekistan ranks 169 among 209 countries; among the 12 CIS countries, only Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan had lower GNI per capita in 2006. Economic production is concentrated in commodities. In 2011, Uzbekistan was the world's seventh-largest producer and fifth-largest exporter of cotton[42] as well as the seventh largest world producer of gold. It is also a regionally significant producer of natural gas, coal, copper, oil, silver and uranium.[43]
Agriculture employs 28% of Uzbekistan's labour force and contributes 24% of its GDP (2006 data).[11] While official unemployment is very low, underemployment – especially in rural areas – is estimated to be at least 20%.[5] Still, at cotton-harvest time, all students and teachers are mobilized and enslaved as unpaid labour to help in the fields.[44] The use of child labour in Uzbekistan has led several companies, including Tesco,[45] C&A,[46] Marks & Spencer, Gap, and H&M, to boycott Uzbek cotton.[47]
Facing a multitude of economic challenges upon acquiring independence, the government adopted an evolutionary reform strategy, with an emphasis on state control, reduction of imports and self-sufficiency in energy. Since 1994, the state-controlled media have repeatedly proclaimed the success of this "Uzbekistan Economic Model"[48] and suggested that it is a unique example of a smooth transition to the market economy while avoiding shock, pauperism and stagnation.
The gradualist reform strategy has involved postponing significant macroeconomic and structural reforms. The state in the hands of the bureaucracy has remained a dominant influence in the economy. Corruption permeates the society and grows more rampant over time: Uzbekistan's 2005 Corruption Perception Index was 137 out of 159 countries, whereas in 2007 Uzbekistan was 175th out of 179 countries. A February 2006 report on the country by the International Crisis Group suggests that revenues earned from key exports, especially cotton, gold, corn and increasingly gas, are distributed among a very small circle of the ruling elite, with little or no benefit for the populace at large.[49]
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, "the government is hostile to allowing the development of an independent private sector, over which it would have no control".[50] Thus, the middle class is marginalised economically and, consequently, politically.
The economic policies have repelled foreign investment, which is the lowest per capita in the CIS.[51] For years, the largest barrier to foreign companies entering the Uzbekistan market has been the difficulty of converting currency. In 2003, the government accepted the obligations of Article VIII under the International Monetary Fund.[52] providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict currency controls and the tightening of borders have lessened the effect of this measure.
Uzbekistan experienced rampant inflation of around 1000% per year immediately after independence (1992–1994). Stabilisation efforts implemented with guidance from the IMF[53] paid off. The inflation rates were brought down to 50% in 1997 and then to 22% in 2002. Since 2003 annual inflation rates averaged less than 10%.[40] Tight economic policies in 2004 resulted in a drastic reduction of inflation to 3.8% (although alternative estimates based on the price of a true market basket, put it at 15%).[54] The inflation rates moved up to 6.9% in 2006 and 7.6% in 2007 but have remained in the single-digit range.[55]
The government of Uzbekistan restricts foreign imports in many ways, including high import duties. Excise taxes are applied in a highly discriminatory manner to protect locally produced goods. Official tariffs are combined with unofficial, discriminatory charges resulting in total charges amounting to as much as 100 to 150% of the actual value of the product, making imported products virtually unaffordable.[56] Import substitution is an officially declared policy and the government proudly reports a reduction by a factor of two in the volume of consumer goods imported. A number of CIS countries are officially exempt from Uzbekistan import duties.
The Republican Stock Exchange (RSE) 'Tashkent' opened in 1994. It houses a securities exchange, real estate traders, the national investment fund and the national securities depositary. It does not trade all joint-stock companies each month, and therefore market capitalisation varies widely.[citation needed]
Uzbekistan's external position has been strong since 2003. Thanks in part to the recovery of world market prices of gold and cotton (the country's key export commodities), expanded natural gas and some manufacturing exports, and increasing labour migrant transfers, the current account turned into a large surplus (between 9% and 11% of GDP from 2003 to 2005) and foreign exchange reserves, including gold, more than doubled to around US$3 billion.[citation needed]
Foreign exchange reserves amounted in 2010 to 13 billion US$.[57]
Uzbekistan is considered one of the fastest growing economies in the world (top 26) in the next decades according to a global bank HSBC survey [58]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is Central Asia's most populous country. Its 29,559,100 population[6] comprise nearly half the region's total population.
The population of Uzbekistan is very young: 34.1% of its people are younger than 14 (2008 estimate).[5] According to official sources, Uzbeks comprise a majority (80%) of the total population. Other ethnic groups include Russians 5.5%, Tajiks 5% (official estimate and disputed), Kazakhs 3%, Karakalpaks 2.5% and Tatars 1.5% (1996 estimates).[5]
There is some controversy about the percentage of the Tajik population. While official state numbers from Uzbekistan put the number at 5%, the number is said to be an understatement and some Western scholars put the number up to 20%–30%.[1][2][3][4] The Uzbeks absorbed, among others, the Sarts, a Turko-Persian population of Central Asian peasants and merchants. According to recent genetic genealogy testing from a University of Oxford study, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the Mongols and the Iranian peoples.[59]
Uzbekistan has an ethnic Korean population that was forcibly relocated to the region by Stalin from the Soviet Far East in 1937–1938. There are also small groups of Armenians in Uzbekistan, mostly in Tashkent and Samarkand. The nation is 88% Muslim (mostly Sunni, with a 5% Shi'a minority), 9% Eastern Orthodox and 3% other faiths. The U.S. State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2004 reports that 0.2% of the population are Buddhist (these being ethnic Koreans). The Bukharan Jews have lived in Central Asia, mostly in Uzbekistan, for thousands of years. There were 94,900 Jews in Uzbekistan in 1989[60] (about 0.5% of the population according to the 1989 census), but now, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, most Central Asian Jews left the region for the United States or Israel. Fewer than 5,000 Jews remained in Uzbekistan in 2007.[61]
During the Soviet period, Russians and Ukrainians constituted more than half the population of Tashkent.[62] The country counted nearly 1.5 million Russians, 12.5% of the population, in the 1970 census.[63] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, significant emigration of ethnic Russians has taken place, mostly for economic reasons.[64]
In the 1940s, the Crimean Tatars, along with the Germans, Chechens, Greeks, Turks, Kurds and many other nationalities were deported to Central Asia.[65] Approximately 100,000 Crimean Tatars continue to live in Uzbekistan.[66] The number of Greeks in Tashkent has decreased from 35,000 in 1974 to about 12,000 today.[67] The majority of Meskhetian Turks left Uzbekistan after 1989.[68]
At least 10% of Uzbekistan's labour force works abroad (mostly in Russia and Kazakhstan).[69]
Uzbekistan has a 99.3% literacy rate among adults older than 15 (2003 estimate),[5] which is attributable to the free and universal education system of the Soviet Union.
Largest cities[link]
|
Largest cities or towns of Uzbekistan http://www.geonames.org/SY/largest-cities-in-uzbekistan.html |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | Rank | City name | Province | Pop. | ||
Tashkent [[File:|border|120px|Namangan]] |
1 | Tashkent | Tashkent | 1 978 028 | 11 | Urgench | Khorezm | 1200000 | Samarqand |
| 2 | Namangan | Namangan | 432 456 | ||||||
| 3 | Samarqand | Samarqand | 319 366 | ||||||
| 4 | Andijon | Andijon | 318 419 | ||||||
| 5 | Buxoro | Bukhara | 247 644 | ||||||
| 6 | Nukus | Karakalpakstan | 230 006 | ||||||
| 7 | Qarshi | Kashkadarya | 222 898 | ||||||
| 8 | Qo'qon | Fergana | 187 477 | ||||||
| 9 | Chirchiq | Tashkent | 167 842 | ||||||
| 10 | Farg'ona | Fergana | 164 322 | ||||||
Religion[link]
Main article: Islam in Uzbekistan
Islam is by far the dominant religion in Uzbekistan, as Muslims constitute 90% of the population while 5% of the population follow Russian Orthodox Christianity, and 5% of the population follow other religion according to a 2009 US State Department release.[70] However, a 2009 Pew Research Center report stated that Uzbekistan's population is 96.3% Muslim.[71] An estimated 93,000 Jews were once present in the country.
Despite its predominance, the practice of Islam is far from monolithic. Many versions of the faith have been practiced in Uzbekistan. The conflict of Islamic tradition with various agendas of reform or secularization throughout the 20th century has left the outside world with a confused notion of Islamic practices in Central Asia.
The end of Soviet power in Uzbekistan did not bring an upsurge of fundamentalism, as many had predicted, but rather a gradual reacquaintance with the precepts of the faith. However after 2000, there seems to be a rise of support in favor of the Islamists.[citation needed]
Although constitutionally maintaining rights to freedom of religion, Uzbekistan maintains a ban on all religious activities not approved by that state, with particularly harsh treatment of Protestant Christians being commonplace. See: Human Rights; Freedom of Religion, Uzbekistan
Languages[link]
Main article: Uzbek language
The Uzbek language is the only official state language,[72] and since 1992 is officially written in the Latin alphabet. The Tajik language is widespread in the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand because of their relatively large population of ethnic Tajiks.[2]
Russian is an important language for interethnic communication, especially in the cities, including much day-to-day technical, scientific, governmental and business use. Russian is the main language of over 14% of the population and is spoken as a second language by many more. The use of Russian in remote rural areas has always been limited, and today school children have no proficiency in Russian even in urban centres. However, it was reported in 2003 that over half of the population could speak Russian, and a renewed close political relationship between Russia and Uzbekistan have meant that official discouragement of Russian has dropped off sharply.[73]
Before 1920s, the written language of Uzbeks was called Turki (known to Western scholars as Chagatay) and used the Arabic script. In 1926, the Latin alphabet was introduced and went through several revisions in throughout the 1930s. Finally, in 1940, Cyrillic alphabet was abruptly introduced by Soviet authorities and was used until the fall of Soviet Union. In 1993, Uzbekistan shifted back to the Latin script, which was modified in 1996 and is being taught in schools since 2005.[74] Nevertheless, many signs and notices (including official government boards in the streets) are still written in Uzbek Cyrillic script[citation needed].
Communications[link]
Main article: Communications in Uzbekistan
According to the official source report, as of March 10, 2008, the number of cellular phone users in Uzbekistan reached 7 million, up from 3.7 million on July 1, 2007.[75] The largest mobile operator in terms of number of subscribers is MTS-Uzbekistan (former Uzdunrobita and part of Russian Mobile TeleSystems) and it is followed by Beeline (part of Russia's Beeline) and UCell (ex Coscom) (originally part of the U.S. MCT Corp., now a subsidiary of the Nordic/Baltic telecommunication company TeliaSonera AB).[76]
As of July 1, 2007, the estimated number of internet users was 1.8 million, according to UzACI.
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Uzbekistan
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Tashkent, the nation's capital and largest city, has a three-line rapid transit system built in 1977, and expanded in 2001 after ten years' independence from the Soviet Union. Uzbekistan is currently the only country in Central Asia with a subway system, which is promoted as one of the cleanest systems in the former Soviet Union. The stations are exceedingly ornate. For example, the station Metro Kosmonavtov built in 1984 is decorated using a space travel theme to recognise the achievements of mankind in space exploration and to commemorate the role of Vladimir Dzhanibekov, the Soviet cosmonaut of Uzbek origin. A statue of Vladimir Dzhanibekov stands near one of the station's entrances.
There are government-operated trams and buses running across the city. There are also many taxis, both registered and unregistered. Uzbekistan has car-producing plants which produce modern cars. The car production is supported by the government and the Korean auto company Daewoo. The Uzbek government acquired a 50% stake in Daewoo in 2005[citation needed] for an undisclosed sum, and in May 2007 UzDaewooAuto, the car maker, signed a strategic agreement with General Motors-Daewoo Auto and Technology (GMDAT, see: GM Uzbekistan also).[77] The government also bought a stake in Turkey's Koc in SamKochAvto, a producer of small buses and lorries. Afterwards, it signed an agreement with Isuzu Motors of Japan to produce Isuzu buses and lorries.[78]
Train links connect many towns within Uzbekistan, as well as neighboring former republics of the Soviet Union. Moreover, after independence two fast-running train systems were established. Uzbekistan has launched first high-speed railway in Central Asia in September 2011 between Tashkent and Samarqand. The new high-speed electric train Talgo 250, called Afrosiyob, was manufactured by Patentes Talgo S.L. (Spain) and carried out its first trip from Tashkent to Samarkand on August 26, 2011.[79]
There is also a large airplane plant that was built during the Soviet era – Tashkent Chkalov Aviation Manufacturing Plant or ТАПОиЧ in Russian. The plant originated during World War II, when production facilities were evacuated south and east to avoid capture by advancing Nazi forces. Until the late 1980s, the plant was one of the leading airplane production centers in the USSR, but with dissolution of the Soviet Union its manufacturing equipment became outdated, and most of the workers were laid off. Now it produces only a few planes a year, but with interest from Russian companies growing in it, there are rumours of production-enhancement plans.
Military[link]
Main article: Military of Uzbekistan
With close to 65,000 servicemen, Uzbekistan possesses the largest armed forces in Central Asia. The military structure is largely inherited from the Turkestan Military District of the Soviet Army, although it is going through a reform to be based mainly on motorized infantry with some light ans special forces[citation needed]. The Uzbek Armed Forces' equipment is not modern, and training, while improving, is neither uniform nor adequate for its new mission of territorial security[citation needed].
The government has accepted the arms control obligations of the former Soviet Union, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (as a non-nuclear state), and supported an active program by the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) in western Uzbekistan (Nukus and Vozrozhdeniye Island). The Government of Uzbekistan spends about 3.7% of GDP on the military but has received a growing infusion of Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and other security assistance funds since 1998.
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the U.S., Uzbekistan approved the U.S. Central Command's request for access to an air base, the Karshi-Khanabad airfield, in southern Uzbekistan. However, Uzbekistan demanded that the U.S. withdraw from the airbases after the Andijan massacre and the U.S. reaction to this massacre. The last US troops left Uzbekistan in November 2005.
Foreign relations[link]
Main articles: Foreign relations of Uzbekistan and International organization membership of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan joined the Commonwealth of Independent States in December 1991. However, it is opposed to reintegration and withdrew from the CIS collective security arrangement in 1999. Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in UN-organized groups to help resolve the Tajikistan and Afghanistan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability.
Previously close to Washington (which gave Uzbekistan half a billion dollars in aid in 2004, about a quarter of its military budget), the government of Uzbekistan has recently restricted American military use of the airbase at Karshi-Khanabad for air operations in neighboring Afghanistan.[80] Uzbekistan was an active supporter of U.S. efforts against worldwide terrorism and joined the coalitions that have dealt with both Afghanistan and Iraq.
The relationship between Uzbekistan and the United States began to deteriorate after the so-called "colour revolutions" in Georgia and Ukraine (and to a lesser extent Kyrgyzstan). When the U.S. joined in a call for an independent international investigation of the bloody events at Andijon, the relationship took an additional nosedive, and President Islam Karimov changed the political alignment of the country to bring it closer to Russia and China, countries which chose not to criticise Uzbekistan's leaders for their alleged human rights violations.
In late July 2005, the government of Uzbekistan ordered the United States to vacate an air base in Karshi-Kanabad (near Uzbekistan's border with Afghanistan) within 180 days. Karimov had offered use of the base to the U.S. shortly after 9/11. It is also believed by some Uzbeks that the protests in Andijan were brought about by the U.K. and U.S. influences in the area of Andijan. This is another reason for the hostility between Uzbekistan and the West.
Uzbekistan is a member of the United Nations (UN) (since March 2, 1992), the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), Partnership for Peace (PfP), and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). It belongs to the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO) (comprising the five Central Asian countries, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan). In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the GUAM alliance (Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), which was formed in 1997 (making it GUUAM), but pulled out of the organization in 2005.
Uzbekistan is also a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and hosts the SCO’s Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) in Tashkent. Uzbekistan joined the new Central Asian Cooperation Organisation (CACO) in 2002. The CACO consists of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It is a founding member of, and remains involved in, the Central Asian Union, formed with Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and joined in March 1998 by Tajikistan.
In September 2006, UNESCO presented Islam Karimov an award for Uzbekistan's preservation of its rich culture and traditions. Despite criticism, this seems to be a sign of improving relationships between Uzbekistan and the West.
The month of October 2006 also saw a decrease in the isolation of Uzbekistan from the West. The EU announced that it was planning to send a delegation to Uzbekistan to talk about human rights and liberties, after a long period of hostile relations between the two. Although it is equivocal about whether the official or unofficial version of the Andijan Massacre is true, the EU is evidently willing to ease its economic sanctions against Uzbekistan. Nevertheless, it is generally assumed among Uzbekistan's population that the government will stand firm in maintaining its close ties with the Russian Federation and in its theory that the 2004–2005 protests in Uzbekistan were promoted by the USA and UK.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan has a wide mix of ethnic groups and cultures, with the Uzbek being the majority group. In 1995 about 71% of Uzbekistan's population was Uzbek. The chief minority groups were Russians (8%), Tajiks (5–30%),[1][2][3][81] Kazaks (4%), Tatars (2.5%) and Karakalpaks (2%). It is said, however, that the number of non-Uzbek people living in Uzbekistan is decreasing as Russians and other minority groups slowly leave and Uzbeks return from other parts of the former Soviet Union.
When Uzbekistan gained independence in 1991, there was concern that Muslim fundamentalism would spread across the region. The expectation was that a country long denied freedom of religious practice would undergo a very rapid increase in the expression of its dominant faith. As of 1994, well over half of Uzbekistan's population was said to be Muslim, though in an official survey few of that number had any real knowledge of the religion or knew how to practice it. However, Islamic observance is increasing in the region.
Uzbekistan has a high literacy rate, with about 99.3% of adults above the age of 15 being able to read and write. However with only 88% of the under-15 population currently enrolled in education, this figure may drop in the future.[citation needed] Uzbekistan has encountered severe budgeting shortfalls in its education program. The education law of 1992 began the process of theoretical reform, but the physical base has deteriorated and curriculum revision has been slow.
Uzbekistan's universities create almost 600,000 graduates annually.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Uzbekistan
Central Asian classical music is called Shashmaqam, which arose in Bukhara in the late 16th century when that city was a regional capital. Shashmaqam is closely related to Azerbaijani Mugam and Uyghur muqam. The name, which translates as six maqams refers to the structure of the music, which contains six sections in six different Musical modes, similar to classical Persian traditional music. Interludes of spoken Sufi poetry interrupt the music, typically beginning at a lower register and gradually ascending to a climax before calming back down to the beginning tone.
Endurance of listening and continual audiences that attend events, such as Bazms or Weddings, is what makes the Folk-pop style of music so popular. The classical music in Uzbekistan is very different than that of the pop music. Mostly men listen to Solo or Duo shows during a morning or evening meeting amongst men. Shash maqam, which is the main component of the classical genre of music. The large support of the musicians from high class families, which meant the Patronage was to be paid to the Shash maqam above all things. Poetry is where some of the music is drawn from. In some instances of the music, the 2 languages are even mixed in the same song. In the 1950s, the folk music became less popular, and the genre was barred from the radio stations. They did not completely dispel the music all together, although the name changed to Feudal music. Although banned, the folk musical groups continued to play their music in their own ways and spread it individually as well. Many say that it was the most liberated musical experience in their lives.
Education[link]
Uzbekistan has a high Literacy rate with about 88% of adults above the age of 15 being able to read and write. However, with only 76% of the under 15 population currently enrolled in education, this figure may drop in the future. Uzbekistan has encountered severe budgeting shortfalls in its education program. The education law of 1992 began the process of theoretical reform, but the physical base has deteriorated and curriculum revision has been slow.
Holidays[link]
See also: Public holidays in Uzbekistan
- January 1 – New Year "Yangi Yil Bayrami"
- January 14 – Vatan Himoyachilari kuni
- March 8 – International Women's Day – "Xalqaro Xotin-Qizlar kuni"
- March 21 – Navrooz – "Navro'z Bayrami"
- May 9 – Remembrance Day – "Xotira va Qadirlash kuni"
- September 1 – Independence Day – "Mustaqillik kuni"
- October 1 – Teacher's Day – "O'qituvchi va Murabbiylar"
- December 8 – "Constitution Day" – Konstitutsiya kuni
Variable date
- End of Ramazon Ramazon Hayit Eid al-Fitr
- 70 days later Qurbon Hayit Eid al-Adha
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Uzbek cuisine
Uzbek Cuisine is influenced by local agriculture, as in most nations. There is a great deal of grain farming in Uzbekistan, so breads and noodles are of importance and Uzbek cuisine has been characterized as noodle rich. Mutton is a popular variety of meat due to the abundance of sheep in the country and it is part of various Uzbek dishes.
Uzbekistan's signature dish is Palov (Plov or Osh), a main course typically made with rice, pieces of meat, and grated carrots and onions. Oshi Nahor or morning Plov, is served in the early morning (between 6 am and 9 am) to large gatherings of guests, typically as part of an ongoing wedding celebration. Other notable national dishes include: Shurpa (Shurva or Shorva), a soup made of large pieces of fatty meat (usually mutton), and fresh vegetables; Norin and Langman, noodle-based dishes that may be served as a soup or a main course; Manti, Chuchvara, and Somsa, stuffed pockets of dough served as an appetizer or a main course; Dimlama (a meat and vegetable stew) and various Kebabs, usually served as a main course.
Green tea is the national hot beverage taken throughout the day; teahouses (Chaikhanas) are of cultural importance. The more usual black tea is preferred in Tashkent, both green and black teas are taken daily without milk or sugar. Tea always accompanies a meal, but it is also a drink of hospitality, automatically offered – green or black – to every guest. Ayran, a chilled yogurt drink, is popular in summer, but does not replace hot tea.
The use of alcohol is less widespread than in the west, but wine is comparatively popular for a Muslim nation as Uzbekistan is largely secular. Uzbekistan has 14 wineries, the oldest and most famous being the Khovrenko Winery in Samarkand (est. 1927). The Samarkand Winery produces a range of dessert wines from local grape varieties: Gulyakandoz, Shirin, Aleatiko, and Kabernet likernoe (literally Cabernet dessert wine in Russian). Uzbek wines have received international awards and are exported to Russia and other countries.
Sport[link]
Main article: Sport in Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is home to former racing cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov. Abdoujaparov has won the points contest in the Tour de France three times, each time winning the coveted green jersey.[82] (The green jersey is second only to the yellow jersey.) Abdoujaparov was a specialist at winning stages in tours or one-day races when the bunch or peloton would finish together. He would often 'sprint' in the final kilometre and had a reputation as being dangerous in these bunch sprints as he would weave from side to side. This reputation earned him the nickname 'The Terror of Tashkent'.
Artur Taymazov won Uzbekistan's first wrestling medal at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games, as well as two gold medals at both the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Men's 120 kg.
Ruslan Chagaev is a professional boxer representing Uzbekistan in the WBA. He won the WBA champion title in 2007 after defeating Russian Nikolai Valuev. Chagaev defended his title twice before losing it to Vladimir Klitschko in 2009.
Michael Kolganov, sprint canoer, was world champion and won an Olympic bronze in K-1 500-meter. Gymnast Alexander Shatilov won a world bronze as an artistic gymnast in floor exercise.
Uzbekistan is the home of the International Kurash Association. Kurash is an internationalized and modernized form of the traditional Uzbek fighting art of Kurash.
Football is the most popular sport in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan's premier football league is the Uzbek League which features 14 teams since 2010, before 16. The current champions (2011) are FC Bunyodkor, and the team with the most championships is FC Pakhtakor Tashkent with 8. The current Player of the Year (2011) is Odil Ahmedov. Uzbekistan football clubs regularly participates in the AFC Champions League and the AFC Cup. Nasaf won AFC Cup in 2011 which is first international club cup for Uzbek football.
Before Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the country used to be part of the Soviet Union football, rugby, ice hockey, basketball, and handball national teams. After Uzbekistan got split up from the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan created its own football, rugby, and futsal national teams.
Other popular sports in Uzbekistan include rugby, team handball, baseball, ice hockey, basketball, and futsal.
See also[link]
.svg){kind=small}
 |
Book: Uzbekistan |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of Uzbekistan
- Index of Uzbekistan-related articles
- Afghanistan-Uzbekistan Friendship Bridge
- Agriculture in Uzbekistan
- Central Asian Union
- Cuisine of Uzbekistan
- Economy of Uzbekistan
- Human rights in Uzbekistan
- Politics of Uzbekistan
- President of Uzbekistan
- Prime Minister of Uzbekistan
- Public holidays in Uzbekistan
- Senate of Uzbekistan
- Supreme Court of Uzbekistan
- Tourism in Uzbekistan
- Transport in Uzbekistan
- Trans-Caspian railway
- Uzbeks
- Women in Uzbekistan
References[link]
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- ^ a b c Karl Cordell, "Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe", Routledge, 1998. p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7%(Foltz 1996;213; Carlisle 1995:88).
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- ^ "The National Cotton Council of America: Rankings". 2011. http://www.cotton.org/econ/cropinfo/cropdata/rankings.cfm. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
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- ^ "Programmes | Newsnight | Child labour and the High Street". BBC News. October 30, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/7068096.stm. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
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Sources[link]
- Environmental Justice Foundation, February 2010, Slave Nation – A report exposing the continued use of state-sponsored forced child labour in the cotton fields of Uzbekistan,
- Anora Mahmudova, AlterNet, May 27, 2005, Uzbekistan’s Growing Police State (checked 2005-11-08)
- Manfred Nowak, Radio Free Europe, 2005-06-23, UN Charges Uzbekistan With Post-Andijon Torture,
- Gulnoza Saidazimova, Radio Free Europe, 2005-06-22, Uzbekistan: Tashkent reveals findings on Andijon uprising as victims mourned
- BBC News, 'Harassed' BBC shuts Uzbek office, 2005-10-26 (checked 2005-11-15)
- UNDP/CER/CCI's Public-Private Partnership in Uzbekistan: Problems, Opportunities and Ways of Introduction
- UNDP & Chamber of Commerce and Industry “Export Guide for Uzbekistan”
- IMF, 2005-09-24 Republic of Uzbekistan and the IMF
Printed sources[link]
- Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia by Tom Bissell
- A Historical Atlas of Uzbekistan by Aisha Khan
- The Modern Uzbeks From the 14th century to the Present: A Cultural History by Edward A. Allworth
- Nationalism in Uzbekistan: Soviet Republic's Road to Sovereignty by James Critchlow
- Odyssey Guide: Uzbekistan by Calcum Macleod and Bradley Mayhew
- Uzbekistan: Heirs to the Silk Road by Johannes Kalter and Margareta Pavaloi
- Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East? by Ted Rall
- Murder in Samarkand – A British Ambassador's Controversial Defiance of Tyranny in the War on Terror by Craig Murray
- Tamerlane's Children – Dispatches from contemporary Uzbekistan by Robert Rand
- White Gold – the true cost of cotton, Still in the Fields, Slave Nation printed reports documenting environmental and social abuses in Uzbekistan's cotton fields by the Environmental Justice Foundation
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Uzbekistan |
- General information
- Uzbekistan entry at The World Factbook
- Uzbekistan from the U.S. Library of Congress includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
- Uzbek Publishing and National Bibliography from the University of Illinois Slavic and East European Library
- Uzbekistan at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- List of cities and populations
- Uzbekistan at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Uzbekistan
- Uzbekistan travel guide from Wikitravel
- Key Development Forecasts for Uzbekistan from International Futures
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