- published: 13 Oct 2010
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Bar-Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University (BIU; Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a university in Ramat Gan of the Tel Aviv District, Israel.
Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is now Israel's second-largest academic institution. It has nearly 26,800 students (including 9,000 students in its affiliated regional colleges) and 1,350 faculty members. Bar-Ilan University has eight faculties: Exact Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Humanities, Jewish Studies, Medicine, Engineering, and Law. There are also interdisciplinary studies.
The University aims to forge closer links between Torah and universal studies, "to blend tradition with modern technologies and scholarship, and teach the compelling ethics of Jewish heritage to all... to synthesize the ancient and modern, the sacred and the material, the spiritual and the scientific."
Bar-Ilan University has Jewish-American roots: it was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Prof. Pinkhos Churgin, an American rabbi and educator. When it was opened in 1955, it was described by The New York Times "as Cultural Link Between the [Israeli] Republic and America". The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader who served as the inspiration for its establishment. Although he was trained in Orthodox seminaries in Berlin, he believed there was a need for an institution providing a dual curriculum of secular academic studies and religious Torah studies.
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Hebron
Hebron (Arabic:
الخليل (help·info) al-Ḫalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן (help·info), Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron, Tiberian: Ḥeḇrôn ISO 259-3: Ḥebron), is located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to an estimated 175,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism after Jerusalem. The city is also venerated by Muslims for its association with Abraham and was traditionally viewed as one of the "four holy cities of Islam."
Hebron is a busy hub of West Bank trade, responsible for roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of marble from quarries. It is locally well known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories, and is the location of the major dairy product manufacturer, al-Junaidi. The old city of Hebron is characterized by narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] (
listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Safed
Safed (Hebrew: צְפַת, Tzfat; Arabic: صفد, Safed, Ashkenazi: Tzfas; Biblical: Ṣ'fath, ISO 259-3: Çpat),[dubious – discuss] is a city in the Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of 900 metres (2,953 ft), Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and of Israel. Due to its high elevation, Safed experiences warm summers and cold, often snowy, winters. Since the sixteenth century, Safed has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Tiberias; since that time, the city has remained a center of Kabbalah, also known as Jewish mysticism.
Due to its beautiful setting surrounded by pine forests and its mild climate, Safed has become a summer holiday resort frequented by Israelis and foreign visitors alike. It has a lot of historic tourist attractions for both religious and secular Jews, as well as foreign tourists.
According to the Book of Judges, the area where Safed is located was assigned to the Tribe of Naphtali. Legend has it that Safed was founded by a son of Noah after the Great Flood.
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Spain
Spain (
i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Temple in Jerusalem
The Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple (Hebrew: Hebrew: בֵּית־הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, Modern: Bet HaMikdash, Tiberian: Beṯ HamMiqdāš, Ashkenazi: Beis HaMikdosh) was one of a series of structures which were historically located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, the current site of the Dome of the Rock. Historically, these successive temples stood at this location and functioned as the centre of ancient Israelite and later Jewish worship. According to classical Jewish belief, the Temple acted as the figurative "footstool" of God's presence and a Third Temple will be built there in the future.
The Bible reports that the First Temple was built in 957 BCE by King Solomon (reigned c.970-c.930 BCE). As the sole place of Jewish sacrifice, the Temple replaced the portable sanctuary constructed in the Sinai Desert under the auspices of Moses, as well as local sanctuaries, and altars in the hills. This temple was however sacked a few decades later by Sheshonk I, Pharaoh of Egypt. Although efforts were made at partial reconstruction, it was only in 835 BCE when Jehoash, King of Judah in the second year of his reign invested considerable sums in reconstruction, only to have it stripped again for Sennacherib, King of Assyria in c700 BCE. The First Temple was totally destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE when they sacked the city.
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Tiberias
Tiberias ( /taɪˈbɪəriəs/; Hebrew: טְבֶרְיָה, Tverya, Tiveria (audio) (help·info); Arabic: طبرية, Ṭabariyyah) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee (also called the Kinneret), Lower Galilee, Israel. Established in 20 CE, it was named in honour of the emperor Tiberius.
Tiberias has been venerated in Judaism since the middle of the 2nd century CE and since the 16th century has been considered one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Hebron and Safed. In the 2nd-10th centuries, Tiberias was the largest Jewish city in the Galilee and the political and religious hub of the Jews of Palestine. According to Christian tradition, Jesus performed several miracles in the Tiberias district, making it an important pilgrimage site for Christians. Tiberias has historically been known for its hot springs, believed to cure skin and other ailments, for thousands of years.
Tiberias was founded sometime around 20 CE in Herodian Tetrarchy of Galilee and Peraea by the Roman Jewish client king Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Herod Antopas made it the capital of his realm in the Galilee. Tiberias had a Jewish majority, living alongside a heterogeneous population. It was named in honor of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. There is a legend that Tiberias was built on the site of the Israelite village of Rakkat, mentioned in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 19:35). A discussion of Tiberias as Rakkat appears in the Talmud.[better source needed] In The Antiquities of the Jews, the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus states that Tiberias was located near Emmaus. This location is repeated in The Wars of the Jews.[better source needed]
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Venice
Venice (Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] (
listen), Venetian: Venexia [veˈnɛsja]; (Latin: Venetia) is a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. It is located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. The city in its entirety is listed as World Heritage Site, along with its lagoon.
Venice is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazioni of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) (population 1,600,000).
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Yavne
Yavne (Hebrew: יַבְנֶה) (Arabic: ياڨني يبنة, Yibnah) is a city in the Central District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a population of 33,000.
Yavne was one of the major ancient cities in the southern coastal plain, situated 20 km (12.43 mi) south of Jaffa, 15 km (9.32 mi) north of Ashdod, and 7 km (4.35 mi) east of the Mediterranean. Excavations were carried out on the ancient raised tel which developed on a natural kurkar hill. The tel was inhabited, possibly continuously, until the British Mandate period. During some periods, especially the Byzantine period, settlement expanded to cover part of the plain and hills surrounding the tel.
Salvage excavations carried out in 2001 by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered several burials at the northern foot of the original tel. Most of the burials are dated to the later Iron Age. One burial points to a late Bronze Age occupation.
The Bible refers to Yavne'el (Joshua 15:11) (sometimes transliterated as Jebneel), a border city between the tribal allotments of Judah and Dan. In Roman times, the city was known as Iamnia, also spelled Jamnia. It was bequeathed by King Herod upon his death to his sister Salome. Upon her death it passed to Caesar Augustus who managed it as a private imperial estate, a status it was to maintain for at least a century.
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Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata (Aramaic for "the province of Judah") or simply Yehud, was an autonomous province of the Achaemenid (ancient Persia) empire, roughly equivalent to the older kingdom of Judah but covering a smaller area, within the satrapy of Eber-Nari. The region corresponded to the Babylonian province with the same name, formed after the fall of the kingdom of Judah to the Neo-Babylonian Empire (c.597 after its conquest of the Mediterranean east coast, and again in 585/6 BCE after suppressing an unsuccessful Judean revolt).
The name Yehud is known from coins unearthed in the region. Archaeological evidence is quite limited, and a history of the period is dependent almost entirely on biblical sources of often uncertain reliability.
There is not complete agreement on the chronology of the Babylonian and Persian periods: the following table is used in this article, but alternative dates for many events are plausible - this is especially true of the chronological sequence of Ezra and Nehemiah, with Ezra 7:6-8 stating that Ezra came to Jerusalem "in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the King," without specifying whether this was Artaxerxes I (465-424 BCE) or Artaxerxes II (404-359 BCE); the probable date for his mission is 458 BCE, but it is possible that it took place in 397 BCE.
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Aaron
In the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, Aaron ( /ˈærən/ or /ˈɛərən/;Hebrew: אַהֲרֹן Ahărōn, Arabic: هارون Hārūn, Greek (Septuagint): Ααρών ), who is often called "'Aaron the Priest"' (אֵהֲרֹן הֵכֹּהֵן) and once Aaron the Levite (אַהֲרֹן הַלֵּוִי) (Exodus 4:14), was the older brother of Moses, (Exodus 6:16-20, 7:7; Qur'an 28:34) and a prophet of God. He represented the priestly functions of his tribe, becoming the first High Priest of the Israelites. While Moses was receiving his education at the Egyptian royal court, and during his exile among the Midianites, Aaron and his sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). There, Aaron gained a name for eloquent and persuasive speech, so that when the time came for the demand upon the Pharaoh to release Israel from captivity, Aaron became his brother’s nabi, or spokesman, to his own people (Exodus 7:1) and, after their unwillingness to hear, to the Pharaoh himself (Exodus 7:9). Various dates for his life have been proposed, ranging from approximately 1600 to 1200 BC.
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Abraham
Abraham (Hebrew: אַבְרָהָם (help·info), Modern: Avraham, Tiberian: ʼAḇrāhām, Ashkenazi Avrohom or Avruhom, Arabic: إبراهيم Ibrāhīm, Ge'ez: አብርሃም ʼAbrəham, Greek: Aβραάμ, Russian: Авраам), whose birth name was Abram, is the eponym of the Abrahamic religions, among which are Judaism, Christianity and Islam. According to both the Hebrew Bible and the Qur'an, through his sons Ishmael and Isaac, Abraham is the forefather of many tribes, namely the Ishmaelites, Israelites, Midianites and Edomites. Abraham was a descendant of Noah's son, Shem. Christians believe that Jesus was a descendant of Abraham through Isaac, and Muslims believe that Muhammad was a descendant of Abraham through Ishmael. Abraham is notable for his advocation and promotion of monotheism.
The Book of Genesis narrative that records the life of Abraham presents his role as one that could only be fulfilled through a monotheistic covenant established between him and God. The Qur'an has stories about Abraham and his offspring that are similar to the Bible's. In Islam, Abraham is recognised as a prophet, patriarch and messenger, archetype of the perfect Muslim, and reformer of the Kaaba.
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Abraham Geiger
Abraham Geiger (24 May 1810 in Frankfurt am Main – 23 October 1874 in Berlin) was a German rabbi and scholar who led the founding of Reform Judaism. He sought to remove all nationalistic elements (particularly the "Chosen People" doctrine) from Judaism, stressing it as an evolving and changing religion.
As a child, Geiger started doubting the traditional understanding of Judaism when his studies in classical history seemed to contradict the biblical claims of divine authority. At the age of seventeen, he began writing his first work, a comparison between the legal style of the Mishnah and Biblical and Talmudic law. He also worked on a dictionary of Mishnaic (Rabbinic) Hebrew.
Geiger's friends provided him with financial assistance which enabled him to attend the University in Heidelberg, to the great disappointment of his family. His main focus was centered on the areas of philology, Syriac, Hebrew, and classics, but he also attended lectures in Old Testament, philosophy, and archaeology. After one semester, he transferred to the University of Bonn, where he studied at the same time as Samson Raphael Hirsch. Hirsch initially formed a friendship with Geiger, and with him organized a society of Jewish students for the stated purpose of practicing homiletics, but with the deeper intention of bringing them closer to Jewish values. It was to this society that Geiger preached his first sermon (January 2, 1830). In later years he and Hirsch became bitter opponents as the leaders of two opposing Jewish movements.
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Abraham ibn Ezra
Rabbi Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra (Hebrew: אברהם אבן עזרא or ראב"ע, Arabic ابن عزرا; also known as Abenezra) (1089 — 1164) was born at Tudela, Navarre Tudela, Navarre (now in Spain) in 1089, and died c. 1167, apparently in Calahorra. He was one of the most distinguished Jewish men of letters and writers of the Middle Ages. Ibn Ezra excelled in philosophy, astronomy/astrology, mathematics, poetry, linguistics, and exegesis; he was called The Wise, The Great and The Admirable Doctor.
He was born at Tudela[citation needed], (current day province of Navarre) when the town was under the Muslim rule of the emirs of Zaragoza. Later he lived in Córdoba. In Granada, it is said, he met his future friend (and perhaps his father-in-law) Yehuda Halevi. He left Spain before 1140 to escape persecution of the Jews by the new fanatical regime of the Almohads. He led a life of restless wandering, which took him to North Africa, Egypt (in 1109, maybe in the company of Yehuda Halevi), the Land of Israel, Italy (Rome in 1140-1143, Lucca, Mantua, Verona), Southern France (Rodez, Narbonne, Béziers), Northern France (Dreux), England (London, and Oxford in 1158), and back again to Narbonne in 1161, until his death on January 23 or 28, 1167, the exact location unknown: maybe at Calahorra at the border of Navarre and Aragon, or maybe in Rome or in the Holy Land.
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Asher ben Jehiel
Asher ben Jehiel- Ashkenazi (Hebrew, אשר בן יחיאל, or Asher ben Yechiel, sometimes Asheri) (1250 or 1259 – 1327) was an eminent rabbi and Talmudist best known for his abstract of Talmudic law. He is often referred to as Rabbenu Asher, “our Rabbi Asher” or by the Hebrew acronym for this title, the ROSH (Hebrew, רא"ש, literally "Head"). His yahrzeit is on the 9 Cheshvan.
The Rosh was born in western Germany and died in Toledo, Spain. His family was prominent for learning and piety, his father Yechiel was a Talmudist, and one of his ancestors was Rabbi Eliezer ben Nathan (the RaABaN). Asher had eight sons, the most prominent of whom were Judah and Jacob, author of the Arba'ah Turim, a code of Jewish law. His primary teacher was the Tosafist Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg, then in Worms. In addition to his studies, ROSH worked in money lending, and according to his own statement, was independently wealthy.
In 1286, Emperor Rudolf I had instituted a new persecution of the Jews, and Rabbi Meir left Germany, but was captured and imprisoned. The ROSH raised a ransom for his release, but Rabbi Meir refused it, for fear of encouraging the imprisonment of other rabbis. Thereafter the Rosh assumed Rabbi Meir's position in Worms. He was, however, forced to emigrate (in all likelihood, a victim of blackmail by the government, aimed at acquiring his fortune). After leaving Germany, he first settled in southern France, and then in Toledo, Spain, where he became rabbi on the recommendation of Rabbi Solomon ben Abraham Adret (RaShBA). Rabbenu Asher's son Judah testified to the fact that he died in poverty. Rabbeinu Asher died in Toledo on 9 Cheshvan 5089 (1328 CE).
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Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, pronounced [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; also יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנָז, Y'hudey Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.[citation needed]
The name Ashkenazi derives from the bibilical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). In the Rabbinic literature, Ashkenaz's kingdom was first associated with the Scythian region, then later on with the Slavic territories, and from the 11th century onwards with Northern Europe and Germany. The Jews living in the northern regions, associated with Ashkenaz's kingdom, thus came to call themselves the Ashkenazi Jews. Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe also came to be called "Ashkenazi" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany.
Many Ashkenazi Jews later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in non German-speaking areas, including Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, and elsewhere between the 11th and 19th centuries. With them, they took and diversified Yiddish, a High German language written using the Hebrew alphabet. It had developed in medieval times as the lingua franca among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish communities of three cities along the Rhine: Speyer, Worms and Mainz, created the SHUM league (SHUM after the first Hebrew letters of Shpira, Vermayza, and Magentza). The ShUM-cities are considered the cradle of the distinct Ashkenazi culture and liturgy.
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Baal Shem Tov
Rabbi Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר) (August 25, 1698 — May 22, 1760), often called Baal Shem Tov (/ˌbɑːl ˈʃɛm ˌtʊv/ or /ˌtʊf/) or Besht, was a Jewish mystical rabbi. He is considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism (see also Mezhbizh Hasidic dynasty).
The Besht was born to Eliezer and Sara in Okopy (Ukrainian: Окопи) a small village that over the centuries has been part of Poland, Russia, and is now part of Ukraine, (located in the Borschiv Raion (district) of the Ternopil Oblast). He died in Medzhybizh, (Ukrainian: Меджибіж, Polish: Międzybórz, Międzyborz or Międzybóż, Yiddish: מעזשביזש), which had once been part Poland and Russia, and is also now in Ukraine, in the Khmelnytskyi Oblast (not to be confused with other cities of the same name).
The Besht is better known to many religious Jews as “the holy Baal Shem” (der heyliger baal shem in Yiddish), or most commonly, the Baal Shem Tov (בעל שם טוב). The title Baal Shem Tov is usually translated into English as “Master of the Good Name,” but at least two other translations are possible:
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Crimean Karaites
The Crimean Karaites (Crimean Karaim: sg. къарай - qaray, pl. къарайлар - qaraylar; Trakai Karaim: sg. karaj, pl. karajlar, Hebrew קָרָאִים - qara'im, 'readers', tr. Karaylar), also known as Karaim and Qarays, are a community of ethnic Turkic adherents of Karaite Judaism in Eastern Europe. "Qaray" is a Romanized spelling of the original name "къарай", while "Karaim" is a Russian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and Polish name for the community. Originally centered in Crimea, Karaim were established in Lithuania and elsewhere in Europe from late medieval times.
The name "Crimean Karaites" has often been considered as something of a misnomer, as many branches of this community found their way to locations throughout Europe and the Middle East. Historians distinguish between Karaite Jews and Jews who simply left the Levant before the canonization of the Talmud and therefore had no way of being Rabbinic Jews. Whether descended from the non-Rabbinic sects of the Second Temple Period, or from Rabbinate families rebelling against Talmudic rules, these communities started in present day Iran.
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Daniel Bomberg
Daniel Bomberg (d. 1549) was an early printer of Hebrew language books. A Christian, born in Antwerp, he was primarily active in Venice between 1516 and 1549.
He produced the editio princeps of the Mikraot Gedolot, the Rabbinic Bible, consisting of the Hebrew text plus rabbinical commentaries, between 1516 and 1517, and the first and oldest complete set of the Talmud, between 1520 and 1523, a well-preserved copy of which is contained in the Valmadonna Trust Library.
Bomberg found a ready audience among the Jews of Italy, whose numbers had been swelled by exiles from Spain and Portugal. Bomberg's presses eventually produced some 230 Hebrew books, and his innovations in Hebrew typography set the standard for later printers.
Bomberg's edition of the Talmud later became perceived as the "uncensored" version.
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David
David (Hebrew: דָּוִד, דָּוִיד, Modern David Tiberian Dāwîḏ; ISO 259-3 Dawid; Strong's Daveed; beloved; Arabic: داوود or داود Dāwūd) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the second king of the United Kingdom of Israel and, according to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke, an ancestor of Jesus. David is seen as a major Prophet in Islamic traditions. His life is conventionally dated to c. 1040–970 BC, his reign over Judah c. 1010–1003 BC,[citation needed] and his reign over the United Kingdom of Israel c. 1003–970 BC.[citation needed] The Books of Samuel, 1 Kings, and 1 Chronicles are the only sources of information on David, although the Tel Dan stele records "House of David", which some take as confirmation of the existence in the mid-9th century BC of a Judean royal dynasty called the "House of David".
David is very important to Jewish, Christian and Islamic doctrine and culture. In Judaism, David, or David HaMelekh, is the King of Israel, and the Jewish people. Jewish tradition maintains that a direct descendant of David will be the Messiah. In Islam, he is known as Dawud, considered to be a prophet and the king of a nation. He is depicted as a righteous king, though not without faults, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician, and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms.
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Elijah
Elijah ( /ɨˈlaɪdʒə/; also Elias /ɨˈlaɪ.əs/; Hebrew: אֱלִיָּהוּ, Eliyahu, meaning "Yahweh is my God";Arabic:إلياس, Ilyās), was a prophet in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab (9th century BC), according to the Books of Kings.
According to the Books of Kings, Elijah defended the worship of Yahweh over that of the Phoenician god Baal; he raised the dead, brought fire down from the sky, and was taken up in a whirlwind (either accompanied by a chariot and horses of flame or riding in it). In the Book of Malachi, Elijah's return is prophesied "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the Lord," making him a harbinger of the Messiah and the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. Derivative references to Elijah appear in the Talmud, Mishnah, the New Testament, and the Qur'an.
In Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah ritual that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover seder and the Brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud.
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Ezra
Ezra ( /ˈɛzrə/; Hebrew: עזרא, Ezra; fl. 480–440 BC), also called Ezra the Scribe (Hebrew: עזרא הסופר, Ezra ha-Sofer) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra. According to the Hebrew Bible he returned from the Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem (Ezra 7-10 and Neh 8). According to First Esdras, a non-canonical Greek translation of the Book of Ezra, he was also a high priest.
His name may be an abbreviation of Azaryahu, "God-helps". In the Greek Septuagint the name is rendered Esdras (Greek: Ἔσδρας), from which Latin: Esdras.
The Book of Ezra describes how he led a group of Judean exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem (Ezra 8.2-14) where he enforced observance of the Torah and cleansed the community of mixed marriages.
Ezra, known as "Ezra the scribe" in Chazalic literature, is a highly respected figure in Judaism.
The canonical Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the activity of Ezra, whereas many of the other books ascribed to Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are later literary works dependent on the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah.
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Gershom ben Judah
Gershom ben Judah, (c. 960 -1040? -1028?) best known as Rabbeinu Gershom (Hebrew: רבנו גרשום, "Our teacher Gershom") and also commonly known to scholars of Judaism by the title Rabbeinu Gershom Me'Or Hagolah ("Our teacher Gershom the light of the exile"), was a famous Talmudist and Halakhist.
Rashi of Troyes (d. 1105) said less than a century after Gershom's death, "all members of the Ashkenazi diaspora are students of his." As early as the 14th century Asher ben Jehiel wrote that Rabbeinu Gershom's writings were "such permanent fixtures that they may well have been handed down on Mount Sinai."
He is most famous for the synod he called around 1000 CE, in which he instituted various laws and bans.
Born in Metz in 960, Gershom was a student of Judah ben Meir ha-Kohen (Sir Léontin), who was one of the greatest authorities of his time. Having lost his first wife, Gershom married a widow named Bonna and settled at Mainz (Mayence), where he devoted himself to teaching the Talmud. During his lifetime Mainz became a center of Torah and Jewish scholarship for many Jewish communities in Europe that had formerly been connected with the Babylonian yeshivas. He was the spiritual guide of the fledgling Ashkenazic Jewish communities and was very influential in molding them at a time when their population was dwindling.
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Gersonides
Levi ben Gershon, better known by his Latinised name as Gersonides or the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG (1288–1344), philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer. He was born at Bagnols in Languedoc, France. According to Abraham Zacuto and others, he was the son of Gerson ben Solomon Catalan.
As in the case of the other medieval Jewish philosophers little is known of his life. His family had been distinguished for piety and exegetical skill in Talmud, but though he was known in the Jewish community by commentaries on certain books of the Bible, he never seems to have accepted any rabbinical post. It has been suggested that the uniqueness of his opinions may have put obstacles in the way of his preferment. He is known to have been at Avignon and Orange during his life, and is believed to have died in 1344, though Zacuto asserts that he died at Perpignan in 1370.
Part of his writings consist of commentaries on the portions of Aristotle then known, or rather of commentaries on the commentaries of Averroes. Some of these are printed in the early Latin editions of Aristotle’s works. His most important treatise, that by which he has a place in the history of philosophy, is entitled Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem, ("The Wars of the Lord"), and occupied twelve years in composition (1317–1329). A portion of it, containing an elaborate survey of astronomy as known to the Arabs, was translated into Latin in 1342 at the request of Pope Clement VI.
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Heinrich Graetz
Heinrich Graetz (October 31, 1817 - September 7, 1891) was amongst the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective.
Born Tzvi Hirsh Graetz to a butcher family in Xions (Książ Wielkopolski), Poznan, in Prussia (now in Poland), he obtained his doctorate from the University of Jena though he had attended Breslau University because Jews at the time were barred from receiving Ph.D.s at that institution. After 1845 he was principal of the Jewish Orthodox school of the Breslau community, and later taught history at the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland). His magnum opus History of the Jews was quickly translated into other languages and ignited worldwide interest in Jewish history. In 1869 the University of Breslau granted him the title of Honorary Professor, in 1888 he was appointed an Honorary Member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences.
Graetz received his first instruction at Zerkov, where his parents had relocated, and in 1831 was sent to Wolstein, where he attended the yeshivah up to 1836, acquiring secular knowledge by private study. The "Neunzehn Briefe von Ben Uziel" (see Samson Raphael Hirsch) made a powerful impression on him; and he resolved to prepare himself for academic studies in order to champion the cause of Orthodox Judaism. His first intention was to go to Prague, to which place he was attracted by the fame of its old yeshivah and the facilities afforded by the university. Being rejected by the immigration officers, he returned to Zerkov and wrote to S. R. Hirsch, then rabbi of Oldenburg, intimating his desire. Hirsch offered him a home in his house. Graetz arrived there on May 8, 1837, and spent three years with his patron as a pupil, companion, and amanuensis. In 1840 he accepted a tutorship with a family at Ostrowo, and in October 1842 he entered the University of Breslau.
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Herod the Great
Herod (Hebrew: הוֹרְדוֹס, Hordos, Greek: Ἡρῴδης, Hērōdēs), also known as Herod the Great (born 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE in Jericho), was a Roman client king of Judea. His epithet of "the Great" is widely disputed as he is described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple) and the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima. Important details of his biography are gleaned from the works of the 1st century CE Roman-Jewish historian Josephus Flavius.
The Romans made Herod's son Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea (biblical Edom) from 4 BCE to 6 CE, referred to as the tetrarchy of Judea. Archelaus was judged incompetent by the Roman emperor Augustus who then combined Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea into Iudaea province under rule of a prefect until 41. Herod's other son Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee from 4 BCE – 39 CE.
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Hiloni
Hiloni (Hebrew: חִלּוֹנִי), plural hilonim (Hebrew: חִלּוֹנִים) derived from the Hebrew word hulin, meaning secular or mundane, is the term used in Israel for non-religious Jews.
As natives of Israel, hilonim speak Hebrew. As Israel is a Jewish state, many hilonim observe national holidays and customs, such as Israel's Independence Day, and Holocaust Remembrance Day.
The concept of Modern-day Political Zionism, in itself, was founded largely upon secular beliefs and values. Theodor Herzl, founder of the Modern Day Zionist movement, was an assimilated Austrian Jew. At first, most of those immigrating to Palestine were Orthodox Jews who immigrated due to the holiness of the land and their wish to be buried in Jerusalem (due to the belief that The Messiah will resurrect those interred in Jerusalem first before the rest of the world). With the onset of numerous pogroms throughout Eastern Europe, many Jews citing security, freedom of religion, and strong Zionist affinities left their surrogate lands to settle in their native homeland, the Land of Israel. During the first wave (1882–1903) of Zionist aliyah, and especially during the Second Aliyah (1904–1914) the Jewish population of Ottoman Palestine, consisting mainly of secular or nontraditional Jews, greatly increased. These Olim founded cities such as Tel Aviv and established kibbutzim which were based around ideas of socialism, not necessarily connected to Judaism as a religion or a set of values. As the number of new immigrants increased so did the proportion of secular Jews. Up to, and during the Establishment of The State of Israel, the number of religious Jews was relatively minor.
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Isaac
Isaac ( /ˈaɪzək/;Hebrew: יִצְחָק, Modern Yitsẖak Tiberian Yiṣḥāq, ISO 259-3 Yiçḥaq, "he will laugh"; Yiddish: יצחק, Yitskhok; Ancient Greek: Ἰσαάκ, Isaak; Latin: Isaac; Arabic: إسحاق or Arabic: إسحٰقʼIsḥāq) as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. Isaac was one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was beyond childbearing years.
Isaac was the only biblical patriarch whose name was not changed, and the only one who did not leave Canaan. Compared to those of Abraham and Jacob, Isaac's story relates fewer incidents of his life. He died when he was 180 years old, making him the longest-lived patriarch.
The anglicized name Isaac is a transliteration of the Hebrew term Yiṣḥāq which literally means "He laughs/will laugh."Ugaritic texts dating from the 13th century BCE refer to the benevolent smile of the Canaanite deity El. Genesis, however, ascribes the laughter to Isaac's parents, Abraham and Sarah, rather than El. According to the biblical narrative, Abraham fell on his face and laughed when Elohim imparted the news of their son's eventual birth. He laughed because Sarah was past the age of childbearing; both she and Abraham were advanced in age. Later, when Sarah overheard three messengers of the Lord renew the promise, she laughed inwardly for the same reason. Sarah denied laughing when Elohim questioned Abraham about it.
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Isaac Abrabanel
Isaac ben Judah Abrabanel, (Lisbon, 1437 – Venice, 1508), commonly referred to (erroneously) just as AbARbanel, was a Portuguese Jewish statesman, philosopher, Bible commentator, and financier.
Abrabanel was born in Lisbon, Portugal, into one of the oldest and most distinguished Jewish Iberian families who had escaped persecution in Castile during 1391. A student of the rabbi of Lisbon, Joseph Chaim, he became well versed in rabbinic literature and in the learning of his time, devoting his early years to the study of Jewish philosophy. Abrabanel is quoted as saying that he included Joseph ibn Shem-Tov as his mentor. At twenty years old, he wrote on the original form of the natural elements, on religious questions and prophecy. Together with his intellectual abilities, he showed a complete mastery of financial matters. This attracted the attention of King Afonso V of Portugal who employed him as treasurer.
Notwithstanding his high position and the great wealth he had inherited from his father, his love for his afflicted brethren was unabated. When Arzila, in Morocco, was captured by the Moors, and the Jewish captives were sold as slaves, he contributed largely to the funds needed to free them, and personally arranged for collections throughout Portugal. He also wrote to his learned and wealthy friend, Vitale (Yehiel) Nissim da Pisa, on behalf of the captives.
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Isaac Alfasi
Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi ha-Cohen (1013 - 1103) (Hebrew: ר' יצחק אלפסי) - also known as the Alfasi or by his Hebrew acronym Rif (Rabbi Isaac al-Fasi), was a Talmudist and posek (decider in matters of halakha - Jewish law). He is best known for his work of halakha, the legal code Sefer Ha-halachot, considered the first fundamental work in halakhic literature. He was born in the Algerian city Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, but spent the majority of his career in Fes, and is therefore known as "Alfasi" ("of Fes" in Arabic).
Alfasi was born in Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the capital city of the Hammadid rulers of central Maghreb. He studied in Kairouan, Tunisia under Rabbeinu's Nissim ben Jacob, and Chananel ben Chushiel the recognized rabbinical authorities of the age. Rabbeinu Chananel trained Alfasi to deduce and to clarify the Halakha from Talmudic sources, and Alfasi then conceived of the idea of compiling a comprehensive work that would present all of the practical conclusions of the Gemara in a clear, definitive manner. To achieve this goal, he worked for ten consecutive years in his father-in-law's attic.
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Isaac Luria
Isaac (ben Solomon) Luria Ashkenazi (1534 – July 25, 1572) (Hebrew:יִצְחָק בן שלמה לוּרְיָא אשכנזי Yitzhak Ben Sh'lomo Lurya Ashkenazi), commonly known as "Ha'ARI" (meaning "The Lion"), "Ha'ARI Hakadosh" [the holy ARI] or "ARIZaL" [the ARI, Zikhrono Livrakha] was a foremost rabbi and Jewish mystic in the community of Safed in the Galilee region of Ottoman Palestine. He is considered the father of contemporary Kabbalah, his teachings being referred to as Lurianic Kabbalah. While his direct literary contribution to the Kabbalistic school of Safed was extremely minute (he wrote only a few poems), his spiritual fame led to their veneration and the acceptance of his authority. The works of his disciples compiled his oral teachings into writing. Every custom of the Ari was scrutinized, and many were accepted, even against previous practice.
Luria died at Safed, Ottoman Empire controlled Land of Israel, July 25, 1572 (5 Av 5332). He was buried in the Old Cemetery of Safed.
Luria was born in 1534 in Jerusalem in what is now the Old Yishuv Court Museum to an Ashkenazi father, Solomon, and a Sephardic mother.
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Israeli Jews
Israeli Jews, also known as Jewish Israelis, can refer to:
Israeli Jews are found mostly in Israel and Western world countries, as well as many other countries worldwide, not necessarily only in Jewish communities. Israeli Jews mostly speak Hebrew and most practice Judaism in some form. Israel, the Jewish state, currently has almost half the world's Jews.
The Jewish community in Israel is composed from all Jewish ethnic divisions, including Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Beta Israel and some converts. The Israeli Jewish community manifests a wide range of Jewish cultural traditions, as well as encompassing the full spectrum of religious observance, from the Haredi communities to the Hilonim Jewish communities who live a secular lifestyle.
Despite the ongoing debate over the question of who is a Jew among Israeli Jews, the Jewish status of a person, which is considered a matter of "nationality" by the Israeli authorities, is registered and controlled by the Israeli Ministry of the Interior, which requires a person to meet the halakhic definition to be registered as a "Jew". Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics estimated the Israeli Jewish population was 5,901,000 in December 2011 (75.3% of the total population). Depending on religious definitions and varying population data, Israel is home to the largest or second largest (after the United States) Jewish community in the world.
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Jacob
Jacob ( /ˈdʒeɪkəb/; Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב Standard Yaʿakov, Tiberian Yaʿăqōḇ (help·info); Septuagint Greek: Ἰακώβ Iakōb; Arabic: يَعْقُوب Yaʿqūb; "heel" or "leg-puller"), also later known as Israel (Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, Standard Yisraʾel, Tiberian Yiśrāʾēl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʾīl; "persevere with God"), as described in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an was the third patriarch of the Hebrew people with whom God made a covenant, and ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his descendants.
In the Hebrew Bible, he is the son of Isaac and Rebekah, the grandson of Abraham and Sarah and of Bethuel, and the younger twin brother of Esau. Jacob had twelve sons and at least one daughter, by his two wives, Leah and Rachel, and by their female slaves Bilhah and Zilpah. The children named in Genesis were Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, daughter Dinah, Joseph, and Benjamin.
Before the birth of Benjamin, Jacob is renamed "Israel" by an angel (Genesis 32:28-29 and 35:10). The name "Israel" can be translated as "God contended", but other meanings have also been suggested. Some commentators say the name comes from the verb śœarar ("to rule, be strong, have authority over"), thereby making the name mean "God rules" or "God judges". Other possible meanings include "the prince of God" (from the King James Version) or "El fights/struggles".
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Jerome
Saint Jerome (c. 347 – 30 September 420; (also Hierom or Jerom) (Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Ancient Greek: Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος) was a Roman Christian priest, confessor, theologian and historian, and who became a Doctor of the Church. He was the son of Eusebius, of the city of Stridon, which was on the border of Dalmatia and Pannonia. He is best known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate), and his list of writings is extensive.
He is recognised by the Catholic Church as a saint and Doctor of the Church, and the Vulgate is still an important text in Catholicism. He is also recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, where he is known as St. Jerome of Stridonium or Blessed Jerome.
Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus was born at Stridon around 347. He was not baptized until about 360 or 366, when he had gone to Rome with his friend Bonosus (who may or may not have been the same Bonosus whom Jerome identifies as his friend who went to live as a hermit on an island in the Adriatic) to pursue rhetorical and philosophical studies. He studied under the grammarian Aelius Donatus. There Jerome learned Latin and at least some Greek, though probably not the familiarity with Greek literature he would later claim to have acquired as a schoolboy.
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Jewish Buddhist
A Jewish Buddhist (also Jewbu or Jubu or Buju) is a person with a Jewish background who practices forms of Buddhist meditation and spirituality. The term Jubu was first brought into wide circulation with the publication of The Jew in the Lotus (1994) by Rodger Kamenetz. In some cases, the term can refer to individuals who practice both traditions; in other cases, "Jewish" is no more than an ethnic designation where the person's main religious practice is Buddhism. In yet other cases, a Jubu is simply a Jew with an interest in Buddhism. A large demographic of Jewish Buddhists, constituting its majority, still maintain religious practices and beliefs in Judaism coupled with Buddhist practices and perhaps beliefs.
The first recorded instance of an American being converted to Buddhism on American soil occurred at the 1893 exposition on world religions and the convert had been a Jew named Charles Strauss. He declared himself a Buddhist at a public lecture that followed the World Conference on Religions in 1893. Strauss later became an author and leading expositor of Buddhism in the West. After World War II, there was increasing interest in Buddhism, associated with the Beat generation. Zen was the most important influence at that time. A new wave of Jews involved with Buddhism came in the late 1960s. Prominent teachers included Joseph Goldstein, Jack Kornfield and Sharon Salzberg, who founded the Insight Meditation Society and learned vipassana meditation primarily through Thai teachers.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Josephus
Titus Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100), also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer of priestly and royal ancestry who recorded Jewish history, with special emphasis on the 1st century AD and the First Jewish–Roman War, which resulted in the Destruction of Jerusalem and its temple in 70.
His most important works were The Jewish War (c. 75) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94).The Jewish War recounts the Jewish revolt against Roman occupation (66–70). Antiquities of the Jews recounts the history of the world from a Jewish perspective for an ostensibly Roman audience. These works provide valuable insight into 1st century Judaism and the background of Early Christianity (See main article Josephus on Jesus).
Josephus introduces himself in Greek as Iōsēpos (Ιώσηπος), son of Matthias, an ethnic Jew, a priest from Jerusalem" in his first book. He was the second-born son of Matthias and his wife, who was an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His older brother, his full-blooded sibling, was also called Matthias. The mother of Josephus was an aristocratic woman who descended from royalty and of the former ruling Hasmonean Dynasty. Josephus’ paternal grandparents were Josephus and his wife, an unnamed Jewish noblewoman. His paternal grandparents were distant relatives of each other, as they were both direct descendants of Simon Psellus. Josephus came from a wealthy, aristocratic family and through his father, he descended from the priestly order of the Jehoiarib, which was the first of the 24 orders of Priests in the Temple in Jerusalem. Through his father, Josephus was a descendant of the High Priest Jonathon. Jonathon may have been Alexander Jannaeus, the High Priest and Hasmonean ruler who governed Judea from 103 BC-76 BC. Born and raised in Jerusalem, Josephus was educated alongside his brother.
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Judah Halevi
Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi; Hebrew: יהודה הלוי; Arabic: يهوذا هاليفي; c. 1075–1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher. He was born in Spain, either in Toledo or Tudela, in 1075 or 1086, and died shortly after arriving in Palestine in 1141. Halevi is considered one of the greatest Hebrew poets, celebrated both for his religious and secular poems, many of which appear in present-day liturgy. His greatest philosophical work was The Kuzari.
Convention suggests that Judah ben Shmuel HaLevi was born in Toledo, Spain in 1075. He often referred to himself as coming from Christian territory, which would point to Toledo, which was conquered by Alfonso VI from the Muslims in Halevi's childhood (1086). As a youth, he seems to have gone to Granada, the main center of Jewish literary and intellectual life at the time, where he found a mentor in Moses Ibn Ezra. Although it is often said that he studied in the academy at Lucena, there is no evidence to this effect. He did compose a short elegy on the death of Isaac Alfasi, the head of the academy. His aptitude as a poet was recognized early. He was educated in traditional Jewish scholarship, in Arabic literature, and in the Greek sciences and philosophy that were available in Arabic. As an adult he was a physician, apparently of renown, and an active participant in Jewish communal affairs. For at least part of his life he lived in Toledo and may have been connected with the court there as a physician. In Toledo he complains of being too busy with medicine to devote himself to scholarship. At other times he lived in various Muslim cities in the south.
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Judah the Prince
Judah the Prince, (Hebrew: יהודה הנשיא, Yehudah HaNasi) or Judah I, also known as Rabbi or Rabbenu HaQadosh (Hebrew: רבנו הקדוש, "Our Sacred Teacher"), was a 2nd-century CE rabbi and chief redactor and editor of the Mishnah. He was a key leader of the Jewish community during the Roman occupation of Judea . He was of the Davidic line, the royal line of King David, hence the title nasi, meaning prince. The title nasi was also used for presidents of the Sanhedrin. Judah died on 15 Kislev in 188CE or 219CE .[citation needed]
Judah the Prince was born in 135 CE. According to the Midrash, he came into the world on the same day that Rabbi Akiva died a martyr's death. The Talmud suggests that this was a result of Divine Providence: God had granted the Jewish people another leader of great stature to succeed Rabbi Akiva. His place of birth is unknown; nor is it recorded where his father, Shimon ben Gamliel II, sought refuge with his family during the persecutions under Hadrian. He is the only tanna known as "our holy teacher" due to his deep piety.
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Khazars
The Khazars were semi-nomadic Turkic people who established one of the largest polities of medieval Eurasia, with the capital of Atil and territory comprising much of modern-day European Russia, western Kazakhstan, eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan, large portions of the northern Caucasus (Circassia, Dagestan), parts of Georgia, the Crimea, and northeastern Turkey.
A successor state of the Western Turks, Khazaria was a polyethnic-multifaith state with a population of Turkic, Uralic, Slavic, and Palaeo-Caucasian peoples. Khazaria was the first feudal state to be established in Eastern Europe. During the 9th and 10th centuries, Khazaria was one of the major arteries of commerce between northern Europe and southwestern Asia, as well as a connection to the Silk Road. The name "Khazar" is found in numerous languages and seems to be tied to a Turkic verb form meaning "wandering" (Modern Turkish: Gezer).Pax Khazarica is a term used by historians to refer to the period during which the Khazaria dominated the Pontic steppe and the Caucasus Mountains.
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Kohen
Kohen (or Kohain; Hebrew: כֹּהֵן, "priest", pl. כֹּהֲנִים Kohanim) is the Hebrew word for priest. Jewish Kohanim are traditionally believed and halachically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the Biblical Aaron.
The noun kohen is used in the Torah to refer to priests, both Jewish and non-Jewish, such as the Jewish nation as a whole, as well as the priests (Hebrew kohanim) of Baal (2Kings 10:19). During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem, Kohanim performed the daily and holiday (Yom Tov) duties of sacrificial offerings.
Today kohanim retain a lesser though somewhat distinct status within Judaism, and are bound by additional restrictions according to Orthodox Judaism.
The Hebrew noun kohen is most often translated as "priest", whether Jewish or pagan, such as the priests of Baal or Dagon, though Christian priests are referred to in Hebrew by the term komer (Hebrew כומר). The word derives from a Semitic root common, at minimum, to the Central Semitic languages; the cognate Arabic word كاهن kāhin means "soothsayer, augur, or priest".
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Kurdish Jews
Kurdish Jews or Kurdistani Jews (Hebrew: יהודי כורדיסטן, Yehudei Kurdistan, lit. Jews of Kurdistan; Aramaic: יהודיא, Hozaye; Kurdish: Kurdên cihû) are the ancient Eastern Jewish communities, inhabiting the region known as Kurdistan in northern Mesopotamia, roughly covering parts of Iran, northern Iraq, Syria and eastern Turkey. Their clothing and culture is similar to neighbouring Kurdish Muslims and Christian Assyrians. Until their immigration to Israel in the 1940s and early 1950s, the Jews of Kurdistan lived as closed ethnic communities. Kurdish Jews largely spoke Aramaic, with some speaking native Kurdish dialects. For example, in Iraqi Kurdistan, they spoke both Aramaic and the Kurmanji dialect. After coming to Israel however, those who spoke Kurmanji switched over to Aramaic. Today, the large majority of Kurdish Jews and their descendants live in Israel.
Tradition holds that Israelites of the tribe of Benjamin first arrived in the area of modern Kurdistan after the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom of Israel during the 8th century BC; they were subsequently relocated to the Assyrian capital. During the first century BC, the royal house of Adiabene, whose capital was Arbil (Aramaic: Arbala; Kurdish: Hewlêr), was converted to Judaism. King Monobazes, his queen Helena, and his son and successor Izates are recorded as the first proselytes.
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Leopold Zunz
Leopold Zunz (Hebrew/ Yiddish: יום טוב ליפמן צונץ—"Yom Tov Lipmann Tzuntz"; 10 August 1794 – 17 March 1886) was a German Reform rabbi and writer, the founder of what has been termed "Jewish Studies" or "Judaic Studies" (Wissenschaft des Judentums), the critical investigation of Jewish literature, hymnology and ritual. Zunz's historical investigations and contemporary writings had an important influence on contemporary Judaism.
Leopold Zunz was born at Detmold, and settled in Berlin in 1815, studying at the University of Berlin and obtaining a doctorate from the University of Halle. He was ordained by the early Reformer, Aaron Chorin, and served for two years teaching and giving sermons in the Reform New Synagogue in Berlin. He found the career uncongenial, and in 1840 he was appointed director of a Lehrerseminar, a post which relieved him from pecuniary troubles. Zunz was always interested in politics, and in 1848 addressed many public meetings. In 1850 he resigned his headship of the Teachers' Seminary, and was awarded a pension. Throughout his early and married life he was the champion of Jewish rights, and he did not withdraw from public affairs until 1874, the year of the death of his wife Adelheid Beermann, whom he had married in 1822.
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Lists of Jews
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Maimonides
Mosheh ben Maimon משה בן מימון, called Moses Maimonides and also known as Mūsā ibn Maymūn (Arabic: موسى بن ميمون), or RaMBaM (רמב"ם – Hebrew acronym for "Rabbi Mosheh Ben Maimon"), was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher and one of the most prolific and followed Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba, Almoravid Empire (present-day Spain) on Passover Eve, 1135, and died in Egypt (or Tiberias) on 20th Tevet, December 12, 1204. He was a rabbi, physician and philosopher in Morocco and Egypt.
Although his writings on Jewish law and ethics were met with acclaim and gratitude from most Jews even as far off as Spain, Iraq and Yemen, and he rose to be the revered head of the Jewish community in Egypt, there were also vociferous critics of some of his rulings and other writings particularly in Spain. Nevertheless, he was posthumously acknowledged to be one of the foremost rabbinical arbiters and philosophers in Jewish history, his copious work a cornerstone of Jewish scholarship. His fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still carries canonical authority as a codification of Talmudic law. In the Yeshiva world he is known as "haNesher haGadol" (the great eagle) in recognition of his outstanding status as a bona fide exponent of the Oral Torah.
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Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim (Hebrew: מזרחים), also referred to as Adot HaMizrach (עֲדוֹת-הַמִּזְרָח) (Communities of the East; Mizrahi Hebrew: ʿAdot(h) Ha(m)Mizraḥ) are Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa and the Caucasus. The term Mizrahi is used in Israel in the language of politics, media and some social scientists for Jews from mostly Arab-ruled geographies and adjacent, primarily Muslim-majority countries. This includes Jews from Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Azerbaijan, Iran/Persia, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kurdish areas, Northern and Eastern Sudan, as well as Ethiopia, and within and nearby Israel. Sometimes, Sephardi Jews such as Jews from Morocco, Algeria, or Turkey are erroneously grouped into the Mizrahi category for some historical reasons.
Despite their heterogeneous origins, Mizrahi Jews generally practice rites identical or similar to traditional Sephardic Judaism, although with some differences among the minhagim of the particular communities. This has resulted in a conflation of terms, particularly in Israel, and in religious usage, where "Sephardi" is used in a broad sense to include Mizrahi Jews as well as Sephardim proper. Indeed, from the point of view of the official Israeli rabbinate, the Mizrahi rabbis in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel who, in most cases, is a Mizrahi Jew. Today they make up more than half of Israel's Jewish population, but before the mass immigration of 1,000,000 mostly Ashkenazi immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s they made up over 70% of Israel's Jewish population.
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Moses
Moses (Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה, Modern Moshe Tiberian Mōšéh ISO 259-3 Moše; Greek: Mωϋσῆς Mōüsēs; Arabic: موسىٰ Mūsa) was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Qur'an, a religious leader, lawgiver and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), he is the most important prophet in Judaism, and is also considered an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.
The existence of Moses as well as the veracity of the Exodus story is disputed amongst archaeologists and Egyptologists, with experts in the field of biblical criticism citing logical inconsistencies, new archaeological evidence, historical evidence, and related origin myths in Canaanite culture. Other historians maintain that the biographical details, and Egyptian background, attributed to Moses imply the existence of a historical political and religious leader who was involved in the consolidation of the Hebrew tribes in Canaan towards the end of the Bronze Age.
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Moses Mendelssohn
Moses Mendelssohn (6 September 1729 – 4 January 1786) was a German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas Haskalah (the Jewish Enlightenment) is indebted. Although himself a practicing orthodox Jew, he has been referred to as the father of Reform Judaism.
Born to a poor Jewish family in Dessau and originally destined for a rabbinical career, Mendelssohn educated himself in German thought and literature and from his writings on philosophy and religion came to be regarded as a leading cultural figure of his time by both Germans and Jews. He also established himself as an important figure in the Berlin textile industry, which was the foundation of his family's wealth.
Moses Mendelssohn's descendants include the composers Fanny and Felix Mendelssohn and the founders of the Mendelssohn & Co. banking house.
Moses Mendelssohn was born in Dessau. His father's name was Mendel and he later took the surname Mendelssohn ("Mendel's son"). Mendel Dessau was a poor scribe—a writer of torah scrolls—and his son Moses in his boyhood developed curvature of the spine. His early education was cared for by his father and by the local rabbi, David Fränkel, who besides teaching him the Bible and Talmud, introduced to him the philosophy of Maimonides. Fränkel received a call to Berlin in 1743. A few months later Moses followed him.
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Mountain Jews
Highland Jews, Mountain Jews or Kavkazi Jews also known as Juvuro or Juhuro, are Jews of the eastern Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan and Azerbaijan. They are also less commonly known as Caucasus Jews, or East Caucasian Jews, because the majority of these Jews settled the eastern part of the Caucasus.
The Mountain Jewish community originally came from Ancient Persia, from 5th century AD onwards, and their language, Juhuri, a relation of the Tat language, is an Ancient Southwest Iranian language, which integrates many elements of Ancient Hebrew. It is believed that they had arrived in Persia, from Ancient Israel, as early as the 8th century BCE. The Mountain Jews survived numerous historical vicissitudes by settling in extremely remote and mountainous areas, and they were accomplished at fighting from horseback.
Despite their name, the "Mountain Jews" or "Caucasian Jews" do not include the Georgian Jews of the Caucasus Mountains. The Mountain Jews are culturally and ethnically distinct from the Georgian Jews, with a different language, and many differences of custom and culture.
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Nahmanides
Nahmanides, also known as Rabbi Moses ben Naḥman Girondi, Bonastruc ça (de) Porta and by his acronym Ramban, (Porta, Barcelona, 1194 – Land of Israel, 1270) was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Catalan rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator. He was raised, studied, and lived for most of his life in Girona.
"Nahmanides" is a Greek-influenced formation meaning "son of Naḥman". He is also commonly known by his Hebrew acronym, "Ramban", (Rabbi Moshe ben Naḥman). His Catalan name was Bonastruc ça Porta, (also written Saporta, de Porta).
Nahmanides was born at Porta, Barcelona in 1194. He grew up and studied in Girona (hence his name "Girondi"), and died in the Land of Israel about 1270. He was the grandson of Isaac ben Reuben of Barcelona and cousin of Jonah Gerondi (the Rabbeinu Yonah); possibly his brother was Benveniste de Porta, the bailie of Barcelona.[clarification needed] Among his teachers in Talmud were Judah ben Yakkar and Meïr ben Nathan of Trinquetaille, and he is said to have been instructed in Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) by his countryman Azriel of Gerona, who was in turn a disciple of Isaac the Blind.
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Nehemiah
Nehemiah ( /ˌniːəˈmaɪə/ or /ˌniːhəˈmaɪə/; נְחֶמְיָה, "Comforted of/is the LORD (YHWH)," Standard Hebrew Nəḥemya, Tiberian Hebrew Nəḥemyāh) is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah, which describes his work rebuilding Jerusalem and purifying the Jewish community. He was the son of Hachaliah, (Neh. 1:1) and probably of the Tribe of Judah, and his career took place probably in the second half of the 5th century BC.
In the 20th year of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, (445/444 BC), Nehemiah was cup-bearer to the king. Learning that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild them, and Artaxerxes sent him to Judah as governor of the province with a mission to rebuild the walls. Once there he defied the opposition of Judah's enemies on all sides - Samaritans, Ammonites, Arabs and Philistines - and rebuilt the walls within 52 days, from the Sheep Gate in the North, the Hananel Tower at the North West corner, the Fish Gate in the West, the Furnaces Tower at the Temple Mount's South West corner, the Dung Gate in the South, the East Gate and the gate beneath the Golden Gate in the East.
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Paul E. Kahle
Paul Ernst Kahle (January 21, 1875, Hohenstein – September 24, 1964, Düsseldorf) was a German orientalist and scholar.
He was born in East Prussia and studied orientalism and theology in Marburg. He attained his doctorate in 1898. He was a Lutheran pastor. He studied semitic philology in Cairo between 1908 and 1918. In 1918 he was promoted to a full professorship (Ordinary professor) at Gießen University, a chair previously held by Friedrich Schwally. In 1923 he switched to Bonn University, where he developed the Eastern Studies curriculum by adding a Chinese and a Japanese class.
Kahle migrated to England and the University of Oxford in 1939, having been dismissed from his University post in Bonn, owing at least in great part to the fact that he had a Polish rabbi (Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg) as an assistant. At Oxford he gained two further doctorates. During this period in Oxford he suffered the personal tragedy of his son Paul's untimely death.
Kahle returned to Germany after the war, where he pursued his research as Professor Emeritus. His principal academic renown is as editor of the Hebrew Bible.
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Philip R. Davies
Philip R. Davies (b.1945) is a biblical scholar with interests in Early Judaism, History of Ancient Israel, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Davies has been labeled a biblical minimalist and associated with the Copenhagen School. He also has an interest in the development of secular scholarship and contemporary cultural issues, as illustrated in his book "Whose Bible Is It Anyway?". Davies has a degree from Oxford (1967) and a doctorate from the University of St. Andrews (1972). His doctoral thesis was on 1QM, the War Scroll from Qumran. He received an appointment at the University of Sheffield in 1974, where he has remained, eventually becoming Research Professor of Biblical Studies. He was a co-founder of Sheffield Academic Press.
Davies has been a provocative writer on biblical subjects, often questioning fundamental assumptions regarding what is known about various biblical issues. His brief book In Search Of "Ancient Israel" poses the idea that the ancient notion of Israel referred to at least three separate entities, a tribal formation at the time of Merneptah, the kingdom of the house of Omri and a later idealized version that united Omride Israel and Judah, thus putting into question the notion of the "united kingdom" and the structure of the biblical narrative. One of the book's conclusions: "On the basis of the biblical and non-biblical data, the social conditions appropriate for the emergence of the biblical Israel appear to be found in Persian period Yehud." Many of his suggestions in this book have subsequently come to be accepted as normative, even by some of his most vociferous critics such as the biblical archaeologist William Dever, as Davies showed in his review of two of Dever's own recent publications ( ‘Crypto-Minimalism’, Journal of Semitic Studies 50 (2005), pp. 117–136).
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Rashi
Shlomo Yitzhaki (Hebrew: רבי שלמה יצחקי), or in Latin Salomon Isaacides, and today generally known by the acronym Rashi (Hebrew: רש"י, RAbbi SHlomo Itzhaki; February 22, 1040 – July 13, 1105), was a medieval French rabbi famed as the author of a comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). He is considered the "father" of all commentaries that followed on the Talmud (i.e., the Baalei Tosafot) and the Tanakh (i.e., Ramban, Ibn Ezra, Ohr HaChaim, et al.).
Acclaimed for his ability to present the basic meaning of the text in a concise, lucid fashion, Rashi appeals to both learned scholars and beginning students, and his works remain a centerpiece of contemporary Jewish study. His commentary on the Talmud, which covers nearly all of the Babylonian Talmud (a total of 30 tractates), has been included in every edition of the Talmud since its first printing by Daniel Bomberg in the 1520s. His commentary on Tanakh — especially his commentary on the Chumash ("Five Books of Moses") — is an indispensable aid to students of all levels. The latter commentary alone serves as the basis for more than 300 "supercommentaries" which analyze Rashi's choice of language and citations, penned by some of the greatest names in rabbinic literature.
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Rudolf Kittel
Rudolf Kittel (28 March 1853, Eningen, Württemberg - 20 October 1929, Leipzig) was a German Old Testament scholar.
Kittel studied at Tübingen University. He became Professor of Old Testament at Breslau and Leipzig. He produced commentaries and histories of the Israelites and the Near East, but his most enduring work was his critical edition of the Hebrew scriptures, Biblia Hebraica, which has remained a standard text.
Rudolf Kittel edited and changed the Hebrew Old Testament text. It is now printed and edited as "Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia", in Stuttgart Germany.
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Samaritan
The Samaritans (Hebrew: שומרונים Shomronim, Arabic: السامريون as-Sāmariyyūn) are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant. Religiously the Samaritans are adherents of Samaritanism, an Abrahamic religion closely related to Judaism. Based on the Samaritan Torah, Samaritans claim their worship is the true religion of the ancient Israelites prior to the Babylonian Exile, preserved by those who remained in the Land of Israel, as opposed to Judaism, which they assert is a related but altered and amended religion brought back by those returning from exile.
Ancestrally, Samaritans claim descent from a group of Israelite inhabitants from the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh (the two sons of Joseph) as well as some descendants from the priestly tribe of Levi, who have connections to ancient Samaria from the period of their entry into the land of Canaan, while some suggest that it was from the beginning of the Babylonian Exile up to the Samaritan Kingdom of Baba Rabba. The Samaritans, however, derive their name not from this geographical designation, but rather from the Hebrew term Shamerim שַמֶרִים, "Keepers [of the Law]".
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Sarah
Sarah or Sara ( /ˈsɛərə/;Hebrew: שָׂרָה, Modern Sara Tiberian Śārā ISO 259-3 Śarra; Latin: Sara; Arabic: سارة) was the wife of Abraham and the mother of Isaac as described in the Hebrew Bible and the Quran. Her name was originally Sarai. According to Genesis 17:15 God changed her name to Sarah as part of a covenant after Hagar bore Abraham his first son, Ishmael.
The Hebrew name Sarah indicates a woman of high rank and is translated as "princess".
Sarah was the wife of Abraham, as well as being his half-sister, the daughter of his father Terah (Genesis 20:12). The Talmud identifies Sarai with Iscah, daughter of Abraham's deceased brother Haran (Genesis 11:29), so that Sarah turns out to be the niece of Abraham and the sister of Lot and Milcah. She was also the mother-in-law of Rebecca, her successor. She was considered beautiful to the point that Abraham feared that when they were near more powerful rulers she would be taken away and given to another man. Twice he purposefully identified her as being only his sister so that he would be "treated well" for her sake. It is apparent that she remained attractive into her later years. Despite her great beauty, she was barren for an unknown reason. She was originally called "Sarai" which is translated "my princess." Later she was called "Sarah" i.e., princess." In Biblical times, the changing of one's name was significant and used to symbolize the binding of a covenant. In this case, God promised to put an end to her barrenness and give her a child (Isaac).
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Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Sfaraddi Tiberian Səp̄āraddî) is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, the term Sephardic Jew refers to the Jews following the Sephardic Halakha.
The term essentially means "Spanish". It comes from Sepharad (Hebrew: סְפָרַד, Modern Sfarád Tiberian Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location. This location is disputed, but "Sepharad" was identified by later Jews as the Iberian Peninsula, and still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.[citation needed]
In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" translates as plural Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Sfaraddim Tiberian Səp̄āraddîm; Spanish: Sefardíes; Portuguese: Sefarditas; Catalan: Sefardites; Basque: Sefardiak; Galician: Sefardís; Italian: Sefarditi; Greek: Σεφαρδίτες Sefardites; Bulgarian: Сефаради Sefaradi; Bosnian: Sefardi; Serbian: Сефарди Sefardi; Turkish: Sefarad, Judaeo-Spanish: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and Arabic: سفارديون Safārdīyyūn.
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Solomon
Solomon (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה, Modern Shlomo Tiberian Šəlōmō ISO 259-3 Šlomo; Arabic: سليمان Sulaymān, also colloquially: Silimān; Greek: Σολομών Solomōn), according to the Book of Kings and the Book of Chronicles, a King of Israel and according to the Talmud one of the 48 prophets, is identified as the son of David, also called Jedidiah (Hebrew יְדִידְיָהּ) in 2 Samuel 12:25, and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone. In the Qur'an, he is considered as a major Prophet, known as Sulaiman, son of David.
The Hebrew Bible credits Solomon as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, and portrays him as great in wisdom, wealth, and power, but ultimately as a king whose sin, including idolatry and turning away from Yahweh, leads to the kingdom being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam. Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends.
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Solomon Schechter
Solomon Schechter (Hebrew: שניאור זלמן שכטר; December 7, 1847 – November, 19 1915) was a Moldavian-born Romanian and English rabbi, academic scholar, and educator, most famous for his roles as founder and President of the United Synagogue of America, President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and architect of the American Conservative Jewish movement.
Born in Focşani to a Jewish Romanian family adhering to the Chabad Hasidic branch, he attended yeshivas in Eastern Europe. Schechter received his early education from his father who was a shochet ("ritual slaughterer"). Reportedly, he learned to read Hebrew by age three, and by five mastered Chumash. He went to a yeshiva in Piatra Neamţ at age ten and at age thirteen studied with one of the major Talmudic scholars, Rabbi Joseph Saul Nathanson of Lemberg. In his twenties he went to the Rabbinical College in Vienna, where he studied under the more modern Talmudic scholar Meir Friedmann, before in 1879 moving on to undertake further studies at the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums and at the University of Berlin. Three years later he was invited to the UK, to be tutor of rabbinics under Claude Montefiore in London.
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Vilna Gaon
Elijah ben Shlomo Zalman Kremer, (Hebrew: ר' אליהו בן שלמה זלמן) known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew acronym Gra ("Gaon Rabbenu Eliyahu") or Elijah Ben Solomon, (Vilnius April 23, 1720 – Vilnius October 9, 1797), was a Talmudist, halachist, kabbalist, and the foremost leader of non-hasidic Jewry of the past few centuries. He is commonly referred to in Hebrew as ha'Gaon ha'Chasid mi'Vilna, "the saintly genius from Vilnius."
He was one of the most influential Rabbinic authorities since the Middle Ages, and—although he is counted among the sages known as the Acharonim—he is held by many authorities after him as belonging to the Rishonim (Rabbinic authorities of the Middle Ages). Large groups of people, including many yeshivas, uphold the set of Jewish customs and rites (minhag), the "minhag ha-Gra," which is named for him, and which is also considered by many to be the prevailing Ashkenazi minhag in Jerusalem.
Born in Vilnius, capital city of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Gaon displayed extraordinary talent while still a child. By the time he was twenty years old, rabbis were submitting their most difficult halakhic problems to him for legal rulings. He was a voluminous author, writing such works as glosses on the Babylonian Talmud and Shulchan Aruch known as Biurei ha-Gra ("Elaboration by the Gra"), a running commentary on the Mishnah (Shenoth Eliyahu ("The Years of Elijah"), and insights on the Pentateuch entitled Adereth Eliyahu ("The Splendor of Elijah"). Various Kabbalistic works have commentaries in his name, and commentaries on the Proverbs and other books of the Tanakh were written later on in his life. None were published in his lifetime.
wn.com/Vilna_Gaon
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Ladybird
- Marcel Proust
- Where Our Gardens Grow
- Saunders Hollow
- Longer Than Sorrow
- Down
- Kept
- Illusions of Separation
- Drink to Sher
- 5 AM
- Deeper
- Grey Breathes
- Hit the Ground
- Like I Used To
- Still Trying to Find You Home
- Restless Hands
- Over Your Consistency
- Winter Song
- Take and Read
- November Tree
- Exegesis
- Instrumental
- Lady Eucharist
- The Lord Is in This Place... How Dreadful Is This Place
- 'Til San Francisco
- Images
- Lock the Door When You Leave
- In Every Villa...
- Pharaoh's Lonely Daughter
- Devil's Interval
- Tallis
- Stereognosis
- Tells
- Gently Johnny
- Voice Against Memory
- Mashah
- Prayers in the Pavilions of Other Men's Dreams
- ...Claustrophobia...
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Tanakh, Canons, and Dead Sea Scrolls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
1-5 = part 5 of series next: 2-1: www.youtube.com Playlist: www.youtube.com List of uploads within playlist: berties-teapot.blogspot.com The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ) is a name used in Judaism for the Hebrew Bible. en.wikipedia.org A canonical text is a single authoritative edition for a given work. en.wikipedia.org The Septuagint (LXX) is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE in Alexandria. It was begun by the third century BCE and completed before 132 BCE. en.wikipedia.org The Septuagint Online www.kalvesmaki.com The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity the publisher either rejects or doubts. en.wikipedia.org The word pseudepigrapha, meaning "books with false titles," refers to books similar in type to those of the Bible whose authors gave them the names of persons of a much earlier period in order to enhance their authority. Among the best known are 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasses, which are included in the Apocrypha. mb-soft.com ocp.acadiau.ca The Dead Sea scrolls comprise about 900 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered (1947-56) in caves near the Qumran Wadi on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea. The manuscripts mostly date between 150 BCE and 70 CE. en.wikipedia.org Playlist: Dead Sea Scrolls: www.youtube.com Playlist: www.youtube.com 1-1 www.youtube.com 1-2 www.youtube.com 1-3 ...
http://wn.com/Tanakh,_Canons,_and_Dead_Sea_Scrolls
1-5 = part 5 of series next: 2-1: www.youtube.com Playlist: www.youtube.com List of uploads within playlist: berties-teapot.blogspot.com The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ) is a name used in Judaism for the Hebrew Bible. en.wikipedia.org A canonical text is a single authoritative edition for a given work. en.wikipedia.org The Septuagint (LXX) is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE in Alexandria. It was begun by the third century BCE and completed before 132 BCE. en.wikipedia.org The Septuagint Online www.kalvesmaki.com The biblical apocrypha (from the Greek word ἀπόκρυφος meaning hidden) are books published in an edition of the Bible whose canonicity the publisher either rejects or doubts. en.wikipedia.org The word pseudepigrapha, meaning "books with false titles," refers to books similar in type to those of the Bible whose authors gave them the names of persons of a much earlier period in order to enhance their authority. Among the best known are 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasses, which are included in the Apocrypha. mb-soft.com ocp.acadiau.ca The Dead Sea scrolls comprise about 900 documents, including texts from the Hebrew Bible, discovered (1947-56) in caves near the Qumran Wadi on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea. The manuscripts mostly date between 150 BCE and 70 CE. en.wikipedia.org Playlist: Dead Sea Scrolls: www.youtube.com Playlist: www.youtube.com 1-1 www.youtube.com 1-2 www.youtube.com 1-3 ...
What Is The TANAKH? Torah, Nebiim & Ketubim - A Brief Rastafari Judaic Lecture - Wendim Yadon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:13
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/What_Is_The_TANAKH?_Torah,_Nebiim_Ketubim_A_Brief_Rastafari_Judaic_Lecture_Wendim_Yadon
Tanakh - Still Trying To Find You Home
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:11
- Updated: 21 Dec 2012
Ardent Fevers, 2006 www.jessepoe.is www.myspace.com Tanakh is the name for music written and improvised by a musical collective from Richmond, Virginia. The ethnic fusion collective was formed in 2000 by its primary songwriter — veteran producer and recording engineer, Jesse Poe. Some of the notable people who have collaborated with the outfit include members from Broken Hips (Phil Murphy and Tom Brickman), Cracker (David Lowery, Johnny Hickman), Dirty Three (Mick Turner), and Ravi Shankar associate, Nirmal Bajekal.
http://wn.com/Tanakh_Still_Trying_To_Find_You_Home
Ardent Fevers, 2006 www.jessepoe.is www.myspace.com Tanakh is the name for music written and improvised by a musical collective from Richmond, Virginia. The ethnic fusion collective was formed in 2000 by its primary songwriter — veteran producer and recording engineer, Jesse Poe. Some of the notable people who have collaborated with the outfit include members from Broken Hips (Phil Murphy and Tom Brickman), Cracker (David Lowery, Johnny Hickman), Dirty Three (Mick Turner), and Ravi Shankar associate, Nirmal Bajekal.
- published: 23 Aug 2010
- views: 2167
- author: MrPzhamz
Prof Diarmaid MacCulloch - Voices and silence in Tanakh and Christian New Testament (lecture 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 66:42
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
The Gifford Lecture series 2012 - Silence in Christian History: the witness of Holmes' Dog Professor Diarmaid MacCulloch presents his introductory lecture in our 2012 Gifford lecture series. The lecture discussed a change in emphasis between the Hebrew Scripture (the Tanakh) and what Christians made of what is arguably a minority positive strand in Judaic thinking on silence; we survey the growth of a consciousness of silence, particularly in the cosmos, in Jewish religion. We seek the voice of Jesus to be heard behind the text of the New Testament, with his distinctive use of silence and silences; the place of silence in the first Christian attempts to understand the significance of Jesus Christ, and its relationship to the formation of the Church. Recorded Monday 23 April 2012 at St Cecilia's Hall, Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Prof_Diarmaid_MacCulloch_Voices_and_silence_in_Tanakh_and_Christian_New_Testament_lecture_1
The Gifford Lecture series 2012 - Silence in Christian History: the witness of Holmes' Dog Professor Diarmaid MacCulloch presents his introductory lecture in our 2012 Gifford lecture series. The lecture discussed a change in emphasis between the Hebrew Scripture (the Tanakh) and what Christians made of what is arguably a minority positive strand in Judaic thinking on silence; we survey the growth of a consciousness of silence, particularly in the cosmos, in Jewish religion. We seek the voice of Jesus to be heard behind the text of the New Testament, with his distinctive use of silence and silences; the place of silence in the first Christian attempts to understand the significance of Jesus Christ, and its relationship to the formation of the Church. Recorded Monday 23 April 2012 at St Cecilia's Hall, Edinburgh.
- published: 26 Apr 2012
- views: 2940
- author: EdinburghUniversity
A Warning hidden in the Tanakh for Israel's leaders
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:42
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
The book of Ezra has hidden message for the leaders of Israel today - don't yoke up with the Vatican or Arab nations! Steven Ben-Denoon points out this crtical message just before the December meeting with the Vatican and their economic ties with Israel. Also the author points out the grave mistake that Jews make by thinking the Vatican is the source of Spiritual leadership. A must see video!
http://wn.com/A_Warning_hidden_in_the_Tanakh_for_Israel's_leaders
The book of Ezra has hidden message for the leaders of Israel today - don't yoke up with the Vatican or Arab nations! Steven Ben-Denoon points out this crtical message just before the December meeting with the Vatican and their economic ties with Israel. Also the author points out the grave mistake that Jews make by thinking the Vatican is the source of Spiritual leadership. A must see video!
- published: 13 Aug 2012
- views: 466
- author: Steven DeNoon
From Judaism's Holy Tanakh: Book of Proverbs, Ch. 1-4(In Hebrew)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:35
- Updated: 17 Jan 2012
suprememastertv.com - From Judaism's Holy Tanakh: Book of Proverbs, Ch. 1-4(In Hebrew), Episode: 631, Air date: 6 - June - 2008
http://wn.com/From_Judaism's_Holy_Tanakh_Book_of_Proverbs,_Ch_1-4In_Hebrew
suprememastertv.com - From Judaism's Holy Tanakh: Book of Proverbs, Ch. 1-4(In Hebrew), Episode: 631, Air date: 6 - June - 2008
- published: 28 Jul 2008
- views: 826
- author: SMTV Uploads
Jesus foretold in the Tanakh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
..
http://wn.com/Jesus_foretold_in_the_Tanakh
Holocaust / Rebirth/ Torah / Tanakh / New Testament 1 of 6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 11 Aug 2010
Pastor Sandy Armstrong of Soldiers For Christ: The complete redemptive plan of God is very clear when you bring The Torah / The Tanakh / The New Testament Bible together, they together are ONE complete book. There is an absolute link between Israel and Yeshua. The 1st Adam (in the garden) and the 2nd Adam (on the cross) Yeshua. Why Gomer? Why does the book of Isaiah have 66 chapters? Is God in full control of The Word? What is Ashkenazi Jew? Why is 1945 1948? So important? s4ctroops@aol.com
http://wn.com/Holocaust_Rebirth_Torah_Tanakh_New_Testament_1_of_6
Pastor Sandy Armstrong of Soldiers For Christ: The complete redemptive plan of God is very clear when you bring The Torah / The Tanakh / The New Testament Bible together, they together are ONE complete book. There is an absolute link between Israel and Yeshua. The 1st Adam (in the garden) and the 2nd Adam (on the cross) Yeshua. Why Gomer? Why does the book of Isaiah have 66 chapters? Is God in full control of The Word? What is Ashkenazi Jew? Why is 1945 1948? So important? s4ctroops@aol.com
- published: 14 May 2010
- views: 454
- author: Soldiers For Christ Community Church
Hebrew Audio Bible(Tanakh) Tehilim 51
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Hebrew Audio Bible(Tanakh) Tehilim 51
http://wn.com/Hebrew_Audio_BibleTanakh_Tehilim_51
The Jewish TANAKH supports the KJB reading
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:38
- Updated: 14 Apr 2012
The Jewish TANAKH ( translation of the OT made by Jews) translated the verse in Psalm 12 as did the KJB, using 'them' and 'guarding each' (not 'us) referring to God's promise to preserve His words. The KJB marginal note had 'Heb. him, every one of them' They knew the grammatical 'Nun Demonstrative' was present in the pronoun suffix, and translated the verse correctly.
http://wn.com/The_Jewish_TANAKH_supports_the_KJB_reading
The Jewish TANAKH ( translation of the OT made by Jews) translated the verse in Psalm 12 as did the KJB, using 'them' and 'guarding each' (not 'us) referring to God's promise to preserve His words. The KJB marginal note had 'Heb. him, every one of them' They knew the grammatical 'Nun Demonstrative' was present in the pronoun suffix, and translated the verse correctly.
- published: 11 Oct 2009
- views: 800
- author: edwardpf123
TANAKH VS NEW TESTAMENT Pt1of2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 25 Apr 2012
Genesis 8:22 "While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease. JEREMIAH 31:35 "Thus saith YHWH, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the m...oon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; YHWH of hosts is his name: (36) IF THOSE ORDINANCES(חֻקָּה chuqqah: FIXED ORDERS) Depart from before me, saith YHWH, then the seed of YISRAEL ALSO shall CEASE from being a NATION before ME FOR EVER! Ecc 3:15 "That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already been; and EL requireth that which is past. (YHWH CHANGES NOT, He Requires that which is Past, nothing new under the sun)
http://wn.com/TANAKH_VS_NEW_TESTAMENT_Pt1of2
Genesis 8:22 "While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease. JEREMIAH 31:35 "Thus saith YHWH, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the m...oon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; YHWH of hosts is his name: (36) IF THOSE ORDINANCES(חֻקָּה chuqqah: FIXED ORDERS) Depart from before me, saith YHWH, then the seed of YISRAEL ALSO shall CEASE from being a NATION before ME FOR EVER! Ecc 3:15 "That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already been; and EL requireth that which is past. (YHWH CHANGES NOT, He Requires that which is Past, nothing new under the sun)
- published: 12 Nov 2010
- views: 826
- author: UriYaH12
Yahoshua & The Tanakh Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 55:08
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Hebrew Israelite Teaching Feel free to send in any questions that you may have
http://wn.com/Yahoshua_The_Tanakh_Part_1
Hebrew Israelite Teaching Feel free to send in any questions that you may have
- published: 04 Nov 2012
- views: 266
- author: googletube2009
Shabbat Shalom- Chanting of Hebrew Torah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Center for Biblical Hebrew chanting the portions www.c-bh.com Let His LIVING Word fill your home on Shabbat.
http://wn.com/Shabbat_Shalom_Chanting_of_Hebrew_Torah
Center for Biblical Hebrew chanting the portions www.c-bh.com Let His LIVING Word fill your home on Shabbat.
- published: 30 Jan 2010
- views: 11397
- author: paulgem123
Desert Island Texts -- The Chief Rabbi's seven favourite verses in all the Bible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:48
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
On Sunday 4th March 2012, the Chief Rabbi Lord Sacks delivered the opening keynote address at the London School of Jewish Studies' Tanakh Day. Interviewed by Dr Rafi Zarum, the Chief Rabbi discussed his seven favourite verses in Tanakh, the reasons for his choice and the wider lessons that can be drawn from them. And because it was Desert Island Texts, the session also featured some examples of some of the Chief Rabbi's favourite musical pieces.
http://wn.com/Desert_Island_Texts_-_The_Chief_Rabbi's_seven_favourite_verses_in_all_the_Bible
On Sunday 4th March 2012, the Chief Rabbi Lord Sacks delivered the opening keynote address at the London School of Jewish Studies' Tanakh Day. Interviewed by Dr Rafi Zarum, the Chief Rabbi discussed his seven favourite verses in Tanakh, the reasons for his choice and the wider lessons that can be drawn from them. And because it was Desert Island Texts, the session also featured some examples of some of the Chief Rabbi's favourite musical pieces.
- published: 15 May 2012
- views: 821
- author: Rabbi Sacks
Aviad Cohen Spotlights Complete Jewish Bibles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Jewish Counter-Missionaries and many (not all) Jews who reject Yeshua as Messiah state "We believe" that Jesus is not the Messiah or "We believe" that The New Testament is not for Jews and so on. Aviad Cohen is here to share that he believers in D'var Elohim "The Word of YHVH" - all of it....both the Tanakh and The Brit Chadasha. Find out more in this video and also about two suggested Complete Jewish Bible Translations.
http://wn.com/Aviad_Cohen_Spotlights_Complete_Jewish_Bibles
Jewish Counter-Missionaries and many (not all) Jews who reject Yeshua as Messiah state "We believe" that Jesus is not the Messiah or "We believe" that The New Testament is not for Jews and so on. Aviad Cohen is here to share that he believers in D'var Elohim "The Word of YHVH" - all of it....both the Tanakh and The Brit Chadasha. Find out more in this video and also about two suggested Complete Jewish Bible Translations.
- published: 08 Oct 2010
- views: 2132
- author: aviadcohen
WHY DO I NEED JESUS? - Even The Wicked Atone -
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Atonement & Salvation in the Jewish Bible (part 1) sagavyah.tripod.com How are people forgiven of sins and saved, according to the Tanakh (the "Old Testament")? What is the purpose of animal sacrifices in the Bible? Does the Tanakh [the "Old Testament"] teach that only a sinless individual can provide atonement? Does the Tanakh support the view that without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness of sins? Unintentionally finding the surprising answers to these questions from within the Old Testament, with only a Christian education and background, with no Jewish influence, lead me to agree with the objectiveness of the traditional Jewish understanding of these issues. After further researched, I learned that I had two choices: Keep the Laws of Noah, or become an Israelite (convert to being a Jew). You can find several clips on the Laws of Noah which I've already uploaded to Youtube. [my conversion to Judaism] Product of Monroe / Bastrop, Louisiana [LOL]
http://wn.com/WHY_DO_I_NEED_JESUS?_Even_The_Wicked_Atone_-
Atonement & Salvation in the Jewish Bible (part 1) sagavyah.tripod.com How are people forgiven of sins and saved, according to the Tanakh (the "Old Testament")? What is the purpose of animal sacrifices in the Bible? Does the Tanakh [the "Old Testament"] teach that only a sinless individual can provide atonement? Does the Tanakh support the view that without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness of sins? Unintentionally finding the surprising answers to these questions from within the Old Testament, with only a Christian education and background, with no Jewish influence, lead me to agree with the objectiveness of the traditional Jewish understanding of these issues. After further researched, I learned that I had two choices: Keep the Laws of Noah, or become an Israelite (convert to being a Jew). You can find several clips on the Laws of Noah which I've already uploaded to Youtube. [my conversion to Judaism] Product of Monroe / Bastrop, Louisiana [LOL]
- published: 02 Mar 2008
- views: 5009
- author: Yosef Eliyah
Satan Is The Servant Of God - Not An Evil Boogie Man
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 74:28
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
A Study Concerning The Nature and Role of the being known as H'Shatan From a strictly scriptural (TaNaKh "OT") Perspective... "The Adversary" as a beneficial tool in our growth... Also slightly dealing with demons and devils...
http://wn.com/Satan_Is_The_Servant_Of_God_Not_An_Evil_Boogie_Man
A Study Concerning The Nature and Role of the being known as H'Shatan From a strictly scriptural (TaNaKh "OT") Perspective... "The Adversary" as a beneficial tool in our growth... Also slightly dealing with demons and devils...
- published: 25 Dec 2011
- views: 682
- author: Marlon Broussard
The Secrets of Life and Happiness
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:50
- Updated: 28 Mar 2012
No kidding. A tiny, very damaged fragment of the Dead Sea Scrolls was found. When it was restored it was found to say: The Festival of our Peace. The fruit became plump due to the Heavens and the produce of the Earth of living things, so we give thanks to your Name, forever. Blessed is the Lord who causes us to rejoice, for that is why You created us. I found the question in my mail that I mention! "Lindemann04109 has posted a comment on your profile: Why can't religious ever give me a honest, full, strict answer. Who put the Old Testament, Tanakh together? and why is there so many differences with in it? Jews have 39 books right? Christians have from, 39, 46, to 51 book in the OT, Tanakh, why? Why is this so? Someone here is not telling me the truth. How has the right to say that the OT, Tanakh has 39 books or 51 books? Only "God" right? So is this proof that the bible is the work or man and not God? I mean just look at this. 39 books to 51 books, What in the world went wrong here? Thanks"
http://wn.com/The_Secrets_of_Life_and_Happiness
No kidding. A tiny, very damaged fragment of the Dead Sea Scrolls was found. When it was restored it was found to say: The Festival of our Peace. The fruit became plump due to the Heavens and the produce of the Earth of living things, so we give thanks to your Name, forever. Blessed is the Lord who causes us to rejoice, for that is why You created us. I found the question in my mail that I mention! "Lindemann04109 has posted a comment on your profile: Why can't religious ever give me a honest, full, strict answer. Who put the Old Testament, Tanakh together? and why is there so many differences with in it? Jews have 39 books right? Christians have from, 39, 46, to 51 book in the OT, Tanakh, why? Why is this so? Someone here is not telling me the truth. How has the right to say that the OT, Tanakh has 39 books or 51 books? Only "God" right? So is this proof that the bible is the work or man and not God? I mean just look at this. 39 books to 51 books, What in the world went wrong here? Thanks"
- published: 15 Jan 2012
- views: 1127
- author: Doreen Dotan
An Israeli Jewish Woman Reads Isaiah 53 with Aviad Cohen
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Updated: 21 May 2012
Visit: www.aviadcohen.com An Israeli Jewish woman in her 20s reads Isaiah 53 in Hebrew with Aviad Cohen in Israel and she tells him that she sees that it is about the Messiah. She has not read Isaiah 53 before in her entire life until now. She does not yet believe that Yeshua (Jesus) is the promised Messiah nor does she believe in the Brit Chadasha (New Covenant) as even prophesied about in Hebrew in the book of Jeremiah 31 in the Tanakh but this has inspired her to read the Tanakh and seek out the Truth. Once she does that, she will understand that she needs to read the Brit Chadasha and will come to the realization that Yeshua is her Messiah, the one described in Isaiah 53. As Yeshua Messiah stated in the book of Yocahanan (John) "For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me; for he wrote about Me. But if you dont believe his writings, how will you believe My words? (Yochanan/John 5:46-47)
http://wn.com/An_Israeli_Jewish_Woman_Reads_Isaiah_53_with_Aviad_Cohen
Visit: www.aviadcohen.com An Israeli Jewish woman in her 20s reads Isaiah 53 in Hebrew with Aviad Cohen in Israel and she tells him that she sees that it is about the Messiah. She has not read Isaiah 53 before in her entire life until now. She does not yet believe that Yeshua (Jesus) is the promised Messiah nor does she believe in the Brit Chadasha (New Covenant) as even prophesied about in Hebrew in the book of Jeremiah 31 in the Tanakh but this has inspired her to read the Tanakh and seek out the Truth. Once she does that, she will understand that she needs to read the Brit Chadasha and will come to the realization that Yeshua is her Messiah, the one described in Isaiah 53. As Yeshua Messiah stated in the book of Yocahanan (John) "For if you believed Moses, you would believe Me; for he wrote about Me. But if you dont believe his writings, how will you believe My words? (Yochanan/John 5:46-47)
- published: 16 May 2009
- views: 3894
- author: aviadcohen
Bible Prophecy with Walid Shoebat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:31
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
www.jewishvoice.org we believe that israel is back in their land and became a nation again as prophecied in the torah(bible) we love israel and we fallow Torah .and study and search the truth.
http://wn.com/Bible_Prophecy_with_Walid_Shoebat
www.jewishvoice.org we believe that israel is back in their land and became a nation again as prophecied in the torah(bible) we love israel and we fallow Torah .and study and search the truth.
- published: 14 Nov 2012
- views: 393
- author: Yoseph Dagenais
Read and study the Hebrew Bible (Tanach)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
www.HebrewBible.co.il A new online course that teaches you how to read and understand the Bible in the original Hebrew immediately -- no prior Hebrew required.
http://wn.com/Read_and_study_the_Hebrew_Bible_Tanach
www.HebrewBible.co.il A new online course that teaches you how to read and understand the Bible in the original Hebrew immediately -- no prior Hebrew required.
- published: 13 Aug 2009
- views: 18782
- author: instanthebrew
Read the Hebrew Bible: Sample Lesson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:14
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
www.ReadTheHebrewBible.com -- see how easy it is for beginners to read and understand the Bible (Tanach) in the original Hebrew.
http://wn.com/Read_the_Hebrew_Bible_Sample_Lesson
www.ReadTheHebrewBible.com -- see how easy it is for beginners to read and understand the Bible (Tanach) in the original Hebrew.
- published: 23 Sep 2009
- views: 8599
- author: instanthebrew
Steve McConnell - ki t'hilati attah.mp4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
A gloriouis throne, Adonai, HaShem, Gd, Yeshua, Moshiach, Messiah ben Yosef, Messiah ben david, Olam haba, Olam Hazay, Israel, Jerusalem, Merkavah, Steve McConnell, Attah, Baruch haba, blessing, L-rd, Gd, Elyon, Mercy, Torah, Tanakh, Messianic,
http://wn.com/Steve_McConnell_ki_t'hilati_attahmp4
A gloriouis throne, Adonai, HaShem, Gd, Yeshua, Moshiach, Messiah ben Yosef, Messiah ben david, Olam haba, Olam Hazay, Israel, Jerusalem, Merkavah, Steve McConnell, Attah, Baruch haba, blessing, L-rd, Gd, Elyon, Mercy, Torah, Tanakh, Messianic,
- published: 15 Feb 2010
- views: 6395
- author: Eliyahu Moffat
photo: AP / Fahd al-Bakoush
20 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Three senior U.S. State Department officials were asked to resign after an official inquiry harshly criticized their offices for failing to provide adequate security at the U.S. mission in Benghazi, Libya, before it came under attack in September, a U.S. official said on Wednesday ... State Department officials declined to comment on the matter, saying it was a personnel issue ... Joint Chiefs of Staff ... facilities....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
20 Dec 2012
Obama held a White House news conference on Wednesday to announce that Vice President Joe Biden will lead an interagency effort to craft new gun policies. The group is expected to offer its proposals in January. “We know this is a complex issue that stirs deeply held passions and political divides,” Obama said. “But the fact that this problem is complex can no longer be an excuse for doing nothing.” ... WAKE-UP CALL ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Alfred de Montesquiou
21 Dec 2012
UNITED NATIONS -- The U.N. Security Council on Thursday authorized military action to wrest northern Mali from the control of al-Qaida-linked extremists, but it demanded progress first on political reconciliation, elections and training African troops and police ... Instead, it set out benchmarks to be met before the start of offensive operations, starting with progress on a political roadmap to restore constitutional order ... U.N ... On Nov ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / Ahn Young-joon
20 Dec 2012
SEOUL, South Korea — Park Geun-hye's election as South Korea's first female president could mean a new drive to start talks with bitter rival North Korea, though it's unclear how much further she will go than the hard-line incumbent, a member of her own conservative party ... On Thursday, Park mentioned the North Korean rocket launch during a nationally televised speech ... Ties between the Koreas plummeted during Lee's term ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Jacquelyn Martin
21 Dec 2012
Republicans in the House of Representatives, confronted with a revolt among the party’s rank and file, abandoned a vote Thursday night on politically-charged but symbolic legislation aimed at averting a fast-approaching 'fiscal cliff,' after failing to gather enough support for a measure meant to strengthen the party’s position ahead of final negotiations with President Barack Obama ... . ....(size: 5.9Kb)
Ha'aretz
07 Dec 2012
I doubt many of the millions of people who will be lighting the first Hanukkah candle tomorrow night really mind that they are commemorating an event that probably never happened ... Unlike the miracles of the Tanakh, enshrined in inviolable biblical texts but also clouded in the mists of time, the olive oil with Duracell qualities appeared in a period well documented by the historians of the day. ... With God on their side ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
19 Nov 2012
When the new crop of freshman lawmakers take their oaths for the 113th U.S. Congress this January, expect a few history-making moments ... Ms ... senator. (Rep. Hank Johnson, D-Ga, a Soka Gakkai Buddhist, was the other). Ms ... senator born in Japan ... Feldman said ... The U.S ... Mr ... ... A scramble for a copy of the Tanakh, or Old Testament Bible, ensued and Rep ... Other Jewish office holders have used the Tanakh, including Ed Koch, D-N.Y., who served in the U.S ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)
The Examiner
19 Nov 2012
Related topics. national bible weekNational Bible AssociationGideons Internationalthe Bible. Advertisement. National Bible Week 2012. Sunday, November 18 through Sunday, November 25. Every year since 1941 National Bible Week has been celebrated the week of Thanksgiving ... The Jews refer to the Hebrew scriptures simply as that or as the “Tanakh” an acronym of the Hebrew names of the three sections of the Jewish holy writings ... Video ... Tweet ... Pics....(size: 9.4Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
05 Sep 2012
The group exhibition “Body Double. The Figure in Contemporary Sculpture” features 26 sculptures relating to the human body. Coinciding with ArtPrize, the three-dimensional works will be on display through January 6, 2013. Grand Rapids, Mich ... “Body Double ... to 6 p.m., Mondays-Thursdays, 9 a.m ... # # # ... Archival rubber bands, bronze human skulls, tanakh, Bible, Qur'an, x-rays, light boxes and hardware, 70 x 90 x 36 inches ... ....(size: 14.6Kb)
Wall Street Journal
16 Aug 2012
10). A more realistic course of daily Torah study for most Jews is indeed a wise and wonderful idea. And the abundance of English-language aids available for many Jewish texts brings such study within the reach of any American Jew ... Rabbi Avi Shafran ... New York ... I am co-leader in a women's Jewish Bible group where we have been studying the women of the Tanakh ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
The Examiner
24 Jul 2012
Related topics. conversion of JewsbelieverJudaism & Christianity ... God revealed his will to the children of Israel through the Tanakh (Old Testament); accepting Jesus is acknowledging that ultimately, that's not enough, and that it is even worthless without also accepting Jesus. Christians will argue that Jesus is referenced throughout the Tanakh, not just in Messianic passages, but pretty much everywhere the word "Lord" is used ... ....(size: 6.7Kb)
Deutsche Welle
19 Jul 2012
Bitter schisms are emerging in Israel as political parties wrangle over rewriting the Tal Law, which dictates who is conscripted and who is exempt from military service at the age of 18 ... Aish Ha Torah Rabbi Shimon Hurowitz said the study of the Jewish holy books, the Torah and the Tanakh, was "extremely demanding," and Yeshiva students shouldn't be expected to interrupt their studies for army service ... Spiritual side ... Author ... Editor ... ....(size: 7.0Kb)
Kansas City Star
09 Jul 2012
Leave KCI alone. Why replace Kansas City International Airport? KCI is one of the most convenient airports in the nation. City officials cite the need for one terminal for security reasons. I fly in and out of Phoenix often. That airport handles many more flights than KCI does ... Tom R. Otto ... I have not heard them address the Qur'an, the Muslim sacred text; the Tanakh, the Jewish scripture; or the Vedas and Upanishads, the books of Hindu ... ....(size: 8.7Kb)
The Examiner
22 Jun 2012
Boston’s Hebrew College offers a new special residency program from July 15 to July 20. This summer Everett Fox will offer an introduction to the Prophets in the Old Testament ... Additionally, Hollywood courted him to be the religious consultant for the animated film, Prince of Egypt ... The Book of Kings chronicles three "houses" ... Students should bring a Hebrew/English Tanakh (the entire Old Testament) to all class sessions. Advertisement....(size: 7.0Kb)
The Examiner
21 Jun 2012
On a damp and rainy day in October 1999, a group of Boston Jews held shovels in their hands, trying not to slip into the mud on the hill of soil unearthed for the groundbreaking of the new buildings for Boston's Hebrew College ... Gordis ... Boston's Hebrew College Advertisement. Many of these dreams came to fruition ... Things did look dark for a while ... Students should bring a Hebrew/English Tanakh to all class sessions ... Prophets and Houses....(size: 10.4Kb)
Huffington Post
16 Jun 2012
Samson 1 of 7 FIRST SLIDE PREVIOUS SLIDE NEXT SLIDESHOW Superman can trace his DNA back 2,500 years to the age of the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible, and to the parable of Samson, its last and most exalted jurist ... DNA back 2,500 years to the age of the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible, and to the parable of Samson, its last and most exalted jurist....(size: 8.4Kb)
Sacramento Bee
15 Jun 2012
It would take a journey, not a story, to properly understand Schaeffer Cox, she said. That's how complex he and his ideas are. Still, she tried ... Marti, 30, said she was hopeful the jury would acquit Schaeffer, 28, and his two co-defendants ... Her husband could survive that outcome, she said. So could she ... "He is my best friend ... "I still have his Tanakh," Marti said, using the Hebrew word for the Jewish Holy Scriptures, the full Old Testament....(size: 5.1Kb)
The Examiner
10 Jun 2012
By virtue of rabbinic interpretations of both the Babylonian and Jerusalem versions of the Talmud, and at times opposed to co-existing legitimate and ancient alternate interpretations of the Tanakh (Old Testament), the rabbis determined binatarian/trinitarian expressions of monotheism to be Gnostic in origin....(size: 13.6Kb)
For the musical collective, see Tanakh (band).
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The Tanakh (Hebrew: תַּנַ"ךְ, pronounced [taˈnaχ] or [təˈnax]; also Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach) is a name used in Judaism for the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh is also known as the Masoretic Text or the Miqra. The name is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings")—hence TaNaKh. The name "Miqra" (מקרא), meaning "that which is read", is an alternative Hebrew term for the Tanakh. The books of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) were relayed with an accompanying oral tradition passed on by each generation, called the Oral Torah.
Contents |
History[link]
According to the Talmud,[1] much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the "Men of the Great Assembly" by 450 BCE, and have since remained unchanged. Modern scholars believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE.
The Hebrew text was originally an abjad: consonants written with some applied vowel letters ("matres lectionis"). During the early Middle Ages scholars known as the Masoretes created a single formalized system of vocalization. This was chiefly done by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, in the Tiberias school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh, hence the name Tiberian vocalization. It also included some of Ben Naftali and Babylonian innovations.[2] Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews believe the pronunciation and cantillation derive from the revelation at Sinai, since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses.[citation needed] The combination of a text (מקרא miqra), pronunciation (ניקוד niqqud) and cantillation (טעמים te`amim) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning, as well as the nuances in sentence flow of the text.
Terminology[link]
The three-part division reflected in the acronym "Tanakh" is well attested to in documents from the Second Temple period[citation needed] and in Rabbinic literature.[3] During that period, however, "Tanakh" was not used. Instead, the proper title was Mikra (מקרא, meaning "reading" or "that which is read") because the biblical texts were read publicly. Mikra continues to be used in Hebrew to this day, alongside Tanakh, to refer to the Hebrew scriptures. In modern spoken Hebrew both are used interchangeably.[4]
Codification of the books of Tanakh[link]
Main article: Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
According to the Talmud (Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a), much of the contents of the Tanakh was compiled by the Men of the Great Assembly (Anshei K'nesset HaGedolah), a task completed in 450 BCE, and have remained unchanged since that date.[citation needed] Evidence suggests that the process of canonization occurred between 200 BCE and 200 CE. A popular position is that the Torah was canonized circa 400 BCE, the Prophets circa 200 BCE, and the Writings circa 100 CE,[5] perhaps at a hypothetical Council of Jamnia. This position, however, is increasingly criticised by modern scholars. Some scholars argue that the Jewish canon was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty (140-37 BCE).[6] Today, there is no scholarly consensus as to when the Jewish canon was set.
Formal closure of the canon has often been ascribed to Rabbinic Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Heinrich Graetz proposed in 1871 that it was concluded at a Council of Jamnia (or Yavne in Hebrew), some time in the period 70–90 CE. However, Rabbinical writings seem to indicate that certain books were disputed as accepted canon (such as Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and Esther, see also Antilegomena), but it may not necessarily be the case. The implication of the Talmud indicates that the books themselves were already accepted canon, but may have been misunderstood on philosophical or ecclesiastical grounds. The Talmud eliminates this misunderstanding.[clarification needed]
The twenty-four books are also mentioned in the Midrash Koheleth 12:12.[7] A slightly different accounting can be found in the book Against Apion, by the 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus, who describes 22 sacred books: the five books of Moses, thirteen histories, and four books of hymns to God and precepts for the conduct of human life.[8] Some scholars have suggested that he considered Ruth part of Judges, and Lamentations part of Jeremiah; as the Christian translator Jerome recorded in the 4th century CE.[9] Other scholars suggest that at the time Josephus wrote, such books as Esther and Ecclesiastes were not yet considered canonical.[citation needed]
Books of the Tanakh[link]
The Tanakh consists of twenty-four books: it counts as one book each Samuel, Kings, Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah and counts Trei Asar (תרי עשר, the Twelve Prophets; literally "twelve") as a single book.
Most versions of the Christian Old Testament count Samuel, Kings, Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah as two books each, and the "Twelve Prophets" (or the minor prophets) as 12 books, giving rise to a count of 39 books for the Old Testament.
Torah[link]
Main article: Torah
The Torah (תּוֹרָה, literally "teaching") consists of five books, commonly referred to as the "Five Books of Moses". Printed versions of the Torah are often called Chamisha Chumshei Torah (חמישה חומשי תורה, literally the "five five-sections of the Torah"), and informally a Chumash.
In Hebrew, the five books of the Torah are identified by the first prominent word in each book. The English names are derived from the Greek names given to the books in the Septuagint, which are based on the thematic content of each of the books, as follows:
- 1. (בראשית / Bereshit) - Genesis
- 2. (שמות / Shemot) - Exodus
- 3. (ויקרא / Vayikra) - Leviticus
- 4. (במדבר / Bəmidbar) - Numbers
- 5. (דברים / Devarim) - Deuteronomy
Nevi'im[link]
Main article: Nevi'im
Nevi'im (נְבִיאִים, "Prophets") consists of eight books. This division includes the books which, as a whole, cover the chronological era from the entrance of the Israelites into the Land until the Babylonian captivity of Judah (the "period of prophecy"). However, they exclude Chronicles, which covers the same period, as well as Ruth. The Nevi'im are often divided into the Earlier Prophets (נביאים ראשונים), which are generally historical in nature, and the Later Prophets (נביאים אחרונים), which contain more exhortational prophecies.
- 6. (יֱהוֹשַֻׁע / Yĕhôshúa‘) - Joshua
- 7. (שופטים / Shophtim) - Judges
- 8. (שְׁמוּאֵל / Shĕmû’ēl) - Samuel (I & II)
- 9. (מלכים / M'lakhim) - Kings (I & II)
- 10. (יְשַׁעְיָהוּ / Yĕsha‘ăyāhû) - Isaiah
- 11. (יִרְמְיָהוּ / Yirmĕyāhû) - Jeremiah
- 12. (יְחֶזְקֵאל / Yĕhezqēl) - Ezekiel
- 13. The Twelve Prophets (תרי עשר)
- a. (הוֹשֵׁעַ / Hôshēa‘) - Hosea
- b. (יוֹאֵל / Yô’ēl) - Joel
- c. (עָמוֹס / ‘Āmôs) - Amos
- d. (עֹבַדְיָה / ‘Ōbhadhyāh) - Obadiah
- e. (יוֹנָה / Yônāh) - Jonah
- f. (מִיכָה / Mîkhāh) - Micah
- g. (נַחוּם / Naḥûm) - Nahum
- h. (חֲבַקּוּק /Ḥăbhaqqûq) - Habakkuk
- i. (צְפַנְיָה / Ṣĕphanyāh) - Zephaniah
- j. (חַגַּי / Ḥaggai) - Haggai
- k. (זְכַרְיָה / Zĕkharyāh) - Zechariah
- l. (מַלְאָכִי / Mal’ākhî) - Malachi
Ketuvim[link]
Main article: Ketuvim
Ketuvim (כְּתוּבִים, "Writings") are sometimes also known by the Greek title "Hagiographa" and consists of eleven books. These encompass all the remaining books, and include the Five Megillot (Five Scrolls). They are sometimes also divided into such categories as Sifrei Emet (ספרי אמת, literally "Books of Truth") of Psalms, Proverbs and Job (the Hebrew names of these three books form the Hebrew word for "truth" as an acrostic, and all three books have unique cantillation marks), the "wisdom books" of Job, Ecclesiastes, and Proverbs, the "poetry books" of Psalms, Lamentations and Song of Songs, and the "historical books" of Ezra-Nehemiah and Chronicles.
| Section Title | Common Order | Leningrad Codex | BHS Order[10] |
|---|---|---|---|
| The "Sifrei Emet," "Books of Truth" | 14. (תהלים / Tehillim) - Psalms 15. (משלי / Mishlei) - Proverbs 16. (אִיּוֹב / Iyyōbh) - Job |
14. Chronicles (I & II) [דברי הימים / Divrei Hayamim](Not part of Emet) 15. Psalms [תהלים / Tehilim] 16. Job [איוב / Iyov] 17. Proverbs [משלי / Mishlei] |
14. Psalms [תהלים / Tehilim] 15. Job [איוב / Iyov] 16. Proverbs [משלי / Mishlei] |
| The "Five Megillot" or "Five Scrolls" | 17. (שִׁיר הַשׁשִׁירִים/ Shīr Hashīrīm) - Song of Songs 18. (רוּת / Rūth) - Ruth 19. (איכה / Eikhah) - Lamentations 20. (קֹהְלְת / Qōheleth) - Ecclesiastes 21. (אֶסְתֵר / Estēr) - Esther |
18. Ruth [רוּת/ Rūth] 19. Song of Songs [שיר השירים / Shir Hashirim] 20. Ecclesiastes [קהלת / Kohelet] 21. Lamentations [איכה / Eikhah] 22. Esther [אסתר / Esther] |
17. Ruth [רות / Rut] 18. Song of Songs [שיר השירים / Shir Hashirim] 19. Ecclesiastes [קהלת / Kohelet] 20. Lamentations [איכה / Eikhah] 21. Esther [אסתר / Esther] |
| The rest of the "Writings" | 22. (דָּנִיֵּאל / Dānī’ēl) - Daniel 23. (עזרא ונחמיה / Ezra v'Nechemia) - Ezra-Nehemiah 24. (דברי הימים / Divrei Hayamim) - Chronicles (I & II) |
23. Daniel [דניאל / Dani'el] 24. Ezra-Nehemiah [עזרא ונחמיה / Ezra ve-Nehemiah] |
22. Daniel [דניאל / Dani'el] 23. Ezra-Nehemiah [עזרא ונחמיה / ‘Ezrā ve-Nĕḥemyāh] 24. Chronicles (I & II) [דברי הימים / Divrei Hayamim] |
Chapters and verse numbers, book divisions[link]
Main article: Chapters and verses of the Bible
The chapter divisions and verse numbers have no significance in the Jewish tradition. Nevertheless, they are noted in all modern editions of the Tanakh so that verses may be located and cited. The division of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles into parts I and II is also indicated on each page of those books in order to prevent confusion about whether a chapter number is from part I or II, since the chapter numbering for these books follows their partition in the Christian textual tradition.
The adoption of the Christian chapter divisions by Jews began in the late Middle Ages in Spain, partially in the context of forced clerical debates which took place against a background of harsh persecution and of the Spanish Inquisition (the debates required a common system for citing biblical texts). From the standpoint of the Jewish textual tradition, the chapter divisions are not only a foreign feature with no basis in the mesorah, but are also open to severe criticism of three kinds:
- The chapter divisions often reflect Christian exegesis of the Bible.
- Even when they do not imply Christian exegesis, the chapters often divide the biblical text at numerous points that may be deemed inappropriate for literary or other reasons.
- They ignore the accepted closed and open space division which are based on the mesorah
Nevertheless, because they proved useful for citations, they are often included in most Hebrew editions of the biblical books. For more information on the origin of these divisions, see chapters and verses of the Bible. Jews don't necessarily reference the specific verse in a chapter (older editions of the Talmud cite only chapter numbers), and some works cite the sectional divisions in the Torah.
The chapter and verse numbers were often indicated very prominently in older editions, to the extent that they overshadowed the traditional Jewish masoretic divisions. However, in many Jewish editions of the Tanakh published over the past forty years, there has been a major trend towards minimizing the impact and prominence of the chapter and verse numbers on the printed page. Most editions accomplish this by removing them from the text itself and relegating them to the margins of the page. The main text in these editions is unbroken and uninterrupted at the beginning of chapters (which are noted only in the margin). The lack of chapter breaks within the text in these editions also serves to reinforce the visual impact created by the spaces and "paragraph" breaks on the page, which indicate the traditional Jewish parashah divisions. Some versions have even introduced a new chapter system[citation needed].
These modern Jewish editions present Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles (as well as Ezra) as single books in their title pages, and make no indication inside the main text of their division into two parts (though it is noted in the upper and side margins). In such editions, the second books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles follow the respective first books on the very same page, with no special break at all in the flow of the text. In the case of Kings, in which no parashah division appears at this point, the text of II Kings continues that of I Kings on the very same line of text.
Jewish (Hebrew) editions have a different pattern regarding Chronicles (I Chronicles) chapters 5 and 6. In I Chronicles (in Christian sources) chapter 5 ends at verse 41. Chronicles (Jewish editions of Chronicles) 5:27-41 is equivalent to First Chronicles 6: 1-15 in most English translations. In Jewish (Hebrew) editions 6:1 is equivalent to 6:16 and therefore the chapter ends at Chronicles 6:66 instead of the First Chronicles 6:81 (English translations) and at 7:1 both Hebrew and English versions set off from the same starting point once more. This difference offsets other more contextual differences. The Jewish Tanakh is the same as the Christian Hebrew Old Testament and is based on careful copying of Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts over centuries. Jewish and Christian translations often differ. For example, some Christians translate the word almah (עלמה) as "virgin," while Jews tend to the translation "young maiden".[11] Christian views are based on exegesis of the Isaiah passage and Matthew's interpretation, which also agrees with the ancient Jewish Septuagint translation, παρθενος, which according to some New Testament Scholars,[12] can mean "a marriageable maiden" or "virgin."
Editions[link]
- The first ever printed Hebrew Chumash simply had Biblical text with Rashi on the page, and since then many editions have appeared.
- The first Masoretic Mikraot Gedolot was printed in 1524-1525 in Venice, edited by Daniel Bomberg.
- The Soncino edition was printed in 1527 in Venice.
- Many editions of Mikraot Gedolot have been made since then.
- Rudolf Kittel's Biblia Hebraica appeared in 1906 and was reprinted in 1913.
- The Leningrad Codex was edited under Paul E. Kahle as the Biblia Hebraica (BHK), published in Stuttgart, in 1937. The codex was also used for Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS) in 1977, and will be used for Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ).
The Leningrad Codex lists a different order for the books of the Ketuvim.
The Leningrad Codex also served as the basis for two important Jewish editions of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh):
- Aharon Dotan's edition, which was reprinted with a concise commentary and distributed to soldiers in mass quantities as the official Tanakh of the Israel Defense Forces throughout the 1990s. This has recently been updated as the Codex Leningradensis.
- The Koren Tanakh (Bible) was the first edition in nearly 500 years to be designed, edited, printed, and bound by Jews. It was published by Koren Publishers Jerusalem, under the direction of renowned typographer Eliyahu Koren, using his specially designed Koren Bible Type, (Jerusalem, 1962).
- Mesorah Publications מקראות גדלות, (Jerusalem, 1996)
- The JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh (Philadelphia, 1999)
- The Aleppo Codex was edited by Mordechai Breuer in 1977-1982, the first edition to include a reconstruction of the letters, vowels, and cantillation marks in the missing parts of the Aleppo Codex, in 1996-8 re-edited with inclusion of new information on the parashah divisions.
- Jerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2000. Edited according to the method of Mordechai Breuer under the supervision of Yosef Ofer, with additional proofreading and refinements since the Horev edition.
- Jerusalem Simanim Institute, Feldheim Publishers, 2004 (published in one-volume and three-volume editions).
- Hebrew University Bible Project (so far on Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel) includes four apparatuses, as well as the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex.
- Mikraot Gedolot Haketer, Bar-Ilan University (1992–present). A multi-volume critical edition of the Mikraot Gedolot, ten volumes published to date including Genesis (2 vols.), Exodus (one of a two vols so far), Joshua & Judges (1 vol.), Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Psalms (2 vols.). Includes the masoretic notes of the Aleppo Codex and a new commentary on them. Differs from the Breuer reconstruction and presentation for some masoretic details.
Translations[link]
Further information: Jewish English Bible translations, Septuagint, Targum, Old Testament, and Bible translations
- The Holy Scriptures According to the Masoretic Text: A New Translation with the aid of Previous Versions & with the Constant Consultation of Jewish Authorities was published in 1917 by the Jewish Publication Society. It was replaced by their Tanakh in 1985
- Tanakh, Jewish Publication Society, 1985, ISBN 0-8276-0252-9
- Tanach: The Stone Edition, Hebrew with English translation, Mesorah Publications, 1996, ISBN 0-89906-269-5, named after benefactor Irving I. Stone.
Jewish commentaries on the Bible[link]
There are two major approaches towards study of, and commentary on, the Tanakh. In the Jewish community, the classical approach is religious study of the Bible, where it is assumed that the Bible has a divine origin. Another approach is to study the Bible as a human creation; in this approach, Biblical studies can be considered as a sub-field of religious studies.
Secular practitioners of Biblical Studies do not have a faith commitment to the texts they study. In fact, Biblical criticism contradicts commitment to the idea that the Bible was written by prophets inspired by God. Indeed, this practice, when applied to the Torah, is considered heresy by the entire Orthodox Jewish community. As such, much modern day Bible commentary written by non-Orthodox authors is considered forbidden by rabbis teaching in Orthodox yeshivas.
Some classical rabbinic commentators, such as Abraham Ibn Ezra, Gersonides, and Maimonides, used many elements of contemporary biblical criticism, including their then-current knowledge of history, science, and philology. Their use of historical and scientific analysis of the Bible was considered kosher by historic Judaism due to the author's faith commitment to the idea that God revealed the Torah to Moses on Mount Sinai.
The Modern Orthodox Jewish community allows for a wider array of biblical criticism to be used for biblical books outside of the Torah, and a few Orthodox commentaries now incorporate many of the techniques previously found in the academic world, e.g. the Da'at Miqra series.
Non-Orthodox Jews, including those affiliated with Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism, accept both traditional and secular approaches to Bible studies. See the article on Revelation for details of how members of these groups understand this concept.
The article on Jewish commentaries on the Bible discusses Jewish Tanakh commentaries from the Targums to classical rabbinic literature, the midrash literature, the classical medieval commentators, and modern day commentaries.
See also[link]
- 613 mitzvot, formal list of Jewish 613 commandments
- Bible
- Biblical canon
- Books of the Bible
- Jewish English Bible translations
- JPS Tanakh
- List of burial places of biblical figures
- Mikraot Gedolot
- Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible
- Rabbinic literature
- Rashi
- Samaritan Pentateuch
- Septuagint
- Table of books of Judeo-Christian Scripture
- Tanakh at Qumran
References[link]
- ^ Bava Basra 14b-15a, Rashi to Megillah 3a, 14a
- ^ The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, (ISBN 0-8028-4363-8, p. 20)
- ^ Mikra'ot Gedolot
- ^ BIBLICAL STUDIES Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading and Interpretation. Norton Irish Theological Quarterly.2007; 72: 305-306
- ^ The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders, page 4
- ^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."
- ^ "Whoever brings together in his house more than twenty four books brings confusion." (Midrash Qoheleth 12:12)
- ^ (Josephus, Against Apion, 8)
- ^ Jerome, Prologus Galeatus (English translation)
- ^ Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, edited by Karl Elliger, William Rudolph, et al. 4th corrected edition edited by Adrian Schenker. Copyright © 1966, 1977, 1983 Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart.
- ^ Compare the New King James and New International Versions with New Revised Standard Version and the footnotes therein on Isaiah 7:14
- ^ Thayer and Smith. "Greek Lexicon entry for Parthenos". "The KJV New Testament Greek Lexicon"
External links[link]
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- iTanakh.org An extensive list of links and resources pertaining to the study of the Tanakh
Online texts[link]
- Download the complete Tanakh in Hebrew with translation and transliteration Lev Software
- Mikraot Gedolot (Rabbinic Bible) at Wikisource in English (sample) and Hebrew (sample)
- TanakhML (Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and King James Version)
- Unicode/XML Westminster Leningrad Codex – A free transcription of the electronic source maintained by the Westminster Hebrew Institute. (Leningrad Codex)
- Mechon Mamre – The Hebrew text of the Tanakh based on the Aleppo codex and other Tiberian manuscripts close to it, edited according to the system of Rabbi Mordechai Breuer. Hebrew text comes in four convenient versions (including one with cantillation marks) and may be downloaded. The JPS 1917 English translation is included as well (including a parallel translation). The link to the parallel Hebrew and English version is http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm
- Tanach on Demand – Custom PDF versions of any section of the Bible in Hebrew.
- Evolutionary Tanakh – Parallel Leningrad text and English translation with an introduction which sets the books in their historical context. The edition comes in two versions: browsable html and downloadable eBook.
- Tanakh Hebrew Bible Project – An online project that aims to present critical text of the Hebrew Bible with important ancient versions (Samaritan Pentateuch, Masoretic Text, Targum Onkelos, Samaritan Targum, Septuagint, Peshitta, Aquila of Sinope, Symmachus, Theodotion, Vetus Latina, and Vulgate) in parallel with new English translation for each version, plus a comprehensive critical apparatus and a textual commentary for every verse.
Reading guides[link]
- A Guide to Reading Nevi'im and Ketuvim – Detailed Hebrew outlines of the biblical books based on the natural flow of the text (rather than the chapter divisions). The outlines include a daily study-cycle, and the explanatory material is in English.
- A detailed chart of the major figures and events in the Tanakh
- Judaica Press Translation (online translation of Tanakh and Rashi's entire commentary)
http://wn.com/Tanakh
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh
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| Aviad Cohen | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Aviad Cohen |
| Born | (1975-03-11) March 11, 1975 (age 37) Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Origin | Brooklyn, New York, United States |
| Genres | Christian, Techno, Hip hop |
| Occupations | Singer, Rapper |
| Years active | 2003–present |
| Labels | Hebrew Homie Records |
| Website | http://www.aviadcohen.com/ |
Aviad Cohen (born March 11, 1975 in Tel Aviv, Israel and raised in Brooklyn, New York[1]) is a Christian singer and songwriter. In 2004 he converted from Conservative Judaism to Christianity. When he was an adherent of Judaism he went by the name "50 Shekel," but dropped that name after his conversion to Christianity.[2] He currently operates a website design and branding company called AC Media Services.
Contents |
Discography[link]
Albums[link]
| Album information |
|---|
Hooked On The Truth
|
Fire Starter
|
Forgiven
|
Scripturesonics Vol. 1
|
References[link]
- ^ Nadrich, Garett R. (February 23, 2004). "50 Shekel". http://wiretapmag.org/stories/17897/. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ^ The Artist Formerly Known as 50 Shekel By Hannah Goodwyn CBN.com Producer (undated), accessed 28 August 2008
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cohen, Aviad |
| Alternative names | 50 Shekel |
| Short description | Singer, Rapper, Website/Graphic Designer |
| Date of birth | March 11, 1975 |
| Place of birth | Tel Aviv, Israel |
| Date of death | Living |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Aviad_Cohen
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviad_Cohen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Part of a series on |
| Criticism of Islam |
|---|
Walid Shoebat (Arabic: وليد شويبات) is a Palestinian American Christian who converted from Islam.[1] He lectures on the dangers of Islamic radicalism[1] and is a strong supporter of the state of Israel. Born to a Jordanian Muslim father and a American mother, Shoebat lived in the occupied territories during the early part of his life in the village of Beit Sahour,[1] near Bethlehem.
A self-proclaimed apostate Muslim, [1] Walid Shoebat says he converted to Christianity in 1993 and began spreading the word about the "dangers of Islam". He has been interviewed as a terrorism expert on several television programs, including a handful of appearances on CNN and its sister network, HLN, in 2006 and 2007. Critics have questioned his alleged PLO affiliations, which he cites as the grounds for his authority on the subject of militant Islam. [2][3]
Shoebat is also a frequent speaker at Biblical prophecy conferences comparing End Times eschatology in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic sacred texts. Videos of his speeches are easily accessible via the Internet.
Contents |
Shoebat's account of his life[link]
According to the biography on his official website (http://www.shoebat.com/bio.php), Shoebat was born in Bethlehem, the grandson of the Mukhtar of Beit Sahour, whom Shoebat describes as an associate of Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Mohammad Amin al-Husayni. Shoebat joined the Palestine Liberation Organization in his youth, and was involved in an attack against an Israeli bank.[2]
Shoebat says that upon his release, he continued his anti-Israeli activism until going to the United States, where he became involved with the Arab Student Organization at Loop College in Chicago.[citation needed] Shortly afterwards Shoebat worked as a software engineer and became a US citizen. In 1993, Walid converted to Christianity.[2]
Lack of Evidence Supporting Shoebat's Autobiographical Account[link]
Shoebat claimed that he threw a bomb at Bank Leumi, an Israeli bank, in Bethlehem.[4] However, the bank has no record of the incident. Also, Israeli newspapers at that time did not report any such incident.[5] The authenticity of Shoebat's account has been disputed by many sources.
The Jerusalem Post also disputed the authenticity of Shoebat's account of his alleged terrorist history. The paper stated that the bombing claim made by Shoebat has been rejected both by Bank Leumi, which claims no such attack took place, and by Shoebat's own relatives. The Post said that Shoebat had contradicted himself on this matter. When, in 2008, the Jerusalem Post asked him if there were news reports about the bombing, he replied,[4]
I don't know. I didn't read the papers because I was in hiding for the next three days.
But, in 2004, he had told Britain's Sunday Telegraph,
I was terribly relieved when I heard on the news later that evening that no one had been hurt or killed by my bomb.
During a telephone interview with the Post, Shoebat was unable to recall the date or time of year of the attack. While Shoebat says he was pressured by teachers to adopt an extreme Islamic philosophy, the Jerusalem Post article reported that his uncle, who still lives in Bethlehem, said religion did not play a major role in his education, and that he had actually left Bethlehem by age 16.[4]
On April 9, 2008, Shoebat responded to the Jerusalem Post's skepticism on that paper's op-ed page. He wrote that the Jerusalem Post had been duped. According to him, the sources who disputed his own account of his upbringing (including his relatives) were themselves involved in terrorism. He claimed they want to see him discredited, probably because of his conversion to Christianity . He also claims that reputable witnesses who could confirm the bombing operation of Bank Leumi were not interviewed.[6] He also posted a response on his website.[7]
Shoebat also addressed the specific accusations above in a YouTube video aimed at refuting similar accusations made on CNN's Anderson Cooper 360.[8] A textual refutation of the CNN report links to an U.N. document which mentions two bombings in Manger Square where the bank was located at the time.[9]
Appearances[link]
Shoebat has appeared in several interviews, documentaries and radio programs. Most notably in the documentary OBSESSION: Radical Islam's War against the West. A comprehensive list is detailed on his foundation's website "Shoebat.com"
Views on Israel[link]
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, Shoebat became an active advocate against Islamism and a fervent supporter of the State of Israel.
Shoebat is the founder of the Walid Shoebat Foundation, an organization that claims to "work to fight for Israel in the Media [sic]." [10]
Shoebat believes Israel should retake the Gaza Strip as it is Jewish by right, saying, "If a Jew has no right to Gaza, then he has no right to Jaffa or Haifa either." He advocates that Israel deport anyone who denies its right to exist, "even if they were born there."[4]
Views on Islamism and Sharia[link]
Shoebat has appeared on mainstream media around the world, and has been portrayed as an expert witness on a number of documentaries on Islamism.[11]
Shoebat gives lectures to local police departments regarding his belief that "most Muslims seek to impose Sharia in the United States. To prevent this, he said in an interview, he warns officers that "you need to look at the entire pool of Muslims in a community.'"[12] According to the Washington Post:
"When Shoebat spoke to the first annual South Dakota Fusion Center Conference in Sioux Falls . . . he told them to monitor Muslim student groups and local mosques and, if possible, tap their phones. 'You can find out a lot of information that way,' he said."[12]
Views on Islam and Nazism[link]
Shoebat argues that parallels exist between radical Islam and Nazism. He says, "Secular dogma like Nazism is less dangerous than Islamofascism that we see today ... because Islamofascism has a religious twist to it; it says 'God the Almighty ordered you to do this'.... It is trying to grow itself in fifty-five Muslim states. So potentially, you could have a success rate of several Nazi Germanys, if these people get their way."[13]
Criticism and Allegations of Fraud[link]
Critics such as Ibrahim Hooper, spokesman for Council on American-Islamic Relations have questioned Shoebat's background story, along with others like him, saying they "belong to an 'industry' that is often perpetuated by fundamentalist Christians" and aren't former Muslim terrorists.[5]
Skeptics [14] have also questioned why Shoebat has been able to retain his US citizenship if it is true that he was involved in acts of terror.[5]
One well known Conservative blogger, Debbie Schlussel [14] exposes what she says is proof of him being a fraud and plagiarizing one of her works.
The Jerusalem Post states that Shoebat has profited from his story that he was formerly a Muslim terrorist, but has rejected Islam for Christianity.[4] When the Post asked Shoebat whether the Walid Shoebat Foundation is a registered charity, he said that it was registered in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania State Attorney's office said it had no record of such a charity. When asked again, Shoebat claimed it was registered under a different name, but that he was not aware of the Foundation's registered name, nor any other details, which were known only to his manager. Dr. Joel Fishman of the Allegany County Law Library in Pennsylvania expressed doubts about Walid Shoebat Foundation's donation process. He noted that if the money were being given to a registered charity, the charity would have to make annual reports to the state and federal government.[4] On the contrary, Shoebat says that Daniel Pipes has supported him and his claims.[6] Here is the website for his foundation.
On July 13, 2011, CNN's "Anderson Cooper 360" reported an investigative piece into Walid Shoebat's claim to authority based on being a former terrorist. The report found that according to Israeli government officials, the bank that Walid Shoebat claimed to have attacked, and his own relatives, no record of his supposed terrorist history existed. A two-week prison term in an Israeli jail, another of Shoebat's claims was also unsubstantiated, with Israel having no record he was ever jailed. His cousin, interviewed in the report, stated that he had never known Shoebat to have ties to any movement, and that his claims of being a former terrorist were "for his own personal reasons".[2]
These claims have been addressed in detail on Shoebat's website including the Anderson Cooper 360 report.[15][16] Shoebat asserts that sources quoting certain family members fail to note their own connection to terrorists:
FACT: CNN failed to ask Daood Hassaan Shoebat if he had any links to terrorists. He did. How could Daood Shoebat, the uncle of famed terrorist Arin Shoebat and Raed Khalil Awadallah Shoebat be a credible witness since both terrorists can be verified without a shadow of doubt. Arin Shoebat was the renowned mastermind of the dual Operation Reshon Letzion in which Issa Bdeir detonated a bomb, killing him along with civilians. Arin survived, hesitating to kill children, a similar account to that of Walid's, who published his story years prior to Arin's activity. Raed Khalil Awadallah Shoebat is on the list of official martyrs. Anyone can use google translate in Arabic can confirm both links in which these names match 100%.
Concerning his time in jail which CNN reported it could not confirm, Shoebat wrote:
2) Even if Mr. Griffin did check prison records, he was searching the wrong name. Had CNN examined our records that were offered to them, it will prove beyond doubt that Mr. Griffin made an error. When Mr. Shoebat was arrested he turned in his U.S. passport and not his birth certificate or I.D. card. His U.S. passport had a different last name.
Bibliography[link]
- "Dear Muslim, Let Me Tell You Why I Believed"[17]
- Israel and The World's Mock Trial - details anti-Semitism in Islamic and secular Western countries.[17]
- Why I Left Jihad: The Root of Terrorism and the Return of Radical Islam
- The Culture of Death: Coverage of testimony given by Shoebat.
- From Hate to Love: Discusses the anti-semitic indoctrination of Palestinian children.
- Walid Shoebat: A Testimony of Faith to Redemption
- Why We Want To Kill You: The Jihadist Mindset and How to Defeat It (2007)[18]
- In Satan’s Footsteps
- The Forgotten Ally
- Arabs Speak Frankly
- HomelandSecurityUS.com http://homelandsecurityus.com/archives/5067
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Walid Shoebat |
See also[link]
Documentaries Involving/Featuring Walid Shoebat[link]
- From the River to the Sea[19]
- First Comes Saturday Then Comes Sunday[20]
- The Forsaken Promise[21]
- Walid Shoebat: The Culture of Death[22]
- The Silent Exodus[23]
- Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West[24]
- Islam: What the West Needs to Know[25]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d "'Ex-terrorist' rakes in homeland security bucks". CNN. July 7, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-11/us/terrorism.expert_1_walid-shoebat-israeli-police-homeland-security?_s=PM:US.
- ^ a b c d Drew Griffin and Kathleen Johnston (July 13, 2011). "'Ex-terrorist' rakes in homeland security bucks". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/07/11/terrorism.expert/index.html?hpt=hp_t2.
- ^ http://www.shoebat.com/
- ^ a b c d e f Luyken, Jorg (March 30, 2008). "The Palestinian 'terrorist' turned Zionist". Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=96502. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ a b c Omar Sacirbey, "Skeptics challenge life stories offered by high-profile Muslim converts to Christianity," Washington Post, June 26, 2010.
- ^ a b Shoebat, Walid (April 9, 2008). "Right of Reply: I was a terrorist". Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=97668. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://www.shoebat.com/credentials.php. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikS6WSOuDWo
- ^ http://www.shoebat.com/documents/cnn_smear2.htm
- ^ Make a donation to Walid Shoebat foundation; Justice for Israel and the Jewish people
- ^ Shoebat's autobiography on Shoebat.com
- ^ a b Priest, Dana and Arkin, William (December 2010) Monitoring America, Washington Post
- ^ Wayne Kopping & Raphael Shore (2005). Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West. http://www.obsessionthemovie.com/12min.htm. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Enough, Walid Shoebat: Why is Sean Hannity’s Fake Terrorist Harassing Me?". www.debbieschlussel.com/. http://www.debbieschlussel.com/4245/enough-walid-shoebat-why-is-sean-hannitys-fake-terrorist-harassing-me/. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikS6WSOuDWo
- ^ http://www.shoebat.com/documents/cnn_smear2.htm
- ^ a b "Books by Walid Shoebat". Shoebat.com. http://www.shoebat.com/books.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ amazon.com
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://shoebat.com/videos/riverToSea.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://shoebat.com/videos/firstSatThenSun.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://shoebat.com/videos/forsakenPromise.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://shoebat.com/products/cultureDeath.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://shoebat.com/videos/silent_exodus.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://shoebat.com/videos/hateLove.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
- ^ "WalidShoebat.com". Shoebat.com. http://shoebat.com/videos/westNeedKnow.php. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
External links[link]
- Shoebat.com The home page of Walid Shoebat
- BBC News Palestinian militant turned peacemaker
- The Telegraph: I only wanted to kill Jews
- World Net Daily Editorial: The Unmaking Of A Terrorist by Joseph Farah
- New Voices Magazine: The Changeling by Josh Nathan-Kazis[dead link]
- Live Blogging Walid Shoebat in Milwaukee
- A Terrorist Who Turned To Love by Jamie Glazov at FrontPage Magazine
- Critique of Claims of Walid Shoebat
- Former terrorist fuels controversy
- Pro-Israel ex-terrorist denied entry into Canada
- Walid Shoebat tells his story to hundreds in Winnipeg[dead link]
- Former terrorist speaks against violence[dead link]
- Former terrorist has changed his ways[dead link]
- YouTube link to the Fox News interview
- Shoebat: From Palestinian Terrorist to Lover of Zion?
- Walid Shoebat interviewed on Dr. Blogstein's Radio Happy Hour
Videos[link]
- Walid Shoebat: God's War on Terror TV Broadcast on WVCY-TV
- Walid Shoebat: From Terror to Truth TV Broadcast on WVCY-TV
- Walid Shoebat – A Palestinian's Journey
- Critical Study of 'Walid Shoebat'
- Walid Shoebat on Fox News[dead link]
- Interview on God's Learning Channel
- List of Walid Shoebat online media[dead link]
- Walid Shoebat, Zak Anani and Ibrahim Abdullah on CN8, subtitled in French
- The Mind of a terrorist[dead link]
- Interview of 3 ex-terrorists
- Making of a Martyr Bonus Features – Walid Shoebat: Part 1, Part 2.
- Walid Shoebat – "Islam Prophecied In The Bible" (7 videos) – Koinonia Institute's 2008 Strategic Perspectives conference in Southern California hosted by Dr. Chuck Missler
- Walid Shoebat – Major series (22 videos) "What The Bible says about Islam" Southern California Prophecy Conference 2008
- Walid Shoebat – Exposed
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Shoebat, Walid |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Walid_Shoebat
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Шебат, Валид
http://pt.wn.com/Walid Shoebat
http://de.wn.com/Walid Shoebat
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Shoebat
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Steven C. McConnell is an author of many software engineering textbooks including Code Complete, Rapid Development, and Software Estimation. In 1998, McConnell was named as one of the three most influential people in the software industry by Software Development Magazine, along with Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds.
Contents |
Career[link]
McConnell graduated with a Bachelor's degree from Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington (magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa), and a Master's degree in software engineering from Seattle University. He then pursued a career in the desktop software industry, working at Microsoft, Boeing, the Russell Investment Group and several other Seattle area firms. At Microsoft, McConnell worked on TrueType as part of Windows 3.1. At Boeing, he worked on a Strategic Defense Initiative project.
McConnell published his first book, Code Complete, in 1993. As of March 2007 he has been the CEO and Chief Software Engineer of Construx Software, a software engineering consulting firm he founded in 1996.
From 1996 to 1998, he was the editor of the "Best Practices" column in the IEEE Software magazine. From 1998 to 2002 he served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine.[1] Since 1998, he has served on the Panel of Experts of the SWEBOK project. He has also served as the chair of the IEEE Computer Society's Professional Practices Committee. Since March 2006 McConnell has been a member of the executive committee for the Computer Society's Technical Council on Software Engineering.
Bibliography[link]
Books[link]
- Code Complete editions 1 (1993) ISBN 1-55615-484-4. Second edition (2004) ISBN 0-7356-1967-0
- Rapid Development (1996) ISBN 0-07-285060-4
- Software Project Survival Guide (1998) ISBN 1-57231-621-7
- After the Gold Rush (1999) ISBN 0-7356-0877-6
- Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules, Higher Quality Products, More Successful Projects, Enhanced Careers (2004) ISBN 0-321-19367-9
- Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art (2006) ISBN 0-7356-0535-1
Papers[link]
- From the Editor columns in IEEE Software
- Best Practices columns in IEEE Software
Service and memberships[link]
- Construction Knowledge Area Lead (2003–2004), Panel of Experts (1998–2007) SWEBOK
- Member (1998–2007), Chair (2003–2005) IEEE Computer Society Professional Practices Committee
- Editor in Chief (1998–2002), Columnist (1996–1998), Editor in Chief Emeritus (2003–2007) IEEE Software magazine
- Member, Executive Committee of the IEEE Computer Society's Technical Council on Software Engineering (TCSE) (1998–2006)
- Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP)
Awards[link]
- Seattle University's "Alumni of the Year for Professional Accomplishment" award (2004)
- IEEE Computer Society Golden Core (2003)
- "40 Under 40" award (one of 40 top regional business leaders under 40 years of age), Puget Sound Business Journal (2000)
- Software Development Magazine Productivity Award for After the Gold Rush (2000)
- Software Development Magazine Productivity Award for ESTIMATE Professional estimation software (1999)
- Game Developer magazine Front Line Award for Software Project Survival Guide (1997)
- Software Development Magazine Jolt Award for Rapid Development (1997)
- Software Development Magazine Jolt Award for Code Complete (1994)
References[link]
- ^ Warren Harrison (2003). "Our 20th Anniversary". IEEE Software 20 (6): 5–7. DOI:10.1109/MS.2003.10026.
- TV Interview, University of Washington TV
- Web Interview, on .NET Rocks!
External links[link]
- Steve McConnell's website
- Construx Software, Steve McConnell's company
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | McConnell, Steve |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Steve_McConnell
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Макконнелл, Стив
http://de.wn.com/Steve McConnell
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Wiki Summary
The Tanakh (Hebrew: תַּנַ"ךְ, pronounced [taˈnaχ] or [təˈnax]; also Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach) is a name used in Judaism for the canon of the Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh is also known as the Masoretic Text or the Miqra. The name is an acronym formed from the initial Hebrew letters of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: The Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings")—hence TaNaKh. The name "Miqra" (מקרא), meaning "that which is read", is an alternative Hebrew term for the Tanakh. The books of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) were relayed with an accompanying oral tradition passed on by each generation, called the Oral Torah.
According to the Talmud, much of the contents of the Tanakh were compiled by the "Men of the Great Assembly" by 450 BCE, and have since remained unchanged. Modern scholars believe that the process of canonization of the Tanakh became finalized between 200 BCE and 200 CE.
The Hebrew text was originally an abjad: consonants written with some applied vowel letters ("matres lectionis"). During the early Middle Ages scholars known as the Masoretes created a single formalized system of vocalization. This was chiefly done by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, in the Tiberias school, based on the oral tradition for reading the Tanakh, hence the name Tiberian vocalization. It also included some of Ben Naftali and Babylonian innovations. Despite the comparatively late process of codification, some traditional sources and some Orthodox Jews believe the pronunciation and cantillation derive from the revelation at Sinai, since it is impossible to read the original text without pronunciations and cantillation pauses.[citation needed] The combination of a text (מקרא miqra), pronunciation (ניקוד niqqud) and cantillation (טעמים te`amim) enable the reader to understand both the simple meaning, as well as the nuances in sentence flow of the text.
