Hubble Space Telescope over Earth (during the STS-109 mission)

Astronautics, and related astronautical engineering, is the theory and practice of navigation beyond the Earth's atmosphere. In other words, it is the science and technology of space flight.

The term astronautics was coined by analogy with aeronautics. As there is a certain degree of technology overlapping between the two fields, the term aerospace is often used to describe them both.

As with aeronautics, the restrictions of mass, temperatures, and external forces require that applications in space survive extreme conditions: high-grade vacuum, the radiation bombardment of interplanetary space, the magnetic belts of low Earth orbit. Space launch vehicles must withstand titanic forces, while satellites can experience huge variations in temperature in very brief periods.^[1] Extreme constraints on mass cause astronautical engineers to face the constant need to save mass in the design in order to maximize the actual payload that reaches orbit.

History[link]

The early history of astronautics is theoretical: the fundamental mathematics of space travel was established by Isaac Newton in his 1687 treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.^[2] Other mathematicians, such as Swiss Leonhard Euler and Italian Joseph Louis Lagrange also made essential contributions in the 18th and 19th centuries. In spite of this, astronautics did not become a practical discipline until the mid-20th century. On the other hand, the question of space flight tickled the literary imaginations of such figures as Jules Verne and HG Wells.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian Konstantin Tsiolkovsky derived the famous rocket equation, the governing equation for a rocket-based propulsion. This equation makes it possible to compute the final velocity of a rocket from the mass of spacecraft(Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): m_1 ), combined mass of propellant and spacecraft (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): m_0 ) and exhaust velocity of the propellant (Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): v_e ).

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \Delta v\ = v_e \ln \frac {m_0} {m_1}

For more information on the mathematical basis of space travel, see space mathematics.

By the early 1920s, the American Robert Goddard was developing liquid-fueled rockets, which would in a few brief decades become a critical component in the designs of such famous rockets as the V-2 and Saturn V.

Sub-disciplines[link]

Although many regard astronautics itself as a rather specialized subject, engineers and scientists working in this area must be knowledgeable about many distinct fields of knowledge.

• Astrodynamics: the study of orbital motion. Those specializing in this field examine topics such as spacecraft trajectories, ballistics and celestial mechanics.
• Spacecraft propulsion: how spacecraft change orbits, and how they are launched. Most spacecraft have some variety of rocket engine, and thus most research efforts focus on some variety of rocket propulsion, such as chemical, nuclear or electric.
• Spacecraft design: a specialized form of systems engineering which centers on combining all the necessary sub-systems for a particular launch vehicle or satellite.
• Controls: keeping a satellite or rocket in its desired orbit (as in spacecraft navigation) and orientation (as in attitude control).
• Space environment: although more a sub-discipline of physics rather than astronautics, the effects of space weather and other environmental issues constitute an increasingly important field of study for spacecraft designers.

Related fields of study[link]

• Aeronautics and aerospace
• Mechanical engineering
• Physics

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Astronautics

• Aerospace
• Atmospheric reentry
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
• Space Race
• Robert Goddard
• Wernher von Braun
• Spacefaring
• Frank Malina

References[link]

1. ^ Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics, Sellers. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill (2000)
2. ^ Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Bate, Mueller, and White. Dover: New York (1971).

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2011)

Mars Blackmon is a fictional character in the film She's Gotta Have It (1986), played by its writer/director, Spike Lee. In the film, he is a "Brooklyn-loving", sports-loving, die-hard New York Knicks fan. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, "Mars Blackmon" became the primary pitchman in Nike commercials for Air Jordans, the basketball shoes worn by Michael Jordan. As of January 2011, Nike has resumed using the character for its Air Jordan "Spiz'ike" line of shoes.

In the April 30, 2010 episode of the genealogy television show Who Do You Think You Are? that focused on Spike Lee's search for his mother's ancestors, Spike said that he had called his grandmother to ask for a name for the character. His grandmother had given him the name "Mars". In the episode, Spike's research finds that Mars was the name of his great-great-grandfather (his grandmother's grandfather).

See also[link]

• List of American advertising characters

This article about a film character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Dr. Fu Manchu is a fictional character introduced in a series of novels by British author Sax Rohmer during the first half of the 20th century. The character was also featured extensively in cinema, television, radio, comic strips and comic books for over 90 years, and has become an archetype of the evil criminal genius while lending the name to the Fu Manchu moustache.

Characters[link]

Fu Manchu[link]

A master criminal, Fu Manchu's murderous plots are marked by the extensive use of arcane methods; he disdains guns or explosives, preferring dacoits, Thuggee, and members of other secret societies as his agents armed with knives, or using "pythons and cobras... fungi and my tiny allies, the bacilli... my black spiders" and other peculiar animals or natural chemical weapons.

In the 1933 novel, The Bride of Fu Manchu, Fu Manchu claims to hold doctorates from four Western universities. In the 1959 novel, Emperor Fu Manchu, he reveals he attended Heidelberg, the Sorbonne, and Edinburgh. In the early books, Dr. Petrie, believed that Fu Manchu was around 70 years old in 1911 at the time of their first encounter. This would have placed Fu Manchu in the West studying for his first doctorate in the 1870s.

According to Cay Van Ash, Rohmer's biographer and former assistant who became the first author to continue the series after Rohmer's death, "Fu Manchu" was a title of honour, which meant "the Warlike Manchu." Van Ash speculates that Fu Manchu had been a member of the Imperial family who backed the losing side in the Boxer Rebellion. In the earliest books, Fu Manchu is an agent of the secret society, the Si-Fan and acts as the mastermind behind a wave of assassinations targeting Western imperialists. In later books, he vies for control of the Si-Fan which is more concerned with routing Fascist dictators and halting the spread of Communism. The Si-Fan is largely funded through criminal activities, particularly the drug trade and white slavery. Dr. Fu Manchu has extended his already considerable lifespan by use of the elixir vitae, a formula he spent decades trying to perfect.

Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie[link]

Opposing Fu Manchu in the early stories are Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie. They are in the Holmes and Watson tradition, with Dr. Petrie narrating the stories while Nayland Smith carries the fight, combating Fu Manchu more by dogged determination than intellectual brilliance (except in extremis). Nayland Smith and Fu Manchu share a grudging respect for one another, as each believes a man must keep his word even to an enemy.

In the first three books, Nayland Smith is a colonial police commissioner in Burma granted a roving commission which allows him to exercise authority over any group that can help him in his mission. He resembles Sherlock Holmes in physical description and acerbic manner, but not in deductive genius. He has been criticized as being a racist and jingoistic character, especially in the early entries in the series, and gives voice to anti-Asian sentiments. When Rohmer revived the series in the early 1930s, Smith (who has been knighted) is Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard. He later resigns this post and accepts a position with British Intelligence. Several books have him placed on special assignment with the FBI.

Over the years, Smith has been played by many actors, all of them middle-aged. This is despite the original character's age ranging from a young man in the early books in the 1910s to an old man in the books from the late 1950s:

• O.P. Heggie (52-53) in The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu (1929) and The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu (1930)
• Lewis Stone (53) in The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
• William Royle (53) in Drums of Fu Manchu (1940)
• Lester Matthews (56) in The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu (1956)
• Nigel Green (41) in The Face of Fu Manchu (1965)
• Douglas Wilmer (46-47) in The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966) and The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967)
• Richard Greene (50-51) in The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968) and The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969)
• Peter Sellers (54) in The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu (1980)

Kâramanèh[link]

Prominent among Fu Manchu's agents was the "seductively lovely" Kâramanèh. Her real name is unknown. She was sold to the Si-Fan by Egyptian slave traders while still a child. Kara falls in love with the narrator of the first three books in the series, Dr. Petrie. She rescues Petrie and Nayland Smith many times. Eventually the couple are united and she wins her freedom. They marry and have a daughter, Fleurette, who figures in later novels. Author Lin Carter later created a son for Dr. Petrie and Kara, but this is not considered canonical.

Fah lo Suee[link]

Fu Manchu's daughter, Fah lo Suee, is a devious mastermind in her own right, frequently plotting to usurp her father's position in the Si-Fan and aiding his enemies within and outside of the organization. Her real name is unknown; Fah lo Suee was a childhood term of endearment. She was introduced anonymously while still a teenager in the third book in the series and plays a larger role in several of the titles of the 1930s and 1940s. She was known for a time as Koreani after being brainwashed by her father, but her memory was later restored. She is infamous for taking on false identities, like her father, among them Madame Ingomar and Queen Mamaloi. In film, she has been portrayed by numerous actresses over the years. Her character is usually renamed in film adaptations because of difficulties with pronunciation. Anna May Wong played Ling Moy in 1931's Daughter of the Dragon. Myrna Loy was the similarly named Fah lo See in 1932's The Mask of Fu Manchu. Gloria Franklin was Fah lo Suee in 1940's Drums of Fu Manchu. Laurette Luez played Karamaneh in 1956's The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu, but the character owed more to Fah lo Suee than Rohmer's depiction of Karamaneh. Tsai Chin was Fu Manchu's daughter, Lin Tang in the five Christopher Lee films of the 1960s.

Controversy[link]

After the 1932 release of MGM's adaptation of The Mask of Fu Manchu, which featured the Asian villain telling an assembled group of Muslims that they must "kill the white men and take their women", a Harvard University student group petitioned MGM producer William Randolph Hearst (who had also serialized the novel in his Cosmopolitan magazine) to cease making further films based on the property.

Following the 1940 release of Republic Pictures' serial adaptation of Drums of Fu Manchu, the U.S. State Department requested the studio make no further films with the character as China was an ally against Japan. Likewise Rohmer's publisher, Doubleday, refused to publish further additions to the bestselling series for the duration of the Second World War once the United States entered the conflict. BBC Radio and Broadway investors subsequently rejected Rohmer's proposals for an original Fu Manchu radio serial and stage show during the 1940s.

A planned 1972 U.S. network television screening of the 1966 Warner Bros. film The Brides of Fu Manchu was cancelled due to protests from an Asian anti-defamation group.

Rohmer himself was quoted in the biography his wife co-authored Master of Villainy to respond to charges that Fu Manchu had demonized all Chinese people by stating that

Of course, not the whole Chinese population of Limehouse was criminal. But it contained a large number of persons who had left their own country for the most urgent of reasons. These people knew no way of making a living other than the criminal activities that had made China too hot for them. They brought their crimes with them.

It was Rohmer's contention that he based Fu Manchu and other "Yellow Peril" mysteries on real Chinese crime figures he knew during his brief stint as a newspaper reporter covering Limehouse activities.

Cultural impact[link]

The character of Fu Manchu became a stereotype often associated with the Yellow Peril. Fu Manchu has inspired numerous other characters, and is the model for most villains in later "Yellow Peril" thrillers.^[1] Examples include Pao Tcheou, Ming the Merciless from Flash Gordon, Dr, Goo-Fee from Fearless Fly,Li Chang Yen from The Big Four, James Bond adversary Dr. No, The Celestial Toymaker from the Doctor Who story of the same name, Dr. Benton Quest's archenemy Dr. Zin from the Jonny Quest television series, Dr. Yen-Lo from The Manchurian Candidate, Lo-Pan from Big Trouble in Little China, Marvel Comics foes the Mandarin and the Yellow Claw, DC Comics' Rā's al Ghūl, Wo Fat from the CBS TV series Hawaii Five-O, "The Craw" in more than one episode of Get Smart,and Ancient Wu from the video game True Crime: Streets of LA. Fu Manchu and his daughter are the inspiration for the character Hark and his daughter Anna Hark in the comic book series Planetary.

He was also parodied by Kenneth Williams in the radio show Round the Horne as the Oriental criminal mastermind Dr Chou En Ginsberg MA (failed), accompanied by his common-as-muck concubine Lotus Blossom, played by a cockney Hugh Paddick. Appearing in ten minute sketches within the show he was the villain for Kenneth Horne's masterspy in adventures such as "The Man with the Golden Thunderball", which also spoofed James Bond.

While not of Chinese descent, "Egyptian" arch-villain "Kathulos" (then revealed to be a survived Atlantean) of Robert E. Howard's Skull-Face novella is inspired by Fu Manchu^[2][3][4]. "Comrade Li" in Peter George's Commander-1 (1965) is essentially the same type of villain—despite his name having only a thin veneer of Communism or Marxism, being rather a suave philosopher steeped in ancient Chinese learning—whose cold-blooded machinations bring about a nuclear holocaust in which nearly all humanity perishes (including China, which he sought to make great) and who eventually meets a suitable gruesome and ignominious end.

A character with the name "Fred Fu Manchu" appeared as a famous Chinese bamboo saxophonist as part of The Goon Show, a 1950's British radio comedy programme. He appeared in his very own episode, "The Terrible Revenge of Fred Fu Manchu" in 1955 (announced as "Fred Fu-Manchu and his Bamboo Saxophone"), as well as making minor appearances in other episodes (including "China Story", "The Siege of Fort Night" and "The Lost Emperor"(as "Doctor Fred Fu Manchu: oriental tattooist")). The character was invented and performed by Spike Milligan, who used the character to mock British xenophobia and self-satisfaction, the traits summoning the original Fu Manchu into existence, and not as a slur against Asians.^[5]

Fu Manchu is also one of the earliest known examples of an evil scientist or archenemy, with Professor Moriarty, Doctor Jack Quartz (from Nick Carter), Zenith the Albino (from Sexton Blake), and some others being among the few other precedents. The style of facial hair associated with him in film adaptations has become known as the Fu Manchu moustache, although Rohmer's writings described the character as wearing no such adornment.

Books[link]

• The Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu (1913) (US Title: The Insidious Dr. Fu-Manchu).
• The Return of Dr. Fu-Manchu (1916) (UK Title: The Devil Doctor)
• The Hand of Fu Manchu (1917) (UK Title: The Si-Fan Mysteries)
• Daughter of Fu Manchu (1931)
• The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
• The Bride of Fu Manchu (1933) (original US Title: Fu Manchu's Bride)
• The Trail of Fu Manchu (1934)
• President Fu Manchu (1936)
• The Drums of Fu Manchu (1939)
• The Island of Fu Manchu (1941)
• The Shadow of Fu Manchu (1948)
• Re-Enter: Fu Manchu (1957) (UK Title: Re-Enter: Dr. Fu Manchu)
• Emperor Fu Manchu (1959) was Rohmer's last novel.
• The Wrath of Fu Manchu (1973) was a posthumous anthology containing the title novella, first published in 1952, and three later short stories: "The Eyes of Fu Manchu" (1957), "The Word of Fu Manchu" (1958), and "The Mind of Fu Manchu" (1959).
• Ten Years Beyond Baker Street (1984). The first of two authorized continuation novels by Cay Van Ash, Sax Rohmer's former assistant and biographer. The novel is set in a narrative gap within The Hand of Fu Manchu and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes story, His Last Bow (both published in 1917). Holmes comes out of retirement to aid Dr. Petrie when Nayland Smith is abducted by the Si-Fan.
• The Fires of Fu Manchu (1987). The second of two authorized continuation novels by Cay Van Ash. The novel is set in 1917 and documents Smith and Petrie's encounter with Fu Manchu during the First World War culminating in Smith's knighthood. A third Van Ash title, The Seal of Fu Manchu was underway when Van Ash died in 1994. The incomplete manuscript is believed lost.
• The Terror of Fu Manchu (2009). The first of two authorized continuation novels by William Patrick Maynard. The novel expands on the continuity established in Van Ash's books and sees Dr. Petrie teaming with both Nayland Smith and a Rohmer character from outside the series, Gaston Max in an adventure set on the eve of the First World War.
• The Destiny of Fu Manchu (2012). The second of two authorized continuation novels by William Patrick Maynard. The novel is set between Rohmer's The Drums of Fu Manchu and The Island of Fu Manchu on the eve of the Second World War and follows the continuity established in the author's first novel.
• The League of Dragons by George Alec Effinger was an unpublished, unauthorized novel involving a young Sherlock Holmes matching wits with Fu Manchu in the nineteenth century. Chapters have been published in the anthologies, Sherlock Holmes in Orbit (1995) and My Sherlock Holmes (2003). This lost university adventure of Holmes is narrated by Conan Doyle's character Reginald Musgrave.

Fu Manchu also made appearances in the following non-Fu Manchu books:

• Anno Dracula (1994) by Kim Newman. An alternate histories adventure with Fu Manchu in an anonymous cameo appearance as one of the London crime lords of the nineteenth century.
• "Sex Slaves of the Dragon Tong" and "Part of the Game" are a pair of related short stories by F. Paul Wilson appearing in his collection, Aftershocks and Others: 19 Oddities (2009) and feature anonymous appearances by Dr. Fu Manchu and characters from Little Orphan Annie.
• Fu Manchu also appears anonymously in several stories in August Derleth's Solar Pons detective series. Derleth's successor, Basil Copper also made use of the character.
• Fu Manchu is the name of the Chinese ambassador in Kurt Vonnegut's Slapstick (novel) (1976)
• It is revealed that Chiun, the Master of Sinanju has worked for the Devil Doctor, as have previous generations of Masters in the The Destroyer novel #83 Skull Duggery.

In other media[link]

Film[link]

Fu Manchu first appeared on the big screen in the 1923 British silent film serial The Mystery of Dr. Fu Manchu starring Harry Agar Lyons. Lyons returned to the role the next year in The Further Mysteries of Dr. Fu Manchu.

In 1929 Fu Manchu made his American film debut in Paramount's early talkie, The Mysterious Dr. Fu Manchu starring Warner Oland, best known for his portrayal of Charlie Chan. Oland repeated the role in 1930's The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu and 1931's Daughter of the Dragon as well as in the short, Murder Will Out as part of the omnibus film, Paramount on Parade where the Devil Doctor confronts both Philo Vance and Sherlock Holmes.

The most infamous incarnation of the character was MGM's The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932) starring Boris Karloff and Myrna Loy. The film's tone has long been considered racist and offensive, but that only added to its cult status alongside its campy humour and Grand Guignol sets and torture sequences. The film was suppressed for many years, but has since received critical re-evaluation and been released on DVD uncut.

Fu Manchu returned to the serial format in 1940 in Republic Pictures' Drums of Fu Manchu, a 15-episode serial considered to be one of the best the studio ever made. It was later edited and released as a feature film in 1943.

Other than an obscure, unauthorized 1946 Mexican film El Otro Fu Manchu, the Devil Doctor was absent from the big screen for 25 years, until producer Harry Alan Towers began a series starring Christopher Lee in 1965. Towers and Lee would make five Fu Manchu film through the end of the decade: The Face of Fu Manchu (1965), The Brides of Fu Manchu (1966), The Vengeance of Fu Manchu (1967), The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968), and finally The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969).

The character's last authorized film appearance was in the 1980 Peter Sellers spoof, The Fiendish Plot of Dr. Fu Manchu with Sellers featured in a double role as both Fu Manchu and Nayland Smith. The film bore little resemblance to any prior film or the original books. In the film, Fu Manchu claims he was known as "Fred" at public school, a reference to the character of "Fred Fu Manchu" from The Goon Show which had co-starred Sellers.

Jess Franco, who had directed The Blood of Fu Manchu and The Castle of Fu Manchu, also directed The Girl From Rio the second of three Harry Alan Towers films based on Rohmer's female Fu Manchu character, Sumuru. He later directed an unauthorized 1986 Spanish film featuring Fu Manchu's daughter, Esclavas del Crimen.

Nicolas Cage made a camp cameo appearance as Fu Manchu in Rob Zombie's faux trailer Werewolf Women of the SS, which is part of the 2007 film Grindhouse.

There have been several unsuccessful plans to revive the character for the big screen since the early 1970s. The most recent project was announced by Distant Horizons at Cannes in 2007.

Television[link]

Fu Manchu was first brought to television in an unsold pilot for NBC in 1952, The Zayat Kiss starred John Carradine and Cedric Hardwicke.

In 1956, the television arm of Republic Pictures produced a 13-episode syndicated series, The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu starring Glen Gordon as Dr. Fu Manchu, Lester Matthews as Sir Denis Nayland Smith, and Clark Howat as Dr. John Petrie. The title sequence depicted Smith and Fu Manchu in a game of chess as the announcer stated that "the Devil is said to play for men's souls. So does Dr. Fu Manchu, Evil Incarnate." At the conclusion of each episode, after Nayland Smith and Petrie had foiled Fu Manchu's latest fiendish scheme, he would be seen breaking a black chess piece as the closing credits rolled. It was directed by noted serial director Franklin Adreon as well as William Witney. Unlike the Holmes/Watson type relationship of the films, the series featured Smith as a law enforcement officer and Petrie as a staff member for the Surgeon General.

In 1990, TeleMundo broadcast an affectionate spoof, The Daughter of Fu Manchu featuring Paul Naschy as the Devil Doctor and starring the Hispanic comedy troupe, The Yellow Squad.

Music[link]

• Guy Lombardo had a 1935 song entitled "Fu Manchu, Why Don't You Behave"
• The Rockin' Ramrods had a 1965 song titled "Don't Fool With Fu Manchu"^[6]
• The stoner rock band Fu Manchu was named after him.
• Jamaican reggae pioneer Desmond Dekker recorded a song titled "Fu Man Chu" in 1968 with the chorus, "This is the face of Fu Manchu."
• Frank Black (of the Pixies) recorded a song called "Fu Manchu" in 1993.
• In the song, "We Want Freedom", by Dead Prez, Fu Manchu is referred to in the 2nd verse as a man who "dominated the land and accumulated wealth".
• Fu Manchu was the name of a bull, mentioned in Tim McGraw's song "Live Like You Were Dying".
• Fu Manchu was also mentioned in Travis Tritt's song "It's a Great Day to Be Alive".
• Northern Irish band Ash include Fu Manchu in the lyrics to their songs "Kung Fu" and "Day of the Triffids".
• British band The Wildhearts include Fu Manchu on their list of admired villains in the song "Rooting For The Bad Guy".
• "The Village Green Preservation Society" on the similarly titled album by The Kinks mentions Fu Manchu, alongside other fictional villains, Moriarty and Dracula, in its list of things to preserve, "Help save Fu Manchu, Moriarty and Dracula". 30 years later, front man Ray Davies again name-checked the character in his 1998 solo song, "London Song."
• Hip Hop group The Fugees briefly mention Fu Manchu in the song "Vocab", from the album Blunted on Reality.
• Montréal French speaking rock singer Robert Charlebois composed a song entitled "Fu Man Chu (Chus d'dans)" in 1972, in which he refers to the Fu Man Chu and Gene Autry black and white movies of the 1950-1960s. Through the story of Bill, the hero, the song highlights the main events of the second half of the 20th Century, starting with Bill initially dreaming about being attached to a railway track when the train is coming, then his posting abroad to war (presumably Vietnam) and finally ends with Lady Trenton losing her virginity to Bill, whom she saved from the villains after his trip to the milky way.
• Drum and bass duo Drumsound & Bassline Smith recently^[when?] released a song called "Fu Manchu", with a dubstep edit.

Radio[link]

Fu Manchu's earliest radio appearances were on the Collier Hour 1927-31 on the Blue Network. This was a radio programme designed to promote Collier's magazine and presented weekly dramatizations of the current issues stories and serials. Fu was voiced by Arthur Hughes. A self titled show on CBS followed in 1932-33. John C. Daly, and later Harold Huber, played Fu.

Additionally, there were "pirate" broadcast from the Continent into Britain, from Radio Luxembourg and Radio Lyons in 1936 through 1937. Frank Cochrane voiced Fu Manchu. The BBC produced a competing series, The Peculiar Case of the Poppy Club starting in 1939. That same year The Shadow of Fu Manchu aired in the United States as a thrice weekly serial dramatizing the first nine novels.^[7]

Comic strips[link]

Fu was first brought to newspaper comic strips in a black and white daily strip drawn by Leo O'Mealia and ran from 1931 to 1933. The strips were adaptations of the first two Fu Manchu novels and part of the third. They were copyrighted by "Sax Rohmer and The Bell Syndicate, Inc".

Graphic novels[link]

• Fu Manchu made his first comic book appearance in Detective Comics # 17, and continued, as one feature among many in the anthology series, until #28. These were reprints of the earlier Leo O'Mealia strips. Original Fu stories in comics had to wait for Avon's one-shot The Mask of Dr. Fu Manchu in 1951. A similar British one-shot The Island of Fu Manchu was published in 1956.

• In the 1970s, Fu Manchu appeared as the father of the character Shang-Chi in the series Shang-Chi, Master of Kung Fu. However Marvel Comics cancelled the book in 1982, and issues over licensing the character and concepts from the novels (such as his daughter) have hampered Marvel's ability to both collect the series in trade paperback format and reference Fu Manchu as Shang-Chi's father. As such, the character is either never mentioned by name, or by alias ("Mr. Han"). Though Fu Manchu himself was killed off in #100 of his son's comic, he has since been (partially) resurrected by an evil terror group known as the Shadow Council.

• Fu Manchu appeared as a villain in the first volume of Alan Moore's comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen where he attempts to steal a piece of Cavorite to make an airforce and attack England, but was referred to only as "the Doctor" or "the Devil Doctor".

• In the first edition of Docteur Mystery, Fu Manchu is a leader of a cult that tries to resurrect a giant dragon to take over Europe.

• Martin Gilfryd/Memnan Saa of the BPRD comics by Mike Mignola, John Arcudi and Guy Davis is modelled after Dr. Fu Manchu. Before the mysterious character's identity was revealed Mignola referred to the villain as "that Fu Manchu-looking guy."

Sweets[link]

In 1977 Trebor produced a Fu Munchews sweet.^[8]

See also[link]

• Charlie Chan

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010)

External links[link]

• Fu Manchu at the Internet Movie Database
• "The Adventures of Dr. Fu Manchu" (1956 TV Series)
• The Page of Fu Manchu
• The Insidious Dr. Fu Manchu by Sax Rohmer
• The Return of Dr. Fu Manchu by Sax Rohmer
• Dr Hermes Reviews reviews of all the Fu Manchu books as well as those featuring Sax Rohmer's other criminal mastermind, Sumuru
• A database and cover gallery of Fu Manchu comic book appearances
• Theater of the Ears: The Shadow of Fu Manchu Radio Dramas
• The Chronology of Fu Manchu http://www.pjfarmer.com/woldnewton/Fumanchu.htm
• Fu Manchu and the Yellow Peril http://dspace.wul.waseda.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2065/10005/1/40050_3_2.pdf
• Fu Manchu in Edinburgh (BBC Radio 4 programme)

Luke Jensen

Country	United States
Residence	Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
Born	(1966-06-18) June 18, 1966 (age 46) Grayling, Michigan, U.S.
Height	6'3" (190 cm)
Weight	190 lbs (86 kg)
Turned pro	1987
Plays	Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
Career prize money	US$1,314,855
Singles
Career record	12–43
Career titles	0
Highest ranking	168 (25-Jul-88)
Grand Slam Singles results
Australian Open	-
French Open	-
Wimbledon	-
US Open	-
Doubles
Career record	252–297
Career titles	10
Highest ranking	6 (1-Nov-93)
Last updated on: January 27, 2007.

Luke Jensen (born June 18, 1966 in Grayling, Michigan, U.S.) is a former professional male tennis player from the United States. He attended University of Southern California from 1986–87 and earned singles All-American honors both years (doubles in 87). He is now the head coach of the women's tennis team at Syracuse University. [1].

Jensen attended East Grand Rapids High School, winning the Michigan state singles championship in 1983, and graduating in 1985.^[1]

He reached his career high doubles ranking, World No. 6, on November 1, 1993.

Nicknamed "Dual Hand Luke" because he was an ambidextrous player able to serve at 130 MPH with either hand.^[2] He now does on-court analysis for ESPN for their tennis coverage. He also travels the world as an instructor, motivational speaker, and ambassador for the game.

His younger brother is former professional male tennis player Murphy Jensen.

Doubles Titles (10)[link]

No.	Date	Tournament	Surface	Partnering	Opponent in the final	Score
1.	February 1, 1988	Guarujá, Brazil	Hard	Ricardo Acuña	Javier Frana Diego Pérez	6–1, 6–4
2.	November 20, 1989	Johannesburg, South Africa	Hard (i)	Richey Reneberg	Kelly Jones Joey Rive	6–0, 6–4
3.	April 8, 1991	Orlando, U.S.	Hard	Scott Melville	Nicolás Pereira Pete Sampras	6–7, 7–6, 6–3
4.	April 29, 1991	Monte Carlo, Monaco	Clay	Laurie Warder	Paul Haarhuis Mark Koevermans	5–7, 7–6, 6–4
5.	May 27, 1991	Bologna, Italy	Clay	Laurie Warder	Luiz Mattar Jaime Oncins	6–4, 7–6
6.	May 25, 1992	Bologna, Italy	Clay	Laurie Warder	Javier Frana Javier Sánchez	6–2, 6–3
7.	June 7, 1993	French Open, Paris	Clay	Murphy Jensen	Marc-Kevin Goellner David Prinosil	6–4, 6–7, 6–4
8.	June 26, 1995	Nottingham, England	Grass	Murphy Jensen	Patrick Galbraith Danie Visser	6–3, 5–7, 6–4
9.	August 26, 1996	Long Island, U.S.	Hard	Murphy Jensen	Hendrik Dreekmann Alexander Volkov	6–3, 7–6
10.	July 21, 1997	Washington, D.C., U.S.	Hard	Murphy Jensen	Neville Godwin Fernon Wibier	6–4, 6–4

Runner-ups (14)[link]

No.	Date	Tournament	Surface	Partnering	Opponent in the final	Score
1.	May 20, 1991	Rome, Italy	Clay	Laurie Warder	Omar Camporese Goran Ivanišević	2–6, 3–6
2.	October 7, 1991	Sydney Indoor, Australia	Hard (i)	Laurie Warder	Jim Grabb Richey Reneberg	4–6, 4–6
3.	April 6, 1992	Estoril, Portugal	Clay	Laurie Warder	Hendrik Jan Davids Libor Pimek	6–3, 3–6, 5–7
4.	January 18, 1993	Sydney Outdoor, Australia	Hard	Murphy Jensen	Sandon Stolle Jason Stoltenberg	3–6, 4–6
5.	March 1, 1993	Scottsdale, U.S.	Hard	Sandon Stolle	Mark Keil Dave Randall	5–7, 4–6
6.	March 8, 1993	Indian Wells, U.S.	Hard	Scott Melville	Guy Forget Henri Leconte	4–6, 5–7
7.	May 3, 1993	Madrid, Spain	Clay	Scott Melville	Tomás Carbonell Carlos Costa	6–7, 2–6
8.	May 24, 1993	Bologna, Italy	Clay	Murphy Jensen	Danie Visser Laurie Warder	6–4, 4–6, 4–6
9.	October 18, 1993	Tokyo Indoor, Japan	Carpet	Murphy Jensen	Grant Connell Patrick Galbraith	3–6, 4–6
10.	February 28, 1994	Mexico City, Mexico	Clay	Murphy Jensen	Francisco Montana Bryan Shelton	3–6, 4–6
11.	September 19, 1994	Bogotá, Colombia	Clay	Murphy Jensen	Mark Knowles Daniel Nestor	4–6, 6–7
12.	April 24, 1995	Nice, France	Clay	David Wheaton	Cyril Suk Daniel Vacek	6–3, 6–7, 6–7
13.	May 12, 1997	Coral Springs, U.S.	Clay	Murphy Jensen	Dave Randall Greg Van Emburgh	7–6, 2–6, 6–7
14.	May 26, 1997	St. Poelten, Austria	Clay	Murphy Jensen	Kelly Jones Scott Melville	2–6, 6–7

References[link]

External links[link]

• ATP Official Profile
• Luke Jensen ESPN Bio

Robert Zubrin
Photo of Zubrin by the Mars Society
Born	(1952-04-19) 19 April 1952 (age 60)
Residence	United States
Nationality	American
Fields	Aerospace engineering
Institutions	Martin Marietta Pioneer Astronautics
Alma mater	University of Rochester (B.A) University of Washington (M.S), (PhD)
Known for	Mars Direct Mars Society The Case for Mars Energy Victory

Robert Zubrin (born April 19, 1952) is an American aerospace engineer and author, best known for his advocacy of the manned exploration of Mars. He was the driving force behind Mars Direct—a proposal intended to produce significant reductions in the cost and complexity of such a mission. The key idea was to use the Martian atmosphere to produce oxygen, water, and rocket propellant for the surface stay and return journey. A modified version of the plan was subsequently adopted by NASA as their "design reference mission". He questions the delay and cost-to-benefit ratio of first establishing a base or outpost on an asteroid or another Apollo Program-like return to the Moon, as neither would be able to provide all of its own oxygen, water, or energy; these resources are producible on Mars, and he expects people would be there thereafter.^[1]

Disappointed with the lack of interest from government in Mars exploration and after the success of his book The Case for Mars as well as leadership experience at the National Space Society, Zubrin established the Mars Society in 1998. This is an international organization advocating a manned Mars mission as a goal, by private funding if possible.

Zubrin lives in Lakewood, Colorado; he has two daughters, Rachel and Sarah.

Qualifications and professional experience[link]

Zubrin holds a B.A. in Mathematics from the University of Rochester (1974), and a masters degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics, a masters degree in Nuclear Engineering, and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering — all from the University of Washington.^[2] He has developed a number of concepts for space propulsion and exploration, and is the author of over 200 technical and non-technical papers and five books. He was a member of Lockheed Martin's scenario development team charged with developing strategies for space exploration. He was also "a senior engineer with the Martin Marietta Astronautics company, working as one of its leaders in development of advanced concepts for interplanetary missions" (The Case for Mars 1996). He is also President of both the Mars Society and Pioneer Astronautics, a private company that does research and development on innovative aerospace technologies. Zubrin is the co-inventor on a U.S. design patent and a U.S. utility patent on a hybrid rocket/airplane, and on a U.S. utility patent on an oxygen supply system (see links below). He was awarded his first patent at age 20 in 1972 for Three Player Chess. His inventions also include the nuclear salt-water rocket.

Books[link]

• The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must (1996), with Richard Wagner. This outlines the Mars Direct plan along with speculation about the economic, social and technical viability of future Mars colonization. Revised and updated in 2011.
• Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization (1999). This ranges from the current status quo and innovative startups of the aerospace industry, through exploration and colonization of Mars, to a more futuristic look at humanity's possible colonization of the solar system and the feasibility of interstellar travel with known physics.
• Mars On Earth: The Adventures of Space Pioneers in the High Arctic (2003). Zubrin recounts the origins and progress of the Mars Society's Mars Analog Research Station project, including a variety of perils, both mundane and adventurous, that were overcome in establishing the first analog Mars habitat on Devon Island in the high Arctic. He offers highlights of what has been learned so far through that effort.
• First Landing (2001), a hard science fiction novel about a future Mars flight using the Mars Direct plan.
• The Holy Land (2003). This is an "SF satire on the Middle East crisis and the War on Terrorism, and concerns what happens when the liberal Western Galactic Empire relocates the oppressed Minervan sect to their ancient homeland of Kennewick, Washington, in the midst of a US ruled by Christian fundamentalist fanatics.".^[3] The story was partly inspired by Čapek's War with the Newts.^[4]
• Benedict Arnold: A Drama of the American Revolution in Five Acts (2005). This is an effort to humanize and show the multiple dimensions of Benedict Arnold, and to contrast the democratic values embodied in the spirit of the Revolution with the socially bankrupt classism embodied in the British subjects who won Arnold to their side.
• Energy Victory: Winning the War on Terror by Breaking Free of Oil (2007). An expansion on his recent articles criticizing both reliance on oil and the potential for hydrogen energy, while highlighting the benefits of switching more toward methanol and ethanol. It carries an endorsement from former CIA director James Woolsey.
• How to Live on Mars (2008). A tongue-in-cheek technically accurate guidebook for Mars-bound Earthlings about how to survive and thrive on the Red Planet, written from the point of view of a 22nd-century Mars native.
• Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism (2011).

Books edited or co-authored[link]

Zubrin has also edited or co-edited the following books, most of which include contributions he wrote:

• Islands in the Sky: Bold New Ideas for Colonizing Space (1996), co-edited with Stanley Schmidt. This is a collection of fifteen selected non-fiction entries that had been published in Analog magazine over the years; it includes five articles authored or co-authored by Zubrin, including "The Hypersonic Skyhook", "Mars Direct: A Proposal for the Rapid Exploration and Colonization of the Red Planet" (co-authored with David A. Baker), "Colonizing the Outer Solar System", "Terraforming Mars" (co-authored with Christopher McKay), and "The Magnetic Sail". Notable additional contributors include Robert L. Forward and the godfather of terraforming, Martyn J. Fogg, each of whom contributed two articles.
• From Imagination to Reality: Mars Exploration Studies of the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society : Precursors and Early Piloted Exploration Missions (1997).
• From Imagination to Reality: Mars Exploration Studies of the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society : Base Building, Colonization and Terraformation (1997).
• Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society (1999), co-edited with Maggie Zubrin. This contains articles corresponding to talks presented at the founding convention of the Mars Society in Boulder, Colorado in August 1998; it includes contributions from Zubrin, Buzz Aldrin, Martyn Fogg, and many others.
• On to Mars: Colonizing a New World (2002 Apogee Books), co-edited with Frank Crossman. This contains articles corresponding to talks presented at the annual conventions of the Mars Society in Boulder in 1999, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2000, and at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California in 2001.
• On to Mars 2: Exploring and Settling a New World (2005 Apogee Books), co-edited with Frank Crossman. This contains over 130 articles corresponding to talks presented at the annual conventions of the Mars Society in Boulder in 2002, in Eugene, Oregon in 2003, and in Chicago, Illinois in 2004.

The ethics of terraforming[link]

Dr. Zubrin is noted as an advocate of a moderately anthropocentric position in the ethics of terraforming. Discussions of the ethics of terraforming often make reference to a series of public debates Zubrin has held with his friend Christopher McKay, who advocates a moderately biocentric position on the ethics of terraforming. For example, a written account of some of these debates is available in On to Mars: Colonizing a New World, as a joint article, "Do Indigenous Martian Bacteria have Precedence over Human Exploration?" (pp. 177–182)

Cultural references[link]

An aging Robert Zubrin also appears as a background character in The Martian Race (1999) by Gregory Benford, a science fiction novel depicting early human explorers on Mars in the very near future. Benford, who is also an astrophysicist, is a longtime member of both the board of directors and the steering committee of the Mars Society.

Robert Zubrin was also recently featured in a CBC Television documentary special The Passionate Eye dubbed "The Mars Underground".^[5]

The songwriter and musician Frank Black (alias Black Francis of the Pixies) penned an homage to Zubrin, "Robert Onion", on the album Dog in the Sand. The lyrics form an acrostic spelling "Robert The Case For Mars Zubrin".^[6]

In 2010 Robert Zubrin was featured in the Symphony of Science video "The Case for Mars" along with Carl Sagan, Brian Cox, and Penelope Boston.

The fictional character Dr. Zachary Walzer in the 2010 independent VODO series Pioneer One is loosely based on Zubrin.

References[link]

Patents[link]

• U.S. design patent D405,750, "Reusable rocket airplane"
• U.S. Patent 6,119,985, "Reusable rocket-propelled high altitude airplane and method and apparatus for mid-air oxidizer transfer to said airplane"
• U.S. Patent 6,347,627, "Nitrous oxide based oxygen supply system"
• U.S. Patent 3,652,091, "Three-player chess board"

External links[link]

• The Mars Society
• Symphony of Science – The Case for Mars (ft. Zubrin, Sagan, Cox & Boston)
• Pioneer Astronautics
• Robert Zubrin at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• "The Political Economy of Very Large Space Projects"
• An Energy Revolution article by Robert Zubrin in The American Enterprise
• Getting Space Exploration Right article by Robert Zubrin in The New Atlantis
• Review of Zubrin's book Benedict Arnold
• The Hydrogen Hoax article by Robert Zubrin in The New Atlantis
• Interview on the SciFiDimensions Podcast
• The Mars Underground at the Internet Movie Database

v t e Robert Zubrin Books The Case for Mars · Islands in the Sky: Bold New Ideas for Colonizing Space · Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization · Mars On Earth: The Adventures of Space Pioneers in the High Arctic · First Landing · The Holy Land · Benedict Arnold: A Drama of the American Revolution in Five Acts · Energy Victory · How to Live on Mars · Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism See also Mars Direct · Mars Society · Ethics of terraforming · Nuclear salt-water rocket