Otaria redirects here. For the continent in Magic: The Gathering, see Otaria.

South American sea lion
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Pinnipedia
Family:	Otariidae
Subfamily:	Otariinae
Genus:	Otaria Péron, 1816
Species:	O. flavescens
Binomial name
Otaria flavescens (Shaw, 1800)
South American sea lion range

The South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens, formerly Otaria byronia), also called the southern sea lion and the Patagonian sea lion, is a sea lion found on the Chilean, Peruvian, Uruguayan, Argentine and Southern Brazilian coasts. It is the only member of the genus Otaria. Its scientific name was subject to controversy, with some taxonomists referring to it as Otaria flavescens and others referring to it as Otaria byronia. The former eventually won out.^[2] Locally, it is known by several names though the most common ones are lobo marino (sea wolf) and león marino (sea lion).

Physical description[link]

Skeleton of South American sea lion

The South American sea lion is perhaps the archetypal sea lion in appearance. Males have a very large head with a well-developed mane, making them the most lionesque of the eared seals. They are twice the weight of females.^[3] Both males and females are orange or brown coloured with upturned snouts. Pups are born greyish orange ventrally and black dorsally and moult into a more chocolate colour.

The South American sea lion's size and weight can vary considerably. Adult males can grow over 2.73 m (9 ft) and weigh up to 350 kg (770 lb).^[4] Adult females grow up to 1.8–2 m (6–7 ft) and weigh about half the weight of the males, around 150 kg (330 lb). This species is even more sexually dimorphic than the other sea lions.^[5]

Ecology[link]

Sea lions at Beagle Channel

As its name suggests, the South American sea lion is found along the coasts and offshore islands of South America. It ranges from Peru south to Chile in the Pacific and then north to southern Brazil in the Atlantic.^[6] It travels north during the winter and spring and goes south to breed.^[6] Notable breeding colonies include Lobos Island, Uruguay; Peninsula Valdes, Argentina; Beagle Channel and the Falkland Islands. Some individuals wander as far north as southern Ecuador, although apparently they never bred there. Exist its presence in Colombia.

South American sea lions prefer to breed on beaches made of sand, but will breed on gravel, rocky or pebble beaches, as well.^[6] They can also be seen on flat rocky cliffs with tidepools.^[6] Sea lion colonies tend to be small and scattered, especially on rocky beaches.^[6] The colonies make spaces between each individual when it is warm and sunny.^[6] They can also be found in marinas and wharves but do not breed there.

South American sea lions consume numerous fish, including Argentine hake and anchovies.^[6] They also eat cephalopods, such as shortfin squid, Patagonian squid and octopus.^[6] They have even been observed preying on penguins, pelicans and young South American fur seals. South American sea lions may forage at the ocean floor for slow moving prey or hunt schooling prey in groups, depending on the area. When captured, the prey is shaken violently and torn apart. South American sea lions have been recorded to take advantage of the hunting efforts of dusky dolphins, feeding on the fish they herd together.^[7] The sea lions themselves are preyed on by orcas and sharks.

Social behavior and reproduction[link]

Sea lion colony in Patagonia.

Mating occurs between August and December, and the pups are born between December and February. Males arrive first to establish and defend territories, but then switch to defending females when they arrive.^[5] A male will aggressively herd females in its territory and defend both from neighbors and intruders.^[5] On rocky beaches, males etablish territories were females go to cool off and keep them until estrous.^[6] On cobble or sandy beaches, males have territories near the surf and monopolize females trying to get access to the sea.^[6] The number of actual fights between males depends on the number of females in heat.^[5] The earlier a male arrives at the site the longer his tenure will be and the more copulations he will achieve.^[5] Males are usually able to keep around three females in their harem, but some have as many as 18.^[5]

Male with harem

Female sea lion and pup

During the breeding season, males that fail to secure territories and harems, most often sub-adults, will cause group raids in an attempt to change the status-quo and gain access to the females.^[8] Group raids are more common on sandy beaches than rocky ones.^[8] These raids cause chaos in the breeding harems, often splitting mothers from their young. The resident males will try to fight off the raiders and keep all the females in their territorial boundaries. Raiders are often unsuccessful in securing a female, however some are able to capture some females or even stay in the breeding area with one or more females.^[8] Sometimes an invading male will abduct pups, possibly as an attempt to control the females.^[8] They also take pups as substitutes for mature females.^[9] Sub-adults will herd their captured pups and prevent them from escaping, much like what adult males do to females.^[9] A pup may be mounted by its abductor but intromission does not occur.^[9] While abducting pups does not give males immediate reproductive benefits, these males may gain experience in controlling females.^[9] Pups are sometimes severely injured or killed during abductions.^[8][9]

Sea lion mothers remain with their newborn pups for nearly a week before making routine of taking three day foraging trips and coming back to nurse the pups.^[6][5] They will act aggressively to other females who come close to their pups, as well as alien pups who try to get milk from them.^[10] Pups first enter the water at about four weeks and are weaned at about 12 months. This is normally when the mother gives birth to a new pup. Pups gradually spent more time in the nearshore surf and develop swimming skills.^[6]

South American sea lions are observed to make various vocalizations and calls which differ between sexes and ages.^[11] Adult males will make high-pitched calls during aggressive interactions,^[11] barks when establishing territories,^[11] growls when interacting with females,^[11] and exhalations which are made after agonistic encounters.^[11] Females who have pups make what is called a mother primary call when interacting with their pups,^[11] and grunts during aggressive encounters with other females.^[11] Pups make what are called pup primary calls.^[11] Some of those vocalizations and acoustic features may support individuality.^[11]

Human interactions[link]

Sea lion, symbol of Mar del Plata

Sea lion skins

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted South American sea lions in their art.^[12] A statue of this species is a symbol of Mar del Plata.

FoeIndigenous peoples of South America exploited this species for millenia and by Europeans around the 16th century.^[13] The hunting has since gone down and the species is no longer threatened. The species is protected in most of its range.^[1] Numerous reserves and protected areas at rookeries and haul-out sites exists for the sea lions.^[1] Despite this, protection regulations are not effectively enforced in much of animal's range.^[1]

The population estimate is 265,000 animals. They are increasing in Argentina, but are declining in Chile and Uruguay.^[1] Many sea lions of the Peruvian population died in the 1997/1998 el Niño.^[1] They still are killed due to the sea lions' habits of stealing fish and damaging fishing nets.^[1] Sea lions in the port of Mar del Plata have been found with toxic chemicals and heavy metals in their systems.^[14] The overall population of sea lions is considered stable.

See also[link]

• Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
• Pincoy

References[link]

Sea lions Temporal range: Late Oligocene – Recent
California sea lion (Zalophus californianus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Caniformia
Superfamily:	Pinnipedia
Family:	Otariidae
Subfamily:	Otariinae
Genera
Eumetopias Neophoca Otaria Phocarctos Zalophus

Sea lions are pinnipeds characterized by external ear flaps, long foreflippers, the ability to walk on all fours, and short, thick hair. Together with the fur seals, they comprise the family Otariidae, or eared seals. There are six extant and one extinct species (the Japanese sea lion) in five genera. Their range extends from the subarctic to tropical waters of the global ocean in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, with the notable exception of the northern Atlantic Ocean.^[1] They have an average life span of 20–30 years. A male California sea lion weighs on an average about 300 kg (660 lb) and is about 8 ft (2.4 m) long, while the female sea lion weighs 100 kg (220 lb) and is 6 ft (1.8 m) long. The largest sea lion is the Steller's sea lion which can weigh 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) and grow to a length of 10 ft (3.0 m). Sea lions consume large quantities of food at a time and are known to eat about 5–8% of their body weight (about 15–35 lb (6.8–16 kg)) at a single feeding.

Taxonomy[link]

Steller sea lions haul out on a rock off the coast of Raspberry Island (Alaska)

Together with the fur seals, they constitute the Otariidae family, collectively known as eared seals. Until recently, sea lions were grouped under a single subfamily called Otariinae to distinguish them from the fur seals Arcocephalinae, based on the most prominent common feature between all species, namely the lack of the dense underfur characteristic of the latter. Recent genetic evidence, however, strongly suggests Callorhinus, the genus of the northern fur seal, is more closely related to some sea lion species than to the other fur seal genus, Arctocephalus.^[2] Therefore, the fur seal/sea lion subfamily distinction has been eliminated from many taxonomies. Sea lions are related to the walrus and the seal. Nonetheless, all fur seals have certain features in common: the fur, generally smaller sizes, farther and longer foraging trips, smaller and more abundant prey items and greater sexual dimorphism. All sea lions have certain features in common, in particular their coarse, short fur, greater bulk and larger prey than fur seals. For these reasons, the distinction remains useful.

• Suborder Pinnipedia
  • Family Otariidae
    • Subfamily Arctocephalinae
      • Genus Arctocephalus (southern fur seal; 8 species)
      • Genus Callorhinus (northern fur seal; 1 species)
    • Subfamily Otariinae
      • Genus Eumetopias
        • Steller sea lion, E. jubatus
      • Genus Neophoca
        • Australian sea lion, N. cinerea
      • Genus Otaria
        • South American sea lion, O. flavescens
      • Genus Phocarctos
        • New Zealand sea lion or Hooker's sea lion, P. hookeri
      • Genus Zalophus
        • California sea lion, Z. californianus
        • Japanese sea lion, Z. japonicus - extinct (1950s)
        • Galapagos sea lion, Z. wollebaeki
  • Family Phocidae: true seals
  • Family Odobenidae: walrus

Interactions with humans[link]

Some species of sea lion are readily trainable and are often a popular attraction at zoos and aquariums. The archetypal circus "seal" performing behaviors such as throwing and catching balls on its nose and clapping is almost always a sea lion.^{[citation needed]}

Sea lions have been trained by the U.S. Navy's Marine Mammal Program, based in San Diego, to detain scuba divers.^[3]

Sea lion attacks on humans are rare. In a highly unusual attack in 2007 in Western Australia, a sea lion leapt from the water and seriously mauled a 13-year old girl surfing behind a speedboat. The sea lion appeared to be preparing for a second attack when the girl was rescued. An Australian marine biologist opined the sea lion may have viewed the girl "like a rag doll toy" to be played with.^[4][5][6] In San Francisco where an increasingly large population of California sea lion crowds dock along San Francisco Bay, there have been incidents in recent years of swimmers being bitten on the legs by large, aggressive males, possibly as territorial acts.^[7][8][9]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted sea lions in their art.^[10]

Sea lions have also been reported to assist or save humans who show signs of distress in the open waters. In June 2000, Kevin Hines leaped into the San Francisco bay; he reportedly was saved by a sea lion that kept him afloat and breathing until the paramedics arrived.^[11]

Images[link]

		200px
A gathering of more than 40 sea lions off the coast of California	A military sea lion on board a US navy ship	A sea lion at the Memphis Zoo

See also[link]

• California sea lion
• Marine mammal
• Otariids
• Pinniped

References[link]