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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (
i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
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Bear Bryant
Paul William "Bear" Bryant (September 11, 1913 – January 26, 1983) was an American college football player and coach. He was best known as the longtime head coach of the University of Alabama football team. During his 25-year tenure as Alabama's head coach, he amassed six national championships and thirteen conference championships. Upon his retirement in 1982, he held the record for most wins as head coach in collegiate football history with 323 wins, a record broken by John Gagliardi in 1996. Bryant's mark has since also been surpassed by his longtime friend Joe Paterno, by Eddie Robinson, and by Bobby Bowden. At the University of Alabama, the Paul W. Bryant Museum, Paul W. Bryant Hall, Paul W. Bryant Drive and Bryant–Denny Stadium are all named in his honor. He was also known for his trademark black and white houndstooth or gingham hat, deep voice, casually leaning up against the goal post during pre-game warmups, and frequently holding his rolled-up game plan while on the sidelines.
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Cesar Chavez
Cesar Estrada Chavez (locally: [ˈsesaɾ esˈtɾaða ˈtʃaβes]; March 31, 1927 – April 23, 1993) was an American farm worker, labor leader, and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW).
A Mexican American, Chavez became the best known Latino civil rights activist, and was strongly promoted by the American labor movement, which was eager to enroll Hispanic members. His public-relations approach to unionism and aggressive but nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support. By the late 1970s, his tactics had forced growers to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers in California and Florida. However, by the mid-1980s membership in the UFW had dwindled to around 15,000.[citation needed]
After his death he became a major historical icon for the Latino community, and for liberals generally, symbolizing support for workers and for Hispanic power based on grass roots organizing and his slogan "Sí, se puede" (Spanish for "Yes, it is possible" or, roughly, "Yes, it can be done"). His supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. His birthday, March 31, has become Cesar Chavez Day, a state holiday in three US states. Many parks, cultural centers, libraries, schools, and streets have been named in his honor in cities across the United States.
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Chita Rivera
Chita Rivera (born January 23, 1933) is an American actress, dancer, and singer best known for her roles in musical theater. She is the first Hispanic woman to receive a Kennedy Center Honors award (December 2002). She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009.
Rivera (birth name: Dolores Conchita Figueroa del Rivero) was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Katherine, a government clerk, and Pedro Julio Figueroa del Rivero, a clarinetist and saxophonist for the United States Navy Band. Her father was Puerto Rican and her mother was of Scottish and Italian descent. Rivera was seven years old when her mother was widowed and went to work for The Pentagon.
In 1944, Rivera's mother enrolled her in the Jones-Haywood School of Ballet (now the Jones Haywood School of Dance). Later, when she was 15, a teacher from George Balanchine's School of American Ballet visited their studio and Rivera was one of two students picked to audition in New York City; she was accompanied to the audition by Doris Jones, one of the people who ran the Jones-Haywood School. Rivera's audition was successful and she was accepted into the school and given a scholarship
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Colin Powell
Colin Luther Powell (
/ˈkoʊlɨn/; born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and a retired four-star general in the United States Army. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State, serving under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005. He was the first African American to serve in that position. During his military career, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989), as Commander of the U.S. Army Forces Command (1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first, and so far the only, African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Colin Luther Powell was born on April 5, 1937 in Harlem, a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, to Jamaican immigrant parents Maud Arial (née McKoy) and Luther Theophilus Powell. He also has Scottish ancestry. Powell was raised in the South Bronx and attended Morris High School, a former public school in the Bronx, from which he graduated in 1954. While at school, he worked at a local baby furniture store where he picked up Yiddish from the shopkeepers and some of the customers. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology from the City College of New York in 1958 and was a self-admitted C average student. He was later able to earn a Master of Business Administration degree from the George Washington University in 1971, after his second tour in Vietnam.
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David E. Sanger
David E. Sanger (born July 5, 1960 in White Plains, New York) is the Chief Washington Correspondent for The New York Times. A 1982 graduate of Harvard College, Sanger has been writing for the Times for 30 years covering foreign policy, globalization, nuclear proliferation, and the presidency.
He has been a member of two teams that won the Pulitzer Prize, and has been awarded numerous honors for national security and foreign policy coverage. He is the author of two books: Confront and Conceal: Obama's Secret Wars and and Surprising Use of American Power (Crown, June 2012) and The Inheritance: The World Obama Confronts and the Challenges to American Power (Harmony, 2009), which was a best-seller.
Sanger was educated in the public school system and graduated magna cum laude in government from Harvard College in 1982.
David E. Sanger is Chief Washington Correspondent for The New York Times and is one of the newspaper's senior writers. In a 30-year career at the paper, he has reported from New York, Tokyo and Washington, specializing in foreign policy, national security and the politics of globalization. Soon after joining the Times in 1982, Sanger began specializing in the confluence of economic and foreign policy. Throughout the ‘80’s and ‘90’s, he wrote extensively about how issues of national wealth and competitiveness came to redefine the relationships between the United States and its major allies. He was correspondent and then bureau chief in Tokyo for six years, travelling widely in Asia. He wrote some of the first pieces describing North Korea’s nuclear weapons program, the rise and fall of Japan as one of the world’s economic powerhouses, and China’s emerging role.
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Ellsworth Bunker
Ellsworth F. Bunker (May 11, 1894 – September 27, 1984) was an American businessman and diplomat (including being the ambassador to Argentina, Italy, India, Nepal and South Vietnam). He is perhaps best known for being a hawk on the war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia during the 1960s and 1970s.
Born the eldest of three children of Jeanie Polhemus (née Cobb) and George Raymond Bunker in Yonkers, New York. His father was one of the founders and chairman of the board of National Sugar Refining Company. His younger brother, Arthur Hugh Bunker (July 29, 1895-May 19, 1964), was also a noted businessman, chairman of the executive committee of the War Production Board (1941–1945) during World War II, and president and then board chairman of American Metal Climax (AMAX).
Ellsworth Bunker studied to be a lawyer, and graduated from Yale University with the class of 1916. During World War II he served as chairman of the War Production Board's cane sugar advisory committee.
Bunker first worked in his father's company, National Sugar Refining Company, eventually becoming the company's president, succeeding Horace Havemeyer, Sr., in 1942. He retired as an active executive in 1951 and purchased a 600-acre dairy farm in Putney, Vermont. He remained a member of the board of National Sugar until 1966.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93). He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89), a congressman, an ambassador, a Director of Central Intelligence, and is currently the oldest surviving president.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed going to college, enlisted in the US Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the youngest aviator in the Navy at the time. He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee, and the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president. He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
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Gordon B. Hinckley
Gordon Bitner Hinckley (June 23, 1910 – January 27, 2008) was an American religious leader and author who served as the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from March 12, 1995 until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members, Hinckley was the oldest person to preside over the church in its history.
Hinckley's presidency was noted for the building of temples, with more than half of existing temples being built under his leadership. He also oversaw the reconstruction of the historic Nauvoo Illinois Temple and the building of the 21,000 seat Conference Center. During his tenure, the Proclamation on the Family was issued and the Perpetual Education Fund was established. At the time of Hinckley's death, approximately one-third of the church's membership had joined the church under Hinckley's leadership.
Hinckley was awarded ten honorary doctorate degrees, and in 2004, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by George W. Bush. Hinckley also received the Boy Scouts of America's highest award, the Silver Buffalo, and served as chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. Hinckley died of natural causes on January 27, 2008 and was survived by his five children. His wife, Marjorie Pay, died in 2004. He was succeeded by Thomas S. Monson as President of the Church.
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Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953). As President Franklin D. Roosevelt's third vice president and the 34th Vice President of the United States (1945), he succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when President Roosevelt died less than three months after beginning his unprecedented fourth term.
During World War I, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After the war, he joined the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City, Missouri. He was elected a county official and in 1934 United States senator. After he had gained national prominence as head of the wartime Truman Committee, Truman replaced vice president Henry A. Wallace as Roosevelt's running mate in 1944.
Truman faced many challenges in domestic affairs. The disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy of the United States was marked by severe shortages, numerous strikes, and the passage of the Taft–Hartley Act over his veto. He confounded all predictions to win election in 1948, helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour of rural America. After his election, he passed only one of the proposals in his liberal Fair Deal program. He used executive orders to end racial discrimination in the armed forces and created loyalty checks that dismissed thousands of communist supporters from office.
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Jack Kemp
Jack French Kemp (July 13, 1935 – May 2, 2009) was an American politician and a collegiate and professional football player. A Republican, he served as Housing Secretary in the administration of President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993, having previously served nine terms as a congressman for Western New York's 31st congressional district from 1971 to 1989. He was the Republican Party's nominee for Vice President in the 1996 election, where he was the running mate of presidential nominee Bob Dole. Kemp had previously contended for the presidential nomination in the 1988 Republican primaries.
Before entering politics, Kemp was a professional quarterback for 13 years. He played briefly in the National Football League (NFL) and the Canadian Football League (CFL), but became a star in the American Football League (AFL). He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the AFL Most Valuable Player award in 1965 after leading the Bills to a second consecutive championship. He played in the AFL for all 10 years of its existence, appeared in its All-Star game seven times, played in its championship game five times, and set many of the league's career passing records. Kemp also co-founded the AFL Players Association, for which he served five terms as president. During the early part of his football career, he served in the United States Army Reserve.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy
pronunciation (help·info) (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
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John Howard
John Winston Howard, OM, AC, SSI, (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He was the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.
Howard was a member of the House of Representatives from 1974 to 2007, representing the Division of Bennelong, New South Wales. He served as Treasurer in the Fraser government of from 1977 to 1983. He was Leader of the Liberal Party and Coalition Opposition from 1985 to 1989, which included the 1987 federal election against Bob Hawke. He was re-elected as Leader of the Opposition in 1995.
Howard led the Liberal-National coalition to victory at the 1996 federal election, defeating Paul Keating's Labor government and ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition. The Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998, 2001 and 2004 elections, presiding over a period of strong economic growth and prosperity. Major issues for the Howard Government included taxation, industrial relations, immigration, the Iraq war, and Aboriginal relations. Howard's coalition government was defeated at the 2007 election by the Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd. Howard also lost his own parliamentary seat at the election; he was the second Australian Prime Minister, after Stanley Bruce in 1929, to do so.
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Lyndon Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963–1969), a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963). He is one of only four people who served in all four elected federal offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President, and President. Johnson, a Texas Democrat, served as a United States Representative from 1937–1949 and as a Senator from 1949–1961, including six years as United States Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader and two as Senate Majority Whip. After campaigning unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 1960, Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his running mate for the 1960 presidential election.
Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, completed the rest of Kennedy's term and was elected President in his own right, winning by a large margin in the 1964 election. Johnson was greatly supported by the Democratic Party and as President, he was responsible for designing the "Great Society" legislation that included laws that upheld civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and his "War on Poverty." He was renowned for his domineering personality and the "Johnson treatment," his coercion of powerful politicians in order to advance legislation.
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Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS, née Roberts (born 13 October 1925) is a British politician and the longest-serving (1979–1990) British prime minister of the 20th century, and the only woman ever to have held the post. A Soviet journalist nicknamed her the "Iron Lady", which later became associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. As prime minister, she implemented conservative policies that have come to be known as Thatcherism.
Originally a research chemist before becoming a barrister, Thatcher was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Finchley in 1959. Edward Heath appointed her Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 Thatcher defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election and became Leader of the Opposition, as well as the first woman to lead a major political party in the United Kingdom. She became prime minister after winning the 1979 general election.
After entering 10 Downing Street, Thatcher introduced a series of political and economic initiatives to reverse what she perceived as Britain's precipitous national decline. Her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the privatisation of state-owned companies, and reducing the power and influence of trade unions. Thatcher's popularity during her first years in office waned amid recession and high unemployment, until economic recovery and the 1982 Falklands War brought a resurgence of support, resulting in her re-election in 1983. Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Community Charge (popularly referred to as "poll tax") was widely unpopular and her views on the European Community were not shared by others in her Cabinet. She resigned as Prime Minister and party leader in November 1990, after Michael Heseltine launched a challenge to her leadership.
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Mother Teresa
Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta (Albanian: Nënë Tereza) as she is known to the Catholic Church, or Mother Teresa as she is commonly known, was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu (pronounced [aɡˈnɛs ˈɡɔndʒa bɔjaˈdʒiu]). Although born on the 26 August 1910, she considered 27 August, the day she was baptized, to be her "true birthday". “By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.” Mother Teresa died on 5 September 1997 and is not yet a Catholic Saint. In late 2003, the leaders of the church completed the process of beatification, the third step toward possible sainthood. A second miracle credited to Mother Teresa is required before she can be recognized as a saint by the Catholic church.
Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation, which in 2012 consisted of over 4,500 sisters and is active in 133 countries. Members of the order must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty and obedience, and the fourth vow, to give "Wholehearted and Free service to the poorest of the poor". The Missionaries of Charity at the time of her death had 610 missions in 123 countries including hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programmes, orphanages and schools.
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Roberto Clemente
Roberto Clemente Walker (August 18, 1934 – December 31, 1972) was a Puerto Rican baseball right fielder who played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1955 through 1972. Clemente was awarded the National League (NL) Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award in 1966. He was on the NL All-Star team 15 times, received 12 Gold Glove Awards, and led the NL in batting average four times. In 1972, Clemente got his 3,000th major league hit.
Off the field, Clemente was involved in charity work in Puerto Rico and other Latin American countries, often delivering baseball equipment and food to those in need. He died in an aviation accident on December 31, 1972, while en route to deliver aid to earthquake victims in Nicaragua. Clemente was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame posthumously in 1973, becoming the first Latin American to be selected and the only current Hall of Fame member for whom the mandatory five-year waiting period had been waived. Clemente is also the first Hispanic player to win a World Series as a starter (1960), receive an MVP Award (1966), and receive a World Series MVP Award (1971).
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( /ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
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Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a British theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author. His key scientific works to date have included providing, with Roger Penrose, theorems regarding gravitational singularities in the framework of general relativity, and the theoretical prediction that black holes should emit radiation, which is today known as Hawking radiation (or sometimes as Bekenstein–Hawking radiation).
He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and in 2009 was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009. Subsequently, he became research director at the university's Centre for Theoretical Cosmology.
Hawking has a motor neurone disease related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a condition that has progressed over the years. He is now almost completely paralysed and communicates through a speech generating device. He has been married twice and has three children. Hawking has achieved success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; these include A Brief History of Time, which stayed on the British Sunday Times best-sellers list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
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Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's 96th justice and its first African-American justice.
Before becoming a judge, Marshall was a lawyer who was best remembered for his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. He argued more cases before the United States Supreme Court than anyone else in history. He served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit after being appointed by President John F. Kennedy and then served as the Solicitor General after being appointed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. President Johnson nominated him to the United States Supreme Court in 1967.
Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 2, 1908, the great-grandson of a slave who was born in modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. His grandfather was also a slave. His original name was Thoroughgood, but he shortened it to Thurgood in second grade because he disliked spelling it. His father, William Marshall, who was a railroad porter, and his mother Norma, a teacher, instilled in him an appreciation for the Constitution of the United States and the rule of law.
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Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. He resigned from all of these positions in June 2007.
Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party in the leadership election of July 1994, following the sudden death of his predecessor, John Smith. Under his leadership, the party used the phrases "New Labour" and "New Socialism" to define its policy, and moved away from its support of state socialism since the 1960s and created a new version of the ethical socialism that was last pursued by Clement Attlee. Critics of Blair claim that "New Labour" did not adhere to socialism as claimed, and that it effectively advocated capitalism. Blair subsequently led Labour to a landslide victory in the 1997 general election. At 43 years old, he became the youngest Prime Minister since Lord Liverpool in 1812. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blair's government implemented a number of 1997 manifesto pledges, introducing the minimum wage, Human Rights Act and Freedom of Information Act, and carrying out devolution, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly.
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President Obama Honors the 2011 Medal of Freedom Recipients
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:33
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
President Obama awards the 2011 Medals of Freedom, the highest civilian honor the United States can bestow. May 29, 2012.
http://wn.com/President_Obama_Honors_the_2011_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients
President Obama awards the 2011 Medals of Freedom, the highest civilian honor the United States can bestow. May 29, 2012.
Obama Awards George HW Bush A Medal Of Freedom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:08
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Bush award at 19:37 -President Obama presents 13 exceptional individuals with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Honorees include former President George HW Bush, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, author and poet Maya Angelou, financier Warren Buffett, and Boston Celtic great Bill Russell.
http://wn.com/Obama_Awards_George_HW_Bush_A_Medal_Of_Freedom
Bush award at 19:37 -President Obama presents 13 exceptional individuals with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Honorees include former President George HW Bush, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, author and poet Maya Angelou, financier Warren Buffett, and Boston Celtic great Bill Russell.
- published: 17 Feb 2011
- views: 6413
- author: UpTakeVideo
2010 Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:08
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
President Obama presents 13 exceptional individuals with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Honorees include former President George HW Bush, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, author and poet Maya Angelou, financier Warren Buffett, and Boston Celtic great Bill Russell. Februar 15, 2011.
http://wn.com/2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Ceremony
President Obama presents 13 exceptional individuals with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Honorees include former President George HW Bush, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, author and poet Maya Angelou, financier Warren Buffett, and Boston Celtic great Bill Russell. Februar 15, 2011.
- published: 15 Feb 2011
- views: 33186
- author: whitehouse
Bob Dylan Receives Medal Of Freedom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
more at c-span.org
http://wn.com/Bob_Dylan_Receives_Medal_Of_Freedom
Bob Dylan - Presidential Medal of Freedom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:44
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
President Barack Obama bestows the Presidential Medal of Freedom upon Bob Dylan, the famous singer/songwriter.
http://wn.com/Bob_Dylan_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom
President Barack Obama bestows the Presidential Medal of Freedom upon Bob Dylan, the famous singer/songwriter.
- published: 29 May 2012
- views: 16320
- author: drumcircler
Shimon Peres Presidential Medal of Freedom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:41
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Today in a ceremony at the White House Shimon Peres of Israel was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom today.
http://wn.com/Shimon_Peres_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom
Today in a ceremony at the White House Shimon Peres of Israel was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom today.
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 260
- author: DailyWorldwideNews
Audie Murphy Presidential Medal of Freedom Update
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:04
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Informational name-by-name update on the Audie Murphy Presidential Medal of Freedom Petition Campaign detailing the prominent VIP's and celebrities who have personally signed the petition including; cabinet officials, service secretaries, members of Congress, 100 flag officers representing all branches of the military, more than 50 Medal of Honor recipients, astronauts, including an Apollo moon walker, musicians, entertainers, actors, actresses, and more. Audie Murphy was America's "most decorated soldier" of World War Two. Further, he was an actor, best-selling author of "To Hell and Back", and businessman. Audie Murphy championed the cause of our veterans and suffered himself with what is now known as PTSD his entire adult life. This is our video promoting our campaign to posthumously bestow upon Audie Murphy, America's "most decorated soldier" of WW II the Presidential Medal of Freedom, our nation's highest civilian honor, awarded by the President to those who have faithfully served the Nation by their courage, compassion, humanitarian acts, or lifetime achievements, or who have significantly contributed to the peace and security of our Nation. This video has soundtracks of professionally "voiced over" poetry composed by Audie Murphy, an interview Audie Murphy conducted on Veterans Day 1963 in which he reflects on World War II, the theme song of Murphy's old unit, the Third Infantry Division, a rousing musical score composed titled; The Audie Murphy March, and finally ...
http://wn.com/Audie_Murphy_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Update
Informational name-by-name update on the Audie Murphy Presidential Medal of Freedom Petition Campaign detailing the prominent VIP's and celebrities who have personally signed the petition including; cabinet officials, service secretaries, members of Congress, 100 flag officers representing all branches of the military, more than 50 Medal of Honor recipients, astronauts, including an Apollo moon walker, musicians, entertainers, actors, actresses, and more. Audie Murphy was America's "most decorated soldier" of World War Two. Further, he was an actor, best-selling author of "To Hell and Back", and businessman. Audie Murphy championed the cause of our veterans and suffered himself with what is now known as PTSD his entire adult life. This is our video promoting our campaign to posthumously bestow upon Audie Murphy, America's "most decorated soldier" of WW II the Presidential Medal of Freedom, our nation's highest civilian honor, awarded by the President to those who have faithfully served the Nation by their courage, compassion, humanitarian acts, or lifetime achievements, or who have significantly contributed to the peace and security of our Nation. This video has soundtracks of professionally "voiced over" poetry composed by Audie Murphy, an interview Audie Murphy conducted on Veterans Day 1963 in which he reflects on World War II, the theme song of Murphy's old unit, the Third Infantry Division, a rousing musical score composed titled; The Audie Murphy March, and finally ...
- published: 26 Jul 2012
- views: 4111
- author: Audiesdaddy
20120529 Presidential Medal of Freedom Bob Dylan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:33
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
http://wn.com/20120529_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Bob_Dylan
President Clinton at the Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 53:09
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
This is video footage of President Clinton delivering remarks on and presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This footage is official public record produced by the White House Television (WHTV) crew, provided by the Clinton Presidential Library. Date: September 29, 1995 Location: White House, Washington, DC Access Restriction(s): unrestricted Use Restrictions(s): unrestricted Camera: White House Television (WHTV) / Main Local Identifiers: M04004, MT04005 This material is public domain, as it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the US Government as part of that person's official duties. Any usage must receive the credit "Courtesy; William J. Clinton Presidential Library," and no exclusive rights or permissions are granted for usage.
http://wn.com/President_Clinton_at_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Ceremony
This is video footage of President Clinton delivering remarks on and presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This footage is official public record produced by the White House Television (WHTV) crew, provided by the Clinton Presidential Library. Date: September 29, 1995 Location: White House, Washington, DC Access Restriction(s): unrestricted Use Restrictions(s): unrestricted Camera: White House Television (WHTV) / Main Local Identifiers: M04004, MT04005 This material is public domain, as it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the US Government as part of that person's official duties. Any usage must receive the credit "Courtesy; William J. Clinton Presidential Library," and no exclusive rights or permissions are granted for usage.
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 50
- author: clintonlibrary42
2012 Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony: William Foege
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
In a White House ceremony May 29th, President Barack Obama honored 13 recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award, including William Foege, MD, MPH, professor emeritus in Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health and a member of the Emory Global Health Institute advisory board. RELATED LINKS 2012 Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony (Entire) www.whitehouse.gov President Obama honors William Foege, Emory professor emeritus, with prestigious award news.emory.edu The Smallpox Eradication Chronicles www.globalhealthchronicles.org
http://wn.com/2012_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Ceremony_William_Foege
In a White House ceremony May 29th, President Barack Obama honored 13 recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom Award, including William Foege, MD, MPH, professor emeritus in Emory University's Rollins School of Public Health and a member of the Emory Global Health Institute advisory board. RELATED LINKS 2012 Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony (Entire) www.whitehouse.gov President Obama honors William Foege, Emory professor emeritus, with prestigious award news.emory.edu The Smallpox Eradication Chronicles www.globalhealthchronicles.org
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 618
- author: EmoryUniversity
President Obama Awards Shimon Peres the Presidential Medal of Freedom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 31:09
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
President Obama awards President Shimon Peres of Israel the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a dinner at the White House in the East Room. An ardent advocate for Israel's security and for peace, Shimon Peres was elected the ninth President of Israel in 2007. Through his life and work, he has strengthened the unbreakable bonds between Israel and the United States.
http://wn.com/President_Obama_Awards_Shimon_Peres_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom
President Obama awards President Shimon Peres of Israel the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a dinner at the White House in the East Room. An ardent advocate for Israel's security and for peace, Shimon Peres was elected the ninth President of Israel in 2007. Through his life and work, he has strengthened the unbreakable bonds between Israel and the United States.
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 11346
- author: whitehouse
Bob Dylan awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Bob Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom yesterday (May 29, 2012). The legendary singer was among 13 recipients of America's highest civilian honour at the White House and President Barack Obama revealed himself to be a fan of the 71-year-old musician as he presented the medal. He said: "By the time he was 23, Bob's voice, with its weight, its unique, gravelly power was redefining not just what music sounded like, but the message it carried and how it made people feel. Today, everybody from Bruce Springsteen to U2 owes Bob a debt of gratitude. There is not a bigger giant in the history of American music. I have to say that I am a really big fan. I remember, you know, in college listening to Bob Dylan and my world opening up because he captured something about this country that was so vital." The President chooses the recipients of the medal, which is awarded to people who have made major contributions to the security of the United States, world peace or culture, or have undertaken "other significant public or private endeavours." In 1997, President Bill Clinton named him a Kennedy Center honouree, while in 2010 President Obama awarded a National Medal of Arts to the singer.
http://wn.com/Bob_Dylan_awarded_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_by_Barack_Obama
Bob Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom yesterday (May 29, 2012). The legendary singer was among 13 recipients of America's highest civilian honour at the White House and President Barack Obama revealed himself to be a fan of the 71-year-old musician as he presented the medal. He said: "By the time he was 23, Bob's voice, with its weight, its unique, gravelly power was redefining not just what music sounded like, but the message it carried and how it made people feel. Today, everybody from Bruce Springsteen to U2 owes Bob a debt of gratitude. There is not a bigger giant in the history of American music. I have to say that I am a really big fan. I remember, you know, in college listening to Bob Dylan and my world opening up because he captured something about this country that was so vital." The President chooses the recipients of the medal, which is awarded to people who have made major contributions to the security of the United States, world peace or culture, or have undertaken "other significant public or private endeavours." In 1997, President Bill Clinton named him a Kennedy Center honouree, while in 2010 President Obama awarded a National Medal of Arts to the singer.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 24772
- author: WorldNews365
President Clinton at the Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony (2000)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 48:25
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
This is video footage of the Medal of Freedom ceremony at the White House. This footage is official public record produced by the White House Television (WHTV) crew, provided by the Clinton Presidential Library. Date: August 9, 2000 Location: East Room, White House. Washington, DC ARC Identifier: 6850740 www.archives.gov Access Restriction(s): unrestricted Use Restrictions(s): unrestricted Camera: White House Television (WHTV) / Main Local Identifiers: M11817, MT11818 This material is public domain, as it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the US Government as part of that person's official duties. Any usage must receive the credit "Courtesy; William J. Clinton Presidential Library," and no exclusive rights or permissions are granted for usage.
http://wn.com/President_Clinton_at_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Ceremony_2000
This is video footage of the Medal of Freedom ceremony at the White House. This footage is official public record produced by the White House Television (WHTV) crew, provided by the Clinton Presidential Library. Date: August 9, 2000 Location: East Room, White House. Washington, DC ARC Identifier: 6850740 www.archives.gov Access Restriction(s): unrestricted Use Restrictions(s): unrestricted Camera: White House Television (WHTV) / Main Local Identifiers: M11817, MT11818 This material is public domain, as it is a work prepared by an officer or employee of the US Government as part of that person's official duties. Any usage must receive the credit "Courtesy; William J. Clinton Presidential Library," and no exclusive rights or permissions are granted for usage.
- published: 04 Dec 2012
- views: 9
- author: clintonlibrary42
2010 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient - Warren Buffett
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
February 16, 2011 | 2:28 Warren Buffett is an American investor, industrialist and philanthropist. He is one of the most successful investors in the world. Often called the "legendary investor Warren Buffett," he is the primary shareholder, Chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people (he was ranked as the world's second wealthiest person in 2009 and is currently the third wealthiest person in the world).
http://wn.com/2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipient_Warren_Buffett
February 16, 2011 | 2:28 Warren Buffett is an American investor, industrialist and philanthropist. He is one of the most successful investors in the world. Often called the "legendary investor Warren Buffett," he is the primary shareholder, Chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people (he was ranked as the world's second wealthiest person in 2009 and is currently the third wealthiest person in the world).
- published: 13 Sep 2012
- views: 94
- author: infomisa
"What is the Presidential Medal of Freedom?" ... in 40 Seconds
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:56
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
Recognizing the world's best... most inspiring... what is it? We'll find out in 40 seconds. Thumbs up! ----- The Full Ginsburg's weekly videos have one purpose: to have a little fun with the news. ----- Subscribe: bit.ly Follow on Twitter: www.twitter.com Like on Facebook: www.facebook.com Read a Website: www.TheFullGinsburg.com And, of course, thumbs up this video.
http://wn.com/What_is_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom?_in_40_Seconds
Recognizing the world's best... most inspiring... what is it? We'll find out in 40 seconds. Thumbs up! ----- The Full Ginsburg's weekly videos have one purpose: to have a little fun with the news. ----- Subscribe: bit.ly Follow on Twitter: www.twitter.com Like on Facebook: www.facebook.com Read a Website: www.TheFullGinsburg.com And, of course, thumbs up this video.
- published: 05 Jun 2012
- views: 120
- author: TheFullGinsburg
![President Obama Medal of Freedom Ceremony White House Washington DC (May 29, 2012) [1/2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121212132019im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VOCz3KzorCw/default.jpg "President Obama Medal of Freedom Ceremony White House Washington DC (May 29, 2012) [1/2]")
President Obama Medal of Freedom Ceremony White House Washington DC (May 29, 2012) [1/2]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
President Barack Obama honors Medal of Freedom recipients Madeleine Albright, John Doar, Bob Dylan, William Foege, John Glenn, Gordon Hirabayashi, Dolores Huerta, Jan Karski, Juliette Gordon Low, Toni Morrison, Shimon Peres, John Paul Stevens, and Pat Summitt during a ceremony in the East Room of the White House in Washington, DC on Tuesday, May 29, 2012.
http://wn.com/President_Obama_Medal_of_Freedom_Ceremony_White_House_Washington_DC_May_29,_2012_1_2_
President Barack Obama honors Medal of Freedom recipients Madeleine Albright, John Doar, Bob Dylan, William Foege, John Glenn, Gordon Hirabayashi, Dolores Huerta, Jan Karski, Juliette Gordon Low, Toni Morrison, Shimon Peres, John Paul Stevens, and Pat Summitt during a ceremony in the East Room of the White House in Washington, DC on Tuesday, May 29, 2012.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 41311
- author: DefinitelyAbsolute
2007 Presidential Medal of Freedom Ceremony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:29
- Updated: 24 Jan 2012
November 5, 2007 - President George W. Bush honors this year's recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Americas highest medal awarded to civilians, during a reception at the White House. Honorees are Gary S. Becker, Oscar Elias Biscet, Francis S. Collins, Benjamin L. Hooks, Henry J. Hyde, Brian P. Lamb, Harper Lee, and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Courtesy of The White House
http://wn.com/2007_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Ceremony
November 5, 2007 - President George W. Bush honors this year's recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Americas highest medal awarded to civilians, during a reception at the White House. Honorees are Gary S. Becker, Oscar Elias Biscet, Francis S. Collins, Benjamin L. Hooks, Henry J. Hyde, Brian P. Lamb, Harper Lee, and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Courtesy of The White House
- published: 20 Oct 2011
- views: 762
- author: usapatriotism
Harvey Milk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Harvey Milk Awarded the United States Highest Honor from President Obama. His nephew, Stuart Milk accepts award from President Obama. Ceremony at the White House.
http://wn.com/Harvey_Milk
Harvey Milk Awarded the United States Highest Honor from President Obama. His nephew, Stuart Milk accepts award from President Obama. Ceremony at the White House.
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 5387
- author: stevenmoores01
Hey, Rush Limbaugh! Where's YOUR Medal of Freedom? #RushWheresYourMedal?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
#RushWheresYourMedal? Haters are going to hate! Queue Rush Limbaugh, who has stated that the Presidential Medal of Freedom has been rendered "Meaningless" as Dolores Huerta received the medal. So we ask "Hey Rush! Where's your medal?" Tweet this video to @RushLimbaugh and ask #RushWheresYourMedal?
http://wn.com/Hey,_Rush_Limbaugh!_Where's_YOUR_Medal_of_Freedom?_RushWheresYourMedal?
#RushWheresYourMedal? Haters are going to hate! Queue Rush Limbaugh, who has stated that the Presidential Medal of Freedom has been rendered "Meaningless" as Dolores Huerta received the medal. So we ask "Hey Rush! Where's your medal?" Tweet this video to @RushLimbaugh and ask #RushWheresYourMedal?
- published: 05 Jun 2012
- views: 32890
- author: bravenewfoundation
Toni Morrison Receives The Presidential Medal Of Freedom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Toni Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. She is the author of ten novels, including The Bluest Eye, Beloved, Love, and A Mercy. She has received the National Book Critics Circle Award and a Pulitzer Prize. She is the Robert F. Goheen Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/Toni_Morrison_Receives_The_Presidential_Medal_Of_Freedom
Toni Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. She is the author of ten novels, including The Bluest Eye, Beloved, Love, and A Mercy. She has received the National Book Critics Circle Award and a Pulitzer Prize. She is the Robert F. Goheen Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. www.amazon.com
- published: 23 Jun 2012
- views: 359
- author: TheAntiIntellect
Mister Rogers Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom (2002)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
George Bush gives Mister Rogers the Presidential Metal of Freedom in 2002. This is on the same day as Joanne and Fred Rogers 50th Wedding Anniversary.
http://wn.com/Mister_Rogers_Receives_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2002
George Bush gives Mister Rogers the Presidential Metal of Freedom in 2002. This is on the same day as Joanne and Fred Rogers 50th Wedding Anniversary.
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 2906
- author: fwbh
2010 Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipient: Sylvia Mendez
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 24 Jun 2012
Sylvia Mendez is a civil rights activist of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent, who is famous for the integral role she played in Mendez v. Westminster. As an eight year old, her parents attempted to enroll Ms. Mendez in the Westminster school. She was denied entry in the "whites" only school and was told to go to the school for Mexican children. On February 18, 1946, Judge Paul McCormick ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and a year later the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court ruling. The Mendez case effectively ended segregation as a matter of law in California. Justice Marshall, who represented the NAACP as amicus in the appellate case, used many of the same arguments years later in Brown v. Board of Education. She currently travels around the country giving speeches on the value of a good education. She is held in high esteem by many education groups and the US Postal Service unveiled a stamp in commemoration of the 60th Anniversary of the landmark case.
http://wn.com/2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipient_Sylvia_Mendez
Sylvia Mendez is a civil rights activist of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent, who is famous for the integral role she played in Mendez v. Westminster. As an eight year old, her parents attempted to enroll Ms. Mendez in the Westminster school. She was denied entry in the "whites" only school and was told to go to the school for Mexican children. On February 18, 1946, Judge Paul McCormick ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and a year later the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court ruling. The Mendez case effectively ended segregation as a matter of law in California. Justice Marshall, who represented the NAACP as amicus in the appellate case, used many of the same arguments years later in Brown v. Board of Education. She currently travels around the country giving speeches on the value of a good education. She is held in high esteem by many education groups and the US Postal Service unveiled a stamp in commemoration of the 60th Anniversary of the landmark case.
- published: 17 Feb 2011
- views: 2152
- author: whitehouse
Bob Dylan awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:16
- Updated: 02 Aug 2012
Musician Bob Dylan is among those who have been honoured with a US Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama.
http://wn.com/Bob_Dylan_awarded_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom
Musician Bob Dylan is among those who have been honoured with a US Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 3037
- author: NewsOnABC
photo: AP / Reed Saxon
10 Dec 2012
The wreckage of a small plane believed to be carrying Mexican-American singing superstar Jenni Rivera has been found in northern Mexico and there are no apparent survivors, authorities said ... Local media in Mexico sent condolences to family of Rivera, who has sold more than 15 million records, but authorities still had not confirmed that Rivera was aboard the plane and said there will be an investigation to identify the remains found....(size: 17.5Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Jonathan Lovelady
10 Dec 2012
In the desert of central Australia still resides a primitive tribe known as the Arunta ... The old men leading the band decided through dreams and mystical experiences that the deaths were caused by a malevolent magic being perpetrated by a neighboring band of Arunta ... When the guiltless tribe learned of their approach, they sent out a delegation of young women as a token of peace ... Only twenty-percent of those polled maintain that the U.S....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
Undersecretary Benito Ramos, executive director of the NDRRMC, said that as of latest count, there were 714 recovered bodies, 257 of them remained unidentified, while 890 remained missing and 1,906 were injured due to the havoc wrought by “Pablo.” ... Of the number of affected families, a total of 25,812 families or 116,404 individuals remained inside 134 evacuation centers....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Todd Williamson
10 Dec 2012
MÉXICO, D.F., diciembre 9 (EL UNIVERSAL).- La Voz México, programa de talentos de Televisa, confirmó la muerte de la cantante Jenni Rivera, a través de su Twitter. "Que toquen fuerte las bandas, suelten por mí mariposas, apláudanme con sus palmas... http.//twitpic.com/bkmhl0 .Descanse en paz Jenni Rivera" ... Además, anunció un homenaje luctuoso dedicado a la cantante ... Descanse en Paz" ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
11 Dec 2012
Afghan women victims of violence are still being failed by the justice system, according to a new UN report. Although there had been some progress in implementing a 2009 anti-violence law, overall use of the law "remained low", the report says. Cultural pressures and inconsistent police practices are hampering implementation of the law, it added ... 'Tip of the iceberg' ... Afghan victims of sexual abuse rarely speak out....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Washington Times
21 Nov 2012
... to say we are first, we are the best, and we are so because we are free.” If there were ever a member of Congress who embodied those words through his pursuit of liberty and the preservation of freedom, it is Ron Paul ... President Obama should make it his top priority in his second term to award Ron Paul with the Presidential Medal of Freedom....(size: 5.3Kb)
The Examiner
20 Jun 2012
Winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1987 and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993 for her novel Beloved, she was honored on May 29, 2012, with the nation's highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom ... The other twelve people honored in this ceremony with the Presidential Medal of Freedom are....(size: 10.6Kb)
The People's Voice
15 Jun 2012
On February 22, 1963, Jack Kennedy ordered it be replaced by Presidential Medal of Freedom ... The Presidential Medal of Freedom mocks what it claims to represent ... On April 26, a White House press release headlined "President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients." ... On June 13, Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom....(size: 8.8Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
30 May 2012
Bob Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the country's highest civilian honor, at a ceremony at the White House this afternoon ... The Medal of Freedom is awarded each year to individuals who have contributed to the security or national interest of the ......(size: 1.3Kb)
MSNBC
30 May 2012
The Northland native was one of 13 people who received the Medal of Freedom from the President ... Former Secretary of State Madeline Albright and former astronaut and Senator, John Glenn were also awarded at today's ceremony ......(size: 1.2Kb)
IMDb
30 May 2012
Calling the revered singer-songwriter one of his individual heroes, President Barack Obama awarded Dylan the Presidential Medal of Freedom, ......(size: 0.7Kb)
Newsvine
30 May 2012
Zap2it
30 May 2012
Yahoo Daily News
30 May 2012
President Barack Obama awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civilian honour, to Bob Dylan at the White House on Tuesday, insisting that there was "not a bigger giant in the history American music" than the diminutive folk singer ... Today, everybody from Bruce Springsteen to U2 owes Bob a debt of gratitude," the Telegraph quoted Obama as saying....(size: 1.8Kb)
STL Today
30 May 2012
WASHINGTON • President Barack Obama presented the Medal of Freedom to more than a dozen political and cultural greats Tuesday, including rocker Bob Dylan, astronaut John Glenn and novelist Toni Morrison ... The Medal of Freedom is presented to people who have made meritorious contributions to the national interests of the United States, to world peace or to other significant endeavors....(size: 2.9Kb)
| Presidential Medal of Freedom | |
|---|---|
 |
|
Awarded by the President of the United States |
|
| Type | Medal |
| Awarded for | "An especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors."[1] |
| Status | Active |
| Statistics | |
| Established | 1963 |
| First awarded | 1963 |
| Distinct recipients |
unknown; an average of fewer than 11 per year since 1993[2] |
| Precedence | |
| Next (lower) | Presidential Citizens Medal |
.PNG){kind=small} .png){kind=small} Ribbon bars of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (left: Medal with Distinction) |
|
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and is—along with the comparable Congressional Gold Medal bestowed by an act of U.S. Congress—the highest civilian award in the United States. It recognizes those individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors".[3] The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform.
It was established in 1963 and replaced the earlier Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945.
Contents |
History of the award[link]
The Presidential Medal of Freedom is similar in name to the Medal of Freedom established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service during World War II,[4] but much closer in meaning and precedence to the Medal for Merit: the Presidential Medal of Freedom is currently the supreme civilian decoration in precedence, whereas the Medal of Freedom was inferior in precedence to the Medal for Merit; the Medal of Freedom was awarded by any of three Cabinet secretaries, whereas the Medal for Merit was (and the PMOF is) awarded by the president. Another measure of the difference between these two similarly named but very distinct awards is their per-capita frequency of award: from 1946 to 1961 the average annual incidence of award of the Medal of Freedom was approximately 1 per every 86,500 adult U.S. citizens; from 1996 to 2011 the average annual incidence of award of the Presidential Medal of Freedom was approximately 1 per every 20,500,000 adult U.S. citizens (so on an annualized per capita basis, about 240 Medals of Freedom have been awarded per one Presidential Medal of Freedom).[2][5]
President Kennedy established the current decoration in 1963 through Executive Order 11085, with unique and distinctive insignia (it was the first civilian neck-decoration and, in the grade of Awarded With Distinction, is the only U.S. sash and star decoration), vastly expanded purpose, and far higher prestige [1] (some have likened the PMOF to a U.S. equivalent of a knighthood). The Executive Order calls for the medal to be awarded annually on or around July 4, and at other convenient times as chosen by the president,[6] but it has not been awarded every year (e.g., 2010, 2001). Recipients are selected by the president, either on his own initiative or based on recommendations. The order establishing the medal also expanded the size and the responsibilities of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board so it could serve as a major source of such recommendations.
The medal may be awarded to an individual more than once (John Kenneth Galbraith and Colin Powell each have received two awards; Ellsworth Bunker received both of his awards With Distinction), and may also be awarded posthumously (for example, Cesar Chavez, Paul "Bear" Bryant, Roberto Clemente, Jack Kemp, John F. Kennedy, Thurgood Marshall, and Lyndon Johnson).
Insignia[link]
The badge of the Presidential Medal of Freedom is in the form of a golden star with white enamel, with a red enamel pentagon behind it; the central disc bears thirteen gold stars on a blue enamel background (taken from the Great Seal of the United States) within a golden ring. Golden American Bald Eagles with spread wings stand between the points of the star. It is worn around the neck on a blue ribbon with white edge stripes.
A special grade of the medal, known as the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction,[7] has a larger execution of the same medal design worn as a star on the left chest along with a sash over the right shoulder, with its rosette (blue with white edge, bearing the central disc of the medal at its center) resting on the left hip. When the medal With Distinction is awarded, the star may be presented depending from a neck ribbon and can be identified by its larger size than the standard medal (compare size of medals in pictures below; President Reagan's was awarded With Distinction).
Both medals may also be worn in miniature form on a ribbon on the left chest, with a silver American Bald Eagle with spread wings on the ribbon (or a golden American Bald Eagle for a medal awarded "With Distinction"). In addition, the medal is accompanied by a ribbon bar for wear on military service uniform, a miniature medal pendant for wear on a mess dress, and a lapel badge for wear on civilian clothes (all shown in the accompanying photograph of the full presentation set).
Recipients[link]
Gallery[link]
-
President Ronald Reagan presenting Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony in 1985
-
Lech Wałęsa presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony in 1989
-
Former United Kingdom Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George H. W. Bush in 1991
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George H. W. Bush awarding former President Ronald Reagan the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction in January 1993
-
Former United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President George W. Bush on January 13, 2009
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Former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard receiving the Medal from George W. Bush on January 13, 2009
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Gordon B. Hinckley receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush in 2004
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Chita Rivera with President Barack Obama prior to receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom, August 2009
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President Barack Obama talks with Stephen Hawking in the Blue Room of the White House before a ceremony presenting him and 15 others the Presidential Medal of Freedom, August 12, 2009.
See also[link]
- Awards and decorations of the United States government
- Awards and decorations of the United States military
- Bharat Ratna (India)
- Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Pakistan)
- George Cross (United Kingdom)
- Federal Cross of Merit (Germany)
- Légion d'honneur (France)
- List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
- Order of Australia
- Order of the British Empire (United Kingdom)
- Order of Canada
- Presidential Citizens Medal
References[link]
- ^ a b Executive Order 11085, signed February 22, 1963; Federal Register 28 FR 1759, February 26, 1963
- ^ a b Senate.gov
- ^ Executive Order 9586, signed July 6, 1945; Federal Register 10 FR 8523, July 10, 1945
- ^ Executive Order 9586, signed July 6, 1945; Federal Register 10 FR 8523, July 10, 1945
- ^ Census.gov
- ^ Presidential Medal of Freedom Award
- ^ Torreon, Barbara Salazar (31 Mar 2004). A Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards. RS20884. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service - Library of Congress (United States Government). pp. 4. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rs20884.pdf. Retrieved 2011-02-09. "There are two degrees of the Medal, the higher being the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction."
External links[link]
- "Presidential Medal of Freedom", an article (undated) from jfklibrary.org, the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
- "Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients", a list of recipients from May 5, 1993, through August 19, 2009, from senate.gov, the U.S. Senate's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
- "President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients", a news release from the White House Press Secretary, December 15, 2006, containing a transcript of President George W. Bush's opening remarks at the December 15, 2006, presentation (with link to individual citations). Hosted on georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov, a section of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
- "Medal of Freedom Ceremony" (August 12, 2009), a news release, August 12, 2009, from the White House Press Secretary at whitehouse.gov, the White House's official website. Accessed August 22, 2009.
- Sanger, David E., "War Figures Honored With Medal of Freedom", The New York Times, December 15, 2004.
http://wn.com/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Medaglia presidenziale della libertà
http://cs.wn.com/Prezidentská medaile svobody
http://es.wn.com/Medalla Presidencial de la Libertad
http://ru.wn.com/Президентская медаль Свободы
http://nl.wn.com/Presidential Medal of Freedom
http://pt.wn.com/Medalha Presidencial da Liberdade
http://pl.wn.com/Medal Wolności (USA)
http://fr.wn.com/Médaille présidentielle de la liberté
http://de.wn.com/Presidential Medal of Freedom
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Medal of Freedom.
| Medal of Freedom | |
|---|---|
 Medal with palm device |
|
| Awarded by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, or the Secretary of the Navy | |
| Country |  United States |
| Type | Medal |
| Eligibility | Any person not a member of the armed forces of the United States |
| Awarded for | "a meritorious act or service which has aided the United States in the prosecution of a war against an enemy or enemies and for which an award of another United States medal or decoration is considered inappropriate" |
| Status | replaced 22 February 1963 by Presidential Medal of Freedom[1] |
| Statistics | |
| First awarded | 1946 |
| Last awarded | 1961 |
| Total awarded | over 20,000 |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Medal for Merit |
| Next (lower) | unspecified |
 Ribbon bar of the medal |
|
The Medal of Freedom was a decoration established by President Harry S. Truman to honor civilians whose actions aided in the war efforts of the United States and its allies. It was intended to be awarded by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of War, or the Secretary of the Navy, but it is known that Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy also authorized awards.[2]
Contents |
History[link]
Established on July 6, 1945, the Medal of Freedom may be awarded "to any person, not hereinafter specifically excluded, who, on or after December 7, 1941, has performed a meritorious act or service which has aided the United States in the prosecution of a war against an enemy or enemies and for which an award of another United States medal or decoration is considered inappropriate. The Medal of Freedom may also be awarded to any person, not hereinafter specifically excluded, who, on or after December 7, 1941, has similarly aided any nation engaged with the United States in the prosecution of a war against a common enemy or enemies. The Medal of Freedom shall not be awarded to a citizen of the United States for any act or service performed within the continental limits of the United States or to a member of the armed forces of the United States." The medal may be awarded posthumously.[3]
The Medal of Freedom was discontinued in 1963 when the Presidential Medal of Freedom was instituted.
Description[link]
The medal is a bronze disc whose obverse features the profile bust facing left of an individual wearing a cap resembling an American Bald Eagle ornamented by stars, with the word "FREEDOM" in capital letters in an arc at the bottom of the disc. The reverse features the Liberty Bell surrounded by the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in capital letters. The medal is suspended on a red ribbon with four thin white stripes. The original Executive Order 9586 establishing the medal specified "No more than one Medal of Freedom shall be awarded to any one person, but for a subsequent act or service justifying such an award a suitable device may be awarded to be worn with the medal"[4] and bronze, silver, and gold palm devices were produced and awarded, but there is no evidence of U.S. citizens having received these palm devices, whereas non-U.S. citizens did receive quite a number of them, and these devices have been interpreted as signifying degrees of the award.[5][6]
Ribbons[link]
Without palm
With bronze palm
With silver palm
With gold palm
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Executive Order 11085
- ^ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php#axzz1FtxX92MX
- ^ "Harry S. Truman: Executive Order 9586 - The Medal of Freedom". Presidency.ucsb.edu. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=59291#axzz1FtxX92MX. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ "Executive Orders Harry S. Truman 1945-1953". Trumanlibrary.org. http://www.trumanlibrary.org/executiveorders/index.php?pid=778&st=&st1=. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ "The OMSA Medal Database - WWII Medal of Freedom". OMSA. 2010-11-21. http://www.omsa.org/photopost/showphoto.php?photo=8033. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ "The OMSA Medal Database - Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm". OMSA. http://www.omsa.org/photopost/showphoto.php?photo=5528. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
External links[link]
- U.S. Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1954–1961
- U.S. Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1949
- U.S. Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1948 (none)
- U.S. Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1947
- U.S. Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1946
- U.S. Medal of Freedom Recipients, 1945
http://wn.com/Medal_of_Freedom
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Médaille de la Liberté
http://de.wn.com/Medal of Freedom (1945)
http://pl.wn.com/Medal Wolności (1945)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Barack Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 44th President of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
|
| Vice President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Barack Hussein Obama II[1] (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 50) Honolulu, Hawaii, United States[1] |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Michelle Robinson (m. 1992) |
| Children | Malia (b.1998) Sasha (b.2001) |
| Residence | The White House |
| Alma mater | Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Community organizer Attorney Author Constitutional law professor United States Senator President of the United States |
| Religion | Christian,[2] former member of United Church of Christ[3][4] |
| Signature |  |
| Website | WhiteHouse.gov |
 |
This article is part of a series on Barack Obama |
|---|---|
The Presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when he became the 44th President of the United States. Obama was a United States Senator from Illinois at the time of his victory over Arizona Senator John McCain in the 2008 presidential election. Barack Obama is the first African-American president of the United States, as well as the first born in Hawaii.
His policy decisions have addressed a global financial crisis and have included changes in tax policies, legislation to reform the United States health care industry, foreign policy initiatives and the phasing out of detention of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. He attended the G-20 London summit and later visited U.S. troops in Iraq. On the tour of various European countries following the G-20 summit, he announced in Prague that he intended to negotiate substantial reduction in the world's nuclear arsenals, en route to their eventual extinction. In October 2009, Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."
Transition period[link]
Main article: Presidential transition of Barack Obama
The presidential transition period began following Obama's election to the presidency on November 4, 2008. The Obama-Biden Transition Project was co-chaired by John Podesta, Valerie Jarrett, and Pete Rouse. During the transition period, Obama announced his nominations for his Cabinet and administration. Shortly after the election on November 4, Obama chose Representative Rahm Emanuel of Illinois as White House Chief of Staff.[5]
Cabinet nominations included former Democratic primary opponents Hillary Rodham Clinton for Secretary of State and Bill Richardson for Secretary of Commerce (although the latter withdrew on January 4, 2009). Obama appointed Eric Holder as his Attorney General, the first African-American appointed to that position. He also nominated Timothy F. Geithner to serve as Secretary of the Treasury.[6] On December 1, Obama announced that he had asked Robert Gates to remain as Secretary of Defense, making Gates the first Defense head to carry over from a president of a different party.[7] He nominated former Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Susan Rice to the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, which he restored to a Cabinet-level position.[8]
During his transition, he maintained a website Change.gov, on which he wrote blogs to readers and uploaded video addresses by many of the members of his new cabinet.[9] He announced strict rules for federal lobbyists, restricting them from financially contributing to his administration and forcing them to stop lobbying while working for him.[10] The website also allowed individuals to share stories and visions with each other and the transition team in what was called the Citizen's Briefing Book, which was given to Obama shortly after his inauguration.[11] Most of the information from Change.gov was transferred to the official White House website whitehouse.gov just after Obama's inauguration.[12]
Inauguration[link]
Main article: Inauguration of Barack Obama
Barack Obama was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. He officially assumed the presidency at 12:00 noon, EST,[13] and completed the oath of office at 12:05 PM, EST. He delivered his inaugural address immediately following his oath. After his speech, he went to the President's Room in the House Wing of the Capitol and signed three documents: a commemorative proclamation, a list of Cabinet appointments, and a list of sub-Cabinet appointments, before attending a luncheon with congressional and administration leaders and invited guests.[14] To commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth of former President Abraham Lincoln, the same Bible that was used for Lincoln's inauguration was used in Obama's inauguration.[15]
In administering the oath, Chief Justice John G. Roberts misplaced the word "faithfully" and erroneously replaced the phrase "President of the United States" with "President to the United States" before restating the phrase correctly; since Obama initially repeated the incorrect form, some scholars argued the President should take the oath again.[16] On January 21, Roberts readministered the oath to Obama in a private ceremony in the White House Map Room, making him the seventh U.S. president to retake the oath; White House Counsel Greg Craig said Obama took the oath from Roberts a second time out of an "abundance of caution".[17]
First 100 days[link]
Main article: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency
Expectations[link]
Obama's 100th day in office was April 29, 2009. In his first post-election interview with 60 Minutes, Obama said that he has been studying Franklin Roosevelt's first 100 days,[18] while adding, "The first hundred days is going to be important, but it's probably going to be the first thousand days that makes the difference."[19]
Obama's first 100 days were highly anticipated ever since he became the presumptive nominee.[20] Several news outlets created web pages dedicated to covering the subject.[21] Commentators weighed in on challenges and priorities within domestic, foreign, economic, and environmental policy.[22][23][24][25] CNN lists a number of economic issues that "Obama and his team will have to tackle in their first 100 days", foremost among which is passing and implementing a recovery package to deal with the financial crisis.[24] Clive Stafford Smith, a British human rights lawyer, expressed hopes that the new president will close Guantanamo Bay detention camp in his first 100 days in office.[23] After aides of the president announced his intention to give a major foreign policy speech in the capital of an Islamic country, there were speculations in Jakarta that he might return to his former home city within the first 100 days.[26]
The New York Times devoted a five-part series, which was spread out over two weeks, to anticipatory analysis of Obama's first hundred days. Each day, the analysis of a political expert was followed by freely edited blog postings from readers. The writers compared Obama's prospects with the situations of Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 16, Jean Edward Smith),[27] John F. Kennedy (January 19, Richard Reeves),[28] Lyndon B. Johnson (January 23, Robert Dallek),[29] Ronald Reagan (January 27, Lou Cannon),[30] and Richard Nixon.
Legislation and executive orders[link]
Within minutes of taking the Oath of Office on January 20, Obama's Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel, issued an order suspending last-minute federal regulations pushed through by outgoing President George W. Bush, planning to review everything still pending.[31] Due to the economic crisis, the President enacted a pay freeze for Senior White House Staff making more than $100,000 per year,[32] as well as announcing stricter guidelines regarding lobbyists in an effort to raise the ethical standards of the White House.[33] He asked for a waiver to his own new rules, however, for the appointments of William Lynn to the position of Deputy Defense Secretary, Jocelyn Frye to the position of director of policy and projects in the Office of the First Lady, and Cecilia Muñoz to the position of director of intergovernmental affairs in the executive office of the president, leading to some criticism of hypocrisy and violation of his pledge for governmental openness.[34][35]
In his first week in office, Obama signed Executive Order 13492 suspending all the ongoing proceedings of Guantanamo military commission and ordering the detention facility to be shut down within the year.[36][37][38] He also signed Executive Order 13491 - Ensuring Lawful Interrogations requiring the Army Field Manual to be used as a guide for terror interrogations, banning torture and other coercive techniques, such as waterboarding.[39] Obama also issued an executive order entitled "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel", setting stricter limitations on incoming executive branch employees and placing tighter restrictions on lobbying in the White House.[40] Obama signed two Presidential Memoranda concerning energy independence, ordering the Department of Transportation to establish higher fuel efficiency standards before 2011 models are released and allowing states to raise their emissions standards above the national standard.[41] He also ended the Mexico City Policy, which banned federal grants to international groups that provide abortion services or counseling.[42][43]
In his first week he also established a policy of producing a weekly Saturday morning video address available on whitehouse.gov and YouTube,[44][45][46] much like those released during his transition period.[47][48] The first address had been viewed by 600,000 YouTube viewers by the next afternoon.[49]
The first piece of legislation Obama signed was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 on January 29, which revised the statute of limitations for filing pay discrimination lawsuits. Lilly Ledbetter joined Obama and his wife, Michelle, as he signed the bill, fulfilling his campaign pledge to nullify Ledbetter v. Goodyear.[50] On February 3, he signed the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIP), expanding health care from 7 million children under the plan to 11 million.[51]
 President Obama signs the ARRA into law on February 17, 2009 in Denver, Colorado. Vice President Joe Biden stands behind him.
 Obama addresses a joint session of Congress, with Vice President Joe Biden and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
|
 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was a focal point of Barack Obama's February 24, 2009 Address Before a Joint Session of Congress.
|
| Problems listening to these files? See media help. | |
After much debate, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was passed by both the House and Senate on February 13, 2009. Originally intended to be a bipartisan bill, the passage of the bill was largely along party lines. No Republicans voted for it in the House, and three moderate Republicans voted for it in the Senate (Susan Collins and Olympia Snowe of Maine and Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania).[52] The bill combined tax breaks with spending on infrastructure projects, extension of welfare benefits, and education.[53][54] The final cost of the bill was $787 billion, and almost $1.2 trillion with debt service included.[55] Obama signed the Act into law on February 17, 2009, in Denver, Colorado.[56]
On March 9, 2009, Obama lifted restrictions on federal funding of embryonic stem cell research,[57] and in doing so, called into question some of George W. Bush's signing statements. Obama stated that he too would employ signing statements if he deems upon review that a portion of a bill is unconstitutional,[58][59] and he has issued several signing statements.[60]
Early in his presidency, Obama signed a law raising the tobacco tax 62 cents on a pack of cigarettes.[61] The tax is to be "used to finance a major expansion of health insurance for children", and "help some [smokers] to quit and persuade young people not to start".[61]
In October 2011, Obama instituted the We Can't Wait program, which involved using executive orders, administrative rulemaking, and recess appointments to institute policies without the support of Congress.[62] The initiative was developed in response to Congress's unwillingness to pass economic legislation proposed by Obama, and conflicts in Congress during the 2011 debt ceiling crisis.[63]
Approval ratings and opinion[link]
2009[link]
After his transition period, Obama entered office with an approval rating of 82%.[64] At the end of his first week, 68% of respondents in a Gallup poll approved of how Obama was handling his job, the second highest approval rating for a President shortly after being elected since World War II.[65] Throughout early February polls showed scattered approval ratings: 62% (CBS News),[66] 64% (USA Today/Gallup), 66% (Gallup), and 76% in an outlier poll (CNN/Opinion Research).[67][68] Gallup reported the congressional address in late February boosted his approval from a term-low of 59% to 67%.[69]
Throughout autumn 2009, Rasmussen estimated Obama's approval as fluctuating between 45% and 52% and his disapproval between 48% and 54%;[70] as of November 11, Pew Research estimated Obama's approval between 51% and 55% and his disapproval between 33% and 37% since July.[71]
Handling of the economy[link]
Rasmussen reported in mid-February 2009, that 55% of voters gave Obama good or excellent marks on his handling of the economy.[72] In early March, a The Wall Street Journal survey of 49 economists gave Obama an average grade of 59 out of 100, with 42% of the respondents surveyed giving the administration's economic policies a grade below 60 percent. In comparison, only 30% of those same economists considered the response of governments around the world to the global recession to have been adequate.[73] In April, a Gallup poll showed trust in Obama's economic policy with 71% saying they had "a fair amount" or "a great deal" of confidence in Obama's handling of the economy, higher than for Ben Bernanke, Tim Geithner, or leaders of Congress.[74] Another Gallup poll in June showed 55% of Americans approved Obama's overall handling of the economy, but 48% and 51% disapproved of his handling of the federal budget deficit and controlling federal spending, respectively.[75] A CBS News poll taken August 27–31 showed 53% of those polled approved of his handling of the economy.[76] A Rasmussen poll taken on November 12 found 45% of Americans rating Obama's handling of the economy as poor and 39% rating him as doing a good or excellent job. They found 72% of Democrats rated his handling of the economy as good or excellent, while only 10% of Republicans and 27% of voters not affiliated with either party agreed.[77]
2010[link]
On March 25, 2010, following his signing of landmark health care reform legislation into law, Obama's polling was revealed by Bloomberg to be 50%, with higher marks for relations with other countries (58%) and his running of the war in Afghanistan (54%). "Obama's approval rating is roughly equal to what Bill Clinton had at this point in his presidency, according to data maintained by Gallup (and) higher than the 45 percent Ronald Reagan recorded in April 1982" and more favorable than Democrats or Republicans office in 2010. They found Obama's approval rating was at 85% among Democrats, compared with 46% among independents and 11% among Republicans.[78]
Fox News released the results of two polls on April 8–9, 2010. The first showed a drop in Obama's approval rating to 43%, with 48% disapproving. In that poll, Democrats approved of Obama's performance 80–12%, while independents disapproved 49–38%.[79] The other poll, which concentrated on the economy, showed disapproval of Obama's handling of the economy by a 53–42% margin, with 62% saying they were dissatisfied with the handling of the federal deficit.[80] According to a Gallup Poll released April 10, 2010, President Obama had a 45% approval rating, with 48% disapproving.[81] In a poll from Rasmussen Reports, released April 10, 2010, 47% approved of the President's performance, while 53% disapproved.[82][83]
2011[link]
Obama's approval rating jumped to a high following the death of Osama Bin Laden on May 2, 2011. A GfK poll conducted May 5, 2011 found his approval rating to be 60%. During the debt ceiling debate in August 2011, Obama's approval rating dropped to the low-40s.[84]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121212132019/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
Major legislation[link]
2009[link]
- January 29: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
- February 4: Children's Health Insurance Reauthorization Act
- February 11: DTV Delay Act
- February 17: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
- March 30: Omnibus Public Lands Management Act of 2009
- April 21: Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act
- May 20: Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act
- May 20: Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009
- May 22: Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure Act of 2009
- June 22: Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
- August 6: Cash For Clunkers Extension Act
- October 22: Veterans Health Care Budget Reform and Transparency Act
- October 28: Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
- October 30: Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act
- November 6: Worker, Homeownership, and Business Assistance Act of 2009
2010[link]
- January 27: Emergency Aid to American Survivors of Haiti Earthquake Act
- March 4: Travel Promotion Act
- March 18: Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act (HIRE Act)
- March 23: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- March 30: Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
- May 5: Caregivers and Veterans Omnibus Health Services Act of 2010
- May 17: Daniel Pearl Freedom of the Press Act
- July 1: Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act
- July 21: Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
- July 22: Unemployment Compensation Extension Act of 2010
- July 22: Improper Payments Elimination and Recovery Act of 2010
- August 10: SPEECH Act
- September 27: Small Business Jobs and Credit Act of 2010
- December 9: Animal Crush Video Prohibition Act of 2010
- December 13: Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010
- December 17: Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010
- December 22: Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010
2011[link]
- January 2: James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act of 2010 (H.R. 847)
- January 4: Food Safety and Modernization Act, Pub.L. 111-353, H.R. 2751
- August 2: Budget Control Act of 2011
- October 21: United States-Colombia Free Trade Agreement Implemention Act
- October 21: United States-Panama Free Trade Agreement Implemention Act
- October 21: United States-South Korea Free Trade Agreement Implemention Act
Personnel[link]
Cabinet appointees[link]
Main articles: First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency#Administration and Cabinet and Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet
Twenty-two members of the Obama administration are either in the United States Cabinet (15) or are in positions considered to be Cabinet-level (7). The members of the Cabinet are the heads of the fifteen major departments (State, Defense, Justice, etc.), and the seven cabinet-level positions are the Vice President, White House Chief of Staff, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, U.S. Trade Representative, Ambassador to the United Nations, and the Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers.[85][86] Since Robert Gates was a member of the previous administration, his letter of resignation (a formality at the end of a President's term) was simply not accepted, and he did not need confirmation.[87] On January 19, 2009, Senate Democratic leaders requested fifteen of the twenty positions to be ratified by unanimous consent,[88] and seven gained unanimous confirmation by voice vote the next day: Ken Salazar, Steven Chu, Arne Duncan, Peter Orszag, Eric Shinseki, Tom Vilsack, and Janet Napolitano.[87][89] On January 21, Obama presided over the swearing in of the seven unanimous nominees.[90] Later that day, the Senate confirmed Hillary Clinton by a 94–2 vote. On January 22, several more confirmations were approved unanimously: Susan E. Rice, Ray LaHood, Lisa P. Jackson, and Shaun Donovan.[91] On January 26, the Senate confirmed Geithner by a 60–34 margin.[92][93]
At the conclusion of Obama's first week as President, Hilda Solis, Tom Daschle, Ron Kirk, and Eric Holder had yet to be confirmed, and there had been no second appointment for Secretary of Commerce.[93] Holder was confirmed by a vote of 75–21 on February 2,[94] and on February 3, Obama announced Senator Judd Gregg as his second nomination for Secretary of Commerce.[95] Daschle withdrew later that day amid controversy over his failure to pay income taxes and potential conflicts of interest related to the speaking fees he accepted from health care interests.[96] Solis was later confirmed by a vote of 80-17 on February 24,[97] and Ron Kirk was confirmed on March 18 by a 92-5 vote in the Senate.[98]
Gregg, who was the leading Republican negotiator and author of the TARP program in the Senate, after publication that he had a multi-million dollar investment in the Bank of America, on February 12, withdrew his nomination as Secretary of Commerce, citing "irresolvable conflicts" with President Obama and his staff over how to conduct the 2010 census and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.[99][100] Former Washington governor Gary Locke was nominated on February 26[101] as Obama's third choice for Commerce Secretary and confirmed on March 24 by voice vote.[102]
On March 2, Obama introduced Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as his second choice for Secretary of Health and Human Services. He also introduced Nancy-Ann DeParle as head of the new White House Office of Health Reform, which he suggested would work closely with the Department of Health and Human Services.[103][104] At the end of March, Sebelius was the only remaining Cabinet member yet to be confirmed.[102]
Six high-ranking cabinet nominees in the Obama administration had their confirmations delayed or rejected among reports that they did not pay all of their taxes, including Tom Daschle, Obama's original nominee for Health and Human Services Secretary, and Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner.[105] Though Geithner was confirmed, and Senator Max Baucus, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, thought Daschle would have been confirmed, Daschle withdrew his nomination on February 3.[96] Obama had nominated Nancy Killefer for the position of Chief Performance Officer, but Killefer also withdrew on February 3, citing unspecified problems with District of Columbia unemployment tax.[106] A senior administration official said that Killefer's tax issues dealt with household help.[106] Hilda Solis, Obama's nominee for Secretary of Labor, faced delayed confirmation hearings due to tax lien concerns pertaining to her husband's auto repair business,[107] but she was later confirmed on February 24.[97] While pundits puzzled over U.S. Trade Representative-designate Ron Kirk's failure to be confirmed by March 2009, it was reported on March 2 that Kirk owed over $10,000 in back taxes. Kirk agreed to pay them in exchange for Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus's aid in speeding up the confirmation process;[108] he was later confirmed on March 18.[98] On March 31, Kathleen Sebelius, Obama's nominee for Health and Human Services secretary, revealed in a letter to the Senate Finance Committee that her Certified Public Accountant found errors in her tax returns for years 2005-2007. She, along with her husband, paid more than $7,000 in back taxes, along with $878 in interest.[109]
Notable non-Cabinet positions[link]
Appointees serve at the pleasure of the President and were nominated by Barack Obama except as noted.
- Chair of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
- Sheila Bair1 (2009–2011)
- Special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan
- Richard Holbrooke (2009–2010)
- Marc Grossman (2011–present)
- Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
- Retired General James L. Jones (2009–2011)
- Thomas E. Donilon (2011–present)
- Special envoy to the Middle East
- George J. Mitchell (2009–2011)
- David Hale (2011–present)
- Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Robert Mueller2 (2009–present)
- Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- Leon Panetta (2009–2011)
- Michael Morell (Acting-2011)
- David Petraeus (2011–present)
- Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
- Christina Romer (2009–2010)
- Austan Goolsbee (2010–2011)
- Alan Krueger (2011–present)
- Chair of the Securities and Exchange Commission
- Mary Schapiro (2009–present)
- Assistant to the President for Economic Policy and Director of National Economic Council
- Lawrence Summers (2009–2010)
- Gene Sperling (2011–present)
- Chairman of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board
- Paul Volcker (2009–2011)
- Replaced by Council on Jobs and Competitiveness in 2011
- Chairperson of the Council on Jobs and Competitiveness
- Jeffrey R. Immelt (2011–present)
1Appointed by George W. Bush in 2006 to a five-year term
2Appointed by George W. Bush in 2001 to a ten-year term
Judicial nominees[link]
Main articles: Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates and List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama
United States Supreme Court[link]
Obama appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
Further information: List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States
Other courts[link]
Outside of the Supreme Court, by October 2009, Obama had nominated fewer than two dozen judges to fill judicial vacancies, of which there were close to 100. This has prompted some Democrats to criticize the pace of Obama's judicial appointments as too slow.[110] In December 2009, Senator Patrick Leahy criticized Republicans for stalling those judicial nominations that had been made, noting that the Senate confirmed more district and circuit court nominees during the first year of the George W. Bush administration than it had approved by that point during the Barack Obama presidency.[111]
As of July 2010, Obama's nominees to the district and circuit courts had been confirmed at a rate of only 43.5 percent, compared to 87.2 percent during Bill Clinton's administration and 91.3 percent for George W. Bush. The Center for American Progress, which compiled the data, commented:
Judicial confirmations slowed to a trickle on the day President Barack Obama took office. Filibusters, anonymous holds, and other obstructionary tactics have become the rule. Uncontroversial nominees wait months for a floor vote, and even district court nominees—low-ranking judges whose confirmations have never been controversial in the past—are routinely filibustered into oblivion. Nominations grind to a halt in many cases even after the Senate Judiciary Committee has unanimously endorsed a nominee. [112]
Policies[link]
Economy[link]
Upon entering office, Obama planned to center his attention on handling the global financial crisis.[113] Even before his inauguration he lobbied Congress to pass an economic stimulus bill,[114] which became the top priority during his first month in office.[115] As President, Obama made a high profile trip to Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. to dialog with Congressional Republicans and advocate for the bill.[116] On February 17, 2009, Obama signed into law a $787 billion plan that included spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals.[117] The tax provisions of the law reduced taxes for 98 percent of taxpayers, bringing tax rates to their lowest levels in 60 years.[118]
As part of the 2010 budget proposal, the Obama administration has proposed additional measures to attempt to stabilize the economy, including a $2–3 trillion measure aimed at stabilizing the financial system and freeing up credit. The program includes up to $1 trillion to buy toxic bank assets, an additional $1 trillion to expand a federal consumer loan program, and the $350 billion left in the Troubled Assets Relief Program. The plan also includes $50 billion intended to slow the wave of mortgage foreclosures.[117] The 2011 budget includes a three-year freeze on discretionary spending, proposes several program cancellations, and raises taxes on high income earners to bring down deficits during the economic recovery.[119]
In a July 2009 interview with ABC News, Biden was asked about the sustained increase of the U.S. unemployment rate from May 2007 to October 2009[120] despite the administration's multi-year economic stimulus package passed five months earlier. He responded "The truth is, we and everyone else, misread the economy. The figures we worked off of in January were the consensus figures and most of the blue chip indexes out there ... the truth is, there was a misreading of just how bad an economy we inherited."[121][122] The White House indicates that 2 million jobs were created or saved due to the stimulus package in 2009[123] and self reporting by recipients of the grants, loans, and contracts portion of the package report that the package saved or created 608,317 jobs in the final three months of 2009.[124]
The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1% and averaging 10.0% in the fourth quarter.[125] Following a decrease to 9.7% in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6% in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[125] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8%, which was less than the average of 1.9% experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[126] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a 1.6% pace, followed by a 5.0% increase in the fourth quarter.[127] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7% in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[127] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9% in 2010.[128]
During November–December 2010, Obama and a lame duck session of the 111th Congress focused on a dispute about the temporary Bush tax cuts, which were due to expire at the end of the year. Obama wanted to extend the tax cuts for taxpayers making less than $250,000 a year. Congressional Republicans agreed but also wanted to extend the tax cuts for those making over that amount, and refused to support any bill that did not do so.[129] All the Republicans in the Senate also joined in saying that, until the tax dispute was resolved, they would filibuster to prevent consideration of any other legislation, except for bills to fund the U.S. government.[130][131] On 7 December, Obama strongly defended a compromise agreement he had reached with the Republican congressional leadership that included a two-year extension of all the tax cuts, a 13-month extension of unemployment insurance, a one-year reduction in the FICA payroll tax, and other measures.[132] On December 10, Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) led a filibuster against the compromise tax proposal, which lasted over eight hours.[133] Obama persuaded many wary Democrats to support the bill,[134] but not all; of the 148 votes against the bill in the House, 112 were cast by Democrats and only 36 by Republicans.[135] The $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, which The Washington Post called "the most significant tax bill in nearly a decade",[136] passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress and was signed into law by Obama on December 17, 2010.[134]
Ethics[link]
Lobbying reform[link]
Early in his presidential campaign, Obama stated that "they [lobbyists] won't find a job in my White House", but softened his stance later in the campaign.[137] On January 21, 2009, Obama issued an executive order for all future appointees to his administration, which stated, no appointee who was a registered lobbyist within the two years before his appointment could participate on matters in which he lobbied for a period of two years after the date of appointment.[40] Three formal waivers were initially issued in early 2009, out of 800 executive appointments:[138][139] to William J. Lynn III, a lobbyist for Raytheon, to hold the position of Deputy Secretary of Defense;[34] to Jocelyn Frye, former general counsel at the National Partnership for Women and Families, to serve as Director of Policy and Projects in the Office of the First Lady; and to Cecilia Muñoz, former senior vice president for the National Council of La Raza,[138] to serve as Director of Intergovernmental Affairs in the Executive Office of the President.[139] As of March 21, 2009, at least thirty officials appointed by Obama had been lobbyists in the past five years.[137] Ten additional waivers were announced in September 2009.[140]
Not all recent former lobbyists require waivers; those without waivers write letters of recusal stating issues from which they must refrain because of their previous jobs.[138] USA Today reported that 21 members of the Obama administration have at some time been registered as federal lobbyists, although most have not within the previous two years.[141] Lobbyists in the administration include William Corr, an anti-tobacco lobbyist, as Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services[142] and Tom Vilsack, who lobbied in 2007, for a national teachers union, as Secretary of Agriculture.[141] Also, the Secretary of Labor nominee, Hilda Solis, formerly served as a board member of American Rights at Work, which lobbied Congress on two bills Solis co-sponsored,[143] and Mark Patterson, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner's chief of staff, is a former lobbyist for Goldman Sachs.[141]
The Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington have criticized the administration, claiming that Obama is retreating from his own ethics rules barring lobbyists from working on the issues about which they lobbied during the previous two years by issuing waivers. According to Melanie Sloan, the group's executive director, "It makes it appear that they are saying one thing and doing another."[141]
Transparency[link]
The Obama administration has said that all executive orders, non-emergency legislation, and proclamations will be posted to the official White House website, whitehouse.gov, allowing the public to review and comment for five days before the President signs the legislation.[144] The pledge was twice broken during Obama's first month in office when he signed SCHIP legislation and the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act with less than the full five days of "sunlight before signing". The administration has said that they are still "working through implementation procedures and some initial issues with the congressional calendar".[145][146]
During his first week in office, Obama announced plans to post a video address each week on the site,[44] and on YouTube,[45] informing the public of government actions each week. During his speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention, Obama stated, "I will also go through the federal budget, line by line, eliminating programs that no longer work and making the ones we do need work better and cost less - because we cannot meet twenty-first century challenges with a twentieth century bureaucracy."[147]
On January 21, 2009, by executive order, Obama revoked Executive Order 13233, which had limited access to the records of former United States Presidents.[148] Obama issued instructions to all agencies and departments in his administration to "adopt a presumption in favor" of Freedom of Information Act requests.[149] In April 2009, the United States Department of Justice released four legal memos from the Bush administration to comply voluntarily with a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union.[150] The memos were written by John Yoo[151] and signed by Jay Bybee and Steven Bradbury, then Principal Assistant Attorneys General to the Department of Justice, and addressed to John A. Rizzo, general counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency.[152] The memos describe in detail controversial interrogation methods the CIA used on prisoners suspected of terrorism.[153][154] Obama became personally involved in the decision to release the memos, which was opposed by former CIA directors Michael Hayden, Porter Goss, George Tenet and John Deutch.[152] Former Vice President Dick Cheney criticized Obama for not releasing more memos; Cheney claimed that unreleased memos detail successes of CIA interrogations.[155]
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act requires all recipients of the funds provided by the act to publish a plan for using the funds, along with purpose, cost, rationale, net job creation, and contact information about the plan to a website Recovery.gov so that the public can review and comment. Inspectors General from each department or executive agency will then review, as appropriate, any concerns raised by the public. Any findings of an Inspector General must be relayed immediately to the head of each department and published on Recovery.gov.[156]
On June 16, 2009, Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW) filed a lawsuit against the Obama administration in order to get information about the visits of coal company executives. Anne Weismann, the chief counsel for CREW, stated "The Obama administration has now taken exactly the same position as the Bush administration... I don't see how you can keep people from knowing who visits the White House and adhere to a policy of openness and transparency." On June 16, MSNBC reported that its more comprehensive request for visitor logs since Obama's January 20 inauguration had been denied.[157] The administration announced that White House visitor logs will be made available to the public on an ongoing basis, with certain limitations, for visits occurring after September 15, 2009.[158] Beginning on January 29, 2010, the White House did begin to release the names of its visitor records.[159] Since that time, names of visitors (which includes not only tourists, but also names of union leaders, Wall Street executives, lobbyists, party chairs, philanthropists and celebrities), have been released. The names are released in huge batches up to 75,000 names at a time.[160] Names are released 90–120 days after having visited the White House. The complete list of names is available online by accessing the official White House website.[161]
Obama stated during the 2008 Presidential campaign that he would have negotiations for health care reform televised on C-SPAN, citing transparency as being the leverage needed to ensure that people stay involved in the process taking place in Washington. This did not fully happen and Politifact gives President Obama a "Promise Broken" rating on this issue.[162] After White House press secretary Robert Gibbs initially avoided addressing the issue,[163] President Obama himself acknowledged that he met with Democratic leaders behind closed doors to discuss how best to garner enough votes in order to merge the two (House and Senate) passed versions of the health care bill. Doing this violated the letter of the pledge, although Obama maintains that negotiations in several congressional committees were open, televised hearings. Obama also cited an independent ethics watchdog group describe his administration as the most transparent in recent history.[164]
The Obama administration has been characterized[165] as much more aggressive than the Bush and other previous administrations in their response to whistleblowing and leaks to the press. Three people have been prosecuted under the rarely used Espionage Act of 1917. They include Thomas Andrews Drake, a former National Security Agency (NSA) employee who was critical of the NSA's Trailblazer Project,[166][167][168] Stephen Jin-Woo Kim, a State Department contractor who allegedly had a conversation about North Korea with James Rosen of Fox News,[169][170] and Jeffrey Sterling, who allegedly was a source for James Risen's book State of War. Risen has also been subpoenaed to reveal his sources, another rare action by the government.[171]
Foreign policy[link]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
In his inaugural address, Obama suggested that he plans to begin the process of withdrawing from Iraq and continuing to focus on the war in Afghanistan. He also mentioned lessening the nuclear threat through "working tirelessly with old friends and former foes". He spoke about America's determination to combat terrorism, proclaiming America's spirit is "stronger and cannot be broken — you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you." To the Muslim world, Obama extended an invite to "a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect". He also said the USA would "extend a hand" to those "who cling to power through corruption and deceit" if they "are willing to unclench" their fists.[172] Shortly after his inauguration President Obama first called President Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Calls were also made to President Mubarak of Egypt, Prime Minister Olmert of Israel and King Abdullah of Jordan.[173] Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton named George Mitchell as Special Envoy for Middle East peace and Richard Holbrooke as special representative to Pakistan and Afghanistan on January 23, 2009.[174] At the same time, Obama called on Israel to open the borders of Gaza, detailing early plans on his administration's peace plans for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[175]
On February 18, 2009, Obama announced that the U.S. military presence in Afghanistan would be bolstered by 17,000 new troops by summer.[176] The announcement followed the recommendation of several experts including Defense Secretary Robert Gates that additional troops be deployed to the war-torn nation.[177][178]
Obama declared his plan for ending the Iraq War on February 27, 2009, in a speech at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, before an audience of Marines stationed there. According to the president, combat troops will be withdrawn from Iraq by August 2010, leaving a contingent of up to 50,000 servicemen and servicewomen to continue training, advisory, and counterterrorism operations until as late as the end of 2011.[179][180]
Other characteristics of the Obama administration on foreign policy include a tough stance on tax havens,[181] continuing military operation in Pakistan,[182] and avowed focus on diplomacy to prevent nuclear proliferation in Iran[183] and North Korea.[184]
On April 1, 2009, Obama and China's President, Hu Jintao, announced the establishment of the U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue and agreed to work together to build a positive, cooperative, and comprehensive U.S.-China relationship for the 21st century.[185]
In that same month, Obama requested that Congress approve $83.4 billion of supplemental military funding, mostly for the war in Iraq and to increase troop levels in Afghanistan. The request also includes $2.2 billion to increase the size of the US military, $350 million to upgrade security along the US-Mexico border, and $400 million in counterinsurgency aid for Pakistan.[186]
In May 2009, it was reported that Obama plans to expand the military by 20,000 employees.[187]
On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt.[188] The wide ranging speech called for a "new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States.[189][190] The speech received both praise and criticism from leaders in the region.[191][192][193][194][195] In March 2010, Secretary of State Clinton criticized the Israeli government for approving expansion of settlements in East Jerusalem.[196]
On April 8, 2010, Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed the latest Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), a "major" nuclear arms control agreement that reduces the nuclear weapons stockpiles of both countries.[197]
In March 2011, international reaction to Muammar Gaddafi's military crackdown on rebel forces and civilians in Libya culminated in a United Nations resolution to enforce a no fly zone in Libya. Obama authorized U.S. forces to participate in international air attacks on Libyan air defenses using Tomahawk cruise missiles to establish the protective zone.[198]
Guantánamo Bay detention camp[link]
On his first day in office, Obama requested a 120-day suspension of all trials for alleged terrorists held at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp, so the new administration could "review the military commissions process, generally, and the cases pending before military commissions as of 2011[update], specifically".[199] Another order established a task force to lead a review of detention policies, procedures and individual cases. Obama addressed the State Department that "the United States will not torture" and drafted an executive order to close Guantánamo within a year.[200] On January 22, 2009, Obama signed an executive order ensuring safe, lawful, and humane treatment of individuals detained in armed conflicts. This order restricts interrogators to methods listed and authorized by an Army Field Manual.[201] A detainee released since Obama took office claimed in an interview with Agence France-Presse that conditions at Guantánamo had worsened, stating guards wanted to "take their last revenge" before the facility is closed.[202] On March 13, 2009, the administration announced that it would no longer refer to prisoners at Guantánamo Bay as enemy combatants, but it also asserted that the president has the authority to detain terrorism suspects there without criminal charges.[203]
The case review of detainee files by administration officials and prosecutors was made more difficult than expected as the Bush administration had failed to establish a coherent repository of the evidence and intelligence on each prisoner. By September 2009, prosecutors recommended to the Justice Department which detainees are eligible for trial, and the Justice Department and the Pentagon worked together to determine which of several now-scheduled trials will go forward in military tribunals and which in civilian courts. While 216 international terrorists are already held in maximum security prisons in the U.S., Congress was denying the administration funds to shut down the camp and adapt existing facilities elsewhere, arguing that the decision was "too dangerous to rush".[204] In November, Obama stated that the U.S. would miss the January 2010 date for closing the Guantánamo Bay prison as he had ordered, acknowledging that he "knew this was going to be hard". Obama did not set a specific new deadline for closing the camp, citing that the delay was due to politics and lack of congressional cooperation.[205] The state of Illinois has offered to sell to the federal government the Thomson Correctional Center, a new but largely unused prison, for the purpose of housing detainees. Federal officials testified at a December 23 hearing that if the state commission approves the sale for that purpose, it could take more than six months to ready the facility.[206]
Killing of Osama bin Laden[link]
Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden
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Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad.[207] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to Obama in March 2011.[207] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.[207] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound.[208][209] Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing,[210] and buried at sea several hours later.[211] Within minutes of Obama's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.[208][212] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from predecessors George W. Bush and Bill Clinton,[213] and from many countries around the world.[214]
Overseas Contingency Operation[link]
Obama discontinued use of the term "War on Terror" and instead uses the term "Overseas Contingency Operation". However, Obama has stated that the U.S. is at war with Al-Qaeda, saying "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred."[215]
In April 2010, the Obama administration authorized the targeted killing of the radical Muslim cleric and American citizen Anwar al-Awlaki, who was believed to have shifted from encouraging attacks on the United States to directly participating in them.[216]
Gun control[link]
During the presidential campaign, Obama announced that he favors measures that respect Second Amendment rights, while at the same time keeping guns away from children and criminals.[217][218] On February 25, 2009, Attorney General Eric Holder announced that the Obama administration would seek a new assault weapons ban across the United States, saying that it would have a positive impact on the drug-related violence in Mexico.[219] After the statement drew criticism from the NRA and some House Democrats, the Administration reportedly ordered the Justice Department to end public discussion of the issue.[220] Obama has signed into law two bills containing amendments reducing restrictions on gun owners, one which permits guns to be transported in checked baggage on Amtrak trains[221] and another which allows carrying loaded firearms in national parks located in states allowing concealed carry.[222][223]
See also: Operation Fast and Furious
Science and technology[link]
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Wikinews has related news: NSA to participate in U.S. cybersecurity |
Cybersecurity[link]
Obama initiated a 60-day review of cybersecurity[224] by Melissa Hathaway, a consultant for Booz Allen Hamilton, appointed Acting Senior Director for Cyberspace.[225][226]
The New York Times reported in 2009, that the NSA is intercepting communications of American citizens including a Congressman, although the Justice Department believed that the NSA had corrected its errors.[227] United States Attorney General Eric Holder resumed the wiretapping according to his understanding of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 that Congress passed in July 2008, but without explaining what had occurred.[228]
Environment[link]
On January 27, 2009, Obama issued two presidential memoranda concerning energy policy. One directed the Department of Transportation to raise fuel efficiency standards incrementally to 35 miles per US gallon (15 km/L) by 2020, and the other directed the Environmental Protection Agency to allow individual states to set stricter tailpipe emissions regulations than the federal standard.[41][229]
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provides $54 billion in funds to double domestic renewable energy production, renovate federal buildings making them more energy-efficient, improve the nation's electricity grid, repair public housing, and weatherize modest-income homes.[230]
On February 10, 2009, Obama overturned a Bush administration policy that had opened up a five-year period of offshore drilling for oil and gas near both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Interior Secretary Ken Salazar has been quoted as saying, "To establish an orderly process that allows us to make wise decisions based on sound information, we need to set aside" the plan "and create our own timeline".[231]
On May 19, 2009, Obama announced a plan to increase the Corporate Average Fuel Economy national standards for gasoline mileage, by creating a single new national standard that will create a car and light truck fleet in the United States that is almost 40 percent cleaner and more fuel-efficient by 2016, than it is today, with an average of 35.5 miles per gallon.[232] Environmental advocates and industry officials welcomed the new program, but for different reasons. Environmentalists called it a long-overdue tightening of emissions and fuel economy standards after decades of government delay and industry opposition. Auto industry officials said it would provide the single national efficiency standard they have long desired, a reasonable timetable to meet it and the certainty they need to proceed with product development plans.[232]
On March 30, 2010, Obama partially reinstated Bush administration proposals to open certain offshore areas along the Atlantic coastline, the eastern Gulf of Mexico and the north coast of Alaska to oil and natural gas drilling. The proposals had earlier been set aside by President Obama after they were challenged in court on environmental grounds.[233]
On May 27, 2010, Obama extended a moratorium on offshore drilling permits after the April 20, 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill which is considered to be the worst oil spill in U.S. history.[234][235] Although BP took responsibility for the disaster and its ongoing after effects, Obama began a federal investigation along with forming a bipartisan commission to review the incident and methods to avoid it in the future.[236][237][238] Obama visited the Gulf Coast on May 2 and May 28 and expressed his frustration on the June 8 NBC Today Show, by saying "I don't sit around just talking to experts because this is a college seminar. We talk to these folks because they potentially have the best answers, so I know whose ass to kick."[239] Obama's response to the disaster drew confusion and criticism within segments of the media and public.[240]
NASA[link]
Main article: Space policy of the Barack Obama administration
Obama set up the Augustine panel to review the Constellation program in 2009, and announced in February 2010, that he was cutting the program from the 2011 United States federal budget, describing it as "over budget, behind schedule, and lacking in innovation."[241][242][243][244][245] After the decision drew criticism in the United States, a new "Flexible path to Mars" plan was unveiled at a space conference in April 2010.[246][247][248] It included new technology programs, increased R&D spending, a focus on the International Space Station and contracting out flying crew to space to commercial providers.[249] The new plan also increased NASA's 2011 budget to $19 billion from $18.3 billion in 2010.[246]
In July 2009, Obama appointed Charles Bolden, a former astronaut, to be administrator of NASA.[250]
Stem cell research[link]
On March 9, 2009, Obama repealed a Bush-era policy that prevented federal tax dollars from being used to fund research on new lines of embryonic stem cells. Such research has been a matter of debate between those who emphasize the therapeutic potential of such research and those who suggest that elements of this research breach ethical limitations. Obama stated that "In recent years, when it comes to stem cell research, rather than furthering discovery, our government has forced what I believe is a false choice between sound science and moral values...In this case, I believe the two are not inconsistent. As a person of faith, I believe we are called to care for each other and work to ease human suffering. I believe we have been given the capacity and will to pursue this research — and the humanity and conscience to do so responsibly."[251]
Social policy[link]
On January 23, 2009, Obama rescinded the Mexico City Policy, a measure from the Reagan and Bush eras that required any non-governmental organization receiving U.S. Government funding to refrain from performing or promoting abortion services in other countries.[252]
On June 17, 2009, Obama authorized the extension of some benefits (but not health insurance or pension benefits) to same-sex partners of federal employees.[253] Obama has chosen to leave larger changes, such as the repeal of Don't ask, don't tell and the Defense of Marriage Act, to Congress.[254][255]
On October 19, 2009, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a directive to federal prosecutors in states with medical marijuana laws not to investigate or prosecute cases of marijuana use or production done in compliance with those laws.[256]
On December 16, 2009, President Obama signed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010, which repealed a 21-year-old ban on federal funding of needle exchange programs.[257]
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, a bill that provides for repeal of the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993, that has prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.[258] Repealing "Don't ask, don't tell" had been a key campaign promise that Obama had made during the 2008 presidential campaign.[259][260]
Health care reform[link]
See also: Health care reform in the United States
Once the stimulus bill was enacted, health care reform became Obama's top domestic priority. On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,000 page plan for overhauling the US health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of the year.[261]
The U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated the ten-year cost to the federal government of the major insurance-related provisions of the bill at approximately $1.0 trillion.[262] In mid-July 2009, Douglas Elmendorf, director of the CBO, testified that the proposals under consideration would significantly increase federal spending and did not include the "fundamental changes" needed to control the rapid growth in health care spending.[263][264] However after reviewing the final version of the bill introduced after 14 months of debate the CBO estimated that it would reduce federal budget deficits by $143 billion over 10 years and by more than a trillion in the next decade.[265]
After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over his administration's proposals.[266] In March 2010, Obama gave several speeches across the country to argue for the passage of health care reform.[267][268] On March 21, 2010, after Obama announced an executive order reinforcing the current law against spending federal funds for elective abortion services, the House, by a vote of 219 to 212, passed the version of the bill previously passed on December 24, 2009, by a 60-vote supermajority in the Senate. The bill, which includes over 200 Republican amendments, was passed without a single Republican vote. On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the bill into law. Immediately following the bill's passage, the House voted in favor of a reconciliation measure to make significant changes and corrections to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which was passed by both houses with two minor alterations on March 25, 2010, and signed into law on March 30, 2010.[269][270]
Education reform[link]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which ended the role of private banks in lending out federally-insured student loans.[271] By directly lending to students, the government is projected to save taxpayers $68 billion dollars over the next several years.[272] Federally-insured student loans will instead be distributed by the Department of Education.[273] The law also increased the amount of Pell Grant awards given each year, doubling its current funding.[274][275] Starting in 2014, the law permits borrowers to cap the amount they spend on student loans each year to ten percent of their discretionary income and have their balance forgiven if they have faithfully paid the balance of their loan over 20 years.[274][276] Additionally, the law seeks to make it easier for parents to qualify for Grad PLUS loans, and spends billions on poor and minority schools and $2 billion for community colleges.[272][273]
Gates arrest controversy[link]
Further information: Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy
From left to right: Gates, Crowley, and President Obama.
Photo taken before Vice President Biden's arrival.
On July 16, 2009, prominent African American Harvard University professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr., was arrested at his Cambridge, Massachusetts home by a local white police officer, Cambridge Police Sgt. James Crowley, for disorderly conduct. Gates, who was locked out of his house, had attempted to break into his own property, thus causing the initial alarm from a neighbor who called 9-1-1. The incident sparked national controversy over whether Gates's civil rights had been violated by Crowley. On July 21, the Cambridge Police Department dropped charges against Gates. On July 22, President Barack Obama, commented on the incident over national and international television, criticized the arrest, and stated the police acted "stupidly" in handling the incident. National law enforcement organizations and members objected to Obama's comments and criticized his handling of the issue. In the aftermath, Obama stated that he regretted his comments exacerbating the situation, and hoped that the situation could become a "teachable moment". To reduce tensions, on July 24, Obama invited both parties to the White House to discuss the issue over beers, and on July 30, Obama and Vice President Joe Biden joined Crowley and Gates in a private, cordial meeting in a courtyard near the White House Rose Garden; this became known colloquially as the "Beer Summit".[277]
Wall Street reform[link]
On July 21, 2010, Obama signed Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, considered to be the largest financial system overhaul since the New Deal. The law recognizes complex financial derivatives and makes rules to protect consumers from unfair practices in loans and credit cards by establishing a new consumer protection agency. At the signing ceremony in the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington D.C. Obama proclaimed, "There will be no more taxpayer-funded bailouts. Period." Obama also mentioned that "These reforms represent the strongest consumer financial protections in history." At the ceremony were Sen. Christopher Dodd, D-Conn., and Rep. Barney Frank, D-Mass., the two committee chairmen who sponsored the bill.[278]
2010 midterm elections[link]
Due in large part to voter frustration over high unemployment and a stalled economy, Republicans won control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections. On reflection after the election, Obama blamed himself, in part, for the many Democrats who went down to defeat knowing that they had risked their careers to support his agenda of economic stimulus legislation and a landmark health care bill.[279] Democrats narrowly retained the Senate majority and will continue to control it through the 112th Congress.[280]
Obama called the elections "humbling" and a "shellacking".[281] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[282]
2012 re-election campaign[link]
On April 4, 2011, President Obama announced that he would seek re-election in the 2012 presidential election. The campaign will be based in Chicago and is being run by many former members of the White House staff and members of the successful 2008 campaign.[283]
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- ^ Etter, Lauren (June 1, 2010). "U.S. Opens Criminal Probe on Spill". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704875604575280363277341150.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ Etter, Lauren (2010-06-08). "Obama, on 'Today,' wonders 'whose ass to kick' following BP oil spill". Mlive.com. http://www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/06/obama_on_today_wonders_whose_a.html. Retrieved 2010-06-08.
- ^ "Gulf oil spill: Obama's big political test". The Christian Science Monitor. 2010-05-29. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0529/Gulf-oil-spill-Obama-s-big-political-test. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ Amos, Jonathan (February 1, 2010). "Obama cancels Moon return project". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8489097.stm. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
- ^ "Terminations, Reductions, and Savings". http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/trs.pdf. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
- ^ Achenbach, Joel (February 1, 2010). "NASA budget for 2011 eliminates funds for manned lunar missions". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/31/AR2010013101058.html. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
- ^ Obama scraps funding for Nasa's American Moon base mission. BBC
- ^ Art Chimes. "Expert Group Says NASA Budget Too Small for Big Space Plans". VOA News. http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-08-26-voa54-68820852.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ a b Clara Moskowitz (2010-06-24). "Misconceptions swirl around Obama space plan". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37907917/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/misconceptions-swirl-around-obama-space-plan/. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
- ^ "Obama to unveil 'ambitious plan' for NASA". Associated Press. msnbc.com. 2010-03-07. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/35751461/ns/technology_and_science-space/. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ^ "Review of U.S. Plans Committee". Human Space Flights Committee. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/396093main_HSF_Cmte_FinalReport.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
- ^ "Federal Budget Fiscal Year 2011 - Fact Sheet on Innovation". Office of Management and Budget. 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/factsheet_key_innovation/. Retrieved 2010-06-15.
- ^ "Ex-astronaut Bolden to lead Nasa". BBC. 2009-07-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8154525.stm.
- ^ "Obama overturns Bush policy on stem cells". Cnn.com. 2009-03-09. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/09/obama.stem.cells/index.html. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "Obama Ends Global Family Planning Restrictions". NPR: National Public Radio. January 23, 2009.
- ^ Bailey, Holly (June 17, 2009). "Obama: LGBT Benefits Memo "Just a Start"". Newsweek. http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/thegaggle/archive/2009/06/17/obama-lgbt-benefits-memo-just-a-start.aspx. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
- ^ Ira Kantor (June 24, 2009). "Gay rights advocates protest Dem fundraiser". Boston Herald. http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/20090624gay_rights_advocates_protest_dem_fundraiser/. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
- ^ "Donors say Obama slow on pledge to gays". msnbc.com. 2009-06-25. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31550347/ns/politics-white_house/. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
- ^ Office of Public Affairs (October 19, 2009). "Attorney General announces formal medical marijuana guidelines". U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/October/09-ag-1119.html. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Ogden, David W. (October 19, 2009). "Memorandum for selected United States Attorneys: Investigations and prosecutions in states authorizing the medical use of marijuana". U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/opa/documents/medical-marijuana.pdf. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Stout, David; Moore, Solomon (October 20, 2009). "U.S. won't prosecute in states that allow medical marijuana". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/us/20cannabis.html. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Johnson, Connie (October 20, 2009). "U.S. eases stance on medical marijuana. Attorney general says prosecuting such cases 'will not be a priority'". The Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/19/AR2009101903638.html. Retrieved July 19, 2010. - ^ Egelko, Bob (December 18, 2009). "U.S. ends funding ban for needle exchanges". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A126. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/12/18/MNKM1B5S7L.DTL. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- ^ Jesse Lee. "The President Signs Repeal of "Don't Ask Don't Tell": "Out of Many, We Are One"". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2010/12/22/president-signs-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell-out-many-we-are-one. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ "'Don't ask, don't tell' repealed as Obama signs landmark law". The Guardian (London). December 22, 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/22/obama-repeals-dont-ask-dont-tell. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ "Obama to delay 'don't ask, don't tell' repeal". The Washington Times. November 21, 2008. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/21/obama-to-delay-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Robert Schroeder (5 November 2009). "Obama urges Congress to pass health-care reform". MarketWatch. http://articles.marketwatch.com/2009-11-05/news/30991733_1_health-care-reform-president-barack-obama-overhaul-bill. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ U.S. Congressional Budget Office, Preliminary Analysis of Major Provisions Related to Health Insurance Coverage Under the Affordable Health Choices Act, June 15, 2009
- ^ Lori Montgomery and Shailagh Murray, "Lawmakers Warned About Health Costs: CBO Chief Says Democrats' Proposals Lack Necessary Controls on Spending," The Washington Post, July 17, 2009
- ^ Reuters, "U.S. House Panel Passes Health Bill, Critics Slam Cost," The New York Times, July 17, 2009
- ^ "House Approves Health Overhaul, Sending Landmark Bill to Obama," The New York Times, March 21, 2010
- ^ "Obama presents health plan, attacks 'scare tactics'" - CNN.com. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "Obama Not Worried About "Procedural Rules" like "Deem and Pass" for Health Care - Political Punch". Blogs.abcnews.com. 2010-03-17. http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2010/03/obama-not-worried-about-procedural-rules-like-deem-and-pass-for-health-care.html. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
- ^ Somashekhar, Sandhya; Kane, Paul (March 18, 2010). "Democrats yet to decide on health-care bill bear the weight of Washington". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/17/AR2010031704184.html. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ David Beardsley (25 March 2010). "Congress Passes Final Tweaking to Health Reform Bill". http://www.wusa9.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=99102. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ Gregg Hitt (25 March 2010). "Congress Approves Final Health Overhaul". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704094104575143603431943646.html. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (March 30, 2010). "The Last Piece in Place". The New York Times. http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/the-last-piece-in-place/. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Montopoli, Brian (March 30, 2010). "Obama Lauds Passage of Education Reform". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20001419-503544.html.
- ^ a b "What would change if student lending legislation passes". The Washington Post. March 26, 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/25/AR2010032503578.html. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Madison, Lucy (2011-10-26). "Who will benefit from Obama's student loan plan?". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20126172-503544/who-will-benefit-from-obamas-student-loan-plan/. Retrieved 2012-5-14.
- ^ Associated Press (30 March 2010). "Q&A: What does student loan overhaul mean for U.S., you?". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/2010-03-30-student-loans_N.htm. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "Obama on 'milestone' education bill". msnbc.com. 2010-03-30. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2010/03/30/2246401.aspx. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
- ^ Khan, Huma; McPhee, Michele; Goldman, Russell (July 24, 2009). "Obama Called Police Officer Who Arrested Gates, Still Sees 'Overreaction' in Arrest". http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=8163051&page=1. Retrieved 07-12-2010.
- ^ Censky, Annalyn (July 21, 2010). "Obama on new law: 'No more taxpayer bailouts'". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2010/07/21/news/economy/obama_signs_wall_street_reform_bill/index.htm. Retrieved 07-22-2010.
- ^ Espo, David; Pace, Julie (November 3, 2010). "Obama Takes Responsibility For Voter Frustration On Election Night". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/11/03/obama-takes-responsibility_n_778302.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ "GOP roars back to take U.S House; Dems cling to Senate Majority". Election Center (CNN). November 3, 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/11/02/election.main/index.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Richardson, Chris (November 4, 2010). "Obama calls midterm elections a 'shellacking' for Democrats". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Elections/Vox-News/2010/1104/Obama-calls-midterm-elections-a-shellacking-for-Democrats. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Norris, Michele; Siegel, Robert (November 3, 2010). "Obama: Midterm Election Was A 'Shellacking'". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131048554. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ "Lack of change you can believe in". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/04/barack_obamas_re-election_campaign.
External links[link]
*"President Barack Obama: The Man and His Journey"
- "Obama's People" (photography: Nadav Kander)
- The Official White House YouTube page
- "President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address". The White House.
- "Wrapping Up Open for Questions". The White House.
- "President Obama's State of the Union Address" C-SPAN.
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http://wn.com/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama
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http://ru.wn.com/Президентство Барака Обамы
http://fr.wn.com/Présidence de Barack Obama
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http://cs.wn.com/Vláda Baracka Obamy
http://es.wn.com/Anexo Administración Obama
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the 41st U.S. president. For the ship named after him, see USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77). For his son, the 43rd U.S. president, see George W. Bush. For other persons of the same name, see George Bush (disambiguation).
| George H. W. Bush | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 41st President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
|
| Vice President | Dan Quayle |
| Preceded by | Ronald Reagan |
| Succeeded by | Bill Clinton |
| 40th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
|
| President | Ronald Reagan |
| Preceded by | Walter Mondale |
| Succeeded by | Dan Quayle |
| 11th Director of Central Intelligence | |
| In office January 30, 1976 – January 20, 1977 |
|
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | William Colby |
| Succeeded by | Stansfield Turner |
| Chief of the Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China | |
| In office September 26, 1974 – December 7, 1975 |
|
| President | Gerald Ford |
| Preceded by | David Bruce |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Gates |
| 48th Chairman of the Republican National Committee | |
| In office 1973–1974 |
|
| Preceded by | Bob Dole |
| Succeeded by | Mary Smith |
| United States Ambassador to the United Nations | |
| In office 1971–1973 |
|
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Charles Yost |
| Succeeded by | John Scali |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 7th district |
|
| In office January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1971 |
|
| Preceded by | John Dowdy |
| Succeeded by | William Archer |
| Personal details | |
| Born | George Herbert Walker Bush (1924-06-12) June 12, 1924 (age 88) Milton, Massachusetts |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Barbara Pierce (1945–present) |
| Children | George Pauline Jeb Neil Marvin Dorothy |
| Alma mater | Yale University |
| Profession | Entrepreneur (Oil) |
| Religion | Episcopal |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Presidential Library and Museum |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1942–1945 |
| Rank |  Lieutenant (junior grade) |
| Unit | Fast Carrier Task Force |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Distinguished Flying Cross Air Medal (3) Presidential Unit Citation |
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 41st President of the United States (1989–93). He had previously served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–89), a congressman, an ambassador, a Director of Central Intelligence, and is currently the oldest surviving president.
Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Senator Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed going to college, enlisted in the US Navy on his 18th birthday, and became the youngest aviator in the Navy at the time.[1][2] He served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, becoming a millionaire by the age of 40.
He became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives, among other positions. He ran unsuccessfully for president of the United States in 1980, but was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be the vice presidential nominee, and the two were subsequently elected. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation and fighting drug abuse.
In 1988, Bush launched a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as president, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency; military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf at a time of world change; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989 and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and after a struggle with Congress, signed an increase in taxes that Congress had passed. In the wake of economic concerns, he lost the 1992 presidential election to Democrat Bill Clinton.
Bush is the father of George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States, and Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida. He is the most recent president to have been a World War II veteran. Until the election of his son George W. Bush to the presidency in 2000, Bush was commonly referred to simply as "George Bush"; since that time, the forms "George H. W. Bush", "Bush 41", "Bush the Elder", and "George Bush, Sr." have come into common use as a way to distinguish the father from the son.
Contents
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Early years[link]
See also: Bush family
George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts[3] on June 12, 1924 to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut shortly after his birth.
Bush began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Beginning in 1936, he attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, where he held a large number of leadership positions including president of the senior class, secretary of the student council, president of the community fund-raising group, a member of the editorial board of the school newspaper, and captain of both the varsity baseball and soccer teams.[4]
World War II[link]
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US Navy,[1] so after graduating from Phillips Academy earlier in 1942,[4] he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. After completing the 10-month course, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve at Corpus Christi, Texas on June 9, 1943, just three days before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date.[1]
He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as the photographic officer in September 1943.[1] The following year, his squadron was based on the USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, where his lanky physique earned him the nickname 'Skin'.[5] During this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II: the Battle of the Philippine Sea.[1]
After Bush's promotion to Lieutenant (junior grade) on August 1, the San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima.[6] His crew for the mission, which occurred on September 2, 1944, included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White.[1] During their attack, the Avengers encountered intense anti-aircraft fire; Bush's aircraft was hit by flak[7] and his engine caught on fire.[1] Despite his plane being on fire, Bush completed his attack and released bombs over his target, scoring several damaging hits.[1] With his engine afire, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft;[7] the other man's parachute did not open.[1] It has not been determined which man bailed out with Bush[1] as both Delaney and White were killed as a result of the battle.[7] Bush waited for four hours in an inflated raft, while several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine USS Finback.[1] For the next month he remained on the Finback, and participated in the rescue of other pilots.
Bush subsequently returned to San Jacinto in November 1944 and participated in operations in the Philippines[1] until his squadron was replaced and sent home to the United States. Through 1944, he flew 58 combat missions[7] for which he received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Presidential Unit Citation awarded to San Jacinto.[1]
Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk Navy Base and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153, based at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan. Upon the Japanese surrender in 1945, Bush was honorably discharged in September of that year.
Marriage and college years[link]
George Bush married Barbara Pierce on January 6, 1945, only weeks after his return from the Pacific. The couple's first residence was a small rented apartment in Trenton, Michigan, near Bush's Navy assignment at NAS Grosse Ile. Their marriage produced six children: George Walker Bush (born 1946), Pauline Robinson Bush ("Robin", 1949–1953, died of leukemia), John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born 1953), Neil Mallon Bush (born 1955), Marvin Pierce Bush (born 1956), and Dorothy Bush Koch (born 1959).[8]
Bush had been accepted to Yale University prior to his enlistment in the military,[9] and took up the offer after his discharge and marriage. While at Yale, he was enrolled in an accelerated program that allowed him to graduate in two and a half years, rather than four.[9] He was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and was elected its president. He also captained the Yale baseball team, and as a left-handed first baseman, played in the first two College World Series.[9] As the team captain, Bush met Babe Ruth before a game during his senior year. He was also, like his father, a member of the Yale cheerleading squad.[10] Late in his junior year he was, like his father Prescott Bush (1917), initiated into the Skull and Bones secret society. He graduated as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa from Yale in 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics.[11]
Business career[link]
After graduating from Yale, Bush moved his family to West Texas. His father's business connections proved useful when he ventured into the oil business, starting as a sales clerk[12] with Dresser Industries,[13] a subsidiary of Brown Brothers Harriman. His father had served on the board of directors there for 22 years. Bush started the Bush-Overby Oil Development company in 1951[14] and co-founded the Zapata Petroleum Corporation, an oil company which drilled in the Permian Basin in Texas, two years later. He was named president of the Zapata Offshore Company, a subsidiary which specialized in offshore drilling, in 1954.[12] The subsidiary became independent in 1958, so Bush moved the company from Midland, Texas to Houston.[13] He continued serving as president of the company until 1964, and later chairman until 1966, but his ambitions turned political.[13] By that time, Bush had become a millionaire.[12]
Political career (1964–1980)[link]
Congressional years[link]
Bush served as Chairman of the Republican Party for Harris County, Texas in 1964, but wanted to be more involved in policy making, so he set his stakes high: he aimed for a US Senate seat from Texas.[13] After winning the Republican primary, Bush faced his opponent, incumbent Democrat Ralph W. Yarborough. Yarborough attacked Bush as a right-wing extremist, and Bush lost the general election. Bush's ticket mate, Jack Crichton of Dallas, lost by a much wider margin in the same election to Governor John B. Connally, Jr. Bush and Crichton had shared some of the same podiums in the campaign.[15] It was suggested in PBS's "American Experience" episode about Bush that he and the Harris County Republicans played a role in the development of the New Republican Party of the late 20th Century. First, Bush worked to absorb the John Birch Society members, who were trying to take over the Republican Party and lead it towards a more anti-Communist direction. Second, during the Civil Rights Movement, Democrats in the South that were committed to segregation left their party, and although the "country club Republicans" had differing ideological beliefs, they found common ground in hoping to expel the Democrats from power.[16]
Bush was elected in 1966 to a House of Representatives seat from the 7th District of Texas, defeating Democrat Frank Briscoe with 57% of the vote;[17] he became the first Republican to represent Houston.[13] His voting record in the House was generally conservative:[13] Bush voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1968, although it was generally unpopular in his district.[13] He supported the Nixon administration's Vietnam policies, but broke with Republicans on the issue of birth control.[13] Despite being a first-term congressman, Bush was appointed to the powerful House Ways and Means Committee,[12] where he voted to abolish the military draft.[12] He was elected to a second term in 1968.[18]
In 1970, Nixon convinced Bush to relinquish his House seat to again run for the Senate against Ralph Yarborough, a fierce Nixon critic. In the Republican primary, Bush easily defeated conservative Robert J. Morris, by a margin of 87.6 percent to 12.4 percent.[19] Nixon came to Texas to campaign in Longview for Bush and his gubernatorial ticket-mate, Paul Eggers, a Dallas lawyer who was a close friend of U.S. Senator John G. Tower.[20] However, former Congressman Lloyd Bentsen, a more moderate Democrat and native of Mission in south Texas, defeated Yarborough in the Democratic primary.[12] Yarborough then endorsed Bentsen, who defeated Bush, 53.4 to 46.6 percent.[21]
Ambassador to the United Nations[link]
Following his 1970 loss, Bush was well known as a prominent Republican businessman from the "Sun Belt", a group of states in the Southern part of the country.[12] Nixon noticed and appreciated the sacrifice Bush had made of his Congressional position,[13] so he appointed him Ambassador to the United Nations.[11] He was confirmed unanimously by the Senate, and served for two years, beginning in 1971.[13]
Chairman of the Republican National Committee[link]
Amidst the Watergate scandal, Nixon asked Bush to become chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1973.[11] Bush accepted, and held this position when the popularity of both Nixon and the Republican Party plummeted.[22] He defended Nixon steadfastly, but later as Nixon's complicity became clear, Bush focused more on defending the Republican Party, while still maintaining loyalty to Nixon.[13] As chairman, Bush formally requested that Nixon eventually resign for the good of the Republican party.[13] Nixon did this on August 9, 1974; Bush noted in his diary that "There was an aura of sadness, like somebody died... The [resignation] speech was vintage Nixon—a kick or two at the press—enormous strains. One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think of the shame... [Ford's swearing-in offered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift."[23]
Envoy to China[link]
Gerald Ford, Nixon's successor, appointed Bush to be Chief of the US Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China. Since the United States at the time maintained official relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and not the People's Republic of China, the Liaison Office did not have the official status of an embassy and Bush did not formally hold the position of "ambassador", though he unofficially acted as one. The time that he spent in China – 14 months – was seen as largely beneficial for US-Chinese relations.[13]
After Ford's accession to the presidency, Bush was under serious consideration for being nominated as Vice President. Ford eventually narrowed his list to Nelson Rockefeller and Bush. However, White House Chief of Staff Donald Rumsfeld reportedly preferred Rockefeller over Bush.[24] Rockefeller was finally named and confirmed.
Bush was again passed over for the vice presidency by Ford when the President chose Bush's future presidential rival Senator Bob Dole to replace Vice President Rockefeller on the 1976 presidential ticket.
Director of Central Intelligence[link]
In 1976, Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become Director of Central Intelligence, replacing William Colby.[25] He served in this role for 357 days, from January 30, 1976 to January 20, 1977.[26] The CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including those based on investigations by the Church Committee regarding illegal and unauthorized activities by the CIA, and Bush was credited with helping to restore the agency's morale.[27] In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave national security briefings to Jimmy Carter both as a Presidential candidate and as President-elect, and discussed the possibility of remaining in that position in a Carter administration,[28] but did not do so.
Other positions[link]
After a Democratic administration took power in 1977, Bush became chairman on the Executive Committee of the First International Bank in Houston.[29] He later spent a year as a part-time professor of Administrative Science at Rice University's Jones School of Business beginning in 1978, the year it opened;[30] Bush said of his time there, "I loved my brief time in the world of academia."[30] Between 1977 and 1979, he was a director of the Council on Foreign Relations foreign policy organization.[31]
1980 presidential campaign[link]
Bush had decided in the late 1970s that he was going to run for president in 1980;[24] in 1979, he attended 850 political events and traveled more than 250,000 miles (400,000 km) to campaign for the nation's highest office.[24] In the contest for the Republican Party nomination, Bush stressed his wide range of government experience, while competing against rivals Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee, Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, Congressman John Anderson of Illinois (who would later run as an independent), Congressman Phil Crane, also of Illinois, former Governor John Connally of Texas, and the front-runner Ronald Reagan, former actor and Governor of California.[24]
In the primary election, Bush focused almost entirely on the Iowa caucuses, while Reagan ran a more traditional campaign.[24] Bush represented the centrist wing in the GOP, whereas Reagan represented conservatives. Bush famously labeled Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts "voodoo economics". His strategy proved useful, to some degree, as he won in Iowa with 31.5 percent to Reagan's 29.4 percent.[24] After the win, Bush stated that his campaign was full of momentum, or "Big Mo".[24] As a result of the loss, Reagan replaced his campaign manager, reorganized his staff, and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary. The two men agreed to a debate in the state, organized by the Nashua Telegraph, but paid for by the Reagan campaign. Reagan invited the other four candidates as well, but Bush refused to debate them, and eventually they left.[24] The debate proved to be a pivotal moment in the campaign; when the moderator, John Breen, ordered Reagan's microphone turned off, his angry response, "I am paying for this microphone", struck a chord with the public.[24] Bush ended up losing New Hampshire's primary with 23 percent to Reagan's 50 percent.[24] Bush lost most of the remaining primaries as well, and formally dropped out of the race in May of that year.[24]
With his political future seeming dismal, Bush sold his house in Houston and bought his grandfather's estate in Kennebunkport, Maine, known as "Walker's Point".[32] At the Republican Convention, however, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.
Vice Presidency (1981–1989)[link]
See also: Presidency of Ronald Reagan
First term (1981–1985)[link]
As Vice President, Bush generally took on a low profile while recognizing the constitutional limits of the office; he avoided decision-making or criticizing Reagan in any way.[24] As had become customary, he and his wife moved into the Vice President's residence at Number One Observatory Circle, about two miles from the White House. The Bushes attended a large number of public and ceremonial events in their positions, including many state funerals, which became a common joke for comedians.[24] Mrs. Bush found the funerals largely beneficial, saying, "George met with many current or future heads of state at the funerals he attended, enabling him to forge personal relationships that were important to President Reagan."[24] As the President of the Senate, Bush stayed in contact with members of Congress, and kept the president informed on occurrences on Capitol Hill.[24]
On March 30, 1981, early into the administration, Reagan was shot and seriously wounded in Washington, D.C. Bush, second in command by the presidential line of succession, was in Dallas, Texas, and flew back to Washington immediately. Reagan's cabinet convened in the White House Situation Room, where they discussed various issues, including the availability of the Nuclear Football. When Bush's plane landed, his aides advised him to proceed directly to the White House by helicopter, as an image of the government still functioning despite the attack.[24] Bush rejected the idea, responding, "Only the President lands on the South Lawn".[24] This made a positive impression on Reagan,[24] who recovered and returned to work within two weeks. From then on, the two men would have regular Thursday lunches in the Oval Office.[24]
In December 1983 Bush flew to El Salvador and warned that country's military leaders to end their death squads and hold fully free elections or face the loss of U.S. aid. Bush's aides feared for his safety and thought about calling the meeting off when they discovered apparent blood stains on the floor of the presidential palace of Álvaro Magaña. Bush was never told of the aides' concerns and a tense meeting was held in which some of Magaña's personnel brandished semiautomatic weapons and refused requests to take them outside.[33]
Bush was assigned by Reagan to chair two special task forces, on deregulation and international drug smuggling. The deregulation task force reviewed hundreds of rules, making specific recommendations on which ones to amend or revise, in order to curb the size of the federal government. The drug smuggling task force coordinated federal efforts to reduce the quantity of drugs entering the US. Both were popular issues with conservatives, and Bush, largely a moderate, began courting them through his work.[24]
Second term (1985–1989)[link]
Reagan and Bush ran for reelection in 1984. The Democratic opponent, Walter Mondale, made history by choosing a woman as his running mate, New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro. She and Bush squared off in a single televised Vice Presidential debate.[34] Serving as a contrast to the Ivy-League educated Bush, Ferraro represented a "blue-collar" district in Queens, New York; this, coupled with her popularity among female journalists, left Bush at a disadvantage.[24] However, the Reagan-Bush ticket won in a landslide against the Mondale-Ferraro ticket. Early into his second term as Vice President, Bush and his aides were planning a run for the presidency in 1988. By the end of 1985, a committee had been established and over two million dollars raised for Bush.[24]
Bush became the first Vice President to become Acting President when, on July 13, 1985, Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon making Bush Acting President for approximately eight hours.
The Reagan administration was shaken by a scandal in 1986, when it was revealed that administration officials had secretly arranged weapon sales to Iran, and had used the proceeds to fund the anticommunist Contras in Nicaragua, a direct violation of the law.[24] When the Iran-Contra Affair, as it became known, broke to the media, Bush, like Reagan, stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the diversion of funds,[35] although this was later questioned.[36] But his own diaries from that time stated "I'm one of the few people that know fully the details ..." He had repeatedly refused to disclose this to investigators.[37] Public opinion polls taken at the time indicated that the public questioned Bush's explanation of being an "innocent bystander" while the trades were occurring; this led to the notion that he was a "wimp".[24] However, his fury during an interview with CBS's Dan Rather largely put the "wimp" issue to rest.[24]
As Vice President, Bush officially opened the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis.
1988 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1988
Bush had been planning a presidential run since as early as 1985,[24] and entered the Republican primary for President of the United States in October 1987. His challengers for the Republican presidential nomination included US Senator Bob Dole of Kansas, US Representative Jack Kemp of New York, former Governor Pete DuPont of Delaware, and conservative Christian televangelist Pat Robertson.
Though considered the early frontrunner for the nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, behind winner Dole and runner-up Robertson.[38] Much like Reagan did in 1980, Bush reorganized his staff and concentrated on the New Hampshire primary.[24] With Dole ahead in New Hampshire, Bush ran television commercials portraying the senator as a tax raiser;[39] he rebounded to win the state's primary. Bush continued seeing victory, winning many Southern primaries as well.[13] Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his.[12]
Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention, there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running mate. Bush chose little-known US Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, favored by conservatives.[12] Despite Reagan's popularity, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Governor of Massachusetts, in most polls.[40]
Bush, occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan,[24] delivered a well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention.[40] Known as the "thousand points of light" speech, this described Bush's vision of America: he endorsed the Pledge of Allegiance, prayer in schools, capital punishment, gun rights, and his opposition to abortion.[40] The speech at the convention included Bush's famous pledge: "Read my lips: no new taxes".[41]
The general election campaign between the two men has been described as one of the nastiest in modern times.[41] Bush blamed Dukakis for polluting the Boston Harbor as the Massachusetts governor.[13] Bush also pointed out that Dukakis was opposed to the law that would require all students to say the Pledge of Allegiance,[12] a topic well covered in Bush's nomination acceptance speech.[40]
Dukakis's unconditional opposition to capital punishment led to a pointed question during the presidential debates. Moderator Bernard Shaw asked Dukakis hypothetically if Dukakis would support the death penalty if his wife, Kitty, were raped and murdered.[42] Dukakis's response of no, as well as the Willie Horton ad, contributed toward Bush's characterization of him as "soft on crime".[13]
Bush defeated Dukakis and his running mate, Lloyd Bentsen, in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Bentsen received one vote from a faithless elector).[41] In the nationwide popular vote, Bush took 53.4 percent of the ballots cast[13] while Dukakis received 45.6 percent. Bush became the first serving Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836[24] as well as the first person to succeed someone from his own party to the Presidency via election to the office in his own right since Herbert Hoover in 1929.
Presidency (1989–1993)[link]
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Bush was inaugurated on January 20, 1989, succeeding Ronald Reagan. He entered office at a period of change in the world; the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Soviet Union came early in his presidency.[2] He ordered military operations in Panama and the Persian Gulf[2] and, at one point, was recorded as having a record-high approval rating of 89 percent.[43] However, economic recession and breaking his "no new taxes" pledge caused a sharp decline in his approval rating, and Bush was defeated in the 1992 election.[2]
In his Inaugural Address, Bush said:
| “ | I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken.[44] | ” |
| The Bush Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Term |
| President | George H. W. Bush | 1989–1993 |
| Vice President | Dan Quayle | 1989–1993 |
| Secretary of State | James Baker | 1989–1992 |
| Lawrence Eagleburger | 1992–1993 | |
| Secretary of Treasury | Nicholas Brady | 1989–1993 |
| Secretary of Defense | Dick Cheney | 1989–1993 |
| Attorney General | Dick Thornburgh | 1989–1991 |
| William Barr | 1991–1993 | |
| Secretary of the Interior | Manuel Lujan | 1989–1993 |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Clayton Yeutter | 1989–1991 |
| Edward Madigan | 1991–1993 | |
| Secretary of Commerce | Robert Mosbacher | 1989–1992 |
| Barbara Hackman Franklin | 1992–1993 | |
| Secretary of Labor | Elizabeth Dole | 1989–1990 |
| Lynn Martin | 1991–1993 | |
| Secretary of Health and Human Services |
Louis Sullivan | 1989–1993 |
| Secretary of Education | Lauro Cavazos | 1989–1990 |
| Lamar Alexander | 1990–1993 | |
| Secretary of Housing and Urban Development |
Jack Kemp | 1989–1993 |
| Secretary of Transportation | Samuel Skinner | 1989–1992 |
| Andrew Card | 1992–1993 | |
| Secretary of Energy | James Watkins | 1989–1993 |
| Secretary of Veterans Affairs | Ed Derwinski | 1989–1993 |
| Chief of Staff | John H. Sununu | 1989–1991 |
| Samuel Skinner | 1991–1992 | |
| James Baker | 1992–1993 | |
| Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency |
William Reilly | 1989–1993 |
| Director of the Office of Management and Budget |
Richard Darman | 1989–1993 |
| Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy |
William Bennett | 1989–1991 |
| Bob Martinez | 1991–1993 | |
| United States Trade Representative | Carla Anderson Hills | 1989–1993 |
Domestic policy[link]
Economy[link]
Early in his term, Bush faced the problem of what to do with leftover deficits spawned by the Reagan years. At $220 billion in 1990, the deficit had grown to three times its size since 1980.[12] Bush was dedicated to curbing the deficit, believing that America could not continue to be a leader in the world without doing so.[12] He began an effort to persuade the Democratic controlled Congress to act on the budget;[12] with Republicans believing that the best way was to cut government spending, and Democrats convinced that the only way would be to raise taxes, Bush faced problems when it came to consensus building.[12]
In the wake of a struggle with Congress, Bush was forced by the Democratic majority to raise tax revenues; as a result, many Republicans felt betrayed because Bush had promised "no new taxes" in his 1988 campaign.[12] Perceiving a means of revenge, Republican congressmen defeated Bush's proposal which would enact spending cuts and tax increases that would reduce the deficit by $500 billion over five years.[12] Scrambling, Bush accepted the Democrats' demands for higher taxes and more spending, which alienated him from Republicans and gave way to a sharp decrease in popularity.[13] Bush would later say that he wished he had never signed the bill.[12] Near the end of the 101st Congress, the president and congressional members reached a compromise on a budget package that increased the marginal tax rate and phased out exemptions for high-income taxpayers.[13] Despite demands for a reduction in the capital gains tax, Bush relented on this issue as well.[13] This agreement with the Democratic leadership in Congress proved to be a turning point in the Bush presidency; his popularity among Republicans never fully recovered.[13]
Coming at around the same time as the budget deal, America entered into a mild recession, lasting for six months.[12] Many government programs, such as welfare, increased.[12] As the unemployment rate edged upward in 1991, Bush signed a bill providing additional benefits for unemployed workers.[13] 1991 was marked by many corporate reorganizations, which laid off a substantial number of workers. Many now unemployed were Republicans and independents, who had believed that their jobs were secure.
By his second year in office, Bush was told by his economic advisors to stop dealing with the economy, as they believed that he had done everything necessary to ensure his reelection.[12] By 1992, interest and inflation rates were the lowest in years, but by midyear the unemployment rate reached 7.8 percent, the highest since 1984.[13] In September 1992, the Census Bureau reported that 14.2 percent of all Americans lived in poverty.[13] At a press conference in 1990, Bush told reporters that he found foreign policy more enjoyable.[12]
Major initiatives[link]
See also: Environmental policy of the United States#The George H. W. Bush Administration (1988–1992)
During a speech to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing, Bush announced a vision to complete Space Station Freedom, resume exploration of the Moon and begin exploration of Mars.[45] Although a space station was eventually constructed–work on the International Space Station began in 1998–other work has been confounded by NASA budgetary issues. In 1998, Bush received the Rotary National Award for Space Achievement's National Space Trophy for his pioneering leadership of the US space program.
Bush signed a number of major laws in his presidency, including the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; this was one of the most pro-civil rights bills in decades.[12] He worked to increase federal spending for education, childcare, and advanced technology research.[12] In dealing with the environment, Bush reauthorized the Clean Air Act, requiring cleaner burning fuels.[12] He quarreled with Congress over an eventually signed bill to aid police in capturing criminals, and signed into law a measure to improve the nation's highway system.[12] Bush signed the Immigration Act of 1990,[46] which increased legal immigration to the United States by 40 percent.[47]
Bush was a Life Member of the National Rifle Association and had campaigned as a "Pro-gun" candidate with the NRA's endorsement in 1988. However, in March 1989 he placed a temporary ban on the import of certain semiautomatic rifles.[48] This action cost him endorsement from the NRA in 1992. Bush publicly resigned his life membership in the organization after losing the election and receiving a form letter from NRA depicting agents of the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms as "jack-booted thugs". He called the NRA letter a "vicious slander on good people".[49]
Judicial appointments[link]
Supreme Court[link]
Main article: George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates
Bush appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
- David Souter – 1990
- Clarence Thomas – 1991
Other courts[link]
Main article: George H. W. Bush judicial appointments
In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 42 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 148 judges to the United States district courts. Among these appointments was Vaughn R. Walker, who would later be revealed to be the earliest known gay federal judge.[50] Bush also experienced a number of judicial appointment controversies, as 11 nominees for 10 federal appellate judgeships were not processed by the Democratic-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee.[51]
Foreign policy[link]
Panama[link]
Main article: United States invasion of Panama
In the 1980s, Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, a once US-supportive leader who was later accused of spying for Fidel Castro and using Panama to traffic drugs into the US, was one of the most recognizable names in the United States, being constantly covered by the press. The struggle to remove him from power began in the Reagan administration,[52] when economic sanctions were imposed on the country;[53] this included prohibiting US companies and government from making payments to Panama and freezing $56 million in Panamanian funds in US banks.[53] Reagan sent more than 2,000 US troops to Panama as well.[53] Unlike Reagan, Bush was able to remove Noriega from power, but his administration's unsuccessful post-invasion planning hindered the needs of Panama during the establishment of the young democratic government.[52]
In May 1989, Panama held democratic elections, in which Guillermo Endara was elected president; the results were then annulled by Noriega's government.[54] In response, Bush sent 2,000 more troops to the country, where they began conducting regular military exercises in Panamanian territory (in violation of prior treaties).[53] Bush then removed an embassy and ambassador from the country, and dispatched additional troops to Panama to prepare the way for an upcoming invasion.[53] Noriega suppressed an October military coup attempt and massive protests in Panama against him, but after a US serviceman was shot by Panamanian forces in December 1989, Bush ordered 24,000 troops into the country with an objective of removing Noriega from power;[54] "Operation Just Cause" was a large-scale American military operation, and the first in more than 40 years that was not Cold War related.[52]
The mission was controversial,[55] but American forces achieved control of the country and Endara assumed the Presidency. Noriega surrendered to the US and was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992.[56] President Bush and First Lady Barbara Bush visited Panama in June 1992, to give support to the first post-invasion Panamanian government.
Soviet Union[link]
See also: Dissolution of the Soviet Union, New world order (politics), A World Transformed, and History of the United States (1988–present)#The end of the Cold War
In 1989, just after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Bush met with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in a conference on the Mediterranean island of Malta. The administration had been under intense pressure to meet with the Soviets,[57] but not all initially found the Malta summit to be a step in the right direction; General Brent Scowcroft, among others, was apprehensive about the meeting, saying that it might be "premature" due to concerns where, according to Dr. Condoleezza Rice, "expectations [would be] set that something was going to happen, where the Soviets might grandstand and force [the US] into agreements that would ultimately not be good for the United States".[57] But European leaders, including François Mitterrand and Margaret Thatcher, encouraged Bush to meet with Gorbachev,[57] something that he did December 2 and 3, 1989.[58] Though no agreements were signed, the meeting was viewed largely as being an important one; when asked about nuclear war, Gorbachev responded, "I assured the President of the United States that the Soviet Union would never start a hot war against the United States of America. And we would like our relations to develop in such a way that they would open greater possibilities for cooperation.... This is just the beginning. We are just at the very beginning of our road, long road to a long-lasting, peaceful period".[59] The meeting was received as a very important step to the end of the Cold War.[60]
Another summit was held in July 1991, where the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) was signed by Bush and Gorbachev in Moscow.[61] The treaty took nine years in the making and was the first major arms agreement since the signing of the Intermediate Ranged Nuclear Forces Treaty by Reagan and Gorbachev in 1987. The contentions in START would reduce the US's and USSR's strategic nuclear weapons by about 35% over seven years, and the Soviet Union's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles would be cut by 50%.[61] Bush described START as "a significant step forward in dispelling half a century of mistrust".[61] After the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, President Bush and Gorbachev declared a US-Russian strategic partnership, marking the end of the Cold War.
Gulf War[link]
Main article: Gulf War
On August 1, 1990, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, Kuwait; Bush condemned the invasion[62] and began rallying opposition to Iraq in the US and among European, Asian, and Middle Eastern allies.[12] Secretary of Defense Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney traveled to Saudi Arabia to meet with King Fahd; Fahd requested US military aid in the matter, fearing a possible invasion of his country as well.[62] The request was met initially with Air Force fighter jets. Iraq made attempts to negotiate a deal that would allow the country to take control of half of Kuwait. Bush rejected this proposal and insisted on a complete withdrawal of Iraqi forces.[12] The planning of a ground operation by US-led coalition forces began forming in September 1990, headed by General Norman Schwarzkopf.[62] Bush spoke before a joint session of the US Congress regarding the authorization of air and land attacks, laying out four immediate objectives: "Iraq must withdraw from Kuwait completely, immediately, and without condition. Kuwait's legitimate government must be restored. The security and stability of the Persian Gulf must be assured. And American citizens abroad must be protected." He then outlined a fifth, long-term objective: "Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective – a new world order – can emerge: a new era – freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, East and West, North and South, can prosper and live in harmony.... A world where the rule of law supplants the rule of the jungle. A world in which nations recognize the shared responsibility for freedom and justice. A world where the strong respect the rights of the weak."[63] With the United Nations Security Council opposed to Iraq's violence, Congress authorized the Use of Military force[62] with a set goal of returning control of Kuwait to the Kuwaiti government, and protecting America's interests abroad.[12]
Early on the morning of January 17, 1991, allied forces launched the first attack, which included more than 4,000 bombing runs by coalition aircraft.[12] This pace would continue for the next four weeks, until a ground invasion was launched on February 24. Allied forces penetrated Iraqi lines and pushed toward Kuwait City while on the west side of the country, forces were intercepting the retreating Iraqi army.[12] Bush made the decision to stop the offensive after a mere 100 hours. Critics labeled this decision premature, as hundreds of Iraqi forces were able to escape; Bush responded by saying that he wanted to minimize US casualties.[12] Opponents further charged that Bush should have continued the attack, pushing Hussein's army back to Baghdad, then removing him from power.[12] Bush explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred incalculable human and political costs.... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq."[64]
Bush's approval ratings skyrocketed after the successful offensive.[12] Additionally, President Bush and Secretary of State Baker felt the coalition victory had increased U.S. prestige abroad and believed there was a window of opportunity to use the political capital generated by the coalition victory to revitalize the Arab-Israeli peace process. The administration immediately returned to Arab-Israeli peacemaking following the end of the Gulf War; this resulted in the Madrid Conference, later in 1991.[65]
Somali Civil War[link]
Main article: Somali Civil War
Faced with a humanitarian disaster in Somalia, exacerbated by a complete breakdown in civil order, the United Nations had created the UNOSOM I mission in April 1992 to aid the situation through humanitarian efforts, though the mission failed.[66] The Bush administration proposed US aid to the region by assisting in creating a secure environment for humanitarian efforts and UN Resolution 794 was unanimously adopted by the Security Council on December 3, 1992.[67] A lame duck president, Bush launched Operation Restore Hope the following day under which the United States would assume command in accordance with Resolution 794.[68] Fighting would escalate and continue into the Clinton administration.[69]
NAFTA[link]
Main article: North American Free Trade Agreement
Bush's administration, along with the Progressive Conservative Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, spearheaded the negotiations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which would eliminate the majority of tariffs on products traded among the United States, Canada, and Mexico, to encourage trade amongst the countries.[70] The treaty also restricts patents, copyrights, and trademarks, and outlines the removal of investment restrictions among the three countries.[70]
The agreement came under heavy scrutiny amongst mainly Democrats, who charged that NAFTA resulted in a loss of US jobs.[12] NAFTA also contained no provisions for labor rights;[71] according to the Bush administration, the trade agreement would generate economic resources necessary to enable Mexico's government to overcome problems of funding and enforcement of its labor laws.[71] Bush needed a renewal of negotiating authority to move forward with the NAFTA trade talks. Such authority would enable the president to negotiate a trade accord that would be submitted to Congress for a vote, thereby avoiding a situation in which the president would be required to renegotiate with trading partners those parts of an agreement that Congress wished to change.[71] While initial signing was possible during his term, negotiations made slow, but steady, progress. President Clinton would go on to make the passage of NAFTA a priority for his administration, despite its conservative and Republican roots – with the addition of two side agreements – to achieve its passage in 1993.[72]
The treaty has since been defended as well as criticized further. The American economy has grown 54 percent since the adoption of NAFTA in 1993, with 25 million new jobs created; this was seen by some as evidence of NAFTA being beneficial to the US.[73] With talk in early 2008 regarding a possible American withdrawal from the treaty, Carlos M Gutierrez, current United States Secretary of Commerce, writes, "Quitting NAFTA would send economic shock waves throughout the world, and the damage would start here at home."[73] But John J Sweeney of The Boston Globe argues that "the US trade deficit with Canada and Mexico ballooned to 12 times its pre-NAFTA size, reaching $111 billion in 2004."[74]
Pardons[link]
Main article: List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush
As other presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On December 24, 1992, he granted executive clemency to six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal of the late 1980s, most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger.[75] Weinberger, who had been scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for criminal charges related to Iran-Contra, was described by Bush as a "true American patriot".[75]
In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Clarridge, Clair E. George, Robert C. McFarlane, Elliott Abrams, and Alan G. Fiers Jr., all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of criminal charges by an Independent Counsel headed by Lawrence Walsh.[76]
Honorary Degrees[link]
1992 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1992
Bush announced his reelection bid in early 1992; with a coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War and high approval ratings, reelection initially looked likely. As a result, many leading Democrats declined to seek their party's presidential nomination. But an economic recession, and doubts of whether Bush ended the Gulf War properly, reduced his popularity.
Conservative political columnist Pat Buchanan challenged Bush for the Republican nomination, and shocked political pundits by finishing second, with 37% of the vote, in the New Hampshire primary.[12] Bush responded by adopting more conservative positions on issues, in an attempt to undermine Buchanan's base.[12] Once he had secured the nomination, Bush faced his challenger, Democrat and Governor of Arkansas William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton. Clinton attacked Bush as not doing enough to assist the working middle-class[12] and being "out of touch" with the common man, a notion reinforced by reporter Andrew Rosenthal's false report that Bush was "astonished" to see a demonstration of a supermarket scanner.[78]
In early 1992, the race took an unexpected twist when Texas billionaire H. Ross Perot launched a third party bid, claiming that neither Republicans nor Democrats could eliminate the deficit and make government more efficient. His message appealed to voters across the political spectrum disappointed with both parties' perceived fiscal irresponsibility.[79] Perot later bowed out of the race for a short time, then reentered.[80]
Clinton had originally been in the lead, until Perot reentered, tightening the race significantly.[81] Nearing election day, polls suggested that the race was a dead-heat,[13] but Clinton pulled out on top, defeating Bush in a 43% to 38% popular vote margin. Perot won 19% of the popular vote, one of the highest totals for a third party candidate in US history, drawing equally from both major candidates, according to exit polls.[12][82] Bush received 168 electoral votes to Clinton's 370.[83]
Several factors were key in Bush's defeat, including agreeing in 1990 to raise taxes despite his famous "Read my lips: no new taxes" pledge. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their support for his re-election. Of the voters who cited Bush's broken "No New Taxes" pledge as "very important", two thirds voted for Bill Clinton.[84] Bush had raised taxes in an attempt to address an increasing budget deficit, which has largely been attributed to the Reagan tax cuts and military spending of the 1980s. In addition to these factors, the ailing economy which arose from recession may have been the main factor in Bush's loss, as 7 in 10 voters said on election day that the economy was either "not so good" or "poor".[85][86] On the eve of the 1992 election against these factors, Bush's approval rating stood at just 37%[87] after suffering low ratings throughout the year.[88] Despite his defeat, Bush climbed back from election day approval levels to leave office in 1993 with a 56% job approval rating.[89]
Public image[link]
George Bush was widely seen as a "pragmatic caretaker" president who lacked a unified and compelling long-term theme in his efforts.[90][91][92] Indeed, Bush's sound bite where he refers to the issue of overarching purpose as "the vision thing" has become a metonym applied to other political figures accused of similar difficulties.[93][94][95][96][97][98] "He does not say why he wants to be there", wrote columnist George Will, "so the public does not know why it should care if he gets his way."[99]
His Ivy League and prep school education led to warnings by advisors that his image was too "preppy" in 1980, which resulted in deliberate efforts in his 1988 campaign to shed the image, including meeting voters at factories and shopping malls, abandoning set speeches.[99]
His ability to gain broad international support for the Gulf War and the war's result were seen as both a diplomatic and military triumph,[100] rousing bipartisan approval,[101] though his decision to withdraw without removing Saddam Hussein left mixed feelings,[102] and attention returned to the domestic front and a souring economy.[102] A The New York Times article mistakenly depicted Bush as being surprised to see a supermarket barcode reader;[78] the report of his reaction exacerbated the notion that he was "out of touch". Amid the Early 1990s recession, his image shifted from "conquering hero" to "politician befuddled by economic matters".[78] And though Bush saw a 34 percent approval rating leading up to the 1992 election, the mood did not last; within a year of his defeat, Bush's approval was up to 56%, and by December 2008 60% of Americans give Bush's presidency a positive rating.[103]
Post-Presidency[link]
Upon leaving office, Bush retired with his wife, Barbara, to their home in the exclusive neighborhood of Tanglewood in Houston, with a presidential office nearby. They spend the summer at Walker's Point in Kennebunkport, Maine. On January 10, 1999, the Bushes became the longest-married Presidential couple in history, outlasting John and Abigail Adams, who were married for 54 years and 3 days. At 66 years in 2011, they still hold the record, by a year and a half, over Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. Bush holds his own fishing tournament in Islamorada, an island in the Florida Keys.
In 1993, Bush was awarded an honorary knighthood (GCB) by Queen Elizabeth II. He was the third American president to receive the honor, the others being Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan.[104]
In 1993, Bush visited Kuwait to commemorate the coalition's victory over Iraq in the Gulf War, where he was targeted in an assassination plot. Kuwaiti authorities arrested 17 people allegedly involved in using a car bomb to kill Bush. Through interviews with the suspects and examinations of the bomb's circuitry and wiring, the FBI established that the plot had been directed by the Iraqi Intelligence Service. A Kuwaiti court later convicted all but one of the defendants. Two months later, in retaliation, Clinton ordered the firing of 23 cruise missiles at Iraqi Intelligence Service headquarters in Baghdad. The day before the strike commenced, U.S. Ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright went before the Security Council to present evidence of the Iraqi plot. After the missiles were fired, Vice President Al Gore said the attack "was intended to be a proportionate response at the place where this plot" to assassinate Bush "was hatched and implemented".[105]
From 1993–1999, he served as the chairman to the board of trustees for Eisenhower Fellowships.
His eldest son, George W. Bush, was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States on January 20, 2001. Through previous administrations, the elder Bush had ubiquitously been known as "George Bush" or "President Bush", but following his son's election the need to distinguish between them has made retronymic forms such as "George H. W. Bush" and "George Bush senior" – and colloquialisms such as "Bush 41" and "Bush the Elder" much more common.
On February 15, 2011, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom—the highest civilian honor in the United States—by President Barack Obama.[106]
Bush has developed Parkinsonism, a vascular disorder which has weakened his legs. In April 2011, he said he was not suffering pain from the disorder.[33][107]
Presidential library[link]
Main article: George Bush Presidential Library
The George Bush Presidential Library is the presidential library named for Bush. This tenth presidential library was built between 1995 and 1997 and contains the presidential and vice-presidential papers of Bush and the vice-presidential papers of Dan Quayle.[108] It was dedicated on November 6, 1997 and opened to the public shortly thereafter; the complex was designed by the architectural firm of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum.
The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on a 90-acre (360,000 m2) site on the west campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. It is situated on a plaza adjoining the Presidential Conference Center and the Texas A&M Academic Center. The Library operates under the administration of the NARA under the provisions of the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955.
Another institute was named in his honor: the George Bush School of Government and Public Service is a graduate public policy school at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas. The graduate school is part of the presidential library complex, and offers four programs: two master's degree programs (Public Service Administration and International Affairs) and two certificate programs (Advanced International Affairs and Homeland Security). The Masters program in International Affairs (MPIA) program offers a choice of concentration on either National Security Affairs or International Economics and Development.
Later activities[link]
Bush continues to make many public appearances. He and Mrs. Bush attended the state funeral of Ronald Reagan in June 2004, and of Gerald Ford in January 2007. One month later, he was awarded the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award in Beverly Hills, California by former First Lady Nancy Reagan. Despite his political differences with Bill Clinton, it has been acknowledged that the two former presidents have become friends.[109] He and Clinton appeared together in television ads in 2005, encouraging aid for victims of Hurricane Katrina and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.[110]
In October 2006, Bush was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), receiving the NIAF One America Award for his work to better the lives of all Americans.
On February 18, 2008, Bush formally endorsed Senator John McCain for the presidency of the United States.[111] The endorsement offered a boost to McCain's campaign, as the Arizona Senator had been facing criticism among many conservatives.[112]
On January 10, 2009, both George H.W. and George W. Bush were present at the commissioning of the USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77), the tenth and last Nimitz-class supercarrier of the United States Navy.[113][114] Bush paid a visit to the carrier again on May 26, 2009.[115]
Electoral history[link]
See also: Electoral history of George H. W. Bush
Notes[link]
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- ^ Adams, Kathy (January 10, 2009). "San Jacinto veterans reunite, recall the one they called 'Skin'". The Virginian Pilot (Landmark Communications). http://hamptonroads.com/2009/01/san-jacinto-veterans-reunite-recall-serving-bush. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ "Story of George H. W. Bush World War II Experience". CNN. December 20, 2003.
- ^ a b c d "History's Youngest Naval Aviator: George H. W. Bush". Mid-Atlantic Air Museum. http://www.maam.org/flightsim/news/tbm_history.htm. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ "George Herbert Walker Bush (1924–)". Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2008. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/bush. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c "School House to White House: The Education of the Presidents". National Archives. Spring 2007. http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/spring/schoolhouse.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2008/jan/28/cheerleading-of-the-20s-epitome-of-masculinity/
- ^ a b c "George Herbert Walker Bush". CNN. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080308132103/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/bush/. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al "George Herbert Walker Bush". George Herbert Walker Bush. MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on October 31, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257036672964347. Retrieved March 29, 2008. Archive copy at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y "Bush, George Herbert Walker". Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on June 15, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080615195838/http://198.181.165.52/article?assetid=0068080-00&templatename=/article/article.html. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
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- ^ Gallup, George W.The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1991, Published 1992, Rowman & Littlefield
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- ^ Carter, Gregg Lee (2002). Volume 1 of Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture, and the Law. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-57607-268-4.
- ^ Tatalovich, Raymond; Byron W. Daynes (1998). Moral controversies in American politics: cases in social regulatory policy (2 ed.). M.E. Sharpe. pp. 168–175. ISBN 978-1-56324-994-5.
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- ^ See Malta Summit for more information
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- ^ Security Council Resolution 794
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- ^ "People of the Year: Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush". ABC News. December 27, 2005. http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/PersonOfWeek/story?id=1446477. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
- ^ "George H. W. Bush Endorses McCain for President". The Washington Post. February 18, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/18/AR2008021800930.html?nav=rss_politics. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ Neuman, Johanna (February 18, 2008). "Former President Bush Endorses McCain". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080314155546/http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-campaign19feb19,0,856707.story. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
- ^ "Future USS George H. W. Bush to Transit". Naval Sea Systems Command Public Affairs. December 18, 2008. http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=41503. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
- ^ Jones, Matthew (January 10, 2009). "Carrier awaits a call to come to life in ceremony today". The Virginian Pilot (Landmark Communications). http://hamptonroads.com/2009/01/carrier-awaits-call-come-life-ceremony-today. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ "Former President Bush Visits Namesake Aircraft Carrier". http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=45678.
Further reading[link]
 |
Book: George H. W. Bush |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Stuckey, Mary E. (1992). Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-94418-2.
- Bush, George H. W. (1999). All the Best, George Bush: My Life in Letters and Other Writings. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-83958-X.
- Bush, George H. W.; Scowcroft, Brent (1998). A World Transformed. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43248-5.
- Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4344-3.
- Duffy, Michael; Goodgame, Dan (1992). Marching in Place : The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-73720-1.
- Fitzwater, Marlin (1995). Call the Briefing. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-7388-3458-0.
- Green, John Robert (2000). The Presidency of George Bush. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0993-8.
- Hyams, Joe (1991). Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic. ISBN 0-15-131469-1.
- Kelley, Kitty (2004). The Family: The True Story of the Bush Dynasty. London: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50324-5.
- Podhoretz, John (1993). Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989–1993. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79648-8.
- Smith, Jean Edward (1992). George Bush's War. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-1388-1.
- Tarpley, Webster G.; Chaitkin, Anton (1991, reprinted 2004). George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography. Washington: Executive Intelligence Review. ISBN 0-930852-92-3.
- UFOs and the Whitehouse (Documentary). History Channel. 25 July 2005. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufo_files#2006_season. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
External links[link]
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- Bush Presidential Library and Museum
- White House biography
- Works by George Bush at Project Gutenberg Note: Contains only Bush's 1990 State of the Union address
- George H. W. Bush at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances on Charlie Rose
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about George H. W. Bush in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Essays on Bush and His Administration
- The President Who Treated Me Like A Son, brief memoir by his personal aide
- Photographs of President George H. W. Bush shaking hands with Philip G. Hoffman at a University of Houston commencement ceremony.
- George Bush at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Bush, George Herbert Walker |
| Alternative names | Bush, George Sr. |
| Short description | 41st president of the United States (1989–1993) |
| Date of birth | 1924-06-12 |
| Place of birth | Milton, Massachusetts, US |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the musician. For his debut album, see Bob Dylan (album).
| Bob Dylan | |
|---|---|
 Dylan onstage at the Azkena Rock Festival, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, June 26, 2010 |
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| Background information | |
| Birth name | Robert Allen Zimmerman |
| Also known as | Elston Gunnn, Blind Boy Grunt, Bob Landy, Robert Milkwood Thomas, Tedham Porterhouse, Lucky/Boo Wilbury, Jack Frost, Sergei Petrov |
| Born | (1941-05-24) May 24, 1941 (age 71) Duluth, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Origin | Hibbing, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Genres | Rock, folk, folk rock, blues, blues rock, country, gospel, country rock |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, producer, visual artist, poet, writer, director, screenwriter |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, harmonica |
| Years active | 1961–present |
| Labels | Columbia, Asylum |
| Associated acts | Joan Baez, The Band, The Byrds, Johnny Cash, Mark Knopfler, Grateful Dead, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Traveling Wilburys |
| Website | bobdylan.com |
Bob Dylan ( /ˈdɪlən/), born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24, 1941, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and artist. He has been an influential figure in popular music and culture for five decades.[1][2] Much of his most celebrated work dates from the 1960s when he was an informal chronicler and a seemingly reluctant figurehead of social unrest. A number of Dylan's early songs, such as "Blowin' in the Wind" and "The Times They Are a-Changin'", became anthems for the US civil rights[3] and anti-war[4] movements. Leaving his initial base in the culture of folk music behind, Dylan's six-minute single "Like a Rolling Stone" has been described as radically altering the parameters of popular music in 1965.[5] However, his recordings employing electric instruments attracted denunciation and criticism from others in the folk movement.
Dylan's lyrics incorporated a variety of political, social, philosophical, and literary influences. They defied existing pop music conventions and appealed hugely to the then burgeoning counterculture. Initially inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie,[6] Robert Johnson,[7] and Hank Williams, as well as the music and performance styles of Buddy Holly and Little Richard,[8] Dylan has both amplified and personalized musical genres. His recording career, spanning fifty years, has explored numerous distinct traditions in American song—from folk, blues and country to gospel, rock and roll, and rockabilly to English, Scottish, and Irish folk music, embracing even jazz and swing.[9]
Dylan performs with guitar, keyboards, and harmonica. Backed by a changing line-up of musicians, he has toured steadily since the late 1980s on what has been dubbed the Never Ending Tour. His accomplishments as a recording artist and performer have been central to his career, but his greatest contribution is generally considered to be his songwriting.[1]
Since 1994, Dylan has published three books of drawings and paintings, and his work has been exhibited in major art galleries.[10][11] As a songwriter and musician, Dylan has received numerous awards over the years including Grammy, Golden Globe, and Academy Awards; he has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. The Pulitzer Prize jury in 2008 awarded him a special citation for "his profound impact on popular music and American culture, marked by lyrical compositions of extraordinary poetic power."[12] In May 2012, Dylan received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama.[13]
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Origins and musical beginnings[link]
Bob Dylan was born "Robert Allen Zimmerman" (Hebrew name שבתאי זיסאל בן אברהם [Shabtai Zisel ben Avraham])[14][15] in St. Mary's Hospital on May 24, 1941, in Duluth, Minnesota,[16][17] and raised in Hibbing, Minnesota, on the Mesabi Iron Range west of Lake Superior. His paternal grandparents, Zigman and Anna Zimmerman, emigrated from Odessa in the Russian Empire (now Ukraine) to the United States following the anti-Semitic pogroms of 1905.[18] His maternal grandparents, Benjamin and Lybba Edelstein, were Lithuanian Jews who arrived in the United States in 1902.[18] In his autobiography Chronicles: Volume One, Dylan writes that his paternal grandmother's maiden name was Kyrgyz and her family originated from Kars, Turkey.[19]
Dylan's parents, Abram Zimmerman and Beatrice "Beatty" Stone, were part of the area's small but close-knit Jewish community. Robert Zimmerman lived in Duluth until age six, when his father was stricken with polio and the family returned to his mother's home town, Hibbing, where Zimmerman spent the rest of his childhood. Robert Zimmerman spent much of his youth listening to the radio—first to blues and country stations broadcasting from Shreveport, Louisiana and, later, to early rock and roll.[8] He formed several bands while he attended Hibbing High School. The Shadow Blasters was short-lived, but his next, The Golden Chords, lasted longer and played covers of Little Richard rock and roll[20] and other popular songs.[21] Their performance of Danny and the Juniors' "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay" at their high school talent show was so loud that the principal cut the microphone off.[22] In 1959, his high school yearbook carried, beneath his photo, the caption: "Robert Zimmerman: to join 'Little Richard'."[20][23] The same year, using the name Elston Gunnn [sic], he performed two dates with Bobby Vee, playing piano and providing handclaps.[24][25][26]
Zimmerman moved to Minneapolis in September 1959 and enrolled at the University of Minnesota, where his early focus on rock and roll gave way to an interest in American folk music. In 1985, Dylan explained the attraction that folk music had exerted on him:
The thing about rock'n'roll is that for me anyway it wasn't enough ... There were great catch-phrases and driving pulse rhythms ... but the songs weren't serious or didn't reflect life in a realistic way. I knew that when I got into folk music, it was more of a serious type of thing. The songs are filled with more despair, more sadness, more triumph, more faith in the supernatural, much deeper feelings.[27]
He soon began to perform at the 10 O'clock Scholar, a coffee house a few blocks from campus, and became actively involved in the local Dinkytown folk music circuit.[28][29]
During his Dinkytown days, Zimmerman began introducing himself as "Bob Dylan".[30] In his autobiography, Dylan acknowledged that he had been influenced by the poetry of Dylan Thomas.[31][a 1] Explaining his change of name in a 2004 interview, Dylan remarked: "You're born, you know, the wrong names, wrong parents. I mean, that happens. You call yourself what you want to call yourself. This is the land of the free."[32]
1960s[link]
Relocation to New York and record deal[link]
Dylan dropped out of college at the end of his freshman year. In January 1961, he traveled to New York City, hoping to perform there and visit his musical idol Woody Guthrie,[33] who was seriously ill with Huntington's Disease in Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital.[34] Guthrie had been a revelation to Dylan and was the biggest influence on his early performances. Describing Guthrie's impact on him, Dylan later wrote: "The songs themselves had the infinite sweep of humanity in them ... [He] was the true voice of the American spirit. I said to myself I was going to be Guthrie's greatest disciple."[35] As well as visiting Guthrie in the hospital, Dylan befriended Guthrie's acolyte Ramblin' Jack Elliott. Much of Guthrie's repertoire was actually channeled through Elliott, and Dylan paid tribute to Elliott in Chronicles (2004).[36]
From February 1961, Dylan played at various clubs around Greenwich Village. He befriended and picked up material from many folk singers in the Village scene, including Dave Van Ronk, Fred Neil, Odetta, the New Lost City Ramblers, and Irish musicians Tommy Makem and the Clancy Brothers.[37] Dylan later described Liam Clancy as "the best ballad singer I ever heard."[38] In September, Dylan gained some public recognition when Robert Shelton wrote a positive review in The New York Times of a show at Gerde's Folk City.[39] The same month Dylan played harmonica on folk singer Carolyn Hester's eponymous third album, which brought his talents to the attention of the album's producer, John Hammond.[40] Hammond signed Dylan to Columbia Records in October. The performances on his first Columbia album, Bob Dylan (1962), consisted of familiar folk, blues and gospel material combined with two original compositions. The album made little impact, selling only 5,000 copies in its first year, just enough to break even.[41] Within Columbia Records, some referred to the singer as "Hammond's Folly" and suggested dropping his contract. Hammond defended Dylan vigorously. In March 1962, Dylan contributed harmonica and back-up vocals to the album Three Kings and the Queen, accompanying Victoria Spivey and Big Joe Williams on a recording for Spivey Records.[42] While working for Columbia, Dylan also recorded several songs under the pseudonym Blind Boy Grunt,[43] for Broadside Magazine, a folk music magazine and record label.[44] Dylan used the pseudonym Bob Landy to record as a piano player on the 1964 anthology album, The Blues Project, issued by Elektra Records.[43] Under the pseudonym Tedham Porterhouse, Dylan contributed harmonica to Ramblin' Jack Elliott's 1964 album Jack Elliott.[43]
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Blowin' in the Wind was, according to critic Andy Gill, "the song with which Dylan's name is most inextricably linked, and safeguarded his reputation as a civil libertarian through any number of changes in style and attitude."[45]
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Dylan made two important career moves in August 1962. He legally changed his name to Bob Dylan,[46] and signed a management contract with Albert Grossman.[47] Grossman remained Dylan's manager until 1970, and was notable both for his sometimes confrontational personality, and for the fiercely protective loyalty he displayed towards his principal client.[48] Dylan subsequently said of Grossman, "He was kind of like a Colonel Tom Parker figure ... you could smell him coming."[29] Tensions between Grossman and John Hammond led to Hammond being replaced as the producer of Dylan's second album by the young African American jazz producer Tom Wilson.[49]
From December 1962 to January 1963, Dylan made his first trip to the United Kingdom.[50] He had been invited by TV director Philip Saville to appear in a drama, The Madhouse on Castle Street, which Saville was directing for BBC Television.[51] At the end of the play, Dylan performed "Blowin' in the Wind", one of the first major public performances of the song.[52] The film recording of The Madhouse on Castle Street was destroyed by the BBC in 1968.[51] While in London, Dylan performed at several London folk clubs, including Les Cousins, The Pinder of Wakefield,[53] and Bunjies.[50] He also learned new songs from several UK performers, including Martin Carthy.[50]
By the time Dylan's second album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan, was released in May 1963, he had begun to make his name as both a singer and a songwriter. Many of the songs on this album were labeled protest songs, inspired partly by Guthrie and influenced by Pete Seeger's passion for topical songs.[54] "Oxford Town", for example, was a sardonic account of James Meredith's ordeal as the first black student to risk enrollment at the University of Mississippi.[55]
His most famous song at this time, "Blowin' in the Wind", partially derived its melody from the traditional slave song "No More Auction Block", while its lyrics questioned the social and political status quo.[56] The song was widely recorded and became an international hit for Peter, Paul and Mary, setting a precedent for many other artists who had hits with Dylan's songs. "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" was based on the tune of the folk ballad "Lord Randall". With its veiled references to nuclear apocalypse, it gained even more resonance when the Cuban missile crisis developed only a few weeks after Dylan began performing it.[57] Like "Blowin' in the Wind", "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall" marked an important new direction in modern songwriting, blending a stream-of-consciousness, imagist lyrical attack with a traditional folk form.[58]
While Dylan's topical songs solidified his early reputation, Freewheelin' also included a mixture of love songs and jokey, surreal talking blues. Humor was a large part of Dylan's persona,[59] and the range of material on the album impressed many listeners, including The Beatles. George Harrison said, "We just played it, just wore it out. The content of the song lyrics and just the attitude—it was incredibly original and wonderful."[60]
The rough edge of Dylan's singing was unsettling to some early listeners but an attraction to others. Describing the impact that Dylan had on her and her husband, Joyce Carol Oates wrote: "When we first heard this raw, very young, and seemingly untrained voice, frankly nasal, as if sandpaper could sing, the effect was dramatic and electrifying."[61] Many of his most famous early songs first reached the public through more immediately palatable versions by other performers, such as Joan Baez, who became Dylan's advocate, as well as his lover.[62] Baez was influential in bringing Dylan to national and international prominence by recording several of his early songs and inviting him onstage during her own concerts.[63]
Others who recorded and had hits with Dylan's songs in the early and mid-1960s included The Byrds; Sonny and Cher; The Hollies; Peter, Paul and Mary; The Association; Manfred Mann; and The Turtles. Most attempted to impart a pop feel and rhythm to the songs, while Dylan and Baez performed them mostly as sparse folk pieces. The cover versions became so ubiquitous that CBS started to promote him with the tag "Nobody Sings Dylan Like Dylan."[64]
"Mixed Up Confusion", recorded during the Freewheelin' sessions with a backing band, was released as a single and then quickly withdrawn. In contrast to the mostly solo acoustic performances on the album, the single showed a willingness to experiment with a rockabilly sound. Cameron Crowe described it as "a fascinating look at a folk artist with his mind wandering towards Elvis Presley and Sun Records."[65]
[edit] Protest and Another Side
In May 1963, Dylan's political profile was raised when he walked out of The Ed Sullivan Show. During rehearsals, Dylan had been informed by CBS Television's "head of program practices" that the song he was planning to perform, "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", was potentially libelous to the John Birch Society. Rather than comply with the censorship, Dylan refused to appear on the program.[66]
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Dylan said of "The Times They Are a-Changin'": "This was definitely a song with a purpose. I wanted to write a big song, some kind of theme song, with short concise verses that piled up on each other in a hypnotic way. The civil rights movement and the folk music movement were pretty close and allied together at that time."[27]
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By this time, Dylan and Baez were both prominent in the civil rights movement, singing together at the March on Washington on August 28, 1963.[67] Dylan's third album, The Times They Are a-Changin', reflected a more politicized and cynical Dylan.[68] The songs often took as their subject matter contemporary, real life stories, with "Only A Pawn In Their Game" addressing the murder of civil rights worker Medgar Evers; and the Brechtian "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" the death of black hotel barmaid Hattie Carroll, at the hands of young white socialite William Zantzinger.[69] On a more general theme, "Ballad of Hollis Brown" and "North Country Blues" address the despair engendered by the breakdown of farming and mining communities. This political material was accompanied by two personal love songs, "Boots of Spanish Leather" and "One Too Many Mornings".[70]
By the end of 1963, Dylan felt both manipulated and constrained by the folk and protest movements.[71] These tensions were publicly displayed when, accepting the "Tom Paine Award" from the National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee shortly after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, an intoxicated Dylan brashly questioned the role of the committee, characterized the members as old and balding, and claimed to see something of himself (and of every man) in Kennedy's alleged assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald.[72]
Another Side of Bob Dylan, recorded on a single June evening in 1964,[73] had a lighter mood than its predecessor. The surreal, humorous Dylan reemerged on "I Shall Be Free #10" and "Motorpsycho Nightmare". "Spanish Harlem Incident" and "To Ramona" are romantic and passionate love songs, while "Black Crow Blues" and "I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)" suggest the rock and roll soon to dominate Dylan's music. "It Ain't Me Babe", on the surface a song about spurned love, has been described as a rejection of the role his reputation had thrust at him.[74] His newest direction was signaled by two lengthy songs: the impressionistic "Chimes of Freedom", which sets elements of social commentary against a denser metaphorical landscape in a style later characterized by Allen Ginsberg as "chains of flashing images,"[75] and "My Back Pages", which attacks the simplistic and arch seriousness of his own earlier topical songs and seems to predict the backlash he was about to encounter from his former champions as he took a new direction.[76]
In the latter half of 1964 and 1965, Dylan's appearance and musical style changed rapidly, as he made his move from leading contemporary songwriter of the folk scene to folk-rock pop-music star. His scruffy jeans and work shirts were replaced by a Carnaby Street wardrobe, sunglasses day or night, and pointy "Beatle boots". A London reporter wrote: "Hair that would set the teeth of a comb on edge. A loud shirt that would dim the neon lights of Leicester Square. He looks like an undernourished cockatoo."[77] Dylan also began to spar in increasingly surreal ways with his interviewers. Appearing on the Les Crane TV show and asked about a movie he was planning to make, he told Crane it would be a cowboy horror movie. Asked if he played the cowboy, Dylan replied, "No, I play my mother."[78]
Going electric[link]
Main article: Electric Dylan controversy
Dylan's April 1965 album Bringing It All Back Home was yet another stylistic leap,[79] featuring his first recordings made with electric instruments. The first single, "Subterranean Homesick Blues", owed much to Chuck Berry's "Too Much Monkey Business";[80] its free association lyrics have been described as both harkening back to the manic energy of Beat poetry and as a forerunner of rap and hip-hop.[81] The song was provided with an early music video which opened D. A. Pennebaker's cinéma vérité presentation of Dylan's 1965 tour of England, Dont Look Back.[82] Instead of miming to the recording, Dylan illustrated the lyrics by throwing cue cards containing key words from the song on the ground. Pennebaker has said the sequence was Dylan's idea, and it has been widely imitated in both music videos and advertisements.[83]
The B side of Bringing It All Back Home consisted of four long songs on which Dylan accompanied himself on acoustic guitar and harmonica.[84] "Mr. Tambourine Man" quickly became one of Dylan's best known songs when The Byrds recorded an electric version that reached number one in both the U.S. and the U.K. charts.[85][86] "It's All Over Now Baby Blue" and "It's Alright Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)" were acclaimed as two of Dylan's most important compositions.[84][87]
In the summer of 1965, as the headliner at the Newport Folk Festival, Dylan performed his first electric set since his high school days with a pickup group drawn mostly from the Paul Butterfield Blues Band, featuring Mike Bloomfield (guitar), Sam Lay (drums) and Jerome Arnold (bass), plus Al Kooper (organ) and Barry Goldberg (piano).[88] Dylan had appeared at Newport in 1963 and 1964, but in 1965 Dylan, met with a mix of cheering and booing, left the stage after only three songs. One version of the legend has it that the boos were from the outraged folk fans whom Dylan had alienated by appearing, unexpectedly, with an electric guitar. Murray Lerner, who filmed the performance, said: "I absolutely think that they were booing Dylan going electric."[89] An alternative account claims audience members were merely upset by poor sound quality and a surprisingly short set. This account is supported by Kooper and one of the directors of the festival, who reports his audio recording of the concert proves that the only boos were in reaction to the emcee's announcement that there was only enough time for a short set.[90][91]
Nevertheless, Dylan's 1965 Newport performance provoked a hostile response from the folk music establishment.[92][93] In the September issue of Sing Out!, singer Ewan MacColl wrote: "Our traditional songs and ballads are the creations of extraordinarily talented artists working inside disciplines formulated over time... 'But what of Bobby Dylan?' scream the outraged teenagers... Only a completely non-critical audience, nourished on the watery pap of pop music, could have fallen for such tenth-rate drivel."[94] On July 29, just four days after his controversial performance at Newport, Dylan was back in the studio in New York, recording "Positively 4th Street". The lyrics teemed with images of vengeance and paranoia,[95] and it was widely interpreted as Dylan's put-down of former friends from the folk community—friends he had known in the clubs along West 4th Street.[96]
[edit] Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde on Blonde
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Dylan's 1965 hit single, which appeared on the album Highway 61 Revisited. In 2004, it was labelled the Greatest Song of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine.[97]
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In July 1965, Dylan released the single "Like a Rolling Stone", which peaked at No.2 in the U.S. and at No.4 in the UK charts. At over six minutes, the song has been widely credited with altering attitudes about what a pop single could convey. Bruce Springsteen, in his speech during Dylan's inauguration into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame said that on first hearing the single, "that snare shot sounded like somebody'd kicked open the door to your mind".[98] In 2004, and again in 2011, Rolling Stone Magazine listed it as number one on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[97][99] The song also opened Dylan's next album, Highway 61 Revisited, titled after the road that led from Dylan's Minnesota to the musical hotbed of New Orleans.[100] The songs were in the same vein as the hit single, flavored by Mike Bloomfield's blues guitar and Al Kooper's organ riffs. "Desolation Row" offers the sole acoustic exception, with Dylan making surreal allusions to a variety of figures in Western culture during this epic song, which was described by Andy Gill as "an 11-minute epic of entropy, which takes the form of a Fellini-esque parade of grotesques and oddities featuring a huge cast of celebrated characters, some historical (Einstein, Nero), some biblical (Noah, Cain and Abel), some fictional (Ophelia, Romeo, Cinderella), some literary (T.S. Eliot and Ezra Pound), and some who fit into none of the above categories, notably Dr. Filth and his dubious nurse."[101]
In support of the record, Dylan was booked for two U.S. concerts and set about assembling a band. Mike Bloomfield was unwilling to leave the Butterfield Band, so Dylan mixed Al Kooper and Harvey Brooks from his studio crew with Robbie Robertson and Levon Helm, best known at the time for being part of Ronnie Hawkins's backing band The Hawks (later to become The Band).[102] On August 28 at Forest Hills Tennis Stadium, the group was heckled by an audience still annoyed by Dylan's electric sound. The band's reception on September 3 at the Hollywood Bowl was more favorable.[103]
While Dylan and the Hawks met increasingly receptive audiences on tour, their studio efforts floundered. Producer Bob Johnston persuaded Dylan to record in Nashville in February 1966, and surrounded him with a cadre of top-notch session men. At Dylan's insistence, Robertson and Kooper came down from New York City to play on the sessions.[104] The Nashville sessions produced the double-album Blonde on Blonde (1966), featuring what Dylan later called "that thin wild mercury sound".[105] Al Kooper described the album as "taking two cultures and smashing them together with a huge explosion": the musical world of Nashville and the world of the "quintessential New York hipster" Bob Dylan.[106]
On November 22, 1965, Dylan secretly married 25-year-old former model Sara Lownds.[107] Some of Dylan's friends (including Ramblin' Jack Elliott) claim that, in conversation immediately after the event, Dylan denied that he was married.[107] Journalist Nora Ephron first made the news public in the New York Post in February 1966 with the headline "Hush! Bob Dylan is wed."[108]
Dylan undertook a world tour of Australia and Europe in the spring of 1966. Each show was split into two parts. Dylan performed solo during the first half, accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and harmonica. In the second half, backed by the Hawks, he played high voltage electric music. This contrast provoked many fans, who jeered and slow handclapped.[109] The tour culminated in a famously raucous confrontation between Dylan and his audience at the Manchester Free Trade Hall in England on May 17, 1966.[110] An official recording of this concert was finally released in 1998: The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966. At the climax of the evening, a member of the audience, angered by Dylan's electric backing, shouted: "Judas!" to which Dylan responded, "I don't believe you ... You're a liar!" Dylan turned to his band and said, "Play it fucking loud!"[111] as they launched into the final song of the night—"Like a Rolling Stone."
During his 1966 tour, Dylan was frequently described as exhausted and acting "as if on a death trip".[112] D. A. Pennebaker, the film maker accompanying the tour, described Dylan as "taking a lot of amphetamine and who-knows-what-else."[113] In a 1969 interview with Jann Wenner, Dylan said, "I was on the road for almost five years. It wore me down. I was on drugs, a lot of things... just to keep going, you know?"[114] In 2011, BBC Radio 4 reported that, in an interview which Robert Shelton had taped in 1966, Dylan claimed that he had kicked a heroin habit in New York City: "I got very, very strung out for a while... I had about a $25-a-day habit and I kicked it."[115] Some journalists questioned the validity of this confession, pointing out that Dylan had "been telling journalists wild lies about his past since the earliest days of his career."[116][117]
Motorcycle accident and reclusion[link]
After his European tour, Dylan returned to New York, but the pressures on him increased. ABC Television had paid an advance for a TV show they could screen.[118] His publisher, Macmillan, was demanding a finished manuscript of the poem/novel Tarantula. Manager Albert Grossman had already scheduled an extensive concert tour for that summer and fall.
On July 29, 1966, Dylan crashed his 500cc Triumph Tiger 100 motorcycle on a road near his home in Woodstock, New York, throwing him to the ground. Though the extent of his injuries were never fully disclosed, Dylan said that he broke several vertebrae in his neck.[119] Mystery still surrounds the circumstances of the accident since no ambulance was called to the scene and Dylan was not hospitalized.[119] Dylan's biographers have written that the crash offered Dylan the much-needed chance to escape from the pressures that had built up around him.[119][120] Dylan confirmed this interpretation of the crash when he stated in his autobiography, "I had been in a motorcycle accident and I'd been hurt, but I recovered. Truth was that I wanted to get out of the rat race."[121] In the wake of his accident, Dylan withdrew from the public and, apart from a few select appearances, did not tour again for almost eight years.[122]
Once Dylan was well enough to resume creative work, he began editing film footage of his 1966 tour for Eat the Document, a rarely exhibited follow-up to Dont Look Back. A rough-cut was shown to ABC Television and was promptly rejected as incomprehensible to a mainstream audience.[123] In 1967 he began recording music with the Hawks at his home and in the basement of the Hawks' nearby house, called "Big Pink".[124] These songs, initially compiled as demos for other artists to record, provided hit singles for Julie Driscoll ("This Wheel's on Fire"), The Byrds ("You Ain't Goin' Nowhere", "Nothing Was Delivered"), and Manfred Mann ("Mighty Quinn"). Columbia belatedly released selections from them in 1975 as The Basement Tapes. Over the years, more and more of the songs recorded by Dylan and his band in 1967 appeared on various bootleg recordings, culminating in a five-CD bootleg set titled The Genuine Basement Tapes, containing 107 songs and alternate takes.[125] In the coming months, the Hawks recorded the album Music from Big Pink using songs they first worked on in their basement in Woodstock, and renamed themselves The Band,[126] thus beginning a long and successful recording and performing career of their own.
In October and November 1967, Dylan returned to Nashville.[127] Back in the recording studio after a 19-month break, he was accompanied only by Charlie McCoy on bass,[128] Kenny Buttrey on drums,[129] and Pete Drake on steel guitar.[130] The result was John Wesley Harding, a quiet, contemplative record of shorter songs, set in a landscape that drew on both the American West and the Bible. The sparse structure and instrumentation, coupled with lyrics that took the Judeo-Christian tradition seriously, marked a departure not only from Dylan's own work but from the escalating psychedelic fervor of the 1960s musical culture.[131] It included "All Along the Watchtower", with lyrics derived from the Book of Isaiah (21:5–9). The song was later recorded by Jimi Hendrix, whose version Dylan later acknowledged as definitive.[27] Woody Guthrie died on October 3, 1967, and Dylan made his first live appearance in twenty months at a Guthrie memorial concert held at Carnegie Hall on January 20, 1968, where he was backed by The Band.
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"Lay Lady Lay", on the country album Nashville Skyline, has been one of Dylan's biggest hits, reaching No.7 in the U.S.A.[132]
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Dylan's next release, Nashville Skyline (1969), was virtually a mainstream country record featuring instrumental backing by Nashville musicians, a mellow-voiced Dylan, a duet with Johnny Cash, and the hit single "Lay Lady Lay."[133] Variety magazine wrote, "Dylan is definitely doing something that can be called singing. Somehow he has managed to add an octave to his range."[134] Dylan and Cash also recorded a series of duets, but only their recording of Dylan's "Girl from the North Country" was used on the album.
In May 1969, Dylan appeared on the first episode of Johnny Cash's new television show, duetting with Cash on "Girl from the North Country", "I Threw It All Away" and "Living the Blues". Dylan next travelled to England to top the bill at the Isle of Wight rock festival on August 31, 1969, after rejecting overtures to appear at the Woodstock Festival far closer to his home.[135]
1970s[link]
In the early 1970s, critics charged that Dylan's output was of varied and unpredictable quality. Rolling Stone magazine writer Greil Marcus notoriously asked "What is this shit?" on first listening to Self Portrait, released in June 1970.[136][137] In general, Self Portrait, a double LP including few original songs, was poorly received.[138] In October 1970, Dylan released New Morning, which some considered a return to form.[139] In November 1968, Dylan had co-written "I'd Have You Anytime" with George Harrison;[140] Harrison recorded both "I'd Have You Anytime" and Dylan's "If Not For You" for his 1970 solo triple album All Things Must Pass. Dylan's surprise appearance at Harrison's 1971 Concert for Bangladesh attracted much media coverage, reflecting that Dylan's live appearances had become rare.[141]
Between March 16 and 19, 1971, Dylan reserved three days at Blue Rock Studios, a small studio in New York's Greenwich Village. These sessions resulted in one single, "Watching the River Flow", and a new recording of "When I Paint My Masterpiece".[70] On November 4, 1971 Dylan recorded "George Jackson", which he released a week later.[70] For many, the single was a surprising return to protest material, mourning the killing of Black Panther George Jackson in San Quentin Prison that summer.[142] Dylan contributed piano and harmony vocals to Steve Goodman's album, Somebody Else's Troubles, under the pseudonym Robert Milkwood Thomas in September 1972.[143]
In 1972, Dylan signed onto Sam Peckinpah's film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid, providing songs and backing music for the movie, and playing the role of "Alias", a member of Billy's gang with some historical basis.[144] Despite the film's failure at the box office, the song "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" has proven its durability as one of Dylan's most extensively covered songs.[145][146]
Return to touring[link]
Dylan began 1973 by signing with a new record label, David Geffen's Asylum Records, when his contract with Columbia Records expired. On his next album, Planet Waves, he used The Band as backing group, while rehearsing for a major tour. The album included two versions of "Forever Young", which became one of his most popular songs.[147] As one critic described it, the song projected "something hymnal and heartfelt that spoke of the father in Dylan",[148] and Dylan himself commented: "I wrote it thinking about one of my boys and not wanting to be too sentimental."[149] Biographer Howard Sounes noted that Jakob Dylan believed the song was about him.[147]
Columbia Records simultaneously released Dylan, a haphazard collection of studio outtakes (almost exclusively cover songs), which was widely interpreted as a churlish response to Dylan's signing with a rival record label.[150] In January 1974, Dylan returned to live touring after a break of seven years; backed by The Band, he embarked on a high-profile, coast-to-coast North American tour, playing 40 concerts. A live double album of the tour, Before the Flood, was released on Asylum Records. Soon, Columbia Records sent word that they "will spare nothing to bring Dylan back into the fold".[151] Dylan had second thoughts about Asylum, apparently miffed that while there had been millions of unfulfilled ticket requests for the 1974 tour, Geffen had managed to sell only 700,000 copies of Planet Waves.[151] Dylan returned to Columbia Records, which subsequently reissued his two Asylum albums on their imprint.
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Dylan said of the opening song from Blood on the Tracks: "I was trying to deal with the concept of time, and the way the characters change from the first person to the third person, and you're never sure if the first person is talking or the third person. But as you look at the whole thing it really doesn't matter."[27]
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After the tour, Dylan and his wife became publicly estranged. He filled a small red notebook with songs about relationships and ruptures, and quickly recorded a new album entitled Blood on the Tracks in September 1974.[152] Dylan delayed the album's release, however, and re-recorded half of the songs at Sound 80 Studios in Minneapolis with production assistance from his brother David Zimmerman.[153]
Released in early 1975, Blood on the Tracks received mixed reviews. In the NME, Nick Kent described "the accompaniments [as] often so trashy they sound like mere practice takes."[154] In Rolling Stone, reviewer Jon Landau wrote that "the record has been made with typical shoddiness."[154] However, over the years critics have come to see it as one of Dylan's greatest achievements, perhaps the only serious rival to his mid-1960s trilogy of albums. In Salon.com, Bill Wyman wrote: "Blood on the Tracks is his only flawless album and his best produced; the songs, each of them, are constructed in disciplined fashion. It is his kindest album and most dismayed, and seems in hindsight to have achieved a sublime balance between the logorrhea-plagued excesses of his mid-1960s output and the self-consciously simple compositions of his post-accident years."[155] Novelist Rick Moody called it "the truest, most honest account of a love affair from tip to stern ever put down on magnetic tape."[156]
That summer Dylan wrote a lengthy ballad championing the cause of boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, who had been imprisoned for a triple murder committed in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1966. After visiting Carter in jail, Dylan wrote "Hurricane", presenting the case for Carter's innocence. Despite its 8:32 minute length, the song was released as a single, peaking at No.33 on the U.S. Billboard Chart, and performed at every 1975 date of Dylan's next tour, the Rolling Thunder Revue, named after the Shoshone medicine man, shaman, teacher, and activist Rolling Thunder.[157][158] The tour was a varied evening of entertainment featuring about one hundred performers and supporters drawn from the resurgent Greenwich Village folk scene, including T-Bone Burnett, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Joni Mitchell,[159][160] David Mansfield, Roger McGuinn, Mick Ronson, Joan Baez, and violinist Scarlet Rivera, whom Dylan discovered while she was walking down the street, her violin case hanging on her back.[161] Allen Ginsberg accompanied the troupe, staging scenes for the film Dylan was simultaneously shooting. Sam Shepard was initially hired to write the film's screenplay, but ended up accompanying the tour as informal chronicler.[162]
Running through late 1975 and again through early 1976, the tour encompassed the release of the album Desire, with many of Dylan's new songs featuring an almost travelogue-like narrative style, showing the influence of his new collaborator, playwright Jacques Levy.[163][164] The spring 1976 half of the tour was documented by a TV concert special, Hard Rain, and the LP Hard Rain; no concert album from the better-received and better-known opening half of the tour was released until 2002's Live 1975.[165]
The fall 1975 tour with the Revue also provided the backdrop to Dylan's nearly four-hour film Renaldo and Clara, a sprawling and improvised narrative, mixed with concert footage and reminiscences. Released in 1978, the movie received generally poor, sometimes scathing, reviews and had a very brief theatrical run.[166][167] Later in that year, Dylan allowed a two-hour edit, dominated by the concert performances, to be more widely released.[168]
In November 1976, Dylan appeared at The Band's "farewell" concert, along with other guests including Joni Mitchell, Muddy Waters, Van Morrison and Neil Young. Martin Scorsese's acclaimed cinematic chronicle of this show, The Last Waltz, was released in 1978 and included about half of Dylan's set.[169] In 1976, Dylan also wrote and duetted on the song "Sign Language" for Eric Clapton's No Reason To Cry.[170]
In 1978, Dylan embarked on a year-long world tour, performing 114 shows in Japan, the Far East, Europe and the US, to a total audience of two million people. For the tour, Dylan assembled an eight piece band, and was also accompanied by three backing singers. Concerts in Tokyo in February and March were recorded and released as the live double album, Bob Dylan At Budokan.[171] Reviews were mixed. Robert Christgau awarded the album a C+ rating, giving the album a derisory review,[172] while Janet Maslin defended it in Rolling Stone, writing: "These latest live versions of his old songs have the effect of liberating Bob Dylan from the originals."[173] When Dylan brought the tour to the US in September 1978, he was dismayed the press described the look and sound of the show as a 'Las Vegas Tour'.[174] The 1978 tour grossed more than $20 million, and Dylan acknowledged to the Los Angeles Times that he had some debts to pay off because "I had a couple of bad years. I put a lot of money into the movie, built a big house ... and it costs a lot to get divorced in California."[171]
In April and May 1978, Dylan took the same large band and backing vocalists into Rundown Studios, a rehearsal space Dylan had rented in Santa Monica, California, to record an album of new material: Street-Legal.[175] It was described by Michael Gray as, "after Blood On The Tracks, arguably Dylan's best record of the 1970s: a crucial album documenting a crucial period in Dylan's own life".[176] However, it suffered from poor sound recording and mixing (attributed to Dylan's studio practices), muddying the instrumental detail until a remastered CD release in 1999 restored some of the songs' strengths.[177]
Born-again period[link]
Further information: Slow Train Coming
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Dylan took five months off at the beginning of 1979 to attend Bible school.[27] His subsequent album Slow Train Coming reached No.3 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and included this Grammy-winning song.
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In the late 1970s, Dylan became a born-again Christian[178][179][180] and released two albums of Christian gospel music. Slow Train Coming (1979) featured the guitar accompaniment of Mark Knopfler (of Dire Straits) and was produced by veteran R&B producer, Jerry Wexler. Wexler recalled that when Dylan had tried to evangelize him during the recording, he replied: "Bob, you're dealing with a sixty-two-year old Jewish atheist. Let's just make an album."[181] The album won Dylan a Grammy Award as "Best Male Vocalist" for the song "Gotta Serve Somebody". The second evangelical album, Saved (1980), received mixed reviews, and was described by Dylan critic Michael Gray as "the nearest thing to a follow-up album Dylan has ever made, Slow Train Coming II and inferior."[182] When touring from the fall of 1979 through the spring of 1980, Dylan would not play any of his older, secular works, and he delivered declarations of his faith from the stage, such as:
Years ago they ... said I was a prophet. I used to say, "No I'm not a prophet" they say "Yes you are, you're a prophet." I said, "No it's not me." They used to say "You sure are a prophet." They used to convince me I was a prophet. Now I come out and say Jesus Christ is the answer. They say, "Bob Dylan's no prophet." They just can't handle it.[183]
Dylan's embrace of born-again Christianity was unpopular with some of his fans and fellow musicians.[184] Shortly before his murder, John Lennon recorded "Serve Yourself" in response to Dylan's "Gotta Serve Somebody".[185] By 1981, Stephen Holden wrote in the New York Times that "neither age (he's now 40) nor his much-publicized conversion to born-again Christianity has altered his essentially iconoclastic temperament."[186]
1980s[link]
In the fall of 1980 Dylan briefly resumed touring for a series of concerts billed as "A Musical Retrospective", where he restored several of his popular 1960s songs to the repertoire. Shot of Love, recorded the next spring, featured Dylan's first secular compositions in more than two years, mixed with explicitly Christian songs; the song "Every Grain of Sand" reminded some critics of William Blake's verses.[187]
In the 1980s the reception of Dylan's recorded work varied, from the well-regarded Infidels in 1983 to the panned Down in the Groove in 1988. Critics such as Michael Gray condemned Dylan's 1980s albums both for showing an extraordinary carelessness in the studio and for failing to release his best songs.[188] For example, the Infidels recording sessions, which again employed Mark Knopfler on lead guitar and also as the album's producer, resulted in several notable songs which Dylan left off the album. Most well regarded of these were "Blind Willie McTell", a tribute to the dead blues musician and an evocation of African American history,[189] "Foot of Pride" and "Lord Protect My Child". These three songs were later released on The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991.[190]
Between July 1984 and March 1985, Dylan recorded his next studio album, Empire Burlesque.[191] Arthur Baker, who had remixed hits for Bruce Springsteen and Cyndi Lauper, was asked to engineer and mix the album. Baker has said he felt he was hired to make Dylan's album sound "a little bit more contemporary".[191]
Dylan sang on USA for Africa's famine relief fundraising single "We Are the World". On July 13, 1985, he appeared at the climax at the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia. Backed by Keith Richards and Ronnie Wood, Dylan performed a ragged version of "Hollis Brown", his ballad of rural poverty, and then said to the worldwide audience exceeding one billion people: "I hope that some of the money ... maybe they can just take a little bit of it, maybe ... one or two million, maybe ... and use it to pay the mortgages on some of the farms and, the farmers here, owe to the banks."[192] His remarks were widely criticized as inappropriate, but they did inspire Willie Nelson to organize a series of events, Farm Aid, to benefit debt-ridden American farmers.[193]
In April 1986, Dylan made a brief foray into the world of rap music when he added vocals to the opening verse of "Street Rock", a song featured on Kurtis Blow's album Kingdom Blow.[194] Dylan's next studio album, Knocked Out Loaded, was released in July 1986 and contained three cover songs (by Little Junior Parker, Kris Kristofferson and the traditional gospel hymn "Precious Memories"), plus three collaborations with other writers (Tom Petty, Sam Shepard and Carole Bayer Sager), and two solo compositions by Dylan. One reviewer commented that "the record follows too many detours to be consistently compelling, and some of those detours wind down roads that are indisputably dead ends. By 1986, such uneven records weren't entirely unexpected by Dylan, but that didn't make them any less frustrating."[195] It was the first Dylan album since Freewheelin' (1963) to fail to make the Top 50.[196] Since then, some critics have called the 11-minute epic that Dylan co-wrote with Sam Shepard, 'Brownsville Girl', a work of genius.[197]
In 1986 and 1987, Dylan toured extensively with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, sharing vocals with Petty on several songs each night. Dylan also toured with The Grateful Dead in 1987, resulting in a live album Dylan & The Dead. This album received some very negative reviews: Allmusic said, "Quite possibly the worst album by either Bob Dylan or the Grateful Dead."[198] After performing with these musical permutations, Dylan initiated what came to be called The Never Ending Tour on June 7, 1988, performing with a tight back-up band featuring guitarist G. E. Smith. Dylan would continue to tour with a small, constantly evolving band for the next 20 years.[70]
In 1987, Dylan starred in Richard Marquand's movie Hearts of Fire, in which he played Billy Parker, a washed-up-rock-star-turned-chicken farmer whose teenage lover (Fiona) leaves him for a jaded English synth-pop sensation (played by Rupert Everett).[199] Dylan also contributed two original songs to the soundtrack—"Night After Night", and "I Had a Dream About You, Baby", as well as a cover of John Hiatt's "The Usual". The film was a critical and commercial flop.[200] Dylan was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in January 1988, with Bruce Springsteen's introductory speech declaring, "Bob freed your mind the way Elvis freed your body. He showed us that just because music was innately physical did not mean that it was anti-intellectual.[201]
When Dylan released the album Down in the Groove in May 1988, it was even more unsuccessful in its sales than his previous studio album.[202] Michael Gray wrote: "The very title undercuts any idea that inspired work may lie within. Here was a further devaluing of the notion of a new Bob Dylan album as something significant."[203] The critical and commercial disappointment of that album was swiftly followed by the success of the Traveling Wilburys. Dylan co-founded the band with George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison, and Tom Petty, and in the fall of 1988 their multi-platinum Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 reached number three on the US album chart,[202] featuring songs that were described as Dylan's most accessible compositions in years.[204] Despite Orbison's death in December 1988, the remaining four recorded a second album in May 1990, which they released with the unexpected title Traveling Wilburys Vol. 3.[205]
Dylan finished the decade on a critical high note with Oh Mercy produced by Daniel Lanois. Dylan critic Michael Gray wrote that the album was: "Attentively written, vocally distinctive, musically warm, and uncompromisingly professional, this cohesive whole is the nearest thing to a great Bob Dylan album in the 1980s."[203][206] The track "Most of the Time", a lost love composition, was later prominently featured in the film High Fidelity, while "What Was It You Wanted?" has been interpreted both as a catechism and a wry comment on the expectations of critics and fans.[207] The religious imagery of "Ring Them Bells" struck some critics as a re-affirmation of faith.[208]
1990s[link]
Dylan's 1990s began with Under the Red Sky (1990), an about-face from the serious Oh Mercy. The album contained several apparently simple songs, including "Under the Red Sky" and "Wiggle Wiggle". The album was dedicated to "Gabby Goo Goo"; this was later explained as a nickname for the daughter of Dylan and Carolyn Dennis, Desiree Gabrielle Dennis-Dylan, who was four at that time.[209] Sidemen on the album included George Harrison, Slash from Guns N' Roses, David Crosby, Bruce Hornsby, Stevie Ray Vaughan, and Elton John. Despite the stellar line-up, the record received bad reviews and sold poorly.[210]
In 1991, Dylan was honored by the recording industry with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award from American actor Jack Nicholson.[211] The event coincided with the start of the Gulf War against Saddam Hussein, and Dylan performed his song "Masters of War".[212] Dylan then made a short speech that startled some of the audience.[212]
The next few years saw Dylan returning to his roots with two albums covering old folk and blues numbers: Good as I Been to You (1992) and World Gone Wrong (1993), featuring interpretations and acoustic guitar work. Many critics and fans commented on the quiet beauty of the song "Lone Pilgrim",[213] penned by a 19th century teacher and sung by Dylan with a haunting reverence. In November 1994 Dylan recorded two live shows for MTV Unplugged. He claimed his wish to perform a set of traditional songs for the show was overruled by Sony executives who insisted on a greatest hits package.[214] The album produced from it, MTV Unplugged, included "John Brown", an unreleased 1963 song detailing the ravages of both war and jingoism.
With a collection of songs reportedly written while snowed-in on his Minnesota ranch,[215] Dylan booked recording time with Daniel Lanois at Miami's Criteria Studios in January 1997. The subsequent recording sessions were, by some accounts, fraught with musical tension.[216] Late that spring, before the album's release, Dylan was hospitalized with a life-threatening heart infection, pericarditis, brought on by histoplasmosis. His scheduled European tour was cancelled, but Dylan made a speedy recovery and left the hospital saying, "I really thought I'd be seeing Elvis soon."[217] He was back on the road by midsummer, and in early fall performed before Pope John Paul II at the World Eucharistic Conference in Bologna, Italy. The Pope treated the audience of 200,000 people to a homily based on Dylan's lyric "Blowin' in the Wind".[218]
September saw the release of the new Lanois-produced album, Time Out of Mind. With its bitter assessment of love and morbid ruminations, Dylan's first collection of original songs in seven years was highly acclaimed. One critic wrote: "the songs themselves are uniformly powerful, adding up to Dylan's best overall collection in years."[219] This collection of complex songs won him his first solo "Album of the Year" Grammy Award.[220]
In December 1997, U.S. President Bill Clinton presented Dylan with a Kennedy Center Honor in the East Room of the White House, paying this tribute: "He probably had more impact on people of my generation than any other creative artist. His voice and lyrics haven't always been easy on the ear, but throughout his career Bob Dylan has never aimed to please. He's disturbed the peace and discomforted the powerful."[221]
2000s[link]
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Dylan's Oscar winning song was featured in the movie Wonder Boys. The line "sapphire-tinted skies" echoes the verse of Shelley[222] while "forty miles of bad road" echoes Duane Eddy's hit single.
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Dylan commenced the new millennium by winning his first Oscar; his song "Things Have Changed", penned for the film Wonder Boys, won an Academy Award in March 2001.[223] The Oscar (by some reports a facsimile) tours with him, presiding over shows perched atop an amplifier.[224]
"Love and Theft" was released on September 11, 2001. Recorded with his touring band, Dylan produced the album himself under the pseudonym Jack Frost.[225] The album was critically well received and earned nominations for several Grammy awards.[226] Critics noted that Dylan was widening his musical palette to include rockabilly, Western swing, jazz, and even lounge ballads.[227] "Love and Theft" generated controversy when The Wall Street Journal pointed out similarities between the album's lyrics and Japanese author Junichi Saga's book Confessions of a Yakuza.[228][229]
In 2003, Dylan revisited the evangelical songs from his "born again" period and participated in the CD project Gotta Serve Somebody: The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan. That year also saw the release of the film Masked & Anonymous, which Dylan co-wrote with director Larry Charles under the alias Sergei Petrov.[230] Dylan played the central character in the film, Jack Fate, alongside a cast which included Jeff Bridges, Penelope Cruz and John Goodman. The film polarised critics: many dismissed it as an "incoherent mess";[231][232] a few treated it as a serious work of art.[233][234]
In October 2004, Dylan published the first part of his autobiography, Chronicles: Volume One. The book confounded expectations.[235] Dylan devoted three chapters to his first year in New York City in 1961–1962, virtually ignoring the mid-1960s when his fame was at its height. He also devoted chapters to the albums New Morning (1970) and Oh Mercy (1989). The book reached number two on The New York Times' Hardcover Non-Fiction best seller list in December 2004 and was nominated for a National Book Award.[236]
No Direction Home, Martin Scorsese's acclaimed film biography of Dylan,[237] was first broadcast on September 26–27, 2005, on BBC Two in the UK and PBS in the US.[238] The documentary focuses on the period from Dylan's arrival in New York in 1961 to his motorcycle crash in 1966, featuring interviews with Suze Rotolo, Liam Clancy, Joan Baez, Allen Ginsberg, Pete Seeger, Mavis Staples, and Dylan himself. The film received a Peabody Award in April 2006[239] and a Columbia-duPont Award in January 2007.[240] The accompanying soundtrack featured unreleased songs from Dylan's early career.
Dylan earned yet another distinction in a 2007 study of US legal opinions and briefs that found his lyrics were quoted by judges and lawyers more than those of any other songwriter, 186 times versus 74 by The Beatles, who were second. Among those quoting Dylan were US Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Antonin Scalia, both conservatives. The most widely cited lines included "you don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows" from "Subterranean Homesick Blues" and "when you ain't got nothing, you got nothing to lose" from "Like a Rolling Stone".[241][242]
[edit] Modern Times (2006–08)
May 3, 2006, was the premiere of Dylan's radio presenting career, hosting a weekly radio program, Theme Time Radio Hour, for XM Satellite Radio, with song selections revolving around a chosen theme.[243][244] Dylan played classic and obscure records from the 1930s to the present day, including contemporary artists as diverse as Blur, Prince, L.L. Cool J and The Streets. The show was praised by fans and critics as "great radio," as Dylan told stories and made eclectic references with his sardonic humor, while achieving a thematic beauty with his musical choices.[245][246] In April 2009, Dylan broadcast the 100th show in his radio series; the theme was "Goodbye" and the final record played was Woody Guthrie's "So Long, It's Been Good To Know Yuh". This has led to speculation that Dylan's radio series may have ended.[247]
On August 29, 2006, Dylan released his Modern Times album. Despite some coarsening of Dylan's voice (a critic for The Guardian characterised his singing on the album as "a catarrhal death rattle"[248]) most reviewers praised the album, and many described it as the final installment of a successful trilogy, embracing Time Out of Mind and "Love and Theft".[249] Modern Times entered the U.S. charts at number one, making it Dylan's first album to reach that position since 1976's Desire.[250] The New York Times published an article exploring similarities between some of Dylan's lyrics in Modern Times and the work of the Civil War poet Henry Timrod.[251]
Nominated for three Grammy Awards, Modern Times won Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album and Bob Dylan also won Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for "Someday Baby". Modern Times was named Album of the Year, 2006, by Rolling Stone magazine,[252] and by Uncut in the UK.[253] On the same day that Modern Times was released the iTunes Music Store released Bob Dylan: The Collection, a digital box set containing all of his albums (773 tracks in total), along with 42 rare and unreleased tracks.[254]
In August 2007, the award-winning film biography of Dylan I'm Not There, written and directed by Todd Haynes, was released—bearing the tagline "inspired by the music and many lives of Bob Dylan".[255][256] The movie uses six distinct characters to represent different aspects of Dylan's life, played by Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Marcus Carl Franklin, Richard Gere, Heath Ledger and Ben Whishaw.[256][257] Dylan's previously unreleased 1967 recording from which the film takes its name[258] was released for the first time on the film's original soundtrack; all other tracks are covers of Dylan songs, specially recorded for the movie by a diverse range of artists, including Eddie Vedder, Mason Jennings, Stephen Malkmus, Jeff Tweedy, Karen O, Willie Nelson, Cat Power, Richie Havens, and Tom Verlaine.[259]
On October 1, 2007, Columbia Records released the triple CD retrospective album Dylan, anthologising his entire career under the Dylan 07 logo.[260] As part of this campaign, Mark Ronson produced a re-mix of Dylan's 1966 tune "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)", which was released as a maxi-single. This was the first time Dylan had sanctioned a re-mix of one of his classic recordings.[261]
The sophistication of the Dylan 07 marketing campaign was a reminder that Dylan's commercial profile had risen considerably since the 1990s. This first became evidenced in 2004, when Dylan appeared in a TV advertisement for Victoria's Secret lingerie.[262] Three years later, in October 2007, he participated in a multi-media campaign for the 2008 Cadillac Escalade.[263][264] Then, in 2009, he gave the highest profile endorsement of his career, appearing with rapper Will.i.am in a Pepsi ad that debuted during the telecast of Super Bowl XLIII.[265] The ad, broadcast to a record audience of 98 million viewers, opened with Dylan singing the first verse of "Forever Young" followed by Will.i.am doing a hip hop version of the song's third and final verse.[266]
In October 2008, Columbia released Volume 8 of Dylan's Bootleg Series, Tell Tale Signs: Rare And Unreleased 1989–2006 as both a two-CD set and a three-CD version with a 150-page hardcover book. The set contains live performances and outtakes from selected studio albums from Oh Mercy to Modern Times, as well as soundtrack contributions and collaborations with David Bromberg and Ralph Stanley.[267] The pricing of the album—the two-CD set went on sale for $18.99 and the three-CD version for $129.99—led to complaints about "rip-off packaging" from some fans and commentators.[268][269] The release was widely acclaimed by critics.[270] The abundance of alternative takes and unreleased material suggested to Uncut's reviewer: "Tell Tale Signs is awash with evidence of (Dylan's) staggering mercuriality, his evident determination even in the studio to repeat himself as little as possible."[271]
[edit] Together Through Life, Christmas in the Heart (2009)
Bob Dylan released his album Together Through Life on April 28, 2009. In a conversation with music journalist Bill Flanagan, published on Dylan's website, Dylan explained that the genesis of the record was when French film director Olivier Dahan asked him to supply a song for his new road movie, My Own Love Song; initially only intending to record a single track, "Life Is Hard," "the record sort of took its own direction".[272] Nine of the ten songs on the album are credited as co-written by Bob Dylan and Robert Hunter.[273]
The album received largely favorable reviews,[274] although several critics described it as a minor addition to Dylan's canon of work. Andy Gill wrote in The Independent that the record "features Dylan in fairly relaxed, spontaneous mood, content to grab such grooves and sentiments as flit momentarily across his radar. So while it may not contain too many landmark tracks, it's one of the most naturally enjoyable albums you'll hear all year."[275]
In its first week of release, the album reached number one in the Billboard 200 chart in the U.S.,[276] making Bob Dylan (67 years of age) the oldest artist to ever debut at number one on that chart.[276] It also reached number one on the UK album chart, 39 years after Dylan's previous UK album chart topper New Morning. This meant that Dylan currently holds the record for the longest gap between solo number one albums in the UK chart.[277]
On October 13, 2009, Dylan released a Christmas album, Christmas in the Heart, comprising such Christmas standards as "Little Drummer Boy", "Winter Wonderland" and "Here Comes Santa Claus".[278] Dylan's royalties from the sale of this album will benefit the charities Feeding America in the USA, Crisis in the UK, and the World Food Programme.[279]
The album received generally favorable reviews.[280] The New Yorker commented that Dylan had welded a pre-rock musical sound to "some of his croakiest vocals in a while", and speculated that Dylan's intentions might be ironic: "Dylan has a long and highly publicized history with Christianity; to claim there's not a wink in the childish optimism of 'Here Comes Santa Claus' or 'Winter Wonderland' is to ignore a half-century of biting satire."[281] In USA Today, Edna Gundersen pointed out that Dylan was "revisiting yuletide styles popularized by Nat King Cole, Mel Tormé, and the Ray Conniff Singers." Gundersen concluded that Dylan "couldn't sound more sentimental or sincere".[282]
In an interview published in The Big Issue, journalist Bill Flanagan asked Dylan why he had performed the songs in a straightforward style, and Dylan responded: "There wasn't any other way to play it. These songs are part of my life, just like folk songs. You have to play them straight too."[283]
2010s[link]
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 Dylan performs "The Times they are a-Changin'" at a White House celebration of music from the Civil Rights era, February 9, 2010.
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On October 18, 2010, Dylan released Volume 9 of his Bootleg Series, The Witmark Demos. This comprised 47 demo recordings of songs taped between 1962 and 1964 for Dylan's earliest music publishers: Leeds Music in 1962, and Witmark Music from 1962 to 1964. One reviewer described the set as "a kind of alternate early history of Dylan's songwriting process, 'writing five new songs before breakfast,' as he once famously quipped".[284] The critical aggregator website Metacritic awarded the album a Metascore of 86, indicating "universal acclaim".[285] In the same week, Sony Legacy released Bob Dylan: The Original Mono Recordings, a box set which for the first time presented Dylan's eight earliest albums, from Bob Dylan (1962) to John Wesley Harding (1967), in their original mono mix in the CD format, accompanied by new liner notes by Dylan critic Greil Marcus.[286]
On April 12, 2011, Legacy Recordings released Bob Dylan in Concert – Brandeis University 1963 . The recording was taped at Brandeis University on May 10, 1963, two weeks prior to the release of The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. The tape had been discovered in the archive of music writer Ralph J. Gleason, and had previously been available as a limited edition supplement to The Bootleg Series Vol. 9. The recording carries liner notes by Dylan scholar Michael Gray, who writes: "(The) Dylan performance it captured, from way back when Kennedy was President and the Beatles hadn't yet reached America, wasn't even on fans' radar.... It reveals him not at any Big Moment but giving a performance like his folk club sets of the period... This is the last live performance we have of Bob Dylan before he becomes a star."[287]
The extent to which his work was studied at an academic level was demonstrated on Dylan's 70th birthday on May 24, 2011, when three universities organised symposia on his work. The University of Mainz,[288] the University of Vienna,[289] and the University of Bristol[290] invited literary critics and cultural historians from Europe and the US to give papers on aspects of Dylan's work. Other events, including tribute bands, intellectual debates and simple singalongs, took place around the world, as reported in The Guardian: "From Moscow to Madrid, Norway to Northampton and Malaysia to his home state of Minnesota, self-confessed "Bobcats" will gather today to celebrate the 70th birthday of a giant of popular music."[291]
On October 4, 2011, Dylan's label, Egyptian Records, released an album of previously unheard Hank Williams songs, The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams. Dylan had helped to curate this project, in which songs unfinished when Williams died in 1953 were completed and recorded by a variety of artists, including Dylan himself, his son Jakob Dylan, Levon Helm, Norah Jones, Jack White, and others.[292][293]
On December 10, 2011, to mark International Human Rights Day, Amnesty International announced they would release a 4-CD set, Chimes of Freedom: Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International, to mark the 50th anniversary of the international human rights organization in January 2012.[294] The album contains 76 newly recorded cover versions of songs by Dylan, contributed by more than 80 artists.[295] Included on the album are "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" performed by both Kesha and the Kronos Quartet, Pete Townshend performing "Corrina Corrina", Sinéad O'Connor performing "Property of Jesus", and Lucinda Williams performing "Tryin' to Get to Heaven". Helen Garrett, director of special projects for Amnesty International, said: "Chimes of Freedom is an abundance of riches. It's fair to say that the collection shows how deeply musicians feel about the beauty of Dylan's music—across generations—and how passionate they are about supporting human rights."[295] The 4-CD set of Chimes of Freedom entered the Nielsen SoundScan chart at No. 11, and at No. 39, as it was also released in a 2-CD version by Starbucks.[296]
Never Ending Tour[link]
Main article: Never Ending Tour
The Never Ending Tour commenced on June 7, 1988,[297] and Dylan has played roughly 100 dates a year for the entirety of the 1990s and the 2000s (decade)—a heavier schedule than most performers who started out in the 1960s.[298] By the end of 2010, Dylan and his band had played more than 2300 shows,[299] anchored by long-time bassist Tony Garnier, multi-instrumentalist Donnie Herron and guitarist Charlie Sexton. To the dismay of some of his audience,[300] Dylan's performances remain unpredictable as he alters his arrangements and changes his vocal approach night after night.[301] Critical opinion about Dylan's shows remains divided. Critics such as Richard Williams and Andy Gill have argued that Dylan has found a successful way to present his rich legacy of material.[302][303] Others have criticised his onstage vocal style for mangling and spitting out "the greatest lyrics ever written so that they are effectively unrecognisable",[304] and a perceived indifference towards his audience.[305]
Dylan's performances in China in April 2011 generated controversy. Some criticised him for not making any explicit comment on the political situation in China, and for, allegedly, allowing the Chinese authorities to censor his set-list.[306][307] Others defended Dylan's performances, arguing that such criticism represented a misunderstanding of Dylan's art, and that no evidence for the censorship of Dylan's set-list existed.[308][309] Dylan responded to these allegations of censorship by posting a statement on his website: "As far as censorship goes, the Chinese government had asked for the names of the songs that I would be playing. There's no logical answer to that, so we sent them the set lists from the previous 3 months. If there were any songs, verses or lines censored, nobody ever told me about it and we played all the songs that we intended to play."[310]
The 2012 leg of Dylan's Never Ending Tour began on April 15, 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This is the 25th year of the Never Ending Tour. The tour starts in South America where Dylan is scheduled to perform in Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico.[311][312] In the summer, Dylan is scheduled to visit Europe. He returns to Kent, England, on June 30, to perform at the Hop Farm Festival; Dylan previously performed there on July 3, 2010.[313] He will appear as a headliner at the 46th Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland on July 8, 2012.[314]
Artist[link]
Over a decade after Random House had published Drawn Blank (1994), a book of Dylan's drawings, an exhibit of his art, The Drawn Blank Series, opened in October 2007 at the Kunstsammlungen in Chemnitz, Germany.[11] This first public exhibition of Dylan's paintings showcased more than 200 watercolors and gouaches made earlier in 2007 from the original drawings. The exhibition coincided with the publication of the book Bob Dylan: The Drawn Blank Series, which includes 170 reproductions from the series.[11][315][10] From September 2010 until April 2011, the National Gallery of Denmark exhibited 40 large-scale acrylic paintings by Dylan, The Brazil Series.[316][317]
In July 2011, a leading contemporary art gallery, Gagosian Gallery, announced their representation of Dylan's paintings.[318] An exhibition of Dylan's art, The Asia Series, opened at the Gagosian Madison Avenue Gallery on September 20, displaying Dylan's paintings of scenes in China and the Far East.[319] The New York Times reported that "some fans and Dylanologists have raised questions about whether some of these paintings are based on the singer’s own experiences and observations, or on photographs that are widely available and were not taken by Mr. Dylan."[320] The Times pointed to close resemblances between Dylan's paintings and six historic photos of Japan and China which had been posted on the Flickr website.[321] Dylan's paintings also appeared to be based on photographs taken by Dmitri Kessel, Henri Cartier-Bresson, and Jacob Aue Sobol. The Magnum photo agency confirmed that Dylan had licensed the reproduction rights of these photographs.[322]
Discography[link]
Main article: Bob Dylan discography
The discography lists 34 studio albums, 58 singles, 13 live albums, 9 albums comprising The Bootleg Series, and 14 compilation albums. It also includes three home videos, a bibliography, and a filmography.
Awards[link]
Main article: List of awards received by Bob Dylan
Dylan has won many awards throughout his career including 11 Grammy Awards, one Academy Award and one Golden Globe Award; He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. In May 2012, Dylan was one out of thirteen honorees to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[323]
Personal life[link]
Family[link]
Dylan married Sara Lownds on November 22, 1965. Their first child, Jesse Byron Dylan, was born on January 6, 1966, and they had three more children: Anna Lea (born July 11, 1967), Samuel Isaac Abraham (born July 30, 1968), and Jakob Luke (born December 9, 1969). Dylan also adopted Sara's daughter from a prior marriage, Maria Lownds (later Dylan, born October 21, 1961). Maria married musician Peter Himmelman in 1988.[324] In the 1990s, Dylan's son Jakob became well known as the lead singer of the band The Wallflowers. Jesse Dylan is a film director and a successful businessman. Bob and Sara Dylan were divorced on June 29, 1977.[325]
In June 1986, Dylan married his longtime backup singer Carolyn Dennis (often professionally known as Carol Dennis).[326] Their daughter, Desiree Gabrielle Dennis-Dylan, was born on January 31, 1986. The couple divorced in October 1992. Their marriage and child remained a closely guarded secret until the publication of Howard Sounes' Dylan biography, Down the Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan in 2001.[327] Dylan now lives in Malibu, California, when not on the road.[328] In total, Bob Dylan has six children (five biological and one adopted) and eleven grandchildren as of 2011.
Religious beliefs[link]
Growing up in Hibbing, Minnesota, Dylan and his family were part of the area's small but close-knit Jewish community, and in May 1954 Dylan had his Bar Mitzvah.[329] Around the time of his 30th birthday, in 1971, Dylan visited Israel, and also met Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the New York-based Jewish Defense League.[330] Time Magazine quoted Dylan saying about Kahane, "He's a really sincere guy. He's really put it all together."[331] Subsequently, Dylan downplayed the extent of his contact with Kahane.[332]
For a period during the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dylan was a public convert to Christianity. From January to April 1979, he participated in Bible study classes at the Vineyard School of Discipleship in Reseda, California. Pastor Kenn Gulliksen has recalled: "Larry Myers and Paul Emond went over to Bob's house and ministered to him. He responded by saying, 'Yes he did in fact want Christ in his life.' And he prayed that day and received the Lord."[333][334]
By 1984, Dylan was distancing himself from the "born-again" label. He told Kurt Loder of Rolling Stone magazine: "I've never said I'm born again. That's just a media term. I don't think I've been an agnostic. I've always thought there's a superior power, that this is not the real world and that there's a world to come." In response to Loder's asking whether he belonged to any Church or synagogue, Dylan laughingly replied, "Not really. Uh, the Church of the Poison Mind."[335] In 1997 he told David Gates of Newsweek:
| “ | Here's the thing with me and the religious thing. This is the flat-out truth: I find the religiosity and philosophy in the music. I don't find it anywhere else. Songs like "Let Me Rest on a Peaceful Mountain" or "I Saw the Light"—that's my religion. I don't adhere to rabbis, preachers, evangelists, all of that. I've learned more from the songs than I've learned from any of this kind of entity. The songs are my lexicon. I believe the songs.[1] | ” |
In an interview published in The New York Times on September 28, 1997, journalist Jon Pareles reported that "Dylan says he now subscribes to no organized religion."[336]
Dylan has been a supporter of the Chabad Lubavitch movement in the last 20 years,[337] and has privately participated in Jewish religious events, including the bar mitzvahs of his sons and attending Hadar Hatorah, a Chabad Lubavitch yeshiva. In September 1989 and September 1991, Dylan appeared on the Chabad telethon.[338] Dylan reportedly visits Chabad synagogues; on September 22, 2007 (Yom Kippur), he attended Congregation Beth Tefillah, in Atlanta, Georgia, where he was called to the Torah for the sixth aliyah.[339]
Dylan has continued to perform songs from his gospel albums in concert, occasionally covering traditional religious songs. He has also made passing references to his religious faith—such as in a 2004 interview with 60 Minutes, when he told Ed Bradley that "the only person you have to think twice about lying to is either yourself or to God." He also explained his constant touring schedule as part of a bargain he made a long time ago with the "chief commander—in this earth and in the world we can't see."[32]
In a 2009 interview with Bill Flanagan promoting his Christmas LP, Christmas in the Heart, Flanagan commented on the "heroic performance" Dylan gave of "O Little Town of Bethlehem" and that Dylan "delivered the song like a true believer". Dylan replied: "Well, I am a true believer."[283]
Legacy[link]
Bob Dylan is one of the most influential figures of the 20th century, musically and culturally. Dylan was included in the Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century where he was called "master poet, caustic social critic and intrepid, guiding spirit of the counterculture generation".[2] President Barack Obama said of Dylan in 2012, "There is not a bigger giant in the history of American music."[13] Biographer Howard Sounes placed him among the most exalted company when he said, "There are giant figures in art who are sublimely good—Mozart, Picasso, Frank Lloyd Wright, Shakespeare, Dickens. Dylan ranks alongside these artists."[340] Colin Larkin ranked Dylan at number two in his 'Top 50 Artists Of All Time', a ranking based on the cumulative votes for each artist’s albums that appear in Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.[341]
Initially modeling his writing style on the songs of Woody Guthrie,[6] and lessons learned from the blues of Robert Johnson,[7] Dylan added increasingly sophisticated lyrical techniques to the folk music of the early 1960s, infusing it "with the intellectualism of classic literature and poetry".[342] Paul Simon suggested that Dylan's early compositions virtually took over the folk genre: "[Dylan's] early songs were very rich ... with strong melodies. 'Blowin' in the Wind' has a really strong melody. He so enlarged himself through the folk background that he incorporated it for a while. He defined the genre for a while."[343]
When Dylan made his move from acoustic music to a rock backing, the mix became more complex. For many critics, Dylan's greatest achievement was the cultural synthesis exemplified by his mid-1960s trilogy of albums—Bringing It All Back Home, Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde on Blonde. In Mike Marqusee's words: "Between late 1964 and the summer of 1966, Dylan created a body of work that remains unique. Drawing on folk, blues, country, R&B, rock'n'roll, gospel, British beat, symbolist, modernist and Beat poetry, surrealism and Dada, advertising jargon and social commentary, Fellini and Mad magazine, he forged a coherent and original artistic voice and vision. The beauty of these albums retains the power to shock and console."[344]
One legacy of Dylan's verbal sophistication was the increasing attention paid by literary critics to his lyrics. Professor Christopher Ricks published a 500-page analysis of Dylan's work, placing him in the context of Eliot, Keats and Tennyson,[345] and claiming that Dylan was a poet worthy of the same close and painstaking analysis.[346] Former British poet laureate, Sir Andrew Motion, argued that Dylan's lyrics should be studied in schools.[347] Since 1996, academics have lobbied the Swedish Academy to award Dylan the Nobel Prize in Literature.[348][349][350][351]
Dylan's voice was, in some ways, as startling as his lyrics. New York Times critic Robert Shelton described Dylan's early vocal style as "a rusty voice suggesting Guthrie's old performances, etched in gravel like Dave Van Ronk's."[352] David Bowie, in his tribute, "Song for Bob Dylan", described Dylan's singing as "a voice like sand and glue". Dylan's voice continued to develop as he began to work with rock'n'roll backing bands; critic Michael Gray described the sound of Dylan's vocal on his hit single, "Like a Rolling Stone", as "at once young and jeeringly cynical".[353] As Dylan's voice aged during the 1980s, for some critics, it became more expressive. Christophe Lebold writes in the journal Oral Tradition, "Dylan's more recent broken voice enables him to present a world view at the sonic surface of the songs—this voice carries us across the landscape of a broken, fallen world. The anatomy of a broken world in "Everything is Broken" (on the album Oh Mercy) is but an example of how the thematic concern with all things broken is grounded in a concrete sonic reality."[354]
Dylan's influence has been felt in several musical genres. As Edna Gundersen stated in USA Today: "Dylan's musical DNA has informed nearly every simple twist of pop since 1962."[355] Many musicians have testified to Dylan's influence, such as Joe Strummer, who praised Dylan as having "laid down the template for lyric, tune, seriousness, spirituality, depth of rock music."[356] Other major musicians to have acknowledged Dylan's importance include John Lennon,[357] Paul McCartney,[358] Pete Townshend,[359] Neil Young,[360] Bruce Springsteen,[97] David Bowie,[361] Bryan Ferry,[362] Nick Cave,[363][364] Patti Smith,[365] Syd Barrett,[366] Cat Stevens,[367]Joni Mitchell,[368] and Tom Waits.[369] More directly, both The Byrds and The Band, two 1960s contemporary groups with some measure of influence on popular music themselves, largely owed their initial success to Dylan: the Byrds with their hit of "Mr. Tambourine Man" and subsequent album; and The Band for their association with him on tour in 1966, on retreat in Woodstock, and on their debut album featuring three previously unreleased Dylan songs.
Some critics have dissented from the view of Dylan as a visionary figure in popular music. In his book Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom, Nik Cohn objected: "I can't take the vision of Dylan as seer, as teenage messiah, as everything else he's been worshipped as. The way I see him, he's a minor talent with a major gift for self-hype."[370] Similarly, Australian critic Jack Marx credited Dylan with changing the persona of the rock star: "What cannot be disputed is that Dylan invented the arrogant, faux-cerebral posturing that has been the dominant style in rock since, with everyone from Mick Jagger to Eminem educating themselves from the Dylan handbook."[371] Joni Mitchell described Dylan as a "plagiarist" and his voice as "fake" in a 2010 interview in the Los Angeles Times, in response to a suggestion that she and Dylan were similar since they had both changed their birthnames.[372][373] Mitchell's comment led to discussions of Dylan's use of other people's material, both supporting and criticizing Dylan.[374]
If Bob Dylan's legacy in the 1960s was seen as bringing intellectual ambition to popular music, now that he has passed the age of 70, he has been described as a figure who has greatly expanded the folk culture from which he initially emerged. As J. Hoberman wrote in The Village Voice, "Elvis might never have been born, but someone else would surely have brought the world rock 'n' roll. No such logic accounts for Bob Dylan. No iron law of history demanded that a would-be Elvis from Hibbing, Minnesota, would swerve through the Greenwich Village folk revival to become the world's first and greatest rock 'n' roll beatnik bard and then—having achieved fame and adoration beyond reckoning—vanish into a folk tradition of his own making."[375]
Notes[link]
- ^ According to Dylan biographer Robert Shelton, the singer first confided his change of name to his high school girlfriend Echo Helstrom in 1958, informing her he had found a "great name, Bob Dillon". Shelton surmises the name Dillon had two sources: Marshal Matt Dillon was the hero of the popular TV western Gunsmoke; Dillon was also the name of one of Hibbing’s principal families. When writing his biography in the mid 1960s, Dylan told Shelton: "Straighten out in your book that I did not take my name from Dylan Thomas. Dylan Thomas’s poetry is for people that aren’t really satisfied in their bed, for people who dig masculine romance." At the University of Minnesota, the singer told a few friends that Dillon was his mother’s maiden name, which was untrue. The singer later told reporters that he had an uncle named Dillon. Shelton adds that only when he reached New York in 1961 did the singer begin to spell his name ‘Dylan’, by which time he was acquainted with the life and work of Dylan Thomas. Shelton, No Direction Home, 2011, pp. 44–45.
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c Gates, David (October 6, 1997). "Dylan Revisited". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/1997/10/05/dylan-revisited.html. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
- ^ a b Cocks, Jay (June 14, 1999). "The Time 100: Bob Dylan". shrout.co.uk/TIME. http://www.shrout.co.uk/TIME%20Bob%20Dylan.html. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ Dylan sang "Blowin' in the Wind" at the Washington D.C. concert, January 20, 1986, which marked the inauguration of Martin Luther King Day. Gray, 2006, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 63–64.
- ^ "Dylan 'reveals origin of anthem'". BBC News. April 11, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3618291.stm. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
- ^ Marcus 2005, pp. 6–8
- ^ a b Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, pp. 243–246.
- ^ a b Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, pp. 281–288.
- ^ a b Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Browne, David (September 10, 2001). "Love and Theft review". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,173933~4~~lovetheft,00.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Pessl, Marsha (June 1, 2008). "When I Paint My Masterpiece". The New York Times Book Review. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/books/review/Pessl-t.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c Macintyre, James (August 10, 2007). "Dylan's drawings to go on display—alongside Picasso's". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/dylans-drawings-to-go-on-display--alongside-picassos-460955.html. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ "The Pulitzer Prize Winners 2008: Special Citation". Pulitzer. May 7, 2008. http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2008,Special+Awards+and+Citations. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
- ^ a b Itzkoff, Dave (29 May 2012). "Bob Dylan Among Recipients of Presidential Medal of Freedom". The New York Times. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/29/bob-dylan-among-recipients-of-presidential-medal-of-freedom/. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 14, gives his Hebrew name as Shabtai Zisel ben Avraham
- ^ A Chabad news service gives the variant Zushe ben Avraham, which may be a Yiddish variant "Singer/Songwriter Bob Dylan Joins Yom Kippur Services in Atlanta". Chabad.org News. September 24, 2007. http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/573406/jewish/SingerSongwriter-Bob-Dylan-Joins-Yom-Kippur-Services-in-Atlanta.htm. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 14
- ^ "Robert Allen Zimmerman". Minnesota Birth Index, 1935-2002. Ancestry.com. http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?ti=0&indiv=try&db=mnbirth&h=9920599. Retrieved September 6, 2011. "Name: Robert Allen Zimmerman; Birth Date: 24 May 1941; Birth County: Saint Louis; Father: Abram H. Zimmerman; Mother: Beatrice Stone" (Subscription required)
- ^ a b Sounes, Down the Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 12–13.
- ^ Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, pp. 92–93.
- ^ a b Gray, Michael (May 22, 2011). "One of a kind: Bob Dylan at 70". The Japan Times. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20110522x1.html. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
- ^ Heylin, 1996, Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 29–37.
- ^ LIFE Books, Bob Dylan, Forever Young, 50 Years of Song, Time Home Entertainment, 2012, Vol. 2. No 2, February 10, 2012, p. 15
- ^ An interview with Bobby Vee suggests the young Zimmerman may have been eccentric in spelling his early pseudonym: "[Dylan] was in the Fargo/Moorhead area ... Bill [Velline] was in a record shop in Fargo, Sam's Record Land, and this guy came up to him and introduced himself as Elston Gunnn—with three n's, G-U-N-N-N." Bobby Vee Interview, July 1999, Goldmine Reproduced online: "Early alias for Robert Zimmerman". Expecting Rain. August 11, 1999. http://expectingrain.com/dok/who/g/gunnnelston.html. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b c d e Biograph, 1985, Liner notes & text by Cameron Crowe.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 65–82.
- ^ a b This is related in the documentary film No Direction Home, Director: Martin Scorsese. Broadcast: September 26, 2005, PBS & BBC Two
- ^ Heylin, 1996, Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments, p. 7.
- ^ Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, pp. 78–79.
- ^ a b Leung, Rebecca (June 12, 2005). " "Dylan Looks Back". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/12/02/60minutes/main658799.shtml%20". Retrieved February 25, 2009.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 72
- ^ Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, p. 98.
- ^ Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, pp. 244–246.
- ^ Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, pp. 250–252.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, 2011, pp. 74–78.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, 2011, p. 333.
- ^ Robert Shelton, The New York Times, September 21, 1961, "Bob Dylan: A Distinctive Stylist" reproduced online: Robert Shelton (September 21, 1961). "Bob Dylan: A Distinctive Stylist". Bob Dylan Roots. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421173626/http://www.bobdylanroots.com/shelton.html. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Richie Unterberger (October 8, 2003). "Carolyn Hester Biography". All Music. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p2005. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Scaduto, Bob Dylan, p. 110.
- ^ A photo of Dylan with Victoria Spivey at this session was used by Dylan on the cover of his 1970 album, New Morning. See Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 630–631.
- ^ a b c Unterberger, Richie. "Blind Boy Grunt". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/blind-boy-grunt-p447197/biography. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 157–158.
- ^ Gill, My Back Pages, 23
- ^ Sounes, 2001, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 121
- ^ Sounes, 2001, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 116
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 283–284.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 115–116.
- ^ a b c Heylin, 1996, Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments, pp. 35–39.
- ^ a b "Dylan in the Madhouse". BBC TV. October 14, 2007. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/music/bobdylan/madhouse.shtml. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
- ^ Sounes, Howard. Down the Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan. Doubleday 2001. p159. ISBN 0-552-99929-6
- ^ Rogers, Jude (September 17, 2007). "Josh Ritter". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/sep/17/popandrock.folk.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 138–142.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 156.
- ^ The booklet by John Bauldie accompanying Dylan's The Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961–1991 (1991) says: "Dylan acknowledged the debt in 1978 to journalist Marc Rowland: Blowin' In The Wind' has always been a spiritual. I took it off a song called 'No More Auction Block'—that's a spiritual and 'Blowin' In The Wind follows the same feeling.'" pp. 6–8.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 101–103.
- ^ Ricks, Dylan's Visions of Sin, pp. 329–344.
- ^ Scaduto, Bob Dylan, p. 35.
- ^ Mojo magazine, December 1993.
- ^ Hedin (ed.), 2004, Studio A: The Bob Dylan Reader, p. 259.
- ^ Sounes, 2001, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 136–138.
- ^ Joan Baez entry, Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 28–31.
- ^ Meacham, Steve (August 15, 2007). "It ain't me babe but I like how it sounds". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/bob-dylans-songs-offer-rich-pickings-for-other-singers/2007/08/14/1186857512999.html. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
- ^ Biograph, 1985, Liner notes & text by Cameron Crowe. Musicians on "Mixed Up Confusion": George Barnes & Bruce Langhorne (guitars); Dick Wellstood (piano); Gene Ramey (bass); Herb Lovelle (drums)
- ^ Dylan had recorded "Talkin' John Birch Society Blues" for his Freewheelin album, but the song was replaced by later compositions, including "Masters of War". See Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 114–115.
- ^ Dylan performed "Only a Pawn in Their Game" and "When the Ship Comes In"; see Heylin, Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments, p. 49.
- ^ Gill, My Back Pages, pp. 37–41.
- ^ Ricks, Dylan's Visions of Sin, pp. 221–233.
- ^ a b c d "Bob Dylan Timeline". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/music/bobdylan/timeline/timeline_html.shtml. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 200–205.
- ^ Part of Dylan's speech went: "There's no black and white, left and right to me any more; there's only up and down and down is very close to the ground. And I'm trying to go up without thinking of anything trivial such as politics."; see, Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 200–205.
- ^ Heylin, 1996, Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments, p. 60.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 222.
- ^ In an interview with Seth Goddard for Life magazine (July 5, 2001) Ginsberg claimed that Dylan's technique had been inspired by Jack Kerouac: "(Dylan) pulled Mexico City Blues from my hand and started reading it and I said, 'What do you know about that?' He said, 'Somebody handed it to me in '59 in St. Paul and it blew my mind.' So I said 'Why?' He said, 'It was the first poetry that spoke to me in my own language.' So those chains of flashing images you get in Dylan, like 'the motorcycle black Madonna two-wheeled gypsy queen and her silver studded phantom lover,' they're influenced by Kerouac's chains of flashing images and spontaneous writing, and that spreads out into the people." Reproduced online: "Online Interviews With Allen Ginsberg". University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. October 8, 2004. http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 219–222.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 267–271; pp. 288–291.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 178–181.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 181–182.
- ^ Heylin, 2009, Revolution In The Air, The Songs of Bob Dylan: Volume One, pp. 220–222.
- ^ Marqusee, Wicked Messenger, p. 144.
- ^ Gill, My Back Pages, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Lee, Like a Bullet of Light: The Films of Bob Dylan, p. 18.
- ^ a b Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 168–169.
- ^ Warwick, N., Brown, T. & Kutner, J. (2004). The Complete Book of the British Charts (Third Edition ed.). Omnibus Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84449-058-5.
- ^ Whitburn, J. (2008). Top Pop Singles 1955–2006. Record Research Inc. p. 130. ISBN 0-89820-172-1.
- ^ Shelton, 2003, No Direction Home, pp. 276–277.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 208–216.
- ^ "Exclusive: Dylan at Newport—Who Booed?". Mojo. October 25, 2007. http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2007/10/exclusive_dylan_at_newport_who.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ CP Staff (April 28, 2010). "Al Kooper talks Dylan, Conan, Hendrix, and lifetime in the music business". City Pages (Village Voice Media): p. 3. http://blogs.citypages.com/gimmenoise/2010/04/al_kooper_talks.php?page=3. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Jackson, Bruce (August 26, 2002). "The myth of Newport '65: It wasn't Bob Dylan they were booing". Buffalo Report. Archived from the original on February 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080223005652/http://buffaloreport.com/020826dylan.html. Retrieved May 8, 2010.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 305–314.
- ^ A year earlier, Irwin Silber, the editor of Sing Out!, had published an "Open Letter to Bob Dylan", criticising Dylan's stepping away from political songwriting: "I saw at Newport how you had somehow lost contact with people. Some of the paraphernalia of fame were getting in your way." Sing Out!, November 1964, quoted in Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 313. This letter has been mistakenly described as a response to Dylan's 1965 Newport appearance.
- ^ Sing Out!, September 1965, quoted in Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 313
- ^ "You got a lotta nerve/To say you are my friend/When I was down/You just stood there grinning" Reproduced online:Bob Dylan. "Positively 4th Street". bobdylan.com. http://www.bobdylan.com/#/songs/positively-4th-street. Retrieved September 30, 2008.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 186.
- ^ a b c "The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rock List Music. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/rstone.html#500Songs. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Springsteen's Speech during Dylan's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, January 20, 1988 Quoted in Bauldie, Wanted Man, p. 191.
- ^ "500 Greatest Songs Of All Time". Rolling Stone. May 31, 2011. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/bob-dylan-like-a-rolling-stone-19691231. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ Gill, 1999, My Back Pages, pp. 87–88.
- ^ Gill, My Back Pages, p. 89.
- ^ Palmer, Robert (November 1, 1987). "Recordings; Robbie Robertson Waltzes Back Into Rock". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/01/arts/recordings-robbie-robertson-waltzes-back-into-rock.html. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 189–90.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 238–243.
- ^ "The closest I ever got to the sound I hear in my mind was on individual bands in the Blonde on Blonde album. It's that thin, that wild mercury sound. It's metallic and bright gold, with whatever that conjures up." Dylan Interview, Playboy, March 1978; reprinted in Cott, Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews, p. 204.
- ^ Gill, My Back Pages, p. 95.
- ^ a b Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 193.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 325.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 244–261.
- ^ "Live 1966". NME. UK. September 6, 1998. http://www.nme.com/reviews/bob-dylan/199. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Dylan's dialogue with the Manchester audience is recorded (with subtitles) in Martin Scorsese's documentary No Direction Home
- ^ Heylin, 2011, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades: The 20th Anniversary Edition, p. 251.
- ^ Heylin, 2011, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades: The 20th Anniversary Edition, p. 250.
- ^ Rolling Stone, November 29, 1969. Reprinted in Cott (ed.), Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews, p. 140.
- ^ Jones, Rebecca (May 23, 2011). "Dylan tapes reveal heroin addiction". BBC Radio 4. http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9492000/9492886.stm. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ Greene, Andy (May 23, 2011). "Questions About Bob Dylan’s Claim That He was Once a Heroin Addict". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bob-dylan-admits-heroin-addiction-in-newly-released-1966-interview-20110523. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ Brown, Mick (May 23, 2011). "Bob Dylan: finally an admission about his heroin use, but is it the truth?". www.telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8530759/Bob-Dylan-finally-an-admission-about-his-heroin-use-but-is-it-the-truth.html. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 215.
- ^ a b c Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 217–219.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 268.
- ^ Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, p. 114.
- ^ Heylin, 1996, Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments, p. 143.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 216.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 222–225.
- ^ Marcus, The Old, Weird America, pp. 236–265.
- ^ Helm, Levon and Davis, This Wheel's on Fire, p. 164; p. 174.
- ^ "Bob Dylan's 1967 recording sessions". Bjorner's Still On the Road. http://www.bjorner.com/DSN01620%201967.htm#DSN01640. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ "Charlie McCoy's Bio". www.charliemccoy.com. http://www.charliemccoy.com/bio.html. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
- ^ Wadey, Paul (September 23, 2004). "Kenny Buttrey :'Transcendental' drummer for artists from Elvis Presley to Bob Dylan and Neil Young". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/kenny-buttrey-550523.html. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
- ^ Harris, Craig. "Pete Drake: Biography". Country Music Television. http://www.cmt.com/artists/az/drake_pete/bio.jhtml. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 282–288.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 463.
- ^ Gill, My Back Pages, p. 140.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, 2011, p. 273.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 248–253.
- ^ Ford, Mark (May 14, 2011). "Bob Dylan: Writings 1968-2010 by Greil Marcus". guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/15/bob-dylan-writings-marcus-review. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
- ^ Male, Andrew (November 26, 2007). "Bob Dylan—Disc of the Day: Self Portrait". Mojo. http://www.mojo4music.com/blog/2007/11/bob_dylan.html. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
- ^ Christgau, Robert. "Self Portrait". robertchristgau.com. http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=Bob+Dylan. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 482.
- ^ Heylin, 2009, Revolution In The Air, The Songs of Bob Dylan: Volume One, pp. 391–392.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 328–331.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, ´pp. 342–343.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 267.
- ^ C. P. Lee wrote: "In Garrett's ghost-written memoir, The Authentic Life of Billy The Kid, published within a year of Billy's death, he wrote that 'Billy's partner doubtless had a name which was his legal property, but he was so given to changing it that it is impossible to fix on the right one. Billy always called him Alias.'" Lee, Like a Bullet of Light: The Films of Bob Dylan, pp. 66–67.
- ^ "Bob Dylan cover versions". Bjorner.com. April 16, 2002. http://www.bjorner.com/Covers.htm. Retrieved November 10, 2008.
- ^ Artists to have covered the song include Bryan Ferry, Wyclef Jean and Guns 'n' Roses. "Dylan's Legacy Keeps Growing, Cover By Cover". NPR Music. June 26, 2007. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11376880. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
- ^ a b Sounes, 2001, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 273–274.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 354.
- ^ Dylan's comment in booklet notes to Biograph, 1985, CBS Records.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 358.
- ^ a b Shelton, No Direction Home, p. 37.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 368–383.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 369–387.
- ^ a b Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 383.
- ^ "Bob Dylan". Salon.com. May 5, 2001. http://www.salon.com/people/bc/2001/05/22/dylan/index3.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Hedin, Studio A: The Bob Dylan Reader, p. 109.
- ^ "The PlowBoy Interview: Rolling Thunder", Mother Earth News, July/August 1981
- ^ "Log of every performance of "Hurricane"". Bjorner's Still on the Road. August 20, 2006. http://www.bjorner.com/sixh.htm#_Toc481036436. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Kokay, Les via Olof Björner (2000). "Songs of the Underground: a collector's guide to the Rolling Thunder Revue 1975–1976". http://www.bjorner.com/Underground.htm. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ Sloman, Larry (2002). On The Road with Bob Dylan. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-4596-7.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 579.
- ^ Shepard, Rolling Thunder Logbook, pp. 2–49.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 386–401,
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 408.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen (December 12, 2002). "Bob Dylan Live 1975—The Rolling Thunder Revue". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r618513. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
- ^ Janet Maslin (January 26, 1978). "Renaldo & Clara (1978) 'Renaldo and Clara,' Film by Bob Dylan:Rolling Thunder". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A03EFD71330E631A25755C2A9679C946990D6CF. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 313.
- ^ Lee, Like a Bullet of Light: The Films of Bob Dylan, pp. 115–116.
- ^ "Reviews of The Last Waltz". Metacritic.com. October 8, 2007. http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-last-waltz. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Bream, Jon (May 22, 1991). "50 fascinating facts for Bob Dylan's 50th birthday". Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/templates/Print_This_Story?sid=11474676. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
- ^ a b Sounes, 2001, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 314–316.
- ^ Christgau, Robert. "Robert Christgau: Bob Dylan". Robertchristgau.com. http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=Bob+Dylan. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (July 12, 1979). "Bob Dylan at Budokan". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/at-budokan-19790712. Retrieved August 4, 2010.
- ^ Heylin, 2000, Behind The Shades: Take Two, p. 483.
- ^ Heylin, 2011, Behind The Shades: The 20th Anniversary Edition, pp. 479–481.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 643.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 480–481.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 323–337.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 490–526.
- ^ Dylan Interview with Karen Hughes, The Dominion, Wellington, New Zealand, May 21, 1980; reprinted in Cott (ed.), Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews, pp. 275–278
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 501–503.
- ^ Gray, 2000, Song & Dance Man III, p. 11.
- ^ Björner (June 8, 2001). "Omaha, Nebraska, January 25, 1980". Bjorner's Still On The Road. http://www.bjorner.com/DSN05347%201980%20Second%20Gospel%20Tour.htm#DSN05410. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 334–336.
- ^ Rosen, Robert (2002), Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon, Quick American Archives, p. 137, ISBN 0-932551-51-3
- ^ Holden, Stephen (October 29, 1981). "Rock: Dylan, in Jersey, Revises Old Standbys". The New York Times: p. C19. http://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/29/arts/rock-dylan-in-jersey-revises-old-standbys.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 215–221.
- ^ Gray, Song & Dance Man III: The Art of Bob Dylan, pp. 11–14.
- ^ Gray, 2006, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 56–59.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan. pp. 354–356.
- ^ a b Sounes, 2001, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 362.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 367.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 365–367.
- ^ Gray, 2006, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 63
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Knocked Out Loaded". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r6448. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 595.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 95–100.
- ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine (July 27, 1989). "Dylan & The Dead". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r54428. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 376–383.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 599–604.
- ^ Speech on Bob Dylan's induction to the Rock'n'Roll Hall of Fame, January 20, 1988, reprinted in Bauldie (ed.), Wanted Man: In Search of Bob Dylan, pp. 191–193.
- ^ a b Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 385.
- ^ a b Gray, 2000, Song & Dance Man III, p. 13.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 627–628.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 638–640.
- ^ Dylan, Chronicles, Volume One, pp. 145–221.
- ^ Ricks, Dylan's Visions of Sin, pp. 413–20.
- ^ Scott Marshall wrote: "When Dylan sings that 'The sun is going down upon the sacred cow', it's safe to assume that the sacred cow here is the biblical metaphor for all false gods. For Dylan, the world will eventually know that there is only one God." Marshall, Restless Pilgrim, p. 103.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 174.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 391.
- ^ "Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy.com. http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
- ^ a b Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, pp. 664–665. Heylin quotes the speech: "My daddy once said to me, he said, 'Son, it is possible for you to become so defiled in this world that your own mother and father will abandon you. If that happens, God will believe in your ability to mend your own ways.' "
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 423.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 408–409.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 693.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 697.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 420.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, p. 426.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Time Out of Mind". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r314906. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Dylan had been one of several artists who had won "Album of the Year" in 1971 for The Concert for Bangladesh"Grammy Award Winners: Album of the Year". rateyourmusic.com. http://rateyourmusic.com/list/obelisk/grammy_award__winners__album_of_the_year. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "Remarks by the President at Kennedy Center Honors Reception". Clinton White House. December 8, 1997. http://clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/New/html/19971208-2814.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Column, tower, and dome, and spire/ Shine like obelisks of fire/ Pointing with inconstant motion/ From the altar of dark ocean/ To the sapphire-tinted skies", ll.67–71 from Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills by Percy Bysshe Shelley, October 1818. [1]
- ^ "2000 Oscars – Winners and Nominees". pcm.com. http://www.popculturemadness.com/Trivia/Oscars/Top-2000-O.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ Cashmere, Paul (August 20, 2007). "Dylan Tours Australia with Oscar". Undercover.com.au. http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2004/10/08/dylan/index.html?pn=1. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 556–557.
- ^ "Love and Theft". MetaCritic.com. http://www.metacritic.com/music/love-and-theft. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Love and Theft". Entertainment Weekly. October 1, 2001. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,173933~4~~lovetheft,00.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ This is a reprint of the article from The Wall Street Journal cited in next footnote."Did Bob Dylan Lift Lines From Dr Saga?". California State University, Dear Habermas. 2003-07-08. http://www.csudh.edu/dearhabermas/plagiarbk010.htm. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
- ^ "Did Bob Dylan Lift Lines From Dr Saga?". Wall Street Journal. July 8, 2003. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10576176194220600.html?mod=home_page_one_us. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
- ^ Dylan co-wrote Masked & Anonymous under the pseudonym Seregei Petrov, taken from an actor in the silent movie era; Larry Charles used the alias Rene Fontaine. Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 453.
- ^ A. O. Scott (July 24, 2003). "Film Review; Times They Are Surreal In Bob Dylan Tale". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/movies/film-review-times-they-are-surreal-in-bob-dylan-tale.html. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
- ^ Todd McCarthy (February 2, 2003). "Masked and Anonymous". Variety. http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=review&reviewid=VE1117919861&categoryid=31&cs=1. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
- ^ "Masked & Anonymous". The New Yorker. July 24, 2003. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/film/masked_and_anonymous_charles. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
- ^ Motion, Andrew. "Masked and Anonymous". Sony Classics. http://www.sonyclassics.com/masked/andrew-motion-essay.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Maslin, Janet (October 5, 2004). "So You Thought You Knew Dylan? Hah!". The New York Times: p. 2. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/05/books/05masl.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 136–138.
- ^ "Reviews of No Direction Home". Metacritic.com. October 31, 2005. http://apps.metacritic.com/tv/shows/nodirectionhomebobdylan. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ "No Direction Home: Bob Dylan A Martin Scorsese Picture". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/bob-dylan/about-the-film/574/. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
- ^ "George Foster Peabody Award Winners" (PDF). Peabody. 2006. http://www.peabody.uga.edu/winners/PeabodyWinnersBook.pdf. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Past duPont Award Winners". The Journalism School, Columbia University. 2007. http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/site_map. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Williams, Carol J. (May 9, 2011). "Judges hand down the law with help from Bob Dylan". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-bob-dylan-law-20110509,0,7507838.story. Retrieved May 10, 2011
- ^ Siegel, Robert (host) (May 10, 2011). "Bob Dylan's Words Find Place In Legal Writings". NPR. http://www.npr.org/2011/05/10/136181949/bob-dylans-words-find-place-in-legal-writings. Retrieved May 10, 2011
- ^ "Theme Time Radio Hour With Bob Dylan". BBC Radio 6 Music. November 30, 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006x4gt. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Theme Time Radio playlists". Not Dark Yet. http://www.notdarkyet.org/themetime.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Sawyer, Miranda (December 31, 2006). "The Great Sound of Radio Bob". The Observer (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/dec/31/observerreview.radio. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Watson, Tom (February 16, 2007). "Dylan Spinnin' Those Coool Records". New Critics. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070219045641/http://newcritics.com/blog1/2007/02/16/bob-dylan-spinnin-those-cool-records/. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
- ^ Hinckley, David (April 19, 2009). "Bob Dylan's Theme Time Radio Hour: His time might be up". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/04/20/2009-04-20_bob_dylans_theme_time_radio_hour_his_time_might_be_up.html. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- ^ Petridis, Alex (August 28, 2006). "Bob Dylan's Modern Times". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2006/aug/25/popandrock.shopping3. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
- ^ "Modern Times". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/music/modern-times. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Dylan gets first US number one for 30 years". NME. UK. September 7, 2006. http://www.nme.com/news/bob-dylan/24234. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
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- ^ "Rolling Stone Albums of the Year 2006". Rock List Music. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/rolling.htm#2006. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
- ^ "Modern Times, Album of the Year, 2006". Uncut. December 16, 2006. http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/uncut/news/9182. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Gundersen, Edna (December 1, 2006). "Get The Box Set with 'One Push of a Button'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/lifestyle/holiday/2006-11-30-box-set-downloads_x.htm. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
- ^ "Blanchett wins top Venice Award". BBC News. September 9, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6985422.stm. Retrieved September 12, 2008.
- ^ a b Todd McCarthy (September 4, 2007). "I'm Not There". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934602?refcatid=31. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ A. O. Scott (November 7, 2007). "I'm Not There (2007)". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/2007/11/21/movies/21ther.html. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
- ^ Greil Marcus wrote: "There is nothing like 'I'm Not There' in the rest of the basement recordings, or anywhere else in Bob Dylan's career. Very quickly the listener is drawn into the sickly embrace of the music, its wash of half-heard, half-formed words and the increasing bitterness and despair behind them. Words are floated together in a dyslexia that is music itself – a dyslexia that seems to prove the claims of music over words, to see just how little words can achieve."; see Marcus, The Old, Weird America, pp. 198–204.
- ^ "Dylan covered by... very long list.". Uncut. October 1, 2007. http://www.uncut.co.uk/blog/index.php?blog=6&title=bob_dylan_covered_by_vedder_sonic_youth_&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ "Dylan 07". Sony BMG Music Entertainment. August 1, 2007. http://www.dylan07.com/. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Walker, Tim (October 27, 2007). "Mark Ronson: Born Entertainer". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/mark-ronson-born-entertainer-398023.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "What's Bob Dylan Doing In A Victoria's Secret Ad?". Slate. April 12, 2004. http://www.slate.com/id/2098635/. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ "Dylan, Cadillac". XM Radio. October 22, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080312084612/http://www.xmradio.com/dylan-cadillac/index.xmc. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ Dylan also devoted an hour of his Theme Time Radio Hour to the theme of 'the Cadillac'. He first sang about the car in his 1963 nuclear war fantasy, "Talkin' World War III Blues", when he described it as a "good car to drive—after a war".
- ^ Michaels, Sean (January 30, 2009). "Bob Dylan to appear with Will.I.Am in Pepsi advertisement". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jan/30/bob-dylan-pepsi-advertisement-superbowl. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Kissel, Rick (February 3, 2009). "Super Bowl ratings hit new high". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117999515?refCatId=1275. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ Gundersen, Edna (July 29, 2008). "Dylan Reveals Many Facets on 'Tell Tale Signs'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2008-07-28-dylan-telltale-signs_N.htm.
- ^ Cairns, Dan (October 5, 2008). "Tell Tale Signs". The Sunday Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article4859960.ece. Retrieved October 6, 2008.
- ^ Michael Gray expressed his opinion in his Bob Dylan Encyclopedia blog "Tell Tale Signs Pt. 3, Money Doesn't Talk...". Bob Dylan Encyclopedia blog. August 14, 2008. http://bobdylanencyclopedia.blogspot.com/2008/08/tell-tale-signs-pt-3-money-doesnt-talk.html. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
- ^ "Reviews of Tell Tale Signs". Metacritic.com. http://www.metacritic.com/music/tell-tale-signs-the-bootleg-series-vol-8. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Jones, Allan (September 30, 2008). "Album Review: Bob Dylan — The Bootleg Series. Vol. 8". Uncut. http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/bob_dylan/reviews/12229. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Flanagan, Bill (April 10, 2009). "Bob Dylan talks about the new album with Bill Flanagan". bobdylan.com. http://web.archive.org/web/20110425235613/http://www.bobdylan.com/conversation. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Together Through Life". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1544965. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "Together Through Life". Metacritic. April 29, 2009. http://www.metacritic.com/music/together-through-life. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
- ^ Gill, Andy (April 24, 2009). "Bob Dylan's Together Through Life". London: Salon.com. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-bob-dylan-together-through-life-columbia-1673287.html. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ a b Caulfield, Keith (May 6, 2009). "Bob Dylan Bows Atop Billboard 200". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/bob-dylan-bows-atop-billboard-200-1003969664.story. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
- ^ "Dylan is in chart seventh heaven". BBC News. May 3, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8031636.stm. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Christmas In The Heart". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1656487. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- ^ "CAFAmerica to distribute royalities from Bob Dylan's Christmas album to Crisis". UK Fundraising. December 14, 2009. http://www.fundraising.co.uk/news/2009/12/14/cafamerica-distribute-royalities-bob-dylan039s-christmas-album-crisis. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
- ^ "Christmas In the Heart". Metacritic. October 16, 2009. http://www.metacritic.com/music/christmas-in-the-heart. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
- ^ "A Hard Reindeer's A-Gonna Fall". The New Yorker. September 21, 2009. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/goingson/2009/09/a-hard-reindeers-a-gonna-fall.html. Retrieved October 13, 2009.
- ^ Gundersen, Edna (October 13, 2009). "Bob Dylan takes the Christmas spirit to 'Heart'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2009-10-12-dylan-christmas-album_N.htm. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
- ^ a b Flanagan, Bill (interviewer) (November 28, 2009). "Bob Dylan gives interview to The Big Issue". music-news.com. http://www.music-news.com/ShowNews.asp?nItemID=30857&bPrint=1. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
- ^ Torn, Luke (October 16, 2010). "Album Review: Bob Dylan – The Bootleg series Vol.9". Uncut. http://www.uncut.co.uk/music/bob_dylan/reviews/14419. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Witmark Demos, 1962–1964". Metcaritic. http://www.metacritic.com/music/the-witmark-demos-1962-1964/critic-reviews. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
- ^ "The Original Mono Recordings". bobdylan.com. October 19, 2010. http://www.bobdylan.com/fr/music/original-mono-recordings. Retrieved April 24, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ ""Bob Dylan In Concert – Brandeis University 1963" to be Released April 12". bobdylan.com. February 16, 2011. http://www.bobdylan.com/news/bob-dylan-concert-brandeis-university-1963-be-released-april-12?page=3. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
- ^ "Bob Dylan und die Revolution der populären Musik". Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz. April 29, 2011. http://www.avl.uni-mainz.de/394.php. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
- ^ "Refractions of Dylan – Cultural Appropriations of an American Icon". www.dylanvienna.at. May 12, 2011. http://www.dylanvienna.at/dylan/Program.html. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
- ^ "The Seven Ages of Dylan". University of Bristol. May 15, 2011. http://dylan-at-seventy.weebly.com/proceedings.html. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
- ^ Topping, Alexandra (May 24, 2011). "Bob Dylan at 70". www.guardian.co.uk. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/24/bob-dylan-70th-birthday/print. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
- ^ Uhelszki, Jaan (August 4, 2011). "Bob Dylan Helps Bring Hank Williams' Lost Notebooks Back from the Dead". themortonreport.com. http://www.themortonreport.com/entertainment/music/bob-dylan-helps-bring-hank-williams-lost-notebooks-back-from-the-dead/. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
- ^ Lewis, Randy (October 2, 2011). "'Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams' finds good company in Bob Dylan". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-ca-hank-williams-notebooks-20111002,0,2463973.story. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ Eisen, Benjy (December 10, 2011). "Amnesty International Unveils Bob Dylan Tribute in Honor of Its 50th Anniversary". rolingstone.com. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/amnesty-international-unveils-bob-dylan-tribute-in-honor-of-its-50th-anniversary-20111210?utm_source=dailynewsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsletter. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ a b "Forthcoming 76-song Bob Dylan tribute album streaming on Facebook for Human Rights Day". amnesty uk. December 10, 2011. http://www.amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=19853. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ^ Lewis, Randy (February 1, 2012). "Bob Dylan 'Freedom' tribute album debuts at No. 11 - and No. 39". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2012/02/bob-dylan-chimes-freedom-amnesty-international.html. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments, p. 297.
- ^ Muir, Razor's Edge, pp. 7–10.
- ^ "Bjorner's Still On The Road: Mashantucket, Connecticut, 27 November 2010". bjorner.com. November 29, 2010. http://www.bjorner.com/DSN32500%20-%202010%20US%20FallTour.htm#DSN32880. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
- ^ McCormick, Neil (June 19, 2011). "Bob Dylan at Finsbury Park". Telegraph, UK. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/8585826/Bob-Dylan-at-Finsbury-Parks-Feis-Festival-review.html. Retrieved June 20, 2011.
- ^ Muir, Razor's Edge, pp. 187–197.
- ^ Williams, Richard (April 28, 2009). "Bob Dylan at Roundhouse, London". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/apr/28/bob-dylan-review. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
- ^ Gill, Andy (April 27, 2009). "Dylan's times ain't a-changin'". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/bob-dylan-o2-arena-london-1674751.html. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
- ^ McCormick, Neil (April 27, 2009). "Bob Dylan – live review". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/bob-dylan/5229391/Bob-Dylan-The-Roundhouse.html. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
- ^ Lewry, Fraser (April 27, 2009). "My night at the Roundhouse with Bob Dylan". The Word. http://www.wordmagazine.co.uk/content/my-night-roundhouse-with-bob-dylan. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
- ^ Wieland, Martin (April 6, 2011). "Bob Dylan in China: a simple twist of fate?". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/apr/06/bob-dylan-china-ai-wei. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
- ^ Dowd, Maureen (April 9, 2011). "Blowin' in the Idiot Wind". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/10/opinion/10dowd.html. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ Ross, Alex (April 10, 2011). "Dylan in China". The Rest Is Noise. http://www.therestisnoise.com/2011/04/dylan-in-china.html. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ Wilentz, Sean (April 10, 2011). "The Real Dylan in China". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/04/the-real-dylan-in-china.html. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- ^ Dylan, Bob (May 13, 2011). "To my fans and followers". bobdylan.com. http://www.bobdylan.com/news/my-fans-and-followers. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ "Bob Dylan Touring Brazil in April 2012". Brazil Dispatch. 2012-02-16. http://www.brazildispatch.com/2012/02/bob-dylan-touring-brazil-in-april-2012.html. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ Pagel, Bill (April 1, 2012). "Dylan Tour Dates". boblinks.com. http://www.boblinks.com/dates.html. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
- ^ "Bob Dylan headlines Hop Farm Festival line-up". Kent Online. http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/news/2012/march/27/bob_dylan_headlines_hop_farm.aspx. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ Nebehay, Stephanie (April 19, 2012). "Dylan, Van Morrison headline Montreux jazz fest". Chicago Tribune (Reuters). http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/sns-rt-us-montreuxbre83i1ll-20120419,0,901506.story. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
- ^ "The Drawn Blank Series". Prestel Verlag. October 31, 2007. http://www.kohlibri.de/xtcommerce/product_info.php/info/p1555_Bob-Dylan--The-Drawn-Blank-Series--Exhibition-catalogue.html. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ Battersby, Matilda (September 2, 2010). "Bob Dylan paintings at Danish National Gallery". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/bob-dylan-paintings-at-danish-national-gallery-2068935.html. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- ^ "Bob Dylan. The Brazil Series". Statens Museum for Kunst.dk. September 1, 2010. http://www.smk.dk/en/explore-the-art/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/2011/bob-dylan. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ Corbett, Rachel (July 27, 2011). "Dylan at Gagosian Gallery". artnet.com. http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/news/artnetnews/bob-dylan-gagosian-gallery.asp. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ "Gagosian Gallery artists: Bob Dylan". gagosian.com. July 20, 2011. http://www.gagosian.com/artists/bob-dylan/exhibitions/. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
- ^ Itzkoff, Dave (September 26, 2011). "Questions Raised About Dylan Show at Gagosian". New York Times. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/questions-raised-about-dylan-show-at-gagosian/. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
- ^ Biniot, Ann (September 28, 2011). "Bob Dylan Shanghaied My Flickr!: Meet the Rare Asian Photo Collector Whose Pictures Are Now on Gagosian's Walls". artinfo.com. http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/38736/bob-dylan-shanghaied-my-flickr-meet-the-rare-asian-photo-collector-whose-pictures-are-now-on-gagosians-walls/. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ "Bob Dylan Paid to License Asia Series Photos, Magnum Says". artinfo.com. October 1, 2011. http://blogs.artinfo.com/artintheair/2011/10/01/bob-dylan-paid-to-license-asia-series-photos-magnum-says/. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
- ^ "President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients". whitehouse.gov. April 26, 2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/04/26/president-obama-names-presidential-medal-freedom-recipients. Retrieved April 27, 2012.
- ^ Himmelman turned down an invitation to perform on The Tonight Show when it became apparent that the performance would fall on the Jewish holiday Sukkot. "Peter Himmelman Puts Family Before Rock 'n' Roll". npr.org. October 12, 2010. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130515341. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 198–200.
- ^ Sounes, Down The Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan, pp. 372–373.
- ^ "Dylan's Secret Marriage Uncovered". BBC News. April 12, 2001. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1273409.stm. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Adams, Guy (March 18, 2009). "How did Bob Dylan upset his neighbours? (The answer is blowin' in the wind)". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/how-did-bob-dylan-upset-his-neighbours-the-answer-is-blowin-in-the-wind-1647347.html. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ According to Robert Shelton, Dylan's teacher was "Rabbi Reuben Maier of the only synagogue on the Iron Range, Hibbing's Agudath Achim Synagogue". See Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 328.
- ^ "People, May 31, 1971". TIME. May 31, 1971. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,944419,00.html. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 329.
- ^ Heylin, Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades Revisited, p. 494.
- ^ Gray, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, pp. 76–80.
- ^ Rolling Stone, June 21, 1984, reprinted in Cott (ed.), Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews, p. 288.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (September 28, 1997). "A Wiser Voice Blowin' In the Autumn Wind". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/28/arts/pop-jazz-a-wiser-voice-blowin-in-the-autumn-wind.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010. Reprinted in Cott, Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews, pp. 391–396.
- ^ Fishkoff, The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch, p. 167.
- ^ Heylin, 1996, A Life In Stolen Moments, p. 317 and p.343.
- ^ Sheva, Arutz (September 24, 2007). "Day of Atonement Draws Dylan to the Torah". Arutz Sheva—Israel National News. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/133709. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
- ^ Duffy, Jonathan (September 23, 2005). "Bob Dylan—why the fuss?". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4274190.stm. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ 'Top 50 Artists Of All Time', All Time Top 1000 Albums, Virgin Books, 2005
- ^ "Bob Dylan". Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/175077/Bob-Dylan. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ Fong-Torres, The Rolling Stone Interviews, Vol. 2, p. 424. Reproduced online:"Rolling Stone interview (1972)". Bob Dylan Roots. June 6, 1972. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421172331/http://www.bobdylanroots.com/simon.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ Marqusee, Wicked Messenger, p. 139.
- ^ Ricks, Christopher (2003). Dylan's Visions of Sin. Penguin/Viking. ISBN 0-670-80133-X.
- ^ MacLeod, Donald (July 13, 2004). "Ricks profile: Someone's gotta hold of his art". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2004/jul/13/academicexperts.highereducationprofile. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Motion, Andrew (September 22, 2007). "Andrew Motion explains why Bob Dylan's lyrics should be studied in schools". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/poetry/article2503109.ece. Retrieved October 10, 2008.
- ^ "Finally and Formally Launched as a Candidate for the Nobel Prize for Literature, 1997". expectingrain.com. May 24, 2002. http://www.expectingrain.com/dok/art/nobel/nobelpress.html. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Ball, Gordon (March 7, 2007). "Dylan and the Nobel" (PDF). Oral Tradition. http://journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/22i/Ball.pdf. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ "Dylan's Words Strike Nobel Debate". CBS News. October 6, 2004. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/06/entertainment/main647862.shtml. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Borchert, Thomas (September 21, 2009). "Clamour grows for Dylan to be awarded Nobel prize". Monsters & Critics. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/features/article_1502239.php/Clamour-grows-for-singer-Bob-Dylan-to-be-awarded-Nobel-Feature. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
- ^ Shelton, No Direction Home, pp. 108–111.
- ^ Gray, 2006, The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia, p. 413.
- ^ Lebold, Christophe (March 1, 2007). "A Face like a Mask and a Voice that Croaks: An Integrated Poetics of Bob Dylan's Voice, Personae, and Lyrics". Oral Tradition. http://journal.oraltradition.org/issues/22i/lebold. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ Gundersen, Edna (May 17, 2001). "Forever Dylan". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/2001-05-18-35-years-of-dylan.htm#more. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ "Bob Dylan: His Legacy to Music". BBC News. May 29, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/1349116.stm. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ Lennon: "In Paris in 1964 was the first time I ever heard Dylan at all. Paul got the record (The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan) from a French DJ. For three weeks in Paris we didn't stop playing it. We all went potty about Dylan.": Beatles, (2000), The Beatles Anthology, pp. 112–114.
- ^ McCartney: "I'm in awe of Bob ... He hit a period where people went, 'Oh, I don't like him now.' And I said, 'No. It's Bob Dylan.' To me, it's like Picasso, where people discuss his various periods, 'This was better than this, was better than this.' But I go, 'No. It's Picasso. It's all good.' "Siegel, Robert (June 27, 2007). "Paul McCartney interview". A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/articles/paul-mccartney,14120/. Retrieved October 13, 2008.
- ^ "They asked me what effect Bob Dylan had on me," Townshend said. "That's like asking how I was influenced by being born." Flanagan, (1990), Written In My Soul, p. 88.
- ^ "Bob Dylan, I'll never be Bob Dylan. He's the master. If I'd like to be anyone, it's him. And he's a great writer, true to his music and done what he feels is the right thing to do for years and years and years. He's great. He's the one I look to." Time interview with Neil Young, September 28, 2005. Reproduced online : Tyrangiel, Josh (September 28, 2005). "Resurrection of Neil Young". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1110988,00.html. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ^ Song for Bob Dylan on the album Hunky Dory, David Bowie, 1971
- ^ In 2007, Ferry released an album of his versions of Dylan songs, Dylanesque
- ^ Mojo: What, if push comes to shove, is your all-time favourite album? Nick Cave: "I guess it's Slow Train Coming by Bob Dylan. That's a great record, full of mean-spirited spirituality. It's a genuinely nasty record, certainly the nastiest 'Christian' album I've ever come across." Mojo, January 1997
- ^ Maes, Maurice (December 31, 2001). "Nick Cave and Bob Dylan". Nick Cave Collector's Hell. http://home.iae.nl/users/maes/cave/vs/dylan.html. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
- ^ Time Out interview with Patti Smith, May 16, 2007: "The people I revered in the late '60s and the early '70s, their motivation was to do great work and great work creates revolution. The motivation of Jimi Hendrix, Bob Dylan or The Who wasn't marketing, to get rich, or be a celebrity.""Patti Smith: interview". Time Out. May 16, 2007. http://www.timeout.com/london/music/features/2920/Patti_Smith-interview.html. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
- ^ Barrett, Syd. "Bob Dylan Blues". pink floyd.org. http://www.pink-floyd.org/barrett/sydlyrics.html#misc. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ Islam, Yusuf (2008). "Yusuf Islam Lifeline 1964". Official Website. http://www.yusufislam.com/lifeline/5/732059b53c9209c0cc0b34c7549ce4a2. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
- ^ Hilburn, Robert (May 19, 1991). "The Impact of Dylan's Music 'Widened the Scope of Possibilities'". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1991-05-19/entertainment/ca-3173_1_bob-dylan-song. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
- ^ "Tom Waits on his cherished albums of all time". Observer Music Monthly (London). March 22, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2005/mar/20/popandrock1. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
- ^ Cohn, Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom, 1969, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Marx, Jack (September 2, 2008). "Tangled Up In Blah". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/tangled-up-in-blah/story-e6frg8px-1111117308423. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ Diehl, Matt (April 22, 2010). "It's a Joni Mitchell concert". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/22/entertainment/la-et-jonimitchell-20100422. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ Larson, Bethany (April 23, 2010). "Folk Face-Off: Joni Mitchell vs. Bob Dylan". Flavorwire.com. http://flavorwire.com/85781/folk-face-off-joni-mitchell-vs-bob-dylan. Retrieved August 4, 2011.
- ^ Wilentz, Sean (April 30, 2010). "Is Bob Dylan a Phony?". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-04-30/is-bob-dylan-a-phony/full/. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
- ^ J. Hoberman (November 20, 2007). "Like A Complete Unknown". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-11-13/film/like-a-complete-unknown-i-m-not-there-and-the-changing-face-of-bob-dylan-on-film/. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
References[link]
- Bjorner, Olof (2002). Olof's Files: A Bob Dylan Performance Guide (Bob Dylan all alone on a shelf). Hardinge Simpole. ISBN 1-84382-024-2.
- Bauldie, John, ed. (1992). Wanted Man: In Search of Bob Dylan. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-015361-6.
- Beatles, The (2000). The Beatles Anthology. Cassell & Co.. ISBN 0-304-35605-0.
- Cohn, Nik (1970). Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom. Paladin. ISBN 0-586-08014-7.
- Cott, Jonathan, ed. (2006). Dylan on Dylan: The Essential Interviews. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-92312-1.
- Dettmar, Kevin J., ed. (2008). The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-71494-X.
- Daly, Steven; Kamp, David (2005). The Rock Snob's Dictionary: An Essential Lexicon of Rockological Knowledge. Broadway Books. ISBN 0-7679-1873-8.
- Dylan, Bob (2004). Chronicles: Volume One. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2815-4.
- Fishkoff, Sue (2003). The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch. Schocken Books. ISBN 0-8052-1138-1.
- Flanagan, Bill (1990). Written In My Soul. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-2224-1.
- Fong-Torres, Ben, ed. (1973). The Rolling Stone Interviews. 2. Warner Paperback Library.
- Gill, Andy (1999). Classic Bob Dylan: My Back Pages. Carlton. ISBN 1-85868-599-0.
- Gray, Michael (2000). Song & Dance Man III: The Art of Bob Dylan. Continuum International. ISBN 0-8264-5150-0.
- Gray, Michael (2006). The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia. Continuum International. ISBN 0-8264-6933-7.
- Hajdu, David (2001). Positively 4th Street: The Lives and Times of Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, Mimi Baez Farina, and Richard Farina. Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0-374-28199-8.
- Harvey, Todd (2001). The Formative Dylan: Transmission & Stylistic Influences, 1961–1963. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4115-0.
- Hedin, Benjamin, ed. (2004). Studio A: The Bob Dylan Reader. W.W.Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-32742-6.
- Helm, Levon (2000). This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band. Stephen Davis. a capella. ISBN 1-55652-405-6.
- Heylin, Clinton (1990). Saved!: The Gospel Speeches of Bob Dylan. Hanuman Books. ISBN 0-937815-38-1.
- Heylin, Clinton (1996). Bob Dylan: A Life In Stolen Moments. Book Sales. ISBN 0-7119-5669-3.
- Heylin, Clinton (2000). Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades: Take Two. Viking. ISBN 0-670-88506-1.
- Heylin, Clinton (2011). Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades: 20th Anniversary Edition. Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-27240-2.
- Heylin, Clinton (2009). Revolution In The Air: The Songs of Bob Dylan, Volume One: 1957–73. Constable. ISBN 978-1-84901-051-1.
- Lee, C. P. (2000). Like a Bullet of Light: The Films of Bob Dylan. Helter Skelter. ISBN 1-900924-06-4.
- Marcus, Greil (2001). The Old, Weird America: The World of Bob Dylan's Basement Tapes. Picador. ISBN 0-312-42043-9.
- Marcus, Greil (2005). Like a Rolling Stone: Bob Dylan at the Crossroads. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-22385-0.
- Marqusee, Mike (2005). Wicked Messenger: Bob Dylan and the 1960s. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-686-9.
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- Shelton, Robert (2003) [1986]. No Direction Home. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81287-8.
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- Williams, Paul (1991). Bob Dylan: Performing Artist The Early Years 1960–1973. Underwood-Miller. ISBN 0-88733-131-9
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External links[link]
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- BobDylan.com – Official web site, including lyrics and touring schedule
- Expecting Rain – Dylan news and events, updated daily
- BobLinks – Comprehensive log of concerts and set lists
- Bjorner's Still on the Road – Information on recording sessions and performances
- Bob Dylan at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dylan, Bob |
| Alternative names | Zimmerman, Robert Allen (birth name) |
| Short description | Rock and folk musician |
| Date of birth | May 24, 1941 |
| Place of birth | Duluth, Minnesota, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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