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Albania
Albania (
i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
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Algeria
Coordinates: 28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2
Algeriai/ælˈdʒɪəriə/ (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā'ir; Berber: ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, al-Jumhūriyyah al-Jazāʾiriyyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyyah ash-Shaʿbiyyah), also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a large country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.
When referring to its land area, Algeria is the largest country in Africa, Maghreb and the Arab World. It is also the largest of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea; it is also the tenth-largest country in the world. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Its size is almost 2,400,000 square kilometres (926,645 sq mi) with an estimated population of 37.1 million as of 2012. Algeria is a member of the African Union, the Arab League, OPEC and the United Nations. The country is also a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union.
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Amália Rodrigues
Amália da Piedade Rodrigues,GCSE, GCIH, (July 23, 1920 – October 6, 1999), known as Amália Rodrigues (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈmaliɐ ʁuˈðɾiɣɨʃ]), was a Portuguese singer and actress. She was known as the Rainha do Fado ("Queen of Fado") and was most influential in popularizing the fado worldwide. She was one of the most important figures in the genre's development, and enjoyed a 50-year recording and stage career. Amália' performances and choice of repertoire pushed fado's boundaries and helped redefine it and reconfigure it for her and subsequent generations. In effect, Amália wrote the rulebook on what fado could be and on how a female fadista — or fado singer — should perform it, to the extent that she remains an unsurpassable model and an unending source of repertoire for all those who came afterwards. Amália enjoyed an extensive international career between the 1950s and the 1970s, although in an era where such efforts were not as easily quantified as today. She was the main inspiration to other well-known international fado and popular music artists such as Madredeus, Dulce Pontes and Mariza.
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Ankara
Ankara (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈan.ka.ɾa]; historically known as Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 938 metres (3,077 ft), and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.
Centrally located in Anatolia, Ankara is an important commercial and industrial city. It is the center of the Turkish Government, and houses all foreign embassies. It is an important crossroads of trade, strategically located at the centre of Turkey's highway and railway networks, and serves as the marketing centre for the surrounding agricultural area. The city was famous for its long-haired Angora goat and its prized wool (mohair), a unique breed of cat (Angora cat), Angora rabbits and their prized wool (Angora wool), pears, honey, and the region's muscat grapes.
The historical center of Ankara is situated upon a rocky hill, which rises 150 m (492 ft) above the plain on the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya (Sangarius) river. The city is located at 39°52'30" North, 32°52' East (39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333Coordinates: 39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333), about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul, the country's largest city. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, which is 72 m2 per head.
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Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] (
listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: 
Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Barcelona
Barcelona (English /bɑrsɨˈloʊnə/, Catalan: [bərsəˈɫonə], Spanish: [barθeˈlona]) is the capital of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of 101.4 km2 (39 sq mi). The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km2 (310 sq mi), being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, Madrid and Milan. About five million people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the main component of an administrative area of Greater Barcelona, with a population of 3,218,071 in an area of 636 km² (density 5,060 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge (512 m/1,680 ft).
Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, Barcelona became one of the most important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona, the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures, and the 2004 World Urban Forum.
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Belgrade
Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/; Serbian: Београд; [beǒɡrad] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. Its name in English translates to White city. The city proper has a population of over 1.1 million, while its metropolitan area has over 1.6 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Southeast Europe.
One of the largest prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved around the area Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region, and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city, naming it Singidūn. It was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus, and awarded city rights in the mid 2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times before it became the capital of King Stephen Dragutin (1282–1316). In 1521 Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of a the Sanjak of Smederevo. It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars. Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. The north of Belgrade remained a Habsburg outpost until 1918, when it was merged into the capital city. As a strategic location, the city was battled over in 115 wars and razed to the ground 44 times. Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia (in various forms of governments) from its creation in 1918, to its final dissolution in 2006.
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Bhutan
Coordinates: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, tr ʼbrug-yul, "Druk Yul"; Devanagari भूटान, Bhūṭān), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby country of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the area was unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who fled religious persecution in Tibet and cultivated a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire, after which Bhutan continued strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, based on a global survey.
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Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Brixton
Coordinates: 51°27′47″N 0°06′22″W / 51.463°N 0.106°W / 51.463; -0.106
Brixton is a district in the London Borough of Lambeth in south London, England. It is 3.8 miles (6.1 km) south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Brixton is mainly residential with a prominent street market and substantial retail sector. It is a multiethnic community, with around 24 percent of its population being of African and Caribbean descent,. It lies within Inner South London and is bordered by Stockwell, Clapham, Streatham, Camberwell, Tulse Hill and Herne Hill. The district houses the main offices of the London Borough of Lambeth.
The name Brixton is thought to originate from Brixistance, meaning the stone of Brixi, a Saxon lord. Brixi is thought to have erected a boundary stone to mark the meeting place of the ancient hundred court of Surrey. The location is unknown but is thought to be at the top of Brixton Hill, at a road known at the time as Bristow or Brixton Causeway, long before any settlement in the area. Brixton marks the rise from the marshes of North Lambeth up to the hills of Upper Norwood and Streatham. At the time the River Effra flowed from its source in Upper Norwood through Herne Hill to Brixton. At Brixton the river was crossed by low bridges for Roman roads to the south coast of Britain, now Brixton Road and Clapham Road. The main roads were connected through a network of medieval country lanes, such as Acre Lane, Coldharbour Lane, Brixton Water Lane and Lyham Road, formerly Black Lane. It was only at the end of the 18th century that villages and settlements formed around Brixton, as the original woodland was gradually reduced until the area was covered in farmland and market gardens known for game and strawberries.
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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (English /kəˈnɛəri ˈaɪləndz/; Spanish: Islas Canarias [ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas, ˈihlah kaˈnaɾjas]), also known as the Canaries (Spanish: Canarias), is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union. The islands include (from largest to smallest): Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. The Canary Islands are legally recognized as a nationality of Spain. Geographically it is a part of the African Continent.[citation needed]
The archipelago's beaches, climate and important natural attractions, especially Teide National Park and Mount Teide (the third tallest volcano in the world measured from its base on the ocean floor), make it a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote. The islands have a subtropical climate, with long warm summers and moderately warm winters. Due to their location above the temperature inversion layer, these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For this reason, two professional observatories, Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, have been built on the islands.
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Cardiff
Cardiff (i/ˈkɑrdɪf/; Welsh: Caerdydd (info) Welsh pronunciation: [kairˈdiːð, kaˑɨrˈdɨːð]) is the capital and largest city in Wales and the 10th largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. The unitary authority area's mid 2010 population was estimated to be 341,054, while the population of the Larger Urban Zone was estimated at 861,400 in 2009. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked 6th in the world in National Geographic's alternative tourist destinations.
The city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan (and later South Glamorgan). Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities. The Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside of the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a major port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city.
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College Station, TX
College Station is a city in Brazos County, Texas, situated in East Central Texas in the heart of the Brazos Valley. The city is located within the most populated region of Texas, near three of the 10 largest cities in the United States - Houston, Dallas, and San Antonio. The population estimate as of 2010 was 93,857.
College Station and Bryan together make up the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area, the sixteenth largest metropolitan area in Texas with 203,371 people.
College Station is home to the main campus of Texas A&M University, the flagship institution of The Texas A&M University System. The city owes both its name and existence to the university's location along a railroad. Texas A&M's triple designation as a Land-, Sea-, and Space-Grant institution reflects the broad scope of the research endeavors it brings to the city, with ongoing projects funded by agencies such as NASA, the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and the Office of Naval Research.
Due largely to the size of Texas A&M University, College Station was named by Money magazine in 2006 as the most educated city in Texas, and the 11th most educated city in the United States.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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East Timor
The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (tiˈmɔr ˈlɛʃteɪ), commonly known as East Timori/ˌiːst ˈtiːmɔr/ (Tetum: Timór Lorosa'e, Portuguese: Timor-Leste), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.
East Timor was colonized by Portugal in the 16th century, and was known as Portuguese Timor until Portugal's decolonization of the country. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year was invaded and occupied by Indonesia and was declared Indonesia's 27th province the following year. In 1999, following the United Nations-sponsored act of self-determination, Indonesia relinquished control of the territory and East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002. East Timor is one of only two predominantly Roman Catholic countries in Asia, the other being the Philippines.
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK. In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.
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EgyptAir Flight 990
EgyptAir Flight 990 (MS990/MSR990) was a regularly scheduled flight from Los Angeles International Airport, United States to Cairo International Airport, Egypt, with a stop at John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York City. On 31 October 1999, the Boeing 767 operating the route crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, about 60 miles (97 km) south of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, killing all 217 people on board.
As the crash occurred in international waters, the responsibility for investigating the accident fell to the Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority per International Civil Aviation Organization Annex 13. As the ECAA lacked the resources of the much larger American National Transportation Safety Board, the Egyptian government asked the NTSB to handle the investigation. Two weeks after the crash, the NTSB proposed handing the investigation over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, as the evidence they had gathered suggested a criminal act had taken place and that the crash was intentional rather than accidental. This proposal was unacceptable to the Egyptian authorities, and as such the NTSB continued to lead the investigation. As the evidence of a deliberate crash mounted, the Egyptian government reversed their earlier decision, and the ECAA launched their own investigation. The two investigations came to very different conclusions: the NTSB found the crash was caused by deliberate action of the Relief First Officer Gameel Al-Batouti; the ECAA found the crash was caused by mechanical failure of the airplane's elevator control system.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Fulham
Coordinates: 51°28′36″N 0°12′50″W / 51.4767°N 0.2138°W / 51.4767; -0.2138
Fulham ( /ˈfʊləm/) is an area of southwest London in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, SW6 (the successor to the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham) located 3.7 miles (6.0 km) south west of Charing Cross. It lies on the north bank of the Thames, between Putney and Chelsea. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. Fulham was formerly the seat of the diocese of "Fulham and Gibraltar", and Fulham Palace served as the former official home of the Bishop of London, (now a museum), the grounds of which are now divided between public allotments and an elegant botanical garden.
Having been through many transformations in its history, today it is a green London area within very close reach of many famously extravagant places such as Chelsea and Kensington and this is reflected in the high local house prices. It was included within Savills' 2007 list of "prime" London areas. Two Premier League football clubs, Fulham and Chelsea, are situated in Fulham. The former Lillie Bridge Grounds (which hosted the second FA Cup Final and the first ever amateur boxing matches) was also in Fulham.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Guadalajara, Jalisco
Guadalajara (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa]) is the capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is located in the central region of Jalisco in the western-pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,564,514 it is Mexico's second most populous municipality. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported population of 4,328,584 in 2009, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico City. The municipality is the second most densely populated area in Mexico; the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in State of Mexico.
The city's economy is based on industry, especially information technology with a large number of international firms having manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metro Area. Other, more traditional industries, such as shoes, textiles and food processing are also important contributing factors. Guadalajara is the cultural center of Mexico, considered by most to be the home of Mariachi music and host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the International Film Festival of Guadalajara and the Guadalajara International Book Fair and a number of globally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds. It is also home to the Chivas football/soccer team, one of the two most popular in Mexico. This city was named American Capital of Culture in 2005. Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan American Games and is currently bidding to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
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Guadeloupe
Coordinates: 16°15′N 61°35′W / 16.25°N 61.583°W / 16.25; -61.583
Guadeloupe ( /ɡwɑːdəˈluːp/; French pronunciation: [ɡwadəlup]; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is a Caribbean island located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is an overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. Its departmental code is "971". As the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also an integral part of the Republic. Besides Guadeloupe island, the smaller islands of Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the Îles des Saintes are included in Guadeloupe.
As part of France, Guadeloupe is part of the European Union and the Eurozone; hence, as for all Eurozone countries, its currency is the euro. However, Guadeloupe is not part of the Schengen Area. The prefecture and the capital of Guadeloupe is Basse-Terre. Christopher Columbus named the island Santa María de Guadalupe in 1493 after the Virgin Mary, venerated in the Spanish town of Guadalupe, in Extremadura.
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Guinea
Guinea
i/ˈɡɪni/, officially the Republic of Guinea (French: République de Guinée), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbour Guinea-Bissau and the Republic of Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has almost 246,000 square kilometres (94,981 sq mi) and a population of 10,057,975. It forms a crescent by curving from its western border on the Atlantic Ocean toward the east and the south. Its northern border is shared with Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali, the southern one with Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The Niger River's source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea.
Guinea is geographically divided into eight administrative regions and subdivided into thirty-three prefectures. Conakry is the capital, largest city and economic centre. The other major cities in the country include Kankan, Nzérékoré, Kindia, Labe, Guéckédou, Mamou and Boke.
Guinea's 10 million people belong to twenty-four ethnic groups. The largest and most prominent groups are the Fula 40%, Mandingo 30%, and Susu 20%.
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Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissaui/ˈɡɪni bɪˈsaʊ/ (Portuguese: República da Guiné-Bissau, pronounced: [ʁeˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsaw]), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west. It covers 36,125 km² (nearly 14,000 sq mi) with an estimated population of 1,600,000.
Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were part of the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. It then became the Portuguese colony of Portuguese Guinea in the 19th century. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with the bordering Republic of Guinea. Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since gaining independence and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term. On the evening of 12 April 2012, members of the country's military staged a coup and arrested the interim president and a leading presidential candidate. The military has yet to declare a current leader for the country. However, former vice chief of staff, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma took the care of the country in the transitional period and started negotiations with opposition parties.
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Helsinki
Helsinki ( listen (help·info); Swedish: Helsingfors, listen (help·info)) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is 596,233 (31 January 2012), making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is located some 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, 300 kilometres (190 mi) west of St. Petersburg, Russia and 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.
The Helsinki Metropolitan Area includes the city of Helsinki and three other cities: Espoo and Vantaa, which immediately border Helsinki to the west and north, respectively; and Kauniainen, which is an enclave within the city of Espoo. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the world's northernmost urban area among those with a population of over one million people, and the city is the northernmost capital of a EU member state. Altogether 1.1 million people, approximately one in five Finns, live in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Houston, Texas
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Islamabad
Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد Islām ābād, lit. Abode of Islam) is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. Located within the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), the population of the city has grown from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.152 million in 2011. The greater Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area is the third largest conurbation in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northern part of the country, within the Islamabad Capital Territory. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with Margalla pass acting as the gateway between the two regions. The city was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan's capital. Islamabad is a well-organized city divided into different sectors and zones. It is regarded as the most developed city in Pakistan. Islamabad is ranked as a Gamma world city. The city is home to Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth largest mosque in the world.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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İzmit
İzmit (Greek: Νικομήδεια, Nicomedia) is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality. It is located at the Gulf of İzmit (the ancient Gulf of Astacus) in the Sea of Marmara, about 100 km (62 mi) east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. The city center has a population of 293,339 (2010 census). The population of the province (including rural areas) is 1,459,772 (Unlike other provinces in Turkey apart from Istanbul, the whole province is now included within the municipality of the metropolitan center.)
Nicomedia was the eastern and most senior capital city of the Roman Empire between 286 and 324, during the Tetrarchy introduced by Diocletian. Following Constantine's victory over co-emperor Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis (Üsküdar) in 324, Nicomedia served as an interim capital city for Constantine the Great between 324 and 330, until the nearby Byzantium was officially declared Nova Roma (later known as Constantinople, present-day Istanbul).
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Kargil district
Kargil is a district of Ladakh region in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kargil lies near the Line of Control facing Gilgit–Baltistan to the west, and Kashmir valley to the south. Zanskar is part of Kargil district along with Suru, Wakha and Dras valleys. Kargil was at the center of a conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999.
As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Jammu and Kashmir (out of 22).
Kargil district is nestled in the Himalayas, giving it a cool, temperate climate. Summers are warm with cool nights, while winters are long and cold with temperatures often dropping to −40 °C (−40 °F) with recorded temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F) in the tiny town of Dras, situated some 56 km (35 mi) from the Kargil town. The Zanskar plateau is even colder, making it thus a near-uninhabitable place for humans, except for the hardy Khampas. The entire Kargil district is spread over 14,086 km2 (5,439 sq mi). The Suru River flows through the district.
National Highway 1D, connecting Srinagar to Leh, cuts through Kargil. This highway is typically open for traffic only from June to mid-November due to heavy snowfall at the Zoji La, but in recent years it has been opened before June. Kargil is located 204 km (127 mi) from the capital city of Srinagar. There is a partially paved road—the first 40 kilometres (25 mi) or so—leading from Kargil south to Zanskar. Total distance to Zanskar is nearly 220 km (140 mi), which is again open only from June to September. The region has recently been opening to tourists, with steps a travel hub by the Indian Government. Recently, both India and Pakistan have considered linking the Pakistan town of Skardu with Kargil via a bus route to facilitate free movement of Kashmiris in the area.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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Kiribati
Kiribati ([kɪribas] KIRR-i-bas or ˌkɪrəˈbɑdi;Gilbertese: [ˈkiɾibas]), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. The permanent population is just over 100,000 (2011), and the island nation is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
The name Kiribati is the local pronunciation of "Gilberts", derived from the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands. The capital of South Tarawa consists of a number of islets connected through a series of causeways, located in the Tarawa archipelago. Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom in 1979. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the IMF and the World Bank, and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999.
Kiribati was named in French by captains Krusenstern and Louis Isidore Duperrey "îles Gilbert", Gilbert Islands, after the British Captain Thomas Gilbert, who sighted the islands in 1788. The current name, Kiribati, is an adaptation of "Gilberts", from the former European name the "Gilbert Islands". Although the indigenous Gilbertese language name for the Gilbert Islands proper is Tungaru, the new state chose the name "Kiribati", the Gilbertese rendition of "Gilberts", as an equivalent of the former colony to acknowledge the inclusion of islands which were never considered part of the Gilberts chain.
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Kosovo
Kosovo ( /ˈkɒsəvoʊˌ ˈkoʊsəvoʊ/; Albanian: Kosovë, Kosova; Serbian: Косово or Косово и Метохија or Космет, Kosovo or Kosovo i Metohija or Kosmet) is a region in southeastern Europe. In antiquity, it was known as the independent kingdom, and later Roman province, of Dardania. Part of the medieval Serbia, it was then conquered by the Ottoman Empire, later incorporated into Serbia after the First Balkan War and before the constitution of Yugoslavia, later still it became the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija) within Serbia (Serbia then being one of the constituent republics of Yugoslavia). Long-term severe ethnic tensions between Kosovo's Albanian and Serb populations have left Kosovo ethnically divided, resulting in inter-ethnic violence, including the Kosovo War of 1999. Following the Kosovo War, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) relinquished governance of this territory, whose governance was taken over by the United Nations, Kosovo remained legally the sovereign territory of the FRY after the transfer of authority. The partially recognised Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, Republika Kosovo), a self-declared independent state, has de facto control over most of the territory, while North Kosovo, the largest Kosovo Serb enclave, is under the control of institutions of the Republic of Serbia.Serbia does not recognise the unilateral secession of Kosovo and considers it a UN-governed entity within its sovereign territory.
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Laramie, Wyoming
Laramie is a city in and the county seat of Albany County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 27,204 at the 2000 census. Located on the Laramie River in southeastern Wyoming, the city is west of Cheyenne, at the junction of Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 287.
Laramie was settled in the mid-19th century along the Union Pacific Railroad line, which crosses the Laramie River at Laramie. It is home to the University of Wyoming, Wyoming Technical Institute, and a branch of Laramie County Community College. Laramie Regional Airport serves Laramie. The ruins of Fort Sanders, an army fort predating Laramie, lie just south of the city along Route 287. Located in the Laramie Valley between the Snowy Range and the Laramie Range, the city draws outdoor enthusiasts because of its abundance of outdoor activities.
In 2011, Laramie was named as one of the best cities to retire by Money Magazine due to its scenic location, low taxes and educational opportunities.
Laramie takes its name from Jacques LaRamie, a French or French-Canadian trapper who disappeared in the Laramie Mountains in the late 1810s and was never heard from again. He was one of the first Europeans to visit the area, and his name was given to a river, mountain range, peak, US Army fort, county, and city. More Wyoming landmarks are named for him than any other trapper but Jim Bridger.
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Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is an approximately 4.2-mile (6.8 km) stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard South in Clark County, Nevada. The Strip is not located within the city of Las Vegas proper— it passes through the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester, which are south of the Las Vegas city limits. Most of the Strip has been designated an All-American Road.
Many of the largest hotel, casino and resort properties in the world are located on the Las Vegas Strip. Fifteen of the world's 25 largest hotels by room count are on the Strip, with a total of over 62,000 rooms.
One of the most visible aspects of Las Vegas' cityscape is its use of dramatic architecture. The modernization of hotels, casinos, restaurants, and residential high-rises on the Strip has established the city as one of the most popular destinations for tourists.
Historically, the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were restricted to outside of the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard. In 1959 the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles (7.2 km) outside of the city limits. The sign is today about 0.4 miles (0.64 km) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay (the southernmost casino).
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Libya
Libya (Arabic: ليبيا Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.
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Littleton, Colorado
Littleton is a Home Rule Municipality contained in Arapahoe, Douglas, and Jefferson counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. Littleton is a suburb of the Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area. Littleton is the county seat of Arapahoe County and the 20th most populous city in the state of Colorado. The population was 41,737 at the 2010 census.
The city of Littleton's history dates back to the 1859 Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which brought not only gold seekers, but merchants and farmers to the community. Richard Sullivan Little was an engineer from New Hampshire that made his way out west to work on irrigation systems. Little quickly fell in love with the area that is present day Littleton and brought his wife Angeline out from the East in 1862. The Littles, along with many neighbors, built the Rough and Ready Flour Mill in 1867, which provided a solid economic base in the community. By 1890, the community had grown to 245 people and the residents voted to incorporate the Town of Littleton.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Lusaka
Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is located in the southern part of the central plateau, at an elevation of about 1,300 metres (4,265 feet). It has a population of about 1.7 million (2010 census). It is a commercial centre as well as the centre of government, and the four main highways of Zambia head north, south, east and west from it. The three main languages spoken in Lusaka are English, Nyanja, and Bemba (the latter two are Bantu languages). English is the official language. Lusaka is one of the fastest-developing cities in Southern Africa.
As national capital, Lusaka is the seat of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, epitomized by the presence of the National Assembly (parliament), the State House (office of the President), and the High Court. The Parliament is situated at the Parliament complex, which features a 15-story building. The city is also the capital of Lusaka Province, the smallest and most populous of the country's nine provinces, and forms an administrative district run by Lusaka City Council. In 2007, the mayor was Steven Chilatu (PF), and the deputy mayor was Mary Phiri.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Malexander
Malexander is a minor village in Boxholm Municipality, Sweden, well-known for the 1999 Police Murders. The village, which is located clost to the lake Sommen, has a jetty where the steamboat S/S Boxholm II stops.
On 28 May, the "Östgöta Enskilda Bank" in Kisa was robbed by three masked and armed men: former mercenary Jackie Arklöv and the two neonazis Tony Olsson and Andreas Axelsson. The loot was approximately 2,6 million Swedish kronor. While trying to stop the robbers, Swedish policemen Olle Borén (42 years) and Robert Karlström (30 years) were executed on a country road, with their own service pistols by shots to their heads.
Andreas Axelsson was hurt during the gunfire, and he was arrested while seeking attention at a hospital. Tony Olsson managed to escape the country (probably with help from his fiancée). About a week later he was arrested in Costa Rica, and along with him about one million Swedish kronor from the loot was found. Because of some bureaucratic fuss he wasn't sent to Sweden until a couple of weeks after his arrest.
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Mandalay Bay
Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino is a 44-story luxury hotel casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. It is owned by MGM Resorts International. One of the property's towers operates as THEhotel, while the top five floors of the other tower are occupied by a Four Seasons Hotel.
Mandalay Bay has 3,309 hotel rooms, 24 elevators and a casino of 135,000 sq ft (12,500 m2). Adjacent to the hotel are the 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Mandalay Bay Convention Center and the 12,000-seat Mandalay Bay Events Center. The Mandalay Bay Tram connects the resort to its sister properties, Excalibur and Luxor.
On December 31, 1996, the Hacienda was imploded to make way for Mandalay Bay.
The working title for the $950 million resort and casino was "Project Paradise", officially replaced with Mandalay Bay in 1998.
During construction engineers discovered vertical movements and particularly differential movements ('dishing') between the tower core and the wings. The tower core was sinking at a rate of 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 inch (13 to 19 mm) per week and the wings were sinking at a slower rate causing differential distortion between the column bays. If these movements were not stopped structural damage would occur. Construction was halted while a solution was developed and implemented. The solution proved to be the installation of micro-piles (formerly marketed as 'Pin Piles') filled with grout 200 feet (61 m) deep below the structure each capped with a hydraulic jack to stabilize the structure at the desired vertical height to carry the weight. Since then, there have not been any reports of this problem recurring.
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Martha's Vineyard
Martha's Vineyard (Wampanoag: Noepe) is an island (including the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) located south of Cape Cod in Massachusetts, known for being an affluent summer colony.
Often called just "The Vineyard," the island has a land area of 87.48 square miles (226.6 km2) and is the 58th largest island in the United States, and the third largest on the East Coast of the United States. It is also the largest island not connected to mainland by a bridge or tunnel on the East Coast of the United States.
It is located in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as a part of Dukes County, which also includes Cuttyhunk and the other Elizabeth Islands, as well as the island of Nomans Land, which is both a US Wildlife preserve, as well as a US Naval practice bombing range which continues to be controversial. The Vineyard was also home to one of the earliest known deaf communities in the United States; consequently, a special sign language, Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL), developed on the island.
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Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Microsoft
Coordinates: 47°38′22.55″N 122°7′42.42″W / 47.6395972°N 122.12845°W / 47.6395972; -122.12845
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, United States that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. Microsoft is one of the largest software corporations in the world.
Microsoft would also come to dominate the office suite market with Microsoft Office. The company has diversified into the video game industry with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles and the consumer electronics and digital services market MSN, the Zune and the Windows Phone OS. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees (Forbes 400 list revealed that in March 2011 both Jon Shipley and Nathan Myhrvold lost their billionaire status). In May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications for $8.5 billion.
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Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
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Moore, Oklahoma
Moore is a city in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. The population was 55,081 at the 2010 census, making it the seventh largest city in the state of Oklahoma.
Situated next to the northern boundary of Cleveland County, Moore is the second largest city in the county and the seventh largest city in the state. Moore was once known for as sleeping community is now known for its fine dining, entertainment and shopping. Moore is less than twenty minutes from downtown Oklahoma City, Will Rogers World Airport, Tinker Air Force Base, the University of Oklahoma, the Federal Aviation Administration's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center, and thousands of businesses, industries, public and private schools, as well as recreational and cultural facilities.
The city of Moore has been damaged by significant tornadoes on October 4, 1998, May 3, 1999, May 8, 2003, and May 10, 2010. The May 3, 1999 tornado that hit Moore was rated an F5 on the Fujita scale, and was one of the strongest and most destructive tornadoes in history. The tornado, which occurred during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, had an approximate recorded wind speed of 318 mph (512 km/h), the highest speed on the first F-Scale, left a swath of destruction over 1 mile (1.6 km) wide at times, and 38 miles (60 km) long. It killed a total of 36 people in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. This was the deadliest F5 tornado recorded since the Delhi, Louisiana tornado in 1971 although several tornadoes from 2011 eclipsed this mark.
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Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
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NASA
Coordinates: 38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's mission statement has been to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research." On September 14, 2011, NASA announced that it had selected the design of a new Space Launch System that it said would take the agency's astronauts farther into space than ever before and provide the cornerstone for future human space exploration efforts by the U.S.
NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958. U.S. space exploration efforts have since been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program (LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches.
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NATO
Coordinates: 50°52′34.16″N 4°25′19.24″E / 50.8761556°N 4.4220111°E / 50.8761556; 4.4220111
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( /ˈneɪtoʊ/ NAY-toh; French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN)), also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the world's defence spending.
For its first few years, NATO was not much more than a political association. However, the Korean War galvanized the member states, and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two U.S. supreme commanders. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, which formed in 1955. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down." Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defence against a prospective Soviet invasion—doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of the French from NATO's military structure in 1966.
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Nauru
Coordinates: 0°31′38″S 166°56′12″E / 0.527288°S 166.936724°E / -0.527288; 166.936724
Nauru (Englishi/nɑːˈuːruː/ nah-OO-roo), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 kilometres (186 mi) to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest republic, covering just 21 square kilometres (8.1 sq mi). With just over 9,322 residents, it is the second least-populated country after Vatican City.
Settled by Micronesian and Polynesian people, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops, who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. After the war ended, it entered into trusteeship again. Nauru gained its independence in 1968.
Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Nauru was a "rentier state". Nauru is a phosphate rock island, with rich deposits close to the surface, which allow for simple strip mining operations; moreover, it has some phosphate reserves which are presently (as of 2011) not economically viable for extraction. Nevertheless, this island was a major exporter of phosphate starting in 1907, when the Pacific Phosphate Company began mining there, through the formation of the British Phosphate Commission in 1919, and continuing after independence. This returned to Nauru full control of its minerals under the Nauru Phosphate Corporation, until the deposits ran out during the 1980s. For this reason, Nauru briefly boasted the highest per-capita income enjoyed by any sovereign state in the world during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New Delhi
New Delhii/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Niger
Niger (French pronunciation: [niʒɛʁ], but occasionally pronounced as /niːˈʒɛər/ ori/ˈnaɪdʒər/), officially the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, making it the largest nation in West Africa, with over 80 percent of its land area covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey, located in the far southwest corner of Niger.
Niger is a developing country, and consistently ranks as one of the lowest ranks of the United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI), 186th of 187 countries in 2011. Much of the non-desert portions of the country are threatened by periodic drought and desertification. The economy is concentrated around subsistence and some export agriculture clustered in the more fertile south, and the export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger remains handicapped by its landlocked position, desert terrain, poor education and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, and environmental degradation.
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Nigeria
Nigeriai/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Since 2002 there have been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists Boko Haram, militant jihadists who seek to establish sharia law.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. It is awarded to those who have "done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
Per Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a 5-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. Since 1990, the prize is awarded in Oslo City Hall on 10 December each year. The prize was formerly awarded in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law (1947–89), the Norwegian Nobel Institute (1905–46) and the Parliament (1901–04).
According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."
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Nunavut
Nunavut /ˈnuːnəˌvʊt/ (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ [ˈnunavut]) is the largest and newest federal territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the actual boundaries had been established in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland in 1949.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, making it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world. The capital Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay") on Baffin Island, in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west and Akimiski Island in James Bay to the far south.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Pan Am flight 103
Pan Am Flight 103 was Pan American World Airways' third daily scheduled transatlantic flight from London Heathrow Airport to New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport. On Wednesday, 21 December 1988, the aircraft flying this route, a Boeing 747–121 registered N739PA and named “Clipper Maid of the Seas”, was destroyed by a bomb, killing all 243 passengers and 16 crew members. 11 people in Lockerbie, in southern Scotland, were also killed as large sections of the plane fell in the town and destroyed several houses, bringing total fatalities to 270. The event is also known as the Lockerbie bombing. During the Libyan civil war a former government official claimed that Muammar Gaddafi had personally ordered the attack.
The aircraft operating Pan Am Flight 103 was a Boeing 747–121 named Clipper Maid of the Seas. The jumbo jet was the fifteenth 747 built and was delivered in February 1970, one month after the first 747 entered service with Pan Am. The Clipper Maid of the Seas operated the transatlantic leg of Flight 103, which had originated in Frankfurt, West Germany, on a Boeing 727. At London Heathrow, passengers and their luggage on the feeder flight transferred directly onto the Boeing 747, along with interline luggage not accompanied by anyone. The aircraft pushed back from the gate at 18:04, and lifted off at 18:25. Captain James Bruce McQuarrie 55, (is a veteran for leading 11000 flight hours) 1st officer Raymond Ronald Wagner 52 and flight engineer Jerry Don Avritt, 46 flew northwest into the Daventry departure over the Midlands and leveled off at 31,000 ft about 25 miles (40 km) north of Manchester at 18:56.
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Panama Canal
The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an 82-kilometre (51 mi) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade.
Work on the canal, which began in 1880, was completed in 1914, making it no longer necessary for ships to sail the lengthy Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America and to navigate the dangerous waters of the Strait of Magellan. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut made it possible for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in half the time previously required. The shorter, faster, safer route to the U.S. West Coast and to nations in and along the Pacific Ocean allowed those places to become more integrated with the world economy.
Ownership of the territory that is now the Panama Canal was first Colombian, then French and then American before coming under the control of the Panamanian government in 1999. The Panama Canal has seen annual traffic rise from about 1,000 ships when it opened in 1914, to 14,702 vessels in 2008, the latter measuring a total of 309.6 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons. By 2008, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal, many of them much larger than the original planners could have envisioned; the largest ships that can transit the canal today are called Panamax. The American Society of Civil Engineers has named the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (i/ˈpɛərəɡwaɪ/, PAIR-ə-gwy), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay [reˈpuβlika ðel paɾaˈɣwai], Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái [teˈtã paɾaˈɣwaj]), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
The Guaraní have been living in Paraguay since before the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, when Paraguay became part of the Spanish colonial empire. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who followed isolationist and protectionist policies. This development was truncated by the disastrous Paraguayan War (1864–1870) in which the country lost 60% to 70% of its population and large amounts of territory. During a large part of the 20th century, Paraguay was ruled by Alfredo Stroessner, who led one of South America's longest lived military dictatorships. In 1989 Stroessner was toppled and free elections were celebrated in 1993. In 1994 Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Portuguese Republic
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Republic of China
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Rome
Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in 1,285.3 km2 (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.7 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.
Rome's history spans two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Rwanda
Rwanda /ruːˈɑːndə/ or /ruːˈændə/, officially the Republic of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: Repubulika y'u Rwanda; French: République du Rwanda), is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.7 million (2012). Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. All of Rwanda is at high elevation, with a geography dominated by mountains in the west, savanna in the east, and numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons every year.
The population is young and predominantly rural, with a density among the highest in Africa. Rwandans form three groups: the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The Twa are a pygmy people who descend from Rwanda's earliest inhabitants, but scholars disagree on the origins of and differences between the Hutu and Tutsi; some believe that they are derived from former social castes, while others view them as being races or tribes. Christianity is the largest religion in the country, and the principal language is Kinyarwanda, which is spoken by most Rwandans. Rwanda has a presidential system of government. The President is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Rwanda has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries, but human rights organisations allege suppression of opposition groups, intimidation, and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country has been governed by a strict administrative hierarchy since precolonial times; there are currently five provinces, which are delineated by borders drawn in 2006.
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Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament (Scottish Gaelic: Pàrlamaid na h-Alba; Scots: The Scots Pairliament) is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland, located in the Holyrood area of the capital, Edinburgh. The Parliament, informally referred to as "Holyrood", is a democratically elected body comprising 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs). Members are elected for four-year terms under the mixed member proportional representation system. As a result, 73 MSPs represent individual geographical constituencies elected by the plurality ("first past the post") system, with a further 56 returned from eight additional member regions, each electing seven MSPs. The most recent general election to the Parliament was held on 5 May 2011.
The original Parliament of Scotland (or "Estates of Scotland") was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland, and existed from the early 13th century until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London.
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Selangor
Selangor ( /səˈlæŋə/) also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity") is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east, Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west. It surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, both of which were once under Selangor's sovereignty.
The state capital is Shah Alam, the first city in Selangor, and the royal capital is Klang. Another major urban centre is Petaling Jaya which was awarded city status on June 20, 2006. Selangor is one of only two Malaysian states with more than one city; the other is Sarawak. Selangor has the largest city in Malaysia and it is growing rapidly due to modernization in the Klang Valley.[citation needed]
Selangor is the richest state in Malaysia in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. This state is also the most developed in Malaysia with good infrastructure such as highways and transport. The state also has the largest population in Malaysia, with a high standard of living and the state's poverty rate is the lowest in the country.
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Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Silver Peak, Nevada
Silver Peak (also Silverpeak) is an unincorporated community in Esmeralda County, Nevada, United States. It lies along State Route 265 south of U.S. Route 6 and west of Goldfield, the county seat of Esmeralda County. Its elevation is 4,321 feet (1,317 m). Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 89047. The estimated population of Silver Peak in 2009 was 376.
Silver Peak lies near a dry lake bed that is rich in lithium and other minerals. The Chemetall Foote Lithium Operation in Clayton Valley is currently the only operating source of lithium in the United States. The mine is being expanded to double the capacity of its lithium carbonate production. The project is funded in part by a $28.4 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy to expand and upgrade the production of lithium materials for advanced transportation batteries.
The community gained some fame during California's 1999 electric power crisis. In the first major act of the power crisis causing an outage, on March 25, 1999, Enron energy traders allegedly rerouted 2,900MW (megawatts) of electricity destined for California to this small Nevada community. This caused a large shortage on the California power grid because the largest power feeder (intertie) from this area to California had a capacity of 15MW (about 0.5% of the required wheeling capacity).
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Soho
Coordinates: 51°30′47″N 0°07′52″W / 51.513°N 0.131°W / 51.513; -0.131
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and part of the West End of London. Long established as an entertainment district, for much of the 20th century Soho had a reputation for sex shops as well as night life and film industry. Since the early 1980s, the area has undergone considerable transformation. It now is predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of sex industry venues.
The area of Soho was grazing farmland until 1536, when it was taken by Henry VIII as a royal park for the Palace of Whitehall. The name "Soho" first appears in the 17th century. Most authorities believe that the name derives from a former hunting cry. The Duke of Monmouth used "soho" as a rallying call for his men at the Battle of Sedgemoor, half a century after the name was first used for this area of London.
In the 1660s the Crown granted Soho Fields to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans. He leased 19 of its 22 acres (89,000 m2) to Joseph Girle, who gained permission to build and promptly passed his lease and licence to bricklayer Richard Frith in 1677. Frith began the development. In 1698 William III granted the Crown freehold of most of this area to William, Earl of Portland. Meanwhile the southern part of what became the parish of St. Anne, Soho, was sold by the Crown in parcels in the 16th and 17th centuries, with part going to Robert Sidney, Earl of Leicester.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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The Hague
The Hague (Dutch: Den Haag pronounced [dɛnˈɦaˑχ] ( listen), officially 's-Gravenhage pronounced [ˈsχraˑvə(n)ˌɦaˑɣə] ( listen)) is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants (as of 1 September 2011), and more than one million inhabitants including the suburbs, it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation.
The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government and parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands which constitutionally is Amsterdam. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands lives at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. Most foreign embassies in the Netherlands and 150 international organisations are located in the city, including the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, which makes The Hague one of the major cities hosting the United Nations, along with New York, Vienna and Geneva.
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Tijuana
Tijuana (/tiːəˈwɑːnə/ tee-ə-WAH-nə or /tiːˈwɑːnə/; Spanish: [tiˈxwana]) is the largest city on the Baja California Peninsula and center of the Tijuana metropolitan area, part of the international San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. An industrial and financial center of Mexico, Tijuana exerts a strong influence on economics, education, culture, art, and politics. As the city has become a leading center in the country, so has the surrounding metropolitan area, a major industrial and paramount metropolis in northwestern Mexico. Currently one of the fastest growing cities in Mexico, Tijuana maintains global city status.
On the Gold Coast of Baja California, Tijuana is the municipal seat, cultural, and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality. A dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent, the city maintains facilities of numerous multinational conglomerate companies. The 2000's saw Tijuana become the medical device manufacturing capital of North America. Also a growing cultural center, Tijuana has been recognized as one of most important new cultural meccas. The city is the most visited border city in the globe; sharing an approximate 24-kilometre-long border (15 mi) with its sister city San Diego, over fifty million people annually cross the border between these two cities. This metropolitan crossing makes the San Ysidro Port of Entry the busiest land-border crossing in the world. It is estimated that the two border crossing stations between the cities proper of San Diego and Tijuana account for 300,000 daily border crossings alone.
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Tokyo
Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō?, "Eastern Capital") [toːkʲoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/; officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to?), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of the world. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) and the city of Tokyo (東京市, Tōkyō-shi?).
The Tokyo Metropolitan government administers the 23 special wards of Tokyo (each governed as a city), which cover the area that was the city of Tokyo, as well as 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the special wards is over 8 million people, with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million. The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 35 million people and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy with a GDP of US$1.479 trillion at purchasing power parity in 2008, ahead of New York City metropolitan area, which ranks second on the list. The city hosts 47 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest amount of any city.
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Tonga
Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is a sovereign state and an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 176 islands scattered over 700,000 square kilometres (270,000 sq mi) of ocean in the South Pacific. Fifty-two of the islands are inhabited.
The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 mi) in a north-south line located at about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.
Tonga also became known as the Friendly Islands because of the friendly reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit there in 1773. He happened to arrive at the time of the ʻinasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga, the islands' paramount chief, and received an invitation to the festivities. According to the writer William Mariner, in reality the chiefs had wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but could not agree on a plan.
Tonga is also the only island nation in the region to have avoided formal colonisation. In 2010, Tonga took a decisive step towards becoming a fully functioning constitutional monarchy after legislative reforms paved the way for its first ever fully representative elections which resulted in the election of Noble Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō as its first democratically elected Prime Minister.
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Turin
Turin (Italian: Torino, pronounced [toˈriːno] ( listen); Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced [tyˈɾiŋ]; Latin: Augusta Taurinorum) is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
The city has a rich culture and history, and is known for its numerous art galleries, restaurants, churches, palaces, opera houses, piazzas, parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its baroque, rococo, neo-classical, and Art Nouveau architecture. Much of the city's public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built in the 16th and 18th century, after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy (later Kingdom of Sardinia) was moved to Turin from Chambery( nowadays France) as part of the urban expansion.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Uganda
Coordinates: 1°17′N 32°23′E / 1.28°N 32.39°E / 1.28; 32.39
Uganda ( /juːˈɡændə/ yew-GAN-də or /juːˈɡɑːndə/ yew-GAHN-də), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also shared by Kenya and Tanzania.
Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country including the capital Kampala.
The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962.
The official languages are English and Swahili, although multiple other languages are spoken in the country.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Valley of the Fallen
The Valley of the Fallen (Spanish: Valle de los Caídos) is a Catholic basilica and a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected at Cuelgamuros Valley in the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid, conceived by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to honour and bury those who fell during the Spanish Civil War. It was also claimed by Franco that the monument was meant to be a "national act of atonement". As a surviving artifact of Franco's rule, the monument and its Catholic basilica remain controversial, particularly because 10% of the construction workforce were convicts, some of them Popular Front prisoners. "This alleged symbol of reconciliation claimed the lives of thousands of Republican prisoners, who worked on its construction reduced to the condition of slaves."
The monument, a landmark of 20th-century Spanish architecture, was designed by Pedro Muguruza and Diego Méndez on a scale to equal, according to Franco, "the grandeur of the monuments of old, which defy time and forgetfulness". Together with the Universidad Laboral de Gijón, it is the most prominent example of the original Spanish Neo-Herrerian style, which was intended as a revival of Juan de Herrera's architecture, exemplified in El Escorial. This uniquely Spanish architecture was widely used in public buildings of post-war Spain and is rooted in International classicism exemplified by Albert Speer or Mussolini's Esposizione Universale Roma.
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Vanuatu
Vanuatu (Englishi/ˌvɑːnuːˈɑːtuː/ vah-noo-AH-too or /vænˈwɑːtuː/ van-WAH-too; Bislama IPA: [vanuaˈtu]), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French: République de Vanuatu, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some 1,750 kilometres (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 500 kilometres (310 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.
Vanuatu was first inhabited by Melanesian people. The first Europeans to visit the islands were the members of a Spanish expedition led by Portuguese navigator Fernandes de Queirós who arrived in Espiritu Santo in 1605. In the 1880s France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the country, and in 1906 they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides through a British–French Condominium. An independence movement arose in the 1970s, and the Republic of Vanuatu was created in 1980.
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Venezuela
Venezuela (i/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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Weimar, Texas
Weimar is a city in Colorado County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,981 at the 2000 census.
In 1873 the town was founded as Jackson, but subsequently called Weimar in tribute to the German city of Weimar.
Located on Interstate 10 and US 90 between San Antonio, Austin, and Houston, Weimar is a small community of predominately Czech and German descendants.
Weimar is famous for Kasper's sausage, which draws a crowd every Saturday to Kasper's Meat Market in downtown Weimar.
There is also a strong history of baseball in Weimar. The Veterans Park (Strickland Field) was ahead of its time when it was built in 1948, and was the first lighted baseball field between San Antonio and Houston. The Veterans Park remains a state-of-the-art baseball stadium, having hosted a Babe Ruth League World Series Tournament in 2005.
Weimar was the place where Norman J. Sirnic and Karen Sirnic were murdered by serial killer Angel Maturino Resendiz on May 2, 1999. Their parsonage was adjacent to the train tracks.
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Woodstock 1999
Coordinates: 43°13′50.955″N 75°24′34.707″W / 43.23082083°N 75.40964083°W / 43.23082083; -75.40964083
Woodstock 1999, also called Woodstock 99, performed July 22–25, 1999, was the second large-scale music festival (after Woodstock '94) that attempted to emulate the original Woodstock Festival of 1969. Like the previous Woodstock festivals it was performed in upstate New York, this time in Rome, New York, around 200 miles from the site of the original event. Approximately 200,000 people attended the festival. Cable network MTV covered the concert extensively and live coverage of the entire weekend was available on pay-per-view. Excerpts from the performances were later released on compact disc and DVD. Woodstock '99 was marred by violence, rape, fires and an abrupt ending to the festival.
The concert was performed at the former Griffiss Air Force Base, a Superfund site.
Prior to the concert, the promoters of the event were determined to avoid the gate-crashing that had occurred at previous festivals, and had characterized the site as "defensible", describing the 12-foot plywood and steel fence intended to keep out those without tickets. About 500 New York State Police Troopers were hired for security.
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Zambia
Zambia ( /ˈzæmbiə/), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest.
Originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region which comprises modern Zambia was colonised during the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by European explorers in the eighteenth century, Zambia became the British colony of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the colonial period, the country was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company.
On 24 October 1964, the country declared independence from the United Kingdom and then-prime minister Kenneth Kaunda became the inaugural president. Kaunda's socialist United National Independence Party (UNIP) maintained power from the 1964 until 1991. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a single-party state with the UNIP as the sole-legal political party, with the goal of uniting the nation under the banner of 'One Zambia, One Nation'. Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, during which the country saw a rise in social-economic growth and increased decentralisation of government.
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Abdullah Öcalan
Abdullah Öcalan (born 4 April 1948) is a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). The PKK, Under the influence of Turkey is listed as a terrorist organization internationally by a number of states and organizations, including the United States and the European Union.
Öcalan was captured in Nairobi and extradited to the Turkish security force, and sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed gangs. The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty in support of its bid to be admitted to membership in the European Union. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner [1] on the İmralı island, in the Sea of Marmara. Öcalan admitted to the violent nature of the PKK, but that the period of armed warfare was defunct and a political solution to the Kurdish question should be developed. The conflict between Turkey and the PKK has resulted in over 40,000 lives being lost, including PKK members, the Turkish military, and civilians, both Kurdish and Turkish.
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Abraham Polonsky
Abraham Lincoln Polonsky (December 5, 1910 - October 26, 1999) was an American film director, Academy-Award-nominated screenwriter, essayist, and novelist blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios in the 1950s, in the midst of the McCarthy era.
Abraham Polonsky was born in New York City, the eldest son of Russian-American Jewish immigrants, Henry and Rebecca (née Rosoff) Polonsky, he attended DeWitt Clinton High School. In 1928 he entered City College of New York and following graduation, earned his law degree in 1935 at Columbia Law School. After several years of practice, mixed with teaching, he decided to devote himself to writing. He was life long friends with Roy Pinney.
Polonsky wrote essays, radio scripts and several novels before beginning his career in Hollywood. His first novel, The Goose is Cooked, written with Mitchell A. Wilson under the singular pseudonym of Emmett Hogarth, was published in 1940.
A committed Marxist, in the late 1930s Polonsky also joined the Communist Party of the USA. He participated in union politics and established and edited a left-wing newspaper, The Home Front.
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Adolfo Bioy Casares
Adolfo Bioy Casares (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈðolfo ˈβjoi kaˈsaɾes]; September 15, 1914 – March 8, 1999) was an Argentine fiction writer, journalist, and translator. He was a friend and collaborator with his fellow countryman Jorge Luis Borges, and wrote what many consider one of the best pieces of fantastic fiction, the novella The Invention of Morel.
Adolfo Bioy Casares was born in Buenos Aires, the grandson of a wealthy landowner and dairy processor, and the descendant of Patrick Lynch, a successful Irish emigrant. He wrote his first story ("Iris y Margarita") at the age of eleven. He was a friend and frequent collaborator of Jorge Luis Borges and wrote many stories with him under the pseudonym of H. Bustos Domecq.
Bioy and Borges were introduced in 1932 by Victoria Ocampo, whose sister, Silvina Ocampo (1903–1994), Bioy Casares was to marry in 1940. In 1954 they adopted Bioy’s daughter with another woman, Marta Bioy Ocampo (1954–94), who was killed in an automobile accident just three weeks after Silvina Ocampo’s death, leaving two children. The estate of Silvina Ocampo and Adolfo Bioy Casares was awarded by a Buenos Aires court to yet another love child of Adolfo Bioy Casares, Fabián Bioy, shortly before Fabián Bioy died, aged 40, in February 2006.
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Adrian Borland
Adrian Borland (6 December 1957 – 26 April 1999) was an English singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer, best known as the lead singer of post-punk band The Sound (1979–87). Following a substantial solo career spanning five albums he succumbed to the symptoms of schizoid-affective disorder and committed suicide in April 1999.
Adrian Kelvin Borland was born in England in 1957, the son of Bob and Win Borland, an English teacher. At primary school the young Adrian Borland was already friends with future Sound bassist (and Second Layer collaborator) Graham "Green" Bailey, and would meet Steve Budd, closely involved with his band "The Sound" in their early years, in his early teens. Budd would later recall, "We met when we were both 14. He was the only other kid I knew with an electric guitar. Even at 14 you could see he was a genius.". His first band, the Wimbledon-based punk rock trio The Outsiders, was formed with Borland at its nucleus, manning vocals and guitar. Bob Lawrence was on bass, and Adrian 'Jan' Janes manned the drums. Their debut LP, Calling On Youth, was self-released on their Raw Edge label, and became the first UK self-released punk album and won them their first unfavourable reviews: "apple-cheeked Ade has a complexion that would turn a Devon milkmaid green with envy", reported the NME. An EP that November, One To Infinity, was labelled as "Tuneless, gormless, gutless" (again by the NME) but was praised elsewhere. It was followed by a second album Close Up in 1979. This received better (but cautious) reviews from the press.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Ahmed H. Zewail
Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: أحمد حسن زويل, IPA: [ˈæħmæd ˈħæsæn zeˈweːl]; born February 26, 1946) is an Egyptian-American scientist who won the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry. He is the Linus Pauling Chair Professor Chemistry and Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology.
Ahmed's father, Hassan Zewail, was born on September 5, 1913 in Alexandria. The huge effect that World War II had on Alexandria was what eventually pushed Ahmed's father out of Alexandria and to Disuq. Hassan assembled bicycles and motorcycles and later became a government official. Ahmed's mother, Rawhia Dar, was ten years younger than Hassan, but they were married anyway. However, Rawhia did not meet her prospective groom until he had formally asked her family for her hand. They remained married for 50 years, until Hassan died on October 22, 1992.
Ahmed Zewail was born on February 26, 1946 in Damanhour (The Town of Horus) , Egypt and raised in Disuq. As a child,visits to the mosque were common because it was an area of study. The mosque had a positive effect on Ahmed. It kept the influence of negative stimuli from reaching the youth that visited there. The peacefulness and trust of the community around him made it easy to grow and succeed. There was never any need for wants because everyone shared the same things. Ahmed's father was also a positive influence for him, Hassan was always sincere about his family and his work. He taught Ahmed that there is no contradiction between devotion to work and enjoyment of life and people. As for Ahmed's mother, she was never formally educated but always devoted to her children. She was the driving for supporting his education.
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Akhtar Hameed Khan
Akhtar Hameed Khan (Urdu: اختر حمید خان, pronounced [ˈəxt̪ər ɦəˈmiːd̪ ˈxaːn]; 15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999) was a Pakistani development activist and social scientist credited for pioneering microcredit and microfinance initiatives, farmers' cooperatives, and rural training programmes in the developing world. He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model (1959). It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of Law from Michigan State University. Ralph Smuckler wrote in his book, "His Scandinavian colleagues and other advisors had nominated him for the Nobel Peace Prize"
In the 1980s he started a bottom up community development initiative of Orangi Pilot Project, based in the outskirts of Karachi, which became a model of participatory development initiatives. He also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to family planning, for rural communities and urban slums. It earned him international recognition and high honours in Pakistan. Khan was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects. Apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and travelogues in Urdu.
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Al Hirt
Al Hirt (November 7, 1922 – April 27, 1999) was an American trumpeter and bandleader. He is best remembered for his million selling recordings of "Java" and the accompanying album Honey in the Horn (1963), and for the theme song to The Green Hornet. His nicknames included 'Jumbo' and 'The Round Mound of Sound'. Al was a member of The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.
Alois Maxwell Hirt was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of a police officer. At the age of six, he was given his first trumpet, which had been purchased at a local pawnshop. He would play in the Junior Police Band with the children of Alcide Nunez, and by the age of 16, Hirt was playing professionally, often with his friend Pete Fountain. During this time, he was hired to play at the local horse racing track, beginning a six-decade connection to the sport.
In 1940, Hirt went to Cincinnati, Ohio to study at the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music with Dr. Frank Simon (a former soloist with the John Philip Sousa Orchestra). After a stint as a bugler in the United States Army during World War II, Hirt performed with various Swing big bands, including those of Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Benny Goodman, and Ina Ray Hutton.
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Alfredo Kraus
Alfredo Kraus Trujillo (24 November 1927 – 10 September 1999) was a distinguished Spanish tenor of partly Austrian descent, particularly known for the artistry he brought to opera's bel canto roles. He was also considered an outstanding interpreter of the title role in Massenet's opera Werther, and especially of its famous aria, "Pourquoi me réveiller?"
Kraus was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands of Spain. He began his musical career with piano lessons at the age of four, and he sang in the school choir by age eight. His older brother, Francisco Kraus Trujillo, a baritone, studied music and opera alongside him.
After refining his technique singing Spanish zarzuela on stage in Madrid and Barcelona, Kraus made his professional operatic debut in Cairo during 1956 as the Duke in Rigoletto, which became one of his signature roles. In 1958, he sang Alfredo at the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon in a production of La traviata with Maria Callas, a live recording of which was later released.
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Alister Williamson
Alister Williamson (17 June 1918 - 19 May 1999) was an Australian-born character actor, who appeared in many British films and television series of the 1960s and 1970s. A big, craggy-faced man, he would usually be found playing gruff police inspectors or henchmen in adventure series and police dramas of the period. He was also notable as a supporting player in a number of classic British horror films.
He would typically be found in television series such as Adam Adamant Lives!, The Avengers, Paul Temple, Police Surgeon, Public Eye, The Saint, Softly, Softly, Special Branch, The Third Man, and Z-Cars. He also made appearances in many popular sitcoms of the period, such as Please Sir, Dad's Army, The Galton and Simpson Playhouse, George and Mildred, The Likely Lads, Man About the House and That's My Boy.
In films he often appeared in the horror genre, either as policemen or landlords for companies such as Hammer Studios, Amicus and AIP throughout the 1960s and early 1970s. His credits include The Curse of the Werewolf (1961), The Evil of Frankenstein (1963), The Gorgon (1964) and The Deadly Bees (1966). In 1969 he appeared in Gordon Hessler's The Oblong Box, in which he would have his only leading role opposite stars Vincent Price and Christopher Lee. In a part originally earmarked for Price, he played the disfigured Sir Edward Markham, acting underneath a red velvet hood until the film's climatic unmasking. Unfortunately his voice was deemed unsuitable and he was redubbed for the film's release, after which it was back to a supporting role in his next horror film, The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971).
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Allan Carr
Allan Carr (May 27, 1937 – June 29, 1999) was an American producer and manager of stage and screen. Carr was nominated for numerous awards, winning a Tony Award and two People's Choice Awards, and was named Producer of the Year by the National Association of Theatre Owners.
Born Allan Solomon in Chicago, Illinois, he attended Lake Forest College and Northwestern University, but his interest was always in show business. While at Northwestern, he invested $750 in the Broadway musical Ziegfeld Follies, starring Tallulah Bankhead. That show wasn't a hit but his $1,250 investment in The Happiest Millionaire (1957) gave him the success he needed to leave school and embark upon a career in entertainment. In Chicago in the 1960s he opened the Civic Theater and financed The World of Carl Sandburg starring Bette Davis and Gary Merrill, as well as Eva Le Gallienne in Mary Stuart, directed by Sir Tyrone Guthrie, and Tennessee Williams' "Garden District" featuring Cathleen Nesbitt and Diana Barrymore. Carr worked behind the scenes at Playboy with Hugh Hefner and was a co-creator of the Playboy Penthouse television series, which in turn launched the Playboy Clubs.
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Allen Funt
Allen Albert Funt (September 16, 1914 – September 5, 1999) was an American television producer, director and writer, television personality, best known as the creator and host of Candid Camera from the 1940s to 1980s, as either a regular television show or a television series of specials. Its most notable run was from 1960 to 1967 on CBS.
Funt achieved a BA in Fine Arts from Cornell University in 1934 and studied business administration at Columbia University. He began the show on ABC Radio in 1946 as Candid Microphone and soon experimented with a visual version by doing a series of theatrical short films also known as Candid Microphone. These film shorts served as a springboard for his entrance into television on August 10, 1948.
In the 1963–1964 season, he appeared as an albino orangutan on the episode, "Smile, Todd, You're on Candid Camera," of The New Phil Silvers Show, starring comedian Phil Silvers as factory foreman Todd Deal.
Funt wrote several books, beginning with Eavesdropper at Large: Adventures in Human Nature with "Candid Mike" (Vanguard Press, 1952). He followed Candid Kids (Bernard Geis, 1964) with Candidly, Allen Funt: A Million Smiles Later (Barricade Books, 1994).
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Allen Stack
Allen McIntyre Stack (January 23, 1928 in New Haven – September 12, 1999 in Honolulu, Hawaii) was an American backstroke swimmer, who won the 100m Backstroke at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
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Amália Rodrigues
Amália da Piedade Rodrigues,GCSE, GCIH, (July 23, 1920 – October 6, 1999), known as Amália Rodrigues (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈmaliɐ ʁuˈðɾiɣɨʃ]), was a Portuguese singer and actress. She was known as the Rainha do Fado ("Queen of Fado") and was most influential in popularizing the fado worldwide. She was one of the most important figures in the genre's development, and enjoyed a 50-year recording and stage career. Amália' performances and choice of repertoire pushed fado's boundaries and helped redefine it and reconfigure it for her and subsequent generations. In effect, Amália wrote the rulebook on what fado could be and on how a female fadista — or fado singer — should perform it, to the extent that she remains an unsurpassable model and an unending source of repertoire for all those who came afterwards. Amália enjoyed an extensive international career between the 1950s and the 1970s, although in an era where such efforts were not as easily quantified as today. She was the main inspiration to other well-known international fado and popular music artists such as Madredeus, Dulce Pontes and Mariza.
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Andre Dubus
Andre Dubus, II (August 11, 1936 - February 24, 1999) was an American short story writer, essayist, and autobiographer.
Andre Dubus was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana, the youngest child of a Cajun-Irish Catholic family. His two elder siblings are Kathryn and Beth. His surname is pronounced "Duh-BYOOSE", with the accent on the second syllable to rhyme with the noun "excuse." Dubus grew up in the Bayou country in Lafayette, Louisiana, and was educated by the Christian Brothers, a Catholic religious order that emphasized literature and writing. Dubus graduated from nearby McNeese State College in 1958 as a journalism and English major. Dubus then spent six years in the Marine Corps, eventually rising to the rank of captain. At this time he married his first wife and started a family. After leaving the Marine Corps, Dubus moved with his wife and four children to Iowa City, where he later graduated from the University of Iowa's Iowa Writers' Workshop with an MFA in creative writing, studying under Richard Yates. He admired Hemingway, Chekhov, and Cheever.
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Anita Carter
Ina Anita Carter (March 31, 1933 – July 29, 1999), the youngest daughter of Ezra and Mother Maybelle Carter, was a versatile American singer who experimented with several different types of music and played upright bass with her sisters Helen Carter and June Carter Cash as The Carter Sisters. The trio joined the Grand Ole Opry radio show in 1950 (Anita was 17 years old at the time), opened shows for Elvis Presley, and joined The Johnny Cash Show in 1971. As a solo artist, and with her family, Carter recorded for a number of labels including RCA Victor, Cadence, Columbia, Audiograph, United Artists, Liberty and Capitol.
Born in Maces Spring, Virginia, she scored two Top Ten hits in 1951 with "Down The Trail of Achin' Hearts" with Hank Snow at No. 2 and "Blue Bird Island" at No. 4. She reached the Top Ten again in 1968 with "I Got You" with Waylon Jennings at No. 4. Other solo releases charted as well. Carter recorded two folk albums in the 1960s. In 1962, she recorded a song co-written by her sister June and Merle Kilgore called "Love's Ring Of Fire".
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Ann Corio
Ann Corio (November 29, 1909 – March 1, 1999) was a prominent American burlesque ecdysiast and actress. Unlike others in her profession, Ann Corio did not have a stage name.
Born in Hartford, Connecticut, she was one of fourteen children of parents of Italian immigrants. While still in her teens, Corio's good looks and shapely physique landed her showgirl roles that led to her becoming a hugely popular striptease artist. Working in New York City, she was a star performer at clubs such as the famous Minsky's Burlesque and Boston's old Howard Theatre.
After Mayor Fiorello La Guardia closed down the "bawdy" houses in 1939, Corio made her way to Los Angeles. Between 1941 and 1944 she appeared in several Hollywood "B" motion pictures which featured her in scanty costumes (beginning with 1941 Swamp Woman), the best known of which was perhaps 1942's Jungle Siren opposite Buster Crabbe. In 1944 she made Call of the Jungle and Sarong Girl. A year earlier Ms Corio was guest armchair detective on radio's, The Adventures of Ellery Queen, on the January 7th episode entitled, "The Adventure of the Singing Rat". With the Second World War on, she became one of the volunteer pinup girls for YANK magazine, appearing in the September 3, 1943 issue of the weekly U.S. Army publication.
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Anne Haddy
Anne Haddy (5 October 1930 – 6 June 1999) was an Australian film, television and theatre actress, best known for her role in the long-running Australian soap opera, Neighbours.
Haddy was born an only child in Quorn, South Australia. She attended Adelaide High School. She acted in radio plays and school broadcasts while she was working in Adelaide University's book room. Haddy later attended the Sydney Theatre Company.
She went to Britain in the 1950s to find acting work, but she ended up working as a secretary for Kellogg's. She married her first husband, Max Dimmitt, before returning to Australia, where she gave birth to two children. In 1960, Haddy and her family moved to Sydney. Haddy later married actor James Condon after her marriage to Dimmitt was dissolved. They acted alongside each other twice, both during Haddy's tenure on Neighbours.
Haddy became one of the first presenters of Play School, a show that launched the career of many an Aussie soap star. Other programmes in which Haddy appeared include Dynasty (the 1970–71 Australian television series), Prisoner, Punishment, and a lengthy spell as Rosie Andrews in Sons and Daughters. She appeared in the film They're a Weird Mob (1966).[citation needed]
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Anthony Newley
Anthony George Newley (24 September 1931 – 14 April 1999) was an English actor, singer and songwriter. He enjoyed success as a performer in such diverse fields as rock and roll and stage and screen acting.
Newley was born in the London working class district of Hackney, the son of Frances Grace Newley and George Kirby, a shipping clerk. He had 5 siblings, Maxene (b. 1926), John (b. 1927), Joanne (1928–1965), Linda (b. 1929), Belinda (b. 1932). He was Jewish on his mother's side. His parents, who had never married, separated during his early childhood, and he was brought up by his single mother.
Although recognised as very bright by his teachers back in London, he was uninterested in school, and by the age of fourteen was working as an office boy for an insurance company. When he read an ad in the Daily Telegraph, headed "Boy Actors Urgently Wanted" he applied to the advertisers, the prestigious Italia Conti Stage School, only to discover that the fees were too high. Nevertheless, after a brief audition, he was offered a job as an office boy on a salary of 30 shillings (£1.50) a week plus tuition at the school. While serving tea one afternoon he caught the eye of producer Geoffrey de Barkus, who cast Newley as "Dusty" in the children's serial, The Adventures of Dusty Bates.[citation needed]
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Barry Winchell
Barry Winchell (August 31, 1977 – July 6, 1999) was an infantry soldier in the United States Army, whose murder by a fellow soldier, Calvin Glover, became a point of reference in the ongoing debate about the policy known as "Don't ask, don't tell", which banned from the U.S. military gays and lesbians who were open about their sexual orientation.
A native of Missouri, Winchell enlisted in the Army in 1997 and was transferred in 1998 to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. As a Private First Class, he was assigned to the 2/502nd Infantry of the 101st Airborne Division. While stationed there, he received a Dear John letter from his high school sweetheart. Winchell later accompanied his roommate, Spc. Justin Fisher, and other soldiers for an excursion to Nashville's downtown bars. In 1999, Fisher and others took Winchell to a Nashville club, The Connection, which featured transgender performers, where Winchell met a male-to-female transgender showgirl named Calpernia Addams. The two began to date. Fisher began to spread rumors of the relationship at Ft. Campbell. Winchell then became a target of harassment which his superiors did little to stop.
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Barış Manço
Mehmet Barış Manço (also spelled Boris Mancho in some European album releases), born Tosun Yusuf Mehmet Barış Manço, (January 2, 1943 - February 1, 1999) was a Turkish rock singer, composer, and television producer. The names Tosun and Yusuf were legally removed during his primary school years. He composed about 200 songs, some of which were translated into a variety of languages including English, Japanese, Greek, Italian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Persian, Urdu and Arabic. He remains one of the most popular public figures of Turkey.
Manço was born in Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey on January 2, 1943. His mother, Rikkat Uyanık, was a famous singer in early 1940s.[citation needed] His older brother, who was born during World War II, was named Savaş[citation needed] ("war" in Turkish) while he was named Barış ("peace" in Turkish) by his parents to celebrate the end of the war.[citation needed] His fame greatly popularized the use of the name Barış in Turkey.[citation needed] At birth, he was additionally named Tosun Yusuf after his deceased uncle Yusuf called Tosun (literally: Yusuf The Sturdy). However, this name was erased just before he attended the primary school.
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Betty Robinson
Elizabeth ("Betty") Robinson (August 23, 1911 – May 18, 1999), later Elizabeth R. Schwartz was an American athlete and winner of the first Olympic 100 m for women.
Born in Riverdale, Illinois, Robinson ran her first 100 meter race on March 30, aged 16. She finished second only to the American record holder. At her next race, she equalled the world record, though her time was not recognised.
At the Amsterdam Olympics, her fourth 100 m competition, Robinson reached the final and won, equalling the world record. She was the inaugural Olympic champion in the event, since athletics for women had not been on the program before, and its inclusion was in fact still heavily disputed among officials. With the American 4 x 100 meters relay team, Robinson added a silver medal to her record.
In 1931, Robinson was involved in a plane crash, and was severely injured. A man who discovered her in a coma in the wreckage wrongly thought she was dead, put her in his car boot and drove her to an undertaker, where his mistake was discovered. She awoke from the coma seven months later, although it was another six months before she could get out of a wheelchair, and two years before she could walk normally again.[1] Meanwhile, she missed the 1932 Olympics in her home country.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
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Bill Talbert
William Franklin "Billy" Talbert (September 4, 1918 – February 28, 1999) was an American tennis player and administrator.
He was ranked in the U.S. Top 10 13 times between 1941 & 1954. He won nine Grand Slam doubles titles, and also reached the men’s doubles finals of the U.S. National Championship nine times. mainly with favorite partner, Gardnar Mulloy. He also was a Davis Cup player and one of the most successful Davis Cup captains in U.S. history.
Talbert was a diabetic, one of the few known to be in sports at a highly competitive level, and for many years was held up as an example of how this disease could be surmounted.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Talbert still holds records at the Cincinnati Masters in his hometown. His records are for most doubles titles (six), most total finals appearances (14), and most singles finals appearances (seven). He won three singles titles (in 1943, '45 & '47), and his six doubles titles came in 1943, '44, '45, '47, '51 & '54.
Talbert also won the singles title at the U.S. Clay Court Championship in 1945 and was a finalist in 1946 and '43. Before starting out on the international tour, he played for the University of Cincinnati and won an Ohio State singles title in 1936 while at Cincinnati's Hughes High School.
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Bob Peck
Bob Peck (23 August 1945 – 4 April 1999) was an English stage, television and film actor.
He went to Leeds Modern School in Lawnswood. Peck was educated at the Leeds College of Art where he received a Diploma in Art and Design.
Before breaking into film and television work, he was a regular actor with the Royal Shakespeare Company alongside Ian McKellen, Donald Sinden and Judi Dench, and appeared on stage (and later on television) in the RSC production of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby as "John Browdie" and "Sir Mulberry Hawk", and as Macduff in Trevor Nunn's acclaimed 1976 stage and 1978 television production of Macbeth. He also appeared in a production of Macbeth in 1982. According to McKellen, Peck is the actor he considers he "learned the most from".
Peck's first television role was in 1972 on the BBC's Thirty-Minute Theatre anthology series in the episode "Bypass". He went on to appear in various other television productions such as Z-Cars and Play For Today, but he was probably best known to British audiences for his role as Ronald Craven in the acclaimed 1985 BBC drama serial Edge of Darkness. The role won him the "Best Actor" award at that year's BAFTA Awards and helped to launch his television and film career. He later became familiar to audiences worldwide for his film roles, including Jurassic Park (as park game warden Robert Muldoon), and Smilla's Sense of Snow (1997). Prior to these, he had also played an escaped android in the post apocalyptic film Slipstream (1989), which also starred Mark Hamill and Bill Paxton, and had a small role in the 1990 film Lord of the Flies.
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Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Russian: Бори́с Никола́евич Е́льцин; IPA: [bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈlaɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn] ( listen); 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was the President of Russia, serving from 1991 to 1999.
Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. On 29 May 1990 he was elected the chairman of the Russian Supreme Soviet. On 12 June 1991 he was elected by popular vote to the newly created post of President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (SFSR), at that time one of the 15 constituent republics of the Soviet Union. He won 57% of the vote in a six-candidate contest and became the second democratically elected leader of Russia in history. Upon the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev and the final dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991, Yeltsin remained in office as the President of the Russian Federation, the USSR's successor state. Yeltsin was reelected in the 1996 election; in the second round of the election Yeltsin defeated Gennady Zyuganov from the revived Communist Party by a margin of 13%. However, Yeltsin never recovered his early popularity after a series of economic and political crises in Russia in the 1990s.
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Boxcar Willie
Boxcar Willie, born as Lecil Travis Martin (September 1, 1931 – April 12, 1999) was an American country music singer, who sang in the "old-time hobo" music style, complete with dirty face, overalls, and a floppy hat. "Boxcar Willie" was originally a character in a ballad he wrote, but he later adopted it as his own stage name.
Born in Sterratt, Texas, Martin joined the United States Air Force in 1949, and served as a pilot and flight engineer for the B-29 Super Fortress during the Korean War in the early 1950s. In Lincoln, Nebraska, Martin was once sitting at a railroad crossing and a fellow that closely resembled his chief boom operator, Willie Wilson, passed by sitting in a boxcar. He said, "There goes Willie." He pulled over and wrote a song entitled "Boxcar Willie".[citation needed] It eventually stuck and became Martin's nickname .There is no relation to the fictitious character, bearing the same name, as featured in the CJCLS commercial that aired ~1985. In 1962, Martin met his future wife, Lloene, in Boise, Idaho. They would later have four children.
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Brandi Chastain
Brandi Denise Chastain (born July 21, 1968) is a professional American soccer defender and midfielder who plays for the team California Storm of Women's Premier Soccer League and is a former member of the United States women's national soccer team.
Chastain has played for San Jose CyberRays of the WUSA and FC Gold Pride of Women's Professional Soccer. She is best known for her game-winning penalty shootout kick against China in the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup final and her bra-baring celebration afterwards.
She attended Archbishop Mitty High School in San Jose, California, helping take the team to three section championships. In 1986 Chastain was awarded the Soccer America Freshmen Player Of The Year award at the University of California-Berkeley. Soon after, she underwent reconstructive surgery on both knees which caused her to miss much of the 1987 and 1988 seasons. She transferred to Santa Clara University before the start of the 1989 season, leading them to two Final Four NCAA appearances, 1989 and 1990, before she graduated in 1991.
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Brixton
Coordinates: 51°27′47″N 0°06′22″W / 51.463°N 0.106°W / 51.463; -0.106
Brixton is a district in the London Borough of Lambeth in south London, England. It is 3.8 miles (6.1 km) south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
Brixton is mainly residential with a prominent street market and substantial retail sector. It is a multiethnic community, with around 24 percent of its population being of African and Caribbean descent,. It lies within Inner South London and is bordered by Stockwell, Clapham, Streatham, Camberwell, Tulse Hill and Herne Hill. The district houses the main offices of the London Borough of Lambeth.
The name Brixton is thought to originate from Brixistance, meaning the stone of Brixi, a Saxon lord. Brixi is thought to have erected a boundary stone to mark the meeting place of the ancient hundred court of Surrey. The location is unknown but is thought to be at the top of Brixton Hill, at a road known at the time as Bristow or Brixton Causeway, long before any settlement in the area. Brixton marks the rise from the marshes of North Lambeth up to the hills of Upper Norwood and Streatham. At the time the River Effra flowed from its source in Upper Norwood through Herne Hill to Brixton. At Brixton the river was crossed by low bridges for Roman roads to the south coast of Britain, now Brixton Road and Clapham Road. The main roads were connected through a network of medieval country lanes, such as Acre Lane, Coldharbour Lane, Brixton Water Lane and Lyham Road, formerly Black Lane. It was only at the end of the 18th century that villages and settlements formed around Brixton, as the original woodland was gradually reduced until the area was covered in farmland and market gardens known for game and strawberries.
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Bryan Mosley
Bryan Mosley OBE (25 August 1931 – 9 February 1999) was a British actor, known best as grocer Alf Roberts in the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street.
Born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, he attended Leeds Central High School and held a childhood ambition to become a missionary. Instead he won a scholarship to Leeds College of Art (1944–46) and afterwards worked as a commercial artist. He also worked in a bookshop and sold books door-to-door.
After national service in the RAF, working in air traffic control, he trained as an actor at the Bradford Civic Theatre and Esme Church's Northern Theatre School.
He appeared in Coronation Street in 1961 and 1963, then from 1971 onwards. His appearances in the soap opera became less frequent following a serious heart attack in 1991. Alf Roberts made his last appearance on New Year's Day 1999 dying peacefully on screen in his sleep. Mosley died just weeks later of a heart attack in Shipley, West Yorkshire aged 67.
As part of the show's 40th anniversary celebrations, heritage plaques were unveiled outside the Granada Studios in 2000 to four of the soap opera's stars, including Mosley. The other plaques commemorated the lives of Doris Speed, Pat Phoenix and Violet Carson.
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Buster Merryfield
Harry "Buster" Merryfield (27 November 1920 – 23 June 1999) was an English actor best known for starring in the BBC comedy Only Fools and Horses.
Born in Battersea, South London, England, Merryfield was from a working-class background. His father, also called Harry Merryfield, was a packer, and his mother Lily Merryfield (née Stone), was a part-time waitress. He was given the name "Buster" by his grandfather, as he weighed nine pounds at birth, and it stuck throughout his entire life, not least because he refused to divulge his real name to anyone during his lifetime and it only became open knowledge after his death.
He always prided himself on his fitness, following a strict fitness regime of daily press-ups and swimming sessions. Unlike his TV character, forever replenishing his mariner's pipe, Merryfield never smoked. His efforts to stay fit could be traced back to his time as a child Boxing star in the 1930s. He was British schoolboy champion in 1936 and Southern Command army champion in 1945. Merryfield was also a keen amateur football player.
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Carl Gunter Jr
Carl Newton Gunter, Jr. (October 16, 1938 - July 6, 1999), was a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1972–1992, known for his support of organized labor and his opposition to abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment.
Gunter was born in Alexandria, the seat of Rapides Parish and the largest city in central Louisiana, to Carl N. "Euddie" Gunter, Sr. (June 23, 1916 - November 10, 1975), and Gladys Slay Gunter Richardson (April 18, 1920 - January 14, 2009) His paternal grandparents were John Gunter (January 31, 1886 - July 26, 1963) and Mary Hooper Gunter (May 21, 1895 - January 6, 1976). Maternal grandparents were Charles O. "Buck" Slay (November 3, 1894 - September 10, 1967) and the former Louella Sullivan (September 22, 1899 - December 13, 1996). Gunter was a maternal nephew of former Rapides Parish Assessor Charles O. Slay, Jr.
Gunter was the oldest of five children. His siblings are John O. Gunter, Travis Gunter, and a sister, Gladys Mae Gunter Norris. The other brother, Elton Wayne Gunter (February 12, 1946 - February 17, 1947), died from a childhood illness.
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Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (Italian pronunciation: [ˈkarlo adˈdzɛʎʎo ˈtʃampi] ( listen); born 9 December 1920) is an Italian politician and banker. He was the 49th Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006. He is currently a Senator for life in the Italian Senate.
Ciampi was born in Livorno (Province of Livorno).
After receiving a doctorate in literature in 1941 from the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, one of the country's most prestigious universities, he was called to military duty in Albania as a lieutenant. On 8 September 1943, on the date of the armistice with the Allies, he refused to remain in the Fascist Italian Social Republic, and took refuge in Abruzzo, in Scanno. He subsequently managed to pass the lines and reach Bari, where he joined the Partito d'Azione (and thus the Italian resistance movement).
In 1946 he married Franca Pila. That same year, he obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Pisa and began working at the Banca d'Italia. He also joined the CGIL (Trade Union), which he left in 1980.
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Cassie Bernall
Cassie René Bernall (November 6, 1981 – April 20, 1999) was a student killed in the Columbine High School massacre, at age 17.
Initial reports suggested that one of the assailants, either Eric Harris or Dylan Klebold, asked Bernall if she believed in God moments before fatally shooting her. She was reported to have answered "Yes, I believe". This story led to Bernall being presented as a martyr by some Christians, and served as the inspiration for several songs, including Michael W. Smith's "This Is Your Time" and Flyleaf's "Cassie."
In the months following Bernall's death, her mother, Misty Bernall, issued the book She Said Yes: The Unlikely Martyrdom of Cassie Bernall. In this book Misty Bernall discusses her daughter's turbulent teenage life, spiritual conversion and martyrdom.
Most examinations of witness testimony state that Cassie was not asked anything before she was shot. According to witness Emily Wyant, who was hiding under a wood table with Cassie, Eric Harris said "peek-a-boo" before shooting Cassie, while Cassie continued to pray silently. However, in her book Day of Reckoning: Columbine and the Search for America's Soul, reporter Wenday Murray Zoba noted that Cassie's companion misidentified Cassie's shooter, which compromises her account.
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Cathy O'Dowd
Cathy O'Dowd (born in 1968) is a South African rock climber, mountaineer, author and motivational speaker, famous for being the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest from both south (25 May 1996) and north sides (29 May 1999).
Cathy O’Dowd, grew up in Johannesburg, South Africa, has climbed since her university days. At 21 she took part in her first mountain expedition, to the Ruwenzori in central Africa.
Towards the end of 1995, she was finishing a Masters degree in Media Studies at Rhodes University when she applied for a place on the First South African Everest Expedition, and was selected to join the expedition. The team followed the route made famous by Edmund Hillary. Despite being the novice on the team, she reached the summit on 25 May 1996. It was, however, a harsh introduction, as 37 year-old British team-member and photographer Bruce Herrod died on the descent. Two weeks earlier 6 members of two other expeditions, as well as their experienced guides, American Scott Fischer and the New Zealander Rob Hall, had succumbed to the intense cold of a severe blizzard on their descent from the summit.
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Charles Crichton
Charles Crichton (6 August 1910 in Wallasey, Merseyside – 14 September 1999 in South Kensington, London) was an English film director and film editor. He became best known for directing comedies produced at Ealing Studios. Crichton enjoyed an extremely long career, editing and directing many films and television programmes over a period exceeding 40 years.
Crichton gained two Academy Award nominations for A Fish Called Wanda; one for Best Director and the second for Best Original Screenplay (which is shared with John Cleese).
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Charlie Byrd
Charlie Lee Byrd (September 16, 1925 – December 2, 1999) was an American guitarist. His earliest and strongest musical influence was Django Reinhardt, the gypsy guitarist. Byrd was best known for his association with Brazilian music, especially bossa nova. In 1962, Byrd collaborated with Stan Getz on the album Jazz Samba, a recording which brought bossa nova into the mainstream of North American music.
Byrd played fingerstyle on a classical guitar.
Charlie Byrd was born in Suffolk, Virginia, in 1925 and grew up in the town of Chuckatuck, Virginia. His father, a mandolinist and guitarist, taught him how to play the acoustic steel guitar at age 10. Byrd had three brothers, Oscar, Jack, and Joe, who was a bass player. In 1942 Byrd entered the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and played in the school orchestra. In 1943 he was drafted into the United States Army for World War II, saw combat, then was stationed in Paris in 1945 where he played in an Army Special Services band.
After the war, Byrd returned to the United States and went to New York, where he studied composition and jazz theory at the Harnett National Music School in Manhattan, New York. During this time he began playing a classical guitar. After moving to Washington, D.C. in 1950, he studied classical guitar with Sophocles Papas for several years. In 1954 he became a pupil of the Spanish classical guitarist Andres Segovia and spent time studying in Italy with Segovia.
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China News Service
The China News Service (中国新闻社) is the second largest state-owned news agency in the People's Republic of China, after the Xinhua News Agency. It serves mainly overseas Chinese and residents of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
The CNS was established in 1952. It has news offices and stations in every province in mainland China, as well as in Hong Kong and Macau. CNS also has news offices in foreign countries, including the United States, Japan, France, and Australia. The incumbent editor-in-chief of CNS is Liu Beixian.
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Clayton Moore
Clayton Moore (September 14, 1914 – December 28, 1999) was an American actor best known for playing the fictional western character The Lone Ranger from 1949–1951 and 1954-1957 on the television series of the same name.
Born Jack Carlton Moore in Chicago, Illinois, Moore became a circus acrobat by age 8 and appeared at the Century of Progress exposition in Chicago in 1934 with a trapeze act.
As a young man, Moore worked successfully as a John Robert Powers model. Moving to Hollywood in the late 1930s, he worked as a stunt man and bit player between modeling jobs. According to his autobiography, around 1940 Hollywood producer Edward Small persuaded him to adopt the stage name "Clayton" Moore. He was an occasional player in B westerns and the lead in four Republic Studio cliffhangers, and two for Columbia. Moore served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II and made training films (Target--Invisible, etc.) with the First Motion Picture Unit.
Moore's career advanced in 1949, when George Trendle spotted him in the Ghost of Zorro serial. As creator-producer of The Lone Ranger radio show (with writer Fran Striker), Trendle was about to launch the television version. Moore landed the role.
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Cyril Washbrook
Cyril Washbrook (6 December 1914 – 27 April 1999) was an English cricketer, who played for Lancashire and England. He had a long career, split by World War II, and ending when he was aged 44. Washbrook, who is most famous for opening the batting for England with Len Hutton, which he did fifty one times, played a total of 592 first-class cricket matches, of which 37 were Tests. Washbrook was named one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1947.
Washbrook was born in Barrow, Clitheroe, Lancashire. After being schooled at Bridgnorth Grammar School, aged 18, Washbrook went to Lancashire County Cricket Club, although it was not until two years later, in 1935, that he was fully established in the side, after scoring 1,724 runs and coming fifth in the national averages. He was selected to play his first Test in 1937, against New Zealand at The Oval. However, he could only make 9 and 8 not out, and was not selected for the Australian Tests the next year.
The War then interrupted his career, with Washbrook becoming a physical training instructor in the Royal Air Force, and it was 1946-47 Ashes series, that he finally took on Australia. Hutton and Washbrook made three consecutive century stands, as Washbrook, with his cricket cap cocked in a jaunty style, became a familiar figure to cricket fans in Australia and England.
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Dakota Goyo
Dakota Avery Goyo (born August 22, 1999) is a Canadian child actor. He is best known for playing Max Kenton from Real Steel that was released on 2011. It was announced that he will be playing Jamie on the upcoming Dreamworks Animation film, Rise of the Guardians (2012).
Goyo was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Debra, a former model and singer who manages his career, and David Goyo. He has two siblings, Devon (16) and Dallas (18) .
Goyo appeared in his first commercial as an infant, after which he landed various roles in television and animation series. His featured television work includes Disney's JoJo's Circus in 2005, Ultra in 2006, Super Why! in 2008, Murdoch Mysteries in 2008, The Listener in 2009, My Neighbor's Secret in 2009, Happy Town in 2010 and a recurring role as Timmy Tibble on the children's television series Arthur in 2010. Goyo also completed a series lead role in the ABC Pilot Solving Charlie in 2009, playing Charlie, an orphaned child who has an IQ of 190 and helps his long-lost brother, an aspiring detective, to solve crimes. Goyo played Teddy, the son of Josh Hartnett's character, in the 2007 film Resurrecting the Champ and played Timmy, grandson of Susan Sarandon's character, in the 2007 film Emotional Arithmetic. By late September 2010, Goyo had finished filming Real Steel and was cast as Young Thor in the Marvel feature Thor, released in May 2011.
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Dana Plato
Dana Michelle Plato (November 7, 1964 – May 8, 1999) was an American actress notable for playing the role of Kimberly Drummond in the U.S. television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes.
Plato appeared in over 100 television commercials as a young girl. After Diff'rent Strokes, Plato's career declined, though she did have roles in some independent movies.
Plato died on May 8, 1999, Mother's Day, when police determined that she took an accidental drug overdose of the painkiller Lortab along with Soma.
Plato was born Dana Michelle Strain on November 7, 1964, in Maywood, California, to Linda Strain, an unwed 16-year-old, who was already caring for an 18-month-old. Linda Strain put her infant daughter Dana up for adoption. Dean (August 16, 1926 – February 24, 1997) and Florine "Kay" Plato (December 27, 1938 – January 2, 1988) adopted the child in June 1965 and raised her in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles County. Her adoptive parents divorced when she was three.
Kay Plato began taking Dana to auditions when she was very young. By the age of seven, Plato began doing television commercials, reportedly appearing in over 100 spots for companies as diverse as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Dole, and Atlantic Richfield. She claimed she was offered two highly sought-after movie roles: the part of possessed child Regan MacNeil in the 1973 film, The Exorcist, and the starring role in Louis Malle's 1978 film, Pretty Baby. According to Plato, her mother vetoed both jobs, either fearing Plato would be typecast, or subjected to unsavory subject matter.Exorcist author/screenwriter William Peter Blatty said in the book Former Child Stars: The Story of America's Least Wanted that he had "no such recollection" of Plato being offered the role.
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Daniel Nathans
Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 – November 16, 1999) was an American microbiologist.
He was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the last of nine children born to Russian Jewish immigrant parents. During the Great Depression his father lost his small business and was unemployed for a long period of time. Nathans went to public schools and then to the University of Delaware, where he studied chemistry, philosophy, and literature. He received his M.D. degree from Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri in 1954. Nathans served as President of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland from 1995 to 1996.
Along with Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith, Nathans received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for the discovery of restriction enzymes. He was also awarded with National Medal of Science in 1993.
In 1999, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine announced the creation of the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine that was named in his honor posthumously along with Victor McKusick [1]. In 2005, the School of Medicine named one of its four colleges after Dr. Nathans.
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David Copeland
David John Copeland (born 15 May 1976) is an English Neo-Nazi militant who became known as the "London Nail Bomber" after a 13-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's black, Bangladeshi and gay communities. Widely labelled a terrorist, Copeland was a former member of two far right political groups, the British National Party and then the National Socialist Movement.
Over three successive weekends between 17 and 30 April, Copeland placed homemade nail bombs, each containing up to 1,500 four-inch nails, in holdalls that he left in public spaces around London. The first bomb was placed outside the Iceland supermarket in Electric Avenue, Brixton, an area of south London with a large black population. The second was in Brick Lane in the East End of London, which has a large Bangladeshi community. The third was inside the Admiral Duncan pub in Soho's Old Compton Street, the heart of London's gay community. The bombs killed three people, including a pregnant woman, and injured 129, four of whom lost limbs.
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David Holliday
David Holliday (August 4, 1937 – March 26, 1999) was an American broadway actor and voice actor.
Holliday's longest-running role on Broadway was that of Richard Kiley's alternate as Don Quixote in Man of La Mancha, being Don Quixote in matinees and Dr Carrasco in the evening performances, from 1965 to 1971 (and later took on the role of the innkeeper in the 1992 revival). His next performance, as Georges in Coco, (1969 – 1970) earned him a Theatre World Award. He also appeared in the musicals Nevertheless They Laugh (Off Broadway 1971), Music Is (1976) and Perfectly Frank (1980).
In 1956 Holliday went to New York and auditioned for a part in West Side Story; he was given the minor role of Glad Hand, and to understudy Tony, in the London production. He then went on to play the lead role of Tony in the West End, also touring England, Scotland & Scandinavia, reprising this role again in 1963 and 1967 at the St Louis Municipal Opera House. Holliday has two 1966 London Cast recordings to his credit; one with Jill Martin, and the other with Diane Todd, in the role of Maria. He would spend the next ten years commuting between Britain, Europe, America, and also South Africa where he toured for six months in the role of Macheath in "The Beggar's Opera".
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David Steel
David Martin Scott Steel, Baron Steel of Aikwood, KT, KBE, PC (born 31 March 1938) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1976 until its merger with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1965 to 1997 and as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2003, during which time he was the parliament's Presiding Officer. Since 1997, he has been a member of the House of Lords.
David Steel was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, the son of a Church of Scotland minister also called David Steel, who would later serve as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. He was brought up in Scotland and Kenya, and educated at Dumbarton Academy; James Gillespies Boys' School, Edinburgh; the Prince of Wales School, Nairobi; and George Watson's College, Edinburgh.
He first took an active part in Liberal politics at the University of Edinburgh, and after graduating in Law worked for the Scottish Liberal Party and then the BBC before being elected to the House of Commons as the MP for Roxburgh, Selkirk and Peebles at a 1965 by-election, becoming the "Baby of the House". He represented this seat until 1983, when he was elected in Tweedale, Ettrick and Lauderdale, a new constituency covering much of the same territory.
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DeForest Kelley
Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor known for his iconic roles in Westerns and as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television and film series Star Trek.
Kelley was born in Toccoa, Georgia, the son of Clora (née Casey) and Ernest David Kelley, who was a Baptist minister. DeForest was named after the pioneering electronics engineer Lee De Forest, and later named his Star Trek character's father "David" after his own. Kelley was delivered in their home by his uncle, a prominent local physician. Kelley had an older brother, Ernest Casey Kelley.
Kelley grew up in the Atlanta area and was a 1938 graduate of Decatur Boys High in Decatur, Georgia. As a child, he sang in the church choir, where he discovered that he enjoyed singing and was good at it. Eventually, this led to solos and an appearance on the radio station WSB AM in Atlanta, Georgia. As a result of his radio work, he won an engagement with Lew Forbes and his orchestra at the Paramount Theater.
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Del Close
Del Close (March 9, 1934 – March 4, 1999) was an actor, improviser, writer, and teacher. Considered one of the premier influences on modern improvisational theater, Close had a prolific career, appearing in a number of films and television shows. He was a co-author of the book Truth in Comedy, which outlines techniques now common to longform improvisational theater and describes the overall structure of “Harold” which remains a common frame for longer improvisational scenes. His favorite framework for comedic storytelling was the structures of Wagner’s Ring Cycle.
Close was born and raised in Manhattan, Kansas, the son of an inattentive, alcoholic father. He ran away from home at the age of 17 to work on a traveling side show, but returned to attend college at Kansas State. At the age of 23, he became a member of the Compass Players in St. Louis. When most of the cast – including Mike Nichols and Elaine May – moved to New York, Close followed to perform stand-up comedy, appear in the Broadway musical revue "The Nervous Set," and perform briefly with an improv company in the Village with Mark and Barbara Gordon, who had appeared with the Compass Players in Chicago.
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Desmond Llewelyn
Desmond Wilkinson Llewelyn (12 September 1914 – 19 December 1999) was a Welsh actor, famous for playing Q in 17 of the James Bond films between 1963 and 1999.
Llewelyn was born in Newport, Wales, the son of Mia (née Wilkinson) and Ivor Llewelyn, who was a coal mining engineer. He originally wanted to be a minister, but during his education at Radley public school, he worked as a stagehand in the school's productions and occasionally picked up small roles.
He was brought up in Blan-y-Pant house situated on Bettws Lane, Bettws.[disambiguation needed
] The house is now used as a care home for the elderly.
The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 halted his acting career; Llewelyn was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the British army, serving with the Royal Welch Fusiliers. In 1940, he was captured by the German army in France, and was held as a POW for five years.
Llewelyn was chosen for the role of Q because of his work with director Terence Young in the 1950 war film They Were Not Divided, in which he played a tank gunner. Beginning with From Russia with Love in 1963, Llewelyn appeared as Q, the quartermaster of the MI6 gadget lab (also known as Q branch), in almost every Bond film until his death (17), only missing appearances in Live and Let Die in 1973, and Never Say Never Again, the latter of which is not part of the official James Bond film series.
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Don Dunstan
Donald Allan "Don" Dunstan AC, QC (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999) was a South Australian politician. He entered politics as the Member for Norwood in 1953, became state Labor leader in 1967, and was Premier of South Australia between June 1967 and April 1968, and again between June 1970 and February 1979.
The son of a business executive, Dunstan grew up as part of the Adelaide establishment. He excelled academically at St Peter's College, before encountering his progressive political awakening while training in law and arts at the University of Adelaide. His upper-class background and scholarly bearing made him unusual for the Labor Party at the time, but he rose quickly and entered parliament at the age of 26. Dunstan quickly came to attention as Labor's standout performer, a charismatic and aggressive debater in an era of sedate political conduct. The dominant political figure at the time was Premier Thomas Playford IV, then leading the Liberal and Country League (LCL) through a 27-year hold on power, aided by a system of electoral malapportionment dubbed the Playmander, which gave undue weight to the LCL's rural base since it's introduction by the LCL in 1936. Dunstan stridently pursued the LCL over the Playmander. In the late 1950s, Dunstan became well known for his campaign against the death penalty being imposed on Max Stuart, who was convicted of rape and murder of a small girl. He harried Playford aggressively over the matter, creating an uproar over what he saw as an unfair process. Playford eventually relented, and appeared shaken thereafter; the event was seen as a turning point in the LCL's decline, and Labor gained momentum. During Labor's time in opposition, Dunstan was prominent in securing some reforms in Aboriginal rights, and was at the forefront of Labor abandoning the White Australia Policy.
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Dusty Springfield
Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette O'BrienOBE (16 April 1939 – 2 March 1999), known professionally as Dusty Springfield and dubbed The White Queen of Soul, was a British pop singer whose career extended from the late 1950s to the 1990s. With her distinctive sensual sound, she was an important white soul singer, and at her peak was one of the most successful British female performers, with 18 singles in the Billboard Hot 100 from 1964 to 1970. She is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the U.K. Music Hall of Fame. International polls have named Springfield among the best female rock artists of all time.
Born in West London to an Irish Catholic family that enjoyed music, Springfield learned to sing at home. She joined her first professional group, The Lana Sisters, in 1958, then formed the pop-folk vocal trio The Springfields in 1960 with her brother Dion.
Her solo career began in 1963 with the upbeat pop hit, "I Only Want to Be with You" (1963). Among the hits that followed were "Wishin' and Hopin'" (1964), "I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself" (1964), "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" (1966), and "Son of a Preacher Man" (1968). A fan of American pop music, she was the first public figure to bring little-known soul singers to a wider British audience, when she created and hosted the first British performances of the top-selling Motown artists in 1965. By 1966, she was the best-selling female singer in the world, and topped a number of popularity polls, including Melody Maker's Best International Vocalist. She was the first British singer to top the New Musical Express readers' poll for Female Singer. Her image, supported by a peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up, made her an icon of the Swinging Sixties.
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Edward Dmytryk
Edward Dmytryk (September 4, 1908 – July 1, 1999) was an American film director who was amongst the Hollywood Ten, a group of blacklisted film industry professionals who served time in prison for being in contempt of Congress during the McCarthy-era 'red scare'.
Dmytryk was born in Grand Forks, British Columbia, Canada, the son of Ukrainian parents. He grew up in San Francisco when his family moved to the United States. After his mother died, his father, Michael Dmytryk, remarried. At the age of 31, Dmytryk became a naturalized citizen.
Dmytryk made his directorial debut with The Hawk in 1935. His best known films from the pre-McCarthy period of his career were film noirs Crossfire, for which he received a Best Director Oscar nomination, and Murder, My Sweet, the latter an adaptation of Raymond Chandler's Farewell My Lovely. In addition, he made two World War II films: Hitler's Children, the story of the Hitler youth and Back to Bataan starring John Wayne.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Ellen Corby
Ellen Corby (June 3, 1911 – April 14, 1999) was an American actress. She is most widely remembered for the role of "Grandma Esther Walton" on the CBS television series The Waltons, for which she won three Emmy Awards. She was also nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Aunt Trina in I Remember Mama.
Corby was born Ellen Hansen in Racine, Wisconsin, the daughter of Danish parents. She grew up in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. An interest in amateur theater while in high school led her to Atlantic City in 1932 where she briefly worked as a chorus girl. She moved to Hollywood that same year and got a job as a script girl at RKO Studios and Hal Roach Studios, where she frequently worked on the Our Gang comedies, next to her husband, cinematographer Francis Corby. She held that position for the next twelve years and took acting lessons on the side.
Corby began her career as a writer working on the Paramount Western Twilight on the Trail and 1947's Hoppy's Holiday. She landed her first acting job in 1945, playing a maid in RKO's Cornered. In 1948 she received an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as a lovelorn aunt in I Remember Mama (1948). Over the next four decades, she worked steadily in both film and television, often playing maids, secretaries, waitresses or gossips. She was a favorite in western films (including Shane, 1953) and had a recurring role as "Henrietta Porter" in the western television series Trackdown (1957 – 1959), starring Robert Culp.
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Elliot Richardson
Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 – December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a prominent figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than refuse President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
Richardson is the only individual to serve in four Cabinet-level positions within the United States government: Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1970 to 1973, Secretary of Defense from January to May 1973, Attorney General from May 24 to October 1973, and Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977.
Richardson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Clara Lee (née Shattuck) and Edward Peirson Richardson, a doctor and professor at Harvard Medical School. He attended the Park School in Brookline, Massachusetts, and then obtained his undergraduate degree from Harvard University, where he resided in Winthrop House, graduated cum laude in 1941, and was an editor of the Harvard Lampoon.
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Ellis Hollins
Ellis Hollins (born 14 November 1999) is a British Soap Award winning child actor. He is most famous for playing the role Tom Cunningham in the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks, which he has played since 1999. In 2006, he appeared in Alpha Male, a family film released in the United Kingdom.
In 2000, Hollins was cast as Tom Cunningham in Channel 4s soap opera Hollyoaks.
Hollins has been involved in many dramatic storylines playing Tom, including the death of both his parents and his brother, starting a fire while playing with matches and running away due to starting that fire and going to court for attacking intruder Esther Bloom.
Hollins has also appeared in several Hollyoaks Spin offs. In 2008 he appeared in all five episodes of Series one of Hollyoaks Later, a late night spin off series to Hollyoaks airing at 10pm on E4 over 5 consecutive nights (24-28 November 2008). Hollins was involved in one of the main stories of the series, which saw Tom kidnapped by crazed Niall Raferty. Hollins has appeared in all three series of the Hollyoaks Music show which aired on Saturday mornings on T4 over several months in 2009,2010 and 2011. Hollins appeared as his Hollyoaks character, nicknamed 'Lil Tom' in a segment which saw Tom Cunningham interview various music artists. He also appeared in the October 2009 spin off series Hollyoaks: The good, the bad and the gorgeous which took a look back at some of the best moments in Hollyoaks. The special also featured various specially filmed segments and Hollins appeared in one as Tom. Hollins started along side Carley Stenson (Steph Cunningham) and Lydia Waters(Holly Cunningham)
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Eric Willis
Sir Eric Archibald Willis KBE, CMG (15 January 1922 – 10 May 1999) was an Australian politician, Cabinet Minister and the 34th Premier of New South Wales, serving from 23 January 1976 to 14 May 1976. Born in Murwillumbah in 1922, Willis was educated at Murwillumbah High School and the University of Sydney, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts with double honours. Enlisting during the Second World War, Willis served on the homefront and later served in New Guinea and the Philippines. He continued to serve the Citizen Military Forces until 1958.
After serving a period as a geographer, Willis was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Earlwood in 1950. He rose to become a long-serving Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party from 1959 to 1975 under Robert Askin. When the Coalition won the 1965 election, Willis was made a Minister of the Crown as Chief Secretary, Minister for Labour and Industry, Tourism and Sport but rose to prominence in his role as Minister for Education from 1972 to 1976. When Askin retired in 1975, Willis failed in his attempts to succeed him.
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Fabrizio de André
Fabrizio Cristiano De André (18 February 1940 - 11 January 1999) was an Italian singer-songwriter. Known for his sympathies towards anarchism, libertarism and pacifism, his songs often featured marginalized and rebellious people, gypsies, prostitutes and knaves, and attacked the Catholic Church hierarchy hypocrisies.. Artistically active for almost 40 years and the author of thirty studio albums, he is renowned for the quality of his lyrics and often considered a poet. He contributed to the valorization of the languages of Italy, most notably Ligurian and, to a lesser extent, Sardinian, Gallurese and Neapolitan. Following his early death several streets, places, parks, schools and public libraries were named after him.
De André was born in Genoa, welcomed into the world by Gino Marinuzzi's "Country Waltz" on the home gramophone. Twenty-five years later, Fabrizio De André would set his "Waltz for a Love" to Marinuzzi's waltz tune.
When war broke out, the De Andre' family had to seek refuge on a country farm near Revignano (a little town near Asti), in Piemonte. Fabrizio's father, who was an Anti-fascista pursued by the police, joined the partisans. In 1945 the De André family moved back to Genova. Fabrizio went to primary school, first at the Marcellian Sisters' School and, later, at the Cesare Battisti public school. He went on to the Liceo Classico "Cristoforo Colombo"; after his final examination, he enrolled in the Law School at the University of Genoa, though he did not graduate (he gave up when he had only a few exams left). De Andre' first played the violin, then the guitar, and joined a number of local jazz bands (jazz was his "first love").
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Faith Domergue
Faith Domergue (June 16, 1924 – April 4, 1999) was an American television and film actress.
Born in New Orleans, Domergue was adopted by Adabelle Wemet when she was six weeks old. When Faith was 18 months old (in 1926), Adabelle married Leo Domergue. The family moved to California in 1928 where Domergue attended Beverly Hills Catholic School and St. Monica's Convent School. While still in high school, she was signed to a Warner Brothers contract, and made her first on-screen appearance in Blues in the Night (1941).
After graduating in 1942, Domergue continued to pursue a career in acting, but after sustaining injuries in a near-fatal car accident, her plans were put on hold. While recuperating from the accident, she attended a party aboard Howard Hughes's yacht. Hughes was taken by her, so he bought out her contract with Warner, and signed her to a three-picture contract with RKO. After an unsuccessful, long-delayed premiere in the film Vendetta (1950), Domergue left Hughes. She later freelanced in a number of films, including film noir Where Danger Lives (as a femme fatale opposite Robert Mitchum), westerns (Santa Fe Passage) and in 1955, three sci-fi/monster films (It Came from Beneath the Sea, This Island Earth and Cult of the Cobra).
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Falun Gong
Falun Gong or Falun Dafa (literally means "Dharma Wheel Practice") is a spiritual discipline first introduced in China in 1992 through public lectures by its founder, Li Hongzhi. It combines the practice of meditation and slow-moving qigong exercises with a moral philosophy. Falun Gong emphasises morality and the cultivation of virtue in its central tenets of Truthfulness, Compassion, and Forbearance (Chinese: 真、善、忍), and identifies as a qigong practice of the Buddhist school, though its teachings also incorporate elements drawn from Taoist traditions. Through moral rectitude and the practice of meditation, practitioners of Falun Gong aspire to better health and, ultimately, spiritual enlightenment.
Falun Gong emerged at the end of China's "qigong boom", a period which saw the proliferation of similar practices of meditation, slow-moving exercises and regulated breathing. It differs from other qigong schools in its absence of fees or formal membership, lack of daily rituals of worship, its greater emphasis on morality, and the theological nature of its teachings. Western academics have described Falun Gong as a qigong discipline, a "spiritual movement" based on the teachings of its founder, a "cultivation system" in the tradition of Chinese antiquity, and sometimes a religion or new religious movement.
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Frank De Vol
Frank Denny De Vol (September 20, 1911 – October 27, 1999), also known simply as De Vol, was an American arranger, composer and actor.
De Vol was born in Moundsville, West Virginia and grew up in Canton, Ohio. His father, Herman Frank De Vol, was band-leader of a local movie orchestra and his mother, Minnie Emma Humphreys De Vol, had worked in a sewing shop. He attended Miami University.
When De Vol was 14, he became a member of the Musicians' Union. After playing violin in his father's orchestra and appearances in a Chinese restaurant, he joined the Horace Heidt Orchestra in the 1930s, being responsible for the arrangements. Later, he toured with the Alvino Rey Orchestra, before embarking on his recording career.
From the 1940s, De Vol wrote arrangements for the studio recordings of many top singers, including Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan, Tony Bennett, Dinah Shore, Doris Day and Vic Damone. His single most famous arrangement is probably the haunting string and piano accompaniment to Cole's "Nature Boy", which was a US Number One in 1948. That same year, he released a version of "The Teddy Bears' Picnic" (Capitol Records 15420), that he arranged and sang lead vocals on.
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Frank Leslie Walcott
Sir Frank Leslie Walcott, KA, OBE (September 16, 1916 – February 24, 1999) was a Barbadian trade unionist, politician, ambassador and one of the ten National Heroes of Barbados. He played a key role in organizing the Barbados labour movement and was a major figure in stimulating participation in the nation's political process.
Walcott was born in Saint Peter, and his policeman father died when Walcott was very young. He was raised in Bridgetown, where he attended Wesley Hall Boys' School, excelling in mathematics and debate from an early age. Becoming an active unionist in his mid-twenties, Walcott served the Barbados Workers' Union for over fifty years. He also served three separate terms as president of the Caribbean Congress of Labour, as well as serving in the Governing Body of the International Labour Organisation and as Vice-President of the Executive Board of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. In addition to these posts, Walcott also served with the American Institute for Free Labour Development and was Chairman of the World Employment Conference.
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Fred Feast
Frederick Feast (5 October 1929 – 25 June 1999) was a British television actor, best remembered for playing the role of Fred Gee in Coronation Street.
He attended the Graham School, Scarborough and served as a physical training instructor for the Parachute Regiment with the rank of sergeant. He worked as a variety artist and stand-up comic at the Windmill Theatre and appeared in summer seasons and pantomimes. Other occupations included driving instructor, butcher, trawlerman, dolphin trainer, nightclub owner, personal shopper and publican.
Although he acted in numerous television dramas, he was best known for his role as the Rovers Return's "potman", Fred Gee, a crooked man with unscrupulous morals, in the soap opera Coronation Street, a role he played from 1975 to 1984.
In 1983, Feast took time off sick at a moment's notice, causing the Coronation Street script writers to have to re-draft 12 episodes (then the equivalent of six weeks of programmes.) He claimed to be depressed, had trouble remembering his lines, and suffered from bouts of uncontrollable weeping. Podmore later said that if he had come to him and explained this in the first place, his role could have been temporarily reduced; appearing as a bar person in The Rovers, the focal point of Coronation Street, means that an actor tends to be in more scenes than other characters. Bill Podmore described Feast as 'earthy', and Fred Gee as being a toned-down screen version of Fred Feast.
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Garson Kanin
Garson Kanin (November 24, 1912 – March 13, 1999) was a prolific American writer and director of plays and films.
Garson Kanin began his show business career as a jazz musician, burlesque comedian, and actor. He graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City and made his Broadway debut in 1933's "Little Ol' Boy". In 1935, Kanin was cast in a George Abbott play and soon became Mr. Abbott's assitant. Kanin made his Broadway debut as a director in 1936, at the age of twenty-four, with "Hitch Your Wagon".
His 1946 play Born Yesterday, which he also directed, ran for 1,642 performances. Kanin worked, uncredited, on the screenplay of the 1950 film adaptation.
His other stage work includes directing The Diary of Anne Frank (1955), which ran for 717 performances, and the musical Funny Girl (1964), which ran for 1,348 performances.
Mr. Kanin wrote and directed his last play, "Peccadillo", in 1985, the year he was inducted into the Theatre Hall of Fame.
His first film as a director was A Man to Remember (1938), which The New York Times considered one of the ten best films of 1938. Kanin was twenty-six at the time. Other directing credits include "The Great Man Votes " (1939),"My Favorite Wife" (1940), "They Knew What they Wanted" (1940) and "Tom Dick and Harry" (1941).
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Gene Rayburn
Gene Rayburn (December 22, 1917 – November 29, 1999) was an American radio and television personality. He is best known as the host of various editions of the popular American television game show Match Game for over two decades.
Born Eugene P. Rubessa ( /ruːˈbeɪʃə/) in Christopher, Illinois, he was the only child of Croatian immigrants and graduated from Lindblom Technical High School and later from Knox College. While a student at Lindblom, he was senior class president and acted in the plays Robert of Sicily, and Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch.
Rayburn was married to Helen Ticknor from 1940 until her death in October 1996. They had one child, a daughter, Lynn. After Lynn's birth, Rayburn enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Force and served in World War II. Public Service: He became the President of the organization "Patient's for the Preservation of Lens Implantation" in 1975 at the time the US government was attempting to stop intraocular lens (IOL) implantation for the treatment of cataracts. The organization worked closely with the American Intra-Ocular Implant Society (of surgeons) today called the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS). He was pivotal in preventing the government from banning IOLs. Today it the standard of care throughout the world.
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Gene Sarazen
Gene Sarazen (/ˈsɑrəzɛn/; February 27, 1902 – May 13, 1999) was an American professional golfer, one of the world's top players in the 1920s and 1930s. He is one of five golfers (along with Ben Hogan, Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus, and Tiger Woods) to win all the current major championships in his career, the Career Grand Slam: U.S. Open in 1922, 1932, PGA Championship in 1922, 1923, 1933, British Open in 1932, and The Masters in 1935.
Sarazen was born in Harrison, New York as Eugenio Saraceni. Sarazen began caddying at age ten at local golf clubs, took up golf himself, and gradually developed his skills; he was essentially self-taught. He used the somewhat unusual, at the time, interlocking grip to hold the club.
Sarazen took a series of club professional jobs in the New York area from his mid-teens, and worked hard on his game. Sarazen won his first major championships – the 1922 U.S. Open and PGA Championship – at age 20. He was a contemporary and great rival of Bobby Jones, who was born in the same year; Sarazen also had many great battles with Walter Hagen, who was about ten years older. Sarazen, Jones, and Hagen were the world's dominant players during the 1920s. Rivalries among the three great champions significantly expanded interest in golf around the world during this period, and made the United States the world's dominant golf power for the first time, taking over this position from Great Britain.
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Gene Siskel
Eugene Kal "Gene" Siskel (January 26, 1946 – February 20, 1999) was an American film critic and journalist for the Chicago Tribune. Along with colleague Roger Ebert, he hosted the popular review show Siskel & Ebert At the Movies from 1975 until his death.
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Siskel was raised by his aunt and uncle after both his parents died when he was ten years old. He attended Culver Academies, graduated in Philosophy at Yale University in 1967, where he studied writing under Pulitzer Prize-winning author John Hersey, who helped him land a job at the Chicago Tribune in 1969. In 1975, Siskel teamed up with Roger Ebert, film reviewer for the Chicago Sun-Times, to host a show on the local Chicago PBS station WTTW which eventually became Sneak Previews. Their "thumbs-up, thumbs-down" system soon became an easily recognizable trademark, popular enough to be parodied on comedy shows such as In Living Color, cartoon strips like Calvin and Hobbes (April, 1988) and in movies such as Hollywood Shuffle and Godzilla. Sneak Previews gained a country-wide audience in 1978 when it was carried on PBS.
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George C. Scott
George Campbell Scott (October 18, 1927 – September 22, 1999) was an American stage and film actor, director and producer. He was best known for his stage work, as well as his portrayal of General George S. Patton in the film Patton, and as General Buck Turgidson in Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove.
George Campbell Scott was born in Wise, Virginia, the son of Helena Agnes (née Slemp; 1904–1935) and George Dewey Scott (1902–1988). His mother died just before his eighth birthday, and he was raised by his father, an executive with Buick. Scott's original ambition was to be a writer like his favorite author, F. Scott Fitzgerald; while attending Redford High School in Detroit, he wrote many short stories, none of which were ever published. As an adult, he tried on many occasions to write a novel, but was never able to complete one to his satisfaction.[citation needed]
Scott joined the US Marines, serving from 1945-49. He was assigned to 8th and I Barracks in Washington, D.C., in which capacity he taught English literature and radio speaking/writing at the Marine Corps Institute. He later claimed his duties at Arlington led to his drinking. After his military service, Scott enrolled in the University of Missouri, where he majored in journalism and then became interested in drama; he left college after a year to pursue acting.
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George Papadopoulos
Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos (Greek: Γεώργιος Παπαδόπουλος) (5 May 1919 – 27 June 1999) was the head of the military coup d'état that took place in Greece on 21 April 1967 and leader of the military government that ruled the country from 1967 to 1974. Papadopoulos was a Colonel of Artillery. During World War II, he had initially fought against the Italian 1940 invasion and then he became a Nazi collaborator in the Security Battalions, and in the postwar years he received intelligence training in the United States and became a CIA agent. He held dictatorial power in Greece from 1967–1973, until he was himself overthrown by his co-conspirator Dimitrios Ioannidis. It has been claimed that Papadopoulos was the first CIA agent to govern a Western European country.
Papadopoulos was born in Elaiohori, a small village in the Prefecture of Achaea in Peloponnese to local school teacher Christos Papadopoulos and his wife Chrysoula. He was the eldest son and had two brothers, Konstantinos and Haralambos. Upon finishing High School in 1937, he enrolled in the Scholi Evelpidon Officer Academy (Σχολή Ευελπίδων). He completed his three-year education in 1940.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009 and the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. The eldest son of Barbara Bush and George H. W. Bush, he was born in New Haven, Connecticut. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush worked in oil businesses. He married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. In a close and controversial election, Bush was elected President in 2000 as the Republican candidate, defeating Vice President Al Gore in the Electoral College. Bush is the second American president to have been the son of a former president. He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
Terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bush's first term as president on September 11, 2001. In response, Bush announced the War on Terror, an international military campaign which included the war in Afghanistan launched in 2001 and the war in Iraq launched in 2003. In addition to national security issues, Bush promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, and social security reform. He signed into law broad tax cuts, the PATRIOT Act, the No Child Left Behind Act, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and Medicare prescription drug benefits for seniors. His tenure saw national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and enhanced interrogation techniques. His administration also withdrew the U.S. from a some international treaty processes, including the Kyoto Protocol on global warming.
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Gerardus 't Hooft
Gerardus (Gerard) 't Hooft (Dutch pronunciation: [ˌɣɪːrɑrt ət ˈɦoːft]) (born July 5, 1946, Den Helder, Netherlands) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his thesis advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions".
His work concentrates on gauge theory, black holes, quantum gravity and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. His contributions to physics include a proof that gauge theories are renormalizible, dimensional regularization, and the holographic principle.
He is married to Albertha Schik (Betteke) and has two daughters, Saskia and Ellen. Saskia has translated one of her father's popular Dutch fiction books 'Planetenbiljart' into English. The book's title is 'Playing with Planets' and was launched in Singapore in November 2008.
Gerard 't Hooft was born in Den Helder on July 5, 1946, but grew up in The Hague, the seat of government of the Netherlands. He was the middle child of a family of three. He comes from a family of scholars. His grandmother was a sister of Nobel prize laureate Fritz Zernike, and was married to Pieter Nicolaas van Kampen, who was a well-known professor of zoology at Leiden university. His uncle Nico van Kampen is an (emeritus) professor of theoretical physics at Utrecht University, and while his mother did not opt for a scientific career because she was a girl, she did marry a maritime engineer. Following his family's footsteps, he showed interest in science at an early age. When his primary school teacher asked him what he wanted to be when he grew up, he boldly declared, "a man who knew everything."
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Gerhard Herzberg
Gerhard Heinrich Friedrich Otto Julius Herzberg, PC CC FRSC FRS (December 25, 1904 – March 3, 1999) was a German pioneering physicist and physical chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1971, "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals". Herzberg's main work concerned atomic and molecular spectroscopy. He is well known for using these techniques that determine the structures of diatomic and polyatomic molecules, including free radicals which are difficult to investigate in any other way, and for the chemical analysis of astronomical objects. Herzberg served as Chancellor of Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada from 1973 to 1980.
Herzberg was born in Hamburg, Germany on December 25, 1904 to Albin H. Herzberg and Ella Biber. He had an older brother, Walter, who was born in January 1904. Herzberg started Vorschule (elementary school) late, after contracting measles. His father died in 1914, at 43 years of age, after having suffered from dropsy and complications due to an earlier heart condition. Herzberg graduated Vorschule shortly after his father's death.
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Gertrude B. Elion
Gertrude Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, and a 1988 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Working alone as well as with George H. Hitchings, Elion developed a multitude of new drugs, using innovative research methods that would later lead to the development of the AIDS drug AZT.
Born in New York City to immigrant parents, she graduated from Hunter College in 1937 and New York University (M.Sc.) in 1941. Unable to obtain a graduate research position, she worked as a lab assistant and a high school teacher. Later, she left to work as an assistant to George H. Hitchings at the Burroughs-Wellcome pharmaceutical company (now GlaxoSmithKline). She never obtained a formal Ph.D., but was later awarded an honorary Ph.D from Polytechnic University of New York in 1989 and honorary SD degree from Harvard university in 1998.
Rather than relying on trial-and-error, Elion and Hitchings used the differences in biochemistry between normal human cells and pathogens (disease-causing agents) to design drugs that could kill or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without harming the host cells.
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Glenn Seaborg
Glenn Theodore Seaborg (Swedish: Glenn Teodor Sjöberg; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American scientist who won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements", contributed to the discovery and isolation of ten elements, and developed the actinide concept, which led to the current arrangement of the actinoid series in the periodic table of the elements. He spent most of his career as an educator and research scientist at the University of California, Berkeley where he became the second Chancellor in its history and served as a University Professor. Seaborg advised ten presidents from Harry S. Truman to Bill Clinton on nuclear policy and was the chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission from 1961 to 1971 where he pushed for commercial nuclear energy and peaceful applications of nuclear science. Throughout his career, Seaborg worked for arms control. He was signator to the Franck Report and contributed to the achievement of the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Seaborg was a well-known advocate of science education and federal funding for pure research. He was a key contributor to the report "A Nation at Risk" as a member of President Reagan's National Commission on Excellence in Education and was the principal author of the Seaborg Report on academic science issued in the closing days of the Eisenhower administration.
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Gorilla Monsoon
Robert James "Gino" Marella (June 4, 1937 – October 6, 1999), better known by his ring name of Gorilla Monsoon, was an American professional wrestler, play-by-play announcer, and booker. He is famous for his run as one of the great super-heavyweights, and later as the voice of the World Wrestling Federation as announcer and as backstage manager during the 1980s and 1990s, and added on-screen President to his duties in the latter decade. In professional wrestling, the staging area just behind the entrance curtain at an event, a position which Marella established and where he could often be found during WWF shows late in his career, is named the Gorilla Position in his honor.
Marella attended Jefferson High School in Rochester, New York, becoming a standout athlete in football, amateur wrestling, and track and field. At the time, he weighed over 300 pounds (136 kg), and was affectionately called "Tiny" by his teammates.
Marella was also a standout athlete after high school at Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York. He continued to wrestle, now weighing over 350 pounds, and took second in the 1959 NCAA Wrestling Championships. He also held several school athletic records, including an 18-second wrestling pin, and several track-and-field distinctions. He was inducted into the Ithaca College Athletic Hall of Fame in 1973. During the summers he was at Ithaca College, he was a construction worker in Rochester. One of the buildings he helped construct was the Rochester War Memorial. He was inducted into the Section V Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2010 along with longtime childhood friend Frank Marotta who gave a speech on his behalf.
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Graham Staines
Dr. Graham Stuart Staines (1941 – 22 January 1999) was an Australian Christian missionary who along with his two sons Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6) were burnt to death by a gang while sleeping in his station wagon at Manoharpur village in Keonjhar district in Orissa, India on January 1999. In 2003, the Bajrang Dal activist Dara Singh was convicted of leading the gang that murdered Staines and Singh is now serving life in prison. Staines is considered[original research?] a martyr by many Christians.
He had been working in Orissa among the tribal poor and especially with leprosy patients since 1965. Hindu groups allege that he forcefully converted or lured many Hindus into Christianity, but Staines' widow Gladys Staines denied these allegations. She continued to live in India caring for leprosy patients until 2004 before going back to Australia. In 2005 she was awarded the fourth highest civilian honor in India, Padma Shree, in recognition for her work with leprosy patients in Orissa
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Günter Blobel
Günter Blobel (born May 21, 1936) is a German American biologist.
Günter Blobel was born in Waltersdorf in the Prussian Province of Lower Silesia. In January 1945 his family fled from native Silesia from the advancing Red Army. On their way to the West they passed through the beautiful old city of Dresden, which left deep impressions in the young boy. Only days after their stay in Dresden it was destroyed in the catastrophic air bombing between 13 February and 15 February 1945. The family could witness this event some 30 kilometers away and the young boy again was deeply impressed by the red night sky reflecting the firestorm in the burning city, but the war was still not at its end and Blobel's 19-year-old sister was killed some weeks later in an air attack on a train she was travelling in, and buried in a mass grave.
After the war Günter Blobel grew up and attended gymnasium in the Saxon town of Freiberg. He graduated at the University of Tübingen in 1960 and received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1967. He was appointed to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1986.
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Günter Grass
Günter Wilhelm Grass (born 16 October 1927) is a German-Kashubian novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor and recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is widely regarded as Germany's most famous living writer.
Grass was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). In 1945, he came to West Germany as a homeless refugee, though in his fiction he frequently returns to the Danzig of his childhood.
Grass is best known for his first novel, The Tin Drum (1959), a key text in European magic realism, and the first part of his Danzig Trilogy, which also includes Cat and Mouse and Dog Years. His works are frequently considered to have a left-wing political dimension and Grass has been an active supporter of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Tin Drum was adapted into a film, which won both the 1979 Palme d'Or and the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The Swedish Academy, upon awarding him the Nobel Prize in Literature, noted him as a writer "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history".
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Halil-Salim Jabara
Halil-Salim Jabara (Arabic: خليل سليم جبارة, born 1913, died 1999) was an Israeli Arab politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Ahdut HaAvoda between 1964 and 1965.
Born in Tayibe during the Ottoman era, Jabara studied at the Arab College in Jerusalem. Between 1932 and 1948 he worked in the Surveyors Office of the Mandate authorities. From 1951 until 1955 he was the director of the Income Tax office in the Triangle area, before serving as director and secretary of the Kupat Holim in Tayibe between 1955 and 1958.
A member of the Arab department of Ahdut HaAvoda, he was on the party's list for the 1961 elections. Although he failed to win a seat, he entered the Knesset on 11 May 1964 as a replacement for Yitzhak Ben-Aharon, who had resigned. However, Jabara lost his seat in the 1965 elections.
He died in 1999.
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Hank Snow
Clarence Eugene "Hank" Snow (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian-American country music artist. He charted more than 70 singles on the Billboard country charts from 1950 until 1980. This total includes the number 1 hits "I'm Moving On", "The Golden Rocket", "I Don't Hurt Anymore", "Let Me Go, Lover!", "I've Been Everywhere", and "Hello Love" as well as other top ten hits. He is a member of both the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame and the Music Hall of Fame.
Snow was born in Brooklyn, Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada. He ran away from home to escape a brutal stepfather when he was 12 years old and joined a fishing boat as a cabin boy. When he was 14, he ordered his first guitar from an Eaton's department store catalogue for $5.95, and played his first show in a church basement in Bridgewater, Nova Scotia at age 16. He then sang in local clubs in and around Halifax. He married Minnie Blanche Aalders in 1935 and had one son, Rev. Jimmy Rodgers Snow.
A successful appearance on Halifax radio station CHNS led to Snow's audition with RCA Victor in Montreal, Quebec. In 1936, he signed with the label, staying for more than 45 years. A weekly CBC radio show brought him national recognition and, using the name, Hank, The Yodeling Ranger, and he began touring Canada until the late 1940s when American country music stations began playing his records.
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Harold Tamblyn-Watts
Harold William Tamblyn Watts (1900–1999) was a British wildlife and comic strip artist who contributed to TV Comic, Jack and Jill, TV Playland and various annuals, including Eagle and Girl Annuals.
Harold Tamblyn-Watts was the son of Thomas Tamblyn-Watts, an author and publisher. Educated at Southend School of Art, he worked as a manager for the Emmett Group in 1935-48.
As a comics artist, he is best remembered for his brief time illustrating Supercar in TV Comic in 1961, although he also illustrated such features as 'On the Danger Trail with Grahame Dangerfield' in TV Comic Annual and 'Out and About with Uncle Ben' in Jack and Jill. His longest-running strip work was for 'Katie Country Mouse' in Jack and Jill which he took over from Philip Mendoza in 1964.
Tamblyn-Watts also illustrated a number of books and exhibited watercolours.
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Harry Bannink
Harry Bannink (10 July 1929, Enschede – 19 October 1999, Bosch en Duin) was a Dutch composer, arranger and pianist. He wrote over 3,000 songs.
Bannink studied at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague, receiving his degree in 1946. He started his musical career in the late fifties, when he joined a small dance-orchestra as pianist. His compositions for the play "Het staat u vrij" (Delftsch Studenten Corps, 1958) where his first works for the theatre. Later he would write music for lots of songs by Wim Sonneveld, Wieteke Van Dort and especially Annie M.G. Schmidt. . He wrote music for many Dutch TV-shows, including Ja zuster, nee zuster, 't Schaep met de 5 poten, Sesamstraat, and De Stratemakeropzeeshow. Since 1973 he worked with Edwin Rutten on the weekly children's TV show De film van ome Willem (in which he appeared as head of the music-ensemble on every episode) and writer Willem Wilmink, with whom he wrote a lot of songs for the Dutch children's education program Het Klokhuis.
Together with Annie M.G. Schmidt he wrote several Dutch musicals. Later, he would also write the music for the funeral of Schmidt. Among his last musical activities were a CD - on which he sang some of his own compositions - and a book with piano-arrangements of all the songs from the series Ja zuster, nee zuster. He died, aged 70, of cardiac arrest and was buried at the New Cemetery in Enschede.
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Harry Blackmun
Harold Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994. He is best known as the author of Roe v. Wade.
Harry Blackmun was born in Nashville, Illinois, and grew up in Dayton's Bluff, a working-class neighborhood in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He attended the same grade school as future Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, with whom he eventually served on the Supreme Court for some sixteen years. He attended Harvard College on scholarship, earning an A.B. summa cum laude in mathematics and graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1929. While at Harvard, Blackmun joined Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity and sang with the Harvard Glee Club (with whom he performed for President Herbert Hoover in 1929, Blackmun's first visit to Washington). He attended Harvard Law School (among his professors there was Felix Frankfurter), graduating in 1932. He served in a variety of positions including private counsel, law clerk, and adjunct faculty at the University of Minnesota Law School and William Mitchell College of Law (then the St. Paul College of Law). Blackmun's practice as an attorney at the law firm now known as Dorsey & Whitney focused in its early years on taxation, trusts and estates, and civil litigation. He married Dorothy Clark in 1941 and had three daughters with her, Nancy, Sally, and Susan. Between 1950 and 1959, Blackmun served as resident counsel for the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He would later describe his time at Mayo as "his happiest time" (while describing his later work on the judiciary as where he "performed his duty").
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Hassan II of Morocco
HM King Hassan II (Arabic: الحسن الثاني, class. pron. (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, dial. (Mar.) el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); July 9, 1929 – July 23, 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909–1961) and his wife Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1889–1992).
King Hassan was educated at the Imperial College at Rabat and earned a law degree from the University of Bordeaux.
He was exiled to Corsica by French authorities on 20 August 1953, together with his father Sultan Mohammed V. They were transferred to Madagascar in January 1954. Prince Moulay Hassan acted as his father's political advisor during the exile. Mohammed V and his family returned from exile on 16 November 1955.
Prince Moulay Hassan participated in the February 1956 negotiations for Morocco's independence with his father, who later appointed him Chief of Staff of the newly founded Royal Armed Forces in April 1956. In the unrest of the same year, he led army contingents battling rebels in the mountains of the Rif. Mohammed V changed the title of the Moroccan sovereign from Sultan to King in 1957. Hassan was proclaimed Crown Prince on 19 July 1957, and became King on 26 February 1961, after his father's death. U.S. Ambassador Charles W. Yost saw King Mohammed V hours before his death and was among those who suspected that Hassan II had a hand in his father's sudden death.
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Helen Clark
Helen Elizabeth Clark, ONZ (born 26 February 1950) was the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand serving three consecutive terms from 1999 to 2008, making her the fifth longest serving person to hold that office. She has been Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the third-highest UN position, since 2009.
Born in and raised just south of Hamilton, Clark graduated from the University of Auckland in 1974 and became political in her teenage years, involving herself in the New Zealand Labour Party from a young age. A junior lecturer at the University in the early 1970s, Clark entered local politics in 1974 in Auckland but was not elected to any position. Returning to lecturing at University after studying abroad, she successfully ran as a Member of Parliament for the Mount Albert electorate in 1981, a position she held until her resignation in 2009. During the 1980s and early 90s, Clark held numerous Cabinet positions in the Fourth Labour government, including Minister of Housing, Minister of Health and Minister of Conservation. She would hold the position of Deputy Prime Minister for a year.
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Helen Vinson
Helen Vinson (September 17, 1907 – October 7, 1999) was an American film actress, who appeared in 40 films between 1932 and 1945.
Vinson was born Helen Rulfs in Beaumont, Texas. She was a tall and distinguished-looking woman with brown eyes and naturally curly hair. Miss Vinson's father was an oil man. Her personal life included a passion for horses she developed during her youth. She studied at the University of Texas at Austin.
In Austin, she met Mrs. March Culmore, director of the Houston, Texas Little Theater. Culmore took Helen as a pupil and soon the young woman was playing leads with The Little Theater Group. From Texas, she moved quickly to Broadway. Her first success in New York City was in a play called Los Angeles. A succession of performances followed and led to a contract with Warner Brothers. Later, she regretted her quick leap to Hollywood and motion pictures. She lamented, "If I'd stayed in New York longer, I'd be getting a much bigger salary out here now."
Vinson's screen career often featured her in roles in which she played the part of the other woman or (pre-Code) loose women with active romantic lives. Her first film role was Jewel Robbery (1932), which starred William Powell and Kay Francis. She appeared as Doris Dulafield in The Kennel Murder Case, which starred Powell as Philo Vance. One of her memorable roles was in The Wedding Night (1935). She played the wife of Gary Cooper and the rival of Anna Sten, in a story about the Connecticut tobacco fields. Another performance was in the RKO film In Name Only (1939), in which she was cast as the treacherous friend of Carole Lombard, Kay Francis and Cary Grant. Another stand-out role for Vinson was as an undercover federal agent posing as a femme fatale opposite Richard Cromwell in Universal Pictures's anti-Nazi action drama entitled, Enemy Agent (1940). She followed that role with the role of Helen Draque in The Thin Man Goes Home. Vinson's film career petered out in 1945.
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Henry Jones (actor)
Henry Burk Jones (August 1, 1912 – May 17, 1999) was an American actor of stage, film and television.
Jones was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Helen (née Burk) and John Francis Xavier Jones. He was the grandson of Pennsylvania Representative Henry Burk. He attended the Jesuit-run Saint Joseph's Preparatory School.
Jones is remembered for his role as handyman Leroy Jessup in the movie The Bad Seed (1956), a role he originated on Broadway. Other theatre credits included My Sister Eileen, Hamlet, The Time of Your Life, They Knew What They Wanted, The Solid Gold Cadillac, and Sunrise at Campobello, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play, and the Outer Critics Circle Award for Performance in a Drama.
Jones appeared in more than 180 movies and television shows. His screen credits included The Girl Can't Help It, 3:10 to Yuma, Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, Vertigo, Cash McCall, The Bramble Bush, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, Dirty Dingus Magee, Support Your Local Gunfighter, 9 to 5 (film) and Arachnophobia.
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Henry Way Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
Kendall was born in Boston to Evelyn Way and Henry P. Kendall, an industrialist. Kendall grew up in Sharon, Massachusetts and attended Deerfield Academy. He enrolled in the U. S. Merchant Marine Academy in 1945, and served on a troop transport on the North Atlantic in the winter of 1945 - 1946.
In 1946, he enrolled at Amherst College where he majored in mathematics, graduating in 1950. While at Amherst, he operated a diving and marine salvage company during two summers. He co-authored two books, one on shallow water diving and the other on underwater photography.
He did graduate research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, involving an experimental study of positronium, and he obtained his PhD in 1955. He then spent then next two years as a postdoctoral fellow at Brookhaven National Laboratory. He then spent five years in Robert Hofstadter's research group at Stanford University in the late 50's and early 60's, where he worked with Jerome Friedman and Richard Taylor, studying the structure of protons and neutrons, using the university's 300 feet long linear electron accelerator. He developed a close working relationship with Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky at Stanford.
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Hicham El Guerrouj
Hicham El Guerrouj "King of the Mile" (Moroccan Arabic: هشام الݣروج, born September 14, 1974, Berkane) is a Moroccan former middle distance runner. He is the current holder of the 1500 metres, mile and outdoor 2000 metres world records, as well as a double Olympic gold medalist. From about 1995 until his retirement from serious competition following the 2004 Olympics, he was the dominant middle distance runner of his day.
Hicham El Guerrouj's first international triumph was in 1992 at age 18, when he was 3rd in the 5000 metres of the 1992 Junior World Championships in Seoul, behind Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia.
In 1994, he was a member of the Moroccan team in the 1994 IAAF World Road Relay Championships, which won the race in world record time.
El Guerrouj rose to international prominence in the mid-1990s with near-record times in the 1500 metres and mile. At the age of 20 he finished second in the 1500 metres at the 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg. In 1996 after setting a new personal best over 1500 metres in 3:29.59 in Stockholm, he was considered one of the favourites for the Olympic gold.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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Horst P. Horst
Horst Paul Albert Bohrmann (August 14, 1906 – November 18, 1999) who chose to be known as Horst P. Horst was a German-American fashion photographer.
The younger of two sons, Horst was born in Weißenfels-an-der-Saale, Germany, to Klara (Schönbrodt) and Max Bohrmann. His father was a successful merchant.
In his teens, he met dancer Evan Weidemann at the home of his aunt, and this aroused his interest in avant-garde art. In the late 1920s, Horst studied at Hamburg Kunstgewerbeschule, leaving there to go to Paris to study under the architect Le Corbusier.
While in Paris, he befriended many people in the art community and attended many galleries. In 1930 he met Vogue photographer Baron George Hoyningen-Huene, a half-Baltic, half-American nobleman, and became his photographic assistant, occasional model and lover. He traveled to England with him that winter. While there, they visited photographer Cecil Beaton, who was working for the British edition of Vogue. In 1931, Horst began his association with Vogue, publishing his first photograph in the French edition of Vogue in November of that year. It was a full page advertisement showing a model in black velvet holding a Klytia scent bottle.
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Hoyt Axton
Hoyt Wayne Axton (March 25, 1938 – October 26, 1999) was an American country music singer-songwriter, and a film and television actor. He became prominent in the early 1960s, establishing himself on the West Coast as a folk singer with an earthy style and powerful voice. As he matured, some of his songwriting efforts became well known throughout the world. Among them were "Joy to the World", "The Pusher" and "Greenback Dollar".
He was born in Duncan, Oklahoma and spent his pre-teen years in Comanche, Oklahoma with his brother, John. His mother, Mae Boren Axton, co-wrote the classic rock 'n' roll song "Heartbreak Hotel", which became the first major hit for Elvis Presley. Some of Hoyt Axton's own songs were also later recorded by Elvis. Hoyt Axton's father, John T. Axton, was a Navy officer stationed in Jacksonville, Florida; the family joined him there in 1949. Axton graduated from Robert E. Lee High School in 1956 and left town after Knauer's Hardware burned down on graduation night, a prank gone wrong. Axton attended Oklahoma State for a short length of time before following his father and enlisting in the Navy. Axton served aboard the USS Ranger before pursuing a music career.
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Hugo Chávez
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈuɣo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβes ˈfɾi.as]; born 28 July 1954) is the current President of Venezuela, having held that position since 1999. He was formerly the leader of the Fifth Republic Movement political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when he became the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). Following his own political ideology of Bolivarianism and "Socialism for the 21st Century", he has focused on implementing socialist reforms in the country as a part of a social project known as the Bolivarian Revolution, which has seen the implementation of a new constitution, participatory democratic councils and the nationalisation of several key industries.
Born into a working class family in Sabaneta, Barinas, Chávez became a career military officer, and after becoming dissatisfied with the Venezuelan political system, he founded the secretive Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200) in the early 1980s to work towards overthrowing it. Chávez led the MBR-200 in an unsuccessful coup d'état against the Democratic Action government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez government in 1992, for which he was imprisoned. Getting out of prison after two years, he founded a social democratic political party, the Fifth Republic Movement, and was elected president of Venezuela in 1998. He subsequently introduced a new constitution which increased rights for marginalised groups and altered the structure of Venezuelan government, and was re-elected in 2000. During his second presidential term, he introduced a system of Bolivarian Missions, Communal Councils and worker-managed cooperatives, as well as a program of land reform, whilst also nationalising various key industries.
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Hussein of Jordan
Hussein bin Talal (Arabic: حسين بن طلال, Ḥusayn bin Ṭalāl; 14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was King of Jordan from the abdication of his father, King Talal, in 1952, until his death. Hussein's rule extended through the Cold War and four decades of Arab-Israeli conflict. He recognized Israel in 1994, becoming the second Arab head of state to do so.
Hussein claimed to be a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his relations with the ancient Hashemite family.
Hussein was born in Amman on 14 November 1935 to Talal bin Abdullah and Princess Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil. After completing his elementary education in Amman, he was educated at Victoria College in Alexandria. He proceeded to Harrow School in England, where he befriended his cousin Faisal II of Iraq. He pursued further study at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
On 20 July 1951, Prince Hussein traveled to Jerusalem to perform Friday prayers at the Al-Aqsa Mosque with his grandfather, King Abdullah I, where an assassin opened fire on Abdullah and his grandson. Abdullah was killed, but the 15-year-old Hussein survived the assassination attempt, and according to the Jordanian government, pursued the gunman. The Jordanian government claims that the gunman turned his weapon on the young prince, who was saved when the bullet was deflected by a medal on his uniform which had been given to him by his grandfather.
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Ian Bannen
Ian Bannen (29 June 1928 – 3 November 1999) was a Scottish character actor and occasional leading man. He is known for starring as the character Christopher Lowe in From Beyond the Grave.
Bannen was born in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, the son of Clare (née Galloway) and John James Bannen, a lawyer. Bannen served in the British Army after attending St Aloysius' College, Glasgow and Ratcliffe College, Leicestershire. His first acting role came in a 1947 Dublin stage production of Armlet of Jade. He became a successful figure on the London stage, making a name for himself in the plays of both Shakespeare and Eugene O'Neill. He was an original member of the Royal Shakespeare Company and appeared on Broadway as well.
His film debut occurred in the early 1950s with a small role in Pool of London (1951), and he quickly rose to prominence, primarily in a wide range of supporting roles. During the early stages of his career he worked with the Boulting Brothers on Private's Progress and Carlton-Browne of the F.O.. His performance as Crow in The Flight of the Phoenix (1965) earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, making him the first Scottish actor to receive this honour; he also received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year - Actor. That same year, he starred alongside Sean Connery in the WW2 prison drama, The Hill.
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Inuit
The Inuit (Inuktitut: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "People") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada, the United States, and Russia. Inuit is a collective noun; the singular is "Inuk". The Inuit language is grouped under the Eskimo-Aleut family.
In the United States, the term Eskimo is commonly used in reference to these groups, because it includes both of Alaska's Yupik and Inupiat peoples while "Inuit" is not proper or accepted as a term for the Inupiat. No collective term exists for both peoples other than "Eskimo". However, natives in Canada and Greenland view the name as pejorative and "Inuit" has become more common. In Canada, sections 25 and 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982 named the "Inuit" as a distinctive group of aboriginal Canadians who are not included under either the First Nations or the Métis.
The Inuit live throughout most of the Canadian Arctic and subarctic in the territory of Nunavut; "Nunavik" in the northern third of Quebec; "Nunatsiavut" and "Nunatukavut" in Labrador; and in various parts of the Northwest Territories, particularly around the Arctic Ocean. These areas are known in Inuktitut as the "Inuit Nunangat". In the United States, Inupiat live on the North Slope in Alaska and on Little Diomede Island. In Russia, they live on Big Diomede Island. The Kalaallit and other natives of Greenland are the descendants of migrations from Canada and are citizens of Denmark, although not of the European Union.
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Iris Murdoch
Dame Iris Murdoch DBE (15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999) was an Irish-born British author and philosopher, best known for her novels about political and social questions of good and evil, sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Her first published novel, Under the Net, was selected in 2001 by the editorial board as one of Modern Library's 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. In 1987, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 2008, The Times named Murdoch among their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
Jean Iris Murdoch was born in Phibsborough, Dublin, Ireland, on 15 July 1919. Her father, Wills John Hughes Murdoch, came from a mainly Presbyterian sheep farming family from Hillhall, County Down, and her mother, Irene Alice Richardson, who had trained as a singer until Iris was born, was from a middle class, Church of Ireland (Anglican) family from Dublin. When Iris was very young, her parents moved to London, where her father worked in the Civil Service.
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Irving Rapper
Irving Rapper (16 January 1898 – 20 December 1999) was a British film director. His most successful body of work is 10 films he made while under contract with Warner Brothers.
Rapper emigrated to the United States and became an actor and stage director on Broadway while studying at New York University. In 1936, he went to Hollywood, where he was hired by Warner Bros. as an assistant director and dialogue coach. He proved invaluable in translating and mediating for non-native English-speaking directors. By the early 1940s, he had metamorphosed into one of the hottest directors on the Warner Bros. lot.
He made his directing debut with the 1941 film Shining Victory, in which his friend Bette Davis appeared as a show of support for him. He would go on to direct her in four more films, Now, Voyager (1942), The Corn Is Green (1945), Deception (1946), and Another Man's Poison (1952). In later years, Rapper admitted that he found Davis very difficult to work with and that she would, "...hold the whole set hostage, stopping production for a day, because of her mood."
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Isaac C. Kidd, Jr.
Isaac Campbell Kidd, Jr. (August 14, 1919 – June 27, 1999) was an American Admiral in the United States Navy who served as the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO's Atlantic Fleet, and also as commander in chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet from 1975 to 1978. He was the son of Rear Admiral Isaac C. Kidd, who was killed on the bridge of the battleship Arizona during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Kidd graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1941; he was commissioned an ensign on December 19, 1941, just 12 days after his father was killed aboard his flagship. As Time Magazine described the event, when Kidd received his commission as ensign "the U.S. Naval Academy and its guests broke into a thunderous cheer— an unprecedented demonstration in honor of Ensign Kidd and his father." During World War II he served as a gunnery and operations officer on destroyers in both Europe and the Pacific, and participated in various Allied landings in the Mediterranean as well as at Iwo Jima.
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Islam Karimov
Islom Abdug‘aniyevich Karimov (Cyrillic Uzbek: Ислом Абдуғаниевич Каримов; Russian: Ислам Абдуганиевич Каримов Islam Abduganiyevich Karimov) (born January 30, 1938) is the first President of Uzbekistan, serving since 1990.
Karimov, placed in an orphanage in Samarkand at birth, grew up to study economics and engineering at school. He became an official in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, becoming the party's First Secretary in Uzbekistan in 1989. On March 24, 1990 he became President of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Karimov's election to the Uzbek Communist Party resulted after his predecessor Rafik Nishanov failed to quell inter-ethnic clashes and instability in the Fergana region. He declared Uzbekistan an independent nation on August 31, 1991 and subsequently won Uzbekistan's first presidential election on December 29, 1991, with 86% of the vote. The election was called unfair[citation needed], with state-run propaganda and a falsified vote count, although the opposing candidate and leader of the Erk (Freedom) Party, Muhammad Salih, had a chance to participate. Karimov permitted the participation of the opposition organizations Birlik ("popular movement") and the Islamic Renaissance Party until his efforts to consolidate power over Shukrullo Mirsaidov, a former Communist Party elite who had originally supported Karimov's rise to the Party presidency. The period of political thaw was brief; Karimov began to complicate the registration process of opposition parties during elections. As Birlik grew in strength as a "popular movement", it was denied the ability to register as a "political party" without the required 60,000 signatures. The Karimov government allowed Birlik one day to gather these signatures, 25,000 of which they rejected. Karimov effectively took authoritarian measures to block any meaningful opposition.
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Iwamoto Kaoru
Kaoru Iwamoto (岩本薫, Iwamoto Kaoru?, February 5, 1902 – November 29, 1999), also known as Honinbo Kunwa, was a Japanese professional Go player who achieved the rank of 9-dan.
Iwamoto was born in Masuda of the Shimane prefecture, Japan. During his childhood he spent several years in Busan, Korea (1905–1913), where he learned Go from his father.
He returned to Japan to study Go, moved to Tokyo, and became a disciple of Hirose Heijiro 6-dan of Hoensha in 1913. He achieved 1-dan in 1917, and swiftly rose through the ranks. In 1924, when Nihon Ki-in was established, Iwamoto joined it and achieved 6-dan.
He retired as a professional Go player and emigrated to Brazil as a coffee farmer in 1929. However, he came back to Japan and resumed his career of Go after the failure of this venture in 1931.
He won the Oteai, the most important tournament in Japan at that time) in 1935. He challenged the third Honinbo match against Hashimoto Utaro in 1945. The second game of this match, played in the outskirts of Hiroshima, is famous as the atomic bomb go game. The players owed their lives to the fact that the local police had ordered the game moved from the center of Hiroshima. The match was continued after the war but ended in a 3-3 draw. A three-game playoff was held in 1946, Iwamoto won two straight games to take the Honinbo title. He assumed the name Honinbo Kunwa.
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Jack Kevorkian
Jacob "Jack" Kevorkian ( /kɨˈvɔrkiən/; May 26, 1928 – June 3, 2011), commonly known as "Dr. Death", was an American pathologist, euthanasia activist, painter, author, composer and instrumentalist. He is best known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claimed to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said, "dying is not a crime".
Beginning in 1999, Kevorkian served eight years of a 10-to-25-year prison sentence for second-degree murder. He was released on parole on June 1, 2007, on condition he would not offer suicide advice to any other person.
As an oil painter and a jazz musician, Kevorkian marketed limited quantities of his visual and musical artwork to the public.
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Jack Lynch
John Mary "Jack" Lynch (15 August 1917 – 20 October 1999) was the Taoiseach of Ireland, serving two terms in office; from 1966 to 1973 and 1977 to 1979.
Lynch was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork in 1948, and was re-elected at each general election until his retirement in 1981. He previously served as Minister for Finance (1965–1966), Minister for Industry and Commerce (1959–1965), Minister for Education (1957–1959), Minister for the Gaeltacht (1957) and as a Parliamentary Secretary. He was the third leader of Fianna Fáil from 1966 until 1979, succeeding the hugely influential Seán Lemass. Lynch was the last Fianna Fáil leader to secure (in 1977) an overall majority in the Dáil. Historian and journalist T. Ryle Dwyer has called him "the most popular Irish politician since Daniel O'Connell."
Prior to his political career Lynch had a successful sporting career as a dual player of Gaelic games. He played hurling with his local club Glen Rovers and with the Cork senior inter-county team from 1936 until 1950. Lynch also played Gaelic football with his local club St. Nicholas' and with the Cork senior inter-county team from 1936 until 1946. He is widely regarded[by whom?] as one of the greatest dual players of all-time.
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Jack Watson (actor)
Jack Watson (15 May 1915 – 4 July 1999), was an English actor who appeared in many British films and television dramas from the 1950s onwards.
Watson was born in Thorney, Cambridgeshire, the son of a Gaiety Girl, Barbara Hughes, and music hall comedian, Nosmo King, with whom he often appeared on stage as straight man, known simply as Hubert. During World War II, he was a physical training instructor in the Royal Navy, and his physique was much in evidence in many of his subsequent screen roles. During the war he was resident compère of Navy Mixture.
After the war, his talent as an impersonator resulted in his becoming a regular on BBC radio programmes such as Take it from Here, Hancock's Half Hour and The Clitheroe Kid, gradually making the transition to television. His first major role was in Coronation Street where he became Elsie Tanner's (Pat Phoenix) first lover. Probably his best-known television role was as Llud, Arthur's craggy sidekick in Arthur of the Britons. His last major TV role was in the award-winning Edge of Darkness (1985). He died 14 years later at the age of 84.
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James Byrd Jr.
James Byrd, Jr. (May 2, 1949 – June 7, 1998) was an African-American who was murdered by three white men, asserted to be white supremacists, in Jasper, Texas, on June 7, 1998. Shawn Berry, Lawrence Brewer, and John King dragged Byrd behind a pick-up truck along an asphalt road. Byrd, who remained conscious throughout most of the ordeal, was killed when his body hit the edge of a culvert, severing his right arm and head. The murderers drove on for another mile before dumping his torso in front of an African-American cemetery in Jasper. Byrd's lynching-by-dragging gave impetus to passage of a Texas hate crimes law. It later led to the federal October 22, 2009 Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, commonly known as the Matthew Shepard Act. President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on October 28, 2009.
Lawrence Brewer was executed by lethal injection for this crime by the state of Texas on September 21, 2011. King remains on Texas' death row while appeals are pending, while Berry was sentenced to life imprisonment.
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James C. Murray
James Cunningham Murray (May 16, 1917 - October 19, 1999) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1955-1957. He graduated from De Paul University Law School in 1940, and subsequently worked as a lawyer. He served in the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1945.
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Murray was elected to the Chicago City Council as 18th Ward alderman in 1959. He served eight years during which he was vice chair of the finance committee and president pro tempore. He sponsored the city's first fair housing law, which passed by four votes. Opposition to his fair housing activism resulted in his losing a 1966 judicial election, but he became a judge of the Cook County Circuit Court in 1970. Judge Murray was on the Appellate Court from 1986 until his retirement in 1994.
He was a member of the Illinois Supreme Court Committee to Recommend Rules of Evidence, the Judicial Conference Committee on Evidence and the Committee on Complex Litigation.
Murray received the Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award for exemplifying Christian ideals. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations; Pacem in Terris is Latin for 'Peace on Earth.' He also received the Chicago Commission on Human Relations Award for equal opportunity in the area of housing.
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James White (author)
James White (7 April 1928 - 23 August 1999) was a Northern Irish author of science fiction novellas, short stories and novels. He was born in Belfast and returned there after spending his early years in Canada. After a few years in the clothing industry, he worked at Short Brothers Ltd. from 1965 until taking early retirement in 1984 as a result of diabetes. White married Margaret Sarah Martin, another science fiction fan, in 1955 and the couple had three children.
He became a fan of the genre in 1941 and co-wrote two fanzines, from 1948 to 1953 and 1952 to 1965. Encouraged by other fans, White began publishing short stories in 1953, and his first novel appeared in 1957. His best-known novels were the twelve in the Sector General series, the first appeared in 1962 and the last after his death of a stroke. White also published nine other novels, two of which were nominated by major awards, unsuccessfully.
White abhorred violence, and medical and other emergencies were the sources of dramatic tension in his stories. He was regarded as a second-rank writer, who occasionally produced first-rank works, and his plots and writing were often formulaic. However, the "Sector General" series is regarded as defining the genre of medical science fiction, and as introducing "the most memorable crew of aliens ever created". Although narrowly missing winning four times in the most prestigious honours, White gained other awards for specific works and for contributions to science fiction. He was also was Guest-of-Honour at many conventions.
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Jarl Wahlström
Jarl Holger Wahlström (July 9, 1918 - December 3, 1999) was the 12th General of The Salvation Army (1981–1986).
Born to Colonel and Mrs. Rafael Wahlström, he was the youngest of five children. He grew up at the training college in Finland, as his father was the training principal. He became a Christian when he was seven years old. In 1937, he entered the International Training College London, England as a cadet in the Enthusiasts session, becoming an officer in 1938.
His first appointment was assistant officer at the Oulu Corps. When World War II began, he was conscripted into the military for four years. The last two years of his military service were spent as battalion chaplain. Upon his return in 1944, he married Lt. Maire Nyberg. He was appointed Finland's territorial scout organiser when the war ended. Seven years later, he was moved to the Helsinki Division as the youth secretary. In 1963, he was appointed to the position of training principal for Finland. A year later, he became a Knight of the Order of the Finnish Lion because of his work in the Scout Movement.
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Jean Vander Pyl
Jean Vander Pyl (October 11, 1919 – April 10, 1999) was an American actress on radio, television and movies. Although her career spanned many decades, she is best remembered as the voice of Wilma Flintstone from the Hanna-Barbera cartoon The Flintstones. She also provided the voice for Pebbles Flintstone, as well as Rosie the Robot Maid from the animated series The Jetsons, among many others, such as Fifi in Top Cat and Winsome Witch on The Secret Squirrel Show.
Vander Pyl was born in Philadelphia to John H. and Kathleen Hale Vander Pyl. Her grandfather had come from Holland. Her father was the district manager for Knit Underwear, her mother was a Southerner from Tennessee. The two died within six months of each other in the early 1950s. The family came to Los Angeles by the mid 1930s.
On radio she was heard on such programs as The Halls of Ivy (1950-52) and on Father Knows Best during the early 1950s, where she portrayed Margaret Anderson; the role was played on television by Jane Wyatt. Her husband, Carroll G. O'Meara, died on February 18, 1952, at age 53. He was a graduate of Stanford University who worked as a copywriter at KHJ radio in the mid-1930s and later became an advertising executive. She later married Roger Wells DeWitt, who also predeceased her.
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Jerold Wells
Jerold Wells (8 August 1908 - 19 July 1999) was an English actor. He was born in Wallington, Hampshire, and died in Bath, Somerset.
He appeared primarily in British comedies. Films included Adventures of a Plumber's Mate and the TV-made 'Carry On Kitchener'. Two of his best-known roles were in Time Bandits, where he played Benson, a mentally disturbed follower to Evil, and in Jabberwocky, where he played a footless man known as Wat Dabney. He also had a career in television, appearing in The Two Ronnies, The Old Curiosity Shop and The Benny Hill Show.
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Jerzy Grotowski
Jerzy Grotowski (11 August 1933 - 14 January 1999) was a Polish theatre director and innovator of experimental theatre, the "theatre laboratory" and "poor theatre" concepts.
Grotowski was born in Rzeszów, Poland on 11 August 1933 and died in Pontedera, Italy on 14 January 1999, aged 65.
Grotowski made his directorial debut in 1958 with the production "Gods of Rain" which introduced Grotowski's bold approach to text, which he continued to develop throughout his career, influencing many subsequent theatre artists. Later in 1958 Grotowski moved to Opole where he was invited by the theatre critic and dramaturg Ludwik Flaszen to serve as Director of the Theatre of 13 Rows. There he began to assemble a company of actors and artistic collaborators which would help him realize his unique vision. It was also there that he began to experiment with approaches to performance training which enabled him to shape the young actors - initially allocated to his provincial theatre - into the transformational artists they eventually became.
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Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born 17 August 1926) is a former Chinese politician, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2005. His long career and political prominence have led to him being described as the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party leaders.
Jiang Zemin came to power following Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, replacing Zhao Ziyang as CPC General Secretary. With the waning influence of Deng Xiaoping and the other members of Eight Elders due to old age,and with the help of old and powerful party and state leaders, former President Li Xiannian and Chen Yun Jiang effectively became the "Paramount Leader" in the 1990s. Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad.
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Jill Dando
Jill Wendy Dando (9 November 1961 – 26 April 1999) was an English journalist, television presenter and newsreader who worked for the BBC for 14 years. She was murdered by gunshot outside her home in Fulham, West London; her killer has never been identified.
Jill Dando was born in Ashcombe House Maternity Home, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, and was raised a Baptist. When she was three, it was discovered she had a hole in her heart and a blocked pulmonary artery. She had heart surgery on 12 January 1965. She was educated at Worle Infant School, Greenwood Junior School,Worle Comprehensive School, and Broadoak Sixth Form Centre, where she was head girl, and passed two A levels. She studied journalism at South Glamorgan Institute of Higher Education in Cardiff.
Dando was a keen thespian. She was a member of Weston-super-Mare Amateur Dramatic Society and Exeter Little Theatre Company, with whom she appeared in plays at the Barnfield Theatre.
Dando was a volunteer at Sunshine Hospital Radio in Weston-super-Mare in 1979. She started her first job as a trainee reporter for the local weekly newspaper, the Weston Mercury, where her father and brother worked. After five years as a print journalist, she began employment with the BBC when she became a newsreader for BBC Radio Devon in 1985. That year, she transferred to BBC South West, where she presented a regional news magazine programme, Spotlight South West. In 1987, she worked for TSW, then worked for BBC Spotlight in Plymouth. In early 1988, Dando made a move from regional to national television when she moved to London to present BBC television news.
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Joao Figueiredo
João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈɐ̃w̃ baˈtistɐ di oliˈvejɾɐ fiɡejˈɾedu]; January 15, 1918 – December 24, 1999) was a Brazilian military leader and politician. He was chief of the Secret Service (SNI) during the term of his predecessor Ernesto Geisel. Figueiredo was chosen to be president of Brazil by the former military leader, General Ernesto Geisel. He took the oath of office on March 15, 1979, serving until March 15, 1985. He continued the democratization that Geisel started and decreed amnesty. Facing a severe economic crisis, Figueiredo became increasingly unpopular. He suffered a heart attack in 1981. Since 1964, Brazilians had not been allowed to vote for president and by 1983 they began to demonstrate for the return of the democracy. Figueiredo was against this desire and in 1984 the Congress rejected the return of direct elections. But the opposition, headed by Tancredo Neves, won the election for president in the Congress. Figueiredo retired after the end of his term and died in 1999.
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Joaquin Rodrigo
Joaquín Rodrigo Vidre, 1st Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez (November 22, 1901 – July 6, 1999), commonly known as Joaquín Rodrigo, was a composer of nationalist music and a virtuoso pianist. Despite being nearly blind from an early age, he achieved great success. Rodrigo's music counts among some of the most popular of the 20th century, particularly his Concierto de Aranjuez, considered one of the pinnacles of the Spanish music and guitar concerto repertoire.
He was born in Sagunto, Valencia, and almost completely lost his sight at the age of three after contracting diphtheria. He began to study solfège, piano and violin at the age of eight; harmony and composition from the age of sixteen. Although distinguished by having raised the Spanish guitar to dignity as a universal concert instrument and best known for his guitar music, he never mastered the instrument himself. He wrote his compositions in Braille, which was transcribed for publication.
Rodrigo studied music under Francisco Antich in Valencia and under Paul Dukas at the École Normale de Musique in Paris. After briefly returning to Spain, he went to Paris again to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel and then under André Pirro. His first published compositions date from 1940. In 1943 he received Spain's National Prize for Orchestra for Cinco piezas infantiles ("Five Children's Pieces"), based on his earlier composition of the same piece for two pianos, premiered by Ricardo Viñes. From 1947 Rodrigo was a professor of music history, holding the Manuel de Falla Chair of Music in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, at Complutense University of Madrid.
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Joe DiMaggio
Giuseppe Paulo "Joe" DiMaggio (/dɨˈmɑːʒioʊ/ or /dɨˈmædʒioʊ/; November 25, 1914 – March 8, 1999), nicknamed "Joltin' Joe" and "The Yankee Clipper", was an American Major League Baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career for the New York Yankees. He is perhaps best known for his 56-game hitting streak (May 15 – July 16, 1941), a record that still stands. DiMaggio was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955.
A three-time MVP winner and 13-time All-Star, DiMaggio is the only player to be selected for the All-Star Game in every season he played. During his thirteen years with the Yankees, the club won ten American League pennants and nine World Series championships.
At the time of his retirement, he ranked fifth in career home runs (361) and sixth in career slugging percentage (.579). He was voted the sport's greatest living player in a poll taken in the baseball centennial year of 1969.
His brothers Vince and Dom also became major league center fielders.
DiMaggio was born in Martinez, California, the eighth of nine children born to immigrants from Italy, Giuseppe (1872–1949) and Rosalia (Mercurio) DiMaggio (1878–1951). He was delivered by a midwife identified on his birth certificate as Mrs. J. Pico. He was named after his father; "Paolo" was in honor of Giuseppe's favorite saint, Saint Paul. The family moved to San Francisco, California, when Joe was a year old.
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Joey Adams
Joey Adams (January 6, 1911 – December 2, 1999), born Joseph Abramowitz, was an American comedian who was inducted into the Friars Club in 1977 and wrote the book Borscht Belt in 1973.
Adams was born in Brooklyn, New York as Joseph Abramowitz. For many years, he wrote the "Strictly for Laughs" column in the New York Post. His wife, Cindy Adams (to whom he was married from 1952 until his death), remains a society/gossip columnist for the same paper.
Adams' career spanned more than 70 years and included appearances in nightclubs and vaudevilles. He also hosted for a while his own radio show and wrote 23 books, including "From Gags to Riches," "Joey Adams Joke Book," "Laugh Your Calories Away", "On the Road with Uncle Sam" and "Encyclopedia of Humor."
He made numerous television appearances over the years, including on The Ed Sullivan Show and Howard Stern's 1990s TV shows, and was in the films Singing in the Dark (1956, of which he was also executive producer), Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title (1966), and Silent Prey (1997). For years, he also hosted a radio talk show on WEVD in New York.
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Joey King
Joey Lynn King (born July 30, 1999) is an American child actress widely known for her starring role as Ramona Quimby in the 2010 adaption of Beverly Cleary's book series with the same title.
Joey King was born in Los Angeles, California. Her older sisters Haley King and Kelli King are also actresses.
King's first commercial was a national spot for Life Since then, she has completed over 104 commercials including national campaigns for Eggo and Walmart. She then appeared in her first film, Grace.
King has been featured in Reign Over Me with Adam Sandler, Quarantine, and has lent her voice to the animated films Horton Hears A Who! (2008) and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009). In the year 2010, she guest starred in the series Ghost Whisperer. She was also featured in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as Emily Mason in two episodes.
King's first lead role was in the 2010 film Ramona and Beezus, an adaption of the Beverly Cleary book series, Starring as Ramona Quimby opposite Selena Gomez as her older sister, Beezus Quimby.
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John Bromwich
John Edward Bromwich (14 November 1918 in Sydney, New South Wales – 21 October 1999 in Geelong, Victoria) was a male tennis player from Australia who, along with his countryman Vivian McGrath, was one of the first great players to use a two-handed forehand. Bromwich twice won the Australian Championships singles title, in 1939 (over Adrian Quist in a straight sets final) and in 1946 (a thrilling 5-set final victory over Dinny Pails).
Although a fine singles player, Bromwich was primarily known as being a brilliant doubles player, winning 13 men's doubles titles and 4 mixed doubles titles in the majors. Tennis great (and near contemporary) Jack Kramer writes in his 1979 autobiography that if "Earth were playing in the all-time Universe Davis Cup, I'd play Budge and Vines in my singles, and Budge and Bromwich in the doubles. That's what I think of Johnny as a doubles player."
In the 1939 Davis Cup final, just as World War II was starting, Bromwich played arguably the match of his life in beating the American, Frank Parker, in straight sets, to clinch the Cup for Australia. Australia had trailed 0–2 after the first day, and came back to win the tie, 3–2. This remains the only time in Davis Cup history where the winning team has won a Davis Cup final after trailing 0–2.
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John Chafee
John Lester Hubbard Chafee ( /ˈtʃeɪfiː/ CHAY-fee; October 22, 1922 – October 24, 1999) was an American politician. He served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps, as the 66th Governor of Rhode Island, as the Secretary of the Navy, and as a United States Senator.
Chafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island to a politically active family. He was the son of Janet (née Hunter) and John S. Chafee. His great-grandfather, Henry Lippitt, was governor of Rhode Island (1875–1877) and among his great-uncles were a Rhode Island governor, Charles Warren Lippitt, and United States Senator Henry Frederick Lippitt. His uncle, Zechariah Chafee, was a Harvard law professor, and a notable civil libertarian.
John Chafee graduated from a coeducational primary school, Providence's Gordon School, in 1931 and then attended Providence Country Day School. In 1940, he graduated from Deerfield Academy in Massachusetts. Chafee was in his third year as an undergraduate at Yale University when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He interrupted his undergraduate studies and enlisted in the Marine Corps, spending his 20th birthday on Guadalcanal fighting on the island from August 8, 1942 until November 1942, when the First Marine Division was relieved, during the Battle of Guadalcanal. After receiving his commission, he fought in the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945 as a Second Lieutenant. Following the war, he received degrees from Yale University in 1947 and Harvard Law School in 1950. At Yale, he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon (Phi chapter) and Skull and Bones fraternities. In 1951, he was recalled to active service to be a Marine rifle company commander during the Korean War with Dog Company, 2nd Battalion, 7th Marines.
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John Ehrlichman
John Daniel Ehrlichman (March 20, 1925 – February 14, 1999) was counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under President Richard Nixon. He was a key figure in events leading to the Watergate first break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal, for which he was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice and perjury. He served a year and a half in prison for his crimes.
Ehrlichman was born in Tacoma, Washington, the son of Lillian Catherine (née Danielson) and Rudolph Irwin Ehrlichman. His family practiced Christian Science (his father was born Jewish and converted). He was an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. In World War II, Ehrlichman won the Distinguished Flying Cross as a lead B-17 navigator in the Eighth Air Force. (In the same war, his father served in the Royal Canadian Air Force, and was killed in a crash in Torbay, Canada, on May 6, 1942.) Taking advantage of the G.I. Bill after the war, Ehrlichman attended the University of California, Los Angeles, graduating in 1948 with a B.A. in political science. After graduating from Stanford Law School in 1951, he joined a Seattle law firm, becoming a partner, where he remained until 1969 when he entered politics full-time.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy pronunciation (help·info) (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
After military service as commander of the Motor Torpedo Boats PT-109 and PT-59 during World War II in the South Pacific, Kennedy represented Massachusetts's 11th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953 as a Democrat. Thereafter, he served in the U.S. Senate from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated then Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. He was the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), and the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president. Kennedy is the only Catholic president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency included the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War.
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John McLendon
John B. McLendon, Jr. (April 15, 1915 – October 8, 1999) was a pioneering American basketball coach who is recognized as the first African American basketball coach at a predominantly white university. He was a major contributor to the development of modern basketball and coached on both the college and professional levels during his career. He is enshrined in both the Basketball Hall of Fame and the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame.
Born in Hiawatha, Kansas, McLendon was part African American and part Delaware Indian. He soon became an all-around athlete who chose basketball as his favorite sport. He studied in the 1930s at the University of Kansas, where he learned the intricacies of basketball from the sport's inventor, Dr. James Naismith, who was the athletic director at the school. However, McLendon was not permitted to actually play college basketball, as the KU varsity team was segregated and would not suit up its first black player until 1951.
He went on to become a successful high school and college coach, at schools such as North Carolina College for Negroes, the Hampton Institute, Tennessee State A&I University, Kentucky State College and Cleveland State University. In his early years, his teams were restricted to playing only against other all-black teams. However, while coaching at North Carolina College, McLendon participated in "The Secret Game", a match against a team from Duke University, which was the first collegiate basketball contest where blacks and whites competed on the same floor. McLendon's teams were credited with increasing the pace of the game of basketball from the slow tempo of its early years to the faster tempo that prevails today.
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John P. Davies
John Paton Davies, Jr. (April 6, 1908 – December 23, 1999) was an American diplomat and Medal of Freedom recipient. He was one of the China Hands, whose careers in the Foreign Service were destroyed by McCarthyism and the reaction to the fall of China.
Davies was born in Sichuan, China, the son of Baptist missionaries John Paton and Helen Elizabeth (MacNeil) Davies Sr. His grandfather was Welsh immigrant and Cleveland drygoods merchant Caleb Davies. He spent two years at the Experimental College at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, one year at Yenching University, then graduated from Columbia University in 1931. He joined the Foreign Service upon graduation, and was posted to China in 1933.
During World War II, Davies was assigned as political attaché to General Joseph Stilwell. He began the assignment in February 1942, arriving in the China Burma India Theater (CBI) in March. Upon a short return to Washington, D.C., he married Patricia L Grady on August 24, 1942, before returning to India . He served under Stilwell until the general's recall from China in the fall of 1944. Davies was instrumental in the creation of the U.S. Army Observation Group to Yan'an, China, in 1944.
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John T. Hayward
John Tucker "Chick" Hayward (15 November 1908 – 23 May 1999) was a World War II naval aviator. He helped develop one of the two atomic bombs that was dropped on Japan in the closing days of the war. Later, he was a pioneer in the development of nuclear propulsion, nuclear weapons, guidance systems for ground- and air-launched rockets, and underwater anti-submarine weapons. A former batboy for the New York Yankees, Hayward dropped out of high school and lied about his age to enlist in the United States Navy at age 16. He was subsequently admitted to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, from which he graduated 51st in his class of 1930. He volunteered for naval aviation.
During World War II, he served at the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, where he was involved in an effort to improve aircraft instrumentation, notably the compass and altimeter. He attended the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering, and studied nuclear physics. In June 1942, he assumed command of a new patrol bomber squadron, VB-106, equipped with PB4Y-1 Liberators, which he led in a daring raid on Wake Island, in the Solomon Islands campaign, and in the Southwest Pacific Area. Returning to the United States in 1944, he was posted was to the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern, California, where he joined the Manhattan Project, participating in Project Camel, the development of the non-nuclear components of the Fat Man bomb, and in its drop testing.
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John William King
John William King (21 January 1908–25 March 1953) was an English cricketer who played 48 first-class matches for Worcestershire and Leicestershire in the late 1920s. He was the nephew of another John King, who played one Test for England.
King made his debut in May 1927, for Worcestershire against Sussex at Hove, scoring 7 and 0. He remained in the side, but did not make a really sizeable contribution until his 12th innings, when he struck 91 (which was to remain his highest score) against Essex at Leyton. He ended the season with disappointing figures of 386 runs in 31 first-class innings, at an average of 13.78.
In 1928, King did rather better, and indeed his 629 runs at 19.06, with three half-centuries, represented easily the best season's return of his short career. He passed a thousand runs for his career in late August, when he hit an unbeaten 50 against Warwickshire at New Road. However, in four further innings before the end of the season he never made more than 2, and for 1929 he switched counties to Leicestershire.
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Jonathan Schmitz
Scott Bernard Amedure (January 26, 1963 – March 9, 1995) was an American murder victim who was fatally shot after revealing on The Jenny Jones Show that he was attracted to an acquaintance. The acquaintance, Jonathan Schmitz–who had a long-standing history of mental illness–later shot Amedure and was found guilty of second degree murder. The Amedure family sued The Jenny Jones Show for wrongful death but the judgment was subsequently overturned by the Michigan Court of Appeals.
On March 6, 1995, Amedure was taped for an episode of the The Jenny Jones Show, in which he admitted to being a secret admirer of Jonathan Schmitz, who lived near him in Lake Orion, Michigan. Until the taping, Schmitz had no idea who his secret admirer was. Schmitz stated he went on the show out of curiosity and later claimed that the producers implied that his admirer was a woman.
According to the testimony at the murder trial, three days after the taping, Amedure left a "suggestive" note at Schmitz's house. After finding the note, Schmitz withdrew money from the bank, purchased a shotgun and then went to Amedure's mobile home. There, he questioned Amedure about the note. Schmitz then returned to his car, got his gun and returned to Amedure's trailer. He then shot Amedure twice in the chest, killing him. After killing Amedure, Schmitz left the residence, called 9-1-1 and confessed to the killing.
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José Quintero
José Benjamin Quintero (15 October 1924 – 26 February 1999) was a Panamanian theatre director, producer and pedagogue best known for his interpretations of the works of Eugene O'Neill.
Quintero was born in Panama City, Panama, the third of 3 children, to Carlos Rivera Quintero, from Spain, and Consuelo Palmerola. As a boy he was an acolyte though described his childhood in other ways as a disaster—the result of a domineering and overbearing father. He was educated in the United States at Los Angeles City College, and later at the University of Southern California, where he decided on a career in theatre. After notification of his intention, his father, who wanted him to be a physician, declared him dead, leading to a seven year estrangement from his family.
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João Bernardo Vieira
João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira (27 April 1939 – 2 March 2009) was the President of Guinea-Bissau from 1980 to 1984, for the second time from 1984 to 1999, and for the third time from 2005 to 2009. After seizing power in 1980, Vieira ruled for 19 years, and he won a multiparty presidential election in 1994. He was ousted at the end of the 1998–1999 civil war and went into exile. He made a political comeback in 2005, winning that year's presidential election. Vieira was killed by soldiers on 2 March 2009, apparently in retaliation for a bomb blast that killed Guinea-Bissau's military chief General Batista Tagme Na Waie. The military officially denied these allegations after Army officials claimed responsibility for Vieira's death.
Vieira described himself as "God's gift" to Guinea-Bissau during his tenure in office.
Vieira was born in Bissau, then a city of Portuguese Guinea. Originally trained as an electrician, he joined the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) of Amílcar Cabral in 1960 and soon became a key player in the territory's guerrilla war against Portuguese colonial rule.
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Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (13 April 1922 – 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in 1961 until his retirement in 1985.
Born in Tanganyika to Nyerere Burito (1860–1942), Chief of the Zanaki, Nyerere was known by the Swahili name Mwalimu or 'teacher', his profession prior to politics. He was also referred to as Baba wa Taifa (Father of the Nation). Nyerere received his higher education at Makerere University in Kampala and the University of Edinburgh. After he returned to Tanganyika, he worked as a teacher. In 1954, he helped form the Tanganyika African National Union.
In 1961, Nyerere was elected Tanganyika's first Prime Minister, and following independence, in 1962, the country's first President. In 1964, Tanganyika became politically united with Zanzibar and was renamed to Tanzania. In 1965, a one-party election returned Nyerere to power. During the first years Nyerere created a single-party system and used "preventive detention" to eliminate trade unions and opposition.
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Karen Demirchyan
Karen Demirchyan (Armenian: Կարեն Սերոբի Դեմիրճյան, Russian: Карен Серобович Демирчян; April 17, 1932 – October 27, 1999) was a Soviet Armenian communist, First Secretary of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1974 to 1988 and later independent politician. Soon after his reemergence into active politics in independent Armenia in the late 1990s, he became speaker of the Armenian parliament in 1999 until his assassination with other politicians in parliament in the Armenian parliament shooting.
Demirchyan had a difficult childhood. Both his parents died when he was still an infant. He decided on a career in engineering, and took up studies at the Yerevan Polytechnical Institute in 1949. After graduating in 1954 he worked briefly for a research institute in Leningrad before returning to Armenia to join the Yerevan Electrotechnical Factory. A member of the Communist Party since 1954, he soon became secretary of the factory party committee.
His party career flourished and in 1959 was sent to Moscow to the Higher Party School, gaining his diploma in 1961, a prerequisite for higher party service. He returned to work as chief engineer of the Yerevan Electrotechnical Factory and later director. In 1966 he became third secretary of the Yerevan party committee, joining the secretariat of the Armenian Central Committee in 1972.
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Karl LaGrand
The LaGrand case was a legal action heard before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) which concerned the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. In the case the ICJ found that its own temporary court orders were legally binding and that the rights contained in the convention could not be denied by the application of domestic legal procedures.
On January 7, 1982, brothers Karl and Walter Bernhard LaGrand bungled an armed bank robbery in Marana, Arizona, United States, killing a man and severely injuring a woman in the process. They were subsequently charged and convicted of murder and sentenced to death. The LaGrands were German nationals, having been born in Germany. While they had both lived in the United States since they were four and five, respectively, neither had acquired U.S. citizenship. As foreigners the LaGrands should have been informed of their right to consular assistance, under the Vienna Convention, from their state of nationality, Germany. However the Arizona authorities failed to do this even after they became aware that the LaGrands were German nationals. The LaGrand brothers later contacted the German consulate of their own accord, having learned of their right to consular assistance. They appealed their sentences and convictions on the grounds that they were not informed of their right to consular assistance, and that with consular assistance they might have been able to mount a better defense. The federal courts rejected their argument on grounds of procedural default, which provides that issues cannot be raised in federal court appeals unless they have first been raised in state courts.
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Kiernan Shipka
Kiernan Brennan "Kiki" Shipka (born November 10, 1999) is an American child actress noted for playing Don and Betty Draper's daughter Sally on the AMC series Mad Men.
Shipka began doing commercial print modelling when she was a baby.
As part of Mad Men's ensemble cast, she won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2008 and 2009.
Shipka's individual performance on Mad Men has been well received. In naming her as his dream nominee for the "Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series" Emmy Award, Austin American-Statesman critic Dale Roe remarked, "This 10-year-old actress was so affecting as troubled Sally Draper last season that it seems odd that she's only just been upgraded to series regular. If Shipka's upcoming Mad Men work—struggling with the broken marriage of her parents and entering preteendom in the tumultuous 1960s—remains as amazing as it was in Season 3, this is a ballot wish that could come true next year." Initially a recurring guest star, Shipka was upgraded to a series regular with the start of series 4.
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Kurd
The Kurdish people, or Kurds (Kurdish: کورد Kurd), are an Iranic people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. They speak the Kurdish language, which is a member of the Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. The Kurds number about 30 million, the majority living in the Middle East, with significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey, in Armenia, Georgia, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, Lebanon and, in recent decades, some European countries and the United States. The Kurds are an indigenous ethnic minority in countries where the Kurdistan region is located, although they have enjoyed partial autonomy in Iraqi Kurdistan since 1991. An irredentist movement pushes for the creation of a Kurdish nation state.
The exact origins of the name, "Kurd", are unclear. Reynolds believes that the term Kurd is most likely related to the ancient term Qardu. The common root of Kurd and Qardu is first mentioned in a Sumerian tablet from the third millennium B.C. as the "land of Kar-da." Qardu is etymologically related to the Assyrian term Urartu corresponding to Ararat. According to Asatrian, the most reasonable explanation of this ethnonym is its possible connections with the Cyrtii (Cyrtaei)
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Lagumot Harris
HE Lagumot Gagiemem Nimidere Harris (c. 1938 - 6 September 1999) was a political figure from the Pacific nation of the Republic of Nauru, and served as President of the Republic of Nauru. He was a cousin of René Harris.
Lagumot Harris first served briefly as President of Nauru from 19 April, to 15 May 1978. He was thus the Nauru's third head of state in the country's post-Independence history. In terms of Nauru's emerging post-Independence political cuture, the shortness of Harris's first term of Presidential office anticipated the very frequent changes of President to which Nauruans were to become accustomed, in contrast with the many years of Hammer DeRoburt's continuous first term of office.
Subsequently, a period of nearly twenty years elapsed before Harris assumed the Presidency of Nauru for a second term.
He was elected again, for a longer period of time, as President, between 22 November 1995, and 11 November 1996.
Much of Lagumot Harris's active involvement in political leadership revolved around troubled issues surrounding the veteran Nauruan politician, Bernard Dowiyogo, who served as President of Nauru seven times. It may be recalled that, especially during Harris' periods of public office and political activity, Nauru's Parliamentary system did not have well-developed party organizations.
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Lance Armstrong
Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist who won the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He last rode for UCI ProTeam Team RadioShack, a team he helped found.
In October 1996 he was diagnosed as having testicular cancer with a tumor that had metastasized to his brain and lungs. His cancer treatments included brain and testicular surgery and extensive chemotherapy, and his prognosis was originally poor. He went on to win the Tour de France each year from 1999 to 2005, and is the only person to win seven times having broken the previous record of five wins shared by Miguel Indurain, Bernard Hinault, Eddy Merckx, and Jacques Anquetil.
In 1999, he was named the ABC Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. In 2000 he won the Prince of Asturias Award in Sports. In 2002, Sports Illustrated magazine named him Sportsman of the Year. He was also named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year for the years 2002–2005. He received ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 2003. Armstrong announced his retirement from racing on July 24, 2005, at the end of the 2005 Tour de France but returned to competitive cycling in January 2009 and finished third in the 2009 Tour de France. He confirmed he had retired from competitive cycling for good on February 16, 2011.
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Lane Kirkland
Joseph Lane Kirkland (March 12, 1922 – August 14, 1999) was a US labor union leader who served as President of the AFL-CIO for over sixteen years.
Kirkland was born in Camden, South Carolina and rose over his career to head the 16-million-member American labor movement.
In 1941, Kirkland entered the United States Merchant Marine Academy, graduated 1942, and became a deck officer on U.S. merchant ships during World War II. After the war, he worked in the Research Department of the AFL. He received a B.S. degree from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.
Kirkland married Edith Draper Hollyday in June 1944, with whom he had five daughters. A year after their divorce in 1972, he married the Czech-born Irena Neumann (1925–2007).
From 1979 to 1995 Kirkland was president of the American Federation of Labor – Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). During his tenure, union membership in the United States declined precipitously. The unions suffered some of their most serious defeats, including the 1981 air traffic controllers's strike and the 1985 Hormel meat packers' strike. On the international front, Kirkland's support of the Solidarity movement in Poland contributed to the decline of communism (he was awarded posthumously with the highest Polish award, the Order of the White Eagle).
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Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian pronunciation: [leoˈnardo da ˈvintʃi] pronunciation (help·info); April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519, Old Style) was an Italian Renaissance polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer whose genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived. According to art historian Helen Gardner, the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote". Marco Rosci points out, however, that while there is much speculation about Leonardo, his vision of the world is essentially logical rather than mysterious, and that the empirical methods he employed were unusual for his time.
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Leroy Vinnegar
Leroy Vinnegar (July 13, 1928 – August 3, 1999) was an American jazz bassist.
Born in Indianapolis, the self-taught Vinnegar established his reputation in Los Angeles during the 1950s and 1960s. His trademark was the rhythmic "walking" bass line, a steady series of ascending or descending notes, and it brought him the nickname "The Walker". Besides his jazz work, he also appeared on a number of soundtracks and pop albums, notably Van Morrison's 1972 album, Saint Dominic's Preview.
He recorded extensively as both a leader and sideman. He came to public attention in the 1950s as a result of recording with Lee Konitz, André Previn, Stan Getz, Shorty Rogers, Chet Baker, Shelly Manne, Joe Castro and Serge Chaloff. He played bass on Previn and Manne's My Fair Lady album, one of the most successful jazz records ever produced. He also performed on another of jazz's biggest hit albums, Eddie Harris and Les McCann's Swiss Movement, released in 1969.
He moved to Portland, Oregon in 1986. In 1995, the Oregon State Legislature honored him by proclaiming May 1 Leroy Vinnegar Day.
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Luis María Argaña
Luis María del Corazón de Jesús Dionisio Argaña Ferraro (born October 9, 1932, in Asunción – died March 23, 1999, in Asunción) was a prominent politician in Paraguay and influential member of the Colorado Party until his assassination in 1999.
Luis Argaña served in a number of important national positions during previous administrations before running an ultimately unsuccessful bid for president in the country's 1998 election, losing in a bitterly contested primary election against General Lino Oviedo. Due to the General's involvement in a failed coup attempt in 1996, Oviedo was imprisoned before the 1998 general election. Oviedo's running mate, Raúl Cubas, replaced Oveido on the Colorado Party ticket, but lacked the widespread support that Oviedo commanded. Luis Argaña was selected as Cubas' running mate, the pair subsequently being elected to office by a wide margin.
There was widespread belief that Cubas, a relatively weak political leader, was merely a puppet for the disgraced General Oviedo, and one of Cubas' first actions as president was to grant Oviedo a pardon from prison, defying the Supreme Court. Shortly thereafter, the Chamber of Deputies voted to charge Cubas with abuse of power, and began investigations that would ultimately lead to formal impeachment proceedings. Had Cubas been removed from office, Argaña was set to succeed him as president.
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Mabel King
Mabel King (December 25, 1932 – November 9, 1999) was an American film, stage and television actress.
King was born Donnie Mabel Elizabeth Washington in Charleston, South Carolina, the daughter of Rosalie Washington. She was raised in Harlem where she eventually became a gospel and nightclub singer. She did not start acting until her mid thirties, in 1966, when she played the role of Maria in the national touring play of Porgy and Bess. The following year she played the role of Ernestina in the Broadway musical/comedy Hello, Dolly!. Then in 1972, she appeared in the Broadway musical Don't Play Us Cheap. The following year, 1973, she appeared in the film version of the play. That same year she played the Queen of Myrthia in the horror film Ganja & Hess.
In January 1975, she played the role of Evillene, the Wicked Witch of the West in the all-black cast of the Broadway musical The Wiz. The role earned her a Drama Desk Award nomination for outstanding featured actress in a musical.
Her performance in The Wiz brought her much attention and soon after she received roles in the films The Bingo Long Traveling All-Stars & Motor Kings, with Billy Dee Williams and James Earl Jones and the movie Scott Joplin also with Billy Dee Williams and Clifton Davis.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Madeline Kahn
Madeline Kahn (September 29, 1942 – December 3, 1999) was an American actress. Kahn was known primarily for her comic roles in films such as Paper Moon, Young Frankenstein, Blazing Saddles, What's Up, Doc?, and Clue.
Kahn was born Madeline Gail Wolfson in Boston, the daughter of Paula Kahn and Bernard B. Wolfson, who was a garment manufacturer. She was raised in a non-observant Jewish family. Her parents divorced when Kahn was two, and she and her mother moved to New York City. Several years later her parents remarried others and gave Kahn two half-siblings: Jeffrey (from her mother) and Robyn (from her father).
In 1948, Kahn was sent to a progressive boarding school in Pennsylvania and stayed there until 1952. During that time, her mother pursued her acting dream. Kahn soon began acting herself and performed in a number of school productions. In 1960, she graduated from Martin Van Buren High School in Queens, where she earned a drama scholarship to Hofstra University on Long Island. At Hofstra, she studied drama, music, and speech therapy. After changing her major a number of times, Kahn graduated from Hofstra in 1964 with a degree in speech therapy. She was a member of a local sorority on campus, Delta Chi Delta.
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Madison Leisle
Madison Leisle (born June 2, 1999) is an American child actress. She is most famous for her recurring role in the television shows, Ghost Whisperer, where she portrayed Julia Miller, and Grey's Anatomy as Lisa the child. She also has a role in the 2010 movie Kill Katie Malone. She has also appeared in a number of independent films and short films.
Leisle was born June 2, 1999, and has two brothers who also act, Austin Leisle and Parker Contreras.
Leisle made her debut in the television series The Studio, where she portrayed the 4-year-old version of Kelly Overton's character, Heather Falls. In 2005, she was featured in a television special, Comedy Central's Last Laugh '05. Leisle had a role in the short film, Shades of Grey and the television movie Love's Abiding Joy in 2006. In 2007, she played Lisa the child for two episodes of Grey's Anatomy. Leisle appeared in the television series The Mentalist and Ghost Whisperer in 2009. In 2010, she will be seen in the short film A Fire in a Dovecot and the feature film Kill Katie Malone. She is currently a series regular on the American television series Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?, after joining the class in September 2010.
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Mario Puzo
Mario Gianluigi Puzo (October 15, 1920 – July 2, 1999) was an Italian American author and screenwriter, known for his novels about the Mafia, including The Godfather (1969), which he later co-adapted into a film by Francis Ford Coppola. He won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in both 1972 and 1974.
Puzo was born into a poor family from Pietradefusi, Province of Avellino, Campania, Italy living in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of New York. Many of his books draw heavily on this heritage. After graduating from the City College of New York, he joined the United States Army Air Forces in World War II. Due to his poor eyesight, the military did not let him undertake combat duties but made him a public relations officer stationed in Germany. In 1950, his first short story, The Last Christmas, was published in American Vanguard. After the war, he wrote his first book, The Dark Arena, which was published in 1955.
At periods in the 1950s and early 1960s, Puzo worked as a writer/editor for publisher Martin Goodman's Magazine Management Company. Puzo, along with other writers like Bruce Jay Friedman, worked for the company line of men's magazines, pulp titles like Male, True Action, and Swank. Under the pseudonym Mario Cleri, Puzo wrote World War II adventure features for True Action.
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Markey Robinson
Markey Robinson ((1918-02-07)February 7, 1918, in Belfast, Northern Ireland – January 28, 1999(1999-01-28) (aged 80), Belfast) was a prolific Irish artist with a distinctive naïve expressionist style. His main passion was painting, but he also produced sculptures, and designed some stained glass panels.
He trained at the Belfast College of Art. He was the son of a house painter and spent time as a boxer and as a merchant sailor. His first exhibitions were in Belfast during World War II. He became better known through his exhibitions at the Oriel Gallery in Dublin where over 20 exhibitions were held as well as a steady stream of sales of individual pictures. The Royal Hibernian Academy was another prominent venue for exhibition of his work. He also had a long record of one-man-shows in other venues both in Ireland and elsewhere.
More than 400 Markey Robinson works can be seen in the online archive catalogues of Whytes Irish Art Auctions
His paintings cover a wide range of subjects, but there are certain recurring features. These may appear separately or in combination.
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Mary Kay Bergman
Mary Kay Bergman (June 5, 1961 – November 11, 1999) was an American voice actress and animation voice over teacher, who was the lead female voice actress on South Park from the show's 1997 debut until her death and was best known as the official voice of Snow White for the Walt Disney Company starting in 1989.
Bergman was born to Jewish parents in Los Angeles, California, growing up on North Gower Street around the corner from the home of Adriana Caselotti, the original voice of Snow White. At an early age, she found herself drawn to fantasy entertainment ranging from science fiction to anything Disney. She was always proud of the fact that as a child she and her mother wrote letters to NBC to help keep the original Star Trek on the air for a third season. With regard to Disney, she regularly visited Disneyland and was once quoted as saying, "My one regret is that I never got to meet Walt Disney."
Bergman was known for voicing most of the female characters for South Park and the 1999 feature film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut. Her characters included Liane Cartman, Sheila Broflovski, Shelly Marsh, Sharon Marsh, Mrs. McCormick and Wendy Testaburger. Originally, Bergman was credited on South Park as Shannen Cassidy out of concerns regarding possible conflicts with her continued work as Disney's official Snow White voice. The South Park episode "Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics" was dedicated to her, as was the episode "Starvin' Marvin in Space," the first episode to air after her death.
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Matthew Shepard
Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was a student at the University of Wyoming who was tortured and murdered near Laramie, Wyoming, US, in October 1998. He was attacked on the night of October 6–7, and died at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado, on October 12 from severe head injuries.
During a pre-trial hearing, a Laramie police officer testified that the violence against Shepard was due to how the attacker "[felt] about gays," per an interview of the attacker's girlfriend who said she received that explanation. Shepard's murder brought national and international attention to the contention of hate crime legislation at the state and federal levels.
In 2009, his mother Judy Shepard authored a book The Meaning of Matthew: My Son's Murder in Laramie, and a World Transformed. On October 22, 2009, the United States Congress passed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (Matthew Shepard Act for short), and on October 28, 2009, President Barack Obama signed the legislation into law.
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Maurice Journeau
Maurice Journeau (17 November 1898 – 9 June 1999) was a French composer born in Biarritz. He composed from 1921 to 1984.
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Mel Torme
Melvin Howard Tormé (September 13, 1925 – June 5, 1999), nicknamed The Velvet Fog, was an American musician, known for his jazz singing. He was also a jazz composer and arranger, a drummer, an actor in radio, film, and television, and the author of five books. He composed the music for the classic holiday song "The Christmas Song" ("Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire") and co-wrote the lyrics with Bob Wells.
Melvin Howard Tormé was born in Chicago, Illinois, to immigrant Russian Jewish parents, whose surname had been Torma. However, the name was changed at Ellis Island to "Torme." A child prodigy, he first sang professionally at age 4 with the Coon-Sanders Orchestra, singing "You're Driving Me Crazy" at Chicago's Blackhawk restaurant.
Between 1933 and 1941, he acted in the network radio serials The Romance of Helen Trent and Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy. He wrote his first song at 13, and three years later, his first published song, "Lament to Love," became a hit recording for Harry James. He played drums in Chicago's Shakespeare Elementary School drum and bugle corps in his early teens. While a teenager, he sang, arranged, and played drums in a band led by Chico Marx of the Marx Brothers. His formal education ended in 1944 with his graduation from Chicago's Hyde Park High School.
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Milt Jackson
Milton "Bags" Jackson (January 1, 1923 – October 9, 1999) was an American jazz vibraphonist, usually thought of as a bebop player, although he performed in several jazz idioms. He is especially remembered for his cool swinging solos as a member of the Modern Jazz Quartet and his penchant for collaborating with several hard bop and post-bop players.
A very expressive player, Jackson differentiated himself from other vibraphonists in his attention to variations on harmonics and rhythm. He was particularly fond of the twelve-bar blues at slow tempos. He preferred to set the vibraphone's oscillator to a low 3.3 revolutions per second (as opposed to Lionel Hampton's speed of 10 revolutions per second) for a more subtle vibrato. On occasion, Jackson would also sing and play piano professionally.
He was discovered by Dizzy Gillespie, who hired him for his sextet in 1946 and also kept him for larger ensembles. He quickly acquired experience working with the most important figures in jazz of the era, including Woody Herman, Howard McGhee, Thelonious Monk, and Charlie Parker.
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Nawaz Sharif
Nawaz Sharif (Punjabi, Urdu: نواز شریف; born December 5, 1949) is a Pakistani steel magnate and national conservative, serving as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990 to July 1993, and from February 1997 until October 12, 1999. He is the President of the Pakistan Muslim League-N, the Centre-right-conservative political force in Pakistan.
Before becoming the Prime minister, Sharif served as the ninth Chief Minister of Punjab Province from 1985 to 1990 and embarked his political career under the military regime of President General Zia-ul-Haq. An advocate and businessman, he owns Ittefaq Group, a private steel mill enterprise and one of the largest producer of iron materials, noted as being as Pakistan's one of the wealthiest investor in the steel mill business. His political philosophy emphasized and reflected conservatism advocating for the free-market economy, capitalism as its economic base. His first term survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan attempted to dismissed Sharif by citing "corruption and nepotism", which Sharif strongly denied and turned to Supreme Court. The apex Supreme Court of Pakistan favored the Prime minister citing that Presidential ordnance as "unconstitutional and irrelevant", therefore the government was reconstituted. His first term was finally dismissed after the Pakistan Armed Forces persuaded him to resign to end the political standoff with President Ishaq Khan, which he too was forced to resigned.
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Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Nirad C. Chaudhuri (Bengali: নীরদ চন্দ্র চৌধুরী Nirod Chôndro Choudhuri) (23 November 1897 – 1 August 1999) was a Bengali−English writer and cultural commentator. He was born in 1897 in Kishoreganj, which today is part of Bangladesh but at that time was part of Bengal, a region of British India.
He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award, in 1975 for his biography on Max Müller called Scholar Extraordinary, by the Sahitya Akademi, India's national academy of letters. In 1992, he was honoured by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom with the title of Commander of Order of the British Empire (CBE). His 1965 work The Continent of Circe earned him the Duff Cooper Memorial Award, becoming the first and only Indian to be selected for the prize.
He was educated in Kishorganj and Kolkata (then known as Calcutta). For his FA (school leaving) course he attended the Ripon College in Calcutta along with the famous Bengali writer Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay. Following this, he attended the prestigious Scottish Church College, Calcutta, where he studied history as his undergraduate major. He graduated with honors in history and topped the University of Calcutta merit list. At Scottish Church College, he attended the seminars of renowned historian Professor Kalidas Nag. After graduation, he enrolled for the M.A. level course at the University of Calcutta. However, he did not attend all of his final exams of the M.A. programme, and therefore did not earn his M.A. degree.
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Noam Pitlik
Noam Pitlik (November 4, 1932 – February 18, 1999) was an American television director and actor. In 1979, Pitlik won an Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for his work on the ABC-TV sitcom Barney Miller.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pitlik directed episodes of 29 different series including situation comedies Barney Miller (102 episodes), Wings (27 episodes), Night Court (1 episode), Mr. Belvedere (44 episodes), Off the Rack (6 episodes), Taxi (4 episodes) and One Day at a Time (18 episodes).
As an actor, he appeared on 82 different TV series (making multiple appearances in several series) including Sanford and Son in 1972 where he played Officer Swanhauser (aka "Swany") a white cop whose partner was Officer Smith (aka "Smitty") played by Hal Williams (who later went on to do 227). In the second season, he was replaced by Officer Hopkins (aka "Hoppy") played by Howard Platt.
Other acting credits include Hogan's Heroes, where he appeared in various roles as American and German characters (including a spy pretending to be a new POW in the seldom-seen series pilot). He appeared in The Bob Newhart Show as Mr. Gianelli, one of Dr. Robert Hartley's patients. That character was taken over by Daniel J. Travanti until Mr. Gianelli was crushed to death by a truckload of zucchini. He also played the role of a milkman named Wilbur in one episode All in the Family, a villain brought around by the title character in the show The Flying Nun, an English teacher on Gidget, and had an uncredited role in the film The Graduate as a gas-station attendant. Noam can also be seen in the movie Fade In and has a good deal of screen time in the Dick Van Dyke movie Fitzwilly.
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Norm Zauchin
Norbert Henry Zauchin (November 17, 1929 – January 31, 1999) was a first baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Red Sox (1951, 1955–1957) and Washington Senators (1958–1959). He batted and threw right-handed. A native of Royal Oak, Michigan, Zauchin started his professional career in 1950 with the Double-A Birmingham Barons, where he set a Rickwood Field field record with 35 home runs. But he is best remembered for driving in 10 runs during a Major League game.
In a six-season career, Zauchin was a .233 hitter with 50 home runs and 159 RBI in 346 games. His most productive season came in 1955, when he hit .239 with 27 home runs for the Red Sox and finished third in American League Rookie of the Year voting, behind Herb Score and Billy Klaus. Zauchin played in 130 games and led AL first basemen in fielding percentage (.995). On May 27, 1955, Zauchin collected 10 RBI with three home runs and a double in the first five innings of a 16–0 victory over Washington.
Before the 1958 season, Zauchin was traded with Albie Pearson to the Senators for Pete Runnels. Runnels went on to win two batting titles for Boston, in 1960 and 1962, and just miss another by six points in 1958. Zauchin retired in 1959. Zauchin died in Birmingham, Alabama, after a long illness. He was 69 years old.
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Norman Wexler
Norman Wexler (6 August 1926–23 August 1999) was a screenwriter whose work included such films as Saturday Night Fever, Serpico and Joe, for which he received an Oscar nomination in 1971. A Detroit native and 1944 Central High School graduate, Wexler attended Harvard University before moving to New York in 1951.
Wexler penned the screenplays for several hit films, most notably Joe, Serpico, Mandingo and Saturday Night Fever. He received Oscar nominations for both Joe and Serpico.
He wrote Saturday Night Fever, which generated earnings in excess of $1.2B in today's dollars when both movie and record album sales are counted, more than double U.S. sales of top box office hit Titanic — which had a huge budget and costly special effects.
According to Bob Zmuda, Saturday Night Fever made Wexler a wealthy man. He was a much sought-after script doctor, reworking the scripts for Lipstick and The Fan.
Wexler was a sometime playwright. His play The Rope was produced at Cafe La MaMa (NY) in 1965.
He was reported to have suffered from severe mental illness, reportedly bipolar disorder, and was arrested in 1972 for threatening to shoot President Richard Nixon.
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Oliver Reed
Robert Oliver Reed (13 February 1938 – 2 May 1999) was an English actor known for his burly screen presence. Reed exemplified his real-life macho image in "tough guy" roles. His films include The Trap, Oliver!, Women in Love, Hannibal Brooks, The Triple Echo, The Devils, The Three Musketeers, Tommy, Castaway, Lion of the Desert and Gladiator.
Reed was born Robert Oliver Reed in Wimbledon, London, to sports journalist Peter Reed and his wife Marcia (née Andrews). He was the nephew of film director Sir Carol Reed, and grandson of the actor-manager Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree by his alleged mistress May Pinney Reed. He was alleged to have been a descendant (through an illegitimate step) of Tsar Peter the Great of Russia. Reed attended Ewell Castle School in Surrey.
After time in the British Army, serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps, Reed commenced his thespian career as an extra in films in the late 1950s. He had no acting training or theatrical experience.
Oliver Reed appeared uncredited in an early Norman Wisdom film, The Square Peg in 1958, and in another Wisdom comedy, The Bulldog Breed in 1960, where Reed played the leader of a gang of Teddy Boys roughing up Wisdom in a cinema. Uncredited television includes episodes of The Invisible Man (1958) and The Four Just Men (1959). Reed got his first notable roles in Hammer Films' Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960), The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll (1960), Captain Clegg (1962), Pirates of Blood River (1962), and The Curse of the Werewolf (1961). Reed also starred in Paranoiac, and The Damned. In 1964 he starred in the first of six films directed by Michael Winner, The System, (known as The Girl-Getters in the U.S.). More Hammer Films productions followed, such as The Brigand Of Kandahar (1965). He first collaborated with director Ken Russell in a TV biopic of Claude Debussy in 1965, and later played Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Russell's subsequent TV biopic Dante's Inferno (1967).
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Olusegun Obasanjo
Oluṣẹgun Mathew Okikiọla Arẹmu Ọbasanjọ, GCFR (/oʊˈbɑːsəndʒoʊ/; Yoruba: [olúʃɛ̙́ɡũ ɒ̙básandʒɒ̙́]; born circa 5 March 1937) is a former Nigerian Army general and former President of Nigeria. A Nigerian of Yoruba descent, Obasanjo was a career soldier before serving twice as his nation's head of state, as a military ruler between 13 February 1976 to 1 October 1979; and as elected President from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007.
His current home is Abeokuta, the Capital City of Ogun State, where he is a nobleman as the holder of the titles of the Balogun of the Owu Lineage and the Ekerin Balogun of the Egba clan of Yorubaland.
Ọbasanjọ was born in Ogun State; and grew up in Owu (Abeokuta). His first name, Olusegun, means "The Lord is victorious".
As a young man of 21, he enlisted in the Nigerian Army in 1958. He trained at Aldershot, and was commissioned as an officer in the Nigerian Army. He served at 1 Area Command in Kaduna. Promoted to Chief Army Engineer, he was made commander of 2 Area Command from July 1967, which was redesignated 2 Division Rear, and then the Ibadan Garrison Organisation. He was also trained in DSSC, Wellington. During the Nigerian Civil War, he commanded the Army's 3 Marine Commando Division that took Owerri, effectively bringing an end to the civil war.
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Owen Hart
Owen James Hart (May 7, 1965 – May 23, 1999) was a Canadian professional and amateur wrestler who worked for several promotions including Stampede Wrestling, New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and most notably, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), where he wrestled under both his own name, and ring name The Blue Blazer. A member of the Hart wrestling family, Hart was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada the youngest of 12 children to Stampede Wrestling promoter and WWE Hall of Famer Stu Hart and Helen Hart.
Among other accolades, Hart was a one-time world champion: a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion; a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion; one-time IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion; one-time WWF European Champion and four-time WWF World Tag Team Champion. He was also the winner of the 1994 WWF King of the Ring. Hart has been cited by a number of peers as one of the WWF's greatest professional wrestlers.
Hart died on May 23, 1999 when an equipment malfunction occurred during his entrance from the rafters of Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S., at the WWF's Over the Edge pay-per-view event.
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Paul Bowles
Paul Frederic Bowles (December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator. Following a cultured middle-class upbringing in New York City, during which he displayed a talent for music and writing, Bowles pursued his education at the University of Virginia before making various trips to Paris in the 1930s. He studied music with Aaron Copland, and in New York wrote music for various theatrical productions, as well as other compositions. He achieved critical and popular success with the publication in 1949 of his first novel The Sheltering Sky, set in what was known as French North Africa, which he had visited in 1931.
In 1947 Bowles settled in Tangier, Morocco, and his wife, Jane Bowles followed in 1948. Except for winters spent in Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) during the early 1950s, Tangier was his home for the next fifty-two years, the remainder of his life.
Paul Bowles died in 1999 at the age of 88. His ashes are buried in Lakemont Cemetery in upstate New York.
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Paul Cadmus
Paul Cadmus (December 17, 1904 – December 12, 1999) was an American artist. He is best known for his paintings and drawings of nude male figures. His works combined elements of eroticism and social critique to produce a style often called magic realism. He painted with egg tempera.
In 1934 he painted The Fleet's In! while working for the Public Works of Art Project of the WPA. This painting, featuring carousing sailors, women, and a homosexual couple, was the subject of a public outcry and was removed from exhibition at the Corcoran Gallery. The publicity helped to launch his career. He worked in commercial illustration as well, but Jared French, another tempera artist who befriended him and became his lover for a time, convinced him to devote himself completely to fine art.
Jon Andersson, who became Cadmus's longtime companion of 35 years, was a subject of many of his works.
In 1999 he died in his home in Weston, Connecticut due to advanced age, just five days short of his 95th birthday.
Cadmus's sister, Fidelma, was the wife of philanthropist and arts patron Lincoln Kirstein. Cadmus is ranked by Artists Trade Union of Russia amongst the world-best artists of the last four centuries.
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Paul Sacher
Paul Sacher (28 April 1906 – 26 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron, and impresario.
Sacher studied under Felix Weingartner, among others. In 1926 he founded the Basel Chamber Orchestra (Basler Kammerorchester) to play both modern works and those written before the classical period. Immensely wealthy, Sacher commissioned works from many well-known composers, including Igor Stravinsky (who provided him with the Concerto in D), Béla Bartók (the Divertimento for Strings, String Quartet No. 6, and the Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta), Bohuslav Martinů (many works including the Double Concerto, Concerto da camera etc.), Arthur Honegger (many works, including the Second Symphony and the Fourth Symphony Deliciae Basilienses), Frank Martin (six works, including the Petite Symphonie Concertante), Paul Hindemith, Hans Werner Henze, Richard Strauss, Elliott Carter, Witold Lutosławski (Sacher Variation, Double Concerto, Chain 2, etc.), Henri Dutilleux, and Harrison Birtwistle.
Pierre Boulez wrote his Grawemeyer Award-winning work Sur Incises for Sacher's 90th birthday. Boulez bequeathed his entire catalogue (including drafts) to the Paul Sacher Foundation. Henze dedicated his Tenth Symphony in memory of Sacher, who had commissioned it but died before it was completed.
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Payne Stewart
William Payne Stewart (January 30, 1957 – October 25, 1999) was an American professional golfer who won three majors in his career, the last of which occurred only months before he died in an airplane accident at the age of 42.
Stewart was born in Springfield, Missouri, and attended Greenwood Laboratory School, a K-12 school, on the campus of Missouri State University. He graduated from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, where he was a member of Phi Gamma Delta. He was always popular with fans, especially for his clothing, and was reputed to have the biggest wardrobe of all professional golfers. He was a favorite of photographers because of his ivy caps and patterned pants, which were a cross between plus fours and knickerbockers, a throwback to the once-commonplace golf "uniform."
Stewart failed to earn a PGA Tour card at Qualifying School in his graduation year, so he played on the Asian Tour for a couple of years, winning twice. He finally earned his PGA Tour card in 1982 and won his first event on the tour at that year's Quad Cities Open. This win was especially memorable to him because it was the only time his father saw him win. Stewart won eleven Tour events, including the 1989 PGA Championship and the U.S. Open in 1991 and 1999. He was a two-time winner of the Hassan II Trophy in Morocco. At the time of his death, Stewart was ranked third on the all-time money list and in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings—he had been ranked in the top 10 for almost 250 weeks, from 1986 to 1993 and again in 1999. At a time of international domination of the golf scene in the late 1980s and early 1990s, he was often the highest-ranked American player.
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Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf (Urdu: پرویز مشرف, born 11 August 1943) is a retired four-star general who served as the 13th Chief of Army Staff and tenth President of Pakistan as well as tenth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Musharraf headed and led an administrative military government from October 1999 till August 2007. He ruled Pakistan as Chief Executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008. Facing impeachment, he preferred to resign on 18 August 2008.
After years of military service, he rose to prominence when Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appointed him as the Chief of Army Staff in October 1998. Musharraf was the mastermind behind the controversial and internationally condemned Kargil infiltration, which derailed peace negotiations with Pakistan's long standing enemy India. He previously also played a vital role in the Afghanistan civil war (1996–2001) both in peace negotiations and in trying to end the bloodshed. After months of contentious relations with Sharif, Musharraf was brought to power through a bloodless military coup. Subsequently Nawaz Sharif was placed under a house-arrest, later shifting him to Adiala Jail.
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Pete Conrad
Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr. (June 2, 1930 – July 8, 1999) was an American engineer, U.S. Navy officer and NASA astronaut, and the third person to walk on the Moon during the Apollo 12 mission. He set an eight-day space endurance record along with command pilot Gordon Cooper on the Gemini 5 mission, and commanded the Gemini 11 mission. After Apollo, he commanded the Skylab 2 mission, on which he and his crew repaired significant launch damage to the Skylab space station. For this, President Jimmy Carter awarded him the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978.
Pete Conrad was born on June 2, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the third child and first son of Charles Conrad, Sr. and Frances De Rappelage Conrad (née Vinson), a well-to-do real estate and banking family. His mother wanted very much to name her newborn son “Peter”, but Charles insisted that his first son bear his name. In a compromise between two iron wills, the name on his birth certificate would read “Charles Conrad, Jr.” but to his mother and virtually all who knew him, he was “Peter”. When he was 21, his fiancée’s father called him “Pete” and thereafter, Conrad adopted it. For the rest of his life, to virtually everyone, he was “Pete”.
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Prabhakar Thokal
Prabhakar Krishnarao Thokal (Marathi) was born on 2 December 1927 at Akot in Akola District, Maharashtra (India) and died in 1999. He was a cartoonist who drew thousands of cartoons in Marathi magazines and newspapers.
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Prince (artist)
Prince (born Prince Rogers Nelson; June 7, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. Prince has produced ten platinum albums and thirty Top 40 singles during his career. Prince founded his own recording studio and label; writing, self-producing and playing most, or all, of the instruments on his recordings. In addition, Prince has been a "talent promoter" for the careers of Sheila E., Carmen Electra, The Time and Vanity 6, and his songs have been recorded by these artists and others (including Chaka Khan, The Bangles, Sinéad O'Connor, and even Kim Basinger). He also has several hundred unreleased songs in his "vault".
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Prince developed an interest in music at an early age, writing his first song at age seven. After recording songs with his cousin's band 94 East, seventeen-year-old Prince recorded several unsuccessful demo tapes before releasing his debut album, For You, in 1978. His 1979 album, Prince, went platinum due to the success of the singles "Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?" and "I Wanna Be Your Lover". His next three records, Dirty Mind (1980), Controversy (1981), and 1999 (1982) continued his success, showcasing Prince's trademark of prominently sexual lyrics and incorporation of elements of funk, dance and rock music. In 1984, he began referring to his backup band as The Revolution and released the album Purple Rain, which served as the soundtrack to his film debut of the same name.
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Péter Kuczka
Péter Kuczka (March 1, 1923 - December 8, 1999) was a Hungarian writer, poet and science fiction editor.
After finishing high school, Kuczka studied at the University of Economy in Hungary while working several jobs. He started writing after the end of the World War II and from 1940 was influential in Hungarian literature circles.
Kuczka's poetry was first printed in 1949 but after 1956 he was not allowed to publish his poetry due to his political views and local political changes. He got national prizes for his early literature in 1950 (József Attila prize) and 1954 (Kossuth Prize).
He was the editor of the Kozmosz Fantasztikus Könyvek (Cosmos Fantastic Books) series, whose books were the first science fiction books in Hungary.
He was the founder and editor of Galaktika, the third largest science fiction anthology in the world, which had a definitive influence on the evolution of Hungarian science fiction literature.
He was the editor of the publisher Móra Ferenc könyvkiadó from 1976. Móra Ferenc könyvkiadó is a high-quality publisher that has helped the literary education of Hungarian children.
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Quentin Crisp
Quentin Crisp (born Denis Charles Pratt, (1908-12-25)25 December 1908 – 21 November 1999(1999-11-21)), was an English writer and raconteur. He became a gay icon in the 1970s after publication of his memoir, The Naked Civil Servant.
Denis Charles Pratt was born in Sutton, Surrey, the fourth child of solicitor Spencer Charles Pratt (1871–1931) and former governess Frances Marion Pratt (née Phillips) (1873–1960); he changed his name to Quentin Crisp in his third decade after leaving home and cultivating his outlandishly effeminate appearance to a standard that both shocked contemporary Londoners and provoked homophobic attacks.
By his own account, Crisp was effeminate in behaviour from an early age and found himself the object of teasing at Kingswood House School in Epsom, from where he won a scholarship to Denstone College, Uttoxeter, in 1922. After leaving school in 1926, Crisp studied journalism at King's College London, but failed to graduate in 1928, going on to take art classes at the Regent Street Polytechnic.
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Rachel Scott
Rachel Joy Scott (August 5, 1981 – April 20, 1999) was the first victim of the Columbine High School massacre, which claimed the lives of 12 students, one teacher and the two perpetrators, in one of the deadliest high school shooting in United States history.
She has since been the subject of several books and is the inspiration for Rachel's Challenge, a nationwide school outreach program for the prevention of teen violence, based on her life and writings. The program's speakers include her father, Darrell Scott, and brothers, Craig and Mike Scott. Her mother, Beth Nimmo, has also authored books, including Rachel's Tears: The Spiritual Journey of Columbine Martyr Rachel Scott, and is the speaker for Rachel Joy Scott Ministries, to perpetuate her daughter's legacy.
Rachel Joy Scott was born on August 5, 1981, the third of five children of Darrell Scott (born 1949) and Beth Nimmo. Her older sisters are Bethanee (born 1975) and Dana (born 1976) and her two younger brothers are Craig (born 1983) and Mike (born 1984). Her father had formerly pastored a church in Lakewood, Colorado, but left the ministry when the marriage ended in divorce in 1989. The following year, Beth and the children moved to the Littleton, Colorado area, where she remarried in 1995. Darrell Scott became a sales manager for a food company in the Denver area and had joint custody of the children with their mother. As a child, Rachel attended Governor's Ranch Elementary School, and subsequently Ken Caryl Middle School. Coincidentally, she knew Dylan Klebold since kindergarten, and Rachel remained in the same classes with Klebold until their deaths. They were both members of Columbine's theater production club.
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Rajendra Kumar
Rajendra Kumar (20 July 1929 – 12 July 1999) was one of the most successful Indian Bollywood actors in the 1960s and 1970s. He also produced several films in the 1980s starring his son Kumar Gaurav.
He was born in a Punjabi Hindu family in Sialkot, in the West Punjab province of British India, currently in Pakistan.
Rajendra Kumar made his debut in the 1950 film Jogan in which he starred opposite Dilip Kumar and Nargis. He then shot to fame[citation needed] in the film Mother India in 1957 in which he played Nargis's son. His first major success as a romantic leading man[citation needed] was in Amit Saxenas's musical Goonj Uthi Shehnai (1959), co-starring Ameeta.
The 1960s saw Kumar rise. There were times when he had six or seven films running in their silver jubilee weeks at the same time.[citation needed] He became known as "Jubilee Kumar".[citation needed]
He had many successful films including Dhool Ka Phool (1959), Dil Ek Mandir(1963), Mere Mehboob (1963), Sangam (1964), Arzoo (1965), Pyar Ka Sagar, Gehra Daag', Suraj (1966) and Talaash. He received the Filmfare Nomination for Best Actor for Dil Ek Mandir (1963), Ayee Milan Ki Bela (1964), Arzoo (1965), and as Best Supporting Actor for Sangam (1964).
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Rex Allen
Rex Elvie Allen (December 31, 1920 – December 17, 1999) was an American film actor, singer and songwriter, known as the Arizona Cowboy, particularly known as the narrator in many Disney nature and Western film productions. For contributions to the recording industry, Allen was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Allen was born to Horace E. Allen and Luella Faye Clark on a ranch in Mud Springs Canyon, 40 miles from Willcox, Arizona. As a boy he played guitar and sang at local functions with his fiddle-playing father until high school graduation when he toured the Southwest as a rodeo rider. He got his start in show business on the East Coast as a vaudeville singer, then found work in Chicago as a performer on the WLS-AM program, National Barn Dance. He left the show in 1949 and moved to Hollywood. In 1948 he signed with Mercury Records where he recorded a number of successful country music albums until 1952, when he switched to the Decca label where he continued to make records into the 1970s. He also recorded one album for Buena Vista (Disney, pictured) in the 1960s, although sources vary on the date of issue.
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Richard Kiley
Richard Paul Kiley (March 31, 1922 – March 5, 1999) was an American stage, television, and film actor. He is best known for his voice work, as narrator of various documentary series, and for having played Don Quixote in the original 1965 production of the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha. Kiley was the first to sing and record "The Impossible Dream", the hit song from the show. In the 1953 hit musical Kismet, he played the Caliph, and introduced the song "Stranger in Paradise". He won three Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards and two Tony Awards during his career.
Kiley was born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised Roman Catholic. He graduated from Mt. Carmel High School in 1940, and after a year at Loyola University Chicago he left to study acting at Chicago's Barnum Dramatic School. In the late 40s, he performed in Chicago-area summer stock theaters with actors such as Alan Furlan. Following a stint in the Navy, he returned to Chicago working as an actor and announcer on radio before moving to New York City. In New York he studied singing with Ray Smolover.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
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Rick Danko
Richard Clare "Rick" Danko (December 29, 1942 – December 10, 1999) was a Canadian musician and singer, best known as a member of The Band.
The third of four sons, Danko was born in Green's Corners, Ontario, a farming community outside of the town of Simcoe, to a musical family of Ukrainian descent.
Growing up in front of the family radio (as his future bandmates also did), he was exposed to country and R&B music at an early age. His musical heroes included Hank Williams and, later, Sam Cooke. He also drew inspiration from the music of his oldest brother, Maurice "Junior" Danko. Danko's younger brother, Terry, also became a musician. After entering the first grade in school, he performed on a 4 string tenor banjo.
Danko formed the Rick Danko Band at the age of 12 or 13, and at 14, he left school to pursue music. At 17, already a five-year music veteran, he booked himself as the opening act for Ronnie Hawkins, an American rockabilly singer whose group, The Hawks, were considered to be one of the best in Canada.[citation needed]
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Rick Rude
Richard Erwin Rood (December 7, 1958 – April 20, 1999), better known by his ring name "Ravishing" Rick Rude, was an American professional wrestler who performed for many promotions, including World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), in the 1980s and 1990s.
Among other accolades, Rude was a four-time world champion (three-time WCW International World Heavyweight Champion, and one-time WCWA World Heavyweight Champion), one-time WWF Intercontinental Champion, and one-time WCW United States Champion.
The self-proclaimed "Sexiest Man Alive", Rude was noted for his chiseled physique as well as being one of the greatest talkers in the history of professional wrestling. He is also notable for being a member of the original incarnation of D-Generation X, alongside Shawn Michaels, Triple H, and Chyna.
Born in St. Peter, Minnesota, Rood attended Robbinsdale High School in Robbinsdale, Minnesota with Tom Zenk, Brady Boone, Nikita Koloff, Curt Hennig, John Nord, Joseph Laurinaitis and Barry Darsow, all of whom later became professional wrestlers.
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Robert Bresson
Robert Bresson (pronounced [ʁɔbɛʁ bʁɛˈsɔ̃] in French; 25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French film director known for his spiritual, ascetic style. He contributed notably to the art of film and influenced the French New Wave. He is often referred to as the most highly regarded French filmmaker after Jean Renoir. As Jean-Luc Godard said, "Robert Bresson is French cinema, as Dostoevsky is the Russian novel and Mozart is the German music."
Bresson was born at Bromont-Lamothe, Puy-de-Dôme, the son of Marie-Élisabeth (née Clausels) and Léon Bresson. Little is known of his early life, and the year of his birth – 1901 or 1907 – varies depending on the source. He was educated at Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, close to Paris, and turned to painting after graduating. Three formative influences in his early life seem to have a mark on his films - Catholicism, art and his experiences as a prisoner of war.
Initially also a photographer, Bresson made his first short film, Les affaires publiques (Public Affairs) in 1934. During World War II, he spent over a year in a prisoner-of-war camp - an experience which informs Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut (A Man Escaped). In a career that spanned fifty years, Bresson made only 13 feature-length films. This reflects his meticulous approach to the filmmaking process and his non-commercial preoccupations.[citation needed] Difficulty finding funding for his projects was also a factor.
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Robert Dougall
Robert Dougall MBE (27 November 1913, Croydon, Surrey – 19 December 1999) was an English broadcaster and ornithologist, mainly known as a newsreader and announcer.
Dougall's radio work took a back seat when he returned to London in 1951 to work as a television newsreader. (He is thought to have been the only person from the BBC's early radio service who had an enduring career in television.) Between 1946 and 1955, the BBC news was merely voiced over a photograph of Big Ben, a measure sanctioned by Chief News Editor Tahu Hole to reinforce the absolute impartiality for which the Corporation was renowned. However, the coming of commercial television and ITN in 1955 prompted the BBC to have its newsreaders perform to camera - indeed, they began this approach only three weeks before ITN began transmission. Dougall was among the first of these newsreaders to appear in-vision in 1955 (the others were his contemporaries Kenneth Kendall, Michael Aspel and Richard Baker with Kendall being the very first). Dougall presented general BBC news reports and the Newsroom programme during the 1960s and was awarded the MBE in 1965, receiving his honour on the same day as The Beatles. He was the first person to present the long-running BBC Nine O'Clock News in 1970, continuing in this role until his retirement from the newsroom in 1973.
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Robert Mundell
Robert Mundell, CC (born October 24, 1932) is a Nobel Prize-winning Canadian economist. Currently, Mundell is a professor of economics at Columbia University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1999 for his pioneering work in monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas. Mundell laid the groundwork for the introduction of the euro through this work and helped to start the movement known as supply-side economics. Mundell is also known for the Mundell–Fleming model and Mundell–Tobin effect.
Mundell was born in Kingston, Ontario, Canada and is a graduate of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He earned his MA at the University of Washington in Seattle. After studying at the University of British Colombia and at The London School of Economics in 1956, He then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he obtained his PhD in Economics in 1956. In 2006 Mundell earned a Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Waterloo in Canada. He was Professor of Economics and Editor of the Journal of Political Economy at the University of Chicago from 1965 to 1972, Chairman of the Department of Economics at the University of Waterloo 1972 to 1974 and since 1974 he was Professor of Economics at Columbia University. He also held the post of Repap Professor of Economics at McGill University.
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Rory Calhoun
Rory Calhoun (August 8, 1922 – April 28, 1999) was an American television and film actor, screenwriter and producer, best known for his roles in Westerns, in which he was always standing and walking.
Born Francis Timothy McCown in Los Angeles, California, Calhoun spent his early years in Santa Cruz, California. The son of a professional gambler, he was of Irish and English ancestry. He was only nine months old when his father died; Calhoun's mother remarried, and he occasionally went by Frank Durgin, using the last name of his stepfather. At age thirteen, he stole a revolver, for which he was sent to the California Youth Authority's Preston School of Industry reformatory at Ione, California. He escaped while in the adjustment center (jail within the jail). After robbing several jewelry stores, he stole a car and drove it across state lines. This made it a federal offense, and when he was recaptured, he was sentenced to three years in the penitentiary at Springfield, Missouri. After finishing his sentence, he was transferred to San Quentin prison on other charges. He remained there until he was paroled shortly before his twenty-first birthday.
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Rose Bird
Rose Elizabeth Bird (November 2, 1936–December 4, 1999) served for 10 years as the 25th Chief Justice of California. She was the first female Justice, and first female Chief Justice, on that court, appointed by then Governor Jerry Brown. In the November 1986 state election she also became the only Chief Justice in California history to be removed from office by the voters.
Bird was born near Tucson, Arizona. Her father, after having deserted the family, died when she was five, so her mother Anne moved with Rose and her two older brothers to New York City, where Bird and her brothers grew up in poverty. Bird earned her bachelor's degree magna cum laude from Long Island University and went on to graduate from the UC Berkeley School of Law (also known as Boalt Hall) in 1965.
Her career was marked by several firsts: she was the first female law clerk in the Supreme Court of Nevada, the first female deputy public defender in Santa Clara County, the first woman to hold a cabinet-level job in California (as Secretary of Agriculture), the first female Chief Justice of California, and the first Chief Justice (male or female) to be removed from the Supreme Court of California. In 1966, Bird joined the Santa Clara County Public Defender's Office where, between 1966 and 1974, she held the positions of deputy public defender, senior trial deputy, and chief of the appellate division. In addition to arguing cases before the state's highest court, the Courts of Appeal, and in federal court, Bird also taught at Stanford Law School from 1972 through 1974.
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Ruth Roman
Ruth Roman (born Norma Roman December 22, 1922 – September 9, 1999) was an American actress. One of her most memorable roles was in the Alfred Hitchcock 1951 thriller Strangers on a Train.
She was born in the Boston suburb of Lynn, Massachusetts and was of Russian and Polish descent. As a girl, she pursued her desire to become an actress by enrolling in the prestigious Bishop Lee Dramatic School in Boston. Following completion of her studies Roman headed to Hollywood where she obtained bit parts in several films before being cast in the title role in the thirteen-episode serial Jungle Queen (1945). Married three times, she had one son, Richard, with her first husband, Mortimer Hall. She died at the age of seventy-six in her sleep at her Laguna Beach, California home.
In July 1956, Ruth was just finishing a trip to Europe with Richard, or "Dickie" as he was called as a child, who was three years old at the time. At the port of Cannes, they boarded the Italian passenger liner SS Andrea Doria as First Class passengers for their return trip home to the United States. On the night of July 25, Ruth's life took an unexpected turn as she found herself and her young son in the middle of an unfolding disaster when the Andrea Doria collided with the Swedish passenger liner MS Stockholm. Ruth was in the Belvedere Lounge when the collision happened and immediately took off her high heels and scrambled back to her cabin barefoot to retrieve her sleeping son. Several hours later she and the other passengers were being evacuated from the sinking liner. Dickie was lowered first into a waiting lifeboat, and before she could follow the lifeboat departed. Ruth stepped into the next boat and was eventually rescued along with 750 other survivors from the Andrea Doria by the French passenger liner SS Ile de France. Dickie was rescued by the Stockholm and was reunited with his mother in New York.
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Sandra Gould
Sandra Gould (July 23, 1916 – July 20, 1999) was an American actress, who appeared mainly in television. Among her many credits was a regular role on the sitcom Bewitched as the second Gladys Kravitz.
Gould began acting in films with an uncredited role in T-Men (1947). She appeared in several uncredited roles for the remainder of the decade, and received her first screen credit with The Story of Molly X (1949). During the same decade, Gould enjoyed a four-year run as Miss Duffy, the man-hungry daughter of the forever-unheard owner of radio's Duffy's Tavern.In 1953, Gould appeared as a guest in an episode of Letter to Loretta with Loretta Young.
She continued to guest star in the 1950s and 1960s in such television series as I Love Lucy, December Bride, Maverick, The Flintstones, The Twilight Zone, The Lucy Show, Burke's Law, I Dream of Jeannie, Love, American Style, Gilligan's Island and Mister Ed. She played a prominent supporting role in the film The Ghost and Mr. Chicken in 1966. In 1963, Gould released a comedy single record entitled Hello Melvin (This Is Mama) as an answer to Allan Sherman's hit "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh".
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Sanjeev Nanda
Sanjeev Nanda (born 1978) is a businessman and the son of Suresh Nanda, an Indian arms dealer, head of the firm Crown Corporation and an ex-naval officer, implicated in a Tehelka expose. He is also the grandson of an ex-Chief of Naval Staff-turned businessman, S. M. Nanda from New Delhi. Sanjeev has been convicted for running over and killing six people, including three policemen. The case attracted enormous media attention, and was viewed by many as "a test of the judicial system's ability to take on the powerful". Nanda is also one of the principals in the weapon trading firm Crown Corporation started by his father, Lt. Commander Suresh Nanda (ex-Indian Navy). He also owns several hotels.
Sanjeev Nanda, a management graduate from INSEAD and Wharton, was allegedly in a drunken state when he drove his BMW car at high speed through a police checkpoint at 4:50 AM early morning of January 10, 1999. After running through the policemen, he allegedly stopped the car to check the damage, saw people under the car, and according to the prosecution, at this point co-passenger Manik Kapoor said: ‘‘Let’s go,’’ and they quickly drove away. The car was later cleaned up by servants at a friend's house.
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Sarah Kane
Sarah Kane (3 February 1971 – 20 February 1999) was an English playwright. Her plays deal with themes of redemptive love, sexual desire, pain, torture - both physical and psychological - and death. They are characterised by a poetic intensity, pared-down language, exploration of theatrical form and, in her earlier work, the use of extreme and violent stage action. Kane herself, as well as scholars of her work, such as Graham Saunders, identify some of her inspirations as expressionist theatre and Jacobean tragedy. Critics, including Aleks Sierz, have seen her work as part of what Sierz calls the In-Yer-Face style of theatre, a form of drama which broke away from the conventions of naturalist theatre. Kane's published work consists of five plays, one short film, Skin, and two newspaper articles for The Guardian.
Born in Brentwood, Essex, and raised by evangelical parents, Kane was a committed Christian in adolescence. Later, however, she rejected those beliefs. After attending Shenfield High School, she studied drama at Bristol University, graduating in 1992, and went on to take an MA course in playwriting at the University of Birmingham, led by the playwright David Edgar.
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Saul Steinberg
Saul Steinberg (June 15, 1914 – May 12, 1999) was a Romanian-born American cartoonist and illustrator, best known for his work for The New Yorker.
Steinberg was born in Râmnicu Sărat, Romania. He studied philosophy for a year at the University of Bucharest, then later enrolled at the Politecnico di Milano, studying architecture and graduating in 1940. During his years in Milan he was actively involved in the satirical magazine Bertoldo.
Steinberg left Italy after the introduction of anti-Semitic laws by the Fascist government. He spent a year in the Dominican Republic awaiting a U.S. visa; in the meantime, he submitted his cartoons to foreign publications. In 1942, The New Yorker magazine sponsored his entry into the United States, and thus began Steinberg's lifelong relationship with the publication. Through well over half a century working with The New Yorker, Steinberg created nearly 90 covers and more than 1,200 drawings.
During World War II, he worked for military intelligence, stationed in China, North Africa, and Italy. After the war's end, he returned to work for American periodicals, merging an encyclopedic knowledge of European art with the popular American art form of the cartoon, to pioneer a uniquely urbane style of illustration. Although best remembered for his commercial work, Steinberg did exhibit his work throughout his career at fine art museums and galleries. He married Romanian born abstract expressionist painter Hedda Sterne in 1944. In 1946, Steinberg, along with artists such as Arshile Gorky, Isamu Noguchi, and Robert Motherwell, was exhibited in the critically acclaimed "Fourteen Americans" show at The Museum of Modern Art. He has also enjoyed a retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art (1978) and another posthumous one at the Institute for Modern Art in Valencia (IVAM), Spain (2002).
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Scott Amedure
Scott Bernard Amedure (January 26, 1963 – March 9, 1995) was an American murder victim who was fatally shot after revealing on The Jenny Jones Show that he was attracted to an acquaintance. The acquaintance, Jonathan Schmitz–who had a long-standing history of mental illness–later shot Amedure and was found guilty of second degree murder. The Amedure family sued The Jenny Jones Show for wrongful death but the judgment was subsequently overturned by the Michigan Court of Appeals.
On March 6, 1995, Amedure was taped for an episode of the The Jenny Jones Show, in which he admitted to being a secret admirer of Jonathan Schmitz, who lived near him in Lake Orion, Michigan. Until the taping, Schmitz had no idea who his secret admirer was. Schmitz stated he went on the show out of curiosity and later claimed that the producers implied that his admirer was a woman.
According to the testimony at the murder trial, three days after the taping, Amedure left a "suggestive" note at Schmitz's house. After finding the note, Schmitz withdrew money from the bank, purchased a shotgun and then went to Amedure's mobile home. There, he questioned Amedure about the note. Schmitz then returned to his car, got his gun and returned to Amedure's trailer. He then shot Amedure twice in the chest, killing him. After killing Amedure, Schmitz left the residence, called 9-1-1 and confessed to the killing.
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Screaming Lord Sutch
David Edward Sutch (10 November 1940 – 16 June 1999), also known as "Screaming Lord Sutch, 3rd Earl of Harrow", or simply "Screaming Lord Sutch", was a musician from the United Kingdom. He was the founder of the Official Monster Raving Loony Party and served as its leader from 1983 to 1999, during which time he stood in numerous parliamentary elections.
Sutch was born at New End Hospital, Hampstead, northwest London. In the 1960s, inspired by Screamin' Jay Hawkins, he changed his artist name to "Screaming Lord Sutch, 3rd Earl of Harrow", despite having no connection with the peerage. His legal name remained David Edward Sutch.
After his career as an early-'60s rock 'n' roll attraction, it became customary for the UK press to refer to him as "Screaming Lord Sutch", or simply "Lord Sutch". Early works included recordings produced by audio pioneer Joe Meek.
During the 1960s, Screaming Lord Sutch was known for his horror-themed stage show, dressing as Jack the Ripper, pre-dating the shock rock antics of Alice Cooper. Accompanied by his band, the Savages, he started by coming out of a black coffin. Other props included knives and daggers, skulls and "bodies". Sutch booked themed tours, such as 'Sutch and the Roman Empire', where Sutch and the band members would be dressed up as Roman soldiers.
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Sergei Stepashin
Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Серге́й Вади́мович Степа́шин) (born 2 March 1952, Lüshunkou, China) is a Russian politician, current Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and former Prime Minister of Russia. He was appointed federal security minister by President Boris Yeltsin in 1994. He resigned his position in 1995 as a consequence of the Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis.
Sergei Stepashin graduated from the Higher Political School of the USSR Ministry of the Interior (1973), in 1981 - from the Military and Political Academy, in 2002 - from the Finance Academy. He is a Doctor of Law, Professor, and has a rank of the State Advisor on Justice of the Russian Federation. His Military rank is Colonel-General.
He became justice minister, serving from 1997 to March 1998, and interior minister, holding that office from March 1998 to May 1999, when he was appointed and confirmed by parliament as prime minister. Yeltsin made it fairly clear when he appointed him Prime Minister that Stepashin would only hold the position temporarily, and he was replaced in August 1999 by future president Vladimir Putin.
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Señor Wences
Wenceslao Moreno (April 17, 1896 – April 20, 1999), better known as Señor Wences, was a Spanish ventriloquist. His popularity grew with his frequent appearances on CBS-TV's Ed Sullivan Show in the 1950s and 1960s.
Wences was born in Peñaranda de Bracamonte, Salamanca, Spain. His father was Antonio Moreno Ross, artist, and his mother was Josefa Centeno Lavera, both from Salamanca.[citation needed] His name Wenceslao is of Czech origin (Václav) meaning "victorious". As a newborn, his family was so destitute that his birth certificate was three days late being filed. (This has led to some confusion regarding Moreno's age at death.)
Wences was known for his speed, skill, and grace as a ventriloquist. His stable of characters included Johnny, a childlike face drawn on Wences' hand, which he would place atop an otherwise headless doll and with whom Wences conversed while switching his voices between Johnny's falsetto and his own voice at amazing speed. Wences would create Johnny's face on stage to open his act, placing his thumb next to, and in front of, his bent first finger; the first finger would be the upper lip, and the thumb the lower lip. He used lipstick to draw the lips onto the respective fingers and then drew eyes onto the upper part of the first finger, finishing the effect with a tiny long-haired wig on top of his hand. Flexing the thumb would move the "lips".
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Shakespeare in Love
Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Madden, written by Marc Norman and playwright Tom Stoppard. The film depicts a love affair involving playwright William Shakespeare (Joseph Fiennes) at the time that he was writing the play Romeo and Juliet. The story is fiction, though several of the characters are based on real people. In addition, many of the characters, lines, and plot devices are references to Shakespeare's plays.
Shakespeare in Love won seven Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Actress (Gwyneth Paltrow) and Best Supporting Actress (Judi Dench).
William Shakespeare (Joseph Fiennes) is a poor playwright for Philip Henslowe (Geoffrey Rush), owner of The Rose Theatre, in 1593 London. After learning that his love was cheating on him with his patron, Shakespeare burns his new comedy, Romeo and Ethel the Pirate's Daughter, rewriting it as the tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Suffering from writer's block, he is unable to complete the play, but begins auditions for Romeo. A young man named Thomas Kent is cast in the role after impressing Shakespeare with his performance and his love of Shakespeare's previous work. Kent is actually Viola de Lesseps (Gwyneth Paltrow), the daughter of a wealthy merchant who desires to act but, since women are banned from the stage, she must disguise herself.
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Shel Silverstein
Sheldon Allan "Shel" Silverstein (September 25, 1930 – May 8/9, 1999), was an American poet, singer-songwriter, musician, composer, cartoonist, screenwriter and author of children's books. He styled himself as Uncle Shelby in his children's books. Translated into more than 30 languages, his books have sold over 20 million copies.
Born in Chicago, Silverstein began drawing at age 12 by tracing the works of Al Capp. He told Jean Mercier of Publishers Weekly: "When I was a kid—12 to 14, around there—I would much rather have been a good baseball player or a hit with the girls, but I couldn't play ball. I couldn't dance. Luckily, the girls didn't want me. Not much I could do about that. So I started to draw and to write. I was also lucky that I didn't have anybody to copy, be impressed by. I had developed my own style; I was creating before I knew there was a Thurber, a Benchley, a Price and a Steinberg. I never saw their work till I was around 30. By the time I got to where I was attracting girls, I was already into work, and it was more important to me. Not that I wouldn't rather make love, but the work has become a habit."
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Sidney Gottlieb
Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American chemist probably best known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency's mind control program MKULTRA.
Gottlieb was born in the Bronx under the name Joseph Scheider. He received a Ph.D. in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology. A stutterer from childhood, Gottlieb got a master's degree in speech therapy. He also had a club foot. It kept him out of World War II, but it did not stop him from practicing folk dancing, a lifelong passion.
In 1951, Gottlieb joined the Central Intelligence Agency. As a poison expert, he headed the chemical division of the Technical Services Staff (TSS). Gottlieb became known as the "Black Sorcerer" and the "Dirty Trickster." He supervised preparations of lethal poisons and experiments in mind control.
In April 1953 Sidney Gottlieb headed the secret Project MKULTRA which was activated on the order of CIA director Allen Dulles. Gottlieb was known for administration of LSD and other psycho-active drugs to unwitting subjects and for financing psychiatric research and development of "techniques that would crush the human psyche to the point that it would admit anything." He sponsored physicians such as Ewen Cameron and Harris Isbell in controversial psychiatric research that used unwitting humans as guinea pigs. Many people suffered serious adverse effects from research financed by Gottlieb and the Rockefeller Foundation.
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Sir Alf Ramsey
Sir Alfred Ernest "Alf" Ramsey (22 January 1920 – 28 April 1999) was an English footballer and manager of the English national football team from 1963 to 1974. His greatest achievement was winning the 1966 World Cup with England on 30 July 1966. They also came third in the 1968 European Championship and reached the quarter-final stage of the 1970 World Cup and the 1972 European Championship under his management. He was knighted in 1967 in recognition of England's World Cup win the previous year.
As a player, he had been capped 32 times between 1948 and 1953, scoring three goals, and was part of the Tottenham Hotspur team which in 1951 became champions of the top flight a year after promotion.
Between the end of his playing career and his appointment as England manager, Ramsey was Ipswich Town manager for eight years, taking them from the Third Division to the top of the First Division in that time, winning the English Championship title at the first attempt.
His final job in football was manager of Birmingham City, which he left in March 1978.
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Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich[citation needed]; Serbian pronunciation: [slɔbɔ̌dan milɔ̌ːʃɛʋitɕ] ( listen); Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was the President of Serbia and Yugoslavia. He served as the President of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in three terms and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. His presidency was marked by the breakup of Yugoslavia and the subsequent Yugoslav Wars. In the midst of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Milošević was charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with the wars in Bosnia, Croatia and Kosovo by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY).
Milošević resigned the Yugoslav presidency amid demonstrations, following the disputed presidential election of 24 September 2000. He was arrested by Yugoslav federal authorities on Saturday, 31 March 2001, on suspicion of corruption, abuse of power, and embezzlement. The initial investigation into Milošević faltered for lack of evidence, prompting the Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić to send him to The Hague to stand trial for charges of war crimes instead. Milošević conducted his own defense in the five-year long trial, which ended without a verdict when he died on 11 March 2006 in his prison cell in The Hague. Milošević, who suffered from heart ailments and high blood pressure, died of a heart attack. The Tribunal denies any responsibility for Milošević's death. They claim that he refused to take prescribed medicines and medicated himself instead.
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Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick (/ˈkuːbrɪk/; July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer and editor. He is regarded as having been one of America's greatest filmmakers. His films, typically adaptations of novels or short stories, were noted for their "dazzling" and unique cinematography, attention to details to achieve realism and an inspired use of music scores. Kubrick's films covered a variety of genres, including war, black comedy, horror and science fiction. Kubrick was also noted for being a perfectionist, using painstaking care with scene staging and working closely with his actors.
Starting out as a photographer in New York City, he taught himself all aspects of film production and directing after graduating high school. His earliest films were made on a shoestring budget, followed by one Hollywood blockbuster, after which he spent most of the rest of his career living and filming in England. His home became his workplace where he did his writing, research, editing and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete artistic control, but with the rare advantage of having financial support from major Hollywood studios.
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Sunshine Parker
Sunshine Parker (June 10, 1927 – February 17, 1999) was an American actor. He was born as Lloyd Olen Parker in Lawn, Texas.
He is best-known for his roles as Emmet in Road House and Edgar Deems in Tremors. He typically plays minor roles as either a "bum" or an "old codger/geezer" stock character.
Sunshine Parker died on February 17, 1999 in Burbank, California of pneumonia at the age of 71.
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Susan Strasberg
Susan Elizabeth Strasberg (May 22, 1938 – January 21, 1999) was an American film and stage actress.
Strasberg was born in New York City, New York, the daughter of theatre director and drama coach Lee Strasberg of the Actors Studio and former actress Paula Strasberg. Her brother John Strasberg is an acting coach.
After a widely praised performance as a teenager in Picnic (1956), Strasberg originated the title role in the Broadway production of The Diary of Anne Frank and was nominated for a Tony Award at the age of 18. She later starred in the Italian Holocaust film Kapò which was nominated for an Academy Award as best foreign film of 1960.
From the 1960s into the 1980s Strasberg guest starred in many U.S. television dramas, including The Virginian, The Invaders, Bonanza, The F.B.I., Breaking Point, Burke's Law, The Streets of San Francisco, Night Gallery, McCloud, Alias Smith & Jones, The Big Valley, Remington Steele, and The Rockford Files (in a 1974 episode she played Deborah Ryder and in 1976 she played Karen Stiles, Rockford's ex-girlfriend).
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Sylvia Sidney
Sylvia Sidney, born Sophia Kosow, (August 8, 1910 – July 1, 1999) was an American character actress of stage, screen and film, who rose to prominence in the 1930s appearing in numerous crime dramas.
Sidney, born Sophia Kosow in The Bronx, was the daughter of Rebecca (née Saperstein), a Romanian Jew, and Victor Kosow, a Russian Jewish immigrant who worked as a clothing salesman. The area from which Victor Kosow came from is today in Belarus. Her parents divorced by 1915 and she was adopted by her stepfather, Sigmund Sidney, a dentist. Her mother became a dressmaker and renamed herself Beatrice Sidney. Now using the surname Sidney, she became an actress at the age of fifteen as a way of overcoming shyness. As a student of the Theater Guild's School for Acting, Sidney appeared in several of their productions during the 1920s and earned praise from theater critics. In 1926, she was seen by a Hollywood talent scout and made her first film appearance later that year.
During the Depression, Sidney appeared in a string of films, often playing the girlfriend or the sister of a gangster. She appeared opposite such heavyweight screen idols as Spencer Tracy, Henry Fonda, Joel McCrea, Fredric March, George Raft (a frequent screen partner), and Cary Grant. Among her films from this period were: An American Tragedy, City Streets and Street Scene (all 1931), Alfred Hitchcock's Sabotage and Fritz Lang's Fury (both 1936), You Only Live Once, Dead End (both 1937) and The Trail of the Lonesome Pine an early three-strip Technicolor film.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Thabo Mbeki
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki (pronunciation: [tʰaɓɔ mbɛːkʼi]; born 18 June 1942) is a South African politician who served two terms as the second post-apartheid President of South Africa from 14 June 1999 to 24 September 2008. He is also the brother of Moeletsi Mbeki. On 20 September 2008, he announced his resignation after being recalled by the African National Congress's National Executive Committee, following a conclusion by Judge Nicholson of improper interference in the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA), including the prosecution of Jacob Zuma for corruption. On 12 January 2009, the Supreme Court of Appeal unanimously overturned Judge Nicholson’s judgment but the resignation stood.
Thabo Mbeki was the executive face of government in South Africa from 1994. During his time in office the economy grew at an average rate of 4.5% per annum. Mbeki created employment in the middle sectors of the economy and oversaw a fast growing black middle class with the implementation of BEE. This growth exacerbated the demand for trained professionals strained by emigration due to violent crime, but failed to address unemployment amongst the unskilled bulk of the population. He attracted the bulk of Africa’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and made South Africa the focal point of African growth. He was the architect of NEPAD whose aim is to develop an integrated socio-economic development framework for Africa. He also oversaw the successful building of economic bridges to BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations with the eventual formation of the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum to "further political consultation and co-ordination as well as strengthening sectoral co-operation, and economic relations".
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Tito Guízar
Federico Arturo Guízar Tolentino (April 8, 1908 – December 24, 1999) was a Mexican singer and actor. He was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
In a career that spanned over seven decades, Guízar trained early as a opera singer and traveled to New York in 1929 to record the songs of Agustín Lara. He also performed both operatic and Mexican popular songs at Carnegie Hall, but he succeeded with his arrangements of popular Mexican and Spanish melodies such as Cielito Lindo, La Cucaracha, Granada, and You Belong to My Heart (English version of Solamente una Vez). In 1936, his song Allá en el Rancho Grande launched the singing charro in Mexico after appearing in the film of the same name, succeeding as well in the United States.
Guízar made numerous television appearances, toured in most of Latin American countries, recorded a significant number of songs, and had his own radio show in Los Angeles, Tito Guizar y su Guitarra. He also starred in dozens of films, including The Big Broadcast of 1938 (1938), Tropic Holiday (1938), St. Louis Blues (1939), The Llano Kid (1939), Brazil (1944), and The Gay Ranchero (1948), playing with such stars as Evelyn Keyes, Dorothy Lamour, Ray Milland, Ann Miller, Martha Raye, Roy Rogers, Mae West and Keenan Wynn. In the 1990s, he continued playing series parts in Mexican television.
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Tori Murden
Victoria Murden McClure (born March 6, 1963) is an explorer who was the first woman to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat. (She claims she is an explorer, but not an "adventurer.") She was also the first woman and first American to ski to the geographic South Pole. She is the president of Spalding University. She is Chair of the Board of the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS).
McClure was born in Brooksville, Florida and as a child moved to Connecticut and then to Pennsylvania. At the age of fifteen, she moved in with her grandmother in Louisville, Kentucky to attend the Louisville Collegiate School from which she graduated in 1981. She went on to Smith College, earning a Bachelor's Degree in psychology in 1985. She followed that with a Master of Divinity from Harvard Divinity School in 1989, a J.D. from the University of Louisville School of Law in 1995, and a Master of Fine Arts in writing from Spalding University.
Thirty-six years old at the time, she rowed for eighty-one days, traveling 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), starting from the Canary Islands and finishing at Guadeloupe on December 3, 1999. It was her second trip across the Ocean, her first one cut short due to hurricane season in 1998.
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Trygve Haavelmo
Trygve Magnus Haavelmo (13 December 1911 – 28 July 1999), born in Skedsmo, Norway, was an influential economist with main research interests centered on the fields of econometrics and economics theory. During World War II he worked with Nortraship in the Statistical Department in New York City. He received his Ph.D. in 1946 for his work on The Probability Approach in Econometrics.
He was a Professor of economics and statistics at the University of Oslo between 1948–79 and was the trade department head of division from 1947–48. Haavelmo acquires a prominent position in modern economics through his logical critique of a series of custom conceptions in mathematical analysis.
In 1989, Haavelmo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures."
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Vazgen Sargsyan
Vazgen Sargsyan (Armenian: Վազգեն Սարգսյան, March 5, 1959 – October 27, 1999; also written Vasgen Sarkisyan, Sarkissian or Sarkisyan) was Prime Minister of Armenia for the Republican Party of Armenia from June 11, 1999 to October 27, 1999 until his assassination in what is known as the Armenian parliament shooting. He was well known as a military leader, the first Minister of Defense of Armenia, awarded by Artsakh hero and National Hero of Armenia (posthumously) titles. In 1992 he organized and led the "Mahaparts" special battalion.
Vazgen Sargsyan was born in Ararat, Armenian SSR. He graduated from Armenian State Institute of Physical Culture in 1979 before working as a physical instruction teacher in a village school in Ararat. From 1983 to 1986 he was the Communist Youth League leader at the cement factory in Ararat. An amateur writer, Sargsyan then moved into literary life. From 1986 to 1989 he headed the publicity department of the Garun (Spring) literary monthly in Yerevan. But the Armenian national ferment of the late 1980s saw him abandon this role as he flung himself headlong into political life.
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Victor Mature
Victor John Mature (January 29, 1913 – August 4, 1999) was an American stage, film and television actor.
Mature was born in Louisville, Kentucky. His father, Marcello Gelindo Maturi, later Marcellus George Mature, was an Italian-speaking immigrant from the town Pinzolo, in the Italian part of the former County of Tyrol (now Trentino in Italy, at that time Austrian-Hungarian Empire); he was a cutler. His mother, Clara P. (Ackley), was Kentucky-born and of Swiss heritage. An older brother, Marcellus Paul Mature, died at 11 in 1918 from osteomyelitis. Victor Mature was educated at parochial schools, the Kentucky Military Institute and the Spencerian Business School. He briefly sold candy and operated a restaurant before moving to California.
Discovered while on stage at the Pasadena Community Playhouse, his first leading role was as a fur-clad caveman in One Million B.C. (1940), after which he joined 20th Century Fox to star opposite actresses such as Betty Grable and Rita Hayworth.
In July 1942 Mature attempted to enlist in the U.S. Navy but was rejected for color blindness. He enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard after taking a different eye test the same day. He was assigned to the USCGC Storis, which was doing Greenland patrol work. After 14 months aboard the Storis, Mature was promoted to the rate of Chief Boatswain's Mate. In 1944 he did a series of War Bond tours and acted in morale shows. He assisted Coast Guard recruiting efforts by being a featured player in the musical revue "Tars and Spars" which opened in Miami, Florida in April 1944 and toured the United States for the next year. In May 1945 Mature was reassigned to the Coast Guard manned troop transport USS Admiral H. T. Mayo which was involved in transferring troops to the Pacific Theater. Mature was honorably discharged from the Coast Guard in November 1945 and he resumed his acting career.
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Virginia Foster Durr
Virginia Foster Durr (August 6, 1903 - February 24, 1999) was an American and a white civil rights activist and lobbyist. She was married to lawyer Clifford Durr, who shared her ideals, was close friends with Rosa Parks and Eleanor Roosevelt, and was sister-in-law (through her sister's marriage) to and good friends with Supreme Court Chief Justice Hugo Black who sat on many crucial civil rights cases. She was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 2006.
She was raised in Birmingham, Alabama and attended Wellesley College in Massachusetts until she had to leave during her junior year due to financial difficulties. Durr has explicitly acknowledged Wellesely as the catalyst of her moral transformation from a racist to civil rights activist when the head-of-house at her Wellesley Dorm challenged Durr's racist beliefs by forcing Durr to dine with a negro girl. A Virginia Durr Moment occurs when one's environment furnishes the individual with a challenging experience that can lead to moral growth and development. After returning to Birmingham, she met her future husband, the attorney and Rhodes Scholar Clifford Durr.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин; IPA: [vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪtɕ ˈputʲɪn] ( listen); born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician who has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012. Putin previously served as President from 2000 to 2008 and as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, and again from 2008 to 2012. Putin also serves as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move. Putin won the 2000 presidential election; in 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term. After his successor Dmitry Medvedev won the 2008 presidential election, Putin was nominated by Medvedev to be Russia's Prime Minister; Putin took office on 8 May 2008 and a period of so-called "tandemocracy" followed. In September 2011, Putin and Medvedev agreed he should seek a third, non-consecutive term in the 2012 presidential election, which he won in the first round on 4 March 2012.
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Walter LaGrand
The LaGrand case was a legal action heard before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) which concerned the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. In the case the ICJ found that its own temporary court orders were legally binding and that the rights contained in the convention could not be denied by the application of domestic legal procedures.
On January 7, 1982, brothers Karl and Walter Bernhard LaGrand bungled an armed bank robbery in Marana, Arizona, United States, killing a man and severely injuring a woman in the process. They were subsequently charged and convicted of murder and sentenced to death. The LaGrands were German nationals, having been born in Germany. While they had both lived in the United States since they were four and five, respectively, neither had acquired U.S. citizenship. As foreigners the LaGrands should have been informed of their right to consular assistance, under the Vienna Convention, from their state of nationality, Germany. However the Arizona authorities failed to do this even after they became aware that the LaGrands were German nationals. The LaGrand brothers later contacted the German consulate of their own accord, having learned of their right to consular assistance. They appealed their sentences and convictions on the grounds that they were not informed of their right to consular assistance, and that with consular assistance they might have been able to mount a better defense. The federal courts rejected their argument on grounds of procedural default, which provides that issues cannot be raised in federal court appeals unless they have first been raised in state courts.
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Wassily Leontief
Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief (Russian: Васи́лий Васи́льевич Лео́нтьев; August 5, 1906, Munich, Germany – February 5, 1999, New York), was a Russian-American economist notable for his research on how changes in one economic sector may have an effect on other sectors. Leontief won the Nobel Committee's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1973, and three of his doctoral students have also been awarded the prize (Paul Samuelson 1970, Robert Solow 1987, Vernon L. Smith 2002).
Wassily Leontief was born on August 5, 1905, in Munich, Germany, the son of Wassily W. Leontief (professor of Economics) and Slata (later Evgenia, called Genya) Leontief (née Becker). W. Leontief, Sr., belonged to a dynasty of old-believer merchants living in St. Petersburg since 1741. Genya Becker belonged to a wealthy Jewish family from Odessa. At 15 in 1921, Wassily, Jr., entered University of Leningrad in present day St. Petersburg. He earned his Learned Economist degree (equivalent to Master of Arts) in 1924 at the age of 19.
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Wilt Chamberlain
Wilton Norman "Wilt" Chamberlain (August 21, 1936 – October 12, 1999) was an American basketball player. He played for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA; he played for the University of Kansas and also for the Harlem Globetrotters before playing in the NBA. The 7 foot 1 inch Chamberlain weighed 250 pounds as a rookie before bulking up to 275 and eventually to over 300 pounds with the Lakers. He played the center position and is widely considered one of the greatest and most dominant players in NBA history.
Chamberlain holds numerous NBA all-time records in scoring, rebounding and durability categories. He is the only player to score 100 points in a single NBA game or average more than 40 and 50 points in a season. He also won seven scoring, nine field goal percentage, and eleven rebounding titles, and once even led the league in assists. Although he suffered a long string of professional losses, Chamberlain had a successful career, winning two NBA championships, earning four regular-season Most Valuable Player awards, the Rookie of the Year award, one NBA Finals MVP award, and being selected to 13 All-Star Games and ten All-NBA First and Second teams. Chamberlain was subsequently enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1978, elected into the NBA's 35th Anniversary Team of 1980, and chosen as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History of 1996.
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Yehudi Menuhin
Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (22 April 1916 – 12 March 1999) was an American violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom. He was born to Russian Jewish parents in the United States, but became a citizen of Switzerland in 1970, and of the United Kingdom in 1985. He is often considered to be one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century.
Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City, United States, to Bielorussian Jewish parents from what is now Belarus. His sisters were the concert pianist and human rights worker Hephzibah Menuhin and the pianist, painter, and poet Yaltah Menuhin. Through his father Moshe Menuhin, a former rabbinical student and anti-Zionist writer, Menuhin was descended from a distinguished rabbinical dynasty.
Menuhin began violin instruction at age four under violinist Sigmund Anker; his parents had wanted Louis Persinger to be his teacher, but Persinger refused. Menuhin displayed extraordinary talents at an early age. His first solo violin performance was at the age of seven with the San Francisco Symphony in 1923. Persinger then agreed to take Menuhin as a student. When the Menuhins went to Paris, Persinger suggested Yehudi go to his own teacher, Eugène Ysaÿe. He did have one lesson with Ysaÿe, but did not like his method or the fact that he was very old. Instead, he went to the Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu, after which he made several recordings with his sister Hephzibah. He was also a student of Adolf Busch. In 1929 he played in Berlin, under Bruno Walter's baton, three concerti by Bach, Brahms and Beethoven. In 1932 he recorded Edward Elgar's Violin Concerto in B minor for HMV in London, with the composer himself conducting, and between 1934 and 1936 he made the first integral recording of Johann Sebastian Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin.
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Yuri Knorozov
Yuriy Valentinovich Knorozov (alternatively, Knorosov; in Russian: Юрий Валентинович Кнóрозов; November 19, 1922 — March 31, 1999) was a Russian linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, who is particularly renowned for the pivotal role his research played in the decipherment of the Maya script, the writing system used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica.
Knorozov was born in a village near Kharkiv in Ukraine, at that time the capital of the newly formed Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. His parents were Russian intellectuals, and his paternal grandmother had been a stage actress of national repute in Armenia.
At school, the young Yuri was a difficult and somewhat eccentric student, who made indifferent progress in a number of subjects and was almost expelled for poor and willful behaviour. However, it became clear that he was academically bright with an inquisitive temperament; he was an accomplished violinist, wrote romantic poetry and could draw with accuracy and attention to detail.
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Ziauddin Butt
General Ziauddin Khawaja, also known as Ziauddin Butt, is a four-star general of the Pakistan Army and a career operations and infantry formations commander, head of intelligence and engineering officer. He was one of the most prominent and successful commanders in Pakistan Army and was described as a "genius general" by all three of the former army chiefs (General Beg, General Kakar and General Karamat).
Ziauddin has served as Director-General of Pakistan's premier intelligence agency ISI. He was nominated for the post of Pakistan Army chief on 12 Oct 1999 by then-Prime minister Nawaz Sharif after the dismissal of General Pervez Musharraf, who had begun a coup against the government. The coup went ahead regardless of this appointment as Ziauddin told his supporters not to resist the move as it would cause dangerous in-fighting amongst the army. Both Sharif and Ziauddin were arrested by the coup-makers and taken to different locations. Ziauddin was kept in solitary confinement for two years, and was subject to three army investigations which aimed to find some element of wrong-doing on his part. Musharraf decided to use a 'scouts penalty' – a discretionary punishment not requiring a crime, to dismiss General Ziauddin from service.
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- Southern Storm
- King & Queen
- Meganoidi
- Limp Bizkit
- Shout Out Louds
- Gary Numan
- Exit By Name
- The Wilkinsons
- Capital Inicial
- The Corrs
- Wilkinsons
- Prince
- Orishas
- Almafuerte
- Men Without Hats
- Corrs
karaoke
In your strange and misty eyes
There's no pain, no dark, but no one can stop you cryin'
Many words spoken dry
Can be wet if you change the past then you won't die
Green goes behind circles are in vain
Just the sigh of a generous soul can show the right way
Burning nights and rumors scare
Ocean says inside is a devil's dance
Endless sky like steeled wall
Devil's name engraved in the headless stone
It sounds like storm without a name
Leavin' 99 we're really having a good time
Over & over now
Show me just tonight
The way to follow the light... I wanna fly
Let it go, let it go
We gotta party
Time has run away
Time is rolling now
We got a ticket to ride the night
Baby don't go
Stay here... all right
1999 It's really magic tonight
Switch on the light of fire
Bye bye 99 we're ready to celebrate
A special moment with you so tender
1999 look out the window tonight
Somebody keep on dancing
Bye bye 99 rise up your hands, so let's go
We got a ticket to fly together
Time is passing by
We have a lot of fun & joy
Forever & ever, so
Like a ray of light
I feel the music tonight
Hot night familiar small lights
Someone is calling me over the sea
Come back to me please
No she, she doesn't know me
I didn't want anybody to know
What my Greek link shows
How many times I went away
Far from these lasting days spent
In your cradle
So many times I came back
Bringing you some drops of regret
They won't dry up yet
New chance where are you from and
What will you be from the moment we leave
What about your lips
My friends don't call it pause, break
Rather the reason, the passion, the sense
Remember?
How many times I went away
Far from these lasting days spent
In your cradle
So many times I came back
Bringing you some drops of regret
They won't dry up yet
How many times I went away
Far from these lasting days spent
In your cradle
So many times I came back
Bringing you some drops of regret
They won't dry up yet
Happy New Year!
Let me see them hands!
Do you feel it
If you feel it, get up, c'mon get up!
I was feelin' when I wrote this, could be good if we go insane.
When I woke up this morning could've sworn it was Judgement Day.
The sky was all purple, and people runnin' everywhere.
Try to run from the destruction
You know I didn't even care.
You know it, c'mon!
Are you ready
Dance, dance!
2000, zero zero!
Party up, all the time!
'Cause tonight we gonna party like it's 1999!
Come on, one more time, let's do it!
2000, zero zero, party up, all the time!
'Cause tonight we gonna party like it's 1999!
Do you feel me, New York City
It goes like this.
Let's try it again, c'mon!
This is 1999, get up!
I was feelin' when I wrote this, could sue me if I go too fast.
But life is just a party and parties weren't meant to last.
This money's grown around me, my mind's never been a party!
But if we gotta die, gonna party with a price to pay!
Are you ready, sing with me.
Let's do it!
Dance!
2000, zero zero, party up, through all the time!
'Cause tonight we gonna party like it's 1999!
Everybody, c'mon! 2000, zero zero party up, all the time!
'Cause tonight we gonna party like it's 1999!
Let me hear some noise, New York City!
I do remember
Like a punch in the face
I never felt so alive since 19 19 99
The time that we got it all out
How can I forget the nights we killed
Every summer night
You know the sun never sets around here
That is what we wake for up here
Your band came to town
I was too young to know
You were younger than I'm now in 19 80 83
You came on with a black eye
Look behind you the raft
You closed your eyes
Your shot us in high states
To fall fall fall behind
Get them out of your mind
This is who I am or was and always be
No Richard know the truth what else
No living legend always been
Someone is corrected
Relying till defected
I'm not complaining
That I'm not making it easy
I think you'll understand
I never wanted this to end
And I have kept my promises
How can I forget shaking every memory
Looking back when sun never set around here
And we waited all year
This is who I am or was and always be
No Richard know the truth what else
No living legend always been
Someone is corrected
Relying till defected
Oh Richard no oh oh same old
Living legend no oh
Never been so close before
And what they say's not always right
And Richard know you know what's right
And they think that you're living dead
Somehow
Somehow
Oh Richard no oh same old
Living legend no oh never been so close before
Don't worry, I won't hurt U
I only want U 2 have some fun
I was dreamin' when I wrote this
Forgive me if it goes astray
But when I woke up this mornin'
Coulda sworn it was judgment day
The sky was all purple,
there were people runnin' everywhere
Tryin' 2 run from the destruction,
U know I didn't even care
'Cuz they say two thousand zero zero party over,
oops out of time
So tonight I'm gonna party like it's 1999
I was dreamin' when I wrote this
So sue me if I go 2 fast
But life is just a party, and parties weren't meant 2 last
War is all around us, my mind says prepare 2 fight
So if I gotta die I'm gonna listen 2 my body tonight
Yeah, they say two thousand zero zero party over,
oops out of time
So tonight I'm gonna party like it's 1999
Yeah
Lemme tell ya somethin'
If U didn't come 2 party,
don't bother knockin' on my door
I got a lion in my pocket,
and baby he's ready 2 roar
Yeah, everybody's got a bomb,
we could all die any day
But before I'll let that happen,
I'll dance my life away
Oh, they say two thousand zero zero party over,
oops out of time
We're runnin' outta time (Tonight I'm gonna)
So tonight we gonna (party like it's 1999)
we gonna, oww
Say it 1 more time
Two thousand zero zero party over oops,
out of time
No, no (Tonight I'm gonna)
So tonight we gonna (party like it's 1999)
we gonna, oww
Alright, it's 1999
You say it, 1999
1999
1999 don't stop, don't stop, say it 1 more time
Two thousand zero zero party over,
oops out of time
Yeah, yeah (Tonight I'm gonna)
So tonight we gonna (party like it's 1999)
we gonna, oww
Yeah, 1999 (1999)
Don'tcha wanna go (1999)
Don'tcha wanna go (1999)
We could all die any day (1999)
I don't wanna die,
I'd rather dance my life away (1999)
Listen 2 what I'm tryin' 2 say
Everybody, everybody say party
C'mon now, U say party
That's right, everybody say (Party)
Can't run from the revelation, no (Party)
Sing it 4 your nation y'all (Party)
Tell me what you're singin', baby say (Party)
Telephone's a-ringin', mama (Party)
C'mon, c'mon, U say (Party)
Everybody, [two times] (Party)
Work it down 2 the ground, say (Party)
(Party)
Come on, take my body, baby (Party)
That's right, c'mon, sing the song (Party)
(Party)
That's right (Party)
Got a lion in my pocket mama, say (Party)
Oh--and he's ready 2 roar (Party)
Mommy--why does everybody have a bomb?
Mommy--why does everybody have a bomb?
Back the track with more attack
Who'd you think you're screaming at
The fallen down are getting up
Your schemes are dreams, and dreams are fucked
Waking up and cleaning up
This monotone is out of luck
A signal to the upper decks
A signal now with new fx
All these problems
We can't solve them
Its been this way since 1999
Danger hides around the bends
Your e.s.p. can't even sense
The signal out to calm your nerves
(and this flagship tunes without a verse)
Too late, im bored
(Steve Wilkinson/Lawrence Corky Lang/John Heaton/William Wallace)
You called me by her name again
Thinking I was her again
When's this ever gonna end, oh
You're living somewhere in the past
Missing love that didn't last
And what we have is fading fast
(Oh...oh/And) this ain't 1999
This is here and now
You are mine
But you're cheatin' on me
You're cheatin' on us
You're cheatin' yourself
Right out of love
You're slipping away
From me unconsciously
And I'm losing you
To some old memory
You're haunted by that ghost in you
She always gets the most of you
Just want to be that close to you
I can't figure out what's wrong
I can't change your mind
But the only thing I know
Is that I'm being left behind
I'm being left behind
(Oh...oh/And) this ain't 1999
This is here and now
You are mine
But you're cheatin' on me
You're cheatin' on us
You're cheatin' yourself
Right out of love
You're slipping away
From me unconsciously
And I'm losing you
To some old memory
Se eu pedisse
Pra você guardar um segredo
Onde você guardaria?
Nós todos cometemos erros
E o meu foi acreditar
O passado é seguro
Por isso estamos aqui
1999
Vai ser só mais um ano
Um dia na vida
Uma gota no oceano
Se eu pedisse pra você
Duvidar do que eu digo
Por onde você começaria?
Nós todos temos medo
E o meu pode me cegar
Ninguém sabe as respostas
Então porque perguntar?
Amantes em silêncio
Estradas sem saída
Poetas sem palavras
Em busca do tempo perdido em mim
1999, 1999
Vai ser só mais um ano
Um dia na vida uma gota no oceano
1999, 1999
1999, 1999
Don't worry, I won't hurt U
I only want U 2 have some fun
I was dreaming when I wrote this
4give me if it goes astray
But when I woke up this morning
I could have sworn it was judgement day
The sky was all purple
There were people runnin' everywhere
Trying 2 run from the destruction
And U know I didn't even care
Chorus:
Cuz they say 2000 zero zero
Party over, oops out of time
So 2night I'm gonna party like it's 1999
I was dreaming when I wrote this
So sue me if I go 2 fast
But life is just a party
And parties weren't meant 2 last
War is all around us
My mind says prepare 2 fight
So if I gotta die
I'm gonna listen 2 my body 2 night
Chorus
If U didn't come 2 party
Don't bother knockin' on my door
I got a lion in my pocket
And baby, he's ready 2 roar
Everybody's got a bomb
We could die any day
But before I'll let that happen
I'll dance my life away
Chorus
Don't U wanna go?
It's 1999
Mommy why does everybody have a bomb?
You called me by her name again
Thinking I was her again
When's this ever gonna end, oh
You're living somewhere in the past
Missing love that didn't last
And what we have is fading fast
(Oh...oh) this ain't 1999
This is here and now
You are mine
But you're cheatin' on me
Cheatin' on us
Cheatin' yourself right out of love
You're slipping away
From me unconsciously
And I'm losing you
To some old memory
You're haunted by that ghost in you
She always gets the most of you
Just want to be that close to you
(Oh...oh) this ain't 1999
This is here and now
You are mine
But you're cheatin' on me
Cheatin' on us
Cheatin' yourself right out of love
You're slipping away
From me unconsciously
And I'm losing you
To some old memory
I can't figure out what's wrong
I can't change your mind
But the only thing I know
Is that I'm being left behind
I'm being left behind
(Oh...oh) this ain't 1999
This is here and now
You are mine
But you're cheatin' on me
Cheatin' on us
Cheatin' yourself right out of love
You're slipping away
From me unconsciously
And I'm losing you
To some old memory
This ain't 1999
Don't worry, I wont hurt u
I only want u 2 have some fun
I was dreamin when I wrote this
Forgive me if it goes astray
But when I woke up this mornin
Coulda sworn it was judgment day
The sky was all purple,
There were people runnin everywhere
Tryin 2 run from the destruction,
U know I didn't even care
Cuz they say two thousand zero zero party over,
Oops out of time
So tonight Im gonna party like it's 1999
I was dreamin when I wrote this
So sue me if I go 2 fast
But life is just a party, and parties werent meant 2 last
War is all around us, my mind says prepare 2 fight
So if I gotta die Im gonna listen 2 my body tonight
Yeah, they say two thousand zero zero party over,
Oops out of time
So tonight Im gonna party like it's 1999
Yeah
Lemme tell ya somethin
If u didn't come 2 party,
Don't bother knockin on my door
I got a lion in my pocket,
And baby he's ready 2 roar
Yeah, everybodys got a bomb,
We could all die any day
But before I'll let that happen,
Ill dance my life away
Oh, they say two thousand zero zero party over,
Oops out of time
Were runnin outta time (tonight Im gonna)
So tonight we gonna (party like it's 1999)
We gonna, oww
Say it 1 more time
Two thousand zero zero party over oops,
Out of time
No, no (tonight Im gonna)
So tonight we gonna (party like it's 1999)
We gonna, oww
Alright, it's 1999
You say it, 1999
1999
1999 don't stop, don't stop, say it 1 more time
Two thousand zero zero party over,
Oops out of time
Yeah, yeah (tonight Im gonna)
So tonight we gonna (party like it's 1999)
We gonna, oww
Yeah, 1999 (1999)
Don'tcha wanna go (1999)
Don'tcha wanna go (1999)
We could all die any day (1999)
I don't wanna die,
Id rather dance my life away (1999)
Listen 2 what Im tryin 2 say
Everybody, everybody say party
Cmon now, u say party
That's right, everybody say (party)
Cant run from the revelation, no (party)
Sing it 4 your nation yall (party)
Tell me what you're singin, baby say (party)
Telephones a-ringin, mama (party)
Cmon, cmon, u say (party)
Everybody, [two times] (party)
Work it down 2 the ground, say (party)
(party)
Come on, take my body, baby (party)
That's right, cmon, sing the song (party)
(party)
That's right (party)
Got a lion in my pocket mama, say (party)
Oh, and he's ready 2 roar (party)
Mommy, why does everybody have a bomb?
oye nena
dice que ......
conmigo no quiero cuentos ni chismecitos
tu sabes ......
telarañas conmigo
deja eso !
y esa nota?
soy lo que buscabas para darle a tu existencia una razon de ser
reconoce, te toque
no me pare sin mi melodia
llegue y plante mi bandera
donde a ti mas te dolia
y ya tu ves
te me cole
por donde no imaginabas
a mi tu no me engañas
yo soy maña de maraña
me extraña que siendo araña
de la pared tu te caigas
vamo' a consumirla
vamo' a consumirla que te gusta a ti
no me dejes solo
consume musica cubana
banamamasi yusanamama aha
vamo' a consumirla
vamo' a consumirla que te gusta a ti
no me dejes solo
mi ritmo orisha viene a prisa
no es cuestion de risa
yo vengo suave, suave como la brisa
mi rumba no te avisa
mi caña con petate, risa
el mundo es mi objetivo, quiza
mi flow que flota entre mis notas
tengo mis dones, mis ambiciones
busco cima como Al Capone
a mi tu no me engañas
yo soy maña de maraña
me extraña que siendo araña
de la pared tu te caigas (2)
y asi entro mi voz, locolo
ruso feroz, locolo
tu vas a ver que esto es poco
lo que falta es mi tono para volverte loco
hoy me diploman con el titulo honorario de Don Rima
y aqui en la cima, mi flow te rompera el pescuezo
to'os los huesos
del dicho al hecho aqui no hay trecho
hago efectiva con la mezcla mi doctrina
de ti chico malo yo sere tu pesadilla
tumturum
tumbando andas como Juanito alimañas
si te ve tu mala maña
criticando todo paisa
pero calma, ponle salsa
y hazme solo ese favor
que te doy tu descontrol
mi flow en tiempo sobre el micro
si tu quieres yo te explico
chico, nada entenderas, comprenderas
y mucho menos captaras
a mi tu no me engañas
yo soy maña de maraña
me extraña que siendo araña
de la pared tu te caigas (2)
Ahora que ....
dime ya la verdad
te estremeci tu existencia, tu cuerpo y tu alma
quedaste alucina'
se que te voy a sorprender buscando
la oportunidad, bombon
de entonar mi melodia
de repetir mi filosofia
y de robarme mi corazon
cuidate nene
mira que yo soy la escuela ......
de pelea
a mi tu no me engañas
yo soy maña de maraña
me extraña que siendo araña
de la pared tu te caigas
te sorprendi (uh)
luego no digas que no te vi (a yo!)
a mi tu no me angañas (que va!)
saca de tu mente ya esa mala maña
te sorprendi (ay)
luego no digas que no te vi (a yo!)
a mi tu no me angañas (que va!)
saca de tu mente ya esa mala maña (sacala, sacala !)
Falsa Fe, falso perdón de los pecados.
Dioses que, fueron vendidos y comprados.
Por cretinos que olvidaron que
El infierno es hoy.
Y que,el motivo ocultado reencarnacion.
Por la TV.. Varones putos y egoistas.
Muestran que fue, mintiendo amor como sonrisas.
Lo peor es dejarse llevar por la mierda que.
Los mal cogidos de antaños siguen predicando.
No es por razón de la fuerza
Sino. por fuerza de razón.
Que la hora de su hora ya llegó.
Sin perseguirme mando yo mi parecer.
Y que reviente el que banque,
O se aguante. Quien no es conmigo.
No es por razón de la fuerza sino,
Por fuerza de razón
Que la hora de su hora ya llegó.
Sin perseguirme mando yo mi parecer
Y que reviente el que banque.
O se aguante. Quien no es conmigo.
No es por razón de la fuerza
Sino, por fuerza de razón.
Que la hora de su hora ya llegó.
It's a very special kind of life
no one's really quite sure about their situation
It's a very funny kind of life
the only thing we're positive about is the duration
now they are standing right before you
how they were here before you
he's a very special kind of guy
when he crosses the street he looks in both directions
he's a very special kind of guy
and you're always wondering if he's lost his senses
she's a very special kind of girl
and her mother's recipes have made a good thing famous
she's a very special kind of girl
and she's always up in arms if he's late for breakfast
now they are standing right before you
how they were here before you
he's a very special kind of guy
when you hear him on the air you think he's lost his section
she's a special special kind of girl
when you see her in the street you want to raise objection
now they are standing right before you
how they were here before you
It's a very special kind of life
no one's really knows the truth about the situation
It's a very funny kind of life
Don't worry, I won't hurt U
I only want U 2 have some fun
I was dreaming when I wrote this
4give me if it goes astray
But when I woke up this morning
I could have sworn it was judgement day
The sky was all purple
There were people runnin' everywhere
Trying 2 run from the destruction
And U know I didn't even care
Cuz they say 2000 zero zero
Party over, oops out of time
So 2night I'm gonna party like it's 1999
I was dreaming when I wrote this
So sue me if I go 2 fast
But life is just a party
And parties weren't meant 2 last
War is all around us
My mind says prepare 2 fight
So if I gotta die
I'm gonna listen 2 my body 2 night
Cuz they say 2000 zero zero
Party over, oops out of time
So 2night I'm gonna party like it's 1999
If U didn't come 2 party
Don't bother knockin' on my door
I got a lion in my pocket
And baby, he's ready 2 roar
Everybody's got a bomb
We could die any day
But before I'll let that happen
I'll dance my life away
Cuz they say 2000 zero zero
Party over, oops out of time
So 2night I'm gonna party like it's 1999
Don't U wanna go?
It's 1999
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
1999: Prince
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:16
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
1999 by Prince from the album 1999.
http://wn.com/1999_Prince
1999 by Prince from the album 1999.
Hit songs of 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:56
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
A compilation of songs from the awesome year of 1999. This will make you feel nostalgic :(
http://wn.com/Hit_songs_of_1999
A compilation of songs from the awesome year of 1999. This will make you feel nostalgic :(
- published: 10 Mar 2011
- views: 4572315
- author: Marissa Jackson
Prince : 1999 (with lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
www.facebook.com www.ceepackaging.com twitter @ceepackaging www.facebook.com Facebook group : www.facebook.com "1999" is a song by Prince, the title track from his 1982 album 1999. The song is one of Prince's best-known, and a defining moment in his rise to superstar status. The apocalyptic yet upbeat party anthem saw chart success in 1983 (particularly in Australia, where it peaked at #2), but it did not make it into the Top 40 in the US or the UK on the first attempt. However, upon being re-promoted after "Little Red Corvette" hit the Top 10, it peaked at #12 in the US and #25 in the UK (reaching #2 in the UK when re-released in 1985). The album version of the song starts with a slowed-down voice, reassuring the listener "Don't worry, I won't hurt you. I only want you to have some fun." Prince shares lead vocals on the track with members of his band The Revolution, namely Dez Dickerson, Lisa Coleman and Jill Jones. Originally conceived to be a three-part harmony, it was later decided to separate out the voices that started each verse. Prince created "1999" around the central riff of the 1966 song, "Monday, Monday" by The Mamas & the Papas. Prince, writing under the pseudonym "Christopher", reused the verse melody in the song "Manic Monday", recorded by The Bangles. Some music critics have suggested Phil Collins' 1985 song "Sussudio" sounds very similar to "1999". Collins confirmed this claim, and remembers listening to "1999" frequently while he was on tour with Genesis ...
http://wn.com/Prince_1999_with_lyrics
www.facebook.com www.ceepackaging.com twitter @ceepackaging www.facebook.com Facebook group : www.facebook.com "1999" is a song by Prince, the title track from his 1982 album 1999. The song is one of Prince's best-known, and a defining moment in his rise to superstar status. The apocalyptic yet upbeat party anthem saw chart success in 1983 (particularly in Australia, where it peaked at #2), but it did not make it into the Top 40 in the US or the UK on the first attempt. However, upon being re-promoted after "Little Red Corvette" hit the Top 10, it peaked at #12 in the US and #25 in the UK (reaching #2 in the UK when re-released in 1985). The album version of the song starts with a slowed-down voice, reassuring the listener "Don't worry, I won't hurt you. I only want you to have some fun." Prince shares lead vocals on the track with members of his band The Revolution, namely Dez Dickerson, Lisa Coleman and Jill Jones. Originally conceived to be a three-part harmony, it was later decided to separate out the voices that started each verse. Prince created "1999" around the central riff of the 1966 song, "Monday, Monday" by The Mamas & the Papas. Prince, writing under the pseudonym "Christopher", reused the verse melody in the song "Manic Monday", recorded by The Bangles. Some music critics have suggested Phil Collins' 1985 song "Sussudio" sounds very similar to "1999". Collins confirmed this claim, and remembers listening to "1999" frequently while he was on tour with Genesis ...
- published: 05 Jul 2011
- views: 102032
- author: alanheath2
Binary Finary- 1999 (Best version released)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Binary Finary 1999 Kaycee Mix Check out the FaceBook group here: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Binary_Finary_1999_Best_version_released
Binary Finary 1999 Kaycee Mix Check out the FaceBook group here: www.facebook.com
- published: 16 Feb 2008
- views: 934359
- author: gcw666
1999 World Superbike Nurburgring - The Oil Spill
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Probably the worst race organisation the World Superbike Championship has ever seen. The marshals at the Nurburgring just stand and watch as top riders fall on oil. Commentary from Jack Burnicle and Rob Orme.
http://wn.com/1999_World_Superbike_Nurburgring_The_Oil_Spill
Probably the worst race organisation the World Superbike Championship has ever seen. The marshals at the Nurburgring just stand and watch as top riders fall on oil. Commentary from Jack Burnicle and Rob Orme.
- published: 10 Nov 2007
- views: 750095
- author: ChiliFan06
Cassius - Cassius 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Cassius 1999
http://wn.com/Cassius_Cassius_1999
Cassius 1999
- published: 08 Jan 2007
- views: 491221
- author: Antoine Reussner
Space: 1999 - TV intro (season 1) HQ (1975)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
The crew of Moonbase Alpha must struggle to survive when a massive explosion throws the Moon from orbit into deep space.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_TV_intro_season_1_HQ_1975
The crew of Moonbase Alpha must struggle to survive when a massive explosion throws the Moon from orbit into deep space.
- published: 23 Jul 2006
- views: 666875
- author: Fabricio Jimenez
Britney Spears interview 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Britney Spears being interviewed on the Rosie O'Donnel show in 1999.
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears_interview_1999
Britney Spears being interviewed on the Rosie O'Donnel show in 1999.
- published: 12 May 2006
- views: 1786936
- author: JenniferSimon
Jackie Chan - fight scenes - Gorgeous (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:48
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Fight scenes from Gorgeous (1999). First two brings the memories of slapstick movies. Then follows two great duels with Bradley James Allan - leader of JC Stunt Team at the time.
http://wn.com/Jackie_Chan_fight_scenes_Gorgeous_1999
Fight scenes from Gorgeous (1999). First two brings the memories of slapstick movies. Then follows two great duels with Bradley James Allan - leader of JC Stunt Team at the time.
- published: 04 Aug 2011
- views: 1603183
- author: Matiau2
Love of Lesbian - 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Love_of_Lesbian_1999
- published: 21 Mar 2009
- views: 273748
- author: malabaristapatosa
Britney Spears - VMA 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Britney Spears ...Baby One More Time VMA 1999
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears_VMA_1999
Britney Spears ...Baby One More Time VMA 1999
- published: 12 Mar 2009
- views: 328677
- author: BsUniverse
Zach Galifianakis Stand Up from 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
From January 1999 at Luna Park in West Hollywood, Zach plies his craft. This is where it all began. The following year he appeared on the Letterman show, followed by his own aborted VH1 talk show, working on the road, film and TV appearances... and then came Hangover.
http://wn.com/Zach_Galifianakis_Stand_Up_from_1999
From January 1999 at Luna Park in West Hollywood, Zach plies his craft. This is where it all began. The following year he appeared on the Letterman show, followed by his own aborted VH1 talk show, working on the road, film and TV appearances... and then came Hangover.
- published: 26 Oct 2011
- views: 772247
- author: siskokidd
Bone Thugs-N-Harmony - East 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Top track from E 1999 Eternal album!! Feel free to rate & comment this tune. Regards, BasslineMusic2008
http://wn.com/Bone_Thugs-N-Harmony_East_1999
Top track from E 1999 Eternal album!! Feel free to rate & comment this tune. Regards, BasslineMusic2008
- published: 08 Sep 2008
- views: 730725
- author: BasslineMusic2008
Macworld NY 1999-The First iBook Introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Here we see Steve Jobs introducing the very first iBook.
http://wn.com/Macworld_NY_1999-The_First_iBook_Introduction
Here we see Steve Jobs introducing the very first iBook.
- published: 30 Jan 2006
- views: 595351
- author: peestandingup
Love of Lesbian - 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Videoclip para el tema 1999 de Love of Lesbian
http://wn.com/Love_of_Lesbian_1999
Videoclip para el tema 1999 de Love of Lesbian
- published: 28 Feb 2011
- views: 587218
- author: lyona8
Space 1999 - 1x01 - Breakaway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:20
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Original Air Date—17 October 1975 The pilot episode that introduces the main cast and sets the stage for the series. Located on the moon is Moonbase Alpha, a multinational scientific research facility. One of its duties is to also monitor and coordinate the activities surrounding two large lunar dumping sites where nuclear waste from Earth is disposed of. The Alphans are trying to launch a fast-tracked manned probe to an 'approaching' planet named Meta. The Meta Probe is in jeopardy since two of the mission crew have come down with a mysterious illness. The Alphans tie the illness to the nuclear waste about the time the smaller site unexpectedly explodes. While the Alphans try to avert a similar explosion in the larger waste site, it explodes also, and pushes the Moon out of the Earth's orbit, leaving the Alphans stranded on a moon destined to wander the universe.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x01_Breakaway
Original Air Date—17 October 1975 The pilot episode that introduces the main cast and sets the stage for the series. Located on the moon is Moonbase Alpha, a multinational scientific research facility. One of its duties is to also monitor and coordinate the activities surrounding two large lunar dumping sites where nuclear waste from Earth is disposed of. The Alphans are trying to launch a fast-tracked manned probe to an 'approaching' planet named Meta. The Meta Probe is in jeopardy since two of the mission crew have come down with a mysterious illness. The Alphans tie the illness to the nuclear waste about the time the smaller site unexpectedly explodes. While the Alphans try to avert a similar explosion in the larger waste site, it explodes also, and pushes the Moon out of the Earth's orbit, leaving the Alphans stranded on a moon destined to wander the universe.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 178167
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 ~ Original season one theme ~ Complete
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
This is the full length version of the space 1999 TV theme tune, composed by Barry Gray, which contains both the opening and closing title themes.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_~_Original_season_one_theme_~_Complete
This is the full length version of the space 1999 TV theme tune, composed by Barry Gray, which contains both the opening and closing title themes.
- published: 27 Aug 2009
- views: 220661
- author: Mark Holding
Common feat Sadat X - 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Common feat Sadat X - 1999
http://wn.com/Common_feat_Sadat_X_1999
Common feat Sadat X - 1999
- published: 21 Mar 2006
- views: 265252
- author: anunaqi
The Who - Naked Eye 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 18 Mar 2012
The Who - Naked Eye @ Shepherds Bush Empire, London, UK, 22 December 1999. This is an audience shot video. www.dailymotion.com
http://wn.com/The_Who_Naked_Eye_1999
The Who - Naked Eye @ Shepherds Bush Empire, London, UK, 22 December 1999. This is an audience shot video. www.dailymotion.com
- published: 09 Sep 2008
- views: 1275
- author: ShorthandedGoal
Britney Spears and Nsync live MTV Video Music Awards 1999 - ...Baby One More Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Britney Spears and Nsync live MTV Video Music Awards 1999 singing ...Baby One More Time, available now on her album ...Baby One More Time.
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears_and_Nsync_live_MTV_Video_Music_Awards_1999_Baby_One_More_Time
Britney Spears and Nsync live MTV Video Music Awards 1999 singing ...Baby One More Time, available now on her album ...Baby One More Time.
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 165270
- author: BritneyFansSite
Baccara - By 1999 ( HQ Stereo )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Baccara was a female vocal duo formed in 1977 by Spanish artists Mayte Mateos (February 7, 1951, Logroño) and María Mendiola (April 4, 1952, Madrid). The pair rapidly achieved international success with their debut single Yes Sir, I Can Boogie, which reached number one across much of Europe.
http://wn.com/Baccara_By_1999_HQ_Stereo_
Baccara was a female vocal duo formed in 1977 by Spanish artists Mayte Mateos (February 7, 1951, Logroño) and María Mendiola (April 4, 1952, Madrid). The pair rapidly achieved international success with their debut single Yes Sir, I Can Boogie, which reached number one across much of Europe.
- published: 03 Jan 2010
- views: 11117
- author: jorge4548
Rage Against The Machine - (HD)(Live)(Woodstock 1999)(Full Concert)(PRO-SHOT)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:49
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
24rd July 1999 . Rome, NY. SETLIST: 01 No Shelter 02 People Of The Sun 03 Know Your Enemy 04 Born Of A Broken Man 05 Vietnow 06 Bullet In The Head 07 The Ghost Of Tom Joad 08 Bombtrack 09 Wake Up 10 Bulls On Parade (Deleted by Youtube) 11 Freedom 12 Township Rebellion 13 Killing In The Name Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Rage_Against_The_Machine_HDLiveWoodstock_1999Full_ConcertPRO-SHOT
24rd July 1999 . Rome, NY. SETLIST: 01 No Shelter 02 People Of The Sun 03 Know Your Enemy 04 Born Of A Broken Man 05 Vietnow 06 Bullet In The Head 07 The Ghost Of Tom Joad 08 Bombtrack 09 Wake Up 10 Bulls On Parade (Deleted by Youtube) 11 Freedom 12 Township Rebellion 13 Killing In The Name Enjoy!
- published: 05 Mar 2012
- views: 659272
- author: burtonbcell3
Ryan Giggs v Arsenal (FA Cup Semi-Final Replay 1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:14
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
Ryan Giggs v Arsenal FA Cup Semi-Final Replay 1999
http://wn.com/Ryan_Giggs_v_Arsenal_FA_Cup_Semi-Final_Replay_1999
Ryan Giggs v Arsenal FA Cup Semi-Final Replay 1999
- published: 07 Mar 2008
- views: 1163158
- author: pledjuraa
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Space 1999 - Crew Interviews
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Space_1999_Crew_Interviews
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- views: 7646
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x01 - Pilot - Moonbase Alpha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x01_Pilot_Moonbase_Alpha
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 11256
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x01 - Breakaway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—17 October 1975
The pilot episode that introduces the main cast and sets the stage for the series. Located on the moon is Moonbase Alpha, a multinational scientific research facility. One of its duties is to also monitor and coordinate the activities surrounding two large lunar dumping sites where nuclear waste from Earth is disposed of. The Alphans are trying to launch a fast-tracked manned probe to an 'approaching' planet named Meta. The Meta Probe is in jeopardy since two of the mission crew have come down with a mysterious illness. The Alphans tie the illness to the nuclear waste about the time the smaller site unexpectedly explodes. While the Alphans try to avert a similar explosion in the larger waste site, it explodes also, and pushes the Moon out of the Earth's orbit, leaving the Alphans stranded on a moon destined to wander the universe.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x01_Breakaway
Original Air Date—17 October 1975
The pilot episode that introduces the main cast and sets the stage for the series. Located on the moon is Moonbase Alpha, a multinational scientific research facility. One of its duties is to also monitor and coordinate the activities surrounding two large lunar dumping sites where nuclear waste from Earth is disposed of. The Alphans are trying to launch a fast-tracked manned probe to an 'approaching' planet named Meta. The Meta Probe is in jeopardy since two of the mission crew have come down with a mysterious illness. The Alphans tie the illness to the nuclear waste about the time the smaller site unexpectedly explodes. While the Alphans try to avert a similar explosion in the larger waste site, it explodes also, and pushes the Moon out of the Earth's orbit, leaving the Alphans stranded on a moon destined to wander the universe.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 157101
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x02 - Force of Life
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—24 October 1975
A wandering energy force inhabits the body of Alpha technician Anton Zoref, turning him into an energy absorbing being.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x02_Force_of_Life
Original Air Date—24 October 1975
A wandering energy force inhabits the body of Alpha technician Anton Zoref, turning him into an energy absorbing being.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 46263
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x03 - Collision Course
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:05
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—31 October 1975
After destroying an asteroid on a collision course with the moon, an even larger obstacle appears - an entire planet! On a recon mission, John Koenig encounters an inhabitant who convinces him- on the basis of faith- that the moon and the planet must collide. But no one else supports Koenig's stand.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x03_Collision_Course
Original Air Date—31 October 1975
After destroying an asteroid on a collision course with the moon, an even larger obstacle appears - an entire planet! On a recon mission, John Koenig encounters an inhabitant who convinces him- on the basis of faith- that the moon and the planet must collide. But no one else supports Koenig's stand.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 39893
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x04 - War Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—7 November 1975
(I re-uploaded this episode because former one is a little broken.)
Moonbase Alpha is attacked and devastated by warships from a nearby planet. With half of its population dead Alpha can no longer survive. Commander Koenig and Dr. Russel go to the alien world to plead for the survivors, but the inhabitants wish no one to disturb their serene existence.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x04_War_Games
Original Air Date—7 November 1975
(I re-uploaded this episode because former one is a little broken.)
Moonbase Alpha is attacked and devastated by warships from a nearby planet. With half of its population dead Alpha can no longer survive. Commander Koenig and Dr. Russel go to the alien world to plead for the survivors, but the inhabitants wish no one to disturb their serene existence.
- published: 23 Dec 2011
- views: 21142
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x05 - Deaths Other Dominion
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—14 November 1975
On the ice world of Ultima Thule the Alphans encounter members of lost earth expedition who have achieved immortality- but at a price!
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x05_Deaths_Other_Dominion
Original Air Date—14 November 1975
On the ice world of Ultima Thule the Alphans encounter members of lost earth expedition who have achieved immortality- but at a price!
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 23675
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x06 - Voyager's Return
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—21 November 1975
The Alphans encounter the Voyager space probe that has been wandering the cosmos propelled by the Queller drive- a faulty engine system. Following the probe is a fleet of alien ships from a world devastated by the drive.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x06_Voyager's_Return
Original Air Date—21 November 1975
The Alphans encounter the Voyager space probe that has been wandering the cosmos propelled by the Queller drive- a faulty engine system. Following the probe is a fleet of alien ships from a world devastated by the drive.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 33878
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x07 - Alpha Child
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—28 November 1975
The Alphan's joy turns to horror when the first child born on the Alpha matures into a five year old in a matter of hours. This is only a prelude to the arrival of formless alien fugitives- who plan to inhabit Alpha's population.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x07_Alpha_Child
Original Air Date—28 November 1975
The Alphan's joy turns to horror when the first child born on the Alpha matures into a five year old in a matter of hours. This is only a prelude to the arrival of formless alien fugitives- who plan to inhabit Alpha's population.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 19761
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x08 - Dragon's Domain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—5 December 1975
Discredited eagle pilot Tony Cellini is beset by recurring nightmares in which he was the only survivor of disastrous space mission. Now the moon is approaching the same set of circumstances that Cellini encountered.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x08_Dragon's_Domain
Original Air Date—5 December 1975
Discredited eagle pilot Tony Cellini is beset by recurring nightmares in which he was the only survivor of disastrous space mission. Now the moon is approaching the same set of circumstances that Cellini encountered.
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 34088
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x09 - Mission Of The Darians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—12 December 1975
The Alphans encounter a miles-long ark from the planet Daria, where the inhabitants have a very distinctive class separation.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x09_Mission_Of_The_Darians
Original Air Date—12 December 1975
The Alphans encounter a miles-long ark from the planet Daria, where the inhabitants have a very distinctive class separation.
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 19928
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x10 - Black Sun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—19 December 1975
The moon is approaching a black hole. Professor Bergman is a able to rig up an energy shield around the moonbase, but Commander Koenig feels this is only a desperate measure and has an eagle with six personnel dispatched as the rest of the moonbase await certain death.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x10_Black_Sun
Original Air Date—19 December 1975
The moon is approaching a black hole. Professor Bergman is a able to rig up an energy shield around the moonbase, but Commander Koenig feels this is only a desperate measure and has an eagle with six personnel dispatched as the rest of the moonbase await certain death.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 25937
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x11 - Guardian Of Piri
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Contact is made with the planet Piri, where the main computer created an idyllic life that led to extinction of its population through apathy. Now John Koenig must fight to save Alpha as his people fall under the same fate.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x11_Guardian_Of_Piri
Contact is made with the planet Piri, where the main computer created an idyllic life that led to extinction of its population through apathy. Now John Koenig must fight to save Alpha as his people fall under the same fate.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 26050
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x12 - End Of Eternity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—9 January 1976
While exploring a cavern in an asteroid, the Alphans release Balor, a sadistic alien who has achieved immortality.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x12_End_Of_Eternity
Original Air Date—9 January 1976
While exploring a cavern in an asteroid, the Alphans release Balor, a sadistic alien who has achieved immortality.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 25475
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x13 - Matter Of Life And Death
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—16 January 1976
Dr. Russell's presumed-dead husband mysteriously reappears on a reconnaissance mission to a nearby planet.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x13_Matter_Of_Life_And_Death
Original Air Date—16 January 1976
Dr. Russell's presumed-dead husband mysteriously reappears on a reconnaissance mission to a nearby planet.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 19456
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x14 - Earthbound
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—4 December 1975
A vessel of alien pacifists, bound for Earth, lands on the moon. They are greeted as friends by all- except Commisioner Simmons who sees their vessel as way to return home.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x14_Earthbound
Original Air Date—4 December 1975
A vessel of alien pacifists, bound for Earth, lands on the moon. They are greeted as friends by all- except Commisioner Simmons who sees their vessel as way to return home.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 23952
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x15 - The Full Circle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:09
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—30 January 1976
While exploring an Earth-type world several Alphans, including Commander Koenig and Dr. Russel, disappear after sighting a strange fog. Shortly afterwards a race of primitive humans are encountered.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x15_The_Full_Circle
Original Air Date—30 January 1976
While exploring an Earth-type world several Alphans, including Commander Koenig and Dr. Russel, disappear after sighting a strange fog. Shortly afterwards a race of primitive humans are encountered.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 16496
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x16 - Another Time, Another Place
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:56
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—6 February 1976
A distortion in time produces two separate moons, with two separate Alphas from different eras.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x16_Another_Time,_Another_Place
Original Air Date—6 February 1976
A distortion in time produces two separate moons, with two separate Alphas from different eras.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 24782
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x17 - The Infernal Machine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:09
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—13 February 1976
The Alphans encounter Delmer Plebus Powells Gwent, a huge spacecraft that defies aerodynamics and is an extension of Gwent's genius and ego.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x17_The_Infernal_Machine
Original Air Date—13 February 1976
The Alphans encounter Delmer Plebus Powells Gwent, a huge spacecraft that defies aerodynamics and is an extension of Gwent's genius and ego.
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 24177
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x18 - Ring Around The Moon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 51:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—20 February 1976
Maintenance technician Fred Clifford is possessed by an eerie yellow glow, which ultimately kills him. It transpires that it is coming from a planet called Triton, which captures the Alphans and insists that Helena should become the Eyes of Triton. Before long she is acting just as Fred Clifford did before his death...
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x18_Ring_Around_The_Moon
Original Air Date—20 February 1976
Maintenance technician Fred Clifford is possessed by an eerie yellow glow, which ultimately kills him. It transpires that it is coming from a planet called Triton, which captures the Alphans and insists that Helena should become the Eyes of Triton. Before long she is acting just as Fred Clifford did before his death...
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 14113
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x19 - Missing Link
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—27 February 1976
After Commander Koening's Eagle crashes on the planet Zenno, his soul is captured and scrutinized by a resident alien, due to the fact that we humans appear to be their missing link.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x19_Missing_Link
Original Air Date—27 February 1976
After Commander Koening's Eagle crashes on the planet Zenno, his soul is captured and scrutinized by a resident alien, due to the fact that we humans appear to be their missing link.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 16201
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x20 - The Last Sunset
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—5 March 1976
As the Alphans are planning to explore the planet Ariel, a 'missile' attaches itself to the en route Eagle. Upon returning to Alpha, the 'missile' gives the Alphans a lunar atmosphere. But the joy at the possibility of making a new world out of the Moon is short lived, as the moon does not enter orbit around the planet or its sun, and Alpha faces destruction from the newly acquired lunar air.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x20_The_Last_Sunset
Original Air Date—5 March 1976
As the Alphans are planning to explore the planet Ariel, a 'missile' attaches itself to the en route Eagle. Upon returning to Alpha, the 'missile' gives the Alphans a lunar atmosphere. But the joy at the possibility of making a new world out of the Moon is short lived, as the moon does not enter orbit around the planet or its sun, and Alpha faces destruction from the newly acquired lunar air.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 20383
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x21 - Space Brain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Original Air Date—12 March 1976
Alien hieroglyphics appear on all of Alpha's screens and Koenig sends an Eagle to investigate. The Eagle is lost and the pilot is taken over by a huge, alien 'Space Brain', using him as a channel to make the Alphans do its bidding. Koenig has to destroy it.
http://wn.com/Space_1999_1x21_Space_Brain
Original Air Date—12 March 1976
Alien hieroglyphics appear on all of Alpha's screens and Koenig sends an Eagle to investigate. The Eagle is lost and the pilot is taken over by a huge, alien 'Space Brain', using him as a channel to make the Alphans do its bidding. Koenig has to destroy it.
- published: 02 Sep 2011
- views: 12019
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
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Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This is for my beloved friend, Jackie : ) I LOVE YOU!!!!
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
Check out my instrumental MP music video here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qo8TJwNSkQ
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_1
This is for my beloved friend, Jackie : ) I LOVE YOU!!!!
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
Check out my instrumental MP music video here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qo8TJwNSkQ
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 787379
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:45
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_2
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 543815
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_3
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 484072
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_4
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 401422
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_5
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 468152
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_6
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 369866
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_7
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 363589
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_8
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 434854
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_9
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 396171
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_10
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 378869
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:09
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_11
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 353512
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_12
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 339659
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_13
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 386425
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 14
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
*WARNING: Contains adult content
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_14
*WARNING: Contains adult content
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 439451
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 15
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_15
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 512939
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 16
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_16
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 557282
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 17 (final)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
I hope you enjoyed the movie, Jacks! Thanks for watching everyone : )
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
http://wn.com/Mansfield_Park_1999_PART_17_final
I hope you enjoyed the movie, Jacks! Thanks for watching everyone : )
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 630079
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Akashaganga- 1 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_1_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 70071
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 2 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_2_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 49470
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 3 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_3_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 37103
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 4 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_4_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 27185
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 5 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_5_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 29022
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 6(1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_61999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 24140
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 7 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_7_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 21419
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 8 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_8_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 30485
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 9 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_9_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 21455
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 10 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_10_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 20741
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 11 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_11_1999
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 26967
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 12 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:05
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_12_1999
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 20078
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 13 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:41
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_13_1999
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 21898
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 14 (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_14_1999
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 22310
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 15 (1999) climax
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:11
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
http://wn.com/Akashaganga_15_1999_climax
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 24881
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] - 1](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/R4Qg8QeCWns/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] - 1")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] - 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_1
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 60766
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -2](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/tIdsZ9p34Zk/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -2")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-2
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 37188
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -3](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/szMbJFljbHQ/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -3")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-3
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 51096
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -4](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3hXeptMuR8A/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -4")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-4
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 38450
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -5](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/MFW7GwizGCA/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -5")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-5
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 30578
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -6](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/U63lb1x6PeY/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -6")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-6
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 30044
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -7](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/7sNFiE3Y-D0/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -7")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
.
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-7
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24783
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -8](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pppE8ArvIG0/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -8")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-8
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24001
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -9](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/_uyY3Iy7L6s/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -9")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-9
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 21682
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -10](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ngMb_HieK3U/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -10")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-10
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24514
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -11](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/naoW1VtWSvM/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -11")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-11
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 22630
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -12](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EV1UURtPo5o/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -12")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-12
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 19023
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -13](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/vB1_ipSySgY/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -13")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-13
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 19291
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -14](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/1MkWlOC3mgU/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -14")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -14
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-14
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24411
- author: kiprajodreloaded
![Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -15 climax](http://web.archive.org./web/20121202214622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pUT8zqWMLOE/default.jpg "Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -15 climax")
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -15 climax
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
http://wn.com/Independence_Malayalam_Comedy_Film_1999_-15_climax
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 27090
- author: kiprajodreloaded
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F.I.R - 1 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_1_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 105314
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 2 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_2_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 51775
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 3 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_3_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 56892
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 4 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_4_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 66908
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 5 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_5_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 45065
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 6 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_6_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 41698
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 7 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:37
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_7_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 55352
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 8 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_8_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 40803
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 9 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_9_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 13 Jan 2010
- views: 38063
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 10 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_10_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 13 Jan 2010
- views: 56706
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 11 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_11_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 50588
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 12 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_12_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 32619
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 13 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_13_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 33509
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 14 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_14_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 31510
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 15 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_15_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 34650
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 16 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_16_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 28394
- author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 17 CLIMAX Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
http://wn.com/FIR_17_CLIMAX_Suresh_Gopi_Shaji_Kailas_Cop_Movie_Malayalam_1999
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 37613
- author: kiprajodreloaded
29:04
Space 1999 - Crew Interviews
...
published: 12 Sep 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - Crew Interviews
- published: 12 Sep 2011
- views: 7646
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
52:20
Space 1999 - 1x01 - Pilot - Moonbase Alpha
...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x01 - Pilot - Moonbase Alpha
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 11256
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
52:20
Space 1999 - 1x01 - Breakaway
Original Air Date—17 October 1975
The pilot episode that introduces the main cast and sets...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x01 - Breakaway
Original Air Date—17 October 1975
The pilot episode that introduces the main cast and sets the stage for the series. Located on the moon is Moonbase Alpha, a multinational scientific research facility. One of its duties is to also monitor and coordinate the activities surrounding two large lunar dumping sites where nuclear waste from Earth is disposed of. The Alphans are trying to launch a fast-tracked manned probe to an 'approaching' planet named Meta. The Meta Probe is in jeopardy since two of the mission crew have come down with a mysterious illness. The Alphans tie the illness to the nuclear waste about the time the smaller site unexpectedly explodes. While the Alphans try to avert a similar explosion in the larger waste site, it explodes also, and pushes the Moon out of the Earth's orbit, leaving the Alphans stranded on a moon destined to wander the universe.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 157101
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
49:35
Space 1999 - 1x02 - Force of Life
Original Air Date—24 October 1975
A wandering energy force inhabits the body of Alpha tech...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x02 - Force of Life
Original Air Date—24 October 1975
A wandering energy force inhabits the body of Alpha technician Anton Zoref, turning him into an energy absorbing being.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 46263
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
50:05
Space 1999 - 1x03 - Collision Course
Original Air Date—31 October 1975
After destroying an asteroid on a collision course with ...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x03 - Collision Course
Original Air Date—31 October 1975
After destroying an asteroid on a collision course with the moon, an even larger obstacle appears - an entire planet! On a recon mission, John Koenig encounters an inhabitant who convinces him- on the basis of faith- that the moon and the planet must collide. But no one else supports Koenig's stand.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 39893
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
50:00
Space 1999 - 1x04 - War Games
Original Air Date—7 November 1975
(I re-uploaded this episode because former one is a litt...
published: 23 Dec 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x04 - War Games
Original Air Date—7 November 1975
(I re-uploaded this episode because former one is a little broken.)
Moonbase Alpha is attacked and devastated by warships from a nearby planet. With half of its population dead Alpha can no longer survive. Commander Koenig and Dr. Russel go to the alien world to plead for the survivors, but the inhabitants wish no one to disturb their serene existence.
- published: 23 Dec 2011
- views: 21142
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
50:04
Space 1999 - 1x05 - Deaths Other Dominion
Original Air Date—14 November 1975
On the ice world of Ultima Thule the Alphans encounter ...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x05 - Deaths Other Dominion
Original Air Date—14 November 1975
On the ice world of Ultima Thule the Alphans encounter members of lost earth expedition who have achieved immortality- but at a price!
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 23675
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
49:57
Space 1999 - 1x06 - Voyager's Return
Original Air Date—21 November 1975
The Alphans encounter the Voyager space probe that has ...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x06 - Voyager's Return
Original Air Date—21 November 1975
The Alphans encounter the Voyager space probe that has been wandering the cosmos propelled by the Queller drive- a faulty engine system. Following the probe is a fleet of alien ships from a world devastated by the drive.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 33878
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
50:02
Space 1999 - 1x07 - Alpha Child
Original Air Date—28 November 1975
The Alphan's joy turns to horror when the first child b...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x07 - Alpha Child
Original Air Date—28 November 1975
The Alphan's joy turns to horror when the first child born on the Alpha matures into a five year old in a matter of hours. This is only a prelude to the arrival of formless alien fugitives- who plan to inhabit Alpha's population.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 19761
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
50:07
Space 1999 - 1x08 - Dragon's Domain
Original Air Date—5 December 1975
Discredited eagle pilot Tony Cellini is beset by recurri...
published: 03 Sep 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x08 - Dragon's Domain
Original Air Date—5 December 1975
Discredited eagle pilot Tony Cellini is beset by recurring nightmares in which he was the only survivor of disastrous space mission. Now the moon is approaching the same set of circumstances that Cellini encountered.
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 34088
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
52:13
Space 1999 - 1x09 - Mission Of The Darians
Original Air Date—12 December 1975
The Alphans encounter a miles-long ark from the planet ...
published: 03 Sep 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x09 - Mission Of The Darians
Original Air Date—12 December 1975
The Alphans encounter a miles-long ark from the planet Daria, where the inhabitants have a very distinctive class separation.
- published: 03 Sep 2011
- views: 19928
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
52:13
Space 1999 - 1x10 - Black Sun
Original Air Date—19 December 1975
The moon is approaching a black hole. Professor Bergman...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x10 - Black Sun
Original Air Date—19 December 1975
The moon is approaching a black hole. Professor Bergman is a able to rig up an energy shield around the moonbase, but Commander Koenig feels this is only a desperate measure and has an eagle with six personnel dispatched as the rest of the moonbase await certain death.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 25937
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
52:06
Space 1999 - 1x11 - Guardian Of Piri
Contact is made with the planet Piri, where the main computer created an idyllic life that...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x11 - Guardian Of Piri
Contact is made with the planet Piri, where the main computer created an idyllic life that led to extinction of its population through apathy. Now John Koenig must fight to save Alpha as his people fall under the same fate.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 26050
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
50:00
Space 1999 - 1x12 - End Of Eternity
Original Air Date—9 January 1976
While exploring a cavern in an asteroid, the Alphans rele...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x12 - End Of Eternity
Original Air Date—9 January 1976
While exploring a cavern in an asteroid, the Alphans release Balor, a sadistic alien who has achieved immortality.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 25475
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
Vimeo results:
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
7:57
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. The...
published: 04 Nov 2009
author: The Scout
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. They launched Billykirk from Los Angeles in 1999, learning their craft from a third generation leather maker. A simple leather strap kick started the business, a decade later their collection has flourished into other offerings that consists of bags, belts, shoes, wallets, hats and other accessories. Since expanding and moving their operation to the East, they've employed a group of Amish leather makers to produce much of their line, while wrapping up production in their studio. We visited the brothers over the summer to observe their operation first hand and to discover the beauty behind the process. Photo by Rose Callahan
Visit thescoutmag.com
5:14
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Sho...
published: 04 Feb 2012
author: Wyatt Hodgson
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," an account of the mistreatment of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas)
Audio: "The Holy Egoism of Genius," from the 1999 Art of Noise album The Seduction of Claude Debussy.
3:11
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly f...
published: 27 Sep 2011
author: Cedar Wright
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly forty years. Through his black and white photographs he has documented several generations of Yosemite Climbers. From the StoneMasters to the RockMonkeys Dean has been there to photograph Yosemite history being made. In 1999 Dean began work on his "StoneNudes" project, one of the most unique Art projects the Climbing Community has ever scene. Since then Dean has traveled around the country and the world photographing real rock climbers (both male and female) bouldering naked. Dean believes that both the rock and the human body are sculptures, and that we look both beautiful and natural climbing.
Please visit http://www.stonenudes.com/ to learn more.
Youtube results:
52:12
Space 1999 - 1x13 - Matter Of Life And Death
Original Air Date—16 January 1976
Dr. Russell's presumed-dead husband mysteriously reappea...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x13 - Matter Of Life And Death
Original Air Date—16 January 1976
Dr. Russell's presumed-dead husband mysteriously reappears on a reconnaissance mission to a nearby planet.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 19456
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
49:58
Space 1999 - 1x14 - Earthbound
Original Air Date—4 December 1975
A vessel of alien pacifists, bound for Earth, lands on t...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x14 - Earthbound
Original Air Date—4 December 1975
A vessel of alien pacifists, bound for Earth, lands on the moon. They are greeted as friends by all- except Commisioner Simmons who sees their vessel as way to return home.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 23952
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
50:09
Space 1999 - 1x15 - The Full Circle
Original Air Date—30 January 1976
While exploring an Earth-type world several Alphans, inc...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x15 - The Full Circle
Original Air Date—30 January 1976
While exploring an Earth-type world several Alphans, including Commander Koenig and Dr. Russel, disappear after sighting a strange fog. Shortly afterwards a race of primitive humans are encountered.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 16496
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
49:56
Space 1999 - 1x16 - Another Time, Another Place
Original Air Date—6 February 1976
A distortion in time produces two separate moons, with t...
published: 25 Aug 2011
author: WhiteRaraAvis
Space 1999 - 1x16 - Another Time, Another Place
Original Air Date—6 February 1976
A distortion in time produces two separate moons, with two separate Alphas from different eras.
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 24782
- author: WhiteRaraAvis
7:55
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 1
This is for my beloved friend, Jackie : ) I LOVE YOU!!!!
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" wr...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 1
This is for my beloved friend, Jackie : ) I LOVE YOU!!!!
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
Check out my instrumental MP music video here:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qo8TJwNSkQ
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 787379
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:45
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 2
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 2
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 543815
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:49
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 3
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 3
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 484072
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
6:08
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 4
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 4
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 401422
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:27
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 5
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 5
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 468152
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
6:05
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 6
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 6
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 369866
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
4:49
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 7
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 7
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 363589
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
3:58
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 8
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 8
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 434854
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
4:16
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 9
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 9
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 396171
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:20
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 10
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 10
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 378869
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:09
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 11
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 11
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 353512
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:19
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 12
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 12
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 339659
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:15
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 13
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 13
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 386425
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:08
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 14
*WARNING: Contains adult content
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Pa...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 14
*WARNING: Contains adult content
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 439451
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
Vimeo results:
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
7:57
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. The...
published: 04 Nov 2009
author: The Scout
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. They launched Billykirk from Los Angeles in 1999, learning their craft from a third generation leather maker. A simple leather strap kick started the business, a decade later their collection has flourished into other offerings that consists of bags, belts, shoes, wallets, hats and other accessories. Since expanding and moving their operation to the East, they've employed a group of Amish leather makers to produce much of their line, while wrapping up production in their studio. We visited the brothers over the summer to observe their operation first hand and to discover the beauty behind the process. Photo by Rose Callahan
Visit thescoutmag.com
5:14
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Sho...
published: 04 Feb 2012
author: Wyatt Hodgson
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," an account of the mistreatment of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas)
Audio: "The Holy Egoism of Genius," from the 1999 Art of Noise album The Seduction of Claude Debussy.
3:11
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly f...
published: 27 Sep 2011
author: Cedar Wright
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly forty years. Through his black and white photographs he has documented several generations of Yosemite Climbers. From the StoneMasters to the RockMonkeys Dean has been there to photograph Yosemite history being made. In 1999 Dean began work on his "StoneNudes" project, one of the most unique Art projects the Climbing Community has ever scene. Since then Dean has traveled around the country and the world photographing real rock climbers (both male and female) bouldering naked. Dean believes that both the rock and the human body are sculptures, and that we look both beautiful and natural climbing.
Please visit http://www.stonenudes.com/ to learn more.
Youtube results:
7:04
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 15
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 15
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 512939
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
7:14
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 16
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 16
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 557282
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
5:30
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 17 (final)
I hope you enjoyed the movie, Jacks! Thanks for watching everyone : )
A 1999 film, "Mansf...
published: 12 Dec 2007
author: mansfieldparkmovie
Mansfield Park (1999) - PART 17 (final)
I hope you enjoyed the movie, Jacks! Thanks for watching everyone : )
A 1999 film, "Mansfield Park" written and directed by Patricia Rozema, is inspired by Jane Austen's novel by the same name, Jane Austen herself, and her letters. This movie is perhaps the most experimental Jane Austen adaptation so far - you are in for a surprise.
Starring Frances O'Connor as Fanny Price, Jonny Lee Miller as Edmund Bertram, Embeth Davidtz as Mary Crawford, and Alessandro Nivola as Henry Crawford.
- published: 12 Dec 2007
- views: 630079
- author: mansfieldparkmovie
10:01
Akashaganga- 1 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 1 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 70071
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Akashaganga- 2 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 2 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 49470
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Akashaganga- 3 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 3 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 37103
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Akashaganga- 4 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 4 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 27185
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Akashaganga- 5 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 5 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 29022
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Akashaganga- 6(1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 6(1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 24140
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Akashaganga- 7 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 7 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 21419
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Akashaganga- 8 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 8 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 30485
- author: kiprajodreloaded
2:40
Akashaganga- 9 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 9 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 21455
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:21
Akashaganga- 10 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats w...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 10 (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=AAFEE38FD2A1313F
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 20741
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:54
Akashaganga- 11 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 11 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 26967
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:05
Akashaganga- 12 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 12 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 20078
- author: kiprajodreloaded
9:41
Akashaganga- 13 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 13 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 21898
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:50
Akashaganga- 14 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 14 (1999)
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 22310
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Vimeo results:
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
7:57
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. The...
published: 04 Nov 2009
author: The Scout
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. They launched Billykirk from Los Angeles in 1999, learning their craft from a third generation leather maker. A simple leather strap kick started the business, a decade later their collection has flourished into other offerings that consists of bags, belts, shoes, wallets, hats and other accessories. Since expanding and moving their operation to the East, they've employed a group of Amish leather makers to produce much of their line, while wrapping up production in their studio. We visited the brothers over the summer to observe their operation first hand and to discover the beauty behind the process. Photo by Rose Callahan
Visit thescoutmag.com
5:14
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Sho...
published: 04 Feb 2012
author: Wyatt Hodgson
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," an account of the mistreatment of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas)
Audio: "The Holy Egoism of Genius," from the 1999 Art of Noise album The Seduction of Claude Debussy.
3:11
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly f...
published: 27 Sep 2011
author: Cedar Wright
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly forty years. Through his black and white photographs he has documented several generations of Yosemite Climbers. From the StoneMasters to the RockMonkeys Dean has been there to photograph Yosemite history being made. In 1999 Dean began work on his "StoneNudes" project, one of the most unique Art projects the Climbing Community has ever scene. Since then Dean has traveled around the country and the world photographing real rock climbers (both male and female) bouldering naked. Dean believes that both the rock and the human body are sculptures, and that we look both beautiful and natural climbing.
Please visit http://www.stonenudes.com/ to learn more.
Youtube results:
7:11
Akashaganga- 15 (1999) climax
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie...
published: 15 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Akashaganga- 15 (1999) climax
AAKASHAGANGA
'HORROR'....tats what BANIYAN calls this movie
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 24881
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] - 1
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] - 1
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 60766
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -2
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -2
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 37188
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -3
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -3
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 51096
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -4
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -4
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 38450
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -5
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -5
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 30578
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -6
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -6
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 30044
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:02
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -7
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
....
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -7
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24783
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -8
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
....
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -8
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24001
- author: kiprajodreloaded
3:35
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -9
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
....
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -9
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 21682
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -10
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
....
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -10
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24514
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -11
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -11
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 22630
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -12
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
....
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -12
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
.
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 19023
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -13
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -13
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 19291
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -14
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -14
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 24411
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Vimeo results:
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
7:57
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. The...
published: 04 Nov 2009
author: The Scout
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. They launched Billykirk from Los Angeles in 1999, learning their craft from a third generation leather maker. A simple leather strap kick started the business, a decade later their collection has flourished into other offerings that consists of bags, belts, shoes, wallets, hats and other accessories. Since expanding and moving their operation to the East, they've employed a group of Amish leather makers to produce much of their line, while wrapping up production in their studio. We visited the brothers over the summer to observe their operation first hand and to discover the beauty behind the process. Photo by Rose Callahan
Visit thescoutmag.com
5:14
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Sho...
published: 04 Feb 2012
author: Wyatt Hodgson
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," an account of the mistreatment of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas)
Audio: "The Holy Egoism of Genius," from the 1999 Art of Noise album The Seduction of Claude Debussy.
3:11
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly f...
published: 27 Sep 2011
author: Cedar Wright
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly forty years. Through his black and white photographs he has documented several generations of Yosemite Climbers. From the StoneMasters to the RockMonkeys Dean has been there to photograph Yosemite history being made. In 1999 Dean began work on his "StoneNudes" project, one of the most unique Art projects the Climbing Community has ever scene. Since then Dean has traveled around the country and the world photographing real rock climbers (both male and female) bouldering naked. Dean believes that both the rock and the human body are sculptures, and that we look both beautiful and natural climbing.
Please visit http://www.stonenudes.com/ to learn more.
Youtube results:
8:32
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -15 climax
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7...
published: 20 Oct 2009
author: kiprajodreloaded
Independence- Malayalam Comedy Film [1999] -15 climax
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=3C476748A2B82CE7
- published: 20 Oct 2009
- views: 27090
- author: kiprajodreloaded
9:25
F.I.R - 1 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 1 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 105314
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
F.I.R - 2 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 2 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 51775
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:06
F.I.R - 3 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 3 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 56892
- author: kiprajodreloaded
9:31
F.I.R - 4 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 4 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 66908
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:48
F.I.R - 5 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 5 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 45065
- author: kiprajodreloaded
9:02
F.I.R - 6 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 6 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 41698
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:37
F.I.R - 7 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 7 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 55352
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:54
F.I.R - 8 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 12 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 8 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 12 Jan 2010
- views: 40803
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:48
F.I.R - 9 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 13 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 9 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 13 Jan 2010
- views: 38063
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:57
F.I.R - 10 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 13 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 10 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 13 Jan 2010
- views: 56706
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:53
F.I.R - 11 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 15 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 11 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 50588
- author: kiprajodreloaded
4:32
F.I.R - 12 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 15 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 12 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 32619
- author: kiprajodreloaded
9:48
F.I.R - 13 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 15 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 13 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 33509
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
F.I.R - 14 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 15 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 14 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 31510
- author: kiprajodreloaded
Vimeo results:
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
7:57
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. The...
published: 04 Nov 2009
author: The Scout
Billykirk
Brothers Chris and Kirk Bray have been producing leather goods for the last ten years. They launched Billykirk from Los Angeles in 1999, learning their craft from a third generation leather maker. A simple leather strap kick started the business, a decade later their collection has flourished into other offerings that consists of bags, belts, shoes, wallets, hats and other accessories. Since expanding and moving their operation to the East, they've employed a group of Amish leather makers to produce much of their line, while wrapping up production in their studio. We visited the brothers over the summer to observe their operation first hand and to discover the beauty behind the process. Photo by Rose Callahan
Visit thescoutmag.com
5:14
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Sho...
published: 04 Feb 2012
author: Wyatt Hodgson
Balance Out of Life
Video: Koyaanisqatsi (1982) at 1552% speed. (The year 1552 marks the publication of "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies," an account of the mistreatment of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas)
Audio: "The Holy Egoism of Genius," from the 1999 Art of Noise album The Seduction of Claude Debussy.
3:11
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly f...
published: 27 Sep 2011
author: Cedar Wright
StoneNudes with Dean Fidelman
Dean, "Bullwinkle" Fidelman has been a fixture in the Yosemite climbing scene for nearly forty years. Through his black and white photographs he has documented several generations of Yosemite Climbers. From the StoneMasters to the RockMonkeys Dean has been there to photograph Yosemite history being made. In 1999 Dean began work on his "StoneNudes" project, one of the most unique Art projects the Climbing Community has ever scene. Since then Dean has traveled around the country and the world photographing real rock climbers (both male and female) bouldering naked. Dean believes that both the rock and the human body are sculptures, and that we look both beautiful and natural climbing.
Please visit http://www.stonenudes.com/ to learn more.
Youtube results:
10:01
F.I.R - 15 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 15 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 15 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 34650
- author: kiprajodreloaded
10:01
F.I.R - 16 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 15 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 16 Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 28394
- author: kiprajodreloaded
9:49
F.I.R - 17 CLIMAX Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5...
published: 15 Jan 2010
author: kiprajodreloaded
F.I.R - 17 CLIMAX Suresh Gopi & Shaji Kailas Cop Movie Malayalam (1999)
http://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=19C198E77764A0A5
- published: 15 Jan 2010
- views: 37613
- author: kiprajodreloaded
photo: AP / Lefteris Pitarakis
30 Nov 2012
- For historians, it represents a treasure trove of boundless rewards and an opportunity to revisit some of the most enduring myths about Britain's colonial past. But for some of those still living with the physical and psychological scars, the release of thousands of previously secret government-held documents offers fresh hope of finally gaining a measure of justice for their suffering under British rule ... 1096 Source.. Al Jazeera ... ;">....(size: 22.4Kb)
photo: USAF / Senior Airman Patrice Clarke
02 Dec 2012
There have been "multiple explosions" near an airfield at a US base in eastern Afghanistan, Nato has said. Afghan intelligence officials told the BBC seven suicide attackers targeted the base in Jalalabad, and witnesses said that gunfire was heard ... Counter claims ... There were no Nato casualties in the attack, officials said ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: US NARA
30 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Staring at the quote on the small granite monument which read. "They said to one another, behold here comes the dreamer...Let us slay him...And we shall see what will become of his dreams," I tried to understand that fateful moment when a shot shattered heaven and earth ... Martin Luther King, Jr. Straining my ears, I tried to hear Rev. Abernathy cry out, "Oh my God, Martin's been shot!" ... Dr....(size: 6.5Kb)
photo: AP / Thomas Hartwell
02 Dec 2012
Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi has called a December 15 referendum on a constitution drafted by the Islamist-led assembly. The decree follows mass protests against the country's new constitutional charter. Morsi called the referendum on Saturday after Egypt's assembly handed its final draft of the planned new constitution to the president for final approval. It is now expected to go to a popular referendum within two weeks ... DW.DE ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: UN / David Manyua
01 Dec 2012
The conflict in Syria has now reached "new and appalling heights of brutality and violence", according to the UN secretary-general, while the world body's envoy to Syria has said the country is in danger of becoming "a failed state" ... The fighting has killed about 40,000 people, making it the bloodiest of Arab uprisings that have ousted entrenched leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen since early last year ... 957 Source.. Agencies ... ....(size: 21.8Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
(RUGBY WORLD CUP) Sunday 2 December 2012 ... * Ireland have been in the same pool as Australia on three occasions (1999, 2003 and 2011) ... * Tonga have found New Zealand awaiting them in the pool stages on three occasions (1999, 2003 and 2011). * Wales and Samoa have been drawn in the same pool on three occasions with the Welsh finally discovering that winning formula in 2011 after losses in 1991 and 1999 ... **. distributed by ... (noodl. 16812292) ....(size: 3.6Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
(RUGBY WORLD CUP) Sunday 2 December 2012 ... * Ireland have been in the same pool as Australia on three occasions (1999, 2003 and 2011) ... * Tonga have found New Zealand awaiting them in the pool stages on three occasions (1999, 2003 and 2011). * Wales and Samoa have been drawn in the same pool on three occasions with the Welsh finally discovering that winning formula in 2011 after losses in 1991 and 1999 ... **. distributed by ... (noodl. 16812307) ....(size: 3.6Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
The Philadelphia Eagles announced today that Anne Gordon - the former Managing Editor and Vice President of The Philadelphia Inquirer - will assume the newly created position of Senior Vice President of Media and Communications ... Gordon worked at The Philadelphia Inquirer from 1999 until May of 2007. During that time she was vice president and managing editor from 2002 until 2007 ... She began her career at the Inquirer in 1999 ... (noodl....(size: 4.2Kb)
Empire
02 Dec 2012
Janet Montgomery isn’t having a lot of luck cracking US telly leading status ... Writer/director Gil Junger is squeezing a little more life out of the film (10 Things I Hate About You) he brought to the world back 1999 ... ....(size: 1.1Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
The Pharaoh and the monument from Malmoe. The head to head continues ... Or maybe that's just imagination. A player like Stephan will always shine through. From thoughts to numbers ... Sheva was on 11 goals in the 1999-2000 season (10 in the league and 1 in the Champions League), three strikes away from El Shaarawy. A LOOK BACK. ... (noodl....(size: 2.1Kb)
Sun Sentinel
02 Dec 2012
Statesboro, GA —. For Georgia Southern quarterback Jerick McKinnon, guiding the FCS' No. 1-ranked rushing offense isn't as easy as it looks ... McKinnon was 17 rushing yards short of former Georgia Southern standout Adrian Peterson's school and FCS playoff records set in 1999 and just five yards short of the SoCon single-game rushing record set by Wofford's Eric Breitenstein earlier this season ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
DAYTONA BEACH, Fla. - During Saturday's Jesse Owens Hall of Fame Banquet, Bill Hickman and Len and Karen Krsak were presented with special recognition from USATF President Stephanie Hightower ... He was member of the IAAF Anti-Doping Commission from 1999 until 2003 and has been president of Pacific Northwest Track & Field and served as a member of the USATF Competition Committee and the Law and Legislation Committee ... (noodl....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
West Ham United will host Manchester United in the FA Cup third round. The tie will be played over the weekend of 5/6 January 2013 ... Manchester United have won the competition a record eleven times, lifting the trophy in 1909, 1948, 1963, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1994, 1996, 1999 and 2004 ... Manchester United tasted victory at home in the third round in January 1983 and the sixth round in March 1985....(size: 2.5Kb)
Daily Press
02 Dec 2012
Ramush Haradinaj, a Kosovo Albanian former guerilla commander who served briefly as prime minister, was cleared last week of crimes against humanity in a retrial at the U.N. tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague ... Daily Press Eyewitness ... commission tasked with gathering evidence of alleged war crimes in Syria, having worked between 1999 and 2008 at the U.N.'s tribunal for the former Yugoslavia based in The Hague ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
Mauricio Pellegrino has been sacked as coach of Valencia, the club have confirmed on their Twitter feed ... "We have been exchanging views, and we made the decision to dismiss Mauricio Pellegrino," president Manuel Llorente said ... What is important is to succeed, regardless of the background of the coach." ... He added ... The 41-year-old Argentinian made 140 league appearances for Valencia during a six-year spell from 1999 to 2005....(size: 4.2Kb)
Stars and Stripes
02 Dec 2012
WEST POINT, N.Y. (AP) -- Cadet Chapel, the landmark Gothic church that is a center for spiritual life at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, hosted its first same-sex wedding Saturday ... The two have been together for 17 years. They had a civil commitment ceremony that didn't carry any legal force in 1999 and had long hoped to formally tie the knot ... Cadet Chapel was a more-than-adequate second choice, she said ... J. Wesley Smith ... soil ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
Bloomberg
02 Dec 2012
Delta Air Lines Inc. (DAL), the second- largest U.S. carrier, is in talks to buy part or all of Singapore Airlines Ltd. (SIA)âs 49 percent stake in Virgin Atlantic and gain more access to Londonâs Heathrow airport, according to people familiar with the situation ... Billionaire Richard Branson controls 51 percent of the airline ... Singapore Air paid 600.3 million pounds, or about $961 million today, for its Virgin stake in 1999 ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
Wayne has 100.5 yardage average this year. His career-best was 94.4 in 2007. The only two times in franchise history when a player held a 100.0-yard average were 1999 (Marvin Harrison, 103.9) and 2002 (Harrison, 107.6) ... in club history, but it would tie Harrison's (6, 1999-04) club mark for the most consecutive seasons leading the team....(size: 15.1Kb)
This article is about the year 1999. For the number, see 1999 (number). For other uses, see 1999 (disambiguation).
| 1999 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1960s 1970s 1980s – 1990s – 2000s 2010s 2020s |
| Years: | 1996 1997 1998 – 1999 – 2000 2001 2002 |
| 1999 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1999 MCMXCIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2752 |
| Armenian calendar | 1448 ԹՎ ՌՆԽԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6749 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 155–156 |
| Bengali calendar | 1406 |
| Berber calendar | 2949 |
| British Regnal year | 47 Eliz. 2 – 48 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2543 |
| Burmese calendar | 1361 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7507–7508 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊寅年十一月十四日 (4635/4695-11-14) — to —
己卯年十一月廿四日(4636/4696-11-24) |
| Coptic calendar | 1715–1716 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1991–1992 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5759–5760 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2055–2056 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1921–1922 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5100–5101 |
| Holocene calendar | 11999 |
| Iranian calendar | 1377–1378 |
| Islamic calendar | 1419–1420 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 11 (平成11年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4332 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 88 民國88年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2542 |
| Unix time | 915148800–946684799 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1999 |
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year that started on a Friday (link will display full calendar). In the Gregorian calendar, it was the 1999th year of Anno Domini; the 999th year of the 2nd millennium; and the 99th year of the 20th century. It was also the 10th and last year of the 1990s. The year 1999 was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – The euro is established.
- January 4 – Gunmen open fire on Shia Muslims worshiping in a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 16 and injuring 25.
- January 10
- Sanjeev Nanda kills three policemen in New Delhi with his car, an act for which he was later acquitted, resulting in a sharp drop in public confidence in the Indian legal system.
- The critically acclaimed HBO television series, The Sopranos, would premiere.
- January 20 – The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafes.
- January 21 – In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds (4.3 tons) of cocaine aboard headed for Houston, Texas.
- January 25 – A 6.1 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia, killing at least 1,000.
- January 31 – The popular TV series Family Guy premieres on Fox.
February[link]
- February 2 – Hugo Chávez becomes President of Venezuela.[citation needed]
- February 4 – Unarmed Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race relations in the city.[1]
- February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan dies from cancer, and his son Abdullah II inherits the throne.
- February 10 – Avalanches in the French Alps near Geneva kill at least 10.
- February 11 – Pluto moves along its eccentric orbit further from the Sun than Neptune. It had been nearer than Neptune since 1979, and will become again in 2231.
- February 12 – U.S. President Bill Clinton is acquitted in impeachment proceedings in the United States Senate.
- February 16
- In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov takes place at government headquarters.[2]
- Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrests one of their rebel leaders.
- February 21 – The Albertinkatu shootings in Helsinki, Finland: Three men are killed and 1 wounded at a shooting range.
- February 22 – Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated.
- February 23
- Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
- White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr. by dragging him behind a truck for 2 miles (3 km).
- February 23 – An avalanche destroys the village of Galtür, Austria, killing 31.
- February 24 – LaGrand Case: The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery that led to a death. Karl's brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germany's legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him.
- February 27 – While trying to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon, Colin Prescot and Andy Elson set a new endurance record after being aloft for 233 hours and 55 minutes.
March[link]
- March 1
- March 2 – The brand new Mandalay Bay hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas.
- March 3 – Walter LaGrand is executed in the gas chamber in Arizona.
- March 4 – In a military court, United States Marine Corps Captain Richard J. Ashby is acquitted of the charge of reckless flying which resulted in the deaths of 20 skiers in the Italian Alps, when his low-flying jet hit a gondola cable.
- March 12 – Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic join NATO.
- March 15 – In Brussels, Belgium, the Santer Commission resigns over allegations of corruption.
- March 21
- Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.
- The 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with Shakespeare in Love winning Best Picture.
- March 23 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña.
- March 24
- NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This marks the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country.
- Fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel kills 39 people, closing the tunnel for nearly 3 years.
- March 25 – Enron energy traders allegedly route 2,900 megawatts of electricity destined for California to the town of Silver Peak, Nevada, population 200.
- March 26
- The Melissa worm attacks the Internet.
- A Michigan jury finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man.
- March 27 – Kosovo War: A U.S. F-117 Nighthawk is shot down by Serbian forces.
- March 29 – For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 mark, at 10,006.78.
April[link]
- April 1 – Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, is created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory.
- April 5
- Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 are handed over to Scottish authorities for eventual trial in the Netherlands. The United Nations suspends sanctions against Libya.
- In Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson pleads guilty to kidnapping and felony murder, in order to avoid a possible death penalty conviction for the apparent hate crime killing of Matthew Shepard.
- April 7
- Kosovo War: Kosovo's main border crossings are closed by Serbian forces to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving.
- A bomb explodes at the Valley of the Fallen Church in Spain; GRAPO claims responsibility.
- April 8 – Bill Gates personal fortune exceeds $100 Billion dollars, due to the increased value of Microsoft stock.
- April 9 – Ibrahim Baré Maînassara, president of Niger, is assassinated.
- April 13 – Tercentenary celebrations of the creation of the Sikh Khalsa are held.
- April 14
- Kosovo War: NATO warplanes repeatedly bombed ethic Albanian refugee convoys for two hours over twelve-mile stretch of road after mistaking it for Serbian military trucks between Đakovica and Dečani in western Kosovo, killing at least 73 refugees.
- April 17 – A nail bomb explodes in the middle of a busy market in Brixton, South London.
- April 20 – Columbine High School massacre: Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, open fire on their teachers and classmates, killing 12 students and 1 teacher, and then themselves.
- April 25 – The term of Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman as the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
- April 26
- Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, Sultan of Selangor, becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
- British T.V presenter Jill Dando, 37, is shot dead on the doorstep of her home in Fulham, London.
- April 30
- Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), bringing the total members to 10.
- A third nail bomb (see April 17) explodes in the Admiral Duncan pub in Old Compton Street, Soho, London, killing a pregnant woman and two friends and injuring 70 others, including her husband. This is part of a hate campaign against ethnic minorities and gay people by David Copeland.
May[link]
- May 2 – Norman J. Sirnic and Karen Sirnic are murdered by serial killer Ángel Maturino Reséndiz in Weimar, Texas.
- May 3
- 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak: A devastating tornado, rated F5 on the Fujita scale, slams into Moore, Oklahoma, killing 38 people.
- The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 for the first time, at 11,014.70.
- May 5 – Microsoft releases Windows 98 (Second Edition), from 1998.
- May 6 – Elections are held in Scotland and Wales for the new Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales.
- May 7
- A jury finds The Jenny Jones Show and Warner Bros. liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure, after the show deceived Jonathan Schmitz into appearing on a secret same-sex crush episode.
- Kosovo War: In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese embassy workers were killed and 20 others wounded when a NATO B-2 aircraft mistakenly bombed a Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.
- In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.
- May 8 – Nancy Mace becomes the first female cadet to graduate from The Military College of South Carolina.
- May 12 – David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.
- May 13 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of Italy.
- May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.
- May 19 – Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace is released in theaters. It becomes the highest grossing Star Wars film.
- May 26
- The Indian Air Force launches an attack on intruding Pakistan Army troops and mujahideen militants in Kashmir.
- The first Welsh Assembly in over 600 years opens in Cardiff.
- The 1999 UEFA Champions League Final takes place at the Camp Nou Stadium, Barcelona in which the English side Manchester United defeat German side Bayern Munich 2-1.
- May 27 – The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milošević and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.
- May 28
- Swedish police officers Robert Karlström (30) and Olov Borén (42) are wounded by three bank robbers armed with automatic weapons, and later executed with their own service pistols in Malexander, see Malexander murders.
- After 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is placed back on display in Milan, Italy.
- May 29
- Cathy O'Dowd, a South African mountaineer, becomes the first woman to summit Mount Everest from both the north and south sides.
- Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Fourth Nigerian Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.
- May 30 – Travel Midland Metro enters public service.
June[link]
- June 1
- Napster, a revolutionary music downloading service, debuts.
- American Airlines Flight 1420 overruns the runway in Little Rock, Arkansas killing 11 people.
- June 2 – After decades of fighting off outside technological influences like television, the King of Bhutan allows television transmissions to commence in the Kingdom for the first time, coinciding with the King's Silver Jubilee (see Bhutan Broadcasting Service).
- June 5 – The Islamic Salvation Army, the armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front, agrees in principle to disband in Algeria.
- June 6 – In Brazil, 345 prisoners escape from Putim prison through the front gate.
- June 8 – The government of Colombia announces it will include the estimated value of the country's illegal drug crops, exceeding half a billion US dollars, in its gross national product.
- June 9 – Kosovo War: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.
- June 10 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo
- June 12
- Kosovo War – Operation Joint Guardian/Operation Agricola begins: NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping forces KFOR enter the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
- Texas Governor George W. Bush announces he will seek the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.
- June 14 – Thabo Mbeki is elected President of South Africa.
- June 18 – The J18 international anti-globalization protests are organized in dozens of cities around the world, some of which lead to riots.
- June 19 – Turin, Italy, is awarded the 2006 Winter Olympics.
- June 30 – Twenty-three people die when fire consumes the Sealand Youth Training Center in South Korea.
July[link]
- July 1
- The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Elizabeth II on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.
- Europol (short for European Police Office) the European Union's criminal intelligence agency became fully operational.
- July 2 – Benjamin Nathaniel Smith begins a 3-day killing spree targeting racial and ethnic minorities in Illinois and Indiana.
- July 5 – U.S. Army Pfc. Barry Winchell is bludgeoned in his sleep at Fort Campbell, Kentucky by fellow soldiers; he dies the next day from his injuries.
- July 7 – In Rome, Hicham El Guerrouj runs the fastest mile ever recorded, at 3:43.13.
- July 8 – A major flash flood in Las Vegas swamps hundreds of cars, smashes mobile homes and kills 2 people.
- July 10 – American soccer player Brandi Chastain scores the game winning penalty kick against China in the FIFA Women's World Cup.
- July 11 – India recaptures Kargil, forcing the Pakistan Army to retreat. India announces victory, ending the 2-month conflict.
- July 16 – Off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, a plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. crashes, killing him and his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy and her sister Lauren Bessette.
- July 17 – The official series premiere of the long-running cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants debuts.
- July 20
- Mercury program: Liberty Bell 7 is raised from the Atlantic Ocean.
- Falun Gong is banned in the People's Republic of China under Jiang Zemin.
- July 22 – The first version of MSN Messenger is released by Microsoft.
- July 23
- ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo.
- Mohammed VI of Morocco becomes king upon the death of his father Hassan II.
- July 23–July 25 – The Woodstock 99 festival is held in New York.
- July 25 – Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France.
- July 26 – The last Checker taxi cab is retired in New York City and auctioned off for approximately $135,000.
- July 27 – Twenty-one people die in a canyoning disaster near Interlaken, Switzerland.
- July 31 – NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the lunar surface.
August[link]
- August 7 – Hundreds of Chechen guerrillas invade the Russian republic of Dagestan, triggering a short war.
- August 8 – The first Callatis Festival, the largest music & culture festival in Romania, is held.
- August 9 – Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.
- August 10
- Buford O. Furrow, Jr. wounds 5 and kills 1 during the August 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting.
- The Atlantique Incident occurs as an intruding Pakistan Navy plane is shot down in India. The incident sparks tensions between the 2 nations, coming just a month after the end of the Kargil War.
- August 11
- A total solar eclipse is seen in Europe and Asia.
- Salt Lake City tornado: A very rare F2 tornado strikes Salt Lake City, killing 1.
- August 17 – 1999 İzmit earthquake: A 7.6-magnitude earthquake strikes İzmit and levels much of northwestern Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000. This is the first of a long series of unrelated but frequent earthquakes throughout the world during the years 1999 and 2000.
- August 19 – In Belgrade, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević.
- August 22
- Mandarin Airlines Flight 642 crashes in Hong Kong.
- GPS Week Numbers Reset to 0
- August 30 – East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia in a referendum.
- August 31 – Apple Computer releases the Power Macintosh G4.
September[link]
- September 7
- A magnitude 5.9 earthquake hits Athens, killing 143 and injuring more than 2,000.
- Viacom and CBS merge.
- September 8 – The first of a series of Russian apartment bombings occurs. Subsequent bombings occur on September 13 and 16, while a bombing on September 22 fails.
- September 9 – Sega Dreamcast was released as well as Sonic Adventure.
- September 12 – Under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that he would do so.
- September 14 – Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.
- September 21 – The 921 earthquake, also known as the Jiji earthquake,(magnitude 7.6 on the Richter scale) kills about 2,400 people in Taiwan.
October[link]
- October – NASA loses one of its probes, the Mars Climate Orbiter.
- October 1 – Pudong International Airport opens in Shanghai, China, taking over all international flights to Hongqiao.
- October 5 – Thirty-one people die in the Ladbroke Grove rail crash, west of London, England.
- October 10 – Elections are held in Portugal.
- October 12
- Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attempts to dismiss Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf and install ISI director Ziauddin Butt in his place. Senior Army generals refuse to accept the dismissal. Musharraf, who is out of the country, attempts to return in a commercial airliner. Sharif orders the Karachi airport to not allow the plane to land. The generals lead a coup d'état, ousting Sharif's administration and taking over the airport. The plane lands with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf takes control of the government.
- Date selected by the UN as when the world population reaches 6 billion people.
- October 13 – The United States Senate rejects ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
- October 15 – A National Geographic Society press conference reveals the fossil of Archaeoraptor (which is later found to be a forgery).
- October 27 – Gunmen open fire in the Armenian Parliament, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Parliament Chairman Karen Demirchyan, and 6 other members.
- October 31
- EgyptAir Flight 990, travelling from New York City to Cairo, crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on board. When the pilot leaves the cockpit, the co-pilot causes the Boeing 767 to enter a steep dive, resulting in impact with the Atlantic Ocean.
- Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church leaders sign the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, ending a centuries-old doctrinal dispute over the nature of faith and salvation.
November[link]
- November 6 – Australians defeat a referendum proposing the replacement of The Queen and The Governor General with a President to make Australia a republic.
- November 9 – TAESA Flight 725, covering the route Tijuana–Guadalajara–Uruapan–Mexico City, crashes a few minutes after takeoff from Uruapan International Airport, killing 18 people on board. This event causes the bankruptcy of the Mexican airline a few months later.
- November 12 – A 7.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Duzce and northwestern Turkey, killing 845 and injuring 4,948.
- November 18 – The Aggie Bonfire collapses in College Station, TX, killing 12.
- November 19 – Dr. Jerome Teelucksingh of Trinidad and Tobago proposes that the UN create an International Men's Day, which is now commemorated every year on this same date.
- November 20 – The People's Republic of China launches the first Shenzhou spacecraft.
- November 21 – The film The Wizard of Oz begins its run on cable TV, which continues to this day. On cable it is telecast several times a year, like most other films, rather than being shown only once annually.
- November 26 – An earthquake and tsunami strike Vanuatu.
- November 27 – The left-wing Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand government, with leader Helen Clark becoming the second female Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.
- November 30 – The ExxonMobil Corporation merger is completed, forming the largest company in the world.
December[link]
- December 3
- After rowing for 81 days and 2,962 nautical miles (5486 km), Tori Murden becomes the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone, when she reaches Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.
- NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Polar Lander, moments before the spacecraft enters the Martian atmosphere.
- December 18 – NASA launches into orbit the Terra platform, carrying 5 Earth Observation instruments, including ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS and MOPITT.
- December 20 – The sovereignty of Macau is transferred from the Portuguese Republic to the People's Republic of China after 422 years of Portuguese rule.
- December 22 – Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509, a Boeing 747-200F crashes shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport due to pilot error. All 4 crew members were killed.
- December 26 – Storm Lothar killed 137 people as it crossed France, southern Germany, and Switzerland.
- December 27 – Storm Martin caused damage throughout France, Spain, Switzerland and Italy, including an emergency due to flooding at the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant.
- December 31
- The U.S. turns over complete administration of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian Government, as stipulated in the Torrijos-Carter Treaty of 1977.
- Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting President.
Dates Unknown[link]
- In Cambodia the Khmer Rouge is officially dissolved some time in December.
Births[link]
- January 18 – Karan Brar, American actor
- May 28 – Cameron Boyce, American actor
- June 2 – Madison Leisle, American actress
- July 30 – Joey King, American actress
- August 22 – Dakota Goyo, Canadian actor
- August 28 – Prince Nikolai of Denmark
- October 15 – Bailee Madison, American actress
- November 10 – Kiernan Shipka, American actress
- November 14 – Ellis Hollins, British actor
- September 4 – Ellie Darcey-Alden, British actress
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 1999
January[link]
- January 11
- Fabrizio de André, Italian singer and songwriter (b. 1940)
- Brian Moore, Irish-born writer (b. 1921)
- January 14 – Jerzy Grotowski, Polish theatre director (b. 1933)
- January 21 – Susan Strasberg, American actress (b. 1938)
- January 22 – Graham Staines, Australian missionary (b. 1941)
- January 25 – Robert Shaw, American conductor (b. 1916)
- January 28 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (b. 1918)
- January 31 – Norm Zauchin, American baseball player (b. 1929)
February[link]
- February 1
- Paul Mellon, American philanthropist (b. 1907)
- Barış Manço, Turkish singer and television personality (b. 1943)
- February 5 – Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- February 6
- Jimmy Roberts, American singer (b. 1924)
- Don Dunstan, Australian politician (b. 1926)
- February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan (b. 1935)
- February 8 – Iris Murdoch, Irish author (b. 1919)
- February 9 – Bryan Mosley, English actor (b. 1931)
- February 14 – John Ehrlichman, American Watergate scandal figure (b. 1925)
- February 15
- Henry Way Kendall, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1926)
- Big L, American rapper (b. 1974)
- February 17 – Sunshine Parker, American actor (b. 1927)
- February 18 – Noam Pitlik, American actor and director (b. 1932)
- February 20
- Sarah Kane, English playwright (b. 1971)
- Gene Siskel, American film critic (b. 1946)
- February 21 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1918)
- February 22 – William Bronk, American poet (b. 1918)
- February 24
- Andre Dubus, American short-story writer (b. 1936)
- Virginia Foster Durr, American civil rights activist (b. 1903)
- Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (b. 1916)
- February 25 – Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- February 26 – José Quintero, Panamanian director (b. 1924)
- February 28 – Bill Talbert, American tennis player (b. 1918)
March[link]
- March 1 – Ann Corio, American dancer and actress (b. 1914)
- March 2 – Dusty Springfield, English singer (b. 1939)
- March 3 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- March 4
- Harry Blackmun, American judge (b. 1908)
- Del Close, American actor, writer, and teacher (b. 1934)
- March 5 – Richard Kiley, American actor (b. 1922)
- March 7
- Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (b. 1918)
- Stanley Kubrick, American film director and producer (b. 1928)
- March 8 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (b. 1914)
- March 12 – Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (b. 1916)
- March 13 – Garson Kanin, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1912)
- March 17 – Ernest Gold, Austrian-born composer (b. 1921)
- March 18 – Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
- March 26 – David Holliday, British actor (b. 1937)
- March 29 – Joe Williams, American singer (b. 1918)
- March 31 – Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist and epigrapher (b. 1922)
April[link]
- April 3 – Lionel Bart, English composer (b. 1930)
- April 4 –
- Faith Domergue, American actress (b. 1924)
- Bob Peck, British actor (b. 1945)
- April 10 – Jean Vander Pyl, American television actress (b. 1919)
- April 12 – Boxcar Willie, American country music singer (b. 1931)
- April 14
- Ellen Corby, American actress (b. 1911)
- Anthony Newley, English actor, singer and songwriter (b. 1931)
- April 20
- Rick Rude, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
- Señor Wences, Spanish ventriloquist (b. 1896)
- Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, American students who committed the Columbine High School massacre (both born 1981)
- Rachel Scott, first victim of Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
- Cassie Bernall, victim of Columbine High School massacre (b. 1981)
- William David "Dave" Sanders, sole teacher killed in Columbine High School massacre (b. 1951)
- April 21
- Charles "Buddy" Rogers, American silent film actor (b. 1904)
- April 25
- Lord Killanin, Irish journalist and Olympic official (b. 1914)
- Herman Miller, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1919)
- April 26
- Adrian Borland, British musician and producer (b. 1957) (The Sound)
- Jill Dando, British television journalist (b. 1961)
- April 27
- Al Hirt, American trumpeter and bandleader (b. 1922)
- Cyril Washbrook, English cricketer (b. 1914)
- April 28
- Rory Calhoun, American television and film actor (b. 1922)
- Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1921)
- April 30 – Sir Alf Ramsey, English football manager (b. 1920)
May[link]
- May 2 – Oliver Reed, English actor (b. 1938)
- May 8
- Sir Dirk Bogarde, English actor (b. 1921)
- Dana Plato, American actress (b. 1963)
- May 10
- Shel Silverstein, American author and poet (b. 1930)
- Sir Eric Willis, Australian politician, former Premier of New South Wales (b. 1922)
- May 12 – Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born cartoonist (b. 1914)
- May 13 – Gene Sarazen, American golfer (b. 1902)
- May 17 – Henry Jones, American actor (b. 1912)
- May 18 – Betty Robinson, American athlete (b. 1911)
- May 19 – Alister Williamson, Australian actor (b. 1918)
- May 23
- Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1965)
- John T. Hayward, American admiral (b. 1908)
- May 26 – Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor (b. 1906)
June[link]
- June 5 – Mel Torme, American singer (b. 1925)
- June 6 – Anne Haddy, Australian actress (b. 1927)
- June 9 – Maurice Journeau, French composer (b. 1898)
- June 11 – DeForest Kelley, American actor (b. 1920)
- June 23 – Buster Merryfield, British Actor (b. 1920)
- June 16 – Screaming Lord Sutch, English politician (b. 1940)
- June 25 – Fred Feast, English actor (b. 1929)
- June 27
- Isaac C. Kidd, Jr., American admiral (b. 1919)
- Jorgos Papadopoulos, military ruler of Greece (b. 1919)
- June 29 – Allan Carr, American producer (b. 1937)
July[link]
- July 1
- Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-American film director (b. 1908)
- Guy Mitchell, American singer (b. 1927)
- Sylvia Sidney, American actress (b. 1910)
- July 2 – Mario Puzo, American author (b. 1920)
- July 4 – Jack Watson, English actor (b. 1915)
- July 6
- Carl Gunter Jr, American politician (b. 1938)
- Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (b. 1901)
- July 7 – Julie Campbell Tatham, American writer (b. 1908)
- July 8 – Charles Conrad, American astronaut (b. 1930)
- July 11 – Helen Forrest, American jazz singer (b. 1917)
- July 16 – John F. Kennedy, Jr., American actor and son of John F. Kennedy (b. 1960)
- July 19 – Jerold Wells, English actor (b. 1908)
- July 20 – Sandra Gould, American actress (b. 1916)
- July 23 – King Hassan II of Morocco (b. 1929)
- July 26 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
- July 29
- Anita Carter, American singer (b. 1933)
- Rajendra Kumar, Indian film actor, producer and director (b. 1929)
August[link]
- August 1 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali writer (b. 1897)
- August 3 – Leroy Vinnegar, American musician (b. 1928)
- August 4 – Victor Mature, American actor (b. 1913)
- August 14 – Lane Kirkland, American union leader (b. 1922)
- August 23
- Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (b. 1926)
- James White, Irish writer (b. 1928)
- August 24 – Mary Jane Croft, American actress (b. 1916)
September[link]
- September 5 – Allen Funt, American television personality (b. 1914)
- September 6 – Lagumot Harris, Nauruan politician and former President (b. 1938)
- September 9 – Ruth Roman, American actress (b. 1922)
- September 10 – Alfredo Kraus, Spanish tenor (b. 1927)
- September 12 – Allen Stack, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1928)
- September 14 – Charles Crichton, English film director (b. 1910)
- September 20 – Raisa Gorbachyova, Soviet first lady (b. 1932)
- September 22 – George C. Scott, American actor (b. 1927)
- September 23 – Ivan Goff, Australian screenwriter (b. 1910)
October[link]
- October 6
- Amália Rodrigues, Portuguese Fado legend (b. 1920)
- Gorilla Monsoon, American professional wrestler and announcer (b. 1937)
- October 7 – Helen Vinson, American actress (b. 1907)
- October 8 – John McLendon, American basketball coach (b. 1915)
- October 9
- Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani pioneer in microcredit and microfinance (b. 1914)
- Milt Jackson, American musician (b. 1923)
- October 11 – Rafi' Daham Al-Tikriti, Director of the Iraqi Intelligence Service (b. 1937)
- October 12 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player (b. 1936)
- October 14 – Julius Nyerere, President of Tanzania (b. 1922)
- October 19
- Harry Bannink, Dutch composer and musician (b. 1929)
- James C. Murray, American politician (b. 1917)
- October 20 – Jack Lynch, Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1917)
- October 21
- Lars Bo, Danish artist and writer (b. 1924)
- John Bromwich, Australian tennis player (b. 1918)
- October 24 – John Chafee, American politician (b. 1922)
- October 25 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (b. 1957)
- October 26
- Rex Gildo, German singer (b. 1939)
- Hoyt Axton, American actor and singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
- Abraham Polonsky, American screenwriter and director (b. 1910)
- October 27
- Frank De Vol, American arranger, composer, and actor (b. 1911)
- Robert Mills, American physicist (b. 1927)
- October 31 – Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (b. 1975)
November[link]
- November 1 – Theodore Hall, American physicist and spy (b. 1925)
- November 3 – Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
- November 9 – Mabel King, American actress (b. 1932)
- November 11 – Mary Kay Bergman, American actress (b. 1961)
- November 15 – Gene Levitt, American television writer, producer, and director (b. 1920)
- November 16 – Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1928)
- November 18
- Paul Bowles, American novelist (b. 1910)
- Horst P. Horst, German-American photographer (b. 1906)
- Doug Sahm, American musician (b. 1941)
- November 21 – Quentin Crisp, English writer (b. 1908)
- November 29
- Gene Rayburn, American television personality (b. 1917)
- Iwamoto Kaoru, Japanese professional Go player (b. 1902)
- November 30 – Charlie Byrd, American Jazz musician and classical guitarist (b. 1925)
December[link]
- December 2 – Joey Adams, American comedian (b. 1911)
- December 3
- Scatman John, American musician (b. 1942)
- Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (b. 1918)
- Madeline Kahn, American actress (b. 1942)
- December 4 – Rose Bird, American judge (b. 1936)
- December 8 – Péter Kuczka, Hungarian author (b. 1923)
- December 10 – Rick Danko, Canadian musician (b. 1943)
- December 11 – Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia (b. 1922)
- December 12
- Paul Cadmus, American artist (b. 1904)
- Joseph Heller, American novelist (b. 1923)
- December 17
- Rex Allen, American actor, singer, and songwriter (b. 1920)
- Grover Washington, Jr., American saxophonist (b. 1943)
- December 18 – Robert Bresson, French filmmaker (b. 1901)
- December 19
- Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (b. 1914)
- Robert Dougall, British newsreader (b. 1913)
- December 20
- Irving Rapper, American film director (b. 1898)
- Hank Snow, Canadian musician (b. 1914)
- December 23 – John P. Davies, American diplomat (b. 1908)
- December 24
- Tito Guízar, Mexican singer and film actor (b. 1908)
- Joao Figueiredo, former President of Brazil (b. 1918)
- December 26 – Curtis Mayfield, American musician and composer (b. 1942)
- December 27 – Leonard Goldenson, American television executive (b. 1905)
- December 28 – Clayton Moore, American actor (b. 1914)
- December 30 – Sarah Knauss, American supercentenarian and oldest living person at her death. (b. 1880)
- December 31 – Elliot Richardson, American Attorney General under Richard Nixon (b. 1920)
Date unknown[link]
- Halil-Salim Jabara, Israeli Arab politician (b. 1913)
- Prabhakar Thokal, Indian cartoonist (b. 1927)
- Harold Tamblyn-Watts, British cartoonist (b. 1900)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman
- Chemistry – Ahmed H. Zewail
- Physiology or Medicine – Günter Blobel
- Literature – Günter Grass
- Peace – Médecins Sans Frontières
- Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Robert Mundell
Templeton Prize[link]
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 1999
- Computer/video games:
- Released after 1999 and set in the historical year:
- Silent Scope 2: Dark Silhouette (2000): The first stage takes place in 1999. The remainder of the game is set in 2000.
- Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow (Castlevania series, 2003): Julius Belmont is finally able to defeat Dracula for good and seal away his Castle.
- Released in 1999 and stated to take place in that year:
- Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation (1999) all game takes place on the last days of 1999.
- Released before 1999 and set in the "future" year:
- Smash TV (1990) is set in 1999. The 1991 follow-up, Total Carnage, is based also in 1999 in a war zone similar to the Gulf War.
- Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (1990) is set on December 24, 1999.
- The events of the original Mega Mom video game is set in 1999.
- Chrono Trigger (1995): The apocalyptic Day of Lavos takes place on April 24.
- Released after 1999 and set in the historical year:
- Film:
- Released after 1999 and set in the historical year:
- Blood Diamond (2006)
- Alpha Dog (2006)
- Released in 1999 and stated to take place in that year:
- Entrapment (1999): The film takes place during the week leading up to December 31.
- End of Days (1999): The film involves Satan's plot to conquer the earth on New Year's Eve of '99.
- The Matrix (1999): The year within the Matrix is said to be 1999.
- Fight Club (1999) The year within Fight Club is said to be 1999, just before the beginning of the Millennium.
- Released before 1999 and set in the "future" year:
- Strange Days (1995): The film takes place leading up to New Year's Eve, 1999.
- Class of 1999 II: The Substitute (1994)
- Until the End of the World (1991)
- Class of 1999 (1990)
- Prophecies of Nostradamus (1974)
- Destroy All Monsters (1968)
- 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968): The first scenes of the future take place in the year 1999.
- Released after 1999 and set in the historical year:
- Music:
- Prince's 1982 song "1999" is about "party like it's 1999."
- The Megadeth song "Set the World Afire", from their album So Far, So Good... So What!, contains the line "Distorted figures walk the Earth, it's 1999". The song, which is a protest, against nuclear weapons, was written in 1987, implying that the Earth could be nearly completely devastated by nuclear weapons in 12 years without any action taken against them.
- A song by Huey Lewis and the News called "Back in Time" features the line "Is this the '50s, or 1999?"
- Television:
- Futurama: The series' protagonist, Fry, is accidentally cryogenically frozen on December 31, 1999.
- Dragon Ball Z ("Transformed at Last," October 18, 1999): Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan for the first time in the United States; aired on Toonami, a now-defunct block on Cartoon Network.
- Space: 1999 (1975–1977): A huge explosion sends the Moon hurtling out of Earth's orbit on September 13 (a Friday in the series, but not in reality).
- The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (1982–1983): A huge spaceship appears high above Earth and crashes into an island in the Pacific, triggering a world war.
- Three Super Sentai series — Choujin Sentai Jetman (1991–1992), Chōriki Sentai Ohranger (1995–1996), and Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGo-V (1999–2000) — take place in 1999.
- Hunter x Hunter (TV Anime Series) (1999–2001) Gon Freecs, a young boy, is aiming to become a Hunter to search for his father. He meets some new friends during the Exam, and the struggles he must face on his quest will be beyond anything he's ever imagined.
- In Kamen Rider Kabuto (2006–2007), 1999 is the year in which a meteor strikes the city of Shibuya and also spawns the Worm, an alien race that forms the main antagonist in the series. In the movie based on the show, the meteor was much bigger and also dried up the oceans, resulting in a post-apocalyptic world.
- The Family Guy episode "Da Boom" is set on December 31, 1999.
- In the TV series Quantum Leap (1988–1993), the Quantum Leap project is said to be launched in New Mexico, in 1999.
- The 1996 Doctor Who television movie takes place from December 30, 1999 to January 1, 2000.
References[link]
- ^ The Diallo Verdict: The Overview; 4 Officers in Diallo Shooting Are Acquitted of All Charges The New York Times
- ^ Cummings, Sally N. (2002). Power and change in Central Asia. p. 130.
http://wn.com/1999
Related pages:
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http://es.wn.com/1999
http://ru.wn.com/1999 год
http://cs.wn.com/1999
http://pt.wn.com/1999
http://pl.wn.com/1999
http://hi.wn.com/१९९९
http://it.wn.com/1999
http://id.wn.com/1999
http://nl.wn.com/1999
http://fr.wn.com/1999
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Britney" redirects here. For other uses, see Britney (disambiguation).
| Britney Spears | |
|---|---|
 Spears performing at her Femme Fatale Tour in Europe, 2011 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Britney Jean Spears |
| Born | (1981-12-02) December 2, 1981 (age 30) McComb, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, record producer, author, fashion designer, video director |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | Jive, RCA[1] |
| Associated acts | The New Mickey Mouse Club |
| Website | britneyspears.com britney.com |
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album ...Baby One More Time in 1999, which became the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist.[2] During her first decade in the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s, and became the 'best-selling teen aged artist of all time' before she turned 20,[3] garnering her the honorific title of "Princess of Pop".[4]
In 2001, she released her third studio album Britney and expanded her brand, playing the starring role in the film Crossroads. She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album, In the Zone (2003), which yielded chart-topping singles "Me Against the Music", "Toxic" and "Everytime". After the release of two compilation albums, Spears experienced personal struggles and her career went into hiatus. Her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in 2007 and despite receiving little promotion, it spawned hits "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me". In 2008, her erratic behavior and hospitalizations caused her to be placed in a conservatorship. The same year, her sixth studio album Circus was released, with the global chart-topping lead single "Womanizer", and hits such as "Circus" and "If U Seek Amy". She embarked on her highest-grossing global concert tour,[5] The Circus Starring Britney Spears, in 2009. In October of the same year, she released a chart-topping single, "3", which became her third single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Her seventh studio album Femme Fatale, released in 2011, has become the first of her albums to yield three top ten singles in the United States, "Hold It Against Me", "Till the World Ends" and "I Wanna Go". The same year, she also gained her fifth number one single when she featured on the remix of "S&M" alongside Rihanna.
Spears work has earned her numerous awards and accolades, including a Grammy Award, 6 MTV Video Music Awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award, 9 Billboard Music Awards, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade,[6] and also recognized her as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall.[7] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) also recognized Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 33 million certified albums.[8] Nielsen SoundScan ranked Spears the tenth best-selling digital artist of the country, with more than 28.6 million digital singles as of January 2012.[9] She has sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[10] Rolling Stone recognized her instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time,[11] while VH1 ranked her eleventh on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list in 2012.[12] Forbes also revealed that Spears was the sixth most powerful celebrity, and the third best paid musician of 2011-12, having topped the list back in 2002.[13] In Fall 2012, Spears will serve as a judge in the second season of the American version of The X Factor.[14]
Biography[link]
1981–97: Early life, and career beginnings[link]
Britney Jean Spears was born on December 2, 1981, the second child of Lynne Irene (née Bridges) and James Parnell Spears. She is of English heritage through her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portelli who was born in London, and of distant Maltese and Sicilian (Sicani) descent.[15][16][17] Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn.[18] At age three, she started to attend dance lessons in her hometown of Kentwood, Louisiana, and was selected to perform as a solo artist at the annual recital. During her childhood, she also attended gymnastics and voice lessons, and won many state-level competitions and children's talent shows.[19][20][21] Spears made her local stage debut at age five, singing "What Child Is This?" at her kindergarten graduation. She said about her ambition as a child, "I was in my own world, [...] I found out what I'm supposed to do at an early age".[20] At age eight, Spears and her mother Lynne traveled to Atlanta for an audition in the 1990s revival of The Mickey Mouse Club. Casting director Matt Casella rejected her for being too young to join the series at the time, but introduced her to Nancy Carson, a New York City talent agent. Carson was impressed with Spears's vocals and suggested enrolling her at the Professional Performing Arts School; shortly after, Lynne and her daughters moved to a sublet apartment in New York. Spears was hired for her first professional role as the understudy for the lead role of Tina Denmark in the Off-Broadway musical Ruthless!. She also appeared as a contestant on the popular television show Star Search, as well as being cast in a number of commercials.[22][23] In December 1992, she was finally cast in The Mickey Mouse Club, but returned to Kentwood after the show was canceled. She enrolled at Parklane Academy in nearby McComb, Mississippi. Although she made friends with most of her classmates, she compared the school to "the opening scene in Clueless with all the cliques. [...] I was so bored. I was the point guard on the basketball team. I had my boyfriend, and I went to homecoming and Christmas formal. But I wanted more."[20][24]
In June 1997, Spears was in talks with manager Lou Pearlman to join the female pop group Innosense. Lynne asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures. Rudolph decided he wanted to pitch her to record labels, therefore she needed a professional demo. He sent Spears an unused song of Toni Braxton; she rehearsed for a week and recorded her vocals in a studio with a sound engineer. Spears traveled to New York with the demo and met with executives from four labels, returning to Kentwood the same day. Three of the labels rejected her, arguing that audiences wanted pop bands such as the Backstreet Boys and the Spice Girls, and "there wasn't going to be another Madonna, another Debbie Gibson, or another Tiffany." Two weeks later, executives from Jive Records returned calls to Rudolph.[25] Senior vice president of A&R Jeff Fenster stated about Spears's audition that "It's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal. [...] For any artist, the motivation—the 'eye of the tiger'—is extremely important. And Britney had that."[20] She then sang Houston's "I Have Nothing" (1992) for the executives, and got signed to the label.[26] They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month, who reportedly shaped her voice from "lower and less poppy" delivery to "distinctively, unmistakably Britney."[27] After hearing the recorded material, president Clive Calder ordered a full album. Spears had originally envisioned "Sheryl Crow music, but younger more adult contemporary" but felt all right with her label's appointment of producers, since "It made more sense to go pop, because I can dance to it—it's more me." She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded from March to April 1998, with producers Max Martin, Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub, among others.[20]
[edit] 1998–2000: ...Baby One More Time, and Oops!... I Did It Again
After Spears returned to the United States, she embarked on a shopping mall promotional tour to promote her forthcoming album. Her show was a four song set and she was accompanied by two back up dancers. Her first concert tour followed, as an opening act for 'N Sync.[28] Her debut album, ...Baby One More Time, was released on January 1999.[29] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified two-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America after a month. Worldwide, the album topped the charts in fifteen countries and sold over ten million copies in a year.[30] It became the biggest selling album ever by a teenage artist.[21] The title track was released as the lead single from the album. Originally, Jive Records wanted its music video to be animated; however, Spears rejected it, and suggested the final idea of a Catholic schoolgirl.[27] The single sold 500,000 copies on its first day, and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, topping the chart for two consecutive weeks.[31][32] "...Baby One More Time" later received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.[33] The title track also topped the singles chart for two weeks in the United Kingdom, and became the fastest-selling single ever by a female artist, shipping over 460,000 copies.[34] It would later become the 25th most successful song of all time in British chart history.[35] Spears is also the youngest female artist to have a million seller in the country.[36] "(You Drive Me) Crazy" was released as the third single from the album. It became a top-ten hit worldwide and propelled ...Baby One More Time to sell 26 million copies.[37]
The April 1999 cover of Rolling Stone featured Spears lying on her bed, clad with a bra, shorts and an open top. The American Family Association (AFA) referred to the shoot as "a disturbing mix of childhood innocence and adult sexuality" and called to "God-loving Americans to boycott stores selling Britney's albums." Spears responded to the outcry commenting, "What's the big deal? I have strong morals. [...] I'd do it again. I thought the pictures were fine. And I was tired of being compared to Debbie Gibson and all of this bubblegum pop all the time."[38] Shortly before, Spears had announced publicly she would remain a virgin until marriage.[21] On June 28, 1999, Spears began her first headlining ...Baby One More Time Tour in North America, which was positively received by critics,[39] but generated some controversy due to her racy outfits.[40] An extension of the tour, titled Crazy 2k, followed in March 2000. Spears premiered songs from her upcoming second album during the show.[24]
Oops!... I Did It Again, her second studio album, was released in May 2000. It debuted at number one in the US, selling 1,3 million copies, breaking the SoundScan record for the highest debut sales by any solo artist.[41] The album sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[42] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone said that "the great thing about Oops! – under the cheese surface, Britney's demand for satisfaction is complex, fierce and downright scary, making her a true child of rock & roll tradition."[43] The album's lead single, "Oops!... I Did It Again", peaked at the top of the charts in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and many other European nations.[36][44] The album as well as the title track received Grammy nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, respectively.[45]
The same year, Spears embarked on the Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour, which grossed $40.5 million; she also released her first book, Britney Spears' Heart-to-Heart, co-written with her mother.[21][46] On September 7, 2000, Spears performed at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards. Halfway through the performance, she ripped off her black suit to reveal a sequined flesh-colored bodysuit, followed by heavy dance routine. It is noted by critics as the moment that Spears showed signs of becoming a more provocative performer.[47] Amidst media speculation, Spears confirmed she was dating 'N Sync member Justin Timberlake.[21]
[edit] 2001–03: Britney, Crossroads, and In the Zone
In February 2001, Spears signed a $7–8 million promotional deal with Pepsi, and released another book co-written with her mother, entitled A Mother’s Gift.[21] Her third studio album, Britney, was released in November 2001. While on tour, she felt inspired by hip hop artists such as Jay-Z and The Neptunes and wanted to create a record with a funkier sound.[48] The album debuted at number one in the Billboard 200 and reached top five positions in Australia, the United Kingdom and mainland Europe and sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[36][49][50] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called Britney "the record where she strives to deepen her persona, making it more adult while still recognizably Britney. [...] It does sound like the work of a star who has now found and refined her voice, resulting in her best record yet."[51] The album was honored with two Grammy nominations—Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Overprotected"— and was listed in 2008 as one of Entertainment Weekly's "100 Best Albums from the Past 25 Years".[52][53] The album's first single, "I'm a Slave 4 U", became a top-ten hit worldwide.[54]
Spears's performance of the single at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards featured a caged tiger and a large albino python draped over her shoulders. It was harshly received by animal rights organization PETA, who claimed the animals were mistreated and scrapped plans for an anti-fur billboard that was to feature Spears.[47] To support the album, Spears embarked on the Dream Within a Dream Tour. The show was critically praised for its technical innovations, the pièce de résistance being a water screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage.[55][56] The tour grossed $43.7 million, becoming the second highest grossing tour of 2002 by a female artist, behind Cher's Farewell Tour.[57] Her career success was highlighted by Forbes in 2002, as Spears was ranked the world's most powerful celebrity.[58] Spears also landed her first starring role in Crossroads, released in February 2002. Although the film was largely panned, most critics actually praised Spears's acting.[59][60][61] Crossroads, which had a $11 million budget, went on to gross over $57 million worldwide.[61]
In June 2002, Spears opened her first restaurant, Nyla, in New York City, but terminated her relationship in November, citing mismanagement and "management's failure to keep her fully apprised".[62] In July 2002, Spears announced she would take a six month break from her career; however, she went back into the studio in November to record her new album.[63] Spears' relationship with Justin Timberlake ended after three years. In December 2002, Timberlake released the song "Cry Me a River" as the second single from his solo debut album. The music video featured a Spears look-alike and fueled the rumors that she had been unfaithful to him.[64][65] As a response, Spears wrote the ballad "Everytime" with her backing vocalist and friend Annet Artani.[66] The same year, Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said that he was in a relationship with Spears. However, Spears denied Durst's claims.[67] In a 2009 interview, he explained that "I just guess at the time it was taboo for a guy like me to be associated with a gal like her."[67] Spears opened the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards with Christina Aguilera, performing "Like a Virgin". Halfway through they were joined by Madonna, with whom they both kissed. The incident was highly publicized.[61]
Spears released her fourth studio album, In the Zone, in November 2003. She assumed more creative control by writing and co-producing most of the material.[21] Vibe called it "A supremely confident dance record that also illustrates Spears's development as a songwriter."[68] NPR listed the album as one of "The 50 Most Important Recording of the Decade", adding that "the decade's history of impeccably crafted pop is written on her body of work."[69] In the Zone sold over 609,000 copies in the United States and debuted at the top of the charts, making Spears the first female artist in the SoundScan era to have her first four studio albums to debut at number one.[21] It also debuted at the top of the charts in France and the top ten in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands.[70] In the Zone sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[71] The album produced the hit singles: "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna; "Toxic"—which won Spears her first and only Grammy for Best Dance Recording; "Everytime" and "Outrageous".[21]
[edit] 2004–07: Compilation albums, motherhood, personal struggles, and Blackout
On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Allen Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, stating that Spears "lacked understanding of her actions".[72] She began The Onyx Hotel Tour in support of In the Zone in March 2004.[73] On June 8, 2004, Spears fell and injured her left knee during the music video shoot for "Outrageous". She was taken immediately to a local hospital, where doctors performed an MRI scan and found floating cartilage. The following day, Spears underwent arthroscopic surgery. She was forced to remain six weeks with a thigh brace, followed by eight to twelve weeks of rehabilitation, which caused The Onyx Hotel Tour to be canceled.[74] During 2004, Spears became involved in the Kabbalah Centre through her friendship with Madonna.[75]
In July 2004, she announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time.[21] The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney & Kevin: Chaotic. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement.[76] Shortly after, she released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, Curious, which broke the company's first-week gross for a perfume.[21] In October 2004, Spears announced she would be taking another career break to start a family.[77] Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, her first greatest hits compilation album, was released in November 2004.[78] Spears's cover version of Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative" was released as the lead single from the album, reaching the top of the charts in Finland, Ireland, Italy and Norway.[79] The second single, "Do Somethin'", was a top ten hit in Australia, the United Kingdom and other countries of mainland Europe.[80][81] Worldwide, Greatest Hits: My Prerogative sold over 5 million copies.[82] In late 2004, Spears went on KIIS-FM radio in Los Angeles, CA to play a new demo titled "Mona Lisa." The demo was to be the first single from an upcoming album called the "Original Doll." However, Spears' label later cancelled the album for unknown reasons.[83][84] Spears gave birth to her first child, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005.[85]
In November 2005, she released her first remix compilation, B in the Mix: The Remixes, which consists of eleven remixes.[86] It has sold over 1 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling remix albums of all time.[87] In February 2006, pictures surfaced of Spears driving with her son Sean, on her lap instead of in a car seat. Child advocates were horrified by the photos of her holding the wheel with one hand and Sean with the other. Spears claimed that the situation happened because of a frightening encounter with paparazzi, and that it was a mistake on her part.[21] The following month, she guest-starred on the Will & Grace episode "Buy, Buy Baby" as closeted lesbian Amber Louise.[88] She publicly announced she no longer studied Kabbalah in June 2006, explaining, "my baby is my religion."[75] Two months later, Spears posed nude for the cover of Harper's Bazaar. The picture was heavily compared to Demi Moore's August 1991 Vanity Fair cover.[21] She gave birth to her second child, Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006.[89] On November 7, 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Federline, citing irreconcilable differences.[90] Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a global settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children.[91] Spears's aunt Sandra Bridges Covington, with whom she had been very close, died of ovarian cancer in January.[92] On February 16, 2007, Spears stayed in a drug rehabilitation facility in Antigua for less than a day. The following night, she shaved her head with electric clippers at a hair salon in Tarzana, Los Angeles. She admitted herself to other treatment facilities during the following weeks.[93] After completing a month-long program at Promises, she wrote on her website, "I truly hit rock bottom. Till this day I don't think that it was alcohol or depression. [...] was like a bad kid running around with ADD."[21] In May 2007, she produced a series of promotional concerts at House of Blues venues, titled The M+M's Tour.[94] Spears lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.[95] Also, in 2007 Spears was sued by Louis Vuitton over her 2005 music video "Do Something" for pimping out her Hummer interior in counterfiet Louis Vuitton cherry blossom fabric. Which resulted in her video being banned on European TV stations.[96]
Her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in October 2007. It debuted at the top of charts in Canada and Ireland, number two in the U.S. Billboard 200,—held off from the top spot by Eagles's Long Road out of Eden— France, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom and the top ten in Australia, Korea, New Zealand and many European nations. In the United States, Spears became the only female artist to have her first five studio albums debut at the two top slots of the chart.[97] Blackout sold over 3.1 million copies worldwide.[98] Peter Robinson of The Observer said that "Britney has delivered the best album of her career, raising the bar for modern pop music with an incendiary mix of Timbaland's Shock Value and her own back catalogue."[99] Dennis Lim of Blender commented, "Spears’s fifth studio album is her most consistent, a seamlessly entertaining collection of bright, brash electropop."[100] Blackout won Album of the Year at MTV Europe Music Awards 2008 and was listed as the fifth Best Pop Album of the Decade by The Times.[101][102] Spears performed the lead single "Gimme More" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards. The performance was panned by many critics. David Willis of BBC stated her performance would "go down in the history books as being one of the worst to grace the MTV Awards".[103] Despite the backlash, the single rocketed to worldwide success, peaking at number one in Canada and the top ten in almost every country it charted.[104][105] The second single "Piece of Me" reached the top of the charts in Ireland and reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The third single "Break the Ice" was released the following year and had moderate success due to Spears not being able to promote it properly.[106][107][108] In December 2007, Spears began a relationship with paparazzo Adnan Ghalib.[109]
[edit] 2008–10: Conservatorship, and Circus
On January 3, 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Federline's representatives. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father James Spears and attorney Andrew Wallet, giving them complete control of her assets.[21] Spears was released on February 6, 2008. Her parents expressed disappointment and concern at the decision to release her.[110] The following month, she guest-starred on the How I Met Your Mother episode "Ten Sessions" as receptionist Abby. She received positive reviews for her performance, as well as bringing the series its highest ratings ever.[111][112] In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel.[113] On September 7, 2008, Spears opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a pre-taped comedy sketch with Jonah Hill and an introduction speech. She won Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Video of the Year for "Piece of Me".[114] A 60-minute introspective documentary, Britney: For the Record, was produced to chronicle Spears' return to the recording industry. Directed by Phil Griffin, For the Record was entirely shot in Beverly Hills, Hollywood, and New York City during the third quarter of 2008.[115] Main shooting began on September 5, 2008, two days before Spears' appearance at the MTV Video Music Awards. For the Record was broadcast on MTV on November 30, 2008 to 5.6 million viewers for the two airings on the premiere night. MTV reported that Spears' documentary garnered on average, the highest rating in its Sunday night timeslot, in the network's history.[116]
Her sixth studio album Circus, was released in December 2008. It received positive reviews from critics; according to the music review aggregation of Metacritic, it garnered an average score of 64/100.[117] Circus debuted at number one in Canada, Czech Republic and the United States, and inside the top in many European nations.[105][118] In the United States, Spears became the youngest female artist to have five albums debut at number one, earning a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.[119] She also became the only act in the Soundscan era to have four albums debut with 500,000 or more copies sold.[118] Circus became one of the fastest-selling albums of the year,[120] and has sold 4 million copies worldwide.[121][122] Its lead single, "Womanizer", became her first number one in the Billboard Hot 100 since "...Baby One More Time" and topped the charts in countries such as Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway and Sweden.[123][124] It was also nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Dance Recording.[125] In January 2009, Spears and her father James obtained a restraining order against her former manager Sam Lufti, ex-boyfriend Adnan Ghalib and attorney Jon Eardley—all of whom, court documents claim, had been conspiring to gain control of Spears's affairs. The restraining order forbids Lutfi and Ghalib from contacting Spears or coming within 250 yards of her, her property or family members.[126] Spears embarked on The Circus Starring Britney Spears in March 2009. With a gross of U.S. $131.8 million, it became the fifth highest grossing tour of the year.[127]
She released her second greatest hits album, The Singles Collection in November 2009. "3" became her third number one single in the US, and was the first song to debut at the top of the charts in three years.[128] Later that month, she released an application for iPhone and iPod Touch titled "It's Britney!".[129] In May 2010, Spears's representatives confirmed she was dating her agent Jason Trawick, and that they had decided to end their professional relationship to focus on their personal relationship.[130] Spears designed a limited edition clothing line for Candie's, which was released in stores in July 2010.[131] On September 28, 2010, she made a cameo appearance on a Spears-themed tribute episode of American TV show Glee, titled "Britney/Brittany". Spears approved of the episode, although her appearances received mixed reviews from critics.[132][133] The episode drew Glee's second largest audience, as well as the show's highest ratings ever.[134][135]
[edit] 2011–present: Femme Fatale and The X Factor
In March 2011, Spears released her seventh studio album Femme Fatale.[136] Max Martin and Dr. Luke executive produced the album and the album's first single "Hold It Against Me". The single debuted at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100. This gave Spears her fourth number-one single on the chart, and made her only the second artist in history to have two consecutive singles debut at number-one, after Mariah Carey.[137] The album peaked at number one in the United States (selling 276,000 copies in its first week), Canada, and Australia, and peaked inside the top ten on nearly every other chart. The album's peak in the United States ties Britney with Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson for the third-most number ones among women.[138] As of March 9, 2012, Femme Fatale has sold 883,000 copies in the United States and 2.2 million worldwide and has been certified platinum by the RIAA.[139][140] The album received positive critical reviews after its release, receiving a score of 67 on Metacritic, her highest critical score since Oops!... I Did It Again, with many critics naming the album one of Spears's best.[141] In April 2011, Spears appeared in a remix to the song "S&M" by Rihanna after Rihanna asked her fans via Twitter who they wanted her to collaborate with.[142] The song reached number one in the US in mid-April 2011, giving Spears her fifth number one on the chart.[143] In early May, Spears' second single from Femme Fatale, "Till The World Ends", reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and had ninety-eight million audience impressions on the Billboard chart, granting Spears the highest weekly audience of her 13-year chart career.[144]
Femme Fatale's third single "I Wanna Go" reached the top forty on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 2011. Among females in the last thirteen years, Spears now has the third-most top forty hits, with twenty-one.[145] In August, the single managed to reach the top-ten on the Billboard Hot 100, which is the first time for Spears to have three songs from one album in the top-ten.[146] On the week ending September 24, 2011, "I Wanna Go" moved 2–1 on the mainstream top 40, becoming her sixth number-one on that chart (making her tied for third all-time) and her first number-one and third top-ten pop song for Femme Fatale.[147] Spears now has the longest span of number ones on the mainstream top 40, with a length of twelve years, seven months, and four days.[147] In October 2011, the music video for Femme Fatale's fourth single "Criminal" caused controversy when British politicians criticized Spears for using replica guns while filming the video in an area of London that had been badly affected by the 2011 England riots. Members of the Hackney London Borough Council felt Spears "promoted gun violence" and suggested that Spears apologize and make a donation to a Hackney charity.[148] Spears's management briefly responded, stating, "The video is a fantasy story featuring Britney's boyfriend, Jason Trawick, which literally plays out the lyrics of a song written three years before the riots ever happened."[149] Later that month, due to her continued popularity, Spears became the seventh artist to gain one billion cumulative views on her Vevo account.[150] On Billboard's 2011 Year-End list, Spears was fourteen on the Artists of the Year,[151] due to being 32 on Billboard 200 artists and 10 on Billboard Hot 100 artists.[152][153] Additionally, many critics, including those at Rolling Stone, named "Till the World Ends" one of the best songs of 2011.[154][155][156]
On March 2011, Spears announced that she would tour throughout the United States during summer 2011.[157] The Femme Fatale Tour opened June 16 at the Power Balance Pavilion in Sacramento, California[158] to positive reviews.[159] Many critics noted that Spears sang more of the concert live in response to lip-synching accusations during The Circus Starring Britney Spears, and that the dancing is some of her best in years.[159] The first ten US dates of the tour grossed $6.2 million, landing the fifty-fifth spot on Pollstar's Top 100 North American Tours list for the half-way point of the year.[160] The tour ended on December 10, 2011 in Puerto Rico after 79 performances.[161] A concert special of the tour was filmed in 2D and 3D in Canada on August 13 and 14. It premiered on November 12 on Epix, receiving mixed reviews.[162][163][164][165] It was released to DVD on November 21[166][167] and sold 19,000 copies, debuting at no. 2 on the US Billboard DVD Chart behind Lady Gaga's The Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden.[168] Since its release, the DVD has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),[169] and Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).[170]
On June 15, 2011, it was announced by Billboard that the RCA/Jive Label Group would be splitting, with Jive Records being fully moved under RCA Records staying intact. In August it was announced that Spears had officially joined the RCA's roster.[171][172] During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2011, MTV played tribute to Spears with a group of young female dancers that memorialised Britney's music videos, performances, and style. Following which, Spears accepted the MTV Video Vanguard Award from Lady Gaga, who said that "industry wouldn't be the same without [her]".[173][174] On September 9, 2011, Spears announced her second remix album, B in the Mix: The Remixes Vol. 2, which was released on October 7, along with the tracklist.[175] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Spears (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release her future material on the RCA Records brand.[176][177]
On December 16, Spears confirmed her engagement to her long-time boyfriend Jason Trawick, her former agent.[178] Spears revealed her three-carat diamond ring at a party in Las Vegas on December 17.[179] According to Joe Riccitelli, the executive vice president of promotion for RCA Records, Spears would be taking time off during 2012.[180] However, on January 30, 2012, will.i.am confirmed that he recorded a track with Spears, set to be included on his upcoming fourth studio album, #willpower (2012).[181] It was also reported that Simon Cowell was in talks with Spears for her to join the new season of the The X-Factor.[182] According to Billboard and The Hollywood Reporter, Trawick negotiated Spears' contract with the show,[183] which was later approved by conservatorship judge Reva Goetz.[184] Cowell and the producers of the show agreed to pay the singer $15 million for season two, and also added Trawick as a one of the producers for the season.[185] The rumor was later confirmed to be true.[14][186][187] Spears also teamed up with Hasbro to release an exclusive version of Twister Dance, which will include a remix of "Till the World Ends".[188] The singer also participated on a commercial, which was directed by Ray Kay, to promote the game.[188]
Artistry[link]
Musical style, and performance[link]
Following her debut, Spears was credited with leading the revival of teen pop in the late 1990s. The Daily Yomiuri reported that "[m]usic critics have hailed her as the most gifted teenage pop idol for many years, but Spears has set her sights a little higher-she is aiming for the level of superstardom that has been achieved by Madonna and Janet Jackson."[189] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone wrote: "Britney Spears carries on the classic archetype of the rock & roll teen queen, the dungaree doll, the angel baby who just has to make a scene."[190] Rami Yacoub who co-produced Spears's debut album with lyricist Max Martin, commented, "I know from Denniz Pop and Max's previous productions, when we do songs, there's kind of a nasal thing. With N' Sync and the Backstreet Boys, we had to push for that mid-nasal voice. When Britney did that, she got this kind of raspy, sexy voice."[191] Following the release of her debut album, Chuck Taylor of Billboard observed, "Spears has become a consummate performer, with snappy dance moves, a clearly real-albeit young-and funkdified voice ... "(You Drive Me) Crazy", her third single ... demonstrates Spears's own development, proving that the 17-year-old is finding her own vocal personality after so many months of steadfast practice."[192] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic referred to her music as a "blend of infectious, rap-inflected dance-pop and smooth balladry."[193] Spears later commented, "With ...Baby One More Time, I didn't get to show my voice off. The songs were great, but they weren't very challenging".[194]
Oops!...I Did It Again and subsequent albums saw Spears working with several contemporary R&B producers, leading to "a combination of bubblegum, urban soul, and raga."[195] Her third studio album, Britney derived from the teen pop niche, "[r]hythmically and melodically ... sharper, tougher than what came before. What used to be unabashedly frothy has some disco grit, underpinned by Spears' spunky self-determination that helps sell hooks that are already catchier, by and large, than those that populated her previous two albums."[196] Guy Blackman of The Age wrote that while few would care to listen to an entire Spears album, "[t]he thing about Spears, though, is that her biggest songs, no matter how committee-created or impossibly polished, have always been convincing because of her delivery, her commitment and her presence. For her mostly teenage fans, Spears expresses perfectly the conflicting urges of adolescence, the tension between chastity and sexual experience, between hedonism and responsibility, between confidence and vulnerability."[197]
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Spears possesses a soprano[203] vocal range; her vocal ability however has been criticized, often drawing unfavorable comparison to her pop rival, Christina Aguilera.[204] Critic Allan Raible derides her overdependence in Circus on digital effects and the robotic effect it creates. "She’s never been a strong vocalist..." writes Raible, "Could she handle these songs with stripped down arrangements and no vocal effects? More importantly, would anyone want to hear her attempt such a performance? Does it matter? No. The focus is still image over substance."[205] Her image and persona are also often contrasted to Christina Aguilera. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly observed "Christina Aguilera may flash skin and belly button, but in her music and manner, she's too eager not to offend — she's a good girl pretending to be bad. Spears, however, comes across as a bad girl acting good ... Spears' artificial-sweetener voice is much less interesting than the settings, yet that blandness is actually a relief compared with Aguilera's numbing vocal gymnastics.[206] In contrast, Allmusic comments: "Like her peer Christina Aguilera, Britney equates maturity with transparent sexuality and the pounding sounds of nightclubs ... Where Christina comes across like a natural-born skank, Britney is the girl next door cutting loose at college, drinking and smoking and dancing and sexing just a little too recklessly, since this is the first time she can indulge herself.[207] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine notes, "The disparity between Aguilera and Spears can't be measured solely by the timbre and octave range of their voices ... [Aguilera's] popularity has never reached the fever pitch of Britney's."[208]
It has been widely reported that Spears lip-syncs in concert. Author Gary Giddins wrote in his book Natural selection: Gary Giddins on comedy, film, music, and books (2006) that "among many other performers accused of moving their lips while a machine does the labor are Britney Spears, Luciano Pavarotti, Shania Twain, Beyoncé, and Madonna."[209] Rashod D. Ollison of The Baltimore Sun observes: "Many pop stars ... feel they have no choice but to seek vocal enhancement. Since the advent of MTV and other video music channels, pop audiences have been fed elaborate videos thick with jaw-dropping effects, awesome choreography, fabulous clothes, marvelous bodies. And the same level of perfection is expected to extend beyond the video set to the concert stage. So if Britney Spears, Janet Jackson or Madonna sounds shrill and flat without a backing track, fans won't pay up to $300 for a concert ticket."[210] Giddins adds, "it was reported Britney Spears fans prefer her to lip-sync—despite her denials of doing so (contradicted by her own director)—because they expect flawless digitalization when they pay serious money for a concert."[209]
In Australia, NSW Fair Trading Minister Virginia Judge has advised disclaimers be printed on any ticket for concerts which contain any prerecorded vocals. She commented: "There could have been some instances where people actually go and purchase a ticket thinking that they're going to have a live performance ... for some people that means that everything is live, it's fresh, it happens instantaneously, it's not something that's been pre-recorded. You want to make sure that they're actually paying for what they think they're getting."[211] Noting on the prevalence of lip-syncing, Los Angeles Daily News reported "in the context of a Britney Spears concert, does it really matter? Like a Vegas revue show, you don't go to hear the music, you go for the somewhat-ridiculous spectacle of it all".[212] Similarly, Aline Mendelsohn of the Orlando Sentinel remarked: "Let's get one thing straight: A Britney Spears concert is not about the music ... you have to remember that it's about the sight, not the sound."[213] Critic Glenn Gamboa comments her concert tours are "like her life—a massive money-making venture designed to play up her talents and distract from her shortcomings with a mix of techno-tinged sex appeal and disco-flavored flash. And, like her life, it is, more or less, a success.[214]
Influences[link]
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Madonna (left) and Janet Jackson (right) are Spears's two biggest influences.
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Throughout her career, Spears has drawn frequent comparisons to Madonna and Janet Jackson, in terms of vocals, choreography and stage presence, citing both as influences in her work. She has also named Michael Jackson as a source of inspiration.[215] According to Spears: "I know when I was younger, I looked up to people... like, you know, Janet Jackson and Madonna. And they were major inspirations for me. But I also had my own identity and I knew who I was, you know."[216] In the 2002 book Madonnastyle by Carol Clerk, she is quoted saying: "I have been a huge fan of Madonna since I was a little girl. She's the person that I've really looked up to. I would really, really like to be a legend like Madonna."[217]
Many critics have argued that Spears should not be considered in the same league of talent as Jackson or Madonna. Journalists Erika Montalvo and Jackie Sheppard of the Rocky Mountain Collegian observed "[s]ome may argue that Spears is not only a good recording artist but also an important cultural icon."[218] However, in examining her level of skill as an artist, it is questioned that "[a]lthough she has been classified among female elites such as Janet Jackson and Madonna, what does Ms. Spears really have in common with these divas of rock?"[218] Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe remarked that "[t]hirteen costume changes in 90 minutes won't bless her with Madonna's intelligence or cultural barometer. An army of cutting-edge R&B producers won't supply her with Janet Jackson's sense of humor or sincere smile ... Britney's heroes aren't great singers. But they're real singers. Spears sounds robotic, nearly inhuman, on her records, so processed is her voice by digital pitch-shifters and synthesizers."[219]
Reporter Ed Bumgardner commented her transition from teen pop start to adult sex symbol with her third studio album Britney "takes its cues from two other successful performers—Madonna and Janet Jackson—both of whom she brazenly rips off and both of whom, like Spears, are passable singers, at best."[220] Critic Shane Harrison wrote: "From the minimalist thump and "Nasty" feel of "I'm a Slave 4 U" to the scattered quotes in "Boys", [Britney] feels like [Spears's] attempt at 'Control'."[215]
Citing Jackson's resolve to incorporate personal and social issues into her work and Madonna's ability to constantly redefine the boundaries of socially acceptable material in the industry, Spears's catalog ultimately pales in comparison, because "[w]hile Jackson and Madonna wrote their own music about subjects of importance, [Spears's] music sounds like an upbeat version of either, 'I want to grow up but the media won't let me,' or 'Here kitty, kitty, I'm wearing my underwear outside of my leather pants'-type ballads."[218] In contrast, Guy Blackman argues that although "no one would argue that Spears is some kind of pioneering pop auteur, there’s still a lot to like about her back catalogue. During her world-conquering peak, she was just about as cutting edge as you could get in the world of global pop superstardom. Spears didn’t just work with big names, she gave big names their names, and maintained her high currency in the world’s most fickle industry for years, when most aspiring starlets are lucky to manage months."[197]
After meeting Spears face to face, Janet Jackson stated: "she said to me, 'I'm such a big fan; I really admire you.' That's so flattering. Everyone gets inspiration from some place. And it's awesome to see someone else coming up who's dancing and singing, and seeing how all these kids relate to her. A lot of people put it down, but what she does is a positive thing."[221] Madonna's respect for Spears has also been a subject of observation. Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003 (2004) note that the most well known cross-generational relationship exists between Spears and Madonna in which "the entertainment newsmedia almost became obsessed with their relationship of mutual admiration."[222] The biographers also report "[s]ome observers of popular culture, however, feel that the comparisons between the two artist are meaningless and fail to recognize Madonna's unique contribution: Madonna was never 'just another pop star' whereas Britney can more easily be seen as a standard manufactured pop act."[222]
Legacy[link]
Spears became an international pop culture icon immediately after launching her recording career. Rolling Stone magazine wrote: "One of the most controversial and successful female vocalists of the 21st century," she "spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop ... Spears early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that broke the bank".[223] She is listed by the Guinness World Records as having the "Best-selling album by a teenage solo artist" for her debut album ...Baby One More Time which sold over thirteen million copies in the United States.[224] Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times-Dispatch reported, "She's also marked for being the best-selling teenage artist. Before she turned 20 in 2001, Spears sold more than 37 million albums worldwide".[225] As of 2011, she has sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[10] She was also ranked as the fourth VH1's "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era" show list, ahead of most of her contemporaries and only behind veterans like Madonna, Janet Jackson, and Whitney Houston.[226] Spears is also recognized as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall.[7] In December 2009, Billboard magazine ranked Spears the 8th Artist of the 2000s decade in the United States.[6]
Spears is also known for her iconic performances and music videos.[227] The music video for her debut single, "...Baby One More Time", was ranked number one on TRL's Final Countdown of the most iconic music videos.[228] On the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, before performing "Oops!... I Did It Again", the singer appeared behind a backlit screen, and descended a spiral staircase and started performing "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", while wearing a tuxedo.[229] After performing a shortened version of the track, she tore the tuxedo off, revealing a skin-tight flesh-coloured outfit.[230] The following year, Spears performed her single "I'm a Slave 4 U". Jocelyn Vena of MTV summarized the performance, saying, "draping herself in a white python and slithering around a steamy garden setting – surrounded by dancers in zebra and tiger outfits – Spears created one of the most striking visuals in the 27-year history of the show."[231] She also duetted "The Way You Make Me Feel" with pop singer Michael Jackson on his 30th anniversary concert a few days earlier.[232] During the opening of the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27, 2003, Spears joined Madonna, Christina Aguilera, and Missy Elliott.[233] Halfway through the performance, Madonna kissed Spears and Aguilera on the lips.[234] The kiss between Spears and Madonna generated strong reaction from the media.[235] This performance was listed by Blender magazine as one of the twenty-five sexiest music moments on television history.[236] MTV listed the performance as the number-one opening moments in the history of MTV Video Music Awards.[237] In 2011, Spears was honored with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, for having made a profound effect on the MTV culture.[238]
Barbara Ellen of The Observer has reported: "Spears is famously one of the 'oldest' teenagers pop has ever produced, almost middle aged in terms of focus and determination. Many 19-year-olds haven't even started working by that age, whereas Britney, a former Mouseketeer, was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena — a child with a full-time career. While other little girls were putting posters on their walls, Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall. Whereas other children develop at their own pace, Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry".[239] In 2011, Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly commented on the cultural significance of Spears' voice and music. "We don't ask a whole lot from Britney Spears as an entertainer...we'll still send her straight up the charts simply because she's Britney. She's an American institution, as deeply sacred and messed up as pro wrestling or the filibuster. Musically, though, Spears will always have to measure up to her own gold standards of pop euphony: the operatic slither of 2004's 'Toxic' and the candied funk of 2000's 'Oops!...I Did It Again.' Spears is no technical singer, that's for sure. But backed by Martin and Dr. Luke's wall of pound, her vocals melt into a mix of babytalk coo and coital panting that is, in its own overprocessed way, just as iconic and propulsive as Michael Jackson's yips or Eminem's snarls."[240] 'Britney Spears' was Yahoo!'s most popular search term between 2005 and 2008, and has been in a total of seven different years.[241] Spears was named as Most Searched Person in the Guinness World Records book edition 2007 and 2009.[242] She was later named as the most searched person of the decade 2000 - 2009.[243] Spears is the most followed person on Google's social network, Google+. Reaching 100,000 in under two months of the sites launch, quadrupling the amount within 10 days. By November she had over 760,000 followers,[244] and by the end of December 2011, Spears became the first person to reach over 1 million followers.[245]
Spears has been cited as a musical inspiration by contemporary artists. Gwyneth Paltrow's character on 2010 drama film Country Strong was inspired on the singer's public meltdown. According to film director Shana Fest, "that's where this movie came from. I mean, I was seeing what was happening in the media to Britney Spears. I think it's tragic how we treat people who give us so much, and we love to see them knocked down to build them back up again, to knock them down again."[246] Nicki Minaj has cited Spears as a major influence on her career, and commented, "the fact that she came back out with just so much fire inspires me, and it inspires young women and people all over the world. It just inspires you. A lot of my fans feel like they are the underdog and feel like they are the people who aren’t ever accepted for themselves, or who are laughed at or poked fun at forever. It just goes to show that once you keep at whatever it is you’re doing, people may not like you, people may not love you, but they will have to respect you at the end of the day. And that respect is all that matters."[247] Lana Del Rey revealed that she is compelled by Spears in an interview with MTV, saying, "I'm not really interested in a ton of female musicians but there is something about Britney that compelled me – the way she sings and just the way she looks."[248] Del Rey also said that the "Toxic" music video is a main inspiration of her work.[249] During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Lady Gaga said that Spears "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[238] Miley Cyrus credits Spears as her biggest inspiration, and has referenced the singer in her hit song "Party in the U.S.A." (2009).[250][251] Spears' personal breakdown was also cited as an inspiration for Barry Manilow's album "15 Minutes".[252]
Spears has also become a major influence among many new artists, including Demi Lovato,[253] Katy Perry,[253] Kristinia DeBarge,[254] Little Boots,[255] Marina and the Diamonds,[256] Pixie Lott,[257] and Selena Gomez & the Scene.[258] In 2007, Beyoncé Knowles also expressed her love for Spears in an interview with TRL Italy, saying, "I love Britney, I'm a fan of hers. I like her new album ['Blackout']."[259] Fergie of The Black Eyed Peas revealed to The Hollywood Reporter that she was happy with Spears' return to the music industry, and continued, "It's amazing. For this many years being in the business, and everything she's been through, it's wonderful to see her make this huge of a comeback. Really, it's a beautiful thing."[260] Simon Cowell explained that he is "fascinated by [Britney]. The fact that she’s one of the most talked about – not just pop stars – but people in the world today, means that you’ve got this star power. [...] She’s still hot, she’s still having hit records and she’s still controversial, there’s a reason for that."[182] Bebo Norman wrote a song about Spears, called "Britney", which was released as a single. Boy band Busted also wrote a song about Spears called "Britney", which was on their debut album. South Korean KPop singer, BoA has also spoken of love and Spears' influence on her. First meeting in 2003 while Spears was promoting "In The Zone" - Britney would later provide a writing credit to the song, Look Who's Talking, on BoA's eponymous debut English album. Spears' version of the song leaked in 2012.[261][262] Richard Cheese called Britney Spears "a remarkable recording artist" and also went on to say that she was "versatile" and what the industry calls an "artist". People magazine and MTV reported that October 1, 2008, the Bronx's John Philip Sousa Middle School, named their music studio in honor of Britney Spears.[263] Spears herself was present during the ceremony and donated $10,000 to the school's music program.[264]
Personal life[link]
In 1998, Spears entered a relationship with fellow pop singer Justin Timberlake, with whom she had worked on the New Mickey Mouse Club in 1993 and 1994. The relationship ended abruptly in March 2002 after reports of infidelity, however, both parties stated that the split was due to "conflicting schedules".[265] The breakup influenced the lyrics and themes of their songs, "Everytime" and "Cry Me a River." In June 2011, Timberlake stated that he had not spoken with Spears in 9 years, and that their relationship had no chance of surviving the long term.[266] On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, Spears stating she "lacked understanding of her actions to the extent that she was incapable of agreeing to the marriage".[72]
In July 2004, she announced her engagement to American dancer, Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney & Kevin: Chaotic, and received intense media attention. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6, 2004 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement.[76] With Federline, Spears had two children, sons, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005, and Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006.[85][89] She filed for divorce from Federline on November 7, 2006, citing irreconcilable differences.[90] Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children.[91] However, due to Spears' erratic behavior (including her shaving her head bald).[267]in the following year, she lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.[95] After a visit with her children on the night of January 3, 2008, Spears refused to give up her sons to Federline's representatives and locked herself in a bathroom. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was, again, committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father, James Spears, giving him complete control of her assets.[21] In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel.[113] And in September 2009, Spears and Federline agreed on sharing 50/50 of the children[268]
On September 2011 Spears' former bodygaurd Fernando Flores persued a $10 million sexual harassment suit, also, citing alleged child abuse against her two sons.[269]
On December 16, 2011, Spears confirmed her engagement to her boyfriend, Jason Trawick.[270] Spears revealed her three-carat diamond ring at a party in Las Vegas on December 17.[179]
Other ventures[link]
In 2000, the singer released a limited edition of glasses titled Shades of Britney.[271] In 2001, Spears signed a deal with shoe company Skechers,[272] and a $7–8 million promotional deal with Pepsi, their biggest entertainment deal at the time.[273] Aside from numerous commercials with the latter during that year, she also appeared in a 2004 Pepsi television commercial in the theme of "Gladiators" with singers Beyoncé Knowles, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias.[274] On June 19, 2002, she released her first multi-platform video game, Britney's Dance Beat, which received positive reviews.[275] In March 2009, Spears was announced as the new face of clothing brand Candie's.[276] Dari Marder, chief marketing officer for the brand, explained why they choose the singer, saying, "everybody loves a comeback and nobody's doing it better than Britney. She's just poised for even greater success."[276] In 2010, Spears designed a limited edition line for the brand, which was released in stores in July 2010.[131] In 2011, she teamed up with Sony, Make Up For Ever and PlentyofFish to release her music video for "Hold It Against Me", earning her $500,000 for the product placement.[277]
Spears range of commercial deals and products also includes beauty care products and perfumes. She released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, Curious in 2004, which broke the company's first-week gross for a perfume.[21] By 2009, she had released seven more fragrances, which earned her the recognition of the best-selling celebrity fragrance line on the market. The singer's Elizabeth Arden scents make up 34% of celebrity fragrance sales.[278] In 2010, Spears released her eighth fragrance, Radiance. In March 2011, company Brand Sense filed a lawsuit against Spears and Elizabeth Arden seeking $10 million in damages, claiming that the singer and her father, Jamie, allegedly stopped paying their thity-five percent commission that was agreed as part of the contract terms.[279] In July 2011, a Los Angeles judge denied the request by the company lawyers, claiming the fact that Spears is still under conservatorship.[280] Brand Sense, however, stated that they would appeal the decision.[280] In 2011, Radiance was re-issued in a new fragrance titled Cosmic Radiance.[281] Worldwide, Spears has sold over one billion bottles in only five years, which earned her an estimated $1.5 billion.[282] By the time of Mother's Day in 2012, Fantasy, her second fragrance released back in 2006, was among the top three best selling fragrances of the year's first quarter.[283]
Philanthropy[link]
The singer founded The Britney Spears Foundation, a charitable entity set up to help children in need. The philosophy behind the Foundation was that music and entertainment has a healing quality that can truly benefit these kid.[284] The Foundation also supported the annual Britney Spears Camp for the Performing Arts, where campers had the opportunity to explore and develop their talents.[285] In April 2002, through the efforts of Spears and The Britney Spears Foundation, a grant of $1 million was made to the Twin Towers Fund to support the children of uniformed service heroes affected by the disaster of September 11, 2001, including New York City Fire Department and its Emergency Medical Services Command, the New York City Police Department, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the New York State Office of court Administration and other government offices.[286] However, it was reported in 2008 that the Foundation had a deficit of $200,000.[287] After the singer went through conservatorship, her father and lawyer Andrew Wallet zeroed out the effort, leading to its closure in 2011.[288]
On October 30, 2001, Spears, alongside Bono and other popular recording artists under the name "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide", released a single titled "What's Going On", with the intention to benefit AIDS programs in Africa and other impoverished regions.[289] In the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2006, Spears donated $350,000 to Music Rising.[290] Later in 2011, the singer raised $200,000 during An Evening of Southern Style at a private residence in Beverly Hills to benefit the St. Bernard Project, with the help of several celebrities, including Hilary Duff, Selena Gomez, Kelly Osbourne, Kellan Lutz and Kim Kardashian.[291] Spears has also helped several charities during her career, including Madonna's Kabbalah-based Spirituality for Kids,[292] cancer charity Gilda's Club Worldwide,[293] Promises Foundation, and United Way[disambiguation needed ], with the latter two focused on giving families from various disadvantaged situations new hope and stable foundations for the future.[290]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Britney Spears discography and Britney Spears videography
- ...Baby One More Time (1999)
- Oops!... I Did It Again (2000)
- Britney (2001)
- In the Zone (2003)
- Blackout (2007)
- Circus (2008)
- Femme Fatale (2011)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Britney Spears filmography
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Longshot | Flight attendant | Cameo appearance |
| 2002 | Austin Powers in Goldmember | Herself | Cameo appearance |
| 2002 | Crossroads | Lucy Wagner | Teen Choice Award for Best Actress Drama/Action Adventure Teen Choice Award for Best Chemistry (with Anson Mount) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress Nominated—Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Dressed |
| 2004 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Herself | Cameo appearance Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress |
| Year | Title | Character |
|---|---|---|
| 1993–1994 | The Mickey Mouse Club | Various Roles (Series regular) |
| 1999 | The Famous Jett Jackson | Herself |
| 1999 | Sabrina the Teenage Witch | Herself |
| 1999 | The Famous Jett Jackson | Herself |
| 1999 | Kenan & Kel | Herself |
| 1999 | Médico de familia | Herself |
| 1999 | Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree | Herself |
| 2000 | The Simpsons | Herself |
| 2000 | Saturday Night Live | Herself |
| 2002 | Stages: Three Days in Mexico | Herself |
| 2002 | Robbie the Reindeer in Legend of the Lost Tribe | Donner (voice) |
| 2002 | Saturday Night Live | Herself (host) |
| 2003 | Punk'd | Herself |
| 2004 | Britney & Kevin: Chaotic | Herself |
| 2006 | Will & Grace | Amber-Louise (1 episode) |
| 2008 | How I Met Your Mother | Abby (2 episodes) |
| 2008 | Britney: For the Record | Herself |
| 2010 | Glee | Herself |
| 2012 | The X Factor | Judge |
| 2012 | The Pauly D Project | Herself (1 episode) |
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Britney Spears concert tours
- ...Baby One More Time Tour (1999–2000)
- Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour (2000–01)
- Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001–02)
- The Onyx Hotel Tour (2004)
- The M+M's Tour (2007)
- The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009)
- Femme Fatale Tour (2011)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Britney Spears |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Britney Spears products
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
Notes[link]
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- ^ Folkard, Claire (2003). Guinness World Records 2003. Bantam Books. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-553-58636-7.
- ^ Ruggieri, Melissa (2000-12-19). "Music Notes". Richmond Times-Dispatch: pp. D.13
- ^ Often referred to in interviews, cover stories and promotional material as the new 'princess of pop' Susan Hopkins (2002), Girl Heroes: The New Force In Popular Culture, University of Michigan Press, p. 60
- ^ Esmailian, Ani (2010-05-21). "15 Most Profitable Female Tours Ever". Hollyscoop. DNA Group. http://www.hollyscoop.com/music/madonna/15-most-profitable-female-tours-ever_2133.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
- ^ a b "Artists of the Decade". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/features/artist-of-the-decade-1004053060.story. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ^ a b Grein, Paul (2009-05-29). "Chart Watch Extra: The Top 20 Album Sellers Of The 2000s". Yahoo! Music. Yahoo!. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/34074/chart-watch-extra-the-top-20-album-sellers-of-the-2000s. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ^ "RIAA — Gold & Platinum — May 3, 2010". Recording Industry Association of America. Mitch Bainwol. 2010. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ^ "The Nielsen Company & Billboard's 2011 Music Industry Report" (Press release). Business Wire. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. http://www.webcitation.org/64TshZep3.
- ^ a b Moodie, Clemmie (2011-11-03). "Britney Spears pictured backstage at Rock Of Ages with Shane Ward". Daily Mirror (UK: Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/britney-spears-pictured-backstage-at-rock-89309. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
- ^ "The Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments - Britney Spears". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-top-25-teen-idol-breakout-moments-20120511/britney-spears-2000-19691231. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
- ^ Graham, Mark (2012-02-13). "VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music (Complete List)". VH1. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. http://www.webcitation.org/65vGgxvII.
- ^ "The World's Most Powerful Celebrities". Forbes. 2012-05-16. http://www.forbes.com/celebrities/#p_1_s_d2_Musicians_. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ a b "The X Factor New Judges". TheXFactorUSA.com. 2012-05-14. http://www.thexfactorusa.com/articles/the-x-factor-new-judges. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
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- ^ Thomas, Liz (2008-09-17). "Exclusive: First photos of Britney Spears' newly-discovered British family". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1056674/EXCLUSIVE-First-photos-Britney-Spears-newly-discovered-British-family.html. Retrieved 2010-06-04.
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 4
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 211
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 56
- ^ a b c d e Daly, Steven (1999-04-15). "Cover Story: Britney Spears: Britney Spears : Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Reporter, Staff (2008-07-31). "Britney Spears' Biography ". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195283,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 75
- ^ Laufenberg 2005, p. 616
- ^ a b Mundy, Chris (2000-05-25). "Cover Story: The Girl Can't Help It". Rolling Stone. ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ Hughes 2005, p. 145
- ^ Taylor, Chuck (1998-10-24). "Air Waves: Jive's Britney Spears Sets Top 40 Abuzz With Rhythm-Leaning 'Baby One More Time'". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc.) 110 (43). ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=JQoEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&lr&hl=en&rview=1&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
- ^ a b Hughes 2005, p. 147
- ^ Blandford 2002, p. 28
- ^ "Britney Spears, Teen Queen: Rolling Stone's 1999 Cover Story". Rolling Stone. 2011. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/britney-spears-teen-queen-rolling-stones-1999-cover-story-20110329. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ Blandford 2002, p. 30
- ^ Blandford 2002, p. 29
- ^ Bronson 2003, p. 377
- ^ "Rock On The Net: 42nd Annual Grammy Awards – 2000". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. RockOntheNet.com. 2010. http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2000/grammys.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ "Record-Breakers and Trivia". Everyhit.com. 2010. http://everyhit.com/record4.html. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ "Best Selling Singles Of All Time". Everyhit.com. 2010. http://everyhit.com/bestsellingsingles.html. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ a b c "Britney Spears ". The Official Charts Company. 2010. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/BRITNEY%20SPEARS/. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis (2008-11-27). "Britney Spears: Circus". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/nov/28/britney-spears-circus.
- ^ Blandford 2002, p. 36
- ^ Stevenson, Jane (1999-07-10). "Spears takes aim at fame". Jam!. Quebecor Inc.. http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/S/Spears_Britney/1999/07/10/749831.html. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
- ^ Blandford 2002, p. 38
- ^ Skanse, Richard (2000-05-25). "Oops!...She Sold 1.3 Million Albums: Britney Spears". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ Staff, Michael (2010-05-20). "Oops! Week: 10 Fun Facts". BritneySpears.com Brandcasting Unlimited. Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20100606172346/http://www.britneyspears.com/2010/05/oops-week-10-fun-facts.php. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ Sheffield, Rob (2000-06-08). "Britney Spears: Oops!...I Did It Again : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ "ultratop.be — Britney Spears — Oops!... I Did It Again:". Ultratop. Hung Medien. http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Britney+Spears&titel=Oops!...+I+Did+It+Again&cat=s. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ "Rock On The Net: 43nd Annual Grammy Awards – 2001". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. RockOntheNet.com. 2010. http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2001/grammys.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ "Britney Spears on 100 Top Celebrities". Forbes. 2000. http://www.forbes.com/finance/lists/53/2001/LIR.jhtml?passListId=53&passYear=2001&passListType=Person&uniqueId=PREW&datatype=Person. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ a b Montgomery, James (2007-09-06). "Britney Spears' Greatest VMA Hits: Barely There Costumes, Giant Snakes And A Scandalous Lip-Lock". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1568995/20070906/spears_britney.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ Moss, Corey (2001-10-25). "Britney Says Britney Reflects Who Britney Is". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1450334/20011024/spears_britney.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ "Britney sold over 12 million copies worldwide". Live Nation. 2010. http://www.store.livenation.com/Product.aspx?cp=13281_16771_16305_16306&pc=MUDD413. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "ultratop.be — Britney Spears — Britney". Ultratop. Hung Medien. http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Britney+Spears&titel=Britney&cat=a. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2001). "Britney > Overview". Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r556064. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
- ^ "Rock On The Net: 45nd Annual Grammy Awards – 2001". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. RockOntheNet.com. 2010. http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2003/grammys.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ "The New Classics: Music". Entertainment Weekly. 2010. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20207076_20207387_20207337,00.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ "ultratop.be — Britney Spears — I'm a Slave 4 U". Ultratop. Hung Medien. http://www.ultratop.be/en/showitem.asp?interpret=Britney+Spears&titel=I%27m+A+Slave+4+U&cat=s. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ McHugh, Catherine (2002-07-01). "Britney's Big Splash". Live Design. Penton Media. http://livedesignonline.com/mag/britneys_big_splash/index.html?smte=wr. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
- ^ Singlerland, Amy L. (2002-08-01). "Singin' in the Rain". Live Design. Penton Media. http://livedesignonline.com/mag/lighting_singin_rain/index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
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- ^ Critchell, Samantha (2012-05-10). "A-list status isn't enough to drive perfume sales". AP Newswire. http://ap.stripes.com/dynamic/stories/U/US_FASHION_CELEB_FRAGRANCES?SITE=DCSAS&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-05-10-16-27-24. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ "THE BRITNEY SPEARS FOUNDATION: HELPING CHILDREN IN NEED". BritneySpears.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20041102011049/http://www.britneyspears.com/foundation-bsf.php. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "THE BRITNEY SPEARS CAMP FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS". BritneySpears.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20041025234104/http://www.britneyspears.com/foundation-camp.php. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "THE BRITNEY SPEARS FOUNDATION: MISSION STATEMENT". BritneySpears.com. Archived from the original on 2004-11-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20041018091735/http://britneyspears.com/foundation-mission.php. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Friedman, Roger (2008-07-22). "Britney Spears' $200G Deficit". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,388104,00.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Friedman, Roger (2011-07-21). "Britney Spears Zeroes Out Her Charitable Foundation: It’s Over". Showbiz 411. http://www.showbiz411.com/2011/07/21/britney-spears-zeroes-out-her-charitable-foundation-its-over. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide's New Superstar Version of Marvin Gaye's 'What's Going On' in Stores Tuesday, October 30". Hope for African Children. 2001-10-29. http://www.hopeforafricanchildren.org/New/Press/pr_103001.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ a b "Britney Spears Charity Work, Events and Causes". Look to the Stars. http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/29-britney-spears. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears Raises $200,000 For Hurricane Katrina Charity". Starpulse. 2011-05-13. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2011/05/13/britney_spears_raises_200000_for_hurri. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Friedman, Roger (2008-06-19). "Britney Spears' Charity in the Red". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,368961,00.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears Donates $50,000 To Cancer Charity". Softpedia. 2005-07-14. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Britney-Spears-Donates-50-000-To-Cancer-Charity-4759.shtml. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
References[link]
- Blandford, James R. (2002). Britney. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-7119-9419-5.
- Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7677-2.
- Hughes, Mark (2005). Buzzmarketing: get people to talk about your stuff. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59184-092-3.
- Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). Entertainment Celebrities. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5335-8.
- Spears, Lynne; Craker, Lorilee (2008). Through the Storm: A Real Story of Fame and Family in a Tabloid World. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-1-59555-156-6.
Further reading[link]
- Dennis, Steve (2009). Britney: Inside the Dream. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-731751-6.
- Peters, Beth (1999). True Brit: The Story of Singing Sensation Britney Spears. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-43687-0.
- Scott, Kieran (2001). I was a Mouseketeer!. Disney Press. ISBN 978-0-7868-4470-8.
- Smith, Sean (2006). Britney The Unauthorized Biography of Britney Spears. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-44077-6.
- Spears, Britney (2000). Britney Spears's Heart to Heart. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80701-9.
- Stevens, Amanda (2001). Britney Spears: the illustrated story. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7867-7.
External links[link]
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- Official website
- Britney Spears at the Internet Movie Database
- Britney Spears at AllRovi
- Britney Spears at Allmusic
- Works by or about Britney Spears in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Britney Spears on Facebook
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Spears, Britney |
| Alternative names | Spears, Britney Jean |
| Short description | American musician, singer, songwriter, actress, author |
| Date of birth | December 2, 1981 |
| Place of birth | McComb, Mississippi, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Jackie Chan | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Jackie Chan at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. |
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| Chinese name | 成龍 (Traditional) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese name | 成龙 (Simplified) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Pinyin | Chéng Lóng (Mandarin) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Jyutping | Sing4 Lung4 (Cantonese) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Birth name | Chan Kong-sang 陳港生 (Traditional) 陈港生 (Simplified) Chén Gǎngshēng (Mandarin) Can4 Gong2 Sang1 (Cantonese) |
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| Ancestry | Linzi, Shandong, China | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Origin |  British Hong Kong |
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| Born | (1954-04-07) 7 April 1954 (age 58) Victoria Peak, Hong Kong |
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| Other name(s) | 房仕龍 (Fong Si-lung) 元樓 (Yuen Lou) 大哥 (Big Brother) |
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| Occupation | Actor, martial artist, director, producer, screenwriter, action choreographer, singer, stunt director, stunt performer | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genre(s) | Cantopop, Mandopop, Hong Kong English pop, J-pop | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Years active | 1962–present | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse(s) | Lin Feng-jiao (1982–present) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | Jaycee Chan (born 1982) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Parents | Charles and Lee-Lee Chan | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Influences | Bruce Lee Buster Keaton Harold Lloyd |
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Awards
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Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE[1] (born Chan Kong-sang, 陳港生; 7 April 1954) is a Hong Kong-born Chinese[2] stuntman, actor, and director whose perilous acrobatic stunts and engaging physical humour made him an action-film star in Asia and helped to bring kung fu movies into the mainstream of American cinema. In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts. Jackie Chan has been acting since the 1960s and has appeared in over 100 films.
Chan has received stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame. As a cultural icon, Chan has been referenced in various pop songs, cartoons, and video games. An operatically trained vocalist, Chan is also a Cantopop and Mandopop star, having released a number of albums and sung many of the theme songs for the films in which he has starred. In addition to acting, Chan pursued a career in the Hong Kong music industry, releasing a number of original albums beginning in 1984. He founded the Jackie Chan Charitable Organization in 1998, which, among other projects, offers scholarships to Hong Kong youths, and he worked as a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Chan was born on 7 April 1954, in Hong Kong, China as Chan Kong-sang, to Charles and Lee-Lee Chan, refugees from the Chinese Civil War. He was nicknamed Paopao (Chinese: 炮炮, literally meaning "Cannonball") because the high-energy child was always rolling around.[3] Since his parents worked for the French Consul in Hong Kong, Chan spent his formative years within the grounds of the consul's residence in the Victoria Peak district.[4]
Chan attended the Nah-Hwa Primary School on Hong Kong Island, where he failed his first year, after which his parents withdrew him from the school. In 1960, his father immigrated to Canberra, Australia, to work as the head cook for the American embassy, and Chan was sent to the China Drama Academy, a Peking Opera School run by Master Yu Jim-yuen.[4][5] Chan trained rigorously for the next decade, excelling in martial arts and acrobatics.[6] He eventually became part of the Seven Little Fortunes, a performance group made up of the school's best students, gaining the stage name Yuen Lo in homage to his master. Chan became close friends with fellow group members Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao, the three of them later to be known as the Three Brothers or Three Dragons.[7]
At the age of 8, he appeared with some of his fellow "Little Fortunes", in the film Big and Little Wong Tin Bar (1962), with Li Li Hua playing his mother. Chan appeared with Li again the following year, in The Love Eterne (1963) and had a small role in King Hu's 1966 film, Come Drink with Me.[8] In 1971, after an appearance as an extra in another Kong Fu film, A Touch of Zen, Chan began his adult career in the film industry, initially signing to Chu Mu's Great Earth Film Company.[9] At the age of 17, he worked as a stuntman in the Bruce Lee films Fist of Fury and Enter the Dragon under the stage name Chan Yuen Lung (Chinese: 陳元龍).[10] He received his first starring role later that year, in Little Tiger of Canton, which had a limited release in Hong Kong in 1973.[11] Due to the commercial failures in his early ventures into films and trouble finding stunt work, in 1975 Chan starred in a comedic adult film, All in the Family, which features Jackie Chan's first and possibly only nude sex scene filmed to date. It is also the only film he has made to date that did not feature a single fight scene or stunt sequence.[12]
Chan joined his parents in Canberra in 1976, where he briefly attended Dickson College and worked as a construction worker.[13] A fellow builder named Jack took Chan under his wing, earning Chan the nickname of "Little Jack" which was later shortened to "Jackie" and the name Jackie Chan stuck with him ever since.[14] In addition, in the late 90s, Chan changed his Chinese name to Fong Si-lung (Chinese: 房仕龍), since his father's original surname was Fong.[14]
Film career[link]
Early exploits: 1976–1979[link]
File:Jackie Chan Fist.JPG
Jackie Chan began his film career as a stuntman in the Bruce Lee films Fist of Fury (1972) and Enter the Dragon (1973, pictured).
In 1976, Jackie Chan received a telegram from Willie Chan, a film producer in the Hong Kong film industry who had been impressed with Jackie's stuntwork. Willie Chan offered him an acting role in a film directed by Lo Wei. Lo had seen Chan's performance in the John Woo film Hand of Death (1976) and planned to model him after Bruce Lee with the film New Fist of Fury.[9] His stage name was changed to Sing Lung (Chinese: 成龍, also transcribed as Cheng Long,[15] literally "become the dragon") to emphasise his similarity to Bruce Lee, whose stage name was Lei Siu-lung (Chinese: 李小龍, meaning "Little Dragon"). The film was unsuccessful because Chan was not accustomed to Lee's martial arts style. Despite the film's failure, Lo Wei continued producing films with similar themes, resulting in little improvement at the box office.[16]
Chan's first major breakthrough was the 1978 film Snake in the Eagle's Shadow, shot while he was loaned to Seasonal Film Corporation under a two-picture deal.[17] Under director Yuen Woo-ping, Chan was allowed complete freedom over his stunt work. The film established the comedic kung fu genre, and proved to be a breath of fresh air for the Hong Kong audience.[18] Chan then starred in Drunken Master, which finally propelled him to mainstream success.[19]
Upon Chan's return to Lo Wei's studio, Lo tried to replicate the comedic approach of Drunken Master, producing Half a Loaf of Kung Fu and Spiritual Kung Fu.[14] He also gave Chan the opportunity to co-direct The Fearless Hyena with Kenneth Tsang. When Willie Chan left the company, he advised Jackie to decide for himself whether or not to stay with Lo Wei. During the shooting of Fearless Hyena Part II, Chan broke his contract and joined Golden Harvest, prompting Lo to blackmail Chan with triads, blaming Willie for his star's departure. The dispute was resolved with the help of fellow actor and director Jimmy Wang Yu, allowing Chan to stay with Golden Harvest.[17]
Success of the action comedy genre: 1980–1987[link]
File:Jcpmall.JPG
The film Police Story, nicknamed "Glass Story" for its stunt work, is set in a modern period.
Willie Chan had become Jackie's personal manager and firm friend, and has remained so for over 30 years. He was instrumental in launching Chan's international career, beginning with his first forays into the American film industry in the 1980s. His first Hollywood film was Battle Creek Brawl in 1980. Chan then played a minor role in the 1981 film The Cannonball Run, which grossed US$100 million worldwide. Despite being largely ignored by audiences in favour of established American actors like Burt Reynolds, Chan was impressed by the outtakes shown at the closing credits, inspiring him to include the same device in his future films.
After the commercial failure of The Protector in 1985, Chan temporarily abandoned his attempts to break into the US market, returning his focus to Hong Kong films.[16]
Back in Hong Kong, Chan's films began to reach a larger audience in East Asia, with early successes in the lucrative Japanese market including The Young Master (1980) and Dragon Lord (1982). The Young Master went on to beat previous box office records set by Bruce Lee and established Chan as Hong Kong cinema's top star. With Dragon Lord, he began experimenting with elaborate stunt action sequences,[20] including a pyramid fight scene that holds the record for the most takes for a single scene with 2900 takes,[21] and the final fight scene where he performs various stunts, including one where he does a back flip off a loft and falls to the lower ground.[22]
Chan produced a number of action comedy films with his opera school friends Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao. The three co-starred together for the first time in 1983 in Project A, which introduced a dangerous stunt-driven style of martial arts that won it the Best Action Design Award at the third annual Hong Kong Film Awards.[23] Over the following two years, the "Three Brothers" appeared in Wheels on Meals and the original Lucky Stars trilogy.[24][25] In 1985, Chan made the first Police Story film, a US-influenced action comedy in which Chan performed a number of dangerous stunts. It was named the "Best Film" at the 1986 Hong Kong Film Awards.[26] In 1987, Chan played "Asian Hawk," an Indiana Jones-esque character, in the film Armour of God. The film was Chan's biggest domestic box office success up to that point, grossing over HK $35 million.[27]
Acclaimed sequels and Hollywood breakthrough: 1988–1998[link]
File:Jackie Chan in Rumble in the Bronx.jpg
Chan in his Hollywood breakthrough film Rumble in the Bronx.
In 1988 Chan starred alongside Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao for the last time to date, in the film Dragons Forever. Hung co-directed with Corey Yuen, and the villain in the film was played by Yuen Wah, both of whom were fellow graduates of the China Drama Academy.
In the late 1980s and early 90s, Chan starred in a number of successful sequels beginning with Police Story 2, which won the award for Best Action Choreography at the 1989 Hong Kong Film Awards. This was followed by Armour of God II: Operation Condor, and Police Story 3: Super Cop, for which Chan won the Best Actor Award at the 1993 Golden Horse Film Festival. In 1994, Chan reprised his role as Wong Fei-hung in Drunken Master II, which was listed in Time Magazine's All-Time 100 Movies.[28] Another sequel, Police Story 4: First Strike, brought more awards and domestic box office success for Chan, but did not fare as well in foreign markets.[29] Jackie Chan rekindled his Hollywood ambitions in the 1990s, but refused early offers to play villains in Hollywood films to avoid being typecast in future roles. For example, Sylvester Stallone offered him the role of Simon Phoenix, a criminal in the futuristic film Demolition Man. Chan declined and the role was taken by Wesley Snipes.[30]
Chan finally succeeded in establishing a foothold in the North American market in 1995 with a worldwide release of Rumble in the Bronx, attaining a cult following in the United States that was rare for Hong Kong movie stars.[31] The success of Rumble in the Bronx led to a 1996 release of Police Story 3: Super Cop in the United States under the title Supercop, which grossed a total of US $16,270,600. Jackie's first huge blockbuster success came when he co-starred with Chris Tucker in the 1998 buddy cop action comedy Rush Hour,[32] grossing US$130 million in the United States alone.[17] This film made a star of Jackie Chan, in Hollywood. As a publicity stunt, Jackie also wrote his autobiography in collaboration with Jeff Yang entitled I Am Jackie Chan.
Fame in Hollywood and Dramatization: 1999–2007[link]
File:Jackie Chan Burglar.jpg
Jackie Chan plays an anti-hero for the first time in Rob-B-Hood: a burglar with gambling problems.
In 1998, Chan released his final film for Golden Harvest, Who Am I?. After leaving Golden Harvest in 1999, he produced and starred alongside Shu Qi in Gorgeous a romantic comedy that focused on personal relationships and featured only a few martial arts sequences.[33] Chan then helped create a PlayStation game in 2000 called Jackie Chan Stuntmaster, to which he lent his voice and performed the motion capture.[34] He continued his Hollywood success in 2000 when he teamed up with Owen Wilson in the Western action comedy Shanghai Noon which spawned the sequel Shanghai Knights (2003). He reunited with Chris Tucker for Rush Hour 2 (2001) which was an even bigger success than the original grossing $347 million worldwide. He experimented with special effects with The Tuxedo (2002) and The Medallion (2003) which were not as successful critically or commercially. In 2004 he teamed up with Steve Coogan in the big-budget loose adaptation of Jules Verne's Around the World in 80 Days.
Despite the success of the Rush Hour and Shanghai Noon films, Chan became frustrated with Hollywood over the limited range of roles and lack of control over the film-making process.[35] In response to Golden Harvest's withdrawal from the film industry in 2003, Chan started his own film production company, JCE Movies Limited (Jackie Chan Emperor Movies Limited) in association with Emperor Multimedia Group (EMG).[17] His films have since featured an increasing number of dramatic scenes while continuing to succeed at the box office; examples include New Police Story (2004), The Myth (2005) and the hit film Rob-B-Hood (2006).[36][37][38]
Chan's next release was the third installment in the Rush Hour series: Rush Hour 3 in August 2007. It grossed US$255 million.[39] However, it was a disappointment in Hong Kong, grossing only HK$3.5 million during its opening weekend.[40]
New experiments and change in style: 2008–present[link]
Filming of The Forbidden Kingdom (released in 2008), Chan's first onscreen collaboration with fellow Chinese actor Jet Li, was completed on 24 August 2007 and the film was released in April 2008. The film featured heavy use of effects and wires.[41][42] Chan voiced the character Master Monkey in the DreamWorks Animation film, Kung Fu Panda, released in June 2008, appearing with stars Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman and Angelina Jolie.[43] In addition, he has assisted Anthony Szeto in an advisory capacity for the writer-director's film Wushu, released on 1 May 2008. The film stars Sammo Hung and Wang Wenjie as father and son.[44]
In November 2007, Chan began filming Shinjuku Incident, a dramatic role featuring no martial arts sequences with director Derek Yee, which sees Chan take on the role of a Chinese immigrant in Japan.[45] The film was released on 2 April 2009. According to his blog, Chan discussed his wishes to direct a film after completing Shinjuku Incident, something he has not done for a number of years.[46] The film is expected to be the third in the Armour of God series, and has a working title of Armour of God III: Chinese Zodiac. Chan had completed shooting the movie and will be released on 12.12.12.[47] Because the Screen Actors Guild did not go on strike, Chan started shooting his next Hollywood movie The Spy Next Door at the end of October in New Mexico.[48] In The Spy Next Door, Chan plays an undercover agent whose cover is blown when he looks after the children of his girlfriend. In Little Big Soldier, Chan stars, alongside Leehom Wang in a non-martial arts comedy movie based on the Warring States Period.
On 22 June 2009, Chan left Los Angeles to begin filming The Karate Kid, a remake of the 1984 original, in Beijing.[49] The film was released in America on 11 June 2010 and sees Chan's first dramatic American film. In the film, he plays Mr. Han, a kung fu master and maintenance man who teaches Jaden Smith's character, Dre, kung-fu so he can defend himself from school bullies. In Chan's next movie, Shaolin, he plays the cook of the temple instead of one of the major characters.
Jackie Chan's 100th film 1911 was released on 26 September 2011. He is the co-director, executive producer, and lead star of the movie.[50] While Chan has directed over ten films over his career, this is his first directorial work in over ten years, since Jackie Chan's Who Am I? in 1998. 1911 premiered in North America on 14 October.[51]
Jackie Chan won the Favorite Buttkicker award at the Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards in 2011 for The Karate Kid.[52] While at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, Chan announced that he was retiring from action films citing that he was getting too old for the genre. He later clarified that he would not be completely retiring from action films, but would be performing fewer stunts and taking care of his body more.[53]
Stunts[link]
File:Jackie Chan Stunt.jpg
Jackie Chan prepares to slide down the side of a high rise building in New Police Story
Jackie Chan has performed most of his own stunts throughout his film career, which are choreographed by the Jackie Chan Stunt Team. He has stated in interviews that the primary inspiration for his more comedic stunts were films such as The General directed by and starring Buster Keaton, who was also known to perform his own stunts. Since its establishment in 1983, Chan has used the team in all his subsequent films to make choreographing easier, given his understanding of each member's abilities.[54] Chan and his team undertake many of the stunts performed by other characters in his films, shooting the scenes so that their faces are obscured.[55]
The dangerous nature of his stunts makes it difficult for Chan to get insurance, especially in the United States, where his stunt work is contractually limited.[55] Chan holds the Guinness World Record for "Most Stunts By A Living Actor", which emphasizes "no insurance company will underwrite Chan's productions, in which he performs all his own stunts".[56] In addition, he holds an unrecognised record for the most number of takes for a single shot in a film, having shot over 2900 retakes for a complex scene involving a Jianzi game in Dragon Lord.[57]
Chan has been injured numerous times attempting stunts; many of them have been shown as outtakes or as bloopers during the closing credits of his films. He came closest to death filming Armour of God, when he fell from a tree and fractured his skull. Over the years, Chan has dislocated his pelvis and broken his fingers, toes, nose, both cheekbones, hips, sternum, neck, ankle and ribs on numerous occasions.[58][59] Promotional materials for Rumble in the Bronx emphasized that Chan performed all of the stunts, and one version of the movie poster even diagrammed his many injuries.
Filmography and screen persona[link]
Main article: Jackie Chan filmography
Jackie Chan created his screen persona as a response to Bruce Lee, and the numerous imitators who appeared before and after Lee's death. In contrast to Lee's characters, who were typically stern, morally upright heroes, Chan plays well-meaning, slightly foolish regular guys (often at the mercy of their friends, girlfriends or families) who always triumph in the end despite the odds.[14] Additionally, Chan has stated that he deliberately styles his movement to be the opposite of Lee's: where Lee held his arms wide, Chan holds his tight to the body; where Lee was loose and flowing, Chan is tight and choppy. Despite the success of the Rush Hour series, Chan has stated that he is not a fan of it since he neither appreciates the action scenes in the movie, nor understands American humour.[60]
In recent years, the aging Chan grew tired of being typecast as an action hero, prompting him to act with more emotion in his latest films.[61] In New Police Story, he portrayed a character suffering from alcoholism and mourning his murdered colleagues.[62] To further shed the image of Mr. Nice Guy, Chan played an anti-hero for the first time in Rob-B-Hood starring as Thongs, a burglar with gambling problems.[63]
Television work[link]
In 2000, Chan hosted a fictionalized version of himself in the animated series Jackie Chan Adventures, which ran until 2005.[64]
In July 2008, the BTV reality television series entitled The Disciple (simplified Chinese: 龙的传人; traditional Chinese: 龍的傳人, lit. "Disciple of the Dragon") concluded. The series was produced by, and featured Jackie Chan. The aim of the program was to find a new star, skilled in acting and martial arts, to become Chan's "successor" and student in filmmaking. Contestants were trained by Jackie Chan Stunt Team members Alan Wu and He Jun and competed in various fields, including explosion scenes, high-altitude wire-suspension, gunplay, car stunts, diving, obstacles courses etc. The regular judges on the program were He Ping, Wu Yue and Cheng Pei Pei. Guest judges include Stanley Tong, Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao. The "Finals" began on 5 April 2008, with 16 contestants remaining, and concluded on 26 June 2008. Amongst those in attendance were Tsui Hark, John Woo, Ng See Yuen and Yu Rongguang.
The winner of the series was Jack Tu (Tu Sheng Cheng). Along with runners up Yang Zheng and Jerry Liau, Tu is now set to star in three modern Chinese action films, one of which was scripted by Chan, and all three will be co-produced by Chan and his company JCE Movies Limited. The films will be entitled Speedpost 206, Won't Tell You and Tropical Tornado and will be directed by Xie Dong, Jiang Tao and Cai Rong Hui. All 16 finalists will be given the opportunity to work on the films, or to join the Jackie Chan Stunt Team. Production on the first film is due to begin in September 2008. In addition, the finalists will be given roles in a forthcoming BTV action series.[65][66][67]
Music career[link]
Further information: Jackie Chan discography
Jackie Chan had vocal lessons whilst at the Peking Opera School in his childhood. He began producing records professionally in the 1980s and has gone on to become a successful singer in Hong Kong and Asia. He has released 20 albums since 1984 and has performed vocals in Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, Taiwanese and English. He often sings the theme songs of his films, which play over the closing credits. Chan's first musical recording was "Kung Fu Fighting Man", the theme song played over the closing credits of The Young Master (1980).[68] At least 10 of these recordings have been released on soundtrack albums for the films.[62][69] His Cantonese song Story of a Hero (英雄故事) (theme song of Police Story) was selected by the Royal Hong Kong Police and incorporated into their recruitment advertisement in 1994.[70]
Chan voiced the character of Shang in the Chinese release of the Walt Disney animated feature, Mulan (1998). He also performed the song "I'll Make a Man Out of You", for the film's soundtrack. For the US release, the speaking voice was performed by B.D. Wong and the singing voice was done by Donny Osmond.
In 2007, Chan recorded and released the song "We Are Ready", the official one-year countdown song to the 2008 Summer Olympics. He performed the song at a ceremony marking the one-year countdown to the 2008 Summer Paralympics.[71]
The day before the Beijing Olympics opened, Chan released one of the two official Olympics albums, Official Album for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games – Jackie Chan's Version, which featured a number of special guest appearances.[72] Chan, along with Andy Lau, Liu Huan and Wakin (Emil) Chau, performed "Hard to Say Goodbye", the farewell song for the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony.[73]
Image and celebrity status[link]
Jackie Chan has received worldwide recognition for his acting, having won several awards including an Innovator Award from the American Choreography Awards and a lifetime achievement award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards.[74] He has stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars.[75] Despite considerable box office success in The Northsouth Territories, Chan's American films have been criticised with regard to their action choreography. Reviewers of Rush Hour 2, The Tuxedo, and Shanghai Knights criticised the toning down of Chan's fighting scenes, citing less intensity compared to his earlier films.[76][77][78] The comedic value of his films is questioned; some critics stated it can be childish at times.[79]
Chan is a cultural icon, having been referenced in Ash's song "Kung Fu", Heavy Vegetable's "Jackie Chan Is a Punk Rocker", Leehom Wang's "Long Live Chinese People", as well as in "Jackie Chan" by Frank Chickens, and television shows Celebrity Deathmatch and Family Guy. He has been the inspiration for manga such as Dragon Ball (including a character with the alias "Jackie Chun"),[80] the character Lei Wulong in Tekken and the fighting-type Pokémon Hitmonchan.[81][82][83] In addition, Jackie Chan has a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi Motors. As a result, Mitsubishi cars can be found in a number of Jackie Chan films. Furthermore, Mitsubishi honoured Chan by launching Evolution, a limited series of cars which he personally customised.[84][85][86]
A number of video games have featured Jackie Chan. Before Stuntmaster, Chan already had a game of his own, Jackie Chan's Action Kung Fu, released in 1990 for the PC-Engine and NES. In 1995, Chan was featured in the arcade fighting game Jackie Chan The Kung-Fu Master. In addition, a series of Japanese Jackie Chan games were released on the MSX by Pony, based on several of his films (Project A, Project A 2, Police Story, The Protector and Wheels On Meals).[87]
File:JC Opens Disney HK.jpeg
Chan with Disney characters during the opening ceremony of Hong Kong Disneyland
Chan has always wanted to be a role model to children, remaining popular with them due to his good-natured acting style. He has refused to play villains and has almost never used the word "fuck" in his films (He's only said that word in two films, The Protector and Burn, Hollywood, Burn), but in Rush Hour, in an attempt to be "cool" and imitate his partner Carter, who said "What's up, my nigga?" to a club of black men, he said the same thing when Carter was in another room and they all attacked him, so he had to pull out his fighting skills to beat them down and escape.[88] Chan's greatest regret in life is not having received proper education,[89] inspiring him to fund educational institutions around the world. He funded the construction of the Jackie Chan Science Centre at the Australian National University[90] and the establishment of schools in poor regions of China.[91]
Chan is a spokesperson for the Government of Hong Kong, appearing in public service announcements. In a Clean Hong Kong commercial, he urged the people of Hong Kong to be more considerate with regards to littering, a problem that has been widespread for decades.[92] Furthermore, in an advertisement promoting nationalism, he gave a short explanation of the March of the Volunteers, the national anthem of the People's Republic of China.[93] When Hong Kong Disneyland opened in 2005, Chan participated in the opening ceremony.[94] In the United States, Chan appeared alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in a government advert to combat copyright infringement and made another public service announcement with Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca to encourage people, especially Asians, to join the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.[95][96]
Construction has begun on a Jackie Chan museum in Shanghai. Work began in July 2008, and although it was scheduled to be completed on October 2009, construction continues as of January 2010.[97]
Controversies[link]
During a news conference in Shanghai on 28 March 2004, Chan referred to the recently concluded Republic of China presidential election, 2004 in Taiwan, in which Democratic Progressive Party candidates Chen Shui-bian and Annette Lu were re-elected as President and Vice-President as "the biggest joke in the world."[98] Chan's comments were criticized by Parris Chang, a Taiwanese legislator and senior member of the DPP, who called for the government of Taiwan to take punitive steps against Chan for his comments, such as banning his movies and barring him the right to visit Taiwan.[99] Some 50 police and security personnel were required to separate protesters from Chan, as they were attempting to spit at him when he arrived at Taipei airport for a charity sponsored by cable TV channel TVBS on 18 June 2008.[100] Chan insisted that his remarks were not intended to insult the people of Taiwan.[101]
Referring to his participation in the torch relay for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Chan spoke out against demonstrators who disrupted the relay several times attempting to draw attention to a wide-ranging number of grievances against the Chinese government, including China's human rights record and the political status of Taiwan. He warned that he would lash out against anyone planning to stop him from carrying the Olympic Torch, saying, "Demonstrators better not get anywhere near me." In addition, Chan felt that the protesters were publicity seekers. "They are doing it for no reason. They just want to show off on the TV," he said. "They know, 'if I can get the torch, I can go on the TV for the world news'." Chan felt the country was trying to improve and the Olympics is a chance for the country to open up and learn from the outside world and vice versa. "We are not right about everything. Things are getting better in China but we can change and are changing. We want to learn from the rest of the world as well as teach others about our ways and our culture."[102]
On 18 April 2009, during a panel discussion at the annual Boao Forum for Asia titled "Tapping into Asia's Creative Industry Potential," Chan said "...in the 10 years after Hong Kong's return to Chinese rule, I can gradually see, I'm not sure if it's good to have freedom or not."[103] Chan went on to say, "If you're too free, you're like the way Hong Kong is now. It's very chaotic. Taiwan is also chaotic." He also added, "I'm gradually beginning to feel that we Chinese need to be controlled. If we're not being controlled, we'll just do what we want." Chan however complained about the quality of Chinese goods, saying, "...a Chinese TV might explode."[104] but refrained from criticizing the Chinese government for banning his 2009 film Shinjuku Incident.[105] Chan's comments prompted an angry response from some legislators and other prominent figures in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Hong Kong Legislator Leung Kwok-hung said that Chan "insulted the Chinese people. Chinese people aren't pets."[106] The Hong Kong Tourism Board stated that it had received 164 comments and complaints from the public over Chan's remarks.[107] A spokesman for Chan told reporters that the actor was referring to freedom in the entertainment industry rather than Chinese society at large and that certain people with "ulterior motives deliberately misinterpreted what he said."[108]
On 24 August 2010, Jackie Chan tweeted about the botched rescue operation on the Manila hostage crisis that left 8 Hong Kong tourists dead. Although saddened by the news, he also tweeted "If they killed the guy sooner, they will say why not negotiate first? If they negotiate first, they ask why not kill the guy sooner?"[109][110][111][112] Chan's comments caused outrage in Hong Kong. Several anti-Jackie Chan groups were set up on Facebook with tens of thousands of supporters. Some fellow actors and directors told local newspapers that they were also upset by his remarks. Chan reportedly has business interests in the Philippines. He issued a statement on 27 August 2010 apologizing for his comments and claiming that his assistant who helped him post the tweets had misunderstood the meaning of his original message.[113]
Entrepreneurship and philanthropy[link]
In addition to his film production and distribution company, JCE Movies Limited, Jackie Chan also owns or co-owns the production companies JC Group China, Jackie & Willie Productions[114] (with Willie Chan) and Jackie & JJ Productions.[115]
Chan has also put his name to Jackie Chan Theater International, a cinema chain in China, co-run by Hong Kong company Sparkle Roll Group Ltd. The first—Jackie Chan-Yaolai International Cinema—opened in February 2010, and is claimed to be the largest cinema complex in China, with 17 screens and 3,500 seats. Chan expressed his hopes that the size of the venue would afford young, non-commercial directors the opportunity to have their films screened. 15 further cinemas in the chain are planned for 2010, throughout Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, with a potential total of 65 cinemas throughout the country proposed.[116][117]
In 2004, Chan launched his own line of clothing, which bears a Chinese dragon logo and the English word "Jackie", or the initials "JC".[118] Chan also has a number of other branded businesses. His sushi restaurant chain, Jackie's Kitchen, has outlets throughout Hong Kong, as well as seven in South Korea and one in Hawaii, with plans to open another in Las Vegas. Jackie Chan's Cafe has outlets in Beijing, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and the Philippines. Other ventures include Jackie Chan Signature Club gyms (a partnership with California Fitness), and a line of chocolates, cookies and nutritional oatcakes. He also hopes to expand into furniture and kitchenware, and is also considering a branded supermarket.[119] With each of his businesses, a percentage of the profits goes to various charities, including the Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation.
Chan is a keen philanthropist and a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, having worked tirelessly to champion charitable works and causes. He has campaigned for conservation, against animal abuse and has promoted disaster relief efforts for floods in mainland China and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.[5][120][121] In June 2006, he announced the donation of half his assets to charity upon his death, citing his admiration of the effort made by Warren Buffett and Bill Gates to help those in need.[122] On 10 March 2008, Chan was the guest of honour for the launch, by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, of the Jackie Chan Science Centre at the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University in Canberra. Jackie Chan is also a supporter of the Save China's Tigers project which aims at saving the endangered South China Tiger through breeding and releasing them into the wild; he is currently an ambassador for this conservation project.[123] Chan has many historic artifacts, such as old door frames from 2000 years ago. He also owns the Jinricksha Station in Singapore.
In April 2008, Jackie Chan was invited for the audio launch of an Indian film, entitled Dasavathaaram (2008) in Chennai (Madras), where he shared the dais with Indian celebrities, including Amitabh Bachchan, Mammootty and Kamal Hassan. Though he did not understand a word of Tamil, Chan was touched by the Indian community's love for him and his films, and was impressed with the movie Dasavathaaram, expressing a keen interest in working with the star of the film, Kamal Hassan. Hassan himself reciprocated the desire to work with the action superstar, urging Chan to keep his promise of working with him on a possible film project.
Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Chan donated RMB ¥10 million to help those in need. In addition, he is planning to make a film about the Chinese earthquake to raise money for survivors.
In response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Jackie Chan and fellow Hong Kong-based celebrities, including American rapper Jin, headlined a special three-hour charity concert, titled Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders, on 1 April 2011 to help with Japan's disaster recovery effort,[124] where Jackie Chan addressed the victims of the earthquake and tsunami by saying: "You will not be alone, we will be by your side".[125] The concert raised over $3.3 million dollars in just three hours for disaster relief.[126]
Chan also holds guest lectures at the Shanghai Institute of Visual Art of Fudan University, Shanghai.
The Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation[link]
Founded in 1988, the Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation offers scholarships and active help to Hong Kong's young people through a variety of worthy causes. Over the years, the foundation has broadened its scope to include provision of medical services, aid to victims of natural disaster or illness, and projects where the major beneficiaries are Hong Kong people or organizations. Major donation projects of The Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation:
- The Jackie Chan Gymnasium at Lingnan University
- The Jackie Chan Challenge Cup Intercollegiate Invitation Tournament
- The Jackie Chan Family Unit, Hong Kong Girl Guides Association Jockey Club Beas River Lodge
- The Jackie Chan Whole Person Development Center
- Renovation of the Bethanie Site, Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts
- Medical Funding in mainland China (Operation Smile)[127]
- Medical Donation in Hong Kong (Queen Mary Hospital, SARS Relief)
- Support for the Performing Arts
- Youth Development Programs
The Dragon's Heart Foundation[link]
The Dragon's Heart Foundation was founded in 2005 to fulfill the desperate needs of children and the elderly in remote areas of China. Since 2005, the Dragon's Heart Foundation has built over a dozen schools, provided books, fees, and uniforms, and has raised millions of dollars to give much-needed educational opportunities for the poor. In addition, the Dragon's Heart Foundation provides for the elderly with donations of warm clothing, wheelchairs, and other items. Jackie often travels to the remote locations to attend groundbreakings or school openings, and to lend support and encouragement.
Awards and nominations[link]
- American Choreography Awards[128]
- 8th American Choreography Innovator Awards - Won
- Asia-Pacific Film Festival
- 1993 Asia-Pacific Film Lifetime Achievement Award - Won
- 2005 Asia-Pacific Film Special Jury Award - Won
- International Indian Film Academy Awards
- 2000 Special Award for Global Impact - Won
- Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
- 1999 Favorite Duo - Action/Adventure (for Rush Hour) - Won
- 2001 Favorite Action Team (for Shanghai Noon) - Nominated
- Cinequest Film Festival
- 1998 Maverick Spirit Award - Won
- Daytime Emmy Awards
- 2002 Performer In An Animated Program (for Jackie Chan Adventures) - Nominated
- Fant-Asia Film Festival
- 1997 Best Asian Film (for Drunken Master II) - Won (shared with Chia-Liang Liu)
- Golden Horse Film Festival
- 1992 Best Actor (for Police Story 3: Super Cop) - Won
- 1993 Best Actor (for Zhong an zu) - Won
- Golden Phoenix Awards
- 2005 Outstanding Contribution Award - Won
- Golden Rooster Awards
- 2005 Best Actor (for New Police Story) - Won
- Hollywood Film Festival
- 1999 Actor of the Year - Won
- Hong Kong Film Awards
- 1983 Best Action Choreography (for Dragon Lord) - Nominated (shared with Hark-On Fung and Yuen Kuni)
- 1985 Best Actor (for Project A) - Nominated
- 1986 Best Director (for Police Story) - Nominated
- 1986 Best Actor (for Police Story) - Nominated
- 1986 Best Actor (for Heart of Dragon) - Nominated
- 1989 Best Picture (for Rouge) - Won
- 1990 Best Actor (for Miracles) - Nominated
- 1993 Best Actor (for Supercop) - Nominated
- 1994 Best Actor (for Crime Story) - Nominated
- 1994 Best Action Choreography (for Crime Story) - Nominated
- 1996 Best Actor (for Rumble in the Bronx) - Nominated
- 1996 Best Action Choreography (for Rumble in the Bronx) - Won
- 1997 Best Actor (for Dragon Lord) - Nominated
- 1999 Best Actor (for Who Am I?) - Nominated
- 1999 Best Action Choreography (for Who Am I?) - Won
- 2000 Best Action Choreography (for Gorgeous) - Nominated (shared with Jackie Chan Stunt Team)
- 2005 Best Actor (for New Police Story) - Nominated
- 2005 Professional Achievement Award - Won
- 2006 Best Original Film Song (for The Myth) - Nominated (shared with Choi Jun Young, Wang Zhong Yan, and Hee-seon Kim)
- 2006 Best Action Choreography (for The Myth) - Nominated (shared with Stanley Tong, Tak Yuen)
- 2007 Best Action Choreography (for Robin-B-Hood) - Nominated (shared with Chung Chi Li)
- 2010 Best Film (for Shinjuku Incident) - Nominated
- Hundred Flowers Awards
- 2006 Best Actor (for New Police Story) - Nominated
- Kids' Choice Awards
- 2002 Favorite Male Movie Star (for Rush Hour 2) - Nominated
- 2002 Favorite Male Action Hero (for Rush Hour 2) - Won
- 2003 Favorite Movie Actor (for The Tuxedo) - Nominated
- 2003 Favorite Male Butt Kicker (for The Tuxedo) - Won
- 2011 Favorite Butt Kicker (for The Karate Kid) - Won
- Montreal World Film Festival
- Grand Prix des Amériques - Won
- MTV Movie Awards
- 1995 Lifetime Achievement Award - Won
- 1996 Best Fight (for Rumble in the Bronx) - Nominated
- 1997 Best Fight (for Police Story 4: First Strike) - Nominated
- 1999 Best Fight (for Rush Hour) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
- 1999 Best On-Screen Duo (for Rush Hour) - Won (shared with Chris Tucker)
- 2002 Best On-Screen Team (for Rush Hour 2) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
- 2002 Best Fight (for Rush Hour 2) - Won (shared with Chris Tucker)
- 2003 Best On-Screen Team (for Shanghai Knights) - Nominated (shared with Owen Wilson)
- 2008 Best Fight (for Rush Hour 3) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker and Sun Mingming)
- People's Choice Awards
- 2008 Favorite On Screen Match-up (for Rush Hour 3) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
- 2011 Favorite On-Screen Team (for The Karate Kid) - Nominated (shared with Jaden Smith)
- 2011 Favorite Action Star - Won
- Shanghai International Film Festival
- 2005 Outstanding Contribution to Chinese Cinema - Won
- Teen Choice Awards
- 2002 Film - Choice Chemistry (for Rush Hour 2) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
- 2008 Choice Movie Actor: Action Adventure (for The Forbidden Kingdom) - Nominated
- Walk of Fame
- 2002 Motion Picture - Won (Star on the Walk of Fame)
- World Stunt Awards
- 2002 Taurus Honorary Award - Won
Personal life[link]
In 1982, Jackie Chan married Lin Feng-Jiao (aka Joan Lin), a Taiwanese actress. That same year, the two had a son, singer and actor Jaycee Chan.[35] Elaine Ng Yi-Lei had a daughter, Etta, in 1999, and claimed Chan was the father; Chan admitted the affair, but did not formally acknowledge her as his daughter.[129][130][131] Chan is a Buddhist.[132][133]
He speaks Cantonese, Mandarin, American Sign Language, and English fluently, and also speaks some German, Korean and Japanese, as well as a little Spanish.[134]
In 2009, Chan received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambodia.[135][136]
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ a b Jackie Chan (2004). New Police Story (DVD). Hong Kong: JCE Movies Limited.
- ^ "For the first time, Chan plays an unconventional role in his newest comedy (成龙首次尝试反派 联手陈木胜再拍动作喜剧)" (in Simplified Chinese). Sina. 30 December 2005. http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2005-12-30/0832945759.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "Voice actors of Jackie Chan Adventures". Cast list. VoiceChasers. http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=233. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan on the Reasons Behind Producing The Disciple". Wu-Jing.org. http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/478-Jackie-Chan-on-the-Reasons-Behind-Producing-The-Disciple.html#extended. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
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- ^ "Jackie Chan: Kung Fu Fighter Believes There's More to Him Than Meets the Eye". hkvpradio (Hong Kong Vintage Pop Radio). Archived from the original on 31 December 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20031231233820/http://www.hkvpradio.com/artists/jackiechan/. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Jackie Chan (2006). Rob-B-Hood (DVD). Hong Kong: JCE Movies Limited.
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- ^ Honeycutt, Kirk (30 July 2001). "Rush Hour 2 Review". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930204130/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=973232. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (27 September 2002). "The Tuxedo Review". Official website of Roger Ebert. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020927/REVIEWS/209270305/1023. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Pierce, Nev (3 April 2003). "Shanghai Knights Review". BBC film. http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2003/03/05/shanghai_knights_2003_review.shtml. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
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- ^ Hebert, James (22 August 2003). "Inspiration for Dragonball". San Diego Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20030822-9999_1c22tribute.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Masters of the Martial Arts". Celebrity Deathmatch. episode 12. season 1. 1999.
- ^ "Breaking Out Is Hard to Do". Family Guy. episode 9. season 4. 17 July 2005.
- ^ Orecklin, Michael (10 May 1999). "Pokemon: The Cutest Obsession". Time Magazine
- ^ Chan, Jackie. "Note From Jackie: My Loyalty Toward Mitsubishi 19 June 2007". Official website of Jackie Chan. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070702051424/http://www.jackiechan.com/scrapbook_view?cid=769. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
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- ^ Chan, Jackie. "Trip to Shanghai; Car Crash!! 18–25 April 2007". Official website of Jackie Chan. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080205101936/http://www.jackiechan.com/message_view?cid=718. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
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- ^ Webb, Adam (29 September 2000). "Candid Chan: Action star Jackie Chan takes on students' questions". The Flat Hat. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011072409/http://flathat.wm.edu/September292000/newsstory2.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "ANU to name science centre after Jackie Chan" (Press release). Australia National University. 24 February 2006. http://info.anu.edu.au/ovc/media/Media_Releases/_2006/_February/_240206jackiechan.asp. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Biography of Jackie Chan (Page 8)". Biography. Tiscali. http://www.talktalk.co.uk/entertainment/film/biography/artist/jackie-chan/biography/45. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Jackie Chan (2002). Clean Hong Kong (Television). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government.
- ^ "Hong Kong marshal Jackie Chan to Boost Nationalism". China Daily. 18 May 2005. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/18/content_443738.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat among VIPs invited to HK Disneyland opening". Associated Press. Sina. 18 August 2005. http://english.sina.com/taiwan_hk/1/2005/0818/42863.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Schwarzenegger, Arnold; Jackie Chan. "Anti-piracy advert". Advertisement. United States Government. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6443035544827856436&q=Jackie+Chan. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
- ^ "Jackie Chan stars in LAPD recruitment campaign". China Daily. 11 March 2007. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-03/11/content_824701.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan museum planned in Shanghai – Yahoo! News". 11 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090628202250/http://www.mixedandmotions.com/2008/07/jackie-chan-museum-planned-in-shanghai.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Taiwan election biggest joke in the world". China Daily. 29 March 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-03/29/content_318903.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Taiwan lawmaker calls for Jackie Chan movie ban". China Daily. 22 April 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-04/22/content_325482.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Protestors blast Jackie Chan for criticizing Taiwan elections". People News. 18 June 2008. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1411923.php/Protestors_blast_Jackie_Chan_for_criticizing_Taiwan_elections. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Protesters greet Jackie Chan in Taiwan". ABC News (Australia). 19 June 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/19/2279237.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Kung-fu star Jackie Chan to chop down Olympic protesters". METRO.co.uk. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090427012524/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090421/ap_en_ot/as_hong_kong_people_jackie_chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Min Lee (21 April 2009). "Spokesman: Jackie Chan comments out of context". Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090421/ap_en_ot/as_hong_kong_people_jackie_chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012. [dead link]
- ^ William Foreman (18 April 2009). "Jackie Chan: Chinese people need to be controlled". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090421223810/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090418/ap_en_ot/as_china_people_jackie_chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan warns over China 'chaos': report". Yahoo! News. 19 April 2009. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090425220155/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090419/en_afp/entertainmentchinahongkongtaiwanpolitics. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Coonan, Clifford (20 April 2009). "Chinese shouldn't get more freedom, says Jackie Chan". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinese-shouldnt-get-more-freedom-says-jackie-chan-1671337.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Le-Min Lim (22 April 2009). "Jackie Chan Faces Film Boycott for Chaotic Taiwan Comments". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aBQtt40iChUo. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan's 'freedom' talk sparks debate". People's Daily. 22 April 2009. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6642022.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "1st Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22054099041.
- ^ "2nd Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22054128619.
- ^ "3rd Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22054214000.
- ^ "4th Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22058470325.
- ^ "Statement of Apology from Jackie Chan". The JC Group. 27 August 2010. http://jackiechan.com/scrapbook/1061068--Statement-of-Aplogy-from-Jackie-Chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie & Willie Productions Limited". Film database entry (Studios). HKCinemagic. http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/studio.asp?id=459. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ "Jackie & JJ Productions Ltd – Hong Kong". Business index entry. HKTDC. http://www.hktdc.com/sourcing/hk_company_directory.htm?companyid=1X03WBFO&locale=en. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan launches cinema chain claiming to be the largest in China". News report. CCTV.com. 13 February 2010. http://english.cctv.com/20100213/102739.shtml. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Gregg Kilday and David Morgan (13 May 2010). "Jackie Chan plans turbo-charged slate". Film news report (THR Asia (Hollywood Reporter)). Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100518053635/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/asia/news/e3i056525c4efa8dd6ffafa7425e0eaee68. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Fashion leap for Jackie Chan as Kung-fu star promotes new clobber". Agence France Press (JC-News). 2 April 2004. http://jc-news.net/news.php?id=316. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan's business empire kicks into place". Taipei Times. 11 April 2005. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2005/04/11/2003250063. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan Urges China to 'Have a Heart' for Dogs". PETA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060903155120/http://www.peta.org/feat-china1.asp. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "UNICEF People: Jackie Chan: Goodwill Ambassador". UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/people/people_jackie_chan.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan looks to bequeath half of wealth". Reuters. The Financial Express. 29 June 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. http://www.financialexpress.com/old/latest_full_story.php?content_id=132221. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Save China's Tigers: Patrons and Supporters". SaveChina'Tigers.org. 22 August 2008. http://english.savechinastigers.org/node/139/. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Japan Earthquake Song Music Video - The Official Website of Jackie Chan". Jackiechan.com. http://jackiechan.com/scrapbook/1202363--Japan-Earthquake-Song-Music-Video. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan and HK celebrities to raise funds for quake victims in Japan". News.xinhuanet.com. 25 March 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-03/25/c_13798190.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Chu, Karen (4 April 2011). "Jackie Chan Raises $3.3 Million in Three Hours for Japan Relief (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jackie-chan-raises-33-million-174410. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation" (PDF). Jackie Chan. http://jackiechan.com/files/JCF_brochure_4.pdf. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Awards for Jackie Chan". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000329/awards. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Fans desert Jackie Chan". BBC. 31 March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/696856.stm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Elaine Ng moves back to Hong Kong". celebritygossip.asia. 31 July 2011. http://celebritygossip.asia/?q=elaine-ng-moves-back-to-hong-kong. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "小龍女富貴臉 像房祖名 ("Dragon"'s daughter has a wealthy appearance; looks like Jaycee Chan)". 20 May 2009. http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/31641060/IssueID/20090520. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ Gus Leous (4 March 2003). "Jackie Chan: A short biography!". Newsfinder.org. http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/jackie_chan_a_short_biography/. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Famous Buddhists, Famous Adherents of Buddhism". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/largecom/fam_buddhist.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "An interview with Jackie Chan". Empire (104): 5. 1998.
- ^ "Jackie visits the University of Cambodia". jackiechan.com. http://jackiechan.com/gallery/832915--Jackie-at-the-University-of-Cambodia. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Press Release". Phnom: University of Cambodia. 10 November 2009. http://www.uc.edu.kh/sub/press/495/. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Further reading[link]
- Boose, Thorsten; Oettel, Silke. Hongkong, meine Liebe – Ein spezieller Reiseführer. Shaker Media, 2009. ISBN 978-3-86858-255-0 (German)
- Boose, Thorsten. Der deutsche Jackie Chan Filmführer. Shaker Media, 2008. ISBN 978-3-86858-102-7 (German)
- Chan, Jackie, and Jeff Yang. I Am Jackie Chan: My Life in Action. New York: Ballantine Books, 1999. ISBN 0-345-42913-3. Jackie Chan's autobiography.
- Cooper, Richard, and Mike Leeder. 100% Jackie Chan: The Essential Companion. London: Titan Books, 2002. ISBN 1-84023-491-1.
- Cooper, Richard. More 100% Jackie Chan: The Essential Companion Volume 2. London: Titan Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84023-888-7.
- Corcoran, John. The Unauthorized Jackie Chan Encyclopedia: From Project A to Shanghai Noon and Beyond. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 2003. ISBN 0-07-138899-0.
- Fox, Dan. Jackie Chan. Raintree Freestyle. Chicago, Ill.: Raintree, 2006. ISBN 1-4109-1659-6.
- Gentry, Clyde. Jackie Chan: Inside the Dragon. Dallas, Tex.: Taylor Pub, 1997. ISBN 0-87833-962-0.
- Le Blanc, Michelle, and Colin Odell. The Pocket Essential Jackie Chan. Pocket essentials. Harpenden: Pocket Essentials, 2000. ISBN 1-903047-10-2.
- Major, Wade. Jackie Chan. New York: Metrobooks, 1999. ISBN 1-56799-863-1.
- Moser, Leo. Made in Hong Kong: die Filme von Jackie Chan. Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf, 2000. ISBN 3-89602-312-8. (German)
- Poolos, Jamie. Jackie Chan. Martial Arts Masters. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 2002. ISBN 0-8239-3518-3.
- Rovin, Jeff, and Kathleen Tracy. The Essential Jackie Chan Sourcebook. New York: Pocket Books, 1997. ISBN 0-671-00843-9.
- Stone, Amy. Jackie Chan. Today's Superstars: Entertainment. Milwaukee, Wis.: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2007. ISBN 0-8368-7648-2.
- Witterstaetter, Renee. Dying for Action: The Life and Films of Jackie Chan. New York: Warner, 1998. ISBN 0-446-67296-3.
- Wong, Curtis F., and John R. Little (eds.). Jackie Chan and the Superstars of Martial Arts. The Best of Inside Kung-Fu. Lincolnwood, Ill.: McGraw-Hill, 1998. ISBN 0-8092-2837-8.
External links[link]
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- Official website
- Jackie Chan at the Internet Movie Database
- Jackie Chan at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase
- Jackie Chan at AllRovi
- Jackie Chan at Rotten Tomatoes
- Jackie Chan on Twitter
- Jackie Chan on Google+
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Chan, Jackie, SBS |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Hong Kong actor, action choreographer, film director, film producer, martial artist, screenwriter, singer and stunt performer |
| Date of birth | 7 April 1954 |
| Place of birth | Hong Kong |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Bone Thugs-n-Harmony | |
|---|---|
| Also known as | B.O.N.E. Enterprise, Bone Thugs |
| Origin | Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Labels | Ruthless, BTNH Worldwide, Full Surface, Warner Music Group |
| Associated acts | Mo Thugs, Eazy-E, DJ U-Neek, Bone Brothers, 2Pac, The Notorious B.I.G, Twista, Mariah Carey, Swizz Beatz, Akon, Chamillionaire |
| Website | www.bonethugsnharmony.com |
| Members | |
| Layzie Bone Bizzy Bone Flesh-n-Bone |
|
| Past members | |
| Krayzie Bone Wish Bone |
|
Bone Thugs-N-Harmony is an American hip hop band from Cleveland, Ohio formed in 1991. It originally consisted of rappers Layzie Bone, Flesh-n-Bone, Bizzy Bone, Krayzie Bone, and Wish Bone. Rapper Eazy-E of the group N.W.A signed Bone Thugs-N-Harmony to Ruthless Records in late 1993, when Bone Thugs debuted with EP Creepin on ah Come Up. The EP included the hit single "Thuggish Ruggish Bone".
In 1995, the group released its second album, E. 1999 Eternal, which included hits "1st of tha Month" and "Tha Crossroads." A tribute to the recently deceased Eazy-E, "Tha Crossroads," won a Grammy award in 1997. The Art of War, the group's third album, was also released in 1997. Bone Thugs is also the only group that has worked with deceased artists 2Pac, The Notorious B.I.G., Eazy-E & Big Pun while they were still alive.
In 2000 BTNHResurrection reached platinum in one month and Thug World Order (2002) received more moderate sales and promotion. After the album the group went on hiatus and released their sixth studio album Thug Stories independently before returning in 2007 with the major label release Strength & Loyalty, this time released by Swizz Beatz's label Full Surface Records. Bone Thugs-n-Harmony officially returned with their new album Uni-5: The World's Enemy, released in 2010 by their own record label, BTNH Worldwide, with distribution by Warner Bros.. Due to internal conflicts with the group, longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011. Despite speculation that the group was splitting up, Flesh-n-Bone announced that a new album with him, Layzie and Bizzy will be released soon. Krayzie and Wish are currently working with upcoming artists on their label The Life Ent.
Contents |
Style and technique[link]
Bone's style and technique can be described as melodic, yet rapid-fire and aggressive. Their flow is often interwoven at a high-speed, melodic pace or slow, harmonic pace. They also tend to ride the beat that they're rapping over. Sometimes there are very few choruses separating their verses from one another. In the beginning, circa Faces of Death, Bone used a pseudo-Jamaican patois delivery with their trademark style, though they rarely do this now. Bone's subject matter has both spiritual and occult undertones (e.g., "Hell Sent", "Intro", "Mr. Ouija", "Mr. Ouija 2" and "Da Introduction"). At first, their subject matter was almost always exclusively about violence and smoking marijuana. Today, however, their subject matter includes other topics such as urban socio-political issues, their old friend and mentor Eazy-E and religion. Besides minor changes to subject matter and sound, their lyrical style, elocution, and overall methodology remain intact and have influenced many new artists today who have picked up this unique style.
B.O.N.E Enterprise Early years[link]
Formed in the early 1990s, the group was originally called "The Band-Aid Boys". The group formed the band B.O.N.E. Enterpri$e, which consisted of five members: Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, Bizzy Bone, Wish Bone and later Flesh-n-Bone and recorded an album entitled Faces of Death in the studio of their then mentor, Kermit Henderson (Krayzie Bone's younger brother) on his indie label Stoney Burke in 1993. In hopes of securing a record deal the group was given an audition over the phone receiving an unfulfilled promise from rapper Eazy-E to call them back. Diego Blak (born Diego hodge), a marketer and promoter and co-executive producer of Faces Of Death introduced them to Eazy-E at a concert he promoted in Cleveland, Ohio where they auditioned for him in his dressing room and then traveled back to Los Angeles, California after the show to seal the deal. On November 2nd 1993, the group auditioned backstage for Eazy-E. Krayzie Bone performed his verse of "Flow Motion" from the Faces of Death album and Eazy-E was impressed.[1] At this point Eazy named them Thugs-n-Harmony, but they wanted to keep the bone name so they renamed themselves Bone Thugs-N-Harmony. Eazy-E signed the group (minus Flesh-n-Bone) to his label Ruthless Records.[2]
Ruthless Records[link]
[edit] Creepin on ah Come Up
Released in June 1994, the EP Creepin on ah Come Up, was Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's debut with Ruthless. The album subject matter was focused almost entirely on violent criminal activity. Peaking at #12 on the Billboard 200 album chart and #2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart,[3] it included the hit singles "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" and "Foe tha Love of $", the second of which featured a verse by Eazy-E. "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" peaked at #22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, and "Foe tha Love of $" peaked at #41 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Rap Tracks.[4] After a slow start that saw the album's success limited to gangsta rap audiences, it broke through to the mainstream. The EP marked a major change in style for the group, as they now fully embraced the G-Funk common in West Coast hip-hop of the time. Beats were supplied by DJ Yella, Rhythum D, Kenny McCloud, and it was the group's first collaboration with newcomer producer DJ U-Neek, who would craft the group's signature sound by producing the majority of their next two albums.
[edit] E. 1999 Eternal
In 1995, the group's second album E. 1999 Eternal was released. It included the singles "1st of tha Month", which peaked at #14 on the Hot 100 and #4 on the Hot Rap Tracks, and "Tha Crossroads", which reached #1 on the Hot 100 and Hot Rap Tracks charts. The album saw Bone diversify its content and musical style. A considerable portion of the album's concept was built upon violent subject matter, yet Bone also incorporated deeper themes, as its songs dealt with more spirituality and occult mysticism. The album was produced by DJ U-Neek (with co-production from Tony C. and Kenny McCloud). E. 1999 Eternal also introduced Bone's trademark tracks devoted entirely to the use of marijuana. The album name originated from one of the street names of a corner (E. 99th street & St. Clair) that was a familiar hangout to Bone members, as well as Eazy-E's album, Eternal E. Naming it after Eazy-E's album was just another way of showing respect and tribute to the rapper that helped them reach heightened success. In the same year, Flesh-n-Bone would become the first member of the group to release a debut album entitled T.H.U.G.S, which was certified gold according to the RIAA. In 1996 due to their success the Cleveland clan established their own Mo Thugs Records and released the Mo Thugs Family Scriptures compilation album to introduce many of the Cleveland-based and other artists that they were developing. E. 1999 Eternal is the group's most commercially successful album, it has since been certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA.
[edit] The Art of War
In 1997, the group released the double-disc set The Art of War. The album saw Bone further explore a wide variety of subjects and styles, with even more focus on God and family and an overall more ambient, mellow sound. The group still incorporated violent lyrics, though, with a large portion of the album dedicated to what they labeled "clones" who claimed Bone had stolen their quick-tongued rapping style and vice-versa. The album was rumored to be called "DNA Level C" which is Cleveland backwards. The single "Look into My Eyes" appeared on the soundtrack of the film Batman & Robin. It peaked at #4 on the Hot 100 and #2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart.[4] "If I Could Teach The World", the other single from The Art of War, peaked at #27 on the Hot 100 and #3 on the Hot Rap Tracks.[4] and won an American Music Award. The album also included "Thug Luv" with Tupac Shakur. The group's efforts were though dampened by the absence of Bizzy Bone from the album's videos and large portions of the ensuing tour and public appearances. This absence by that time fueled rumors of a break-up.
[edit] BTNHResurrection
In 2000, the group released BTNHResurrection. The album featured the single "Resurrection (Paper, Paper)", which peaked on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at #52.[4] The album's first half featured a slew of hardcore and dark tracks, with the second half being considerably more introspective and soft. Other two singles from the album including "Can't Give it Up" failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100 and the big-budget video for "Change The World" failed to receive any rotation. Their first group album to prominently feature Flesh-n-Bone, whose presence was limited on previous releases because he had never signed with the group's label Ruthless Records. Flesh-n-Bone was convicted for assault with a firearm and criminal possession of a weapon in June 2000.[5] Pleading guilty, Flesh was sentenced to 11 years in prison.[6] The group again began having public disputes with Bizzy Bone. Bizzy Bone abstained from promoting BTNHResurrection because he felt that Ruthless Records owed him money. He dropped a million-dollar lawsuit he filed against Sony Music and Loud Records in exchange for a termination of his Sony contract.[7] Three members of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony released solo albums in 2001: Bizzy Bone with The Gift, Layzie Bone with Thug by Nature, and Krayzie Bone with Thug on da Line.[8]
[edit] Thug World Order
In 2002, the group released Thug World Order. The album, made up of supposedly overly-violent and political songs, saw a drastic change in subject matter and tone for the group. The lyrics were almost completely void of any violence, while a larger number of tracks focused on the group itself. In contrast, several songs originally intended to be included on the album that were leaked after its release portray a much different album. The album debuted at #12 on the Billboard 200.[3] The first single released from the album was "Get Up & Get It", featuring 3LW. The second single "Home" that featured Phil Collins performing part of his song "Take Me Home" peaked at #33 on the Rhythmic Top 40 impacting the charts in a number of countries, most notably the United Kingdom.[4] Bizzy Bone was expelled from the group in January 2003 thus leaving only 3 active members Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone & Wish Bone.[9]
After Ruthless[link]
[edit] Thug Stories
Thug Stories, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony's sixth album was recorded on Koch Records and released on September 19, 2006. It marked the first time Bone Thugs-n-Harmony recorded as a trio after they released an internet-only EP album called '"Bone 4 Life" in September 2005. The album featured a slightly more mature style and the group leaned heavily towards its harmonic roots than its "thug" origins. Thug Stories sold 38,000 in its first week and peaked at #25 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Independent Album Chart.
[edit] Strength & Loyalty
Originally to be called The Bone Thugs Story, Strength & Loyalty was released on May 8, 2007 on Interscope Records imprint Full Surface Records. Being their first major album after an absence of nearly five years, the album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on iTunes and the Billboard Urban Music charts. The album contains guest appearances by Mariah Carey, The Game, will.i.am, Akon, Twista, Bow Wow, Yolanda Adams, and Felecia.
Producers on the album included Swizz Beatz, Akon, Pretty Boy & Bradd Young, DJ Toomp, Jermaine Dupri, will.i.am, and others. The executive producer of the album was Swizz Beatz. The first single was "I Tried", which was their first top 10 hit in 10 years, having peaked at number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. The second single was "Lil Love", which failed to reach the success of their first single. The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA.[10][dead link]. The group also released a movie called "I Tried" that same year.
[edit] T.H.U.G.S.
T.H.U.G.S. is an album featuring previously unreleased, largely remixed Bone Thugs-n-Harmony songs that didn't make the final cut of BTNHResurrection and Thug World Order albums. It was released on November 13, 2007 by their former record label, Ruthless Records. Although the album embodies old tracks, there are some new notable changes: new beats, distorted production, voice manipulation, and new song titles. The sole single off the album was "Young Thugs", which was accompanied by a newly-filmed music video featuring Krayzie, Layzie, Bizzy and Wish.
Reunion[link]
In November 2007, Layzie Bone confirmed that he had completed the Bone Brothers III album with Bizzy Bone, spurring speculation of a full Bone reunion. In a video interview,[11] Krayzie Bone stated that they all wanted to reunite but that record label issues may prevent an official reunion. Bizzy Bone had attended a Bone Thugs performance during the time and he and the three then-standing members had a "good conversation".
After nearly a decade of incarceration, Flesh-n-Bone was released from prison on July 13, 2008. In an interview, Bizzy confirmed his return to the group, after them all getting together by the time of Flesh's release.[12]
[edit] Uni5: The World's Enemy
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony five members officially returned with their new album Uni-5: The World's Enemy, released in 2010 by their own record label, BTNH Worldwide, with distribution by Warner Bros. Uni5 also marks the return of long-time collaborator, DJ U-Neek, who was absent from 2007's Strength & Loyalty and has produced for the group throughout their career, including hits such as "Thuggish Ruggish Bone" and "Tha Crossroads." This studio effort leans toward radio-friendly numbers and proper grown-man tracks, with the core four members offering life lessons as Bizzy gives his Biblical perspective. They released the singles "See Me Shine" featuring Jay Rush and Lyfe Jennings and "Rebirth" featuring Thin-C.[13] A third single, "Meet Me in the Sky", was released on March 22. Uni-5: The World's Enemy was released on May 4, 2010.
Krayzie Bone & Wish Bone Departure[link]
On the 14th of April 2011, Bone Thugs-N-Harmony member Krayzie Bone announced he left the group after 20 years citing uncontrollable circumstances along with Wish Bone to pursue their solo careers further and release records on their label, The Life Entertainment.[14] Flesh-n-Bone stated that him leaving the group was a serious disrespect mark towards Eazy-E and says "He might as well say fuck Eazy!" and that he (Krayzie) knows where home is if he wants to come back to the group. Due to Flesh being angered, his retaliation led him towards the idea of an album titled "Majority Rules" but Bizzy Bone dismissed this claiming it was just Flesh-n-Bone's anger towards Krayzie leaving. In more recent interviews it seems Krayzie Bone has made amends to the rest of Bone Thugs (since he was featured on Flesh-n-Bone's new album for example) and is still planning things with the rest of the group, but he needed his time and space to do his own thing, but he'll always be 'Bone'[citation needed].
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony announced on their blog over the summer that they're planning a new album for 2012 and it will be the last album with all 5 members of the group. They reiterated those facts in a November interview. Krayzie Bone has also stated that he will again be a part of the group for touring purposes only, after announcing his departure this past April.
Future Projects[link]
Krayzie Bone, Bizzy Bone and Layzie Bone more recently have spoken of many new projects coming in 2012. Those projects include an anniversary album featuring all 5 members, a Bizzy & Krayzie duet album, and unreleased compilation albums of unreleased Bone Thugs-n-Harmony material from the mid to late 90's.
Discography[link]
Main article: Bone Thugs-n-Harmony discography
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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2009) |
| Sadat X | |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Derek Murphy |
| Born | (1968-12-29) December 29, 1968 (age 43) |
| Origin | Bronx, New York |
| Genres | Hip Hop |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Labels | Elektra Records Loud Records Arista Records Relativity Records Babygrande Records Female Fun Music Fat Beats Records |
| Associated acts | Brand Nubian, Grand Puba, Diamond D, Lord Finesse, DITC, Showbiz & A.G., Buckwild, The Beatnuts, Kool Keith, Beatehaş, Vlad Dobrescu |
| Website | http://www.myspace.com/sadatx |
Sadat X (born Derek Murphy; December 29, 1968[1]) is an American rapper, most famed as a member of Alternative hip hop group Brand Nubian. Originally known as Derek X, Sadat takes his name from former Egyptian president Anwar Sadat[2].
In 1996, Sadat appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, America is Dying Slowly, alongside Biz Markie, Wu-Tang Clan, and Fat Joe, among many other prominent hip hop artists. The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as "a masterpiece" by The Source magazine.
Contents |
Biography[link]
On December 22, 2005, Sadat was arrested in Harlem and charged with criminal possession of a weapon, reckless endangerment and resisting arrest.[3] On October 3, 2006, Female Fun Music released Sadat's third full-length album Black October.
Sadat is involved in teaching children. Has worked as an elementary school teacher in New Rochelle, New York. Qualified as a firefighter in New Rochelle, New York. Coaches children's basketball for the New York City Basketball League. He also played point guard for the Howard University basketball team.[4]
On March 23, 2010, Sadat X released Wild Cowboys II, the long-awaited sequel to his 1996 solo debut Wild Cowboys, on Fat Beats Records. The album featured several guest appearances from Ill Bill, Kurupt, A.G., Brand Nubian, Rhymefest and others, with production from Pete Rock, Diamond D, Buckwild, Sir Jinx and others. On February 23, 2010, he released an EP, containing five songs from the album and their complementary instrumentals, which is currently available at any music store. The first single from the album is "Turn It Up" which features, and is produced by, Pete Rock. A music video for the song premiered on March 12, 2010, which contains cameo appearances from different New York veteran rappers.
Discography[link]
Solo albums[link]
| Album information |
|---|
Wild Cowboys
|
The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy
|
Experience & Education
|
Black October
|
Generation X
|
Brand New Bein'
|
Wild Cowboys II
|
No Features
|
Guest Appearances[link]
| Year | Song | Artist(s) | Album |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | "[Stay Away From The] Nasty Hoes" | Various Artists | America Is Dying Slowly |
| 1997 | "1-9-9-9" | Various Artists | Soundbombing II |
| 2007 | "Rollin'" | Marco Polo, A.G., JuJu | Port Authority |
| 2008 | "Stay In Ya Lane" | Craig G & Marley Marl | Operation Take Back Hip-Hop |
References[link]
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sadat 10 |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | December 29, 1968 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Sadat_X
Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadat_X
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
