An audio tour or audio guide provides a recorded spoken commentary, normally through a handheld device, to a visitor attraction such as a museum. They are also available for self-guided tours of outdoor locations., or as a part of an organised tour. It provides background, context, and information on the things being viewed. Audio guides are often in multilingual versions and can be made available in different ways. Some of the more elaborate tours available include original music and interviews, offering an experience more comparable to an audio documentary than to a traditional guided tour. Traditionally rented on the spot, more recently downloaded from the Internet or available via the mobile phone network. Some audio guides are free or included in the entrance fee, others have to be purchased separately.

Electronic multimedia guides

A multimedia electronic guide is a device specially designed to provide audio, visual or textual content to museum visitors with or without user interaction. It may also provide alternative content corresponding to different personal preferences. It may include accessories such as headphones, a digital pen and displays with LEDs or LCD screens.

These smart guides may be operated to supply content in different languages and accents, with different voice alternatives like (Man/Woman/Child/Native Speaker/TV Speaker/etc.), with text, with age group specific content. They can be operated in several ways:

Touch/push buttoned systems will be operated by the visitor. Visitor will enter the code assigned to the object to the electronic museum guide and the related content is provided.

Location aware systems will semi automatically operate. They sense the location by several alternative technologies and provide the related content. If the sensing area is not narrow enough to detect every different object then the visitor will enter or select the content he or she wants. Location aware systems provides better quality tours to disabled people.

Line of Sight Aware Systems will automatically operate. They sense the location and the target object and provides the related content. These systems may include an artificial intelligence that will measure the visitor aims and interest areas and may provide shallower or deeper information for the object. These systems may need special technologies for target detection.

These electronic guides can provide the museum management with useful statistics and reports, which may include tour statistics, visitor statistics, opinions, and other surveys.

Cell phone tours

A cell phone tour is an audio tour where pre-recorded or stream audio interpretation for a heritage site or a cultural exhibit is provided via a cell phone. Cell phone audio tours have the advantage that most visitors already have the equipment needed to take the audio tour, being their cell phones.

Each venue is assigned a phone number with appropriate stop numbers, displayed next the exhibit. Once a visitor has dialed in, they will be prompted and can enter the corresponding stop number of the exhibit they’re viewing, to hear the recorded content. These tours also enable the visitors to: fast forward, rewind, pause, as well as leave a feedback message for each exhibit or the whole tour; simply by pressing a number. In addition to audio content, some providers are also able to stream video, and text message recent visitors with updates . This is the old-style approach, not used widely.

Wikipedia allowed the emergence of a new generation of audio tours new generation of audio tours] and location-based service (LBS) based audio tours using the capabilities of smartphones like the iPhone. These audio tours rely on Wikipedia to benefit from a huge source of information (several hundreds thousands of locations around the world). The Wikipedia articles are read thanks to speech synthesis. In this manner, thousands hours of vocal explanations are available. One of such systems, based on patented technologies, were presented during theWikimédia Conference 2010 in Paris at the National Assembly of France. Its predecessor was presented at World Travel Market in London in 2009.

Other examples of LBS audio tours that use the capabilities of smartphones include WalkExplorer.

GPS tours

A GPS tour (using Global Positioning System or GPS) is an audio tour or a multimedia tour that provides pre-recorded spoken commentary, normally through a handheld device, for mobile applications such as walking tours, boats, buses, trolleys and trains. GPS tours can either be GPS guided or self-directed tours that provide visitors with location relevant content about points of interest along a route or within a destination or region. GPS tours are predominately for outdoor applications, but some audio guides offer the flexibility to manually continue tours indoors.

Using satellite technology (GPS), audio and/or multimedia content is triggered based on a user's location, providing location relevant information to visitors depending on who they are, where they are, and what they are viewing.

A GPS audio tour provides "background, context, and information on the works being viewed". The ''Economist'' magazine has stated that "aiming such services at tourists makes sense — since people are more likely to want information when in an unfamiliar place."

GPS Tours are often unilingual, but advances in technology have made GPS tours for mobile applications available in multiple languages simultaneously. GPS tours can be created by using a combination of software and hardware and can be downloaded from the Internet for mobile phones, often in MP3 format and are available from organizations specializing in GPS tour development. Some GPS tours are free, included in the ticket fee, others have to be purchased separately.

Further reading

Fisher, Jennifer (2004), "Speeches of Display: Museum Audioguides by Artists". In Drobnick, Jim, ''Aural Cultures''. ISBN 0-920397-80-8.

Four steps in the history of museum technologies and visitors' digital participation.

References

Category:Sound recording Category:Tourist activities Category:Museum educational materials Category:Museum informatics

de:Audioguide es:Audioguía fr:Audioguide it:Audioguida lt:Audiogidas nl:Audiotour pt:Áudio tour ru:Аудиогид sv:Ljudguide

Coordinates	34°03′″N118°15′″N
name	Jacques Laffite
nationality	French
birth date	November 21, 1943
years	-
team(s)	Iso Marlboro, Ligier, Williams
races	180 (176 starts)
championships	0
wins	6
podiums	32
poles	7
fastest laps	7
points	228
first race	1974 German Grand Prix
first win	1977 Swedish Grand Prix
last win	1981 Canadian Grand Prix
last race	1986 British Grand Prix }}

Jacques-Henri Laffite (born in Paris, 21 November 1943) is a French former racing driver who competed in Formula One from to . He achieved six grand prix wins, all while driving for the Ligier team. He is now a TV commentator on French television TF1.

Formula One career

Laffite debuted in Formula One in 1974 for Frank Williams' Iso Marlboro team. The following year he raced for the same team, now named Williams, scoring a 2nd place in the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.

In Laffite moved to the French Ligier team, scoring 20 points and a pole position at the Italian Grand Prix. The next two seasons were transitional, although he managed to win his first Grand Prix at Anderstorp in the 1977 Swedish Grand Prix.

The 1979 season opened with Laffite winning the first two races. He fought for the World Championship title until the last races, but eventually placed only 4th, with 36 points. The following two seasons were similar, with two more 4th places in the Championship and a further 3 victories. In 1982, however, Laffite finished only 17th in the final classification, with only 5 points scored.

Results in the next two seasons weren't much better, when he moved back to England, again to race for Williams (11 and 5 points, respectively). Now in his forties, Laffite returned to Ligier in 1985: in that season he was on the podium three times (Great Britain, Germany and Australia), for a total of 16 points. In 1986 he scored 14 points including two more podium finishes in the first half of the season, but he broke both legs in a crash at the start of the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch, and thereafter retired from Formula One. The race was stopped and restarted without Laffite, who subsequently ended his career, taking the accolade of tying with Graham Hill for the most Grand Prix starts. He was the most successful driver in Ligier's history, having taken six of their nine wins.

Post-Formula One career

Laffite recovered from his injuries and later raced in touring cars. He is now a television commentator for the French network TF1, best known for his reaction to the incident at the 1997 European Grand Prix between Michael Schumacher and Jacques Villeneuve where he reacted to Schumacher hitting Villeneuve with curse words on live broadcasted television.

In October 2008, at the age of 64, he tested a Renault R27 F1 car at the Paul Ricard circuit.

Racing record

Complete European Formula Two Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)

! Year

! Entrant

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! 12

! 13

! 14

! Pos

! Pts

! BP Racing

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

Elf>Écurie Elf Ambrozium

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

Complete Formula One World Championship results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) !rowspan="2"

! Year

! Entrant

! Chassis

! Engine

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

! 6

! 7

! 8

! 9

! 10

! 11

! 12

! 13

! 14

! 15

! 16

! 17

! WDC

! Pts.

1974 Formula One season>1974

! Frank Williams Racing Cars

!

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! NC

! 0

!rowspan="2"

[[Frank Williams Racing Cars">Frank Williams Racing Cars

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! NC

! 0

!rowspan="2"

[[Frank Williams Racing Cars

!

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

12th

6

! [[Frank Williams Racing Cars

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFFF"

1976">Frank Williams Racing Cars

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

12th

6

! [[Frank Williams Racing Cars

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFFF"

1976

Equipe Ligier>Ligier Gitanes

! Equipe Ligier

V12 engine>V12

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

! 7th

! 20

1977 Formula One season>1977

Equipe Ligier>Ligier Gitanes

! Equipe Ligier

V12 engine>V12

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

! 10th

! 18

!rowspan="2"

!rowspan="2"

! Equipe Ligier

V12 engine>V12

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

8th

19

! Equipe Ligier

V12 engine>V12

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

!align="left"

Equipe Ligier>Ligier Gitanes

!

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! 4th

! 36

!align="left"

! [[Equipe Ligier">Equipe Ligier

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! 4th

! 36

!align="left"

! [[Equipe Ligier Gitanes

!

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

! 4th

! 34

1981">Equipe Ligier

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

! 4th

! 34

1981

Equipe Ligier>Equipe Talbot Gitanes

! Equipe Ligier

V12 engine>V12

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFFFBF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

! 4th

! 44

!rowspan="2"

!rowspan="2"

! Equipe Ligier

V12 engine>V12

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

17th

5

! Equipe Ligier

V12 engine>V12

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

11th

11

! [[WilliamsF1

Honda">Techniques d'Avant Garde

! [[WilliamsF1

! [[Ford Motor Company

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

bgcolor="#FFCFCF"

11th

11

! [[WilliamsF1

Honda [[V6 engine

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

!rowspan="2"

Saudia Williams Honda

! WilliamsF1

Honda

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

14th

5

! [[WilliamsF1

Honda">V6 engine

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

14th

5

! [[WilliamsF1

Honda

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

1985">V6 engine

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

1985

! Equipe Ligier Gitanes

! Equipe Ligier

Renault

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

! 9th

! 16

1986">V6 engine

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#FFDF9F"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

! 9th

! 16

1986

! Equipe Ligier

! Equipe Ligier

Renault

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#CFCFFF"

bgcolor="#DFDFDF"

bgcolor="#DFFFDF"

bgcolor="#EFCFFF"

! 8th

! 14

References

[[Category:French racecar drivers">V6 engine bgcolor="#FFDF9F" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#CFCFFF" bgcolor="#DFDFDF" bgcolor="#DFFFDF" bgcolor="#EFCFFF" ! 8th ! 14

References

[[Category:French racecar drivers Category:French Formula Renault 2.0 drivers Category:French Formula One drivers Category:Williams Formula One drivers Category:European Formula Two Championship drivers Category:French Formula Three Championship drivers Category:Sportspeople from Paris Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Grand Prix Masters drivers Category:DTM drivers Category:24 Hours of Le Mans drivers Category:World Touring Car Championship drivers

bg:Жак-Анри Лафит ca:Jacques Laffite cs:Jacques Laffite de:Jacques Laffite es:Jacques Laffite fr:Jacques Laffite id:Jacques Laffite it:Jacques Laffite hu:Jacques Laffite nl:Jacques Laffite ja:ジャック・ラフィット pl:Jacques Laffite pt:Jacques Laffite ro:Jacques Laffite ru:Лаффит, Жак sl:Jacques Laffite fi:Jacques Laffite sv:Jacques Laffite