Remittance can also refer to the accounting concept of a monetary payment transferred by a customer to a business; see remittance advice. For a person who was exiled and sent an allowance on condition that they did not return home, see remittance man.

A remittance is a transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country.

Money sent home by migrants constitutes the second largest financial inflow to many developing countries, exceeding international aid. Estimates of remittances to developing countries vary from International Fund for Agricultural Development's US$301 billion (including informal flows) to the World Bank's US$250 billion for 2006 (excluding informal flows).^[1] Remittances contribute to economic growth and to the livelihoods of people worldwide^{[citation needed]}. Moreover, remittance transfers can also promote access to financial services for the sender and recipient, thereby increasing financial and social inclusion^{[citation needed]}. Remittances also foster, in the receiving countries, a further economic dependence on the global economy instead of building sustainable, local economies.^{[citation needed]}

Remittance advertising in Oxford Street, London with Polish and Russian text

Significance[link]

Remittances are playing an increasingly large role in the economies of many countries, contributing to economic growth and to the livelihoods of less prosperous people (though generally not the poorest of the poor). According to World Bank estimates, remittances totaled US$414 billion in 2009, of which US$316 billion went to developing countries that involved 192 million migrant workers.^[2] For some individual recipient countries, remittances can be as high as a third of their GDP.^[2] As remittance receivers often have a higher propensity to own a bank account, remittances promote access to financial services for the sender and recipient, an essential aspect of leveraging remittances to promote economic development. The top recipients in terms of the share of remittances in GDP included many smaller economies such as Tajikistan (45%), Moldova (38%), and Honduras (25%).^[3]

The World Bank and the Bank for International Settlements have developed international standards for remittance services.^[4]

In 2004 the G8 met at the Sea Island Summit and decided to take action to lower the costs for migrant workers who send money back to their friends and families in their country of origin. In light of this, various G8 government developmental organizations, such as the UK government's Department for International Development (DFID) and USAID began to look into ways in which the cost of remitting money could be lowered.

In September 2008, the World Bank established the first international database of remittance prices. The Remittance Prices Database provides data on sending and receiving remittances for 200 “country corridors” worldwide. The “corridors” examined include remittance flows from 28 major sending countries to 86 receiving countries, which account for more than 60% of total remittances to developing countries.^[5] The resulting publication of the Remittance Prices Database serves four major purposes: benchmarking improvements, allowing comparisons across countries, supporting consumers’ choices, and putting pressure on service providers to improve their services.^[5]

At a July 2009 summit in L’Aquila, Italy, G8 heads of government and states endorsed the objective of reducing the cost of remittance services by five percentage points in five years. To drive down costs, the World Bank has begun certifying regional and national databases that use a consistent methodology to compare the cost of sending remittances.^[6]

History[link]

Overview[link]

Remittances are not a new phenomenon in the world, being a normal concomitant to migration which has always been a part of human history. Several European countries, for example Spain, Italy and Ireland were heavily dependent on remittances received from their emigrants during the 19th and 20th centuries. In the case of Spain, remittances amounted to the 21% of all of its current account income in 1946.^[7] All of those countries created policies on remittances developed after significant research efforts in the field. For instance, Italy was the first country in the world to enact a law to protect remittances in 1901^[8] while Spain was the first country to sign an international treaty (with Argentina in 1960) to lower the cost of the remittances received.

By region[link]

In 2010, US and Saudi Arabia, respectively, were the top two senders of remittance globally.^[9]

Asia[link]

A majority of the remittances from the US have been directed to Asian countries like India (approx. 26 billion USD), Philippines (approx. 20 billion USD) and China (approx. 23 billion USD). Most of the remittances happen by the conventional channel of agents, like Western Union, MoneyGram or Xpress Money Services. However, with the increasing relevance and reach of the Internet, online and mobile phone money transfers from companies such as Remit2India and Xoom.com have significantly grown.

Philippines[link]

According to a World Bank Study,^[10] the Philippines is the second largest recipient for remittances in Asia. It was estimated in 1994 that migrants sent over US2.6 billion back to the Philippines through formal banking systems. With the addition of money sent through private finance companies and return migrants, the 1994 total was closer to US6 billion annually.^[11] Looking at current remittance flows, the total is estimated to have grown by 7.8 per cent annually to reach US21.3 billion in 2010. Remittances are a reliable source of revenue for the Philippines, accounting for 8.9 per cent of the country’s GDP.^[12]

The Estrada administration in 2000 declared it “The Year of Overseas Filipino Worker in the Recognition of the Determination and Supreme Self-Sacrifice of Overseas Filipino Workers.” This declaration connects monetary remittances of overseas workers as the top foreign-exchange earnings in the Philippines.^[11]

Latin America and the Caribbean[link]

In Latin America and the Caribbean, remittances play an important role in the economy of the region, totaling over 66.5 billion USD in 2007, with about 75% originating in the United States. This total represents more than the sum of Foreign direct investment and official development aid combined. In seven Latin American and Caribbean countries, remittances even account for more than 10% of GDP and exceed the dollar flows of the largest export product in almost every country in the region.^[13] Percentages ranged from 2% in Mexico, to 18% in El Salvador, 21% in Honduras, and up to 30% in Haiti.^[14] The Inter American Development Bank's Multilateral Investment Fund (IDB-MIF) has been the leading agency on regional remittance research.^[13]

Through the providers listed on Send Money Home migrant workers can now view a price comparison on remittances to Latin American and Caribbean countries.

This research has often been carried out in collaboration with Manuel Orozco of the Inter-American Dialogue, his remittance research can be found at the Dialogue^[15] and at the IDB. In this region, Mexico, one of the best documented examples of migration and remittances, received remittance inflows of almost 24 Billion US$ in 2007, 95% of which originated in the US.

A significant study conducted by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in 2004 provides useful insight into remittance and related migration patterns between Latin America and the United States. The study reveals that over 60% of the 16.5 million Latin American-born adults who resided in the United States at the time of the survey regularly sent money home. The remittances sent by these 10 million immigrants were transmitted via more than 100 million individual transactions per year and amounted to an estimated $30 billion during 2004. Each transaction averaged about $150–$250, and, because these migrants tended to send smaller amounts more frequently than others, their remittances had a higher percentage of costs due to transfer fees.^[16]

Migrants sent approximately 10% of their household incomes; these remittances made up a corresponding 50-80% of the household incomes for the recipients. Significant amounts of remittances were sent from 37 U.S. states, but six states were identified as the "traditional sending" states: New York (which led the group with 81% of its immigrants making regular remittances), California, Texas, Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey. The high growth rate of remittances to Mexico (not the total amount) is unlikely to continue. In fact, according the Mexican central bank, remittances grew just 0.6 during the first six months of 2007, as compared to 23% during the same period in 2006. Experts attribute the slowdown to a contraction in the U.S. construction industry, tighter border controls, and a crackdown in the U.S. on illegal immigration.^[10]

As the foregoing statistics illustrate, increased migration from Latin America to the United States has resulted in a very significant amount of remittance activity. The numbers also help us understand the dependence between a developed country and developing countries: The United States needs Latin Americans to supply its labor markets—the migration improves business profitability and reduces the costs of production, while Latin American countries depend on the flows of remittances that result from the migration of labor. This dependence has also resulted in what experts call "micro-geographies,” tightly knit networks that integrate U.S. communities with communities throughout Latin America, such as migrants from Oaxaca, Mexico who have settled in Venice Beach, California. Oaxacans not only send money back to their communities, but they also travel back and forth extensively.^[10]

As of recently, remittances from the U.S. to Latin America have been on the decline. While there were USD 69.2 billion worth of remittances sent in 2008, that figure has fallen to USD 58.9 billion for 2011. This trend is a result of many factors including the global recession, more economic opportunity in Latin American countries, and rising fees charged by coyotes to smuggle immigrants across the border. The pattern of migration has changed from a circular flow, in which immigrants work in the U.S. for a few years before returning to their families in their home countries, to a one-way stream whereby migrants find themselves stuck in the United States. As a result, the new wave of migrants are both less likely to leave and more likely to stay in the U.S. for longer periods of time. Overall, this trend has contributed to falling levels of remittances sent to Latin American countries from the United States^[17].

Africa[link]

Remittances to Africa play an important role to national economies, but little data exists as many rely on informal channels to send money home. Today’s African Diaspora consists of approximately 20 to 30 million adults, who send about USD 40 billion annually to their families and local communities back home. For the region as a whole, this represents 50 percent more than net official development assistance (ODA) from all sources, and, for most countries, the amount also exceeds foreign direct investment (FDI). In several fragile states, remittances are estimated to exceed 50 percent of GDP.^[16] Most African countries restrict the payment of remittances to banks, which in turn, typically enter into exclusive arrangements with large money transfer companies, like Western Union or Money Gram, to operate on their behalf. This results in limited competition and limited access for consumers.

According to a World Bank study,^[10] Nigeria is by far the top remittance recipient in Africa, accounting for $10 billion in 2010, a slight increase over the previous year ($9.6 billion). Other top recipients include Sudan ($3.2 billion), Kenya ($1.8 billion), Senegal ($1.2 billion), South Africa ($1.0 billion), Uganda ($0.8 billion), Lesotho ($0.5 billion), Ethiopia ($387 million), Mali ($385 million), and Togo ($302 million). As a share of Gross Domestic Product, the top recipients in 2009 were: Lesotho (25 percent), Togo (10 per cent), Cape Verde (9 per cent), Guinea-Bissau (9 per cent), Senegal (9 per cent), Gambia (8 per cent), Liberia (6 per cent), Sudan (6 per cent), Nigeria (6 per cent), and Kenya (5 per cent).^[16]

Emergencies[link]

During disasters or emergencies, remittances can be a vital source of income for people whose other forms of livelihood may have been destroyed by conflict or natural disaster. According to the Overseas Development Institute, this is being increasingly recognized as important by aid actors who are considering better ways of supporting people in emergency responses.^[18]

Potential security concerns[link]

The recent internationally coordinated effort to stifle possible sources of money laundering and/or terrorist financing has increased the cost of sending remittances directly increasing costs to the companies facilitating the sending and indirectly to the person remitting. As in some corridors a sizable amount of remittances is sent through informal channels (family connections, traveling friends, local money lenders, etc.). According to the World Bank,^[19] some countries do not report remittances data. Moreover, when data is available, the methodologies used by countries for remittance data compilation are not publicly available. A 2010 world survey of central banks found significant differences in the quality of remittance data collection across countries: some central banks only used remittances data reported from commercial banks, neglecting to account for remittance flows via money transfer operators and post offices.^[20]

Remittances can be difficult to track and potentially sensitive to money laundering (AML) and terror financing (CFT) concerns. Since 9/11 many governments and the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) have taken steps to address informal value transfer systems. This is done through nations' Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs). The principle legislative initiatives in this area are the USA PATRIOT Act, Title III in the United States and, in the EU, through a series of EU Money Laundering Directives. Though no serious terror risk should be associated with migrants sending money to their families, misuse of the financial system remains a serious government concern.

Top recipient countries[link]

Note: Central Bank data used for Bangladesh, Mexico, Pakistan, and Philippines.

Economic benefits[link]

As remittance receivers often have a higher propensity to own a bank account, remittances promote access to financial services for the sender and recipient, an essential aspect of leveraging remittances to promote economic development.^[10]

The stability of remittance flows despite financial crises and economic downturns make them a reliable financial resource for developing countries.^[10] As migrant remittances are sent cumulatively over the years and not only by new migrants, remittances are able to be persistent over time. At the state level, countries with diversified migration destinations are likely to have more sustainable remittance flows.^[10]

A 2011 study develops a long-run growth model for a labour exporting country that receives large inflows of external income - the sum of remittances, FDI and general government transfers - from major oil exporting economies. The long-run economic benefits of external income is then evaluated using data for Jordan.^[25]

References[link]

• [1]
• [2]
• [3]
• [4]
• Ezra Rosser, Immigrant Remittances, 41 Conn. L. Rev. 1 (2008) [5]

External links[link]

• Money Transfers at the Open Directory Project
• Integration : Building Inclusive Societies (IBIS) UN Alliance of Civilizations online community on Good Practices of Integration of Migrants across the World
• Outlook for remittance flows to developing countries: Recovery after the global financial crisis but risks lie ahead
• Migration and Remittances

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Overseas Filipinos

Total population
12,500,000+ estimates [1][not in citation given][2][not in citation given][3]
Regions with significant populations
United States 3,416,840[4][5]  Saudi Arabia 1,159,003  Malaysia 900,000  UAE 609,704  Canada 436,190  Japan 350,972  Australia 336,140  Qatar 263,980  Spain 241,268[6]  United Kingdom 200,987  Mexico 200,000  Hong Kong 168,550  Singapore 163,090  Kuwait 155,744  Italy 119,508  Taiwan 94,283  South Korea 81,395  Germany 55,309  Greece 51,656  Bahrain 50,695  France 50,013  Oman 41,000  Israel 39,002  Jordan 32,896  Lebanon 31,348  Austria 29,824  New Zealand 27,139  Libya 23,713  Guam 23,563  Switzerland 22,431  Norway 20,683  Cyprus 20,284
Languages
Philippine languages, English, Spanish and language(s) of country of residence.
Religion
Mostly Christianity (Catholic or other denominations), minorities practice Islam, Buddhism, Paganism, Atheism, and other religions.
Related ethnic groups
Filipino people

An Overseas Filipino is a person of Filipino origin who lives outside of the Philippines. This term applies both to people of Filipino ancestry who are citizens or residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad on a more temporary status.

Most overseas Filipinos migrate to other nations to find employment or support their families in the Philippines. As a result of this migration, many countries have substantial Filipino communities.

Often, these Filipinos are referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). "Global Filipino" is another term of more recent vintage but less widely used.

Former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo applied the term "Overseas Filipino Investor" or "OFI" for Filipino expatriates who contribute to the economy through remittances, buying properties and creating businesses.^[7]

Population[link]

Around 9.5 million to 12.5 million overseas Filipinos are the estimated count worldwide or about 11% of the total population of the Philippines as of 2010.^[1][2]

More than a million Filipinos try their luck each year to work abroad through overseas employment agencies and other programs, including government-sponsored initiatives. A majority of them are women applying as domestic helpers and personal service workers. Others emigrate and become permanent residents of other countries. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, physical therapists, nurses, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects,^[8] entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, seafarers, students, caregivers, domestic helpers, fast wood workers especially in the middle east and maids.

The exodus includes an increasing number of skilled workers taking on unskilled work overseas, resulting in what has been referred to as a brain drain, particularly in the health and education sectors. Also, the exodus can result in underemployment, for example, in cases where doctors undergo retraining to become nurses.

Economic impact[link]

Remittances sent by OFWs to the Philippines contribute to the country's economy, with a value of more than US$10 billion in 2005.^[9] This makes the country the fourth largest recipient of remittances with India, China, and Mexico in the top list. OFW remittances represent 13.5% of the country's GDP, the largest in proportion to the domestic economy among the four countries.^[10]

In 2008, overseas Filipinos sent US$15.9 billion worth of remittances to the Philippines,^[11] up from the US$14.4 billion in 2007, and US$13 billion in 2006.^[12][13]

In 2009, about US$17.348 billion in remittances was sent to the Philippines by overseas Filipinos, higher than in previous years.^[14]

Countries with Filipino populations[link]

• Australia. In 2000, Australia recorded about 127,000 Filipinos and/or Filipino Australians.^[AUS]

• Brazil. As of 2008^[update], there were 379 Filipinos in Brazil. They consist primarily of Catholic missionaries and migrant workers in the telecommunications and oil sectors. There are also a few former seafarers who settled in port cities, and an increasing number of Filipinas who lived in Japan and married Brazilians who were living there.^[15] Since 2008, 33 overseas Filipino workers (11 men, 22 women) have been detained in jails in Brazil on charges of drug trafficking, primarily for attempting to bring in cocaine through airports.^[16]

• Canada. Only a small population of Filipinos resided in Canada until the late 20th century. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration has estimated that as of 2006 there were over 400,000 Canadians of Filipino origin.^[17] Due to Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Western Canada and the Philippines; contracts in Atlantic Canada; consistent hiring of workers in Central Canada; and increased activity in Northern Canada, it is estimated that there will be some 500,000 Filipinos in Canada as of 2010. As of December 2008, Filipinos overtook China as Canada's leading source of immigrants.^[18] See Filipino Canadians.

• Greece. The Philippine Embassy has reported an estimated of 40,000 Filipinos in Greece.^{[19][dead link]}

• Hong Kong. There are approximately 140,000 Filipinos in Hong Kong, of whom most are domestic helpers (30,000 of them being members of the Filipino Migrant Workers Union). Filipino maids are known by the locals as amahs, or more often feiyungs (less politely, bun mui or bun bun), and face discrimination and maltreatment from the locals. A Hong Kong work visa requires some amount of higher education; and in some cases Filipino women with college degrees and perfect command of English are willing to work as maids and nannies for a salary higher than they could make at home in professions.^[HKG]

• India. Approximately 1,000 Filipinos reside in India. However, government's official figures show some 500 Filipinos.

• Italy. There are about 131,000 Filipinos in Italy. This makes the country host to more Filipinos than any other countries in Europe except the United Kingdom.

• Iraq. Despite the Philippine government's ban on OFWs working in Iraq, an estimated 1,000-3,000 Filipinos^{[citation needed]} work there. Most work on US Military bases around the country as cooks and laundry service, sometimes as third-country national security guards. This is the only foreign country in which Filipino men outnumber Filipino women.

• Ireland. As of 2008, the Philippine embassy in London reported that there are 11,500 Filipinos in Ireland.^[20]

• Japan. Some 350,972 Filipinos are listed to be living within Japan's geographic confines.^[JPN][21] However, this number is speculated to be larger, surpassing the one million mark due to many unlisted and illegal Filipino nationals.^{[citation needed]}

• Lebanon. As many as 30,000 OFWs are working in Lebanon. Due to the recent turmoil between Lebanon and Israel, however, many have been repatriated back to the Philippines, while others have been relocated to Cyprus, a part of the Philippine evacuation plan.^[LBN]

• Malaysia. As Sabah is very close to the Philippines, there are many Filipino residents, as well as illegal immigrants there. Filipinos make up about 30% of the entire population of Sabah and they enumerate up to 900,000. Many Filipinos in Malaysia come to work in construction industries, fisheries, and other labor intensive sectors in hopes of a better living. Most live in stilt slums scattered behind cities or on offshore islands. The Philippine government also has promised to establish a consulate to provide any necessary help to its nationals. Historically, The Philippines has a dormant but legal claim on the territory.

• Mexico. There are about 200,000 Mexicans of Filipino ancestry^[22] living in Mexico, some of whom are of mixed blood heritage. They are descendants of Filipino slaves and immigrants who settled in Mexico during the colonial period. More recently, there were Filipinos who arrived as refugees to Mexico who fled from the Marcos dictatorship. Their communities are found in Guerrero, Michoacán, and Colima.

• Middle East. Many Filipinos work in the Middle East (mostly Saudi Arabia and UAE) as engineers, nurses or hospital workers, accountants, office workers, construction workers, restaurant workers and maids. It is estimated^[who?] that more than 2 million Overseas Filipinos are working in the Middle East.

• New Zealand. There are about 17,000 Filipino residents and citizens in New Zealand called KiwiPino's, Filipino New Zealanders. New Zealand, as in the past, are currently recruiting Filipino qualified nurses. Filipinos in New Zealand, as well as prospective immigrants, often lean towards information technology, nursing and, more recently, telecommunications for careers.^{[citation needed]}

• Nigeria. Filipinos in Nigeria consist largely of migrant workers in the oil industry, though those in the capital city Abuja also work in the education and medical sectors. By mid-2008, their numbers had grown to an estimated 4,500, up from 3,790 in December 2005.^[23] They commonly hold skilled construction positions, among them pipe layers, welders, and engineers, and may earn as much as US$10,000 per month; however, those working in oil areas in Southeast Nigeria often find themselves the target of violence by local militants.^[24] Majority of the OFWs are working/residing in Lagos and Abuja. Filipino workers are actively petitioning the Philippine government to lift the travel and work ban in Nigeria.^[25]

• Norway. The number of people with Filipino background in Norway is estimated to be about 12,000, most of them living in the Oslo urban area. In addition to Filipinos who have intermarried with Norwegians, there are at least 900 licensed Filipino nurses, over a hundred oil engineers employed mostly in offshore projects in the western coast of Norway and Filipinos or Norwegians of Filipino descent working in the government sector, diplomatic missions and NGO's and commercial establishments.^[26]

• Pakistan. According to the statistics of the Philippine government, an estimated 3,000 Filipinos live and work in Pakistan. Filipinos in Pakistan work as domestic workers, and housemaids.^[27]

• Singapore. Over 150,000 Overseas Filipinos work and reside in Singapore.^[POEA2004] A notable incident involving an OFW was the trial and execution of Flor Contemplacion for the alleged murder of her employer's child and another Filipina, Delia Maga.

• South Korea. According to the Commission on Filipinos Overseas, as of December 2006, some 70,000 Filipinos work and live in Korea.^{[citation needed]} Of this number, some 6,000 are permanent residents, some 50,000 work legally, and some 14,000 are "irregular" or do not have the proper documents.^{[28][not in citation given]}

• Spain. There are around 50,000 Filipino legal workers living abroad in Spain,^[29] mainly in Barcelona and Madrid. Although many Filipinos did immigrate or ran away to Spain after the United States took over the islands in 1898, most of the Filipinos moved to the old metropolises during the 1960s and 1970s seeking jobs, which in many cases were related to housekeeping, healthcare or industrial activities. There's also a significant group of Spaniards of Filipino origins (some of whom are from 3rd and 4th generations) including some famous people like former Spanish Prime Minister Manila-born Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero or Isabel Preysler, mother of famous singer Enrique Iglesias. This group is estimated in at least 40,000 people. Furthermore, since Filipino citizens are entitled to obtain Spanish citizenship by proving two years of legal residence in Spain, it is estimated that there are around 150,000 people holding dual citizenship (Spanish/Filipino). All in all, the entire population of total or partial Filipino origins is around 300,000,^[6] nearly 0,7% of Spanish population.

• Taiwan. According to the 2006 data of the government of Taiwan, there are 96,000 Filipinos currently living in Taiwan. Of these, 58,704 are in manufacturing industries and 34,602 are in social or personal services (e.g. maids).^[ROC] However, according to 2004 data by the Philippine Government, there are 2,037 Filipinos living in Taiwan permanently, 154,135 are in Taiwan for work contracts, and 4,500 go to Taiwan irregularly, which make a total of 160,672. It is not known why there is such a big difference between these two numbers (96,000 vs. 160,672).^{[citation needed]}

• United Kingdom. Nurses and caregivers have begun migrating to the United Kingdom in recent years. The island nation has welcomed about 20,000 nurses and other Filipinos of various occupations and lifestyles during the past 5 years. The United Kingdom is home to an estimated 200,000 OFWs.^[29] Many Filipino seamen settled in British port cities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Liverpool even had an area nicknamed 'Little Manila'^[30]

• United States. Despite race relations problems of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the American Northwest, most Filipino Americans today find it easy to integrate into American society, with a majority belonging to the middle class. Filipinos are the second-largest Asian American group in the country; Tagalog is the fifth most spoken language in the U.S. Filipinas comprise a large portion of the roughly 4,000-6,000 women who annually come to the U.S. through method of mail-order bride,^[31] internet courtship, or direct contact when travel to the Philippines. The US State Department estimated that there are 4 million Filipinos in the US as of 2007.^[32]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: People from the Philippines in Hong Kong

General statistics from Philippine government[link]

• POEA2004 ^{a b c d e f g h i} "Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos" (MS Excel). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA). 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-03-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20070303122418/http://www.poea.gov.ph/docs/STOCK+ESTIMATE+2004.xls. Retrieved 2007-08-01.  (overseas Filipinos working and/or living overseas):
  • 3,187,586 stay permanently, 3,599,257 stay for work contracts, and 1,296,972 stay irregularly (without proper documents), which make a sum of 8,083,815.
• Press release on the 2004 Survey on Overseas Filipinos, Philippine National Statistics Office, on OFWs:
  • 1.06 million Overseas Filipinos Workers
  • 33.4% are unskilled workers, 15.4% are Trades and related workers, 15.1% are plant and machine operators and assemblers.
  • 49.3% are males, 50.7% are females.
  • Remittances are 64.7 billion Philippine pesos (equaled 1.2 billion USD then)
• Deployed Landbased Overseas Filipino Workers by Destination (New hires and Rehires) (MS Excel format), Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), 2005, on OFWs:
  • 733,970 are landbased, 247,707 are seabased, which make a sum of 981,677. There is a 5.15% growth since 2004's 933,588.
  • Remittances are 9,727,138,000 USD. There is a 26.6% growth since 2004.
• List of Additional Reports from the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Statistics Page

From other sources[link]

• ^{a b} AUS - "Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth". Australia Bureau of Statistics. 2007. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/00FB61D4FA7DA54BCA2572360001105C?opendocument. Retrieved 2007-08-08. .
• ^a GWM - "Country Profile: Guam - People". CIA Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html#People. Retrieved 2007-05-12. .
• ^{a b} HKG - "Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 - population". Central Statistics Office. 2005. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
• ^a LBN - Maila Ager (August 3, 2006). "'Standby fund' for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250. Retrieved 2007-05-09. .
• ^a NZL - "QuickStats About Culture and Identity". Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa. August 3, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070829171542/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master. Retrieved 2007-05-12. .
• ^a SAU - "Table 29. Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2006" (PDF). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA). 2006. http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-01. .
• ^{a b} TWN - Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.
• ^a MAL - "Table 29. Stock Estimate of Overseas Filipinos As of December 2006" (PDF). Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA). 2006. http://www.poea.gov.ph/stats/2006Stats.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-01. .
• USA
  • ^a1 "Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination". U.S. census bureau. 2005. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2007-05-09. "Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination - Total population: 288,378,137" .
  • ^{b1 b2} "Background Note: Philippines". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 2007. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-04. "There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines." 
• ^a ARE – Jose N. Franco Jr (28 April 2007). "Jan–Feb 2007 remittances by Filipinos in Dubai grow 96pc". Khaleej Tomes. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/business/2007/April/business_April715.xml&section=business. Retrieved 2007-05-09. 
• ^a AUS – "Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth". Australia Bureau of Statistics. 2007. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/00FB61D4FA7DA54BCA2572360001105C?opendocument. Retrieved 2007-08-08. 
• ^a CAN – "Population by Ethnic Origin". Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-04-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20070409142817/http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-08. 
• ^a GWM – "Country Profile: Guam – People". CIA Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html#People. Retrieved 2007-05-12. 
• ^a HKG – "Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 – population". Central Statistics Office. 2005. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
• ^a IRL – "Principal Statistics of Ireland by nationality". http://www.cso.ie/statistics/persclassbynationality2002.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
• ^a ITA – Lawrence Casiraya. "Microsoft training centers cater to 200,000 OFWs in Italy". Inquirer.net. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=80342. Retrieved 2007-08-14. 
• ^a JPN – "Undocumented Filipinos cross the great divide in Japan". Philippines Today. http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=132. Retrieved 2007-05-09. 
• ^a LBN – Maila Ager (3 August 2006). "'Standby fund’ for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250. Retrieved 2007-05-09. 
• ^a NZL – "QuickStats About Culture and Identity". Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa. 3 August 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-08-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070829171542/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master. Retrieved 2007-05-12. 
• ^a ROK – "Secretary Albert Assures Filipinos in Korea of Continued Government Protection for Their Interests". Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. 3 August 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-08-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20070805021216/http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-12. 
• ^a SAU – "International Religious Freedom Report 2005 – Saudi Arabia". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 2005. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-09. 
• ^a TWN – Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.
• USA
  • ^a1 "Selected Population Profile in the United States – Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination". U.S. Census Bureau. 2005. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2007-05-09. "Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination: 2,807,731" 
  • ^b1 "Background Note: Philippines". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. May 2007. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-02. "There are an estimated four million Americans of Filipino ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines."