- published: 08 Mar 2012
- views: 4383
- author: theuptrend
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- Alberta
- Arctic Cordillera
- Arms of Canada
- Art Deco
- Atlantic Canada
- Australia
- Bank of Canada
- Bank of Montreal
- Bank of Nova Scotia
- Banking in Canada
- Big Five (banks)
- BM&F; Bovespa
- Book Canada
- Bourse de Montréal
- Brazil
- British Columbia
- Cameco Corporation
- Canada
- Canada 1996 Census
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- Canadian art
- Canadian cuisine
- Canadian dollar
- Canadian Forces
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- Canadian identity
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- Canadian nationalism
- Canadian Prairies
- Canadian Rockies
- Canadian Shield
- Canadians
- Category Canada
- Central Canada
- Charles Comfort
- China
- Cinema of Canada
- Clearing (finance)
- Coast Mountains
- Columbia Mountains
- Crime in Canada
- Culture of Canada
- Design Exchange
- Deutsche Börse
- Economy of Canada
- Education in Canada
- Elections in Canada
- EnCana
- Equities
- European Union
- Exchange-traded fund
- Fauna of Canada
- Flag of Canada
- Flora of Canada
- Geography of Canada
- Germany
- Government of Canada
- Great Lakes
- History of Canada
- Hong Kong
- Husky Energy Inc.
- Imperial Oil Ltd.
- Income trusts
- India
- Interior Plateau
- Investment fund
- Japan
- JSE Limited
- Korea Exchange
- Languages of Canada
- Law of Canada
- List of Canadians
- LTMX Group
- Manitoba
- Maritimes
- Mark Carney
- Monarchy of Canada
- Music of Canada
- Name of Canada
- Nasdaq
- NASDAQ OMX Group
- New Brunswick
- New France
- Nexen Inc.
- Northern Canada
- Nova Scotia
- Nunavut
- NYSE Euronext
- Obesity in Canada
- Ontario
- Outline of Canada
- Pacific Northwest
- Parliament of Canada
- Paul Martin
- Politics of Canada
- Portal Canada
- Poverty in Canada
- Prince Edward Island
- Quebec
- Religion in Canada
- Royal Bank of Canada
- Russia
- S&P; TSX 60
- S&P; TSX Composite
- Saskatchewan
- Senate of Canada
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- Smoking in Canada
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sports in Canada
- Stock Exchange
- Stock exchange
- Stock market index
- Switzerland
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- Theatre of Canada
- TMX Group
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- Toronto
- Tourism in Canada
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- United Kingdom
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- United States dollar
- Volcanism of Canada
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- Wikipedia Link rot
- World War I
- Xavier Rolet
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-
Alberta
Alberta /ælˈbɜrtə/ is a province of Canada. It had a population of 3,645,257 in 2011, making it the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Alberta and its neighbour, Saskatchewan, were established as provinces on September 1, 1905.
Alberta is located in western Canada, bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the US state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and is also one of only two provinces that are landlocked.
Edmonton, the capital city of Alberta, is located near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada's oil sands and other northern resource industries. Approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) south of the capital is Calgary, Alberta's largest city and a major distribution and transportation hub. Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta's two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding 1 million.Census agglomerations in the province include Lethbridge, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, Wood Buffalo (includes Fort McMurray), Grande Prairie, Lloydminster, Okotoks, Brooks, Camrose, Cold Lake, High River, Sylvan Lake, Wetaskiwin, Strathmore, Canmore, and Lacombe. Notable tourist destinations in the province include Canmore, Sylvan Lake, Drumheller, Banff, and Jasper.
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Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia – and Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2011, was 2,327,638.
The first premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, Joey Smallwood, coined the term Atlantic Canada when Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada in 1949. He believed it would be presumptuous for Newfoundland and Labrador to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "Maritime Provinces", used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. The three Maritime provinces joined Confederation in the nineteenth century: New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1867 and Prince Edward Island in 1873.
2011 census figures for metropolitan areas in Atlantic Canada. The list includes communities above 15,000, by population/metro area:
Coordinates: 47°N 62°W / 47°N 62°W / 47; -62
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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BM&F; Bovespa
The BM&FBOVESPA (Portuguese pronunciation: [boˈvespa]; in full, Bolsa de Valores, Mercadorias & Futuros de São Paulo) is a stock exchange located at São Paulo, Brazil. As of December 31, 2011 it had a market capitalization of US $1.22 Trillion, making it in the 8th largest stock exchange in the world. On May 8, 2008, the São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) and the Brazilian Mercantile and Futures Exchange (BM&F) merged, creating BM&FBOVESPA. The benchmark indicator of BM&FBOVESPA is the Índice Bovespa. There were 381 companies traded at Bovespa as of April 30, 2008.
On May 20, 2008 the Ibovespa index reached its 10th consecutive record mark closing at 73,516 points, with a traded volume of USD 4.2 billion or R$ 7.4 billion, and in August 17, 2011 the Ibovespa made its biggest traded volume in its history, with a volume of USD 14.8 billion or R$ 23.7 billion.
BM&FBOVESPA has offices in New York, Shanghai and London.
[disambiguation needed
]
Founded on August 23, 1890 by Emilio Rangel Pestana, the "Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo" (São Paulo Stock Exchange, in English) has had a long history of services provided to the stock market and the Brazilian economy. Until the mid-1960s, Bovespa and the other Brazilian stock markets were state-owned companies, tied with the Secretary of Finances of the states they belonged to, and brokers were appointed by the government.
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Brazil
Brazil
i/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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British Columbia
British Columbiai/ˌbrɪtɪʃ kəˈlʌmbiə/ (B.C. or BC) (French: la Colombie-Britannique, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
As well as being the westernmost province of Western Canada, British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest, along with the US states of Oregon and Washington. The province has strong cultural and personal ties to the Prairie Provinces and Ontario as well as to the West Coast of the United States and to Alaska and the Yukon.
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest. In 2009, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,419,974 (about two and a half million of whom were in Greater Vancouver). The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Central Canada
Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Due to their high populations, Ontario and Quebec have traditionally held a significant amount of political power in Canada, leading to some amount of resentment from other regions of the country. Before Confederation, the term 'Canada' specifically referred to Central Canada. Today, the term "Central Canada" is less often used than the names of the individual provinces.
The name of Central Canada alludes to the region being the median of economic and political power and not to the geographic median of Canada. The region's traditional boundaries were therefore determined by the population distribution which has been skewed to the east. In fact, the region is located entirely in the eastern half of the country, with Quebec extending further east than every province, except for Newfoundland and Labrador. Longitudinally, the middle of Canada is a meridian passing just east of Winnipeg, Manitoba; the geographic centre of Canada is located near Baker Lake, Nunavut.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (
listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3). The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States.
The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the St. Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Michigan-Huron (in the hydrological sense, a single body of water), southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region contains not only the five themselves but also many thousands of smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. Of the five lakes, Lake Michigan is the only one that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water border between the United States and Canada.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Interior Plateau
The Interior Plateau comprises a large region of central British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range on the west. The continuation of the plateau into the United States is known there as the Columbia Plateau. The Interior Plateau is not part of the Interior Mountains, a huge area that constitutes most of the northern two thirds of the Canadian province of British Columbia between the Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains and the various small ranges on the inland lea of the Coast Mountains between the Bulkley Ranges and the Bella Coola River. Physiographically, the Interior Plateau is a section of the larger Northern Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division.
It has several subdivisions, these being:
The Cariboo and Chilcotin Plateaus are separate by the Fraser River. The Nechako Plateau flanks the Fraser on both sides; its southern boundary is defined by the West Road River (aka the Blackwater River) and the Quesnel River, and its northern boundary are the Omineca Mountains and the Cassiar Mountains, which are two major subdivisions of the Interior Mountains.
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Japan
Japan
i/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Manitoba
Manitobai/ˌmænəˈtoʊbə/ is a Canadian prairie province. The province, with an area of 649,950 square kilometres (250,900 sq mi), has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, and home to 60 percent of the population of the province. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the highest court in the jurisdiction, the Manitoba Court of Appeal. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities are located in Winnipeg.
Fur traders first arrived during the late 17th century. Manitoba became a province of Canada in 1870 after the Red River Rebellion. A general strike took place in Winnipeg in 1919, and the province was hit hard by the Great Depression. This led to the creation of what would become the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, one of the province's major political parties and currently in power, led by premier Greg Selinger.
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Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. On the Atlantic coast, the Maritimes are a subregion of Atlantic Canada, which also includes the northeastern province of Newfoundland & Labrador. The population of the Maritime provinces was 1,826,896 in 2008.
The Maritimes front the Atlantic Ocean and its various sub-basins such as the Gulf of Maine and Gulf of St. Lawrence systems. The region is located northeast of New England, southeast of Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, and southwest of the island of Newfoundland.
There was talk of a Maritime Union of the three provinces to have greater political power; however, the first discussions on the subject in 1864 at the Charlottetown Conference led to the process of Canadian Confederation which formed the larger Dominion of Canada instead.
The Maritimes are home to Mi'kmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy people and have an extensive history of French and British settlement dating back to the seventeenth century, forming a unique culture that predates Canada.
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New Brunswick
New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick; pronounced: [nuˈvo bʁɔnˈzwik]) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual (English–French).Fredericton is the capital and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the province's largest Census Metropolitan Area. Through the 2011 nation wide census, Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2011 to have been 751,171; a majority of the population is English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
The province's name comes from the English and French partial transcription of the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig in German) located in modern day Lower Saxony, northern Germany (and former duchy of the same name), the ancestral home of the Hanoverian George III of the United Kingdom.
New Brunswick is bounded by: on the north by Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula and Chaleur Bay; along the east coast by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Northumberland Strait; in the southeast corner the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto connects New Brunswick to the Nova Scotia peninsula; in the south by the Bay of Fundy coast, (which with a rise of 16 m (52 ft), has amongst the highest tides in the world); and in the west by the US state of Maine.
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Nexen Inc.
Nexen Inc. (TSX: NXY, NYSE: NXY) is an oil and gas company based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Nexen started in 1969 under the name "Canadian Occidental Petroleum Ltd.", aka CanOxy, and was 80% owned by Occidental Petroleum, a Los Angeles-based oil company.
In the first decade of its existence, CanOxy was fairly Canadian-oriented. During the '80s and '90s they increased their international holdings, first in the Gulf of Mexico, then into places like Yemen and the UK North Sea. Further Canadian assets were also acquired.
In the 1990s, Nexen, then known as CanOxy, purchased the assets of what once was the first state owned oil and gas company in North America; Wascana Energy Inc., once known as SaskOil. Founded by Saskatchewan New Democratic Party Premier Allan Blakeney, Saskoil was later privatized by Progressive Conservative Premier Grant Devine.
In 2001 the name was changed to Nexen Incorporated.
Nexen has interests in Canada (including the Athabasca Oil Sands through their 7.23% ownership of Syncrude and their Long Lake project with CNOOC), the UK North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, Colombia and offshore West Africa.
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Northern Canada
Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle.
These reckonings somewhat depend on the concept of nordicity, a measure of northernness that other Arctic territories share. Canada, a country in northern North America whose population is concentrated along its southern frontier with the United States, is frequently reckoned to not have a 'south.' As such, the 'South' is only perceived as a region when it is contrasted to or viewed from those in the North.
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Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 45°13′N 62°42′W / 45.217°N 62.7°W / 45.217; -62.7 (Nova Scotia)
Nova Scotia (pronounced /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Longitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia's diversity.
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Nunavut
Nunavut /ˈnuːnəˌvʊt/ (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ [ˈnunavut]) is the largest and newest federal territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the actual boundaries had been established in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland in 1949.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, making it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world. The capital Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay") on Baffin Island, in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west and Akimiski Island in James Bay to the far south.
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Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
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Parliament of Canada
The Parliament of Canada (French: Parlement du Canada) is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa. Formally, the body consists of the Canadian monarch—represented by her governor general—the Senate, and the House of Commons, each element having its own officers and organization. The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 members of the upper house on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, while the 308 members of the lower house are directly elected by eligible voters in the Canadian populace, with each Member of Parliament representing a single electoral district, commonly referred to as a riding.
By constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint, and the monarch and viceroy provide the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law and summon, prorogue, and dissolve parliament in order to call an election, as well as reading the Throne Speech. The current parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston on 2 June 2011, is the 41st since Confederation.
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Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; French: Île-du-Prince-Édouard, pronounced: [il dy pʁɛ̃s edwaːʁ], Mi'kmaq: Epekwitk, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean a' Phrionnsa) is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population. The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join the confederation until 1873, when it became the seventh Canadian province.
According to the 2009 estimates, Prince Edward Island has 141,000 residents. It is located in a rectangle defined roughly by 46°–47°N, and 62°–64°30′W and at 5,683.91 km2 (2,194.57 sq mi) in size, it is the 104th-largest island in the world, and Canada's 23rd-largest island.
The island was named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria.
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Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan (i/səˈskætʃɨwən/ or /səˈskætʃɨwɑːn/) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588,276 square kilometres (227,100 sq mi). Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota.
As of April 2011, the population of Saskatchewan was estimated at 1,053,960. Residents primarily live in the southern half of the province. Of the total population, 257,300 live in the province's largest city, Saskatoon, while 210,000 live in the provincial capital, Regina. Other major cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current and North Battleford.
Saskatchewan was first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774, having also been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups. It became a province in 1905. Saskatchewan's current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. Its major industries are agriculture, mining, and energy. "In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a historic land claim agreement with Saskatchewan First Nations. Under the Agreement, the First Nations received money to buy land on the open market. As a result, about 761,000 acres have been turned into reserve land and many First Nations continue to invest their settlement dollars in urban areas", including Saskatoon.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
wn.com/South_Africa -
South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Yukon
Coordinates: 63°38′N 135°46′W / 63.633°N 135.767°W / 63.633; -135.767
Yukon/ˈjuːkɒn/ is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories.
The territory was created from the rump of the Hudson's Bay Company's North-Western Territory in 1898 as "the Yukon". Receiving royal assent on March 27, 2002, the federal government moderized the Yukon Act to confirm "Yukon", rather than "Yukon Territory", as the current usage standard. Though officially bilingual (English and French) the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages.
At 5,959 m (19,551 ft), Yukon's Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest of North America (after Mount McKinley in the U.S. state of Alaska). The territory's climate is Arctic and subarctic, resulting in long cold winters, short summers, and little precipitation.
It was named after the Yukon River. The word Yukon means "Great River" in Gwich’in.
The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle, bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west for 1,210 km (752 mi) mostly along longitude 141° W, the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains. Whitehorse is the territorial capital.
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Canadians
Canadians (singular Canadian) are the people who are identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be genetic, residential, legal, historical, cultural or ethnic. For most Canadians, several (frequently all) of those types of connections exist and are the source(s) of them being considered Canadians.
Aside from the Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census numbered 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population, the majority of the population is made up of Old World immigrants and their descendants. After the initial period of French and then British colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continues today. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.
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Charles Comfort
Charles Fraser Comfort, OC (1900 – July 5, 1994) was a Canadian painter, sculptor, teacher, writer and administrator.
Born near Edinburgh, Scotland, Comfort moved to Winnipeg in 1912 with his family. His father found work with the treasury department for the city of Winnipeg. Comfort as the eldest child had to work from a young age to help support his family. The following year he began work as a commercial artist at Brigden (St. Clair, Ontario)’s Studio in Winnipeg, and by 1916 Comfort started attending evening classes at the Winnipeg School of Art.
Comfort saved money to attend the Art Students League of New York under Robert Henri and Euphrasius Tucker. Still working part-time for Brigden's commercial studio, he was temporarily transferred to Toronto in 1919. While in Toronto, Comfort joined the Arts and Letters Club, taking life-study classes and meeting members of the Group of Seven. Comfort visited the Group’s inaugural 1920 exhibition, which inspired Comfort to work on landscape paintings, a theme he continued throughout his lifetime.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
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List of Canadians
This is a list of Canadians, people born in Canada, or who became citizens of Canada, grouped by their area of notability.
wn.com/List_of_Canadians -
Mark Carney
Mark J. Carney (born March 16, 1965) is the eighth and current governor of the Bank of Canada and the Chairman of the Financial Stability Board, an institution of the G20 based in Basel, Switzerland. These appointments were on October 4, 2007 (for a seven-year term), and on November 4, 2011 (for a three-year term). Carney achieved these positions by working his way up the ranks of Goldman Sachs, the Canadian Department of Finance, and the Bank of Canada as Deputy Governor. Carney has been credited with shielding Canada from the worst effects of the late-2000s financial crisis, and has earned recognition by the Financial Times and TIME magazine as a top figure in the financial world.
Mark Carney was born in Fort Smith, Northwest Territories. His father Bob was a high school principal there, and later a professor of education at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, where the family moved when Carney was six years old. Carney has three siblings — older brother Sean, younger brother Brian and sister Brenda. His mother Verlie was an elementary school teacher before having her children. Carney and his brothers all studied at Harvard University.
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Paul Martin
Paul Edgar Philippe Martin PC, CC (born August 28, 1938), also known as Paul Martin, Jr., is a Canadian politician who was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
On November 14, 2003, Martin succeeded Jean Chrétien as leader of the Liberal Party and became prime minister on December 12, 2003. After the 2004 election, his Liberal Party retained power, though it was reduced to a minority government. Forced by a confidence vote, the 2006 general election produced a minority government for the opposition Conservative Party, making Stephen Harper prime minister. Martin stepped down as parliamentary leader after the election, handing the reins to Bill Graham for the interim. Martin stayed on as party leader until he resigned on March 18, being eventually succeeded by Stephane Dion.
Martin served as the Member of Parliament for the riding of LaSalle—Émard in Montreal from his election in the 1988 election to his retirement in 2008. He served as Minister of Finance from 1993 to 2002. He oversaw many changes in the financial structure of the Canadian government, and his policies had a direct effect on eliminating the country's chronic fiscal deficit by reforming various programs including social services.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
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Xavier Rolet
Xavier R. Rolet (born November 12, 1959) is the CEO of the London Stock Exchange Group.
Rolet was born in Aix-les-Bains, France. He is the eldest of three children born to military parents. His early life was spent in Algeria and France. He served as a second lieutenant and an Instructor at the French Air Force Academy and earned an MBA from Columbia Business School in 1984. He also earned a post-graduate degree from IHEDN (Institute of Higher National Defense Studies) in Paris, in April 2008
From 1984-1994, Rolet worked at Goldman Sachs in New York and London. At Goldman, he started on the international arbitrage desk. He then joined Credit Suisse First Boston as Global Head of European Equities in 1994, working there till 1996. After that, Rolet worked at Dresdner Kleinwort Benson from 1997-2000 as Global Head of Risk and Trading. He then worked at Lehman Brothers from 2000–2008, in New York, as co-head of global equity trading, and in London, as head of European and Asian equities, and Paris, as CEO of Lehman in France. He joined the Board of the London Stock Exchange in March 2009, and became CEO in May.
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Stock Market Timing - Fibonacci Retracement Levels
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
www.theuptrend.com Today Stephen takes a quick look at intra day Fibonacci Retracement Levels for the DOW, S&P; 500, NASDAQ and TSX. Free Stock Market Newsletter - Start your trading day off on the right foot, with Stephen Whiteside's Stock Market Timing Television. This free daily video newsletter focuses on the major Indexes and ETF's, as well as the US Dollar, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Precious Metals including Gold and Silver.
http://wn.com/Stock_Market_Timing_Fibonacci_Retracement_Levels
www.theuptrend.com Today Stephen takes a quick look at intra day Fibonacci Retracement Levels for the DOW, S&P; 500, NASDAQ and TSX. Free Stock Market Newsletter - Start your trading day off on the right foot, with Stephen Whiteside's Stock Market Timing Television. This free daily video newsletter focuses on the major Indexes and ETF's, as well as the US Dollar, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Precious Metals including Gold and Silver.
Stock Market Warning - 20120408
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:38
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Special Edition - Did the Market Top last week? New Weekly Bearish Reversal Signals for the DOW and S&P; 500 and others suggest it did. The TSX peaked 6 weeks ago, generated a Weekly Bearish Reversal Signal, and is now on a Weekly Sell Signal. Are you ready to sell? DailyStock Market Timing Newsletter - Start your trading day off on the right foot, with Stephen Whiteside's Stock Market Timing Television. This free daily video newsletter focuses on the major Indexes and ETF's, as well as the US Dollar, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Precious Metals including Gold and Silver. www.theuptrend.com
http://wn.com/Stock_Market_Warning_20120408
Special Edition - Did the Market Top last week? New Weekly Bearish Reversal Signals for the DOW and S&P; 500 and others suggest it did. The TSX peaked 6 weeks ago, generated a Weekly Bearish Reversal Signal, and is now on a Weekly Sell Signal. Are you ready to sell? DailyStock Market Timing Newsletter - Start your trading day off on the right foot, with Stephen Whiteside's Stock Market Timing Television. This free daily video newsletter focuses on the major Indexes and ETF's, as well as the US Dollar, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Precious Metals including Gold and Silver. www.theuptrend.com
- published: 08 Apr 2012
- views: 4310
- author: theuptrend
How the Stock Market Works - Cartoon Tutorial - Economics and Investing Video (1952) free seo tools
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:32
- Updated: 23 Mar 2012
How the Stock Market Works - Cartoon Tutorial - Economics and Investing Video (1952) free seo tools bulkping Movie www.bulkping.com/ A stock market or equity market is a public (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete) entity for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36.6 trillion at the start of October 2008. The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value, 11 times the size of the entire world economy. The value of the derivatives market, because it is stated in terms of notional values, cannot be directly compared to a stock or a fixed income security, which traditionally refers to an actual value. Moreover, the vast majority of derivatives 'cancel' each other out (ie, a derivative 'bet' on an event occurring is offset by a comparable derivative 'bet' on the event not occurring). Many such relatively illiquid securities are valued as marked to model, rather than an actual market price. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The largest stock market in the United States, by market cap, is the New York Stock ...
http://wn.com/How_the_Stock_Market_Works_Cartoon_Tutorial_Economics_and_Investing_Video_1952_free_seo_tools
How the Stock Market Works - Cartoon Tutorial - Economics and Investing Video (1952) free seo tools bulkping Movie www.bulkping.com/ A stock market or equity market is a public (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete) entity for the trading of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price; these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only traded privately. The size of the world stock market was estimated at about $36.6 trillion at the start of October 2008. The total world derivatives market has been estimated at about $791 trillion face or nominal value, 11 times the size of the entire world economy. The value of the derivatives market, because it is stated in terms of notional values, cannot be directly compared to a stock or a fixed income security, which traditionally refers to an actual value. Moreover, the vast majority of derivatives 'cancel' each other out (ie, a derivative 'bet' on an event occurring is offset by a comparable derivative 'bet' on the event not occurring). Many such relatively illiquid securities are valued as marked to model, rather than an actual market price. The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities of a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The largest stock market in the United States, by market cap, is the New York Stock ...
- published: 23 Mar 2012
- views: 10906
- author: legaltechnique7ju
A Stock Market Big Enough to Stretch Across the Atlantic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
I'm Alex Villarreal with the VOA Special English Economics Report, from voaspecialenglish.com | http A ten-billion-dollar deal aims to create the world's largest exchange company. The plan would combine the operators of the New York Stock Exchange and Germany's Frankfurt Stock Exchange.The two companies, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Borse, announced the agreement in February. Deutsche Borse shareholders would own about sixty percent of the combined group. One thing it still needs is a name. The new company would have headquarters in Frankfurt and New York City. The New York Stock Exchange is the world's most famous stock market and a symbol of American capitalism. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner says New York will remain at the heart of the world's financial system for a long time to come. But the exchange business has changed in these days of high-speed trading by computers in a globally connected economy. The Big Board now has to compete with smaller exchanges. Where stocks are traded has become less important than how much those trades cost.NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Borse had profits of almost four and a half billion dollars last year. They expect to save four hundred million dollars a year by combining their operations. These savings could lower the cost of stock orders. But the size of the company could raise concerns about competition in the exchange industry. The new company would also have trading operations in Britain, France and other European countries.Stock ...
http://wn.com/A_Stock_Market_Big_Enough_to_Stretch_Across_the_Atlantic
I'm Alex Villarreal with the VOA Special English Economics Report, from voaspecialenglish.com | http A ten-billion-dollar deal aims to create the world's largest exchange company. The plan would combine the operators of the New York Stock Exchange and Germany's Frankfurt Stock Exchange.The two companies, NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Borse, announced the agreement in February. Deutsche Borse shareholders would own about sixty percent of the combined group. One thing it still needs is a name. The new company would have headquarters in Frankfurt and New York City. The New York Stock Exchange is the world's most famous stock market and a symbol of American capitalism. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner says New York will remain at the heart of the world's financial system for a long time to come. But the exchange business has changed in these days of high-speed trading by computers in a globally connected economy. The Big Board now has to compete with smaller exchanges. Where stocks are traded has become less important than how much those trades cost.NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Borse had profits of almost four and a half billion dollars last year. They expect to save four hundred million dollars a year by combining their operations. These savings could lower the cost of stock orders. But the size of the company could raise concerns about competition in the exchange industry. The new company would also have trading operations in Britain, France and other European countries.Stock ...
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 29791
- author: VOALearningEnglish
FreeStockCharts.com Halloween Release
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Overview of features in new version of FreeStockCharts.com with scanning, sorting, realtime Forex, Toronto Stock Exchange, facebook, Twitter, screen captures, multichart layouts
http://wn.com/FreeStockChartscom_Halloween_Release
Overview of features in new version of FreeStockCharts.com with scanning, sorting, realtime Forex, Toronto Stock Exchange, facebook, Twitter, screen captures, multichart layouts
- published: 30 Oct 2009
- views: 27608
- author: FreeStockCharts
SILVER UPDATE with Bradford Cooke CEO of Endeavour Silver Corp (NYSE: EXK & TSX: EDR)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:43
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
www.FutureMoneyTrends.com
http://wn.com/SILVER_UPDATE_with_Bradford_Cooke_CEO_of_Endeavour_Silver_Corp_NYSE_EXK_TSX_EDR
TSX VS TSX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Video of me @ Shannonville
http://wn.com/TSX_VS_TSX
Stock Market Timing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:55
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
www.theuptrend.comStock Market Timing Newsletter - Start your trading day off on the right foot, with Stephen Whiteside's Stock Market Timing Television. This free daily video newsletter focuses on the major Indexes and ETF's, as well as the US Dollar, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Precious Metals including Gold and Silver. Today we also look at AAPl, GLD, JJC, SLV, UGA, UNG and the USO.
http://wn.com/Stock_Market_Timing
www.theuptrend.comStock Market Timing Newsletter - Start your trading day off on the right foot, with Stephen Whiteside's Stock Market Timing Television. This free daily video newsletter focuses on the major Indexes and ETF's, as well as the US Dollar, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Precious Metals including Gold and Silver. Today we also look at AAPl, GLD, JJC, SLV, UGA, UNG and the USO.
- published: 02 Mar 2012
- views: 11445
- author: theuptrend
Interview of Nolan Watson CEO of Sandstorm Metals and Energy (TSX: SND & OTC: STTYF) Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:12
- Updated: 09 Mar 2012
www.FutureMoneyTrends.com (TSX SND & OTC: STTYF) This is a completely unbiased interview, we own NO shares and have NOT been compensated in any way. We do however plan to purchase shares next week. This is FutureMoneyTrends.com top pick for 2012.
http://wn.com/Interview_of_Nolan_Watson_CEO_of_Sandstorm_Metals_and_Energy_TSX_SND_OTC_STTYF_Part_1
www.FutureMoneyTrends.com (TSX SND & OTC: STTYF) This is a completely unbiased interview, we own NO shares and have NOT been compensated in any way. We do however plan to purchase shares next week. This is FutureMoneyTrends.com top pick for 2012.
- published: 28 Oct 2011
- views: 32281
- author: FutureMoneyTrends
Cedar Finance - Register and play the Stock Market. Check on Cedar Finance Now!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:24
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
CLICK HERE -- trading.cedarfinance.com -- Start Making Money Every 60 Seconds Right NOW ! Cedar Finance - Register and play the Stock Market. Check on Cedar Finance Now! The information and the knowhow with regards to the inventory and bonds in prevalent folks have existed for a long time....
http://wn.com/Cedar_Finance_Register_and_play_the_Stock_Market_Check_on_Cedar_Finance_Now!
CLICK HERE -- trading.cedarfinance.com -- Start Making Money Every 60 Seconds Right NOW ! Cedar Finance - Register and play the Stock Market. Check on Cedar Finance Now! The information and the knowhow with regards to the inventory and bonds in prevalent folks have existed for a long time....
- published: 26 Oct 2012
- views: 7470
- author: Ian Morgan
Buy Stock Online - Easy and Intuitive Way to Trade - Buy Stocks Online. Register now!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:24
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
CLICK HERE -- trading.cedarfinance.com -- Start Making Money Every 60 Seconds Right NOW ! The information and the knowhow relating to the stock and bonds in prevalent folks have existed for a long time. With every passing working day, the recognition of on the internet buying and selling...
http://wn.com/Buy_Stock_Online_Easy_and_Intuitive_Way_to_Trade_Buy_Stocks_Online_Register_now!
CLICK HERE -- trading.cedarfinance.com -- Start Making Money Every 60 Seconds Right NOW ! The information and the knowhow relating to the stock and bonds in prevalent folks have existed for a long time. With every passing working day, the recognition of on the internet buying and selling...
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 4696
- author: Giovani Trapatoni
Better Than After Hours Trading - Revolutionary Binary Options Trading Platform
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
CLICK HERE -- trading.cedarfinance.com -- Start Making Money Every 60 Seconds Right NOW ! Foreign exchange buying and selling or immediately after hours trading forex trading buying and selling requires speculations regarding betting on one particular currency above another. One of several...
http://wn.com/Better_Than_After_Hours_Trading_Revolutionary_Binary_Options_Trading_Platform
CLICK HERE -- trading.cedarfinance.com -- Start Making Money Every 60 Seconds Right NOW ! Foreign exchange buying and selling or immediately after hours trading forex trading buying and selling requires speculations regarding betting on one particular currency above another. One of several...
- published: 12 Oct 2012
- views: 2325
- author: Juan Reznick
Stock Market - A Beginners Guide (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 67:38
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Full Video Link Below: www.sparkeo.com Easy Money - The Stock Market: A Beginners Guide This is the ultimate work at home job. This video series contains all you need to know to make quick and easy money investing in the stock market and demonstrates a simple and basic swing trading strategy to get you started in your money making journey. Topics included: - Building and Understanding Charts - Picking Stocks for Swing Trading - Free Online Site to Practice - Real-time Examples
http://wn.com/Stock_Market_A_Beginners_Guide_Part_1
Full Video Link Below: www.sparkeo.com Easy Money - The Stock Market: A Beginners Guide This is the ultimate work at home job. This video series contains all you need to know to make quick and easy money investing in the stock market and demonstrates a simple and basic swing trading strategy to get you started in your money making journey. Topics included: - Building and Understanding Charts - Picking Stocks for Swing Trading - Free Online Site to Practice - Real-time Examples
- published: 13 Oct 2011
- views: 66844
- author: mmafitnessdojo
Stock Market - A Beginners Guide (Part 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:00
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
Full Video Link Below: www.sparkeo.com Easy Money - The Stock Market: A Beginners Guide This is the ultimate work at home job. This video series contains all you need to know to make quick and easy money investing in the stock market and demonstrates a simple and basic swing trading strategy to get you started in your money making journey. Topics included: - Building and Understanding Charts - Picking Stocks for Swing Trading - Free Online Site to Practice - Real-time Examples
http://wn.com/Stock_Market_A_Beginners_Guide_Part_2
Full Video Link Below: www.sparkeo.com Easy Money - The Stock Market: A Beginners Guide This is the ultimate work at home job. This video series contains all you need to know to make quick and easy money investing in the stock market and demonstrates a simple and basic swing trading strategy to get you started in your money making journey. Topics included: - Building and Understanding Charts - Picking Stocks for Swing Trading - Free Online Site to Practice - Real-time Examples
- published: 14 Oct 2011
- views: 8167
- author: mmafitnessdojo
Stock Market Outlook 2011-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Stock Market Outlook 2011 -- 2010: Where are the financial markets headed? CCM provides stock market analysis and technical analysis, which currently discounts the threat of a market crash. The market trend remains up for now. Trading tips for the 2011 stock market include how to use the 200-day moving average in making more reliable market predictions and market forecasts. The video covers similar historical stock market profiles to what we have in the second half of 2011. The stock market outlook 2011 - 2012 remains positive, but is subject to change based on numerous factors including the slope of the 200-day moving average for the S&P; 500 Index. Chris Ciovacco is the Chief Investment Officer for Ciovacco Capital Management (CCM, a money manager serving clients nationwide. CCM updates Short Takes, a financial markets and investment blog, every dayt the markets are open in the United States: www.ciovaccocapital.com Home Page: www.ciovaccocapital.com
http://wn.com/Stock_Market_Outlook_2011-2012
Stock Market Outlook 2011 -- 2010: Where are the financial markets headed? CCM provides stock market analysis and technical analysis, which currently discounts the threat of a market crash. The market trend remains up for now. Trading tips for the 2011 stock market include how to use the 200-day moving average in making more reliable market predictions and market forecasts. The video covers similar historical stock market profiles to what we have in the second half of 2011. The stock market outlook 2011 - 2012 remains positive, but is subject to change based on numerous factors including the slope of the 200-day moving average for the S&P; 500 Index. Chris Ciovacco is the Chief Investment Officer for Ciovacco Capital Management (CCM, a money manager serving clients nationwide. CCM updates Short Takes, a financial markets and investment blog, every dayt the markets are open in the United States: www.ciovaccocapital.com Home Page: www.ciovaccocapital.com
- published: 17 Jul 2011
- views: 19417
- author: CiovaccoCapital
19 Major Markets for the Week Ahead 12-22-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:37
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
A nightly market analysis video by PerfectStockAlert.com Visit our free website at www.PerfectStockAlert.com
http://wn.com/19_Major_Markets_for_the_Week_Ahead_12-22-2012
A nightly market analysis video by PerfectStockAlert.com Visit our free website at www.PerfectStockAlert.com
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- author: PSAadmin
Toronto Sight and Sounds-- Downtown Toronto Ontario Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located on the north-western shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the forth most populous municipality in USA/Canada, only NYC, LA and Chicago are more populous. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in south-central Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe which is home to 8.1 million residents. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5113149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5555912 in the 2006 Census. As Canada's economic capital, Toronto is considered a global city and is one of the top financial cities in the world. Toronto's leading economic sectors include finance, business services, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, media, arts, film, television production, publishing, software production, medical research, education, tourism and sports industries. The Toronto Stock Exchange, the world's seventh largest, is headquartered in the city, along with a majority of Canada's corporations. Toronto's population is cosmopolitan and international, reflecting its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, as about 49% of the population were born outside of Canada. Because of the city's low crime rates, clean environment, high standard of living, and friendlier ...
http://wn.com/Toronto_Sight_and_Sounds-_Downtown_Toronto_Ontario_Canada
Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located on the north-western shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the forth most populous municipality in USA/Canada, only NYC, LA and Chicago are more populous. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in south-central Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe which is home to 8.1 million residents. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5113149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5555912 in the 2006 Census. As Canada's economic capital, Toronto is considered a global city and is one of the top financial cities in the world. Toronto's leading economic sectors include finance, business services, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, media, arts, film, television production, publishing, software production, medical research, education, tourism and sports industries. The Toronto Stock Exchange, the world's seventh largest, is headquartered in the city, along with a majority of Canada's corporations. Toronto's population is cosmopolitan and international, reflecting its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, as about 49% of the population were born outside of Canada. Because of the city's low crime rates, clean environment, high standard of living, and friendlier ...
- published: 06 Jan 2009
- views: 50339
- author: DavidandI2
Day Trading Stocks Rockstar intro on Basics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 22 Dec 2012
1st in a series of videos outlining the basics of Day Trading, Showing how an average joe can open an account with 5-20k and make $500-$1000 a day trading the market. Will show you how i do it, and answer any questions you have. Each day.
http://wn.com/Day_Trading_Stocks_Rockstar_intro_on_Basics
1st in a series of videos outlining the basics of Day Trading, Showing how an average joe can open an account with 5-20k and make $500-$1000 a day trading the market. Will show you how i do it, and answer any questions you have. Each day.
- published: 28 Sep 2007
- views: 475346
- author: DayTraderRockStar
FutureMoneyTrends.com Interviews Keith Neumeyer of First Majestic Silver (NYSE: AG)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:46
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
www.futuremoneytrends.com
http://wn.com/FutureMoneyTrendscom_Interviews_Keith_Neumeyer_of_First_Majestic_Silver_NYSE_AG
Industry Watch: Al Talks with Yale Simpson about Extorre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:19
- Updated: 26 Jan 2011
Nationally syndicated radio show personality Al Korelin from the Korelin Economics Report hosts Industry Watch. In this Episode, Al's guest is Mr. Yale Simpson, Co-Chairman of Extorre Gold Mines Limited. Al and Yale talk about the recently release drill results and future plans for the high-grade gold/silver Cerro Moro project in Argentina. The guys also talk about other targets held by Extorre that have not yet fully been explored. Extorre Gold Mines Limited is a Canadian public company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) under the symbol XG and the OTCQX in the United States under the symbol EXGMF. The Company intends to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission and seek listing on the NYSE-Amex. Extorre is a spin-out from Exeter Resource Corporation ("Exeter"), a transaction that facilitated taking the high grade Cerro Moro Project to a mine development decision in 2010. Dr. Eric Roth is the new Chief Executive Officer and President. Cerro Moro: Extorre's Flagship Project On April 19, 2010, Extorre announced an updated National Instrument 43-101 compliant mineral resource estimate for Cerro Moro: Indicated: 357000 Oz. Gold + 15.3 Million Oz. Silver (612000 Oz. Gold Equivalent*) Inferred: 190000 Oz. Gold + 12.0 Million Oz. Silver (390000 Oz. Gold Equivalent*) The 612000 ounce gold equivalent* indicated resource, entirely from the Escondida vein, has an average grade of 32.3 g/t gold equivalent*, a grade considered exceptional by ...
http://wn.com/Industry_Watch_Al_Talks_with_Yale_Simpson_about_Extorre
Nationally syndicated radio show personality Al Korelin from the Korelin Economics Report hosts Industry Watch. In this Episode, Al's guest is Mr. Yale Simpson, Co-Chairman of Extorre Gold Mines Limited. Al and Yale talk about the recently release drill results and future plans for the high-grade gold/silver Cerro Moro project in Argentina. The guys also talk about other targets held by Extorre that have not yet fully been explored. Extorre Gold Mines Limited is a Canadian public company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) under the symbol XG and the OTCQX in the United States under the symbol EXGMF. The Company intends to file a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission and seek listing on the NYSE-Amex. Extorre is a spin-out from Exeter Resource Corporation ("Exeter"), a transaction that facilitated taking the high grade Cerro Moro Project to a mine development decision in 2010. Dr. Eric Roth is the new Chief Executive Officer and President. Cerro Moro: Extorre's Flagship Project On April 19, 2010, Extorre announced an updated National Instrument 43-101 compliant mineral resource estimate for Cerro Moro: Indicated: 357000 Oz. Gold + 15.3 Million Oz. Silver (612000 Oz. Gold Equivalent*) Inferred: 190000 Oz. Gold + 12.0 Million Oz. Silver (390000 Oz. Gold Equivalent*) The 612000 ounce gold equivalent* indicated resource, entirely from the Escondida vein, has an average grade of 32.3 g/t gold equivalent*, a grade considered exceptional by ...
- published: 06 Jul 2010
- views: 14615
- author: EvenKeelMedia
Avcorp: Aircraft Structures Manufacture and Design
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 03 Nov 2012
Avcorp designs and builds major airframe structures for some of the worlds leading aircraft manufacturers. Over the past 50 years, we have partnered with and supplied our customers with tail structures, wing structures and other aircraft structures for their business, regional and commercial jets. We have new partnerships to supply wing structures for defence and advanced jets. We have a proven track record for applying the latest lean manufacturing principles and engineering design solutions to provide the highest quality, reliable delivery and target cost for our customers. We look forward to showing you how we can provide one-stop integrated aerostructure design and manufacture solutions for your aircraft. Avcorp is a Canadian public company traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX:AVP). Video production by www.go2productions.com.
http://wn.com/Avcorp_Aircraft_Structures_Manufacture_and_Design
Avcorp designs and builds major airframe structures for some of the worlds leading aircraft manufacturers. Over the past 50 years, we have partnered with and supplied our customers with tail structures, wing structures and other aircraft structures for their business, regional and commercial jets. We have new partnerships to supply wing structures for defence and advanced jets. We have a proven track record for applying the latest lean manufacturing principles and engineering design solutions to provide the highest quality, reliable delivery and target cost for our customers. We look forward to showing you how we can provide one-stop integrated aerostructure design and manufacture solutions for your aircraft. Avcorp is a Canadian public company traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX:AVP). Video production by www.go2productions.com.
- published: 23 Apr 2009
- views: 9531
- author: AvcorpIndustries
Free Real Time Stock Charts - Beginner Tutorial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:35
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
If you play the stock market, you need realtime stock charts. Here's a lesson on using freestockcharts, available from www.freestockcharts.com. It's a free real time charting program that's really useful. In this video I just show the absolute basics to get your started. If there's any interest, I can show more advanced features like the many indicators it offers, using multiple panes and layouts, and much, much more.
http://wn.com/Free_Real_Time_Stock_Charts_Beginner_Tutorial
If you play the stock market, you need realtime stock charts. Here's a lesson on using freestockcharts, available from www.freestockcharts.com. It's a free real time charting program that's really useful. In this video I just show the absolute basics to get your started. If there's any interest, I can show more advanced features like the many indicators it offers, using multiple panes and layouts, and much, much more.
- published: 06 Sep 2009
- views: 11886
- author: UberToob
The Billion Dollar Don - Semion Mogilevich - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:14
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Semion Mogilevich, AKA "Seva" and called "The Billion Dollar Don" and "The Brainy Don", has been on the FBI's Most Wanted List since 2003. Mogilevich and associates are wanted in connection with dealings in YBM Magnex International Inc. In 1997 and 1998, journalists exposed the presence of Mogilevich, Sergei Mikhailov and others associated with the Russian Mafia behind YBM Magnex, then a public company trading on Canada's Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE). YBM was fronted by a former Premier of Ontario and other prominent Canadian businessmen. On May 13, 1998 dozens of agents for the FBI and other US government agencies raided YBM's headquarters in Newtown, Pennsylvania. Shares in the public company, which had been valued at $1 billion on the TSE, became worthless. In 1999 the BBC television program Panorama first interviewed Mogilevich for a documentary that looks at transnational criminal activities from the street to the boardroom. Part 1 of 4
http://wn.com/The_Billion_Dollar_Don_Semion_Mogilevich_Part_1
Semion Mogilevich, AKA "Seva" and called "The Billion Dollar Don" and "The Brainy Don", has been on the FBI's Most Wanted List since 2003. Mogilevich and associates are wanted in connection with dealings in YBM Magnex International Inc. In 1997 and 1998, journalists exposed the presence of Mogilevich, Sergei Mikhailov and others associated with the Russian Mafia behind YBM Magnex, then a public company trading on Canada's Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE). YBM was fronted by a former Premier of Ontario and other prominent Canadian businessmen. On May 13, 1998 dozens of agents for the FBI and other US government agencies raided YBM's headquarters in Newtown, Pennsylvania. Shares in the public company, which had been valued at $1 billion on the TSE, became worthless. In 1999 the BBC television program Panorama first interviewed Mogilevich for a documentary that looks at transnational criminal activities from the street to the boardroom. Part 1 of 4
- published: 16 Sep 2007
- views: 234889
- author: moneygoround
photo: AP / Aijaz Rahi
22 Dec 2012
Tweet. 0 Email. Report. Photo 1 of 18. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country. Credit. Aimee Kligman. In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics. She is an icon of fashion in her country.In 2009, ELLE Magazine named Mrs Assad the most stylish woman in world politics ... Syrians detained by the Assad regime. 13 Photos ... 10 Photos ... ....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP
23 Dec 2012
North Korea's launching of a rocket into space last week amounted to the test of a ballistic missile capable of carrying a half-ton payload over 10,000km, the South Korean defence ministry says. "Based on our analysis and simulation, the missile is capable of flying more than 10,000km with a warhead of 500-600kg," a defence ministry official told reporters on Sunday ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share. Send Feedback. Featured on Al Jazeera. Jaws....(size: 18.8Kb)
photo: AP / Virginie Nguyen Huang
23 Dec 2012
Tweet. Moscow, Dec 23 (IANS/RIA Novosti) Chemical weapons in Syria are under the control of the government, which has consolidated them in one or two locations, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov said. "As of right now, the (Syrian) government is doing all it can to safeguard those weapons," he said. "We are following all leads concerning chemical weapons," Lavrov said ... "My answer is very simple. Why use us as a postman ... pm/ ... ) .. ). ... . ....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Eranga Jayawardena
22 Dec 2012
Salman Khan's Dabangg 2 has broken the record for the biggest non-holiday opener ... "Biggest opener [holiday] #EkThaTiger 32.92 cr ... Biggest opener [non-holiday] #RowdyRathore 15.1 cr ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
23 Dec 2012
A commission will be set up to probe the gang-rape and torture of a 23-year-old woman in Delhi and measures to ensure such crimes do not recur while laws will be amended to enhance punishment for rape, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde said . He also appealed the thousands of protesters on the capital’s streets, demanding justice for the victim, to withdraw ... “The government is serious on the issue. ... . . ....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Times of India
22 Dec 2012
It was the stock's biggest, single-day, percentage price drop since September 2008 ... But the new services pricing strategy came as a shock to markets, and some analysts cut their price targets on RIM stock ... Thompson downgraded RIM's stock to "underperform" from "sector perform" and cut his price target to $10 from $15 ... The stock fell 22.2 percent to C$10.86 on the Toronto Stock Exchange....(size: 5.2Kb)
PR Newswire
22 Dec 2012
The common shares of Acadian Mining Corporation (the "Company") will be listed and admitted to trading on TSX Venture Exchange, on the effective dates stated below ... Venture Exchange at the opening on Monday, ... ADA) will be delisted from Toronto Stock Exchange at the close of business on Friday, December 21, 2012, and will be listed on TSX Venture Exchange at the same time ... TSX Venture Exchange Inc ... SOURCE TSX Venture Exchange....(size: 71.3Kb)
noodls
22 Dec 2012
(Source. New Pacific Metals Corp). VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA - December 21, 2012. New Pacific Metals Corp. ("New Pacific" or the "Company") is pleased to announce it has signed a binding letter of agreement (the "Agreement") with Silvercorp Metals Inc ... ("FMI") ... Since the Transaction is a related party transaction it is subject to approval from the Toronto Stock Exchange ... The major terms of the agreement are ... Exploration 2011-2012 ... Section....(size: 38.2Kb)
Canada Newswire
21 Dec 2012
Monday, March 18, 2013 is expected to be the last date on which a redemption request may be placed with the Manager, and the Terminated ETFs are expected to be de-listed from the Toronto Stock Exchange, at the request of the Manager, at the close of business on or about Tuesday, March 19, 2013....(size: 2.2Kb)
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
The Shares will be delisted from the Toronto Stock Exchange pursuant to the Arrangement and the Company expects such delisting to be effective as of the close of business on December 27, 2012 ... is a public company trading under the symbol ZPP on the Toronto Stock Exchange ... The Toronto Stock Exchange has not reviewed and does not accept responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of the release....(size: 5.6Kb)
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
TORONTO, Dec ... The goal of the Sprott Physical Trusts is to provide a secure, convenient and exchange-traded investment alternative for investors who want to hold physical bullion ... Each of the Trusts is listed on the NYSE Arca and Toronto Stock Exchange under the following symbols ... is headquartered in Toronto, Canada, and its common shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol "SII"....(size: 2.4Kb)
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
Each Unit consists of one share of common stock of the Company and one half of one common stock purchase warrant (a "Warrant") ... The offering is subject to certain conditions including, but not limited to, the receipt of all necessary approvals, including the approval of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the NYSE MKT LLC ... The NYSE MKT and the Toronto Stock Exchange do not accept responsibility for the adequacy of this release....(size: 4.2Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
Each Unit consists of one share of common stock of the Company and one half of one common stock purchase warrant (a "Warrant") ... The offering is subject to certain conditions including, but not limited to, the receipt of all necessary approvals, including the approval of the Toronto Stock Exchange and the NYSE MKT LLC ... The NYSE MKT and the Toronto Stock Exchange do not accept responsibility for the adequacy of this release....(size: 5.2Kb)
Stockhouse
21 Dec 2012
TORONTO, ONTARIO--(Marketwire - Dec ... (TSX.LSL) ("Liberty" or the "Company") announced today that it held its annual general meeting of shareholders at the Toronto Board of Trade in Toronto, Ontario ... The Toronto Stock Exchange does not accept responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this News Release. No stock exchange, securities commission or other regulatory authority has approved or disapproved the information contained herein....(size: 4.4Kb)
Reuters
21 Dec 2012
* TSX up 15.41 points, or 0.12 pct, at 12,403.85 * Six of 10 sectors stronger; materials, energy rise By Claire Sibonney TORONTO, Dec 21 (Reuters) - Canada's main stock index rebounded from earlier losses in choppy trading Friday, led ... (1541 GMT), the Toronto Stock Exchange's S&P;/TSX composite index was up 15.41 points, or 0.12 percent, at 12,403.85....(size: 2.0Kb)
Reuters
21 Dec 2012
"TSX" redirects here. For the automobile, see Acura TSX. For the computer instructions, see Transactional Synchronization Extensions.
| Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) | |
|---|---|
| 150px | |
 |
|
| Type | Stock Exchange |
| Location | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Coordinates | 43°38′53.88″N 79°22′59.88″W / 43.6483°N 79.3833°W / 43.6483; -79.3833 |
| Founded | October 25, 1861 |
| Owner | TMX Group |
| Key people | Wayne Fox (Chairman) Tom Kloet (CEO) Kevan Cowan (President)[1] |
| Currency | Canadian dollar |
| No. of listings | 1,498 |
| MarketCap | US$10.92 trillion (January 2012)[2] |
| Indexes | S&P/TSX Composite S&P/TSX 60 S&P/TSX Completion Index |
| Website | www.tmx.com |
Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX, formerly TSE) is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America and the seventh largest in the world by market capitalization. Based in Canada's largest city, Toronto, it is owned by and operated as a subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities. A broad range of businesses from Canada, the United States, Europe, and other countries are represented on the exchange. In addition to conventional securities, the exchange lists various exchange-traded funds, split share corporations, income trusts and investment funds. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the leader in the mining and oil & gas sector; more mining and oil & gas companies are listed on Toronto Stock Exchange than any other exchange in the world.
Contents |
History[link]
The Toronto Stock Exchange likely descended from the Association of Brokers, a group formed by Toronto businessmen on July 26, 1852. No official records of the group's transactions have survived. On October 25, 1861, twenty-four men gathered at the Masonic Hall to officially create the Toronto Stock Exchange.[3] The exchange was formally incorporated by an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1878.
The TSX grew continuously in size and in shares traded, save for a three month period in 1914 when the exchange was shut down for fear of financial panic due to World War I. In 1934, the Toronto Stock Exchange merged with its key competitor the Standard Stock and Mining Exchange. The merged markets chose to keep the name Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1977, the TSX introduced CATS (Computer Assisted Trading System), an automated trading system that started to be used for the quotation of less liquid equities.
On April 23, 1997, the TSX's trading floor closed, making it the second-largest stock exchange in North America to choose a floorless, electronic (or virtual trading) environment. The old TSX building would later become the Design Exchange a museum and education centre. In 1999, the Toronto Stock Exchange announced the appointment of Barbara G. Stymiest to the position of President & Chief Executive Officer.
File:TSElogo.png
Former logo of the TSE.
Through a realignment plan, Toronto Stock Exchange became Canada's sole exchange for the trading of senior equities. The Bourse de Montréal/Montreal Exchange assumed responsibility for the trading of derivatives and the Vancouver Stock Exchange and Alberta Stock Exchange merged to form the Canadian Venture Exchange (CDNX) handling trading in junior equities. The Canadian Dealing Network, Winnipeg Stock Exchange, and equities portion of the Montreal Exchange later merged with CDNX.
File:TSX Logo.svg
Former logo of the TSX.
In 2000, the Toronto Stock Exchange became a for-profit company and in 2001 its acronym was changed to TSX.[3] In 2001, the Toronto Stock Exchange acquired the Canadian Venture Exchange, which was renamed the TSX Venture Exchange in 2002; This resulted in the creation of a parent to the TSX, the TSX Group. This ended 123 years of the usage of TSE as a Canadian Stock Exchange. On May 11, 2007, the S&P/TSX Composite, the main index of the Toronto Stock Exchange, traded above the 14,000 point level for the first time ever.
On February 9, 2011, the London Stock Exchange announced that they had agreed to merge with the TMX Group, Toronto Stock Exchange's parent, hoping to create a combined entity with a market capitalization of $5.9 trillion (£3.7 trillion). Xavier Rolet, who currently is CEO of the LSE Group, would head the new enlarged company, while TMX Chief Executive Thomas Kloet would become the new firm president. Based on data from December 30, 2010 the new stock exchange would be the second largest in the world with a market cap 48% greater than the Nasdaq. 8 of the 15 board members of the combined entity will be appointed by LSE, 7/15 by TMX.[4][5] The provisional name for the combined group would be LTMX Group plc.[6] About two weeks after Maple Group launched a competing bid the LSEG-TMX deal was terminated after failing to receive the minimum 67% voter approval from shareholders of TMX Group. The rejection came amidst new concerns raised by bank of Canada governor Mark Carney regarding foreign control of clearing systems and opposition to the deal by Ontario's finance minister.[7][8]
On June 13, 2011, a rival, and hostile bid from the Maple Group of Canadian interests, was unveiled. A cash and stock bid of $3.7 billion CAD, in hopes of blocking the LSE Group's takeover of TMX. The group is composed of the leading banks and financial institutions of Canada.[9]
Hours[link]
The exchange has a normal trading session from 09:30am to 04:00pm ET and a post-market session from 04:15pm to 05:00pm ET on all days of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.[10]
Companies listed[link]
| Toronto Stock Exchange listed stocks: |
|---|
|
0-9 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z |
As of November 2010, Toronto Stock Exchange had 1,498 listed companies with a combined market capitalization of CAD $2,105,570,021,017.[11]
The exchange is home to all of Canada's Big Five commercial banks—CIBC, Bank of Montreal, Bank of Nova Scotia, Royal Bank of Canada and the Toronto-Dominion Bank—making the exchange the centre for banking in the country. This was seen as being most evident during the proposed mergers of Royal Bank of Canada and Bank of Montreal alongside CIBC and Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1998, which were seen as stopping competition by the then Finance Minister Paul Martin.
The exchange is the primary listing for several energy companies including; Cameco Corporation, Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Canadian Oil Sands Trust, EnCana Corporation, Husky Energy Inc., Imperial Oil Ltd. and Nexen Inc. all within the top 40 companies listed in on the exchange.
Many of the large companies listed on the TSX, especially those on the S&P/TSX 60 index have a secondary listing on an American exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange.
See also[link]
- Stock market index
- List of stock exchanges
- List of stock exchanges in the Americas
- S&P/TSX 60
- Category:Lists of companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
References[link]
- ^ TMX Senior Management
- ^ World-exchanges.org 2011 Market Highlights Page 6
- ^ a b Government of Canada The Toronto Stock Exchange
- ^ "LSE, Toronto exchange in "merger of equals"". 2011-02-09. http://www.thetradenews.com/trading-venues/exchanges/5730.
- ^ "Merger Of Equals Will Make Deal More Palatable For Canada Govt". 2011-02-09. http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110209-713895.html. [dead link]
- ^ Wall Street Journal, "A Combined TMX-LSE Would Be Called LTMX Group", Ben Dummett, 1 June 2011
- ^ Erman, Boyd; Howlett, Karen (2011-06-29). "Shareholder reject proposed merger of TMX and LSE". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/tmx-deal/shareholders-reject-proposed-merger-of-tmx-and-lse/article2080213/.
- ^ Erman, Boyd (2011-06-28). "What did Bank of Canada really say about TMX-LSE?". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/investment-ideas/streetwise/what-did-bank-of-canada-really-say-about-tmx-lse/article2079088/.
- ^ Reuters, "Maple Group goes hostile for TMX", Solarina Ho
- ^ Market Hours, Toronto Stock Exchange via Wikinvest
- ^ [1]
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the city in Canada. For other uses, see Toronto (disambiguation).
"City of Toronto" redirects here. For the municipal government, see municipal government of Toronto. For the historical part of the city, see Old Toronto.
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011.[2][3][4] The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064,[5] and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census.[6] Its cosmopolitan and international population[7] reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada.[8] Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada.[7][8][9] Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.[10][11]
As Canada's commercial capital and one of the top financial centres in the world, Toronto is considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) study group.[12][13] It is home to the Toronto Stock Exchange, the world's seventh largest in terms of market value. Toronto contains more corporate headquarters than any other Canadian city, including those of Canada's five largest banks.[14] Toronto's leading economic sectors include finance, business services, telecommunications, aerospace, transportation, media, arts, film, music, television production, publishing, software production, medical research, education, tourism, engineering, and sports industries.[15][16] According to Forbes, Toronto is the tenth-most economically powerful city in the world and one of the fastest growing among the G7 nations, whilst PwC ranks the city as the world's second-best "metro powerhouse".[17][18] Toronto was ranked twelfth in the world and fourth in the Americas in 2010 for economic innovation by 2thinknow.[19] The cost of living in Toronto was ranked highest in Canada in 2011[update].[20]
Contents |
History[link]
Before 1800[link]
When Europeans first arrived at the site of present-day Toronto, the vicinity was inhabited by the Huron tribes, who by then had displaced the Iroquois tribes that had occupied the region for centuries before c. 1500.[21] The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning "place where trees stand in the water".[22] It refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, led to widespread use of the name.
French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759.[23] During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the unsettled lands north of Lake Ontario. In 1787, the British negotiated the Toronto Purchase with the Mississaugas of New Credit, thereby securing more than a quarter million acres (1000 km2) of land in the Toronto area.[24]
In 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the existing settlement, naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe chose the town to replace Newark as the capital of Upper Canada,[25] believing the new site would be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans.[26] Fort York was constructed at the entrance of the town's natural harbour, sheltered by a long sand-bar peninsula. The town's settlement formed at the eastern end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street and Front Street (in the Corktown–St. Lawrence area).
1800–1945[link]
In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the town's capture and plunder by American forces.[27] The surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. American soldiers destroyed much of Fort York and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation. The sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war. York was incorporated as the City of Toronto on March 6, 1834, reverting to its original native name. The population of only 9,000 included escaped African American slaves.[28] Slavery was banned outright in Upper Canada in 1834. Reformist politician William Lyon Mackenzie became the first Mayor of Toronto and led the unsuccessful Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 against the British colonial government. The city grew rapidly through the remainder of the 19th century, as a major destination for immigrants to Canada. The first significant population influx occurred with the Great Irish Famine brought a large number of Irish to the city, some of them transient and most of them Catholic. By 1851, the Irish-born population had become the largest single ethnic group in the city. Smaller numbers of Protestant Irish immigrants were welcomed by the existing Scottish and English population, giving the Orange Order significant and long lasting influence over Toronto society.
Toronto was twice for brief periods the capital of the united Province of Canada: first from 1849 to 1852, following unrest in Montreal, and later 1856–1858 after which Quebec became capital until 1866 (one year before Confederation); since then, the capital of Canada has remained Ottawa.[29] As it had been for Upper Canada from 1793, Toronto became the capital of the province of Ontario after its official creation in 1867, the seat of government located at the Ontario Legislature located at Queen's Park. Because of its provincial capital status, the city was also the location of Government House, the residence of the vice-regal representative of the Crown.
In the 19th century, an extensive sewage system was built, and streets became illuminated with gas lighting as a regular service. Long-distance railway lines were constructed, including a route completed in 1854 linking Toronto with the Upper Great Lakes. The Grand Trunk Railway and the Northern Railway of Canada joined in the building of the first Union Station in downtown. The advent of the railway dramatically increased the numbers of immigrants arriving, commerce and industry, as had the Lake Ontario steamers and schooners entering port before which enabled Toronto to become a major gateway linking the world to the interior of the North American continent.
Toronto became the largest alcohol distillation (in particular spirits) centre in North America; the Gooderham and Worts Distillery operations became the world's largest whiskey factory by the 1860s. A preserved section of this once dominant local industry remains in the Distillery District, the harbour allowed for sure access of grain and sugar imports used in processing. Expanding port and rail facilities brought in Northern Timber for export and imported Pennsylvania coal, industry dominated the waterfront for the next 100 years.
Horse-drawn streetcars gave way to electric streetcars in 1891, when the city granted the operation of the transit franchise to the Toronto Railway Company. The public transit system passed into public ownership in 1921 as the Toronto Transportation Commission, later renamed the Toronto Transit Commission. The system now has the third-highest ridership of any city public transportation system in North America.[30]
The Great Toronto Fire of 1904 destroyed a large section of downtown Toronto, but the city was quickly rebuilt. The fire caused more than $10 million in damage, and resulted in more stringent fire safety laws and expansion of the city's fire department.
The city received new immigrant groups beginning in the late 19th century into early 20th century, particularly Germans, French, Italians, and Jews from various parts of Eastern Europe. They were soon followed by Chinese, Russians, Poles and immigrants from other Eastern European nations, as the Irish before them, many of these new migrants lived in overcrowded shanty type slums, such as "the Ward" which was centred on Bay Street, now the heart of the country's finances. Despite its fast paced growth, by the 1920s, Toronto's population and economic importance in Canada remained second to the much longer established Montreal. However, by 1934, the Toronto Stock Exchange had become the largest in the country.
Since 1945[link]
Following the Second World War refugees from war-torn Europe and Chinese job-seekers arrived, as well as construction labourers, particularly from Italy and Portugal. Following elimination of racially based immigration policies by the late 1960s, immigration began from all parts of the world. Toronto's population grew to more than one million in 1951 when large-scale suburbanization began, and doubled to two million by 1971. By the 1980s, Toronto had surpassed Montreal as Canada's most populous city and the chief economic hub. During this time, in part owing to the political uncertainty raised by the resurgence of the Quebec sovereignty movement, many national and multinational corporations moved their head offices from Montreal to Toronto and Western Canadian cities.[31]
In 1954, the City of Toronto and 12 surrounding municipalities were federated into a regional government known as Metropolitan Toronto.[32] The postwar boom had resulted in rapid suburban development, and it was believed that a coordinated land use strategy and shared services would provide greater efficiency for the region. The metropolitan government began to manage services that crossed municipal boundaries, including highways, police services, water and public transit. In that year, a half-century after the Great Fire of 1904, disaster struck the city again when Hurricane Hazel brought intense winds and flash flooding. In the Toronto area, 81 people were killed, nearly 1,900 families were left homeless, and the hurricane caused more than $25 million in damage.[33]
In 1967, the seven smallest municipalities of Metropolitan Toronto were merged into their larger neighbours, resulting in a six-municipality configuration that included the old City of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities of East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough and York. In 1998, the metropolitan government was dissolved by the Provincial Government in the face of vigorous opposition from the smaller component municipalities and all six municipalities were amalgamated into a single municipality, creating the current City of Toronto, with Mel Lastman as its first mayor (after being mayor of North York). David Miller was the second mayor and Rob Ford is the third and current mayor.
The city celebrated its 175th anniversary on March 6, 2009, since its inception as the City of Toronto in 1834. Toronto hosted the 4th G-20 summit during June 26–27, 2010, for which the largest security operation in Canadian history took place amidst large-scale protests. Toronto will host the Pan American Games in 2015.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Toronto
Toronto covers an area of 630 square kilometres (243 sq mi),[34] with a maximum north-south distance of 21 kilometres (13 mi) and a maximum east-west distance of 43 km (27 mi). It has a 46-kilometre (29 mi) long waterfront shoreline, on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. The Toronto Islands and Port Lands extend some distance out into the lake, allowing for a somewhat sheltered Toronto Harbour immediately south of the downtown core.[35] The city's borders are formed by Lake Ontario to the south, Etobicoke Creek and Highway 427 to the west, Steeles Avenue to the north and the Rouge River to the east.
Topography[link]
The city is intersected by three rivers and numerous tributaries: the Humber River in the west end and the Don River east of downtown at opposite ends of the Toronto Harbour, and the Rouge River at the city's eastern limits. The harbour was naturally created by sediment build-up from lake currents that created the Toronto Islands. The many creeks and rivers cutting from north toward the lake created large tracts of densely forested ravines, and provide ideal sites for parks and recreational trails. However, the ravines also interfere with the city's grid plan, and this results in major thoroughfares such as Finch Avenue, Leslie Street, Lawrence Avenue, and St. Clair Avenue terminating on one side of ravines and continuing on the other side. Other thoroughfares such as the Prince Edward Viaduct are required to span above the ravines. These deep ravines prove useful for draining the city's vast storm sewer system during heavy rains, but some sections, particularly near the Don River are prone to sudden, heavy floods.
During the last ice age, the lower part of Toronto was beneath Glacial Lake Iroquois. Today, a series of escarpments mark the lake's former boundary, known as the Iroquois Shoreline. The escarpments are most prominent from Victoria Park Avenue to the mouth of Highland Creek, where they form the Scarborough Bluffs. Other observable sections include the area near St. Clair Avenue West between Bathurst Street and the Don River, and north of Davenport Road from Caledonia to Spadina Road; the Casa Loma grounds sit above this escarpment. Despite its deep ravines, Toronto is not remarkably hilly, but does increase in elevation steadily away from the lake. Elevation differences range from 75 metres (246 ft) above-sea-level at the Lake Ontario shore to 209 m (686 ft) ASL near the York University grounds in the city's north end at the intersection of Keele Street and Steeles Avenue.[36] There are occasional hilly areas, in particular midtown Toronto has a number of rolling hills, some of which are of considerable height. Lake Ontario remains occasionally visible from the peaks of these ridges as far north as Eglinton Avenue, 7 to 8 kilometres (4.3 to 5.0 mi) inland.
Much of the current lakeshore land area fronting the Toronto Harbour is artificial landfill filled during the late 19th century. Until then the lakefront docks (then known as wharves) were set back further inland than today. Much of the adjacent Port Lands are also fill. The Toronto Islands were a natural landspit until a storm in 1858 severed their connection to the mainland, creating a channel later used by shipping interests to access the docks.
Climate[link]
Toronto's climate is moderate for Canada owing to its southerly location within the country. It has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), with warm, humid summers and cold winters. The city experiences four distinct seasons, with considerable variance in day to day temperature, particularly during the colder weather season. Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water, Toronto has a fairly low diurnal temperature range (day-night temperature difference). The denser urban scape makes for warmer nights year around and is not as cold throughout the winter than surrounding areas (particularly north of the city); however, it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze. Other low-scale maritime effects on the climate include lake-effect snow, fog and delaying of spring- and fall-like conditions, known as seasonal lag.
Toronto winters sometimes feature short cold snaps where maximum temperatures remain below −10 °C (14 °F), often made to feel colder by wind chill. Snowstorms, sometimes mixed with ice and rain can disrupt work and travel schedules, accumulating snow can fall any time from November until mid-April. However, mild stretches with temperatures in the 5 to 12 °C (41 to 54 °F) range and infrequently higher also occur in most winters melting accumulated snow. Summer in Toronto is characterized by long stretches of humid weather. Usually in the range from 23 °C (73 °F) to 31 °C (88 °F), daytime temperatures occasionally surpass 35 °C (95 °F) accompanied by high humidity making it feel oppressive during these brief periods of hot weather. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods.
Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, but summer is usually the wettest season, the bulk falling during thunderstorms. There can be periods of dry weather, but drought-like conditions are rare. The average yearly precipitation is about 830 mm (32.7 in), with an average annual snowfall of about 133 cm (52 in). Toronto experiences an average of 2,038 sunshine hours, or 44% of daylight hours, varying between a low of 27% in December to 59% in July.[37]
| Climate data for The Annex, Toronto | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.1 (61.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
26.7 (80.1) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
40.6 (105.1) |
38.9 (102.0) |
37.8 (100.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −1.1 (30.0) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
20.7 (69.3) |
13.8 (56.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
1.8 (35.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
1.3 (34.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
14.2 (57.6) |
19.2 (66.6) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
17.0 (62.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
9.2 (48.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −7.3 (18.9) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−2 (28) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.9 (49.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.2 (55.8) |
7.3 (45.1) |
2.2 (36.0) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
5.6 (42.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.8 (−27.0) |
−31.7 (−25.1) |
−26.7 (−16.1) |
−15 (5) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−20.6 (−5.1) |
−30 (−22) |
−32.8 (−27.0) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 61.2 (2.409) |
50.5 (1.988) |
66.1 (2.602) |
69.6 (2.74) |
73.3 (2.886) |
71.5 (2.815) |
67.5 (2.657) |
79.6 (3.134) |
83.4 (3.283) |
64.7 (2.547) |
75.7 (2.98) |
71.0 (2.795) |
834.0 (32.835) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 29.2 (1.15) |
26.2 (1.031) |
42.0 (1.654) |
63.2 (2.488) |
73.3 (2.886) |
71.5 (2.815) |
67.5 (2.657) |
79.6 (3.134) |
83.4 (3.283) |
64.7 (2.547) |
67.3 (2.65) |
41.9 (1.65) |
709.8 (27.945) |
| Snowfall cm (inches) | 38.2 (15.04) |
26.6 (10.47) |
22.0 (8.66) |
6.0 (2.36) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.1 (0.04) |
8.1 (3.19) |
32.2 (12.68) |
133.1 (52.4) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 15.3 | 11.7 | 12.7 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 11.4 | 12.7 | 14.5 | 145.1 |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 5.2 | 4.6 | 8.0 | 10.9 | 12.2 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 11.4 | 10.6 | 7.4 | 112.8 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 12.0 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 | 3.2 | 9.5 | 42.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 88.3 | 110.3 | 156.3 | 185.4 | 229.1 | 256.2 | 276.2 | 241.3 | 188.0 | 148.4 | 83.6 | 74.7 | 2,037.6 |
| Source: Environment Canada [38] | |||||||||||||
Cityscape[link]
Architecture[link]
Main article: Architecture of Toronto
See also: List of tallest buildings in Toronto, Doors Open Toronto, and List of oldest buildings and structures in Toronto
Lawrence Richards, a member of the faculty of architecture at the University of Toronto, has said "Toronto is a new, brash, rag-tag place—a big mix of periods and styles."[39] Toronto buildings vary in design and age with many structures dating back to the mid-19th century, while other prominent buildings were just newly built in the first decade of the 21st century.
Defining the Toronto skyline is the CN Tower, completed in 1976. At a height of 553.33 metres (1,815 ft 5 in) it was the world's tallest[40] freestanding structure until 2007 when it was surpassed by Burj Khalifa, but it is still the tallest tower in the western hemisphere surpassing the Willis Tower by 110 metres. It is an important telecommunications hub and a centre of tourism in Toronto.
.JPG)
Toronto is a city of high-rises, having 1,800 buildings over 30 metres (98 ft), second only to New York City (which has over 5,000 such buildings) in North America.[41] Most of these buildings are residential (either rental or condominium), whereas the central business district contains the taller commercial office towers. There has been recent media attention given for the need to retrofit many of these buildings, which were constructed beginning in the 1950s as residential apartment blocks to accommodate a quickly growing population. As of December 2011, Toronto had 132 high-rise buildings under-construction, which was the highest among all cities in North America, significantly beating Mexico City (88), New York City (86), and Chicago (17).[42]
Through the 1960s and 1970s, significant pieces of Toronto's architectural heritage were demolished to make way for redevelopment or, simply, parking. In contrast, since the 2000s, Toronto is experiencing a period of architectural revival, with several buildings by world-renowned architects having opened in the last five years. Daniel Libeskind's Royal Ontario Museum addition, Frank Gehry's remake of the Art Gallery of Ontario, and Will Alsop's distinctive Ontario College of Art & Design expansion are among the city's new showpieces.[43] The historic Distillery District, located on the eastern edge of downtown, is North America's largest and best preserved collection of Victorian era industrial architecture. It has been redeveloped into a pedestrian-oriented arts, culture and entertainment neighbourhood. Modern glass and steel highrises have begun to transform the majority of the downtown area as the condominium market has exploded and triggered widespread construction throughout the city's centre. Trump International Hotel and Tower, Ritz-Carlton Toronto, Four Seasons Hotel and Residences, and Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts are just some of the many high rise luxury condominium-hotel projects currently under construction in the downtown core.
Neighbourhoods[link]
The many residential communities of Toronto express a character distinct from that of the skyscrapers in the commercial core. Victorian and Edwardian-era residential buildings can be found in enclaves such as Rosedale, Cabbagetown, The Annex, and Yorkville. Wychwood Park is historically significant for the architecture of its homes, and for being one of Toronto's earliest planned communities. The Wychwood Park neighbourhood was designated as an Ontario Heritage Conservation district in 1985. The Casa Loma neighbourhood is named after Casa Loma, a storybook castle built in 1911 complete with stunning gardens, multiple turrets, massive stables, an elevator, secret passages, and bowling alleys. Spadina House is a 19th century manor that is now a museum.
The City of Toronto encompasses a geographical area formerly administered by six separate municipalities. These municipalities have each developed a distinct history and identity over the years, and their names remain in common use among Torontonians. Throughout the city there exist hundreds of small neighbourhoods and some larger neighbourhoods covering a few square kilometres. Former municipalities include East York, Etobicoke, North York, Old Toronto, Scarborough, and York.
The Old City of Toronto covers the area generally known as downtown. It is the historic core of Toronto and remains the most densely populated part of the city. The Financial District contains the largest cluster of skyscrapers in Canada, including the First Canadian Place, Toronto-Dominion Centre, Scotia Plaza, Royal Bank Plaza, Commerce Court and Brookfield Place. This area includes, among others, the neighbourhoods of St. James (not to be confused with St. James Town to the north), Garden District, St. Lawrence, Corktown, and Church and Wellesley. From that point, the Toronto skyline extends northward along Yonge Street. Old Toronto is also home to many historically wealthy residential enclaves, such as Yorkville, Rosedale, The Annex, Forest Hill, Lawrence Park, Lytton Park, Deer Park, Moore Park, and Casa Loma, most stretching away from downtown to the north. These neighbourhoods generally feature upscale homes, luxury condominiums and high-end retail. At the same time, the downtown core vicinity includes neighbourhoods with many recent immigrants and low-income families living in social housing and rental high-rises, such as St. James Town, Regent Park, Moss Park, Alexandra Park and Parkdale. East and west of Downtown, neighbourhoods such as Kensington Market, Chinatown, Leslieville, Cabbagetown and Riverdale are home to bustling commercial and cultural areas as well as vibrant communities of artists with studio lofts, with many middle and upper class professionals. Other neighbourhoods in the central city retain an ethnic identity, including two Chinatowns, the popular Greektown area, the trendy Little Italy, Portugal Village, and Little India, along with others.
The inner suburbs are contained within the former municipalities of York and East York. These are mature and traditionally working class areas, primarily consisting of post–World War I small, single-family homes and small apartment blocks. Neighbourhoods such as Crescent Town, Thorncliffe Park, Weston, and Oakwood–Vaughan mainly consist of high-rise apartments, which are home to many new immigrant families. During the 2000s, many neighbourhoods have become ethnically diverse and have undergone gentrification, as a result of increasing population and a housing boom during the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century. The first neighbourhoods affected were Leaside and North Toronto, gradually progressing into the western neighbourhoods in York. Some of the area's housing is in the process of being replaced or remodelled.
The outer suburbs comprising the former municipalities of Etobicoke (west), Scarborough (east) and North York (north) largely retain the grid plan laid before post-war development. Sections were long established and quickly growing towns before the suburban housing boom began and the emergence of Metro Government, existing towns or villages such as Mimico, Islington and New Toronto in Etobicoke; Willowdale, Newtonbrook and Downsview in North York; Agincourt, Wexford and West Hill in Scarborough where suburban development boomed around or between these and other towns beginning in the late 1940s. Upscale neighbourhoods were built such as the Bridle Path in North York, the area surrounding the Scarborough Bluffs in Guildwood, and most of central Etobicoke, such as Humber Valley Village, and The Kingsway. One of largest and earliest "planned communities" was Don Mills, parts of which were first built in the 1950s.[44] Phased development mixing single-detached housing with higher density apartment blocks became more popular as a suburban model of development. To some this model has been copied in other GTA municipalities surrounding Toronto, albeit with less population density. Over the late 20th century and early 21st century, North York City Centre, Etobicoke City Centre and Scarborough City Centre have emerged as secondary business districts outside Downtown Toronto. High-rise development in these areas have given the former municipalities distinguishable skylines of their own with high-density transit corridors serving them.
Industrial[link]
In the earlier industrial era of Toronto, industry became concentrated along the Toronto Harbour and lower Don River mouth.
The Distillery District contains the largest and best-preserved collection of Victorian industrial architecture in North America. Once the largest alcohol processing centre in North America, related structures along the Harbour include the Canada Malting Co. grain processing towers and the Redpath Sugar Refinery. Although production of spirits has declined over the decades, Toronto still has a robust and growing microbrewery industry.
The District is a national heritage site, it was listed by National Geographic magazine as a "top pick" in Canada for travellers. Similar areas that still retain their post-industrial character, but are now largely residential are the Fashion District, Corktown, and parts of South Riverdale and Leslieville. Toronto still has some active older industrial areas, such as Brockton Village, Mimico and New Toronto. In the west end of Old Toronto and York, the Weston/Mount Dennis and Junction areas have a sense of grit to them, as they still contain factories, meat packing facilities and railyards close to medium density residential.
Beginning in the late 19th century as Toronto sprawled out, industrial areas were set up on the outskirts. Over time, pockets of industrial land mostly followed rail lines and later highway corridors as the city grew outwards. This trend continues to this day, the largest factories and distribution warehouses have mostly moved to the suburban environs of Peel and York Regions; but also within the current city: Etobicoke (concentrated around Pearson Airport), North York, and Scarborough. Many of Toronto's former industrial sites close to (or Downtown) have been redeveloped including parts of the Toronto waterfront and Liberty Village, large-scale development is underway in the West Don Lands.
The still mostly vacated Port Lands remain largely undeveloped, apart from a power plant, a shipping container facility and out-of-commission industrial facilities. There are future plans for development, including residential areas under the guidance of Waterfront Toronto.
Public spaces[link]
See also: List of Toronto parks
Toronto has a diverse array of public spaces, from city squares to public parks overlooking ravines. A group called the Toronto Public Space Committee was formed to protect the city's public spaces. Nathan Phillips Square is the city's main square in downtown, and forms the entrance to City Hall. Yonge-Dundas Square, a newer, privately owned square near to City Hall, has also gained attention in recent years as one of the busiest gathering spots in the city. Other squares include Harbourfront Square, on the revitalized Toronto waterfront, and the civic squares at the former city halls of the defunct Metropolitan Toronto, most notably Mel Lastman Square in North York.
There are many large downtown parks, which include Grange Park, Moss Park, Allan Gardens, Little Norway Park, Queen's Park, Riverdale Park, Trinity Bellwoods Park, Christie Pits, and the Leslie Street Spit, which mainly consists of Tommy Thompson Park and opens on weekends. The Toronto Islands have several acres of park space, accessible from downtown by ferry. Large parks in the outer areas include High Park, Humber Bay Park, Centennial Park, Downsview Park, Guildwood Park, and Rouge Park. An almost hidden park is the compact Cloud Gardens,[45] which has both open areas and a glassed-in greenhouse in downtown Toronto.
Nathan Phillips Square, Harbourfront Centre, and Mel Lastman Square feature popular rinks for public ice-skating. Etobicoke's Colonel Sam Smith Trail opened in 2011 and is Toronto's first skating trail. Centennial Park and Earl Bales Park offer outdoor skiing and snowboarding slopes with a chair lift, rental facilities, and lessons.
Nathan Phillips Square is undergoing a major redesign by PLANT Architect Inc., Shore Tilbe Irwin + Partners, Peter Lindsay Schaudt Landscape Architecture Inc., and Adrian Blackwell (winners of the international design competition in 2007). West 8, a Dutch architecture firm, won the Central Waterfront Innovative Design Competition in 2006 to redesign the central part of the Toronto waterfront.[46][47] In 1999, Downsview Park initiated an international design competition to realise its vision of creating Canada's first national urban park. In May 2000, the winning park design was announced: "TREE CITY", by the team of Bruce Mau Design, Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Oleson Worland Architect and Inside/Outside.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture in Toronto
Toronto is a major scene for theatre and other performing arts, with more than fifty ballet and dance companies, six opera companies, two symphony orchestras and a host of theatres. The city is home to the National Ballet of Canada, the Canadian Opera Company, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Canadian Electronic Ensemble, and the Canadian Stage Company. Notable performance venues include the Four Seasons Centre for the Performing Arts, Roy Thomson Hall, the Princess of Wales Theatre, the Royal Alexandra Theatre, Massey Hall, the Toronto Centre for the Arts, the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres and the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts (originally the "O'Keefe Centre" and formerly the "Hummingbird Centre").
Ontario Place features the world's first permanent IMAX movie theatre, the Cinesphere,[48] as well as the Molson Amphitheatre, an open-air venue for large-scale music concerts. Each summer, the Canadian Stage Company presents an outdoor Shakespeare production in Toronto's High Park called "Dream in High Park". Canada's Walk of Fame acknowledges the achievements of successful Canadians, with a series of stars on designated blocks of sidewalks along King Street and Simcoe Street.
The Distillery District is a pedestrian village containing boutiques, art galleries, restaurants, artist studios and small breweries, including the well-known Mill Street Brewery. A new theatre in the district, the Young Centre for the Performing Arts, is the home of the Soulpepper Theatre Company and the drama productions of nearby George Brown College.
The production of domestic and foreign film and television is a major local industry. Many movie releases are screened in Toronto before wider release in North America. The Toronto International Film Festival is one of the most important annual events for the international film industry. Europe's largest film studio, The Pinewood Studios Group, operates Pinewood Toronto Studios in the city's west-end.
Toronto's Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival (formerly known as Caribana) takes place from mid-July to early August of every summer, and is one of North America's largest street festivals.[49] Primarily based on the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, the first Caribana took place in 1967 when the city's Caribbean community celebrated Canada's Centennial. More than forty years later, it has grown to attract one million people to Toronto's Lake Shore Boulevard annually. Tourism for the festival is in the hundred thousands, and each year, the event generates over $400 million in revenue into Ontario's economy.[50]
Pride Week in Toronto takes place in late June, and is one of the largest LGBT festivals in the world. One of the largest events in the city, it attracts more than one million people from around the world.
Tourism[link]
Main article: Attractions in Toronto
Toronto is among the world's top international tourist destinations, ranking at 40th place, according to Euromonitor.[52] The city's most prominent landmark is the CN Tower, which once stood as the tallest free-standing land structure in the world at 553 metres (1,814 ft). To the surprise of its creators, the tower held the world record for over 30 years.[53]
The Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) is a major museum for world culture and natural history. The Toronto Zoo, one of the largest in the world,[54][55] is home to over 5,000 animals representing over 460 distinct species. The Art Gallery of Ontario contains a large collection of Canadian, European, African and contemporary artwork, and also plays host to exhibits from museums and galleries all over the world. The Gardiner Museum of ceramic art is the only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics, and the Museum's collection contains more than 2,900 ceramic works from Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The Ontario Science Centre always has new hands-on activities and science displays particularly appealing to children, and the Bata Shoe Museum features many unique exhibitions focused on footwear throughout history. The centrally located Textile Museum of Canada possesses another niche collection of great quality and interest. Other prominent art galleries and museums include Design Exchange, Museum of Inuit Art, TIFF Bell Lightbox, Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art, Institute for Contemporary Culture, Toronto Sculpture Garden, CBC Museum, Redpath Sugar Museum, University of Toronto Art Centre, Hart House, TD Gallery of Inuit Art and the future Aga Khan Museum. The city also runs its own museums, which includes the Spadina House.
The Don Valley Brick Works is a former industrial site, which opened in 1889, and was partly restored as a park and heritage site in 1996, with further restoration and reuse being completed in stages since then. The Canadian National Exhibition is held annually at Exhibition Place, and it is the oldest annual fair in the world. It is Canada's largest annual fair and the fifth largest in North America, with an average attendance of 1.25 million.[56]
The Yorkville neighbourhood is one of Toronto's most elegant shopping and dining areas. On many occasions, celebrities from all over North America can be spotted in the area, especially during the Toronto International Film Festival. The Distillery District, Queen West, Harbourfront, the Entertainment District, the Financial District, and the St. Lawrence Market neighbourhood are also popular areas for tourists. The Eaton Centre is one of North America's top shopping destinations, and Toronto's most popular tourist attraction with over 52 million visitors annually.[57]
Greektown on the Danforth, is another one of the major attractions of Toronto which boasts one of the highest concentrations of restaurants per kilometre in the world. It is also home to the annual "Taste of the Danforth" festival which attracts over one million people in 2½ days.[58] Toronto is also home to Canada's most famous "castle" – Casa Loma, the former estate of Sir Henry Pellatt, a prominent Toronto financier, industrialist and military man. Other notable neighbourhoods and attractions include The Beaches, the Toronto Islands, Kensington Market, Fort York, and the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Sports[link]
Toronto is the only Canadian city with representation in seven major league sports, with teams in the National Hockey League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Canadian Football League, Major League Soccer, Canadian Women's Hockey League and W-League. The National Football League's Buffalo Bills also play select home games in the city. The city's major sports venues include the Air Canada Centre, Rogers Centre (formerly known as SkyDome), Ricoh Coliseum, and BMO Field.
Toronto is home to the Toronto Maple Leafs, one of the National Hockey League's Original Six clubs, and has also served as home to the Hockey Hall of Fame since 1958. The city has a rich history of hockey championships. Along with the Maple Leafs' 13 Stanley Cup titles (second all-time), the Toronto Marlboros and St. Michael's College School-based Ontario Hockey League teams combined have won a record 12 Memorial Cup titles. The Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League also play in Toronto at Ricoh Coliseum and are the farm team for the Maple Leafs. They are currently the only AHL team that is located in the same market as its NHL parent club.
Toronto is currently home to the only National Basketball Association franchise outside the United States. The Toronto Raptors entered the league in 1995, and have since earned five playoff spots in 15 seasons. The Raptors won the Atlantic Division title in the 2006–07 NBA season, led by former star player Chris Bosh. The Raptors are the only NBA team with their own television channel, NBA TV Canada. They and the Maple Leafs play their home games at the Air Canada Centre.
The Toronto Rock are the city's National Lacrosse League team. They are one of the league's most successful franchises, winning five Champion's Cup titles in seven years in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, appearing in an NLL record five straight championship games from 1999 to 2003, and are currently first all-time in the number of Champion's Cups won. The Rock share the Air Canada Centre with the Maple Leafs and the Raptors.
The city is represented in the Canadian Football League by the Toronto Argonauts, who have won a league-leading 15 Grey Cup titles. Toronto played host to the 95th Grey Cup in 2007, the first held in the city since 1992. In addition, the city has hosted several National Football League exhibition games; Ted Rogers leased the Buffalo Bills from Ralph Wilson for the purposes of having the Bills play eight home games in the city between 2008 and 2012. The city is also home to Major League Baseball's Toronto Blue Jays, who have won two World Series (1992 and 1993) titles and are currently the only Major League Baseball team in Canada. Both the Argonauts and Blue Jays (as well as the Bills when they are in town) play their home games at the Rogers Centre, in the downtown core.
Toronto was home to the International Bowl, an NCAA sanctioned post-season football game that pitted a Mid-American Conference team against a Big East Conference team. Beginning in 2007, the game was played at Rogers Centre annually in January.
Toronto, along with Montreal, hosts an annual Tennis Tournament called the Rogers Cup between the months of July and August. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montréal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice-versa in even-numbered years.
Besides team sports, the city annually hosted Champ Car's Molson Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place from 1986 to 2007. The race was revived in 2009 as the Honda Indy Toronto, part of the IndyCar Series schedule. Both thoroughbred and standardbred horse racing events are conducted at Woodbine Racetrack in Rexdale.
Historic sports clubs of Toronto include the Granite Club (established in 1836), the Royal Canadian Yacht Club (established in 1852), the Toronto Cricket Skating and Curling Club (established in pre-1827), the Argonaut Rowing Club (established in 1872), the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club (established in 1881), and the Badminton and Racquet Club (established in 1924).
Toronto was a candidate city for the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Atlanta and Beijing respectively. The Canadian Olympic Committee was considering a Toronto bid for the 2020 Games,[59] however, in August 2011 it was announced that Toronto would not bid for the 2020 games.[60] It has been suggested that Toronto may bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics.[61]
Toronto will be hosting the 2015 Pan American Games in July 2015. It contested against the cities of Lima, Peru and Bogotá, Colombia.[62]
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toronto Argonauts | CFL | Football | Rogers Centre | 1873 | 15 (Last in 2004) |
| Toronto Maple Leafs | NHL | Ice hockey | Air Canada Centre | 1917 | 13 (Last in 1967) |
| Toronto Blue Jays | MLB | Baseball | Rogers Centre | 1977 | 2 (Last in 1993) |
| Toronto Raptors | NBA | Basketball | Air Canada Centre | 1995 | 0 |
| Toronto FC | MLS | Soccer | BMO Field | 2007 | 0 |
| Toronto Maple Leafs | IBL | Baseball | Christie Pits | 1969 | 8 |
| Toronto Rock | NLL | Box lacrosse | Air Canada Centre | 1998 | 6 |
| Toronto Xtreme | RCSL | Rugby union | Fletcher's Fields | 1999 | 0 |
| Toronto Marlies | AHL | Ice hockey | Ricoh Coliseum | 2005 | 0 |
| Toronto Nationals | MLL | Field lacrosse | Lamport Stadium | 2009 | 1 |
| Toronto City Saints | CRL | Rugby league | Newtonbrook Secondary School | 2010 | 0 |
| Toronto Aeros | CWHL | Women's ice hockey | Lakeshore Lions Arena | 2007 | 1 |
| Toronto Lady Lynx | USL | Women's soccer | Centennial Park Stadium | 2005 | 0 |
| Toronto Eagles | AFLO | Australian Football | Humber College North | 1989 | 12 |
Media[link]
Main article: Media in Toronto
Toronto is Canada's largest media market,[63] and among the largest print-media centres in North America with four conventional dailies, two alt-weeklies, and two free commuter papers in a greater metropolitan area of about 5.5 million inhabitants. The Toronto Star and the Toronto Sun are the prominent daily city newspapers, while national dailies, The Globe and Mail and the National Post are also headquartered in the city. Metro, 24 Hours and t.o.night are distributed as free commuter newspapers. The city's two most prominent general-interest weeklies are Now and The Grid.
Toronto contains the headquarters of the major English-language Canadian television networks, including the English-language branch of the national public broadcaster Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the largest private broadcaster CTV, and the flagship stations of Citytv and Global. Canada's premier sports television networks are also based in Toronto, including The Sports Network (TSN), Sportsnet and The Score. MuchMusic, MuchMore and MTV Canada are the main music television channels based in the city, though they no longer primarily show music videos due to channel drift, a primarily American phenomenon in which television channels no longer reflect their name and/or their original mandate.
The bulk of Canada's periodical publishing industry is centred in Toronto including magazines such as Maclean's, Chatelaine, Flare, Canadian Living, Canadian Business, and Toronto Life. Many art, design, architecture and fashion magazines were created or are based in the city, including Fashion, Monocle, Azure, Canadian Interiors, Canadian Architect and Wallpaper*.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Toronto
Toronto is a major international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial capital of Canada, Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street, in the Financial District. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the world's seventh-largest stock exchange by market capitalization.[64] The five largest financial institutions of Canada, collectively known as the Big Five, are headquartered in Toronto, as are a majority of Canada's corporations.[15]
The city is an important centre for the media, publishing, telecommunication, information technology and film production industries; it is home to Bell Media, Rogers Communications, and Torstar. Other prominent Canadian corporations in the Greater Toronto Area include Magna International, Celestica, Manulife Financial, Sun Life Financial, the Hudson's Bay Company, and major hotel companies and operators, such as Four Seasons Hotels and Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.
Although much of the region's manufacturing activities take place outside the city limits, Toronto continues to be an important wholesale and distribution point for the industrial sector. The city's strategic position along the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor and its extensive road and rail connections help support the nearby production of motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, machinery, chemicals and paper. The completion of the Saint Lawrence Seaway in 1959 gave ships access to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean.
The city's net debt stood at $4.4 billion as of the end of 2010 and has a AA credit rating.[65] Toronto is expected to pay $400 million of the debt in 2011.[65] The city's debt increased by $721 million in 2010.[65] The city’s unemployment rate was 8.1% in November 2011, down from 8.3% year over year.[66]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Toronto
| Toronto | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1834 | 9,254 | — |
| 1861 | 44,821 | +384.3% |
| 1871 | 46,100 | +2.9% |
| 1881 | 86,400 | +87.4% |
| 1891 | 181,200 | +109.7% |
| 1901 | 208,040 | +14.8% |
| 1911 | 376,500 | +81.0% |
| 1921 | 521,900 | +38.6% |
| 1931 | 631,200 | +20.9% |
| 1941 | 667,500 | +5.8% |
| 1951 | 675,754 | +1.2% |
| 1961 | 672,000 | −0.6% |
| 1971 | 712,786 | +6.1% |
| 1976 | 633,318 | −11.1% |
| 1981 | 599,217 | −5.4% |
| 1986 | 612,289 | +2.2% |
| 1991 | 635,395 | +3.8% |
| 1996 | 676,352 | +6.4% |
| [67][68] | ||
| Amalgamated Toronto | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2001 | 2,481,494 | — |
| 2006 | 2,503,281 | +0.9% |
| 2011 | 2,615,060 | +4.5% |
| Canada 2006 Census | Population | % of Total Population | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visible minority group Source: [69] |
South Asian | 298,370 | 12 |
| Chinese | 283,070 | 11.4 | |
| Black | 208,555 | 8.4 | |
| Filipino | 102,555 | 4.1 | |
| Latin American | 64,860 | 2.6 | |
| Southeast Asian | 37,495 | 1.5 | |
| Other visible minority | 167,725 | 6.9 | |
| Total visible minority population | 1,162,630 | 46.9 | |
| Aboriginal group Source: [69] |
First Nations | 9,125 | 0.4 |
| Métis | 3,650 | 0.1 | |
| Inuit | 195 | 0 | |
| Total Aboriginal population | 13,605 | 0.5 | |
| White | 1,300,330 | 52.6 | |
| Total population | 2,476,565 | 100 | |
The city's population grew by 4% (96,073 residents) between 1996 and 2001, 1% (21,787 residents) between 2001 and 2006, and 4.3% (111,779 residents) between 2006 and 2011. Persons aged 14 years and under made up 17.5% of the population, and those aged 65 years and over made up 13.6%. The median age was 36.9 years. Foreign-born people made up 49.9% of the population.[70] The city's gender population is 48% male and 52% female.[71] However, women outnumber men in all age groups over 20.[72] As of 2006, 46.9% of the residents of the city proper belong to a visible minority group,[73] and visible minorities are projected to comprise a majority in the Toronto CMA by 2017.[74] In 1981, Toronto's visible minority population was 13.6%.[75]
According to the United Nations Development Programme, Toronto has the second-highest percentage of constant foreign-born population among world cities, after Miami, Florida. While Miami's foreign-born population consists mostly of Cubans and other Latin Americans, no single nationality or culture dominates Toronto's immigrant population, placing it among the most diverse cities in the world.[70] By 2031, Toronto's current visible minority population will have increased to 63%, changing the definition of visible minority in the city.[76] More than 100,000 immigrants arrive in the Toronto area every year.[77]
In 2006, people of European ethnicities formed the largest cluster of ethnic groups in Toronto, 52.6%,[73] mostly of British, Irish, Italian, and French origins. The five largest visible minority groups in Toronto are South Asian (12.0%), Chinese (11.4%), Black (8.4%), Filipino (4.1%) and Latin American (2.6%).[73] Aboriginal peoples, who are not considered visible minorities, formed 0.5% of the population.[73] This diversity is reflected in Toronto's ethnic neighbourhoods, which include Chinatown, Corso Italia, Greektown, Kensington Market, Koreatown, Little India, Little Italy, Little Jamaica, Little Portugal and Roncesvalles.
Christianity is the largest religious group in Toronto. The 2001 Census reports that 33.4% of the city's population is Catholic, followed by Protestant (21.1%), Christian Orthodox at (4.8%), Coptic Orthodox (0.2%),[78] and other Christians (3.9%). Due to the city's significant number of Methodist Christians, Toronto is often referred to as the Methodist Rome. Other religions in the city are Islam (5.5%), Hinduism (4.1%), Judaism (3.5%), Buddhism (2.1%), Sikhism (1.9%), and other Eastern religions (0.2%). 16.6% of the population professes no religion.[79][80]
While English is the predominant language spoken by Torontonians, many other languages have considerable numbers of local speakers.[81] The varieties of Chinese and Italian are the second and third most widely spoken languages at work.[82][83] As a result, the city's 9-1-1 emergency services are equipped to respond in over 150 languages.[84]
Government[link]
Main article: Municipal government of Toronto
Further information: Politics of Toronto and Public services in Toronto
Toronto is a single-tier municipality governed by a mayor–council system. The structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of Toronto Act. The Mayor of Toronto is elected by direct popular vote to serve as the chief executive of the city. The Toronto City Council is a unicameral legislative body, comprising 44 councillors representing geographical wards throughout the city. The mayor and members of the city council serve four-year terms without term limits. (Until the 2006 municipal election, the mayor and city councillors served three-year terms.)
At the start of the 2007 term, the city council will have seven standing committees, each consisting of a Chairman, a vice-chair and four other councillors. The Mayor names the committee chairs and the remaining membership of the committees is appointed by City Council.[85] An executive committee is formed by the chairs of each of standing committee, along with the mayor, the deputy mayor and four other councillors. Councillors are also appointed to oversee the Toronto Transit Commission and the Toronto Police Services Board.
The city has four community councils that consider local matters. City Council has delegated final decision-making authority on local, routine matters, while others—like planning and zoning issues—are recommended to the city council. Each city councillor serves as a member on a community council.
There are about 40 subcommittees and advisory committees appointed by the city council. These bodies are made up of city councillors and private citizen volunteers. Examples include the Pedestrian Committee, Waste Diversion Task Force 2010, and the Task Force to Bring Back the Don.[86]
Toronto had an operating budget of C$7.6 billion in 2006.[87] The city receives funding from the Government of Ontario in addition to tax revenues and user fees, spending 36% on provincially mandated programmes, 53% on major municipal purposes such as the Toronto Public Library and the Toronto Zoo, and 11% on capital financing and non-programme expenditures.[88]
Crime[link]
Main article: Crime in Toronto
See also: Crime in Canada and Gun politics in Canada
The low crime rate[89] in Toronto has resulted in the city having a reputation as one of the safest major cities in North America.[90][91] For instance, in 2007, the homicide rate for Toronto was 3.3 per 100,000 people, compared with Atlanta (19.7), Boston (10.3), Los Angeles (10.0), New York City (6.3), Vancouver (3.1), and Montreal (2.6). Toronto's robbery rate also ranks low, with 207.1 robberies per 100,000 people, compared with Los Angeles (348.5), Vancouver (266.2), New York City (265.9), and Montreal (235.3).[92][93][94][95][96][97] Toronto has a comparable rate of car theft to various U.S. cities, although it is not among the highest in Canada.[89]
Toronto recorded its largest number of homicides in 1991 with 89, a rate of 3.9 per 100,000.[98][99] In 2005, Toronto media coined the term "Year of the Gun", because there was a record number of gun-related homicides, 52, out of 80 homicides in total (65% – similar to the average in U.S. cities).[91][100] The total number of homicides dropped to 70 in 2006, that year, nearly 2,000 people in Toronto were victims of a violent gun-related crime, about one-quarter of the national total.[101] 84 homicides were committed in 2007, roughly half of them involved guns. Gang-related incidents have also been on the rise; between the years of 1997 and 2005, over 300 gang-related homicides have occurred. As a result, the Ontario government developed an anti-gun strategy.[102] In 2011, Toronto's murder rate plummeted to 45 murders—nearly a 26% drop from the previous year. The 45 homicides were the lowest number the city has recorded since 1986.[103]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Toronto
Toronto is home to a number of post-secondary academic institutions. The University of Toronto, established in 1827, is the oldest university in Ontario and a leading public research institution with two satellite campuses, one of which is located in the city's eastern district of Scarborough while the other is located in Mississauga.. It is a worldwide leader in several fields, including biomedical research. It houses North America's fourth-largest university library system, after those of Harvard, Yale and Berkeley. The Osgoode Hall Law School, affiliated with Toronto's York University, houses the largest law library in the Commonwealth of Nations. Toronto is also home to Ryerson University, OCAD University, and the University of Guelph-Humber.
There are four diploma and degree granting colleges in Toronto. These are Seneca College, Humber College, Centennial College and George Brown College. The city is also home to a satellite campus of the francophone Collège Boréal. In nearby Oshawa, usually considered part of the Greater Toronto Area, are Durham College and the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, while Halton Region is home to Sheridan College.
The Royal Conservatory of Music, which includes The Glenn Gould School, is a school of music located downtown. The Canadian Film Centre is a film, television and new media training institute founded by filmmaker Norman Jewison. Tyndale University College and Seminary is a transdenominational Christian post-secondary institution and Canada's largest seminary.
The Toronto District School Board (TDSB) operates 558 public schools. Of these, 451 are elementary and 102 are secondary (high) schools. This makes the TDSB the largest school board in Canada. Additionally, the Toronto Catholic District School Board manages the city's publicly funded Roman Catholic schools, while the Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest and the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud manages public and Roman Catholic French-language schools. There are also numerous private university-preparatory schools, such as Bayview Glen School, Bishop Strachan School, Branksome Hall, College of Toronto, Crescent School, De La Salle College, Greenwood College School, Havergal College, Ridley College, Royal St. George's College, St. Clement's School, St. Michael's College School, Toronto French School, University of Toronto Schools, Upper Canada College, and The York School.
The Toronto Public Library is the largest public library system in Canada and the most widely used,[104] consisting of 99 branches with more than 11 million items in its collection.[105]
Infrastructure[link]
Health and medicine[link]
Main article: Health in Toronto
Toronto is home to at least 20 public hospitals, including the Hospital for Sick Children, Mount Sinai Hospital, St. Michael's Hospital, North York General Hospital, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, St. Joseph's Health Centre, Rouge Valley Health System, The Scarborough Hospital, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), and Princess Margaret Hospital, as well as the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine.
Several years ago, Toronto was reported as having some of the longer average ER wait times in Ontario. Toronto hospitals at the time employed a system of triage to ensure life-threatening injuries receive rapid treatment.[106] After initial screening, initial assessments by physicians were completed within the waiting rooms themselves for greater efficiency, within a median 1.2 hours. Tests, consultations, and initial treatments were also provided within waiting rooms. 50% of patients waited 4 hours before being transferred from the emergency room to another room.[106] The least-urgent 10% of cases wait over 12 hours.[106] The extended waiting-room times experienced by some patients were attributed to an overall shortage of acute care beds.[106]
Toronto's Discovery District[107] is the centre of research in biomedicine. It is located on a 2.5-square-kilometre (620-acre) research park that is fully integrated into Toronto's downtown core. It is also home to the Medical and Related Sciences Centre (MaRS),[108] which was created in 2000 to capitalize on the research and innovation strength of the Province of Ontario. Another institute is the McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine (MCMM).[109]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Toronto
The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) is the third largest public transit system in North America after the New York City Transit Authority, and the Mexico City Metro.[30] The TTC provides public transit within the City of Toronto. The backbone of its public transport network is the Toronto subway and RT, which includes three heavy-rail rapid transit lines and a mainly elevated light-metro rapid transit line. The TTC also operates an extensive network of buses and streetcars. There have been numerous plans to extend the subway and implement light-rail lines, but many efforts have been thwarted by budgetary concerns. Since July 2011, the only subway-related work is the Spadina subway extension north of Downsview Station.
The Government of Ontario also operates an extensive interregional rail and bus transit system called GO Transit in the Greater Toronto Area. GO Transit carries over 217,000 passengers every weekday and 57 million annually, with a majority of them travelling to or from Union Station, the busiest passenger transportation facility in Canada.[110][111]
Canada's busiest airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport (IATA: YYZ), straddles the city's western boundary with the suburban city of Mississauga. Limited commercial and passenger service is also offered from the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, on the Toronto Islands, southwest of downtown. Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport in Markham provides general aviation facilities. Toronto/Downsview Airport, near the city's north end, is owned by de Havilland Canada and serves the Bombardier Aerospace aircraft factory.
There are a number of municipal expressways and provincial highways that serve Toronto and the Greater Toronto Area. In particular, Highway 401 bisects the city from west to east, bypassing the downtown core. It is the busiest road in North America,[112] and one of the busiest highways in the world.[113][114] The main municipal expressways in Toronto include the Gardiner Expressway, the Don Valley Parkway, and to some extent, Allen Road.
The grid of major city streets was laid out by the concession road system, in which major arterial roads are approximately two kilometres apart. Major east-west arterial roads are generally parallel with the Lake Ontario shoreline, and major north-south arterial roads are roughly perpendicular to the shoreline. This arrangement is sometimes broken by geographical accidents, most notably the Don River ravines.
International relations[link]
Main article: Sister cities of Toronto
- Partnership cities[115]
Chongqing, People's Republic of China (1986)
Chicago, United States (1991)
Frankfurt, Germany (1989)
Milan, Italy (2002)
Eilat, Israel
- Friendship cities[115]
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (2006)
Kiev, Ukraine (1991)
Quito, Ecuador (2006)
Sagamihara, Japan (1991)
Warsaw, Poland (1990)
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ "Underground mall in store for Union Station makeover". Globe and Mail (Canada). November 2007. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20071124.UNION24/TPStory/TPNational/Ontario/. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
- ^ Maier, Hanna (October 9, 2007). Long-Life Concrete Pavements in Europe and Canada (Report). Federal Highway Administration. http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/pubs/pl07027/llcp_07_02.cfm. Retrieved May 1, 2010. "The key high-volume highways in Ontario are the 400-series highways in the southern part of the province. The most important of these is the 401, the busiest highway in North America, with average annual daily traffic (AADT) of more than 425,000 vehicles in 2004, and daily traffic sometimes exceeding 500,000 vehicles."
- ^ "Ontario government investing $401 million to upgrade Highway 401". Ontario Ministry of Transportation. August 6, 2002. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070914064434/http://ogov.newswire.ca/ontario/GPOE/2002/08/06/c0057.html?lmatch=&lang=_e.html. Retrieved March 18, 2007. "Highway 401 is one of the busiest highways in the world and represents a vital link in Ontario's transportation infrastructure, carrying more than 400,000 vehicles per day through Toronto."
- ^ Brian Gray (April 10, 2004). "GTA Economy Dinged by Every Crash on the 401 – North America's Busiest Freeway". Toronto Sun, transcribed at Urban Planet. http://www.urbanplanet.org/forums/index.php?showtopic=3459. Retrieved March 18, 2007. "The "phenomenal" number of vehicles on Hwy. 401 as it cuts through Toronto makes it the busiest freeway in the world..."
- ^ a b "Toronto's International Alliance Program". Toronto.ca. October 23, 2000. http://www.toronto.ca/invest-in-toronto/international-alliance-program.htm. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Bibliography[link]
- Fulford, Robert (1995). Accidental city: the transformation of Toronto. Toronto: Macfarlane, Walter & Ross. ISBN 0-921912-91-9. Also ISBN 1-55199-010-5 (paperback).
- Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: stories about Canadian place names (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8293-9. http://books.google.ca/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Naming%20Canada%3A%20stories%20about%20Canadian%20place%20names&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Phillips, Robert; Bram, Leon & Dickey, Norma (1971). Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. Vol. 23. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. ISBN 0-8343-0025-7.
- Careless, J.M.S.. "Toronto". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation of Canada. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008050. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- "Toronto". Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles.. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE. 2003. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3520005&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=. Retrieved December 3, 2005.
- "Toronto's Economic Profile". City of Toronto. http://www.toronto.ca/economic_profile/index.htm. Retrieved May 30, 2006.
- "Ultimate Inline Skating Guide to Toronto v1.5" (Google Earth). 2007. http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&output=nl&msid=105047441964785653381.0000011358da39f6cf7dd. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
- The novel "In the Skin of a Lion" by Michael Ondaatje depicts Toronto in the 1920s, giving prominence to the construction of Toronto landmarks, such as the Prince Edward Viaduct and the R. C. Harris Water Treatment Plant, and focusing on the lives of the immigrant workers.
- Carolyn Whitzman (May 15, 2009). Suburb, slum, urban village: transformations in Toronto's Parkdale neighbourhood, 1875–2002. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1535-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=dcyQvnb0EiEC.
- Richard Harris (October 7, 1999). Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900 to 1950. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6282-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=EF2uN3v0i9gC.
- Careless, J. M. S (1984). Toronto to 1918: An Illustrated History. J. Lorimer and National Museum of Man. ISBN 0-88862-665-7. http://books.google.ca/books?id=7V5-PlPhwnAC&lpg=PP1&dq=Toronto&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Filey, Mike (2008). Toronto: the way we were. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-842-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=ToQcKz0DFM4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Toronto&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
- Akler, Howard; Hood, Sarah (2003). Toronto: The Unknown City. Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 1-55152-146-6. http://books.google.ca/books?id=9INeDSqwJ1MC&lpg=PA1&dq=Toronto&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=true.
External links[link]
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- Official website, the official City of Toronto web site
- Tourism Toronto, by the Toronto Convention & Visitors Association
- Wikitravel Toronto, travel guide at Wikitravel
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A stock exchange is a form of exchange which provides services for stock brokers and traders to trade stocks, bonds, and other securities. Stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include shares issued by companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds.
To be able to trade a security on a certain stock exchange, it must be listed there. Usually, there is a central location at least for record keeping, but trade is increasingly less linked to such a physical place, as modern markets are electronic networks, which gives them advantages of increased speed and reduced cost of transactions. Trade on an exchange is by members only.
The initial offering of stocks and bonds to investors is by definition done in the primary market and subsequent trading is done in the secondary market. A stock exchange is often the most important component of a stock market. Supply and demand in stock markets are driven by various factors that, as in all free markets, affect the price of stocks (see stock valuation).
There is usually no compulsion to issue stock via the stock exchange itself, nor must stock be subsequently traded on the exchange. Such trading is said to be off exchange or over-the-counter. This is the usual way that derivatives and bonds are traded. Increasingly, stock exchanges are part of a global market for securities.
Contents
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History[link]
Securities markets took centuries to develop.[1] The idea of debt dates back to the ancient world, as evidenced for example by ancient Mesopotamian clay tablets recording interest-bearing loans. There is little consensus among scholars as to when corporate stock was first traded. Some see the key event as the Dutch East India Company's founding in 1602, while others point to earlier developments. Economist Ulrike Malmendier of the University of California at Berkeley argues that a share market existed as far back as ancient Rome.
In the Roman Republic, which existed for centuries before the Empire was founded, there were societates publicanorum, organizations of contractors or leaseholders who performed temple-building and other services for the government. One such service was the feeding of geese on the Capitoline Hill as a reward to the birds after their honking warned of a Gallic invasion in 390 B.C. Participants in such organizations had partes or shares, a concept mentioned various times by the statesman and orator Cicero. In one speech, Cicero mentions "shares that had a very high price at the time." Such evidence, in Malmendier's view, suggests the instruments were tradable, with fluctuating values based on an organization's success. The societas declined into obscurity in the time of the emperors, as most of their services were taken over by direct agents of the state.
Tradable bonds as a commonly used type of security were a more recent innovation, spearheaded by the Italian city-states of the late medieval and early Renaissance periods.
In 1171, the authorities of the Republic of Venice, concerned about their war-depleted treasury, drew a forced loan from the citizenry. Such debt, known as prestiti, paid 5 percent interest per year and had an indefinite maturity date. Initially regarded with suspicion, it came to be seen as a valuable investment that could be bought and sold. The bond market had begun.
From 1262 to 1379, Venice never missed an interest payment, solidifying the credibility of the new instruments. Other Italian city-states such as Florence and Genoa became bond issuers as well, often as a means of paying for warfare. Bonds were traded widely in Italy and beyond, a business facilitated by bankers such as the Medicis.
War between Venice and Genoa resulted in suspension of prestiti interest payments in the early 1380s, and when the market was restored, it was at a lower interest rate. Venice's bonds traded at steep discounts for decades thereafter. Other blows to financial stability resulted from the Hundred Years War, which caused monarchs of France and England to default on debts to Italian banks, and the Black Death, which ravaged much of Europe. Still, the idea of debt as a tradable investment endured.
As with bonds, the concept of stock developed gradually. Some scholars place its origins as far back as ancient Rome. Partnership agreements dividing ownership into shares date back at least to the 13th century, again with Italian city-states in the vanguard. Such arrangements, however, typically extended only to a handful of people and were of limited duration, as with shipping partnerships that applied only to a single sea voyage.
The forefront of commercial innovation eventually shifted from Italy to northern Europe. The Hanseatic League, an alliance of mercantile cities such as Bruges and Antwerp, operated counting houses to expedite trade.
By the late 1500s, British merchants were experimenting with joint-stock companies intended to operate on an ongoing basis; one such was the Muscovy Company, which sought to wrest trade with Russia away from Hanseatic dominance. The next big step was in Amsterdam. In 1602, the Dutch East India Company was formed as a joint-stock company with shares that were readily tradable. The stock market had begun.
The Dutch East India Company, formed to build up the spice trade, operated as a colonial ruler in what's now Indonesia and beyond, a purview that included conducting military operations against recalcitrant natives and competing colonial powers. Control of the company was held tightly by its directors, with ordinary shareholders not having much influence on management or even access to the company's accounting statements.
However, shareholders were rewarded well for their investment. The company paid an average dividend of over 16 percent per year from 1602 to 1650. Financial innovation in Amsterdam took many forms. In 1609, investors led by one Isaac Le Maire formed history's first bear syndicate, but their coordinated trading had only a modest impact in driving down share prices, which tended to be robust throughout the 17th century. By the 1620s, the company was expanding its securities issuance with the first use of corporate bonds.
The Dutch West India Company was formed in 1621, bringing a new issuer to the burgeoning securities market. Amsterdam's growth as a financial center survived the tulip mania of the 1630s, in which contracts for the delivery of flower bulbs soared wildly and then crashed. New techniques and instruments proliferated for securities as well as commodities, including options, repos and margin trading.[2]
Joseph de la Vega, also known as Joseph Penso de la Vega and by other variations of his name, was an Amsterdam trader from a Spanish Jewish family and a prolific writer as well as a successful businessman in 17th-century Amsterdam. His 1688 book Confusion of Confusions explained the workings of the city's stock market. It was the earliest book about stock trading, taking the form of a dialogue between a merchant, a shareholder and a philosopher, the book described a market that was sophisticated but also prone to excesses, and de la Vega offered advice to his readers on such topics as the unpredictability of market shifts and the importance of patience in investment.
The year that de la Vega published also brought an event that helped spread financial techniques and talent from Amsterdam to London. This was the "glorious revolution," in which Dutch ruler William of Orange also ascended to England's throne. William sought to modernize England's finances to pay for its wars, and thus the kingdom's first government bonds were issued in 1693 and the Bank of England was set up the following year. Soon thereafter, English joint-stock companies began going public.
London's first stockbrokers, however, were barred from the old commercial center known as the Royal Exchange, reportedly because of their rude manners. Instead, the new trade was conducted from coffee houses along Exchange Alley. By 1698, a broker named John Castaing, operating out of Jonathan's Coffee House, was posting regular lists of stock and commodity prices. Those lists mark the beginning of the London Stock Exchange.
One of history's greatest financial bubbles occurred in the next few decades. At the center of it were the South Sea Company, set up in 1711 to conduct English trade with South America, and the Mississippi Company, focused on commerce with France's Louisiana colony and touted by transplanted Scottish financier John Law, who was acting in effect as France's central banker. Investors snapped up shares in both, and whatever else was available. In 1720, at the height of the mania, there was even an offering of "a company for carrying out an undertaking of great advantage, but nobody to know what it is."
By the end of that same year, share prices were collapsing, as it became clear that expectations of imminent wealth from the Americas were overblown. In London, Parliament passed the Bubble Act, which stated that only royally chartered companies could issue public shares. In Paris, Law was stripped of office and fled the country. Stock trading was more limited and subdued in subsequent decades. Yet the market survived, and by the 1790s shares were being traded in the young United States.
On February 8, 1971, NASDAQ, the world's first electronic stock exchange, started its operations.
Role of stock exchanges[link]
Stock exchanges have multiple roles in the economy. This may include the following:[3]
Raising capital for businesses[link]
The Stock Exchange provide companies with the facility to raise capital for expansion through selling shares to the investing public.[4]
Common forms of capital raising[link]
Besides the borrowing capacity provided to an individual or firm by the banking system, in the form of credit or a loan, there are four common forms of capital raising used by companies and entrepreneurs. Most of these available options, might be achieved, directly or indirectly, involving a stock exchange.
Going public[link]
Capital intensive companies, particularly high tech companies, always need to raise high volumes of capital in their early stages. By this reason, the public market provided by the stock exchanges, has been one of the most important funding sources for many capital intensive startups. After the 1990s and early-2000s hi-tech listed companies' boom and bust in the world's major stock exchanges, it has been much more demanding for the high-tech entrepreneur to take his/her company public, unless either the company already has products in the market and is generating sales and earnings, or the company has completed advanced promising clinical trials, earned potentially profitable patents or conducted market research which demonstrated very positive outcomes. This is quite different from the situation of the 1990s to early-2000s period, when a number of companies (particularly Internet boom and biotechnology companies) went public in the most prominent stock exchanges around the world, in the total absence of sales, earnings and any well-documented promising outcome. Anyway, every year a number of companies, including unknown highly speculative and financially unpredictable hi-tech startups, are listed for the first time in all the major stock exchanges - there are even specialized entry markets for this kind of companies or stock indexes tracking their performance (examples include the Alternext, CAC Small, SDAX, TecDAX, or most of the third market companies).
Limited partnerships[link]
A number of companies have also raised significant amounts of capital through R&D limited partnerships. Tax law changes that were enacted in 1987 in the United States changed the tax deductibility of investments in R&D limited partnerships. In order for a partnership to be of interest to investors today, the cash-on-cash return must be high enough to entice investors. As a result, R&D limited partnerships are not a viable means of raising money for most companies, specially hi-tech startups.
Venture capital[link]
A third usual source of capital for startup companies has been venture capital. This source remains largely available today, but the maximum statistical amount that the venture company firms in aggregate will invest in any one company is not limitless (it was approximately $15 million in 2001 for a biotechnology company).[5] At those level, venture capital firms typically become tapped-out because the financial risk to any one partnership becomes too great.
Corporate partners[link]
A fourth alternative source of cash for a private company is a corporate partner, usually an established multinational company, which provides capital for the smaller company in return for marketing rights, patent rights, or equity. Corporate partnerships have been used successfully in a large number of cases.
Mobilizing savings for investment[link]
When people draw their savings and invest in shares (through a IPO or the issuance of new company shares of an already listed company), it usually leads to rational allocation of resources because funds, which could have been consumed, or kept in idle deposits with banks, are mobilized and redirected to help companies' management boards finance their organizations. This may promote business activity with benefits for several economic sectors such as agriculture, commerce and industry, resulting in stronger economic growth and higher productivity levels of firms. Sometimes it is very difficult for the stock investor to determine whether or not the allocation of those funds is in good faith and will be able to generate long-term company growth, without examination of a company's internal auditing.
Facilitating company growth[link]
Companies view acquisitions as an opportunity to expand product lines, increase distribution channels, hedge against volatility, increase its market share, or acquire other necessary business assets. A takeover bid or a merger agreement through the stock market is one of the simplest and most common ways for a company to grow by acquisition or fusion.
Profit sharing[link]
Both casual and professional stock investors, as large as institutional investors or as small as an ordinary middle class family, through dividends and stock price increases that may result in capital gains, share in the wealth of profitable businesses. Unprofitable and troubled businesses may result in capital losses for shareholders.
Corporate governance[link]
By having a wide and varied scope of owners, companies generally tend to improve management standards and efficiency to satisfy the demands of these shareholders, and the more stringent rules for public corporations imposed by public stock exchanges and the government. Consequently, it is alleged that public companies (companies that are owned by shareholders who are members of the general public and trade shares on public exchanges) tend to have better management records than privately held companies (those companies where shares are not publicly traded, often owned by the company founders and/or their families and heirs, or otherwise by a small group of investors).
Despite this claim, some well-documented cases are known where it is alleged that there has been considerable slippage in corporate governance on the part of some public companies. The dot-com bubble in the late 1990s, and the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007-08, are classical examples of corporate mismanagement. Companies like Pets.com (2000), Enron Corporation (2001), One.Tel (2001), Sunbeam (2001), Webvan (2001), Adelphia (2002), MCI WorldCom (2002), Parmalat (2003), American International Group (2008), Bear Stearns (2008), Lehman Brothers (2008), General Motors (2009) and Satyam Computer Services (2009) were among the most widely scrutinized by the media.
However, when poor financial, ethical or managerial records are known by the stock investors, the stock and the company tend to lose value. In the stock exchanges, shareholders of underperforming firms are often penalized by significant share price decline, and they tend as well to dismiss incompetent management teams.
Creating investment opportunities for small investors[link]
As opposed to other businesses that require huge capital outlay, investing in shares is open to both the large and small stock investors because a person buys the number of shares they can afford. Therefore the Stock Exchange provides the opportunity for small investors to own shares of the same companies as large investors.
Government capital-raising for development projects[link]
Governments at various levels may decide to borrow money to finance infrastructure projects such as sewage and water treatment works or housing estates by selling another category of securities known as bonds. These bonds can be raised through the Stock Exchange whereby members of the public buy them, thus loaning money to the government. The issuance of such bonds can obviate the need, in the short term, to directly tax citizens to finance development—though by securing such bonds with the full faith and credit of the government instead of with collateral, the government must eventually tax citizens or otherwise raise additional funds to make any regular coupon payments and refund the principal when the bonds mature.
Barometer of the economy[link]
At the stock exchange, share prices rise and fall depending, largely, on market forces. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when companies and the economy in general show signs of stability and growth. An economic recession, depression, or financial crisis could eventually lead to a stock market crash. Therefore the movement of share prices and in general of the stock indexes can be an indicator of the general trend in the economy.
Speculation[link]
Main article: Speculation
The stock exchanges are also fashionable places for speculation. In a financial context, the terms "speculation" and "investment" are actually quite specific. For instance, although the word "investment" is typically used, in a general sense, to mean any act of placing money in a financial vehicle with the intent of producing returns over a period of time, most ventured money—including funds placed in the world's stock markets—is actually not investment but speculation.
Major stock exchanges[link]
Major Stock Exchanges : Year ended 31 December 2011 [1]
| Rank | Economy | Stock Exchange | Location | Market Capitalization (USD Billions) |
Trade Value (USD Billions) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States Europe |
NYSE Euronext (US & Europe) | New York City | 14,242 | 20,161 |
| 2 | United States Europe |
NASDAQ OMX (US & North Europe) | New York City | 4,687 | 13,552 |
| 3 | Japan |
Tokyo Stock Exchange | Tokyo | 3,325 | 3,972 |
| 4 |  United Kingdom |
London Stock Exchange | London | 3,266 | 2,837 |
| 5 | China |
Shanghai Stock Exchange | Shanghai | 2,357 | 3,658 |
| 6 |  Hong Kong |
Hong Kong Stock Exchange | Hong Kong | 2,258 | 1,447 |
| 7 |  Canada |
Toronto Stock Exchange | Toronto | 1,912 | 1,542 |
| 8 |  Brazil |
BM&F Bovespa | São Paulo | 1,229 | 931 |
| 9 |  Australia |
Australian Securities Exchange | Sydney | 1,198 | 1,197 |
| 10 | Germany |
Deutsche Börse | Frankfurt | 1,185 | 1,758 |
| 11 |  Switzerland |
SIX Swiss Exchange | Zurich | 1,090 | 887 |
| 12 | China |
Shenzhen Stock Exchange | Shenzen | 1,055 | 2,838 |
| 13 |  Spain |
BME Spanish Exchanges | Madrid | 1,031 | 1,226 |
| 14 |  India |
Bombay Stock Exchange | Mumbai | 1,007 | 148 |
| 15 |  South Korea |
Korea Exchange | Seoul | 996 | 2,029 |
| 16 | India |
National Stock Exchange of India | Mumbai | 985 | 589 |
| 17 |  Russia |
MICEX-RTS | Moscow | 800 | 514 |
| 18 |  South Africa |
JSE Limited | Johannesburg | 789 | 372 |
The 65 main stock exchanges:
- American Stock Exchange
- Australian Securities Exchange
- Athens Stock Exchange
- Belgrade Stock Exchange
- Berliner Börse
- Bermuda Stock Exchange
- Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
- Bolsa de Valores de Colombia
- Bolsa de Valores de Lima
- Bombay Stock Exchange
- Bucharest Stock Exchange
- Budapest Stock Exchange
- Bulgarian Stock Exchange - Sofia
- Canadian National Stock Exchange - CNSX
- Cairo & Alexandria Stock Exchange
- Casablanca Stock Exchange
- Channel Islands Stock Exchange
- Chicago Stock Exchange
- Euronext Amsterdam
- Euronext Brussels
- Euronext Lisbon
- Euronext Paris
- Frankfurt Stock Exchange
- Ghana Stock Exchange
- Helsinki Stock Exchange
- Hong Kong Stock Exchange
- Indonesia Stock Exchange
- Irish Stock Exchange
- Istanbul Stock Exchange
- Johannesburg Stock Exchange
- Karachi Stock Exchange
- Korea Stock Exchange
- Kuwait Stock Exchange
- Ljubljana Stock Exchange
- London Stock Exchange
- Luxembourg Stock Exchange
- Madrid Stock Exchange
- Malaysia Stock Exchange
- Milan Stock Exchange
- Montreal Stock Exchange
- Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange
- Nagoya Stock Exchange
- National Stock Exchange of India
- New York Stock Exchange
- New Zealand Exchange
- Nigerian Stock Exchange
- Osaka Securities Exchange
- Philippine Stock Exchange
- Prague Stock Exchange
- Russian Trading System
- Santiago Stock Exchange
- São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA)
- Shanghai Stock Exchange
- Shenzhen Stock Exchange
- Singapore Exchange
- Stockholm Stock Exchange
- Stock Exchange of Thailand
- Taiwan Stock Exchange
- Tehran Stock Exchange
- Tel Aviv Stock Exchange
- Tokyo Stock Exchange
- Toronto Stock Exchange
- Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange
- Warsaw Stock Exchange
- Zurich Stock Exchange
On 1° October 2007 the London Stock Exchange merged with the Borsa Italiana.
See also: :Category:Stock exchanges
Listing requirements[link]
Listing requirements are the set of conditions imposed by a given stock exchange upon companies that want to be listed on that exchange. Such conditions sometimes include minimum number of shares outstanding, minimum market capitalization, and minimum annual income.
Requirements by stock exchange[link]
Companies must meet an exchange's requirements to have their stocks and shares listed and traded there, but requirements vary by stock exchange:
- New York Stock Exchange: To be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) a company must have issued at least a million shares of stock worth $100 million and must have earned more than $10 million over the last three years.[6]
- NASDAQ Stock Exchange: To be listed on the NASDAQ a company must have issued at least 1.25 million shares of stock worth at least $70 million and must have earned more than $11 million over the last three years.[7]
- London Stock Exchange: The main market of the London Stock Exchange has requirements for a minimum market capitalization (£700,000), three years of audited financial statements, minimum public float (25 per cent) and sufficient working capital for at least 12 months from the date of listing.
- Bombay Stock Exchange: Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) has requirements for a minimum market capitalization of
25 crore and minimum public float equivalent to 10 crore.[8]
Ownership[link]
Stock exchanges originated as mutual organizations, owned by its member stock brokers. There has been a recent trend for stock exchanges to demutualize, where the members sell their shares in an initial public offering. In this way the mutual organization becomes a corporation, with shares that are listed on a stock exchange. Examples are Australian Securities Exchange (1998), Euronext (merged with New York Stock Exchange), NASDAQ (2002), the New York Stock Exchange (2005), Bolsas y Mercados Españoles, and the São Paulo Stock Exchange (2007). The Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchanges can been characterized as quasi-state institutions insofar as they were created by government bodies in China and their leading personnel are directly appointed by the China Securities Regulatory Commission.
Other types of exchanges[link]
In the 19th century, exchanges were opened to trade forward contracts on commodities. Exchange traded forward contracts are called futures contracts. These commodity exchanges later started offering future contracts on other products, such as interest rates and shares, as well as options contracts. They are now generally known as futures exchanges.
See also[link]
- Auction
- Capital market
- Commodities exchange
- Financial regulation
- International Organization of Securities Commissions
- Shareholder
- Stag profit
- Stock exchanges for developing countries
- Stock investor
- Stock market
- Stock market data systems
Lists:
- List of stock exchanges
- List of stock market indices
- List of financial regulatory authorities by country
- List of Swiss financial market legislation
References[link]
- ^ Silber, Kenneth (February 2009). "The Earliest Securities Markets". Research magazine 32 (2): 44–47. http://www.advisorone.com/article/earliest-securities-markets. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ "PhD thesis - The world's first stock exchange". http://www.lodewijkpetram.nl/index-eng.html. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
- ^ Diamond, Peter A. (1967). "The Role of a Stock Market in a General Equilibrium Model with Technological Uncertainty". American Economic Review 57 (4): 759–776. JSTOR 1815367.
- ^ Gilson, Ronald J.; Black, Bernard S. (1998). "Venture Capital and the Structure of Capital Markets: Banks Versus Stock Markets". Journal of Financial Economics 47: 243–277. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.46909.
- ^ STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF CAPITAL FOR PRIVATE BIOTECHNOLOGY COMPANIE
- ^ http://www.nyse.com/Frameset.html?displayPage=/listed/1022540125610.html
- ^ NASDAQ Corporate -NASDAQ Listing Information
- ^ About Us
External links[link]
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| Semion Mogilevich | |
|---|---|
| File:Mogilevich s1.jpg | |
| FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives | |
| Charges |
|
| Reward | $100,000 |
| Alias | Seva Moguilevich Semon Yudkovich Palagnyuk Semen Yukovich Telesh Simeon Mogilevitch Semjon Mogilevcs Shimon Makelwitsh Shimon Makhelwitsch Sergei Yurevich Schnaider "Seva" |
| Description | |
| Born | Semion Yudkovich Mogilevich (1946-06-30) June 30, 1946 (age 65) Kiev, Ukrainian SSR |
| Nationality | Ukrainian |
| Gender | Male |
| Height | 5'6" to 5'7" |
| Weight | 290 pounds |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Spouse | Katalin Papp |
| Criminal Status | |
| Added | October 23, 2009 |
| Number | 494 |
| Currently A Top Ten Fugitive | |
Semion Yudkovich Mogilevich[1] (Ukrainian: Семен Ю́дкович Могиле́вич, tr: Semen Yudkovych Mohylevych, [sɛmˈɛn ˈjudkɔwɪt͡ʃ mɔɦɪˈlɛwɪt͡ʃ]; born June 30, 1946) is a Ukrainian-born organized crime boss, believed by European and United States federal law enforcement agencies to be the "boss of bosses" of most Russian Mafia syndicates in the world.[2] He is believed to direct a vast criminal empire and is described by the FBI as "the most dangerous mobster in the world".[3][4]
Mogilevich's nicknames include "Don Semyon", and "The Brainy Don" (because of his business acumen[5]). He is said to control RosUkrEnergo, a company currently actively involved in Russia–Ukraine gas disputes.[6] Secret US diplomatic cables, released by Wikileaks, describe Mogilevich as the figure in charge of both RosUkrEnergo and Raiffeisen Bank. They also state that Mogilevich has close links to Gazprom, the Russian state energy company.[7][8]
He is based in Moscow, Russia. He is most closely associated with the Solntsevskaya Bratva crime group. Political figures he has close alliances with include Yury Luzhkov, the former Mayor of Moscow, Dmytro Firtash and Leonid Derkach, former head of the Security Service of Ukraine.[9][7] Oleksandr Turchynov, former Prime Minister of Ukraine, went to court for allegedly destroying files pertaining to Mogilevich.[10][11] Mogilevich is believed to have ordered many assassinations of his enemies across the world, including both shootings and car-bombs.[12]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Mogilevich was born in Kiev's Podil neighborhood to a Jewish family.[13] At the age of 22 he earned a degree in economics from Lviv University.
In the early 1970s he became part of the Lyuberetskaya crime group in Moscow and was involved in petty theft and fraud. He served two terms (3 and 4 years) for currency-dealing offenses.[14]
During the 1980s, tens of thousands of Ukrainian and Russian Jews were emigrating to Israel on short notice and without the ability to quickly transfer their possessions. Mogilevich would offer to sell property – their furniture, art and diamonds – on behalf of the prospective émigrés, promising to forward the money on to Israel. The money was, instead, used to invest in black market and criminal activities.[15] In 1990, already a millionaire, Mogilevich moved to Israel, together with several top lieutenants. Here he invested in a wide range of legal businesses, whilst continuing to operate a worldwide network of prostitution, weapon, and drug smuggling through a complex web of offshore companies.[16]
In 1991 Mogilevich married his Hungarian girlfriend Katalin Papp and moved to Hungary and had three children with her, obtaining a Hungarian passport; at this point, Mogilevich held Russian, Ukrainian, Israeli and Hungarian citizenship. Living in a fortified villa outside Budapest, he continued to invest in a wide array of enterprises, including buying a local armament factory, "Army Co-Op", which produced anti-aircraft guns.[17]
In 1994, Mogilevich group obtained control over Inkombank, one of the largest private banks in Russia,[18] in a secret deal with bank chairman Vladimir Vinogradov, getting direct access to the world financial system. The bank collapsed in 1998 under suspicions of money laundering.[19] Through Inkombank, in 1996 he obtained a significant share in Sukhoi, a large military aircraft manufacturer.[citation needed]
In May 1995, a meeting in Prague between Mogilevich and Sergei Mikhailov, head of the Solntsevo group, was raided by Czech police. The occasion was a birthday party for one of the deputy Solntsevo mafiosi. Two hundred partygoers (including dozens of prostitutes) in the restaurant "U Holubů" (owned by Mogilevich) were detained and thirty expelled from the country.[20] Police had been tipped off that the Solntsevo group intended to execute Mogilevich at the party[21] over a disputed payment of $5 million. But Mogilevich never showed and it is believed that a senior figure in the Czech police, working with the Russian mafia, had warned him.[22] Soon, however, the Czech Interior Ministry imposed a 10-year entry ban on Mogilevich, while the Hungarian government declared him persona non grata and the British barred his entry into the UK, declaring him "one of the most dangerous men in the world".[23]
File:Semion Mogilevich.jpg
Semion Mogilevich (2001)
Both Mogilevich and his associate Mikhailov ceased to travel to the west in the late 1990s, although Mogilevich retains an Israeli passport.[24] In 1997 and 1998, the presence of Mogilevich, Mikhailov and others associated with the Russian Mafia behind a public company trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), YBM Magnex International Inc., was exposed by Canadian journalists. On May 13, 1998, dozens of agents for the FBI and several other U.S. government agencies raided YBM's headquarters in Newtown, Pennsylvania. Shares in the public company, which had been valued at $1 billion on the TSX, became worthless overnight.[25] As to Mogilevich himself, federal law enforcement agencies from throughout the world had by now been trying to prosecute him for over 10 years. But he had, in the words of one journalist, "a knack for never being in the wrong place at the wrong time."[26]
Until 1998, Inkombank and Bank Menatep participated in a US$ 10 billion money laundering scheme through the Bank of New York.[27][28][29][30]
Mogilevich was also suspected of participation in large scale fraud, where untaxed heating oil was sold as highly taxed car fuel.[when?] Estimates are that up to one third of sold fuels went through this scheme, resulting in massive tax losses for countries of Central Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Poland).[31] In 2003, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation put Mogilevich on the "Wanted List" for participation in the scheme to defraud investors in Canadian company YBM Magnex International Inc. Frustrated by their previous unsuccessful efforts to charge him for arms trafficking and prostitution, they had now settled on the large-scale fraud charges as their best hope of running him to ground. He was, however, considered to be the most powerful Russian mobster alive.[24] In a 2006 interview, former Clinton administration anti-organized-crime czar Jon Winer said, "I can tell you that Semion Mogilevich is as serious an organized criminal as I have ever encountered and I am confident that he is responsible for contract killings."[24]
Mogilevich was arrested in Moscow on January 24, 2008, for suspected tax evasion.[32][33] He was released on July 24, 2009. On his release, the Russian interior ministry stated that he was released because the charges against him "are not of a particularly grave nature."[34][35] On October 22, 2009 he was named by the FBI as the 494th fugitive to be placed on the Ten Most Wanted list.[36]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ RIANOVOSTI
- ^ Glenny, Misha (2008), McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, pp 72–73.
- ^ Petrostate: Putin, power, and the new Russia, Marshall I. Goldman (Oxford University Press, 2008)
- ^ The Most Dangerous Mobster in the World According to the FBI and Israeli Intelligence, Village Voice, By Robert I. Friedman Tuesday, May 26, 1998
- ^ "His savvy has earned him the nickname "Brainy Don." AMW Semion Mogilevich FBI: Moscow Crime Boss A Global ThreatAmerica's Most Wanted
- ^ According to Ukrainian Prime-Minister Yulia Tymoshenko "we have no doubts whatsoever that the man named Mogilevich is behind the whole operation called RosUkrEnergo", see The High Price of Gas by BBC News. Mogilevich has denied through a lawyer any links to RosUkrEnergo, see Russia frees crime boss wanted by U.S. by Reuters.
- ^ a b Rachkevych, Mark (3 December 2010). "U.S. Official: Austrian Bank's Ties to RosUkrEnergo Suspicious". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
- ^ WikiLeaks cables link Russian mafia boss to EU gas supplies Luke Harding, The Guardian Wednesday 1 December 2010
- ^ Ukraine, Vanco Energy and the Russian Mob, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 16 September 2008.
- ^ New and conflicting details emerge over Mogilevich’s alleged involvement in nation, Kyiv Post (December 10, 2010)
- ^ Rada wants corruption inquiryKyiv Post, Jul 5, 2001 at 18:00
- ^ AMW Semion Mogilevich FBI: Moscow Crime Boss A Global ThreatAmerica's Most Wanted
- ^ Block, Alan A.; Weaver, Constance A. (2004) All Is Clouded by Desire: Global Banking, Money Laundering, and International Organized Crime. Greenwood Publishing Group: Westport. ISBN 0-275-98330-7 pp 154.
- ^ Friedman, Robert I. (1998), “The Most Dangerous Mobster in the World”; The Village Voice, Tuesday, May 26th 1998.
- ^ Friedman (1998), Op. cit.
- ^ "Article about Mogilevich, also covers early years". http://www.villagevoice.com/news/9821,friedman,203,1.html. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "Article about activities in Hungary". http://www.budapestsun.com/full_story.asp?ArticleID=%7B6493A16274FB46438BE680B4A19AEE86%7D&From=News. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "New York court document, 2000". http://russianlaw.org/Morgent1.htm. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "Moscow Telegraph on investigation of Inkombank management". http://moscowtelegraph.com/mt050801.htm. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "Journal of the Czech ministry of interior, article about Russian mafias" (in Czech). http://www.mvcr.cz/2003/casopisy/pol/0409/rusko_info.html. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "Biography of Mogilevich, newspaper Lidové Noviny" (in Czech). http://www.volny.cz/vyber_cr/vyber2/pribeh_muze.html. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ Glenny (2008), Op. cit., pp 71–72.
- ^ Glenny (2008), Op. cit., pp 75.
- ^ a b c Glenny (2008), Op. cit., pg 77.
- ^ "BBC Panorama's "The Billion Dollar Don"". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/events/panorama/transcripts/transcript_06_12_99.txt. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
- ^ Glenny (2008), Op. cit., pg 76.
- ^ "Overview of the money laundering schemes". http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/3516.html##4. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ The Wall Street Journal, September 5, 1999: "A Scheme for Ducking Taxes May Be a Key In Russia Money Probe"
- ^ "Testimony of Thomas Renyi, CEO of the bank, 1999". Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060929094324/http://financialservices.house.gov/banking/92299ren.htm. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "Senior manager of BoNY indicted, 2001". http://russianlaw.org/bridge3.htm. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "Overview of fuels scandal, newspaper Lidové Noviny" (in Czech). http://web.volny.cz/noviny/zdomova/clanek/~volny/IDC/124259/volby-by-nyni-vyhrala-cssd.html. Retrieved October 7, 2006.
- ^ "Russia detains crime boss wanted by FBI"
- ^ "Semyon Mogilevich, the 'East European mafia boss', captured in Moscow"
- ^ "Suspects in Arbat Prestige case released with travel ban"
- ^ Russia frees crime boss wanted by U.S., Reuters (July 27, 2009)
- ^ FBI press release announcing Mogilevich's addition to the list
External links[link]
- Mogilevich's FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert
- Mogilevich's profile on America's Most wanted
- US Senate testimony of FBI Assistant Director, includes Mogilevich
- "The Billion Dollar Don" (Transcript of BBC Panorama documentary on activities in gas, YBM Magnex etc., incl. interview w. Mogilevich)
- Papers from Annual Conference of the European Society of Criminology, Helsinki, 2003 (PDF, describes the YBM Magnex scheme)
- Semyon Mogilevich, the 'East European mafia boss', captured in Moscow
- http://www.forbes.com/2010/05/13/bin-laden-joaquin-guzman-dawood-ibrahim-business-world-most-wanted_slide_5.html
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mogilevich, Semion |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 30, 1946 |
| Place of birth | Kiev, Ukraine |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Могилевич, Семён Юдкович
http://nl.wn.com/Semjon Mogilevitsj
http://de.wn.com/Semjon Judkowitsch Mogilewitsch
http://it.wn.com/Semion Mogilevich
http://pl.wn.com/Siemion Mogilewicz
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semion_Mogilevich
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX, formerly TSE) is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America and the seventh largest in the world by market capitalization. Based in Canada's largest city, Toronto, it is owned by and operated as a subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities. A broad range of businesses from Canada, the United States, Europe, and other countries are represented on the exchange. In addition to conventional securities, the exchange lists various exchange-traded funds, split share corporations, income trusts and investment funds. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the leader in the mining and oil & gas sector; more mining and oil & gas companies are listed on Toronto Stock Exchange than any other exchange in the world.
The Toronto Stock Exchange likely descended from the Association of Brokers, a group formed by Toronto businessmen on July 26, 1852. No official records of the group's transactions have survived. On October 25, 1861, twenty-four men gathered at the Masonic Hall to officially create the Toronto Stock Exchange. The exchange was formally incorporated by an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1878.
