- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 13616
- author: GUBOG
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- A417 road
- A419 road
- A429 road
- A433 road
- A435 road
- Acre
- Agricultural college
- Ala (Roman military)
- Amphitheatre
- Anglo-Saxons
- Archeological
- Association football
- Augustinian
- B4425 road
- Bagendon
- Bailiff
- Baptist Church
- Basilica
- Bath, Somerset
- Battle of Worcester
- Borough
- Bradley Stoke
- Bristol
- Britannia Prima
- British Iron Age
- Broadcloth
- Brythonic languages
- Burgage
- Burgess (title)
- Bybrook River
- Bypass (road)
- Car
- Castra
- Cavalier
- Ceawlin of Wessex
- Charles I of England
- Chedworth
- Cheltenham
- Chipping Campden
- Chipping Sodbury
- Cinderford
- Cirencester
- Cirencester Abbey
- Cirencester Car Club
- Cirencester College
- Cirencester House
- Colchester
- Corinium Dobunnorum
- Corinium Museum
- Cotswold (district)
- Cotswold Airport
- Cotswold stone
- Cotswolds
- Country house
- Court of Chancery
- Cozy Powell
- Cricket
- Cricklade
- Cwichelm of Wessex
- Cynegils of Wessex
- Debrett's
- Defensive wall
- Dip slope
- Districts of England
- Dobunni
- Dom Joly
- Dursley
- Earl Bathurst
- Earl of Hereford
- England
- English Civil War
- English Reformation
- Ernest Gimson
- Escape of Charles II
- Fairford
- Fan vault
- Filton
- Fine (penalty)
- Forum (Roman)
- Fosse Way
- Gentry
- Germany
- Gildas
- GL postcode area
- Gloucester
- Gloucestershire
- Guild
- Hazel Brook
- Heathrow Airport
- Henry I of England
- Henry IV of England
- Itzehoe
- Jacquie de Creed
- Julian the Apostate
- Jupiter (mythology)
- King's Bench
- Landscape garden
- Lechlade
- Leisure Centre
- Liberal Democrats
- Limestone
- Little Avon River
- London
- Lord of the manor
- Lydney
- M4 Motorway
- Manorialism
- Market town
- Merchant
- Mercia
- Middle Ages
- Minchinhampton
- Minster (cathedral)
- Mitcheldean
- Monk
- Moreton-in-Marsh
- Nailsworth
- Netball
- Newent
- Norman architecture
- Norman Jewson
- Normans
- Northleach
- Oolite
- Oxford
- Paddington station
- Painswick
- Pam Ayres
- Parish church
- Patchway
- Penda of Mercia
- Perpendicular Period
- Polo
- Post town
- Primary education
- Ptolemy
- Public domain
- Queen Elizabeth I
- Regions of England
- Rendcomb College
- River Avon (Bristol)
- River Boyd
- River Chelt
- River Churn
- River Coln
- River Evenlode
- River Frome, Bristol
- River Frome, Stroud
- River Leach
- River Severn
- River Swilgate
- River Thames
- River Trym
- River Windrush
- River Wye
- Robin Ince
- Roman Britain
- Roman Catholic
- Roman god
- Roman Governor
- Roman province
- Roman villa
- Royal charter
- Rugby union
- Second World War
- Secondary education
- Secondary modern
- Sheep
- South Cerney
- South West England
- St David's
- St Peter
- St. Albans
- Stow-on-the-Wold
- Stroud (district)
- Suburb
- Swindon
- Tetbury
- Tewkesbury
- Tewkesbury (borough)
- Town Council
- Town twinning
- Turnpike trust
- United Kingdom
- Victoria Bus Station
- Wales
- Wantage
- Warwick
- Weaving
- Welsh language
- Wessex
- Westminster
- William Fitz-Osbern
- William Shakespeare
- Winchcombe
- Wool
- Wool church
- Woollen
- Wotton-under-Edge
- Yate
-
A40 road
The A40 is a major trunk road connecting London to Fishguard, Wales and officially called The London to Fishguard Trunk Road (A40) in all legal documents and Acts. It is 256 miles (412 km) long.
It is one of the few remaining of the "old" trunk routes not to have been superseded by a direct motorway link, though some parts, such as the southern section from London to Oxford are now better served by the M40. Part of the A40 forms a section of the unsigned Euroroute E30, which the Welsh Assembly Government refers to as "one of the lowest standard sections of the Trans European Road Network in the United Kingdom"
The original (1923) route of the A40 was the City of London to Fishguard. The road still begins and ends in the same places, but a number of changes have been made to its route.
The first change dates from 1935, between Ross-on-Wye and Abergavenny. The original route of the A40 was via Skenfrith; this road was renumbered the B4521. The A40 was rerouted via Raglan; between Ross and Raglan it replaced part of the A48, between Raglan and Llanvihangel-nigh-Usk it replaced the B4234, and between Llanvihangel and Abergavenny it replaced part of the A471.
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A417 road
The A417 is a main road in England.
It runs from Streatley at its junction with the A329 (between Reading and Wallingford) to Wantage, over the picturesque Berkshire Downs. In Wantage, it negotiates the market place (around King Alfred's statue and thence to Faringdon, via Stanford in the Vale (speed-limited here to 30 miles per hour (48 km/h)). At Faringdon, its traditional route over Folly Hill and down through the market place has been blocked by the more recent development of the A420. Turning left on the A420 and right at the next roundabout, through Faringdon, leads on to Lechlade, where it crosses the River Thames. It then runs past the Cotswold Water Park, through Fairford to Cirencester and thence to Gloucester and Ledbury, to a point south of Leominster, where it joins the A49.
From the start of the Cirencester bypass to Gloucester, the A417 forms part of a major new dual-carriageway route (A419/A417) connecting the M4 (junction 15) with the M5 at Gloucester (junction 11A). At the A429 roundabout on the older Cirencester bypass, the A417 follows the A429 north for 0.5 miles (0.80 km), where it once passed a Little Chef (removed during the recent creation of the Blunsdon Bypass), then resumes when it joins the newer bypass (which is also the A417). There is a large BP service station here and a Texaco one further north near a roadside restaurant. The 6-mile (9.7 km) Cirencester & Stratton Bypass opened on December 9 1997. This route carries traffic between the ports of the south coast and the industrial Midlands. The 4-mile (6.4 km) dual-carriageway North of Stratton to Nettleton Improvement opened on January 16 1998. The roundabout at the end of this section often has congestion during peak hours.
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A419 road
The A419 road is a primary route between Chiseldon near Swindon at junction 15 of the M4 with the A346 road, and Whitminster in Gloucestershire, England.
From the M4 to Cirencester it is a dual carriageway road, which generally follows the course of the Roman road Ermin Street, but dualling work completed in the late 1990s, and the bypass of Cirencester, has taken it off-course in some places. The road goes through Cirencester and Stroud then finishes at a roundabout with the A38 close to junction 13 with the M5, close to a Little Chef (useful for M5 drivers as well).
The 3-mile (4.8 km) £4m Stratton St. Margaret (Swindon) Bypass opened in October 1977. The 2-mile (3.2 km) £2.4m Blunsdon-Cricklade Improvement opened in June 1988. The 4-mile (6.4 km) Latton Bypass opened on December 24, 1997. At the start of the Cirencester bypass, the dual carriageway continues as the A417, and the A419 goes from here into the centre of Cirencester.
The A419 is unusual in that it is managed and maintained by a private company, Road Management Group, on behalf of the UK Department for Transport.
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A429 road
The A429 is a main road in England that runs in a north-northeasterly direction from junction 17 of the M4 motorway (4 miles (6.4 km) north of Chippenham in Wiltshire) to Coventry in the West Midlands, by way of Malmesbury, Cirencester, Stow-on-the-Wold, Moreton-in-Marsh, east of Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwick, and Kenilworth.
For much of its length the A429 follows the route of the Roman Fosse Way.
When first designated in 1922 the A429 ran from Chippenham to Warwick. In the 1970s the route was extended from Warwick to Coventry on the old route of the A46. More recently, the short section between Chippenham and the M4 motorway became part of the extended A350. The road currently disappears between the junction with the A46 north of Warwick and then reappears at a junction with the A452, in the north of Kenilworth, this is because the section between Warwick and Kenilworth was declassfied shortly after the opening of the A46 Kenilworth Bypass. This was in order to encourage traffic to use the A452 or A46 instead.
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A433 road
The A433 road is an A road and primary route in Gloucestershire. It starts at a junction with the A46 at Dunkirk (51°34′31″N 2°18′06″W / 51.5754°N 2.3017°W / 51.5754; -2.3017 (A433 road (western end))), 5 miles (8.0 km) north of junction 18 of the M4 and 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Chipping Sodbury. It then runs for 16.5 miles (26.6 km) to a junction with the A429 just west of Cirencester (51°42′04″N 2°00′02″W / 51.7011°N 2.0006°W / 51.7011; -2.0006 (A433 road (eastern end))). On its way to Cirencester the road passes the spectacular Westonbirt Arboretum, and runs through the villages of Westonbirt, Doughton, Tetbury and to the north of Kemble and RAF Kemble. The last 2 miles (3.2 km) follow the route of the Fosse Way.
When the route was first designated in 1922, it finished at a junction with the A429 on the Fosse Way just west of Kemble. When RAF Kemble was built, the A429 was diverted south of the airfield and part of the old route of the A429 became part of the A433.
In the 1930s or 1940s the route was extended from Cirencester to the A40 just west of Burford, on the former route of the B4425. In the 1980s the section between Cirencester and Burford was downgraded to become the B4425 again.
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A435 road
The A435 is a main road in England running between Birmingham and Cirencester (although most of the section between Alcester and just North of Cheltenham has been reclassified as the A46).
The A435 starts on the Birmingham Ring Road, A4540, heading South through the suburbs of Moseley and Kings Heath. A dual carriageway bypasses Wythall before crossing the M42 at junction 3. The road serves the new town of Redditch, yet avoids it to the East. 2 miles (3.2 km) before the village of Studley the road becomes single carriageway again passing through the heart of the village, meeting the A448 road at the other side. Alcester is bypassed to the West, meeting the A46 on the South side of the town. The next 21 miles (34 km) the road is concurrent with the A46.
At a roundabout near Teddington, the A435 resumes as a non primary route, passing through the centre of Cheltenham, continuing South to eventually cross the A417 and terminating in the centre of Cirencester
In several places the A435 has bypassed towns and villages, or superseded by other routes.
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Bagendon
Coordinates: 51°45′N 1°59′W / 51.75°N 1.98°W / 51.75; -01.98
Bagendon is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England, about four miles north of Cirencester. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 265.
Media related to Bagendon at Wikimedia Commons
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Bath, Somerset
Coordinates: 51°23′N 2°22′W / 51.38°N 2.36°W / 51.38; -2.36
Bath (
/ˈbɑːθ/ or /ˈbæθ/) is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England. It is situated 97 miles (156 km) west of London and 13 miles (21 km) south-east of Bristol. The population of the city is 83,992. It was granted city status by Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590, and was made a county borough in 1889 which gave it administrative independence from its county, Somerset. The city became part of Avon when that county was created in 1974. Since 1996, when Avon was abolished, Bath has been the principal centre of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES).
The city was first established as a spa with the Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by the Romans in AD 43, although verbal tradition suggests that Bath was known before then. They built baths and a temple on the surrounding hills of Bath in the valley of the River Avon around hot springs.Edgar was crowned king of England at Bath Abbey in 973. Much later, it became popular as a spa town during the Georgian era, which led to a major expansion that left a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from Bath Stone.
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Bristol
Bristol
i/ˈbrɪstəl/ is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, with an estimated population of 433,100 for the unitary authority in 2009, and a surrounding Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with an estimated 1,070,000 residents in 2007. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of the group of English Core Cities and the most populous city in South West England.
Historically within Gloucestershire, the city received a Royal Charter in 1155 and was granted County status in 1373. From the 13th century, for half a millennium, it ranked amongst the top three English cities after London, alongside York and Norwich, on the basis of tax receipts, until the rapid rise of Liverpool, Birmingham and Manchester during the Industrial Revolution in the latter part of the 18th century. It borders the counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire, and is also located near the historic cities of Bath to the south east and Gloucester to the north. The city is built around the River Avon, and it also has a short coastline on the Severn Estuary, which flows into the Bristol Channel.
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Chipping Campden
Coordinates: 52°03′14″N 1°46′23″W / 52.054°N 1.773°W / 52.054; -1.773
Chipping Campden is a small market town within the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England. It is notable for its elegant terraced High Street, dating from the 14th century to the 17th century. ("Chipping" is from Old English cēping, "a market, a market-place"; the same element is found in other towns such as Chipping Norton, Chipping Sodbury and Chipping (now High) Wycombe.)
A rich wool trading centre in the Middle Ages, Chipping Campden enjoyed the patronage of wealthy wool merchants (see also wool church). Today it is a popular Cotswold tourist destination with old inns, hotels, specialist shops and restaurants. The High Street is lined with honey-coloured limestone buildings, built from the mellow locally quarried oolitic limestone known as Cotswold stone, and boasts a wealth of fine vernacular architecture. At its centre stands the Market Hall with its splendid arches, built in 1627.
Other attractions include the grand early perpendicular wool church of St James – with its medieval altar frontals (c.1500), cope (c.1400) and vast and extravagant 17th century monuments to local wealthy silk merchant Sir Baptist Hicks and his family – the Almshouses and Woolstaplers Hall. The Court Barn near the church is now a museum celebrating the rich Arts and Crafts tradition of the area (see below). Hicks was also responsible for Campden House, which was destroyed by fire during the English Civil War possibly to prevent it falling into the hands of the Parliamentarians. All that now remains of Hicks' once imposing estate are two gatehouses, two Jacobean banqueting houses, restored by the Landmark Trust and Lady Juliana's gateway. Hick's descendants still live at the Court House attached to the site.
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Cinderford
Coordinates: 51°49′21″N 2°29′56″W / 51.8225°N 2.4989°W / 51.8225; -2.4989
Cinderford is a small town on the eastern fringe of the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire, England. A population of 8,116 people is recorded in the 2001 census.
The town is relatively young, coming into existence in the 19th century, following the rapid expansion of the local iron and coal industries.
A visual clue to Cinderford's origins can be seen in the style and layout of the town; with long rows of identical terraced housing; similar to many found in towns of the South Wales Valleys, that also developed around the coal mining industry. During the decline of the coal industry, in the 1950s and 1960s, Cinderford suffered more than Coleford, the other main town of the Forest, as it had fewer other industries to fall back on.[citation needed] Today, Cinderford is home to a wide variety of industry, including light and heavy industry.
Cinderford has three primary schools, St. White's Primary School based on St. Whites Road, and Forest View Primary School based on Latimer Road. Forest View Primary School is an amalgamation of the Latimer Junior School and the Bilson Infants' School (formerly on Station Street), on the Latimer Road campus of the former. Also the private junior school of St Anthony's School.
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Cirencester Abbey
Cirencester Abbey in Gloucestershire was founded as an Augustinian monastery in 1117 on the site of an earlier church, the oldest-known Saxon church in England, which had itself been built on the site of a Roman structure. The church was greatly enlarged in the 14th century with addition of an ambulatory to the east end. The abbot became mitred 1416. The monastery was suppressed in 1539 and presented to Roger Bassinge.
A house called Abbey House was built on the site in the late 16th century, remodelled in the 1780s, and then demolished in 1964 to be replaced by a block of flats. The area that contained the nucleus of the monastery is now a public park, and only the Norman Arch, an original gateway to the abbey, and parts of the precinct wall remain above ground.
The impressive and substantial three-storey porch of the parish church was built as an administrative building of the abbey and after 1539 the upper levels were used for some time as the town hall. The church itself is a relic and product of a long standing feud between the townspeople and the abbey. The latter, who were responsible for the chancel of the parish church have left us with a plain and unadorned building. The townspeople however were responsible for the remainder, and rebuilt the nave and west tower in an impressive style so as to far out-do the canons and at least win in a war of architecture if nothing else.
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Cirencester House
Cirencester House (or 'Park'), at Cirencester in Gloucestershire, England, is the seat of the Bathurst family, Earls Bathurst. Allen Bathurst, the first Earl Bathurst (1684–1775), inherited the estate on the death of his father, Sir Benjamin Bathurst, in 1704. He was a Tory Member of Parliament and statesman who from 1714 devoted himself to rebuilding the house formerly known as Oakley Grove, which probably stands on the site of Cirencester Castle, and laying out the famous parkland.
In 1716 Bathurst acquired the extensive estate of Sapperton from the Atkyns family, including Oakley Wood, and went on to plant one of the finest landscape gardens in England, complete with park buildings, walks, seats, grottoes and ruins. They include Alfred’s Hall, now taken to be the earliest recorded Gothick garden building in England.
Allen Bathurst was raised to the peerage as a baron in 1711 and an earl in 1772, and was a patron of art and literature no less than a statesman. The poet Alexander Pope was a frequent visitor to Cirencester House; he advised on the lay-out of the gardens and designed the building known as Pope's Seat in the park, which commands a splendid view of woods and avenues. Jonathan Swift was another appreciative visitor.
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Colchester
Coordinates: 51°53′30″N 0°54′11″E / 51.8917°N 0.903°E / 51.8917; 0.903
Colchesteri/ˈkoʊltʃɛstə/ is an historic town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester in Essex, England.
At the time of the census in 2001, it had a population of 104,390. However, the population is rapidly increasing, and has been named as one of Britain's fastest growing towns. As the oldest recorded Roman town in Britain, Colchester claims to be the oldest town in Britain. It was for a time the capital of Roman Britain and also claims to have the United Kingdom's oldest recorded market. The town is a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network.
Colchester is 60 miles (97 km) northeast of London. It is connected to the capital by the A12 road and the Great Eastern Main Line. It is seen as a popular town for commuters, and is less than 30 miles away from Stansted Airport.
Colchester is home to Colchester Castle and Colchester United Football Club. It has a Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament.
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Corinium Dobunnorum
Coordinates: 51°43′08″N 1°58′05″W / 51.719°N 1.968°W / 51.719; -1.968
Corinium Dobunnorum was the second largest town in the Roman province of Britannia. Today it is known as Cirencester, located in the English county of Gloucestershire.
A Roman fort was established at Corinium, in the friendly territory of the Dobunni tribe, about a year after the Roman conquest of Britain. The local centre continued at the oppidum at Bagendon until the early AD 60s. However, by the mid-70s, the military had abandoned the fort, and the place became the Dobunni's civitas or capital.
Over the next twenty years, a street grid was laid out and the town was furnished with an array of large public stone buildings, two market places and numerous shops and private houses. Development continued until the 4th century. Three main roman roads met in Corinium, underscoring the importance of the town. These were the Fosse Way, Akeman Street and Ermin Street.
The forum and basilica were bigger than any other in Britain, apart from that in Londinium. The basilica was decorated with beautifully carved Corinthian capitals, Italian marble wall veneers and Purbeck marble mouldings. Unfortunately, it was built over the ditch of the old fort and the walls cracked and sank, forcing a major rebuilding project in the mid-2nd century.
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Cotswold (district)
Coordinates: 51°43′08″N 1°58′05″W / 51.719°N 1.968°W / 51.719; -1.968
Cotswold is a local government district in Gloucestershire in England. It is named after the wider Cotswolds region. Its main town is Cirencester.
It was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the urban district of Cirencester with Cirencester Rural District, North Cotswold Rural District, Northleach Rural District and Tetbury Rural District.
Eighty per cent of the district lies within the River Thames catchment area, with the Thames itself and several tributaries including the River Windrush and River Leach running through the district. Lechlade in an important point on the river as the upstream limit of navigation. In the 2007 floods in the UK, rivers were the source of flooding of 53 per cent of the locations affected and the Thames at Lechlade reached record levels with over 100 reports of flooding.
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Cotswold Airport
Cotswold Airport (ICAO: EGBP) (formerly Kemble Airfield) is a private general aviation airport, near the village of Kemble in Gloucestershire, England. Located 4.5 NM (8.3 km; 5.2 mi) southwest of Cirencester, it was built as a Royal Air Force (RAF) station and was known as RAF Kemble. The Red Arrows aerobatics team was based there until 1983. It is home to privately-owned ex-military aircraft such as the Hawker Hunter, BAC Jet Provost, Folland Gnat and English Electric Canberra (operated by Delta Jets), and is used for the storage and recycling of retired airliners, as well as flying schools, clubs and industry.
The Cotswold Air Show and a Battle of Britain Weekend (both held over two days) are held there each year and the airfield is a venue for flying and vehicle rallies.
Cotswold Airport is in a good position for flying training as it is clear of controlled airspace allowing free movement for training aircraft. It is also centrally positioned between Cheltenham and Gloucester and Swindon, with good road and rail links.
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Cotswolds
The Cotswolds are a range of hills in southwestern and west-central England, an area 25 miles (40 km) across and 90 miles (145 km) long. The area has been designated as the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds range is Cleeve Hill at 1,083 ft (330 m), 2.5 miles (4 km) to the north of Cheltenham.
The Cotswolds lie mainly within the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, but extend into parts of Wiltshire, Somerset, Worcestershire and Warwickshire. The hills give their name to the Cotswold local government district in Gloucestershire, which administers a large part of the area.
The name Cotswold is sometimes attributed the meaning sheep enclosure in rolling hillsides, incorporating the term wold meaning woodland. The English Place-Name Society has for many years accepted that the term Cotswold is derived from Codesuualt of the twelfth century or other variations on this form, the etymology of which was given 'Cod's-wold', which is 'Cod's high open land'. Cod was interpreted as an Old English personal name, which can be recognised in further names: Cutsdean, Codeswellan, and Codesbyrig, some of which date back to the eighth century AD. It has subsequently been noticed that "Cod" could philologically derive from a Brittonic female cogname "Cuda", which is the name of a mother goddess recognised in the Cotswold region.
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Cricklade
Coordinates: 51°38′24″N 1°56′42″W / 51.640°N 1.945°W / 51.640; -1.945
Cricklade is a town and civil parish on the River Thames in north Wiltshire in England, midway between Swindon and Cirencester.
On 25 September 2011 Cricklade was awarded The Royal Horticultural Society's 'Champion of Champions' award in the Britain in Bloom competition.
Cricklade is twinned with Sucé-sur-Erdre in France. Cricklade's Latin motto is In Loco Delicioso, which means "in a pleasant place".
The 2001 census recorded Cricklade's population as 4,132.
There is a large clock, called the Jubilee clock, which was erected in 1898 in honour of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee the preceding year. It stands outside The Vale Hotel in the High Street, where the Town Cross once stood. There are two replicas of the cross in Cricklade; one is in the churchyard of St Sampson's, the other at St Mary's, and there is local rivalry as to which one is now believed to be the original.
Cricklade was founded in the 9th century by the Anglo Saxons, who chose it for the fact that it is where the Roman road Ermin Street crosses the River Thames. It was the home of a Saxon royal mint.
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Dursley
Coordinates: 51°40′52″N 2°21′15″W / 51.6811°N 2.3543°W / 51.6811; -2.3543
Dursley is a market town in Gloucestershire, England. It is under the North East flank of Stinchcombe Hill (part of the 'Cotswold Edge'), and about 6 km South East of the River Severn. The town is adjacent with Cam which, though a village, is a community of double the size. The two communities (combined population about 12,000) share many facilities.
Dursley gained borough status in 1471 and lost it in 1886. From then until 1974 it was the administrative centre of Dursley Rural District (RDC). In 1974 the RDC became part of Stroud District.
The Parish Church of St. James the Great dates from the 13th century, but the modern building is largely of 14th and 15th century construction. The original church spire collapsed in January 1699 during a bell-ringing session, causing casualties. The current bell tower, in an imposing 'Gothic Survival' style was built by Thomas Sumsion of Colerne in the years 1708-09.
The pillared market house, complete with statue of Queen Anne and bell turret, dates from 1738, when the town's markets attracted farmers and traders from miles around.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (
listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gloucester
Gloucester (i/ˈɡlɒstər/ GLOS-tər) is a city, district and county town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Gloucester lies close to the Welsh border, and on the River Severn, approximately 32 miles (51 km) north-east of Bristol, and 45 miles (72 km) south-southwest of Birmingham.
Gloucester was founded in AD 97 by the Romans under Emperor Nerva as Colonia Glevum Nervensis, and was granted its first charter in 1155 by King Henry II. Economically, the city is dominated by the service industries, and has a strong financial and business sector, being home to the bank Cheltenham & Gloucester and historically was prominent in the aerospace industry.
The existence of a British settlement at Gloucester (Caer Glow, Gleawecastre, Gleucestre) is not confirmed by any direct evidence, but Gloucester was the Roman municipality of Colonia Nervia Glevensium, or Glevum, founded in the reign of Nerva. Parts of the walls can be traced, and many remains and coins have been found, though inscriptions are scarce. Evidence for some civic life after the end of Roman Britain includes the mention in the Historia Brittonum that Vortigern's grandfather ruled Gloucester. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Gloucester was part of Wessex from the Battle of Deorham in 577 until 584, when it came under the control of Mercia.
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Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire (i/ˈɡlɒstərʃər/ GLOSS-tər-shər; abbreviated Glos.) is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean.
The county town is the city of Gloucester, and other principal towns include Cheltenham, Cirencester, Stroud, and Tewkesbury.
When considered as a ceremonial county, Gloucestershire borders the preserved county of Gwent in Wales (now Monmouthshire), and in England the ceremonial counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire and Somerset. Ceremonially, it includes the area covered by the South Gloucestershire unitary authority.
According to a 2002 campaign by the charity Plantlife, the county flower of Gloucestershire is the Wild Daffodil.
Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe and the Forest of Dean were not added until the late 11th century. Gloucestershire originally included the then "small town" of Bristol. The "local" rural community moved to the port city, (as Bristol was to become) and Bristol's population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became part of the administrative County of Avon in 1974.
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Heathrow Airport
London Heathrow Airport or Heathrow (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL) is a major airport serving London, England, United Kingdom. Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, in West London, Heathrow is the busiest airport in the United Kingdom and the third busiest airport in the world (as of 2011) in terms of total passenger traffic, handling more international passengers than any other airport around the globe. It is also the busiest airport in the EU by passenger traffic and the third busiest in Europe given the number of traffic movements, with a figure surpassed only by Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and Frankfurt Airport. Heathrow is London's main airport, having replaced RAF Northolt, and together with Gatwick, Southend, Stansted, Luton and London City, London is the busiest city airport system in the world by passenger traffic (with 133,666,888 passengers travelling through the five airports); and second only to New York City in terms of traffic movements. The airport sustains 76,600 jobs directly and around 116,000 indirectly in the immediate area, and this, together with the large number of global corporations with offices close to the airport, makes Heathrow a modern aerotropolis which contributes an estimated 2.7% to London's total GVA.
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Lechlade
Coordinates: 51°41′56″N 1°41′31″W / 51.699°N 1.692°W / 51.699; -1.692
Lechlade, or Lechlade-on-Thames, is a town at the southern edge of the Cotswolds in Gloucestershire, England. It is the highest point at which the River Thames is navigable. The town is named after the River Leach that joins the Thames near here.
The town is a popular venue for tourism and river-based activities. There are several pubs, some antique shops, a convenience store, food outlets, a garden centre and a Christmas shop. Near the 15th century Church of England parish church of Saint Lawrence, in the centre of the town, there is a large open space which is now a car park. The main roads through the town are busy, as the town is at the crossroads of the A417 and A361. Where the A361 enters the town from the south it crosses the River Thames on Halfpenny Bridge. Another tributary of the Thames, the River Coln, joins the Thames at the Inglesham Round House.
Lechlade is the highest town to which the River Thames is navigable by relatively large craft including narrowboats. It is possible to travel by river or on foot from here to London. The Halfpenny bridge is therefore the usual start for a water based Thames meander - the term for a long distance journey down the Thames. The Thames Path also continues upstream to the traditional source of the Thames at Thames Head). The river is actually navigable for a short distance further upstream, near the village of Inglesham, where the Thames and Severn Canal joins the River Thames. Rowing boats can reach even further upstream, to Cricklade. Lechlade is a popular resort for Thames boating. Boats of different types can be hired from here, from rowing boats to river cruisers.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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M4 Motorway
The M4 motorway links London with South Wales. It is part of the unsigned European route E30. Other major places along the route include Reading, Swindon, Bristol, Newport, Cardiff and Swansea. Originally referred to as the London-South Wales Motorway, the English section was constructed between 1965 and 1971, the Welsh section was completed in 1993 and the Second Severn Crossing opened in 1996.
The M4 runs close to the A4 from London to Bristol. After crossing the River Severn it follows the A48 through South Wales, using the Brynglas Tunnels at Junction 25a, Newport and terminates just north of Pontarddulais. The route of the M4 is known as the M4 corridor.
A new road from London to South Wales was first proposed in the 1930s, and the Ministry of Transport announced plans for the M4 as one of the first major post-war trunk road improvement projects in 1956.
The Chiswick Flyover opened in 1959. However it was not originally classed as a motorway. The Maidenhead bypass opened in 1961 whilst J1-J5 opened in 1965. From J18 to the west of Newport was opened in 1966 and included the Severn Bridge (now part of the M48). The Port Talbot by-pass, also built in the 1960s and now part of the M4, was originally the A48(M) motorway, a number now allocated to a short section of motorway near Cardiff. The Ministry of Transport originally intended that the M4 would terminate at Tredegar Park west of Newport, and it was only following the creation of the Welsh Office that the Government became committed to a high-standard dual carriageway to Pont Abraham in Carmarthenshire.
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
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Minchinhampton
Coordinates: 51°42′21″N 2°11′10″W / 51.70578333°N 2.185980556°W / 51.70578333; -2.185980556
Minchinhampton is an ancient market town, located on a hilltop 4 miles (6.4 km) south-south-east of Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, in the Cotswolds. The town is twinned with Nkokoto, in Tanzania.
Nearby is Minchinhampton Common, a recreation area for walkers and golfers, 580 acres (2.3 km2) of which is managed by the National Trust. The Common is also used as grazing land for the cows of local farmers in the summer. On the Common are long parallel ditches and mounds which formed part of a large Iron Age fort. There are good views from the Common, west over the Severn estuary into Wales, and east to the Golden Valley and further into the Cotswolds.
The town's shops are clustered in and around the High Street and comprise a general store, two hairdressers, Boots the Chemist, a ladies' boutique, a butcher's shop, a local organic dairy outlet, two restaurants, a cafe, a Post Office, an electrical retailers, an antiques shop, an estate agency and several charity shops, together with The Crown Inn. There is also a doctors' surgery, library, dentist, school, youth club and sports facilities.
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Mitcheldean
Mitcheldean is a small town in the east of the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England.
Mitcheldean was a thriving community for many centuries due to the town's proximity to iron ore deposits. During the 19th century, the town grew due to revenues produced by the local brewing industry, while in the 20th century the town grew further due to the Rank Xerox photocopier factory. Although this industry significantly declined during the latter half of the 20th century, much of the former Rank Xerox site (now Vantage Point Business Village) is now occupied by small businesses, new manufacturing and distribution businesses.
There are several shops in the centre of the town, including a post office, a new larger Co-operative store, a butcher, a greengrocer, a hairdresser, a pharmacy, a florist and several fast food outlets serving Chinese food, fish and chips, and pizza. There are also a library, a surgery, a town hall and three pubs, although the George inn is currently closed.
Mitcheldean's wealthy tradition is evident in some of its buildings in the town centre, particularly the church of St. Michael.
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Moreton-in-Marsh
Coordinates: 51°59′17″N 1°42′04″W / 51.988°N 1.701°W / 51.988; -1.701
Moreton-in-Marsh is a town and civil parish in northeastern Gloucestershire, England. The town is at the crossroads of the Fosse Way Roman road (now the A429) and the A44. The parish and environs are relatively flat and low-lying compared with the surrounding Cotswold Hills. The infant River Evenlode rises near Batsford, runs around the edge of Moreton and meanders its way towards Oxford, where it flows into the Thames just east of Eynsham. Just over 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Moreton, the Four Shire Stone marked the boundary of the historic counties of Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire and Oxfordshire, until the re-organization of the County Boundaries in 1931. Since then it marks the meeting place of Gloucestershire, Warwickshire and Oxfordshire.
The toponym is derived from Old English. Moreton means "Farmstead on the Moor" and "in Marsh" is from henne and mersh meaning a marsh used by birds such as moorhens. An alternative suggestion is that 'Marsh' is a corruption of 'March', early English for boundary, as in The Fosse Way was as far west as the Romans went, and formed the boundary between Roman and non-Roma occupied lands.
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Nailsworth
Coordinates: 51°41′43″N 2°13′24″W / 51.6954°N 2.2234°W / 51.6954; -2.2234
Nailsworth is a town in Gloucestershire, England, lying in one of the Stroud Valleys in the Cotswolds. It has a population of around 6,600 people (2005) and lies on the A46 road.
In ancient times it was a settlement at the confluence of the Avening Valley and the Woodchester Valley, on the Nailsworth Stream; among many notable historic buildings of medieval times in the area notable are Beverston Castle and Owlpen Manor.
In the modern era Nailsworth was a small mill town and centre for brewing. It was connected directly to the UK national rail network between 1867 and 1947 with a station that was the terminus of the Stonehouse and Nailsworth Railway.
These days Nailsworth is sleepy and tranquil, visited in the summer by walkers, and holding a farmers' market every fourth Saturday in the month. Local events like the market and the Nailsworth Festival are announced by the town crier.[citation needed]
Over the past decade the small town centre has been reinvigorated and besides numerous restaurants and cafes now boasts a number of unusual and high-quality shops, you will find two bakers, a delicatessen with a fishmonger, two hardware stores, two butchers, craft shops, bookshops, art galleries and a gardening shop. Nailsworth is a Fairtrade Town. Nailsworth is twinned with the French village of Lèves and an exchange visit takes place every year alternating between Nailsworth and Lèves.
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Newent
Coordinates: 51°55′49″N 2°24′17″W / 51.9302°N 2.4048°W / 51.9302; -2.4048
Newent (originally called "Noent") is a small market town about 8 miles north west of Gloucester City, on the northern edge of the Forest of Dean, and lying within the Forest of Dean Local Authority District. Its population at the 2001 census was 5,073. The town includes a half-timbered market house, other houses of historical nature, and the site of the former small Victorian museum, The Shambles, containing a replica of a 19th century street has been transformed and now real local traders occupy the once replica shops. There has been a settlement here since at least Roman times and the town first appeared in the Domesday Book.
Newent's church, St Mary's, dates from the 13th century but the site has been used since the Anglo-Saxon period. St Mary's Church has stained glass windows from the famous company of Clayton and Bell.
Newent is home to the Devonia, a large house dating back to the Georgian period.
Newent was served by the Hereford & Gloucester Canal, which opened between Gloucester and Ledbury in 1798. The canal closed on 30 June 1881 and the section between Ledbury and Gloucester converted into a railway line. This line, which was a branch of the Great Western Railway, opened on 27 July 1885. The original course of the canal between Dymock and Newent was by-passed as it was decided not to take the line through the 2,192 yard Oxenhall Tunnel. Newent had a station on this line. The line closed in 1959, but the canal (including the tunnel), is now being restored. Today the nearest station is Ledbury on the Cotswold Line.
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Oxford
Oxfordi/ˈɒksfəd/ is a city in central southern England, the home of the University of Oxford. The city is the county town of Oxfordshire, and forms a district within the county. It has a population of just under 165,000, of whom 153,900 live within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames (also sometimes known as the Isis locally) run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre.
Oxford has a diverse economic base. Its industries include motor manufacturing, education, publishing and a large number of information technology and science-based businesses.
Buildings in Oxford demonstrate an example of every English architectural period since the arrival of the Saxons, including the iconic, mid-18th century Radcliffe Camera. Oxford is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by poet Matthew Arnold in reference to the harmonious architecture of Oxford's university buildings. The University of Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
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Painswick
Coordinates: 51°47′15″N 2°11′41″W / 51.78748°N 2.19476°W / 51.78748; -2.19476
Painswick is a village and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. Originally the village grew on the wool trade, but it is now best known for its parish church's yew trees and the local Rococo Garden. The village is mainly constructed of locally quarried Cotswold stone. Many of the buildings feature south-facing attic rooms once used as weavers' workshops.
Geographically Painswick is situated on a hill in the Stroud district, overlooking the Stroud valleys. Its narrow streets and traditional architecture make it the epitome of the English village. There is a golf course near the Painswick Beacon.
There is evidence of settlement in the area as long ago as the Iron Age. This can be seen in the defensive earthworks atop nearby Painswick Beacon, which has wide views across the Severn Vale. The local monastery, Prinknash Abbey, was established as long ago as the 11th century.
During the first English civil war (1642–1645) Gloucester was a Parliamentarian stronghold of some strategic importance. Consequently it was surrounded by forces loyal to the King. After the siege of Gloucester was broken on 5 September 1643, the Royalist army, which had been surrounding the city, encamped overnight at Painswick. Some damage was caused by the troops and a scar from two small cannonballs can still be seen on the tower of St. Mary's parish church.
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Rendcomb College
Rendcomb College is a co-educational boarding and day school for 3 to 18-year-olds, located in the village of Rendcomb five miles north of Cirencester in Gloucestershire, England. The school is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference.
Coordinates: 51°47′15″N 1°58′35″W / 51.7875°N 1.97639°W / 51.7875; -1.97639
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River Churn
The River Churn is one of the Cotswold rivers that feeds into the River Thames catchment. It arises at Seven Springs (on the A436 road) near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England and flows south across the Cotswold dip slope, passing through Cirencester and joining the River Thames near Cricklade in Wiltshire. Its length from source to confluence with the Thames is considerably greater than the Thames itself from source to the same confluence but, historically, the Churn is a regarded as a tributary. The length of the River Churn is approximately 25 kilometres.
The name Churn is ancient, certainly pre-Roman and probably has its origins in the Celtic language, spoken by the Dobunni tribe, who controlled the area before the Roman conquest in the 1st Century. The original name may have sounded similar to Korinn. It has been suggested that the origin of the word is associated with the ancient British Cornovii tribe.
Cognate names and name elements from the area are Cerney, Ciren and Corin as found in the villages of North Cerney, South Cerney, and Cerney Wick, modern Cirencester, and the Roman town name Corinium. All these places are on or close to the River Churn. The Coln and the Thames both feed the waters of the Western component of the Cotswold Water Park, which is made up of redundant gravel beds and is situated between Cirencester and Cricklade.
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River Coln
The River Coln is a river in Gloucestershire, England. It rises at Brockhampton to the east of Cheltenham, and flows in a south/south-easterly direction through the Cotswold Hills via Andoversford, Withington, Fossbridge, Bibury, Coln St Aldwyns and Fairford. It joins the River Thames to the south-west of Lechlade, where it shares a confluence with the Thames and Severn Canal, by The Round House Footbridge.
Extensive gravel pits that are now redundant, lying between Fairford and Lechlade, form the Eastern component of the Cotswold Water Park, which is fed and drained by the Coln.
The river is host to many species of freshwater fish including Brown trout and Grayling.
Coordinates: 51°41′N 1°42′W / 51.683°N 1.7°W / 51.683; -1.7
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River Evenlode
The River Evenlode is a river in England which is a tributary of the Thames in Oxfordshire. It rises near Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire in the Cotswold Hills and flows south-east passing near Stow-on-the-Wold, Charlbury, Bladon, and Cassington, and its valley provides the route of the southern part of the Cotswold Line.
The River Evenlode passes through many villages and towns in Oxfordshire including Ascott-under-Wychwood, Chadlington and Charlbury. The river joins the Thames approximately one mile down river from Cassington on the reach above King's Lock 3 miles (5 km) north-west of Oxford.
The river is largely privately owned, used for fishing and other leisure activities. The Environment Agency has undertaken restoration work, as of 2008, to recover from the effects of excessive dredging. Powered craft are not allowed on the river. Hilaire Belloc commemorated the river in some of his poetry.
Coordinates: 51°47′N 1°20′W / 51.783°N 1.333°W / 51.783; -1.333
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River Leach
The River Leach is a river tributary to the River Thames, in England which runs mostly in Gloucestershire. It is approximately 18 miles (29 km) long, springing from the limestone uplands of the Cotswolds. In parts of its course it becomes a seasonal bourn, only running above ground when there is sufficient rainfall. Despite its small size it gives its name to two towns and a pair of villages.
The source of the Leach is in the village of Hampnett, about ten miles east of Cheltenham just south of the A40 road. The source spring is enclosed by stonework and pours from a pipe. It seems likely that this spring in a sheltered valley on the Cotswold uplands was the original reason for the existence of the village of Hampnett. According to residents, this section runs all year round.
After running a mile down its limestone valley, the Leach reaches Northleach, the first settlement to which it gives its name. The river enters Northleach to the south west, where it gushes out of a Victorian conduit just below the Fosse Way. At this point it is also known as the Seven Springs. The site of the first watermill on the river is in a part of Northleach called Mill End. A section of the river is confined into mill race type stonework, close to the churchyard and runs behind houses marking the town boundary. The river can next be seen at a road bridge at the end of the town. It is still little more than ditch-sized, and as such continues down the valley to the hamlet of Eastington running alongside a lane before passing through a culvert and away through grazing land.
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South Cerney
South Cerney is a village and civil parish in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, 3 miles south of Cirencester and close to the border with Wiltshire. It had a population of 3,074 according to the 2001 census. It was founded in 999 by Saxon settlers, with a charter by King Aethelred II.
South Cerney was winner of the best kept village award, (big villages) for 2001.[citation needed]
Arts and Theatre The Village is home to an active Theatre group called the South Cerney Players.
Cotswold Water Park
The village of South Cerney lies within The Cotswold Water Park, an area made up of over 140 lakes, mostly formed by gravel extraction. Many of the lakes are now used for leisure activities including fishing and sailing.
South Cerney Sailing Club
South Cerney Sailing Club is well established in the Cotswold Water Park.
Outdoor Education Centre
South Cerney is also home to the South Cerney Outdoor Education Centre which was created in 1971 by Gloucestershire County Council as a non-profit organisation to promote outdoor learning and provide low cost outdoor activities for young people.
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St David's
Coordinates: 51°52′55″N 5°16′08″W / 51.882°N 5.269°W / 51.882; -5.269
St Davids (or St David's, a contraction of St David's and the Cathedral Close,Welsh: Tyddewi), is a city and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales. Lying on the River Alun on St David's Peninsula, it is Britain's smallest city in terms of both size and population, the final resting place of Saint David, the country's patron saint, and the de facto ecclesiastical capital of Wales.
The area was originally known in the Welsh language as Mynyw and in Latin as Menevia, and was later renamed in honour of David. The city is built around St David's Cathedral which was a popular place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages. Next to it, the 14th century Bishop's Palace is a ruin maintained by Cadw and open to visitors. St David's was once a marcher borough, within which lay the hundred of Dewisland. In 1603 the antiquarian George Owen described it as one of five Pembrokeshire boroughs overseen by a portreeve.
Tradition states that Saint David was born to Saint Non at what is now St Non's, a ten-minute walk south of the city, in about AD 500. It is also said that he was baptised at Porthclais, now the city's port, was brought up by his mother at Llanon, and that he founded the city in around 550. Pope Calixtus II reportedly decreed that two pilgrimages to St David's were equivalent to one to Rome. Because of this a vast income was raised from visiting pilgrims in the Middle Ages. Saint Non's Well overlooks the Pembrokeshire Coast Path and St Brides Bay.
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St. Albans
Coordinates: 51°45′18″N 0°20′10″W / 51.755°N 0.336°W / 51.755; -0.336
St Albans /sɨnt ˈɔːlbənz/ is a city in southern Hertfordshire, England, around 22 miles (35 km) north of central London, which forms the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans.
It is a historic market town, and is now a sought-after dormitory town within the London commuter belt. Property prices are notoriously high within the district, which is one of the most expensive in the UK.
St Albans has two official demonyms: Verulamian and Old Albanian. St Albans was a settlement of pre-Roman origin named Verlamion (or Verulam) by the Ancient British, Catuvellauni tribe. It became the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and became the Roman city of Verulamium.
Saint Alban, the first British Christian martyr, was beheaded in AD 308 by Maximian on the orders of Emperor Diocletian, who denounced the Christian faith and had ordered the deaths of all subjects and allies of the Roman Empire who refused to give up the faith. Saint Alban consequently gave the town its modern name.
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Stow-on-the-Wold
Coordinates: 51°55′41″N 1°43′05″W / 51.928°N 1.718°W / 51.928; -1.718
Stow-on-the-Wold is a market town and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. It is situated on top of an 800 ft (244 m) hill, at the convergence of a number of major roads through the Cotswolds, including the Fosse Way (A429). The town was founded as a planned market place by Norman lords to take advantage of trade on the converging roads. Fairs have been held by royal charter since 1330 and an annual horse fair is still held on the edge of the town.
Stow-on-the-Wold, originally called Stow St. Edward or Edwardstow after the town's patron saint Edward, probably Edward the Martyr, is said to have originated as an Iron Age fort on this defensive position on a hill. Indeed, there are many sites of similar forts in the area, and Stone Age and Bronze Age burial mounds are common throughout the area. It is likely that Maugersbury was the primary settlement of the parish before Stow was built as a marketplace on the hilltop nearer to the crossroads, to take advantage of passing trade. Originally the small settlement was controlled by abbots from the local abbey, and when the first weekly market was set up in 1107 by Henry I, he decreed that the proceeds go to Evesham Abbey.
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Stroud (district)
Coordinates: 51°44′53″N 2°12′58″W / 51.748°N 2.216°W / 51.748; -2.216
Stroud is a local government district in Gloucestershire, England. It is named after its largest town, Stroud, and has its administrative headquarters in Ebley Mill, in the Ebley area on the outskirts of the town.
The district is mixed and consists of part of the Cotswolds and an area of the flat, fertile valley of the River Severn. The town of Stroud is by some way the largest in the area. The southern portion of the district is served mostly by its own market towns, chief among which are Dursley and Wotton-under-Edge. It was formed under the Local Government Act 1972, on April 1, 1974, by a merger of Nailsworth and Stroud urban districts, Dursley Rural District, Stroud Rural District, and parts of Gloucester Rural District, Sodbury Rural District and Thornbury Rural District.
The area is rich in Iron Age and Roman remnants and is of particular interest to archaeologists for its Neolithic burial grounds, of which there are over 100. Much of its wealth was built on the cloth industry during the Victorian era, and its many mills, most of which are now listed buildings, survive as testament to this.
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Swindon
Coordinates: 51°34′N 1°47′W / 51.56°N 1.78°W / 51.56; -1.78
Swindon ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a large town within the Borough of Swindon and ceremonial county of Wiltshire, in South West England. It is situated midway between Bristol, 40 miles (64 km) west and Reading, 40 miles (64 km) east. London is 81 miles (130 km) to the east. In the 2001 census, the population of the Swindon urban area was 155,432, while the wider borough of Swindon had a population of 184,000.
Swindon was named an Expanded Town under the Town Development Act 1952 and this led to a major increase in its population.Swindon railway station is on the line from London Paddington to Bristol. Swindon Borough Council, is a unitary authority independent of Wiltshire Council since 1997. Residents of Swindon are known as Swindonians. Swindon is home to the Bodleian Library's book depository, which contains 153 miles (246 km) of bookshelves.
The original Saxon settlement of Swindon sat in a defensible position atop a limestone hill. It is referred to in the Domesday Book as Suindune, believed to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon words "swine" and "dun" meaning pig hill or possibly, Sweyn's hill, where Sweyn would be the local landlord.
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Tewkesbury
Coordinates: 51°59′10″N 2°08′10″W / 51.986°N 2.136°W / 51.986; -2.136
Tewkesbury ( /ˈtjuːksbri/ TEWKS-bree) is a town and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and also minor tributaries the Swilgate and Carrant Brook. It gives its name to the Borough of Tewkesbury, of which the town is the second largest settlement.
The name Tewkesbury comes from Theoc, the name of a Saxon who founded a hermitage there in the 7th century, and in the Old English tongue was called Theocsbury.
Tewkesbury is named after Theocalious, a hermit who founded Threwshon, adapted to Tewkesbury over the years, in the 7th century. Evidence of a church predating the abbey suggests that a considerable settlement rose up on the site previous to the Norman Conquest. Evidence of monastic buildings from the years immediately following the conquest can still be seen surrounding Tewkesbury Abbey, which was begun in 1090 and consecrated on 23 October 1121.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Victoria Bus Station
Victoria bus station is a bus station outside Victoria Station in Terminus Place, in the City of Westminster district of London the capital of the United Kingdom.
It services bus services managed only by London Buses, and should not be confused with Victoria Coach Station, which is the main London terminus for long distance coach services.[2]
Victoria is London's busiest bus station, with 19 bus routes using the station, with 200 buses per hour passing through in the peak. It formerly had a substantial roof canopy spanning all lanes. This was demolished in April 2003 as part of the station's refurbishment.
19 bus services terminate, or pass through, Victoria. [3]
The following routes terminate, and pick up in the bus station:
The following routes terminate adjacent to the bus station:
The following routes pass through the bus station:
Coordinates: 51°29′46″N 0°08′38″W / 51.4961°N 0.1440°W / 51.4961; -0.1440
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Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
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Wantage
Coordinates: 51°35′20″N 1°25′37″W / 51.589°N 1.427°W / 51.589; -1.427
Wantage is a market town and civil parish in the Vale of the White Horse, Oxfordshire, England. The town is on Letcombe Brook, about 8 miles (13 km) south-west of Abingdon and a similar distance west of Didcot.
Wantage was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. It is notable as the birthplace of King Alfred the Great in 849.
Wantage was a small Roman settlement but the origin of the toponym is somewhat uncertain. It is generally thought to be from an Old English phrase meaning "decreasing river". King Alfred the Great was born at the royal palace there in the 9th century Wantage appears in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its value was £61 and it was in the king's ownership until Richard I passed it to the Earl of Albemarle in 1190. Weekly trading rights were first granted to the town by Henry III in 1246 Markets are now held twice weekly on Wednesdays and SaturdaysRoyalist troops were stationed in Wantage during the English Civil War.
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Warwick
Coordinates: 52°17′N 1°35′W / 52.28°N 1.59°W / 52.28; -1.59
Warwick (i/ˈwɒrɨk/ WORR-ik) is the county town of Warwickshire, England. The town lies upon the River Avon, 11 miles (18 km) south of Coventry and just west of Leamington Spa and Whitnash with which it is conjoined. As of the 2001 United Kingdom census, it had a population of 23,350.
There has been human activity at Warwick as early as the Neolithic, and constant habitation since the 6th century. A Saxon burh was created at Warwick in the 9th century and Warwick Castle was established on the site in 1068 as part of the Norman conquest of England. Warwick School claims to be the oldest boys' school in the country. The earldom of Warwick was created in 1088 and the earls controlled the town in the medieval period. During this time Warwick was given town walls; Eastgate and Westgate survive. The castle developed into a stone fortress and then a country house and is today a popular tourist attraction.
The Great Fire of Warwick in 1694 destroyed much of the medieval town and as a result most of the buildings post-date this period. Though Warwick did not become industrialised in the 19th century, it has experienced growth since 1801 when the population was 5,592. Racing Club Warwick F.C., founded in 1919, are based in the town. The town is administered by Warwick District Counil and Warwickshire County Council has its headquarters in Warwick.
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Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
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Westminster
Coordinates: 51°29′58″N 0°08′00″W / 51.4995°N 0.1333°W / 51.4995; -0.1333
Westminster /ˈwɛsᵗmɪnstə/ is an area of central London, within the City of Westminster, England. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, southwest of the City of London and 0.5 miles (0.8 km) southwest of Charing Cross. It has a large concentration of London's historic and prestigious landmarks and visitor attractions, including the Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, and Westminster Cathedral.
Historically a part of Middlesex, the name Westminster was the ancient description for the area around Westminster Abbey – the West Minster, or monastery church, that gave the area its name – which has been the seat of the government of England (and later the British government) for almost a thousand years. Westminster is the location of the Palace of Westminster, a UNESCO World Heritage Site which houses the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The name Westminster describes the area around Westminster Abbey and Palace of Westminster. Its name derives from the West Minster, or monastery church, west of the City of London's St Paul's. The area has been the seat of the government of England for almost a thousand years. The name is also used for the larger City of Westminster which covers a wider geographical area; and, since 1965, has included the former boroughs of Marylebone and Paddington.
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Winchcombe
Coordinates: 51°57′18″N 1°57′54″W / 51.955°N 1.965°W / 51.955; -1.965
Winchcombe is a Cotswold town in the local authority district of Tewkesbury, in Gloucestershire, England. Its population according to the 2001 census was 4,379.
The Belas Knap Neolithic long barrow on a hilltop above Winchcombe, was constructed from about 3000 BC[citation needed] Later, during Anglo-Saxon times, Winchcombe was a chief city of Mercia[citation needed] favoured by Coenwulf; the others being Lichfield and Tamworth. Subsequently, during the 11th century, the town was briefly the county town of Winchcombeshire. The Anglo-Saxon saint St. Kenelm is believed to be buried in the town.
In Winchcombe and the immediate vicinity can be found Sudeley Castle and the remains of Hailes Abbey, which was one of the main centres of pilgrimages in Britain due to a phial possessed by the monks said to contain the Blood of Christ. There is nothing left of the now-vanished Winchcombe Abbey. St Peter's Church in the centre of the town is noted for its grotesques.
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Yate
Coordinates: 51°32′25″N 2°24′40″W / 51.5402°N 2.410989°W / 51.5402; -2.410989
Yate is a town in South Gloucestershire, England, at the southwest extremity of the Cotswold Hills, 12 miles (19 km) northeast of the city of Bristol. At the 2001 census the population was 21,789. The town of Chipping Sodbury (population 5,066) is contiguous with Yate to the east. Yate developed from a village into a new town in the 1960s, partly as an overspill or commuter town for the city of Bristol.
The town is surrounded by countryside and within reach of the city of Bristol by bicycle, car, bus or train.
Yate is represented in the UK Parliament by the constituency of Thornbury and Yate.
Yate was in Gloucestershire until 1974 when it became part of the newly-formed county of Avon. In 1996, Avon was abolished, and the area became part of the unitary authority of South Gloucestershire. Yate remains part of Gloucestershire only for traditional purposes.
Yate Town Council provides local services.
The first mention of Yate is the existence of a religious house in about AD 770; Yate is also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name is derived from the Old English word giete or gete, meaning ‘a gateway into a forest area’.
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Anglo-Saxons
The term Anglo-Saxon is used by some historians to designate the Germanic tribes who invaded and settled the south and east of Britain beginning in the early 5th century and the period from their creation of the English nation up to the Norman conquest. The Anglo-Saxon era denotes the period of English history between about 550 and 1066. The term is also used for the language, now known as Old English, that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in England (and part of southeastern Scotland) between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.
The Benedictine monk Bede, writing in the early 8th century, identified the English as the descendants of three Germanic tribes:
Their language, Old English, which derived from Ingvaeonic West Germanic dialects, transformed into Middle English from the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.
The term Anglo-Saxon can be found in documents produced in the time of Alfred the Great, who seems to have frequently used the titles rex Anglorum Saxonum and rex Angul-Saxonum (king of the English Saxons). The Old English terms ænglisc ('Angle-kin') and Angelcynn ('gens Anglorum') had already lost their original sense of referring to the Angles, as distinct from the Saxons, when they are first attested. In their earliest sense they referred to the nation of Germanic peoples who settled eastern Britain from the 5th century.[citation needed] The indigenous Britons, who wrote in both Latin and Welsh, referred to these invaders as 'Saxones' or 'Saeson' – the word Saeson is the modern Welsh word for 'English people'; the equivalent word in Scottish Gaelic is Sasannach and in the Irish language, Sasanach.
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Ceawlin of Wessex
Ceawlin (also spelled Ceaulin and Caelin, died ca. 593) was a King of Wessex. He may have been the son of Cynric of Wessex and the grandson of Cerdic of Wessex, whom the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents as the leader of the first group of Saxons to come to the land which later became Wessex. Ceawlin was active during the last years of the Anglo-Saxon invasion, with little of southern England remaining in the control of the native Britons by the time of his death.
The chronology of Ceawlin's life is highly uncertain. The historical accuracy and dating of many of the events in the later Anglo-Saxon Chronicle have been called into question, and his reign is variously listed as lasting seven, seventeen, or thirty-two years. The Chronicle records several battles of Ceawlin's between the years 556 and 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons, and indicates that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, some of which was later to be lost to other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Ceawlin is also named as one of the eight "bretwaldas", a title given in the Chronicle to eight rulers who had overlordship over southern Britain, although the extent of Ceawlin's control is not known.
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Charles I of England
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, because they saw them as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.
Charles's reign was also characterised by religious conflicts. His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War, coupled with the fact that he married a Roman Catholic princess, generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma. Charles further allied himself with controversial ecclesiastic figures, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to the Roman Catholic Church. Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall.
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Cozy Powell
Colin Flooks (29 December 1947 – 5 April 1998), better known as Cozy Powell, was an English rock drummer who made his name with many major rock bands.
Cozy Powell was born in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, England, and started playing drums at age 12 in the school orchestra, thereafter playing along in his spare time to popular singles of the day. The first band he was in, called the Corals, played each week at the youth club in Cirencester. At age 15 he had already worked out an impressive drum solo. The stage name 'Cozy' was borrowed from the jazz drummer Cozy Cole.
The semi-professional circuit was next, with semi-pro outfit The Sorcerers, a vocal harmony pop band. The late nights and usual on-the-road exploits began to affect his education, and Powell left to take an office job in order to finance the purchase of his first set of Premier drums. The Sorcerers performed in the German club scene of the 1960s. By 1968 the band had returned to England, basing themselves around Birmingham. Powell struck up friendships with fellow musicians like Robert Plant and John Bonham (both at the time unknowns in Listen), future Slade vocalist Noddy Holder, bassist Dave Pegg and a young guitarist called Tony Iommi. The Sorcerers now became Youngblood, and a series of singles were released in late 1968–69. The group then linked up with the Move bassist/singer Ace Kefford to form The Ace Kefford Stand. Powell also began session work. Powell with fellow Sorcerers Dave and Dennis Ball formed Big Bertha.
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Cwichelm of Wessex
Cwichelm (died circa 636) was an Anglo-Saxon king of the Gewisse, a people in the upper Thames area who later created the kingdom of Wessex. He is usually counted among the Kings of Wessex.
Cwichelm is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 614: "This year Cynegils and Cwichelm fought at Beandun), and slew two thousand and forty-six of the Welsh."
Bede records that the attempted assassination of King Edwin of Deira, c. 626, was ordered by the West Saxon King Cwichelm, and does not mention Cynegils. In 628, Cynegils and Cwichelm fought King Penda at Cirencester. The Chronicle could be expected to report a victory, but does not, so it is likely that Penda was the victor.
The last mention of Cwichelm is for 636, when the Chronicle records: "This year King Cwichelm was baptized at Dorchester, and died the same year." Cynegils was also baptised at this time, by Bishop Birinus, with Oswald of Bernicia was his godfather. The final entry in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle concerning Cwichelm, in 648, states: "This year Cenwalh gave his relation Cuthred three thousand hides of land by Ashdown. Cuthred was the son of Cwichelm, Cwichelm of Cynegils." Cuthred may have been a sub-king under Cynegils and Cenwalh.
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Cynegils of Wessex
Cynegils [kɪneɣɪls] was King of Wessex from c. 611 to c. 643.
Cynegils is traditionally considered to have been King of Wessex, but the familiar kingdoms of the so-called Heptarchy had not yet formed from the patchwork of smaller kingdoms in his lifetime. The later kingdom of Wessex was centred on the counties of Hampshire, Dorset, Somerset, and Wiltshire, but the evidence of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is that the kingdom of Cynegils was located on the upper River Thames, extending into northern Wiltshire and Somerset, southern Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, and western Berkshire, with Dorchester-on-Thames as one the major royal sites. This region, probably connected to the early tribal grouping known as the Gewisse, a term used by Bede for the West Saxons, lay on the frontier between the later kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia.
It appears that Cynegils became king on the death of King Ceolwulf c. 611. His relationship to Ceolwulf is uncertain. Cynegils is variously described in West Saxon sources as being a son of Ceolwulf, a son of Ceol brother of Ceolwulf, a son of Ceola son of Cutha, a son of Cuthwine son of Ceawlin, and a son of Cuthwulf son of Cuthwine. Several of the sources give Cynegils a brother named Ceolwald, described as the grandfather of King Ine. Although the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Wessex king lists portray the West Saxons as ruled by a single king, it is likely that the kingship was shared between two or more kings.
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Dobunni
The Dobunni were one of the Celtic tribes living in the British Isles prior to the Roman invasion of Britain. There are seven known references to the tribe in Roman histories and inscriptions. The latter part of the name possibly derives from Bune, a cup or vessel. The name seems to have had a similar meaning to the later tribal name Hwicce; both being related to the recognisable cult of a Romano-British goddess.
Various historians and archaeologists have examined the Dobunni, including Stephen J. Yeates in his book The Tribe of Witches (2008).
The tribe lived in the part of southwestern Britain that today broadly coincides with the English counties of North Somerset, Bristol, and Gloucestershire; although at times their territory may have extended into parts of what are now Herefordshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire. Their capital acquired the Roman name of Corinium Dobunnorum, which is today known as Cirencester.
Their Territory was bordered by the Cornovii and Corieltauvi to the North; the Catuvellauni to the East; the Atrebates and Belgae to the South; and the Silures and Ordovices to the West. Some of these suggestions are, however, speculative.
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Dom Joly
Dominic John Romulus "Dom" Joly ( /ˈdʒɒli/; born 15 November 1967) is a British television comedian and journalist. He came to note as the star of Trigger Happy TV, a hidden camera show that was sold to over seventy countries worldwide. Since then, Joly has continued to make edgy off-beat television like World Shut Your Mouth for BBC1 and Dom Joly's Happy Hour, a spoof travel show for Sky One.
Joly is also an author with several books to his name, and an award-winning travel writer for both the Sunday Times and the Mail On Sunday. He writes several regular columns for various UK nationals and periodicals including a weekly sports column for The Independent and an eclectic weekly column for the Independent on Sunday.
Joly is currently developing a movie called War Of The Flea in the USA, and published The Dark Tourist in 2010, about dark tourism. He has also completed filming a documentary on Tintin for Channel 4 (Back2Back Productions) which aired on 19 March 2010.
Joly was a contestant on the tenth series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!; he finished in fourth place.
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Ernest Gimson
Ernest William Gimson (Leicester, 21 December 1864 - Sapperton, 12 August 1919) was an English furniture designer and architect. Gimson was described by the art critic Nikolaus Pevsner as "the greatest of the English architect-designers". Today his reputation is securely established as one of the most influential designers of the English Arts and Crafts movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Ernest Gimson was born in Leicester, in the East Midlands of England, in 1864, the son of Josiah Gimson, engineer and iron founder, owner of the Vulcan Works. Ernest was articled to the Leicester architect, Isaac Barradale. Aged 20, he attended a lecture on 'Art and Socialism' at the Leicester Secular Society given by the leader of the Arts and Crafts revival in Victorian England, William Morris.
Morris recommended him to the architectural practice of John Dando Sedding in London. From Sedding, Gimson derived his interest in craft techniques, the stress on textures and surfaces, naturalistic detail of flowers, leaves and animals, always drawn from life, the close involvement of the architect in the simple processes of building and in the supervision of a team of craftsmen employed direct. He met Ernest Barnsley at Sedding’s studio, and soon learnt the crafts of traditional chairmaking and plasterwork.
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Gildas
Gildas (c. 500 – 570) was a 6th-century British cleric. He is one of the best-documented figures of the Christian church in the British Isles during this period. His renowned learning and literary style earned him the designation Gildas Sapiens (Gildas the Wise). His work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, which contains narratives of the post-Roman history of Britain, is the only substantial source for history of this period written by a near-contemporary. He was ordained in the Church and, in his works, favours the monastic ideal. Fragments of letters he wrote reveal that he composed a Rule for monastic life that was somewhat less austere than the Rule written by his contemporary, Saint David, and set suitable penances for its breach.
There are two Lives of Gildas: the earlier written by a monk of Rhuys in Brittany, possibly in the 9th century, the second written by Caradoc of Llancarfan, a friend and contemporary of Geoffrey of Monmouth, composed in the middle of the 12th century. Caradoc, presumably writing at Llancarfan in Wales, does not mention any connection with Brittany, and some scholars[who?] think that Gildas of Britain and Gildas of Rhuys were distinct personages. In other details, however, the two Lives complement each other.
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Henry I of England
Henry I (c. 1068/1069 – 1 December 1135) was the fourth son of William I of England. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106. A later tradition called him Beauclerc for his scholarly interests— he could read Latin and put his learning to effective use— and Lion of Justice for refinements which he brought about in the royal administration, which he rendered the most effective in Europe, rationalizing the itinerant court, and his public espousal of the Anglo-Saxon legal tradition.
Henry's reign established deep roots for the Anglo-Norman realm, in part through his dynastic (and personal) choice of a Scottish princess who represented the lineage of Edmund Ironside for queen. His succession was hurriedly confirmed while his brother Robert was away on the First Crusade, and the beginning of his reign was occupied by wars with Robert for control of England and Normandy. He successfully reunited the two realms again after their separation on his father's death in 1087. Upon his succession he granted the baronage a Charter of Liberties, which linked his rule of law to the Anglo-Saxon tradition, forming a basis for subsequent limitations to the rights of English kings and presaged Magna Carta, which subjected the king to law.
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Henry IV of England
Henry IV (possibly 3 April 1366 – 20 March 1413) was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399–1413). He was the ninth King of England of the House of Plantagenet and also asserted his grandfather's claim to the title King of France. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, hence his other name, Henry (of) Bolingbroke ( /ˈbɒlɪŋbrʊk/). His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of Edward III, and enjoyed a position of considerable influence during much of the reign of Henry's cousin Richard II, whom Henry eventually deposed. Henry's mother was Blanche, heiress to the considerable Lancaster estates, thus he became the first King of England from the Lancaster branch of the Plantagenets, one of the two family branches that were belligerents in the War of the Roses. The other one was the York branch, initiated by his uncle Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York (see section "Seniority in line from Edward III" below).
One of Henry's elder sisters, Philippa of Lancaster, married John I of Portugal, and his younger sister Elizabeth was the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter. His younger half-sister Catherine, the daughter of his father's second wife, Constance of Castile, was queen consort of Castile. He also had four half-siblings by Katherine Swynford, originally his sisters' governess, then his father's longstanding mistress, and later his third wife. These four children were given the surname Beaufort after a castle their father held in Champagne, France.
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Julian the Apostate
Julian (Latin: Flavius Claudius Julianus Augustus, Greek: Φλάβιος Κλαύδιος Ἰουλιανός Αὔγουστος; 331/332 – 26 June 363), commonly known as Julian the Apostate, or also Julian the Philosopher, was Roman Emperor from 361 to 363 and a noted philosopher and Greek writer.
A member of the Constantinian dynasty, he was made Caesar over the western provinces, by Constantius II in 355, where he campaigned successfully against the Alamanni and Franks. Most notable was his crushing victory over the Alamanni in 357 at the Battle of Argentoratum - despite being outnumbered. In 360 he was acclaimed Augustus by his soldiers, sparking a civil war between Julian and Constantius. However, Constantius died before the two could face each other in battle, naming Julian as his rightful successor. In 363, Julian embarked on an ambitious campaign against the Sassanid Empire. Though initially successful, Julian was mortally wounded in battle and died shortly after.
Julian was a man of unusually complex character: he was "the military commander, the theosophist, the social reformer, and the man of letters". He was the last non-Christian ruler of the Roman Empire and it was his desire to bring the Empire back to its ancient Roman values in order to save it from dissolution. He purged the top-heavy state bureaucracy and attempted to revive traditional Roman religious practices at the cost of Christianity. His rejection of Christianity in favour of Neoplatonic paganism caused him to be called Julian the Apostate (Ἀποστάτης or Παραβάτης "Transgressor") by the church. He was the last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty, the empire's first Christian dynasty.
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
wn.com/Mercia -
Norman Jewson
Norman Jewson (12 February 1884 – 28 August 1975) was an English architect-craftsman of the Arts and Crafts movement, who practiced in the Cotswolds. He was a distinguished, younger member of the group which had settled in Sapperton, Gloucestershire, a feudal village in rural southwest England, under the influence of Ernest Gimson. Surviving into old age, he brought their ideas and working methods into the late twentieth century. His book of reminiscences has become established as a minor classic of the English Arts and Crafts movement. His repair of the Tudor Owlpen Manor in 1925–26 is often regarded as his most representative and successful work.
Jewson was born in 1884 of a family of the long-established Jewson timber merchants in Norwich, Norfolk, and spent all his early life in East Anglia. He went up to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
He served his articles in the architectural practice of Herbert [Bertie] Ibberson in London, which he ‘disliked as a place to live in permanently the longer [he] stayed there’. Ibberson had worked in the same office as Gimson, Ernest Barnsley and Alfred Hoare Powell under J.D. Sedding, in the ‘crafted Gothic’ tradition, with a love of handicraft. Like William Morris, Philip Webb and Norman Shaw, Sedding had been a pupil of George Edmund Street.
wn.com/Norman_Jewson -
Pam Ayres
Pam Ayres MBE (born 14 March 1947) is an English poet, songwriter and presenter of radio and television programmes. Her 1975 appearance on the television talent show Opportunity Knocks led to a variety of appearances on TV and radio shows, a one-woman touring stage show and performing before the Queen.
Pam Ayres was born at Stanford in the Vale in the English county of Berkshire, now in Oxfordshire. After leaving Faringdon Secondary School at the age of 15, she joined the Civil Service as a clerical assistant and worked at the Army (RAOC) Central Ordnance Depot in Bicester. She soon left and signed up for the Women's Royal Air Force, where she worked in a drawing office dealing with operational maps, and it was there that she chose her career as an entertainer. She began reading her verses at the local folk club in Oxfordshire, and this led to an invitation to read on the local BBC Radio station in 1974. Her reading was re-broadcast nationally, and then broadcast again as one of the BBC's Pick of the Year.
wn.com/Pam_Ayres -
Penda of Mercia
Penda (died 15 November 655) was a 7th-century King of Mercia, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is today the English Midlands. A pagan at a time when Christianity was taking hold in many of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, Penda took over the Severn Valley in 628 following the Battle of Cirencester before participating in the defeat of the powerful Northumbrian king Edwin at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.
Nine years later, he defeated and killed Edwin's eventual successor, Oswald, at the Battle of Maserfield; from this point he was probably the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon rulers of the time, laying the foundations for the Mercian supremacy over the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. He repeatedly defeated the East Angles and drove Cenwalh the king of Wessex into exile for three years. He continued to wage war against the Bernicians of Northumbria. Thirteen years after Maserfield, he suffered a crushing defeat by Oswald's successor Oswiu and was killed at the Battle of the Winwaed in the course of a final campaign against the Bernicians.
wn.com/Penda_of_Mercia -
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
wn.com/Ptolemy -
Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, bequeathed the crown to Lady Jane Grey, cutting his half-sisters out of the succession in contradiction to statute law. His will was set aside, Lady Jane Grey was executed, and in 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel, and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement later evolved into today's Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir so as to continue the Tudor line. She never did, however, despite numerous courtships. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity, and a cult grew up around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day.
wn.com/Queen_Elizabeth_I -
Robin Ince
Robin Ince (born 20 February 1969) is an English stand-up comedian, actor and writer. He is best known for presenting the BBC radio show The Infinite Monkey Cage with physicist Brian Cox.
In 1990, Ince first appeared at Greyfriars Kirkhouse at the Edinburgh Festival where Eddie Izzard was running a venue. At the time Ince was performing in a play called 'Shadow Walker' by Trevor Maynard. He had appeared at the Cafe Royale as part of the Edinburgh Fringe show 'Rubbernecker', alongside Stephen Merchant, Jimmy Carr and Ricky Gervais in 2001.
As a close friend of Ricky Gervais, Ince opened as a support act for his Politics tour in 2004 and his Fame tour in 2007. He also appears on the DVD and often appears in Ricky's video podcasts, mainly being mocked, teased and tormented by Gervais.
Throughout 2008, Ince had residency at the Edinburgh International Conference Centre trying out new material for his upcoming shows. In late 2008 he released a live stand up DVD entitled Robin Ince is as Dumb as You, released by Go Faster Stripe. Then between January and April 2009, Ince performed his UK tour Bleeding Heart Liberal, playing 51 dates. Towards the end of 2009 and into 2010, Ince toured his next show entitled Robin Ince vs. the Moral Majority. In 2011 he started on the road again performing his 'Happiness Through Science' UK show which continued to add many additional dates and whose scheduled was extended into 2012.
wn.com/Robin_Ince -
St Peter
Saint Peter or Simon Peter was an early Christian leader and one of the twelve apostles of Jesus who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles and who is venerated as a saint. The son of John or of Jonah, he was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee or Gaulanitis. His brother Andrew was also an apostle. Peter is venerated in multiple churches and is regarded as the first Pope by the Catholic Church. After working to establish the church of Antioch, presiding for seven years as the leader of the city's Christian community, he preached to scattered communities of believers, Jews, Hebrew Christians and the gentiles, in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia Minor and Bithynia.[citation needed] He then went to Rome, where in the second year of Claudius, it is claimed, he overthrew Simon Magus and held the Sacerdotal Chair for 25 years.[citation needed] He is said to have been put to death at the hand of Emperor Nero.
Peter wrote two General epistles. The Gospel of Mark is also ascribed to him (as Mark was his disciple and interpreter). On the other hand, several books bearing his name—the Acts of Peter, Gospel of Peter, Preaching of Peter, Revelation of Peter, and Judgement of Peter—are rejected by the Catholic Church as Apocryphal.
wn.com/St_Peter -
Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
wn.com/Wessex -
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 at age 49, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
wn.com/William_Shakespeare
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The Cirencester Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/The_Cirencester_Song
Creepy Places Global: Cirencester Amphitheatre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:44
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
As part of the spin-off of "Creepy Places of New England", Creepy Places Global goes to Cirencester, England to explore some ancient Roman Empire ruins, which includes an amphitheatre where we try to make contact with ancient Roman spirits!
http://wn.com/Creepy_Places_Global_Cirencester_Amphitheatre
As part of the spin-off of "Creepy Places of New England", Creepy Places Global goes to Cirencester, England to explore some ancient Roman Empire ruins, which includes an amphitheatre where we try to make contact with ancient Roman spirits!
- published: 07 Jun 2012
- views: 817
- author: NinjaCthulhu
Town Centre, Cirencester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Video of Cirencester Town Centre
http://wn.com/Town_Centre,_Cirencester
Tetbury to Kemble and Cirencester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:10
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Golden valley part 3. this is a only look at the like branch lines that ran off the Golden Valley first we see the Tetbury branch Kemble station then up the Cirecester branch.
http://wn.com/Tetbury_to_Kemble_and_Cirencester
Golden valley part 3. this is a only look at the like branch lines that ran off the Golden Valley first we see the Tetbury branch Kemble station then up the Cirecester branch.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 9462
- author: MrPunkinman
Swindon Supermarine FC 3 - 2 Cirencester Town FC | FA Cup first qualifying round highlights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:31
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Highlights from the first qualifying round of the FA Cup featuring a showdown between three brothers... 3 brother, 2 teams, 1 game....
http://wn.com/Swindon_Supermarine_FC_3_2_Cirencester_Town_FC_|_FA_Cup_first_qualifying_round_highlights
Highlights from the first qualifying round of the FA Cup featuring a showdown between three brothers... 3 brother, 2 teams, 1 game....
- published: 20 Sep 2011
- views: 3144
- author: thefacup
Cirencester's Got Talent - The Very First (Over view)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:44
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
As the title suggests, this is the first Cirencester's Got Talent show, which took part at the Sundial Theatre, close to Cirencester College. Unfortunately no footage was taken on my camera of 2 of the acts: ~ Jas Kent - Dancer (3rd position) ~ Jonny Murray - Singer and Songwriter Here is a list of all of the other acts: ~ Lola Clarkstone - Singer (0:39) ~ Lewis Rogers - Impressionist Comedian (1:14) ~ Josh Foyster - Acapella Singer (2:44) ~ Chris Newbould - Comedian (3:46) ~ Toby Chevis - Singer and Songwriter (1st Position) (5:18) ~ Ellie Murray - Singer and Pianist (8:45) ~ Jack Alexander (Me) - Slap Bass Solo (10:01) ~ Alex Newport - Comedian (2nd Position) (11:24) ~ Matt Howard - Singer (14:03) Before the show interval was special guest Ben Maggs (5:49), he can be found here: www.benmaggsmusic.co.uk It's also good to know that all proceeds from the show went to 'Timmy's Trust', a charity set towards helping children with terminal cancer. So yeah, come along to the next one, have a good time, and I hope you enjoyed the video. Cheers, Jack
http://wn.com/Cirencester's_Got_Talent_The_Very_First_Over_view
As the title suggests, this is the first Cirencester's Got Talent show, which took part at the Sundial Theatre, close to Cirencester College. Unfortunately no footage was taken on my camera of 2 of the acts: ~ Jas Kent - Dancer (3rd position) ~ Jonny Murray - Singer and Songwriter Here is a list of all of the other acts: ~ Lola Clarkstone - Singer (0:39) ~ Lewis Rogers - Impressionist Comedian (1:14) ~ Josh Foyster - Acapella Singer (2:44) ~ Chris Newbould - Comedian (3:46) ~ Toby Chevis - Singer and Songwriter (1st Position) (5:18) ~ Ellie Murray - Singer and Pianist (8:45) ~ Jack Alexander (Me) - Slap Bass Solo (10:01) ~ Alex Newport - Comedian (2nd Position) (11:24) ~ Matt Howard - Singer (14:03) Before the show interval was special guest Ben Maggs (5:49), he can be found here: www.benmaggsmusic.co.uk It's also good to know that all proceeds from the show went to 'Timmy's Trust', a charity set towards helping children with terminal cancer. So yeah, come along to the next one, have a good time, and I hope you enjoyed the video. Cheers, Jack
- published: 14 May 2012
- views: 506
- author: Jack Daniel Alexander
Urban Gymnastics: Cirencester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 12 Aug 2012
Urban Gymnastics around Cirencester, this is the first of a 'series' of different towns/cities that we will be free-running around.
http://wn.com/Urban_Gymnastics_Cirencester
Urban Gymnastics around Cirencester, this is the first of a 'series' of different towns/cities that we will be free-running around.
- published: 19 Oct 2010
- views: 1618
- author: figofreerunning
Cirencester Open Air Pool
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Promo video
http://wn.com/Cirencester_Open_Air_Pool
Cirencester
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Cirencester is a market town in Gloucestershire, England, 93 miles northwest of London. Cirencester is the largest town in Cotswold District and lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames.
http://wn.com/Cirencester
Cirencester is a market town in Gloucestershire, England, 93 miles northwest of London. Cirencester is the largest town in Cotswold District and lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames.
- published: 27 Aug 2007
- views: 5156
- author: johndelaparra
What to expect at Cirencester College
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 11 Jul 2012
Students at Cirencester College talk about what new students should expect and give loads of hints and tips to help with the move up from school to college.
http://wn.com/What_to_expect_at_Cirencester_College
Students at Cirencester College talk about what new students should expect and give loads of hints and tips to help with the move up from school to college.
- published: 01 Jul 2011
- views: 1410
- author: cirencestercollege
Cirencester, Glos. (1924)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Harvesting on Earl Bathurst's Estate using traditional oxen. Thisextract comes from Claude Friese-Greene's 'The Open Road' - originally filmed in 1925/6 and now re-edited and digitally restored by the BFI National Archive. Britain seen in colour for the first time was heralded as a great technical advance for the cinema audience - now we can view a much improved image, but one which still stays true to the principles of the colour process. The rather haphazard journey from Land's End to John O'Groats creates a series of moving picture postcards. Look out for shots containing the component colours - red and blue-green - such as when a little girl in a red coat and hat walks among peacocks in the grounds of a castle, and three girls with red curly hair pose by the sea at Torquay. The car is a Vauxhall D-type - considered a sporty model at the time. A long-distance journey by car was a relatively new concept, with none of the amenities en route now taken for granted. The visit to a petrol station shows smoking on the forecourt: no health and safety issues back then! The travelogue ends with a series of recognisable London landmarks. Much remains the same - one major exception being the volume of traffic on the roads. (Jan Faull) For more information about 'The Open Road' see www.bfi.org.uk To buy the DVD click here - filmstore.bfi.org.uk You can watch the whole of 'The Open Road' and 1000 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge at ...
http://wn.com/Cirencester,_Glos_1924
Harvesting on Earl Bathurst's Estate using traditional oxen. Thisextract comes from Claude Friese-Greene's 'The Open Road' - originally filmed in 1925/6 and now re-edited and digitally restored by the BFI National Archive. Britain seen in colour for the first time was heralded as a great technical advance for the cinema audience - now we can view a much improved image, but one which still stays true to the principles of the colour process. The rather haphazard journey from Land's End to John O'Groats creates a series of moving picture postcards. Look out for shots containing the component colours - red and blue-green - such as when a little girl in a red coat and hat walks among peacocks in the grounds of a castle, and three girls with red curly hair pose by the sea at Torquay. The car is a Vauxhall D-type - considered a sporty model at the time. A long-distance journey by car was a relatively new concept, with none of the amenities en route now taken for granted. The visit to a petrol station shows smoking on the forecourt: no health and safety issues back then! The travelogue ends with a series of recognisable London landmarks. Much remains the same - one major exception being the volume of traffic on the roads. (Jan Faull) For more information about 'The Open Road' see www.bfi.org.uk To buy the DVD click here - filmstore.bfi.org.uk You can watch the whole of 'The Open Road' and 1000 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge at ...
- published: 09 Feb 2008
- views: 34101
- author: BFIfilms
Cirencester Olympic Torch Highlights + Inspirational Torch Carrier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Highlights of Cirencester's Olympic Torch Relay + Inspirational Torch Carrier.
http://wn.com/Cirencester_Olympic_Torch_Highlights_+_Inspirational_Torch_Carrier
Highlights of Cirencester's Olympic Torch Relay + Inspirational Torch Carrier.
- published: 23 May 2012
- views: 754
- author: itstimmehc
Swindon Supermarine FC 3 - 2 Cirencester Town FC | FA Cup Etheridge Brothers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
3 Brothers 2 Teams 1 Game Harry and Max Etheridge play for Swindon Supermarine, and this weekend sibling rivalry reaches a new height as they take on Cirencester Town in the FA Cup, who brother Tom Etheridge plays for.
http://wn.com/Swindon_Supermarine_FC_3_2_Cirencester_Town_FC_|_FA_Cup_Etheridge_Brothers
3 Brothers 2 Teams 1 Game Harry and Max Etheridge play for Swindon Supermarine, and this weekend sibling rivalry reaches a new height as they take on Cirencester Town in the FA Cup, who brother Tom Etheridge plays for.
- published: 16 Sep 2011
- views: 1694
- author: thefacup
Fieldsports Britain - Whippets in Yorkshire and Cirencester pheasants
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 24:32
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Rabbits, pigeons, pheasants and clays are all in trouble in Fieldsports Britain. It's Ee Oop and By George this week as we go ferreting to whippets on the Yorkshire Dales and flushing pheasants to landowners with the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester. That's not all! Top shots Peter Wilson, George Digweed and Abbey Burton explain how they got into shooting. And Team Wild is out protecting farmer's crops from pigeons in Staffordshire. If this isn't a packed programme, what is?
http://wn.com/Fieldsports_Britain_Whippets_in_Yorkshire_and_Cirencester_pheasants
Rabbits, pigeons, pheasants and clays are all in trouble in Fieldsports Britain. It's Ee Oop and By George this week as we go ferreting to whippets on the Yorkshire Dales and flushing pheasants to landowners with the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester. That's not all! Top shots Peter Wilson, George Digweed and Abbey Burton explain how they got into shooting. And Team Wild is out protecting farmer's crops from pigeons in Staffordshire. If this isn't a packed programme, what is?
- published: 08 Feb 2012
- views: 22641
- author: fieldsportschannel
Weymouth 3 v 1 Cirencester Town, Evo-Stik League Southern Premier Division 13th March 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Mark Ford scores a hat-trick as the Terras secure a 3-1 win against basement boys Cirencester Town
http://wn.com/Weymouth_3_v_1_Cirencester_Town,_Evo-Stik_League_Southern_Premier_Division_13th_March_2012
Mark Ford scores a hat-trick as the Terras secure a 3-1 win against basement boys Cirencester Town
- published: 13 Mar 2012
- views: 1750
- author: terrascouk
Mark Gilchrist shoots with Cirencester students
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:33
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
The Royal Agricultural College shooting society asked Fieldsports Channel regular Mark Gilchrist to a walked-up-stand-and-shoot day last season. See how he got on... This item first appeared in Fieldsports Britain.
http://wn.com/Mark_Gilchrist_shoots_with_Cirencester_students
The Royal Agricultural College shooting society asked Fieldsports Channel regular Mark Gilchrist to a walked-up-stand-and-shoot day last season. See how he got on... This item first appeared in Fieldsports Britain.
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 2480
- author: fieldsportschannel
Cirencester Town FC 2-2 Hitchin Town FC : The Goals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Southern League Premier Division 2011 2012 Season. Match Report : Andy Buchan (Cirencester) - Expectations were not high after recent results and with Ciren facing relegation could the team lift themselves and produce a performance worthy of the glorious weather we had for this game. With a attendance of just over 100 many wearing shorts and midsummer clothing there was an expectancy of a cracking game of football! We were not to be disappointed. From the kick off, Ciren dominated the first 15 minutes with 5 very good chances to take the lead but as of late that final killer punch eluded the Ciren attack. In the 20th minute Hitchin mounted their first move into the Ciren half this resulted in a corner which was taken by Burke and headed by Luke Gregson but fortunately for Ciren wide of the goal. In the 25th minute a long range shot by Hitchin's Fontenella was comfortably saved by Ciren's young keeper Hedges who it has to be said has adapted comfortably to first team football. Against the run of play Hitchin took the lead with a cross from Fontenella was met by Burke who in his shot on goal got the ball trapped under his feet some how he regained his composure and tapped the ball into the Ciren net from 3 yards. Within 5 minutes Hitchin increased their lead when after a quick break the ball was passed down the left to Donnelly who slotted the ball from 10 yards into the right hand corner of the net. The game had now turned Hitchin's way with a further attack in the 33rd ...
http://wn.com/Cirencester_Town_FC_2-2_Hitchin_Town_FC_The_Goals
Southern League Premier Division 2011 2012 Season. Match Report : Andy Buchan (Cirencester) - Expectations were not high after recent results and with Ciren facing relegation could the team lift themselves and produce a performance worthy of the glorious weather we had for this game. With a attendance of just over 100 many wearing shorts and midsummer clothing there was an expectancy of a cracking game of football! We were not to be disappointed. From the kick off, Ciren dominated the first 15 minutes with 5 very good chances to take the lead but as of late that final killer punch eluded the Ciren attack. In the 20th minute Hitchin mounted their first move into the Ciren half this resulted in a corner which was taken by Burke and headed by Luke Gregson but fortunately for Ciren wide of the goal. In the 25th minute a long range shot by Hitchin's Fontenella was comfortably saved by Ciren's young keeper Hedges who it has to be said has adapted comfortably to first team football. Against the run of play Hitchin took the lead with a cross from Fontenella was met by Burke who in his shot on goal got the ball trapped under his feet some how he regained his composure and tapped the ball into the Ciren net from 3 yards. Within 5 minutes Hitchin increased their lead when after a quick break the ball was passed down the left to Donnelly who slotted the ball from 10 yards into the right hand corner of the net. The game had now turned Hitchin's way with a further attack in the 33rd ...
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- views: 516
- author: TheSizzorkick
Corinium 100m rifle range, Cirencester - review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
We visit the Corinium rifle range - www.coriniumrange.com - in Gloucestershire, run by Swarovski pro stalker Paul Hill. Need to check a zero or test some ammunition? Here is an excellent range run by a superb shooter. Find out more about what Paul offers in this film, which first appeared in Fieldsports Britain, episode 107.
http://wn.com/Corinium_100m_rifle_range,_Cirencester_review
We visit the Corinium rifle range - www.coriniumrange.com - in Gloucestershire, run by Swarovski pro stalker Paul Hill. Need to check a zero or test some ammunition? Here is an excellent range run by a superb shooter. Find out more about what Paul offers in this film, which first appeared in Fieldsports Britain, episode 107.
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 1176
- author: fieldsportschannel
Gloucester Cityv Cirencester Town Fa Trophy Goals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/Gloucester_Cityv_Cirencester_Town_Fa_Trophy_Goals
Wheelie School Cirencester.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:16
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
wheelie school At Cirencester Dangerous Driving
http://wn.com/Wheelie_School_Cirencester
wheelie school At Cirencester Dangerous Driving
- published: 17 Jan 2009
- views: 17813
- author: w4ynecarr
Harry Cirencester polo 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 27 Jul 2012
Prince Harry plays polo at Cirencester Park. Lady Sarah Apsley comments on the game and Cirencester Park Polo Ground.
http://wn.com/Harry_Cirencester_polo_2011
Prince Harry plays polo at Cirencester Park. Lady Sarah Apsley comments on the game and Cirencester Park Polo Ground.
- published: 27 Jul 2011
- views: 2013
- author: calyxtv
Weymouth v Cirencester Town. Warren Byerley (penalty)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Warren Byerley 75th minute penalty secures the Terras first win of the season at the Bob Lucas Stadium
http://wn.com/Weymouth_v_Cirencester_Town_Warren_Byerley_penalty
Warren Byerley 75th minute penalty secures the Terras first win of the season at the Bob Lucas Stadium
- published: 10 Oct 2010
- views: 1063
- author: terrascouk
Cirencester Rugby Club Senior Tour 2008 - Flanders Open 10's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 20 Aug 2010
Cirencester Rugby club on tour to Dendermonde, Belgium, in May 2008, to participate in the Flanders Open 10's rugby tournament.
http://wn.com/Cirencester_Rugby_Club_Senior_Tour_2008_Flanders_Open_10's
Cirencester Rugby club on tour to Dendermonde, Belgium, in May 2008, to participate in the Flanders Open 10's rugby tournament.
- published: 20 May 2008
- views: 1694
- author: Glawseagle
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
20 Dec 2012
Obama held a White House news conference on Wednesday to announce that Vice President Joe Biden will lead an interagency effort to craft new gun policies. The group is expected to offer its proposals in January. “We know this is a complex issue that stirs deeply held passions and political divides,” Obama said. “But the fact that this problem is complex can no longer be an excuse for doing nothing.” ... WAKE-UP CALL ... ....(size: 6.1Kb)
photo: AP / Fahd al-Bakoush
20 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Three senior U.S. State Department officials were asked to resign after an official inquiry harshly criticized their offices for failing to provide adequate security at the U.S. mission in Benghazi, Libya, before it came under attack in September, a U.S. official said on Wednesday ... State Department officials declined to comment on the matter, saying it was a personnel issue ... Joint Chiefs of Staff ... facilities....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Alfred de Montesquiou
21 Dec 2012
UNITED NATIONS -- The U.N. Security Council on Thursday authorized military action to wrest northern Mali from the control of al-Qaida-linked extremists, but it demanded progress first on political reconciliation, elections and training African troops and police ... Instead, it set out benchmarks to be met before the start of offensive operations, starting with progress on a political roadmap to restore constitutional order ... U.N ... On Nov ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: Public Domain / Tm
21 Dec 2012
The UN Security Council on Thursday unanimously approved sending an African-led intervention force to help Mali’s army reconquer much of the country from Islamist militants. The 15-member council gave the force an initial one year mandate to use “all necessary measures” to help the Mali government take back the northern half of the country from “terrorist, extremist and armed groups.” ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: AP / Ahn Young-joon
20 Dec 2012
SEOUL, South Korea — Park Geun-hye's election as South Korea's first female president could mean a new drive to start talks with bitter rival North Korea, though it's unclear how much further she will go than the hard-line incumbent, a member of her own conservative party ... On Thursday, Park mentioned the North Korean rocket launch during a nationally televised speech ... Ties between the Koreas plummeted during Lee's term ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Huffington Post
22 Dec 2012
That means a family Christmas for the Duchess of Cambridge, who was recently hospitalized after suffering from severe morning sickness ... CIRENCESTER, UNITED KINGDON - JUNE 07. (EMBARGOED FOR PUBLICATION IN UK NEWSPAPERS UNTIL 48 HOURS AFTER CREATE DATE AND TIME) Kate Middleton watches HRH Prince William and HRH Prince Harry compete in The Dorchester Trophy polo match at Cirencester Park Polo Club on June 7, 2009 in Cirencester, England....(size: 17.6Kb)
noodls
17 Dec 2012
As in previous years, Cotswold District Council has arranged for real Christmas trees to be shredded and composted at Batsford Garden Centre in Moreton-in-Marsh and Dobbies Garden Centre in Cirencester ... Cotswold District Council, Trinity Road, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 1PX ......(size: 1.9Kb)
noodls
17 Dec 2012
(Source. PGA - Professional Golfers' Association of GB&I) ... Both Kelley and Bristol Golf Centre's Giuseppe Licata and Duke partnered by Cirencester assistant Ryan Dix shot 64 to win by one stroke ... Their bogey-free round produced three birdies on each half. They played alongside defending champions Ed Goodwin (Cirencester) and Rod Hibbitt (Cotswold Edge) who carded 69 ... 17 December, 2012. distributed by....(size: 2.3Kb)
BBC News
17 Dec 2012
Two men died when a light aircraft crashed during a "disorientating manoeuvre" in aerobatic training, an inquest has heard ... It was unclear which pilot was in control when it plummeted towards the ground in an inverted spin ... 'Horribly disorientating' ... Mr Bennett and Mr Hulme, from Cirencester, Gloucestershire, were joined by two other planes flown by students and their instructors as they carried out a series of manoeuvres ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
Huffington Post
16 Dec 2012
St ... She has not been seen in public since leaving King Edward VII Hospital in London on Dec. 6 ... Loading Slideshow ... PRESS ASSOCIATION Photo ... CIRENCESTER, UNITED KINGDON - JUNE 07. (EMBARGOED FOR PUBLICATION IN UK NEWSPAPERS UNTIL 48 HOURS AFTER CREATE DATE AND TIME) Kate Middleton watches HRH Prince William and HRH Prince Harry compete in The Dorchester Trophy polo match at Cirencester Park Polo Club on June 7, 2009 in Cirencester, England....(size: 16.9Kb)
The Daily Mail
15 Dec 2012
noodls
11 Dec 2012
(Source. Cotswold District Council) ... Staff from the Print and Design Services recently organised a coffee morning, blind auction and raffle at the council's Trinity Road headquarters in Cirencester to raise money for the BBC Children in Need appeal and the CDC Chairman's charities - Gloucestershire Young Carers and the local branch of the Stroke Association ... NOTES ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.3Kb)
noodls
11 Dec 2012
(Source. Cotswold District Council). Cotswold District Council's Corinium Museum has achieved the much coveted Sandford Award for Education ... "The Corinium is an excellent museum, which displays and interprets the history of Cirencester and its surroundings very well indeed. It has a well established education programme which is deservedly popular." ... Emma Stuart, Learning Development Officer at the Museum, commented.....(size: 3.5Kb)
CDC assesses progress on local resilience in the wake of recent flooding (Cotswold District Council)
noodls11 Dec 2012
(Source. Cotswold District Council) ... In other words, we will not supply sandbags to protect individual properties, but we will continue to retain small stocks for strategic deployment at our discretion in the event of flooding emergencies. This stock of sandbags was used recently to help contain the River Churn in Cirencester ... distributed by ... It was distributed, unedited and unaltered, by noodls on 2012-12-11 10.39.06 CET ... (noodl....(size: 3.5Kb)
Huffington Post
11 Dec 2012
LONDON — The former Kate Middleton has cancelled a planned appearance at the U.K ... William still plans to go to the premiere ... CIRENCESTER, UNITED KINGDON - JUNE 07. (EMBARGOED FOR PUBLICATION IN UK NEWSPAPERS UNTIL 48 HOURS AFTER CREATE DATE AND TIME) Kate Middleton watches HRH Prince William and HRH Prince Harry compete in The Dorchester Trophy polo match at Cirencester Park Polo Club on June 7, 2009 in Cirencester, England ... Like ... ....(size: 16.7Kb)
noodls
10 Dec 2012
(Source. BSJA - British Show Jumping Association). Monday 10 December 2012. The NAF Shining Star Award for the month of November has been given to 12-year-old Florence Finzi from Cirencester, Gloucestershire ... She is enthusiastically and intelligently completing her log books for her ponies, showing an educated understanding of her training and an ability to be technique driven in her riding ... She is well worthy of the Shining Star award"....(size: 3.8Kb)
BBC News
09 Dec 2012
The arrests were made in Cheltenham, Cinderford, Cirencester, Drybrook, Gloucester, Stroud and Tewkesbury ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)
The Daily Mail
09 Dec 2012
Coordinates: 51°43′08″N 1°58′05″W / 51.719°N 1.968°W / 51.719; -1.968
| Cirencester | |
 |
|
 Cirencester
Cirencester shown within Gloucestershire |
|
| Population | 19,000 |
|---|---|
| OS grid reference | SP022021 |
| District | Cotswold |
| Shire county | Gloucestershire |
| Region | South West |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | CIRENCESTER |
| Postcode district | GL7 |
| Dialling code | 01285 |
| Police | Gloucestershire |
| Fire | Gloucestershire |
| Ambulance | Great Western |
| EU Parliament | South West England |
| UK Parliament | Cotswold[1] |
| List of places: UK • England • Gloucestershire | |
Cirencester (i/ˈsaɪərənsɛstər/, occasionally i/sɪstər/; see below for more variations)[2] is a market town in east Gloucestershire, England, 93 miles (150 km) west northwest of London. Cirencester lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames, and is the largest town in the Cotswold District. It is the home of the Royal Agricultural College, the oldest agricultural college in the English-speaking world founded in 1840. The town's Corinium Museum is well known for its extensive Roman collection. The Roman name for the town was Corinium, which is thought to have been associated with the ancient British Dobunni tribe, having the same root word as the River Churn.[3] The earliest known reference to the town was by Ptolemy in AD 150.
Cirencester is twinned with Itzehoe, Germany[4]
Contents |
Local geography[link]
Cirencester lies on the lower dip slopes of the Cotswold Hills, an outcrop of oolitic limestone. Natural drainage is into the River Churn, which flows roughly north to south through the eastern side of the town and joins the Thames near Cricklade a little to the south. The Thames itself rises just a few miles west of Cirencester.
The town is split into five main areas: the town centre, the suburbs of Chesterton, Stratton (originally villages outside the town), Watermoor and The Beeches. The village of Siddington to the south-west of the town is now almost connected to Watermoor.
The town serves as a centre for surrounding villages, providing employment, amenities, shops, commerce and education.
Transport[link]
Cirencester is the hub of a significant road network with important routes to Gloucester (A417), Cheltenham (A435), Warwick (A429), Oxford (A40 via the B4425 road), Wantage (A417), Swindon (A419), Chippenham (A429), Bristol, Bath (A433), and Stroud (A419). These good transport links bring the town passing trade. Although the ring road and bypass take traffic away from the town centre, both roads have busy service areas with adequate parking.
Since closure of the Kemble to Cirencester branch line in 1964 the town has become one of the largest in the region without its own rail station. However Kemble railway station, 4 miles away, serves as a railhead. It provides regular services between Swindon and Gloucester, with peak-time direct trains to London Paddington station. The nearest airports are at Bristol, Cotswold Airport at Kemble, London (Heathrow) and Birmingham.
History[link]
Roman Corinium[link]
Main article: Corinium Dobunnorum
Cirencester was known to be an important early Roman area, along with St. Albans and Colchester, and the town includes evidence of significant area roadworks. When the Romans built a fort where the Fosse Way crossed the Churn, to hold two quingenary alae tasked with helping to defend the provincial frontier c. AD 49, native Dobunni were drawn from Bagendon, a settlement of the Dobunni situated 3 miles (5 km) to the north, to create a civil settlement near the fort. When the frontier moved to the north following the conquest of Wales, this fort was closed and its fortifications levelled c. 70, but the town persisted and flourished under the name Corinium Dobunnorum.
Even in Roman times, there was a thriving wool trade and industry, which contributed to the growth of Corinium. A large forum and basilica was built over the site of the fort, and archeological evidence shows signs of further civic growth. When a wall was erected around the Roman city in the late second century, it enclosed 240 acres (1 km²), making Corinium, in area, the second-largest city in Britain. It was made the seat of the Roman province of Britannia Prima in the fourth century, and some historians would date the pillar the Roman Governor L. Septimus erected to the Roman god Jovian to this period, providing evidence of a sign of pagan reaction under the Roman Emperor Julian.
There are many Roman remains in the surrounding area, including several Roman villas near the villages of Chedworth and Withington.
Sub-Roman and Saxon times[link]
The Roman amphitheatre still exists in an area known as the Querns to the southwest of the town, but has only been partially excavated. Investigations in the town show that it was fortified in the fifth or sixth centuries. Andrew Breeze argued that Gildas received his later education in Cirencester in the early sixth century, showing that it was still able to provide an education in Latin rhetoric and law at this time.[5] Possibly this was the palace of one of the British kings defeated by Ceawlin in 577. It was later the scene of the Battle of Cirencester, this time between the Mercian king Penda and the West Saxon kings Cynegils and Cwichelm in 628.
The minster church of Cirencester, founded in the 9th or 10th century, was probably a royal foundation. It was destroyed by Augustinian monks in the 12th century, and replaced by the great abbey church.
Norman times[link]
At the Norman Conquest the royal manor of Cirencester was granted to the Earl of Hereford, William Fitz-Osbern, but by 1075 it had reverted to the Crown. The manor was granted to Cirencester Abbey, founded by Henry I in 1117, and following half a century of building work during which the minster church was demolished, the great abbey church was finally dedicated in 1176. The manor was granted to the Abbey in 1189, although a royal charter dated 1133 speaks of burgesses in the town.
The struggle of the townsmen to prove that Cirencester was a borough, and thus gain the associated rights and privileges, probably began in the same year, when they were amerced for a false presentment. Four inquisitions during the 13th century supported the abbot's claims, yet the townspeople remained unwavering in their quest for borough status: in 1342, they lodged a Bill of complaint in Chancery. Twenty townspeople were ordered up to Westminster, where they declared under oath that successive abbots had bought up many burgage tenenments, and made the borough into an appendage of the manor, depriving it of its separate court. They claimed that the royal charter that conferred on the men of Cirencester the liberties of Winchester had been destroyed when fifty years prior the abbot had bribed the burgess who held the charter to give it to him, whereupon the abbot had had it burned. In reply, the abbot refuted these claims, and the case passed on to the King's Bench. When ordered to produce the foundation charter of his abbey the abbot refused, apparently because that document would be fatal to his case, and instead played a winning card. In return for a "fine" of £300, he obtained a new royal charter confirming his privileges and a writ of supersedeas.
Yet the townspeople continued in their fight: for their aid to the crown against the earls of Kent and Salisbury, Henry IV in 1403 gave the townsmen a Guild Merchant, although two inquisitions reiterated the abbot's rights. The struggle between the abbot and the townspeople continued with the abbot's privileges confirmed in 1408‑1409 and 1413, and in 1418 the abbot finally removed this thorn in his side when the gild merchant was annulled, and in 1477 parliament declared that Cirencester was not corporate. After several unsuccessful attempts to re-establish the gild merchant, the government in 1592 was vested in the bailiff of the lord of the manor.
Tudor times[link]
As part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, Henry VIII ordered the total demolition of the Abbey buildings. Today only the Norman Arch and parts of the precinct wall remain above ground, forming the perimeter of a public park in the middle of town. Despite this, the freedom of a borough continued to elude the townspeople, and they only saw the old lord of the manor replaced by a new lord of the manor as the King acquired the abbey's title.
Sheep rearing, wool sales, weaving and woollen broadcloth and cloth-making were the main strengths of England's trade in the Middle Ages, and not only the abbey but many of Cirencester's merchants and clothiers gained wealth and prosperity from the national and international trade. The tombs of these merchants can be seen in the parish church, while their fine houses of Cotswold stone still stand in and around Coxwell Street and Dollar Street. Their wealth funded the rebuilding of the nave of the parish church in 1515-30, to create the large parish church, often referred to as the 'Cathedral of the Cotswolds'. Other wool churches can be seen in neighbouring Northleach and Chipping Campden.
During the Civil War[link]
The English Civil War came to Cirencester in February 1643 when Royalists and Parliamentarians came to blows in the streets. Over 300 were killed, and 1,200 prisoners were held captive in the church. The townsfolk supported the Parliamentarians but gentry and clergy were for the old order, so that when Charles I of England was executed in 1649 the minister, Alexander Gregory, wrote on behalf of the gentry in the parish register, 'O England what did'st thou do, the 30th of this month'.
At the end of the English Civil War King Charles II spent the night of 11 September 1651 in Cirencester, during his escape after the Battle of Worcester on his way to France.
Recent history[link]
At the end of the 18th century Cirencester was a thriving market town, at the centre of a network of turnpike roads with easy access to markets for its produce of grain and wool. A local grammar school provided education for those who could afford it, and businesses thrived in the town, which was the major urban centre for the surrounding area.
In 1789 the opening of a branch of the Thames and Severn Canal provided access to markets further afield, by way of a link through the River Thames. In 1841 a branch railway line was opened to Kemble to provide a link to the Great Western Railway at Swindon. The Midland and South Western Junction Railway opened a station at Watermoor in 1883. Cirencester thus was served by two railway lines until the 1960s.
The loss of canal and the direct rail link encouraged dependency on road transport. An inner ring road system was completed in 1975 in an attempt to reduce congestion in the town centre, which has since been augmented by an outer bypass with the expansion of the A417 road. Coaches depart from London Road for Victoria Bus Station in central London and Heathrow Airport, taking advantage of the M4 Motorway. Kemble Station to the west of the town, distinguished by a sheltered garden, is served by fast trains from Paddington station via Swindon.
In 1894 the passing of the Local Government Act brought at last into existence Cirencester's first independent elected body, the Urban District Council. The reorganization of the local governments in 1974 replaced the Urban District Council with the present two-tier system of Cotswold District Council and Cirencester Town Council. A concerted effort to reduce overhead wiring and roadside clutter has given the town some picturesque streetscenes. Many shops cater to tourists and many house family businesses.
Under the patronage of the Bathurst family, the Cirencester area, notably Sapperton, became a major centre for the Arts and Crafts movement in the Cotswolds, when the furniture designer and architect-craftsman Ernest Gimson opened workshops in the early 20th century, and Norman Jewson, his foremost student, practised in the town.
Local Politics[link]
The Liberal Democrats are the dominant political party in Cirencester, gaining 9 out of the 10 Cirencester seats available on Cotswold District Council in May 2011, despite this the Conservative Party still have an overall majority on the District Council.[6] The Liberal Democrats also took 12 out of 15 seats on Cirencester Town Council at the 2011 local elections, rather than form a political group all Councillors agreed to work apolitically. The current Mayor of Cirencester is Cllr Andrew Lichnowski.
The residents of Cirencester also voted in 18 year old Liberal Democrat candidate Joe Harris, who became the youngest Councillor in the country in May 2011 when elected for Cirencester Park Ward.[7]
Name[link]
The name stem Corin is cognate with Churn (the modern name of the river on which the town is built) and with the stem Cerne in the nearby villages of North Cerney, South Cerney, and Cerney Wick; also on the River Churn. The modern name Cirencester is derived from the cognate root Ciren and the standard -cester ending indicating a Roman fortress or encampment. It seems certain that this name root goes back to pre-Roman times and is similar to the original Brythonic name for the river, and perhaps the settlement. An early Welsh language ecclesiastical list from St David's gives another form of the name Caerceri where Caer is the Welsh for fortress and Ceri is cognate with the other forms of the name.
Pronunciation[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) |
In Anglo-Saxon times the name of the town was written Cirrenceastre or Cyrneceastre (the Saxon 'c' was pronounced like the 'ch' in change). The Normans mispronounced the 'ch' sound as [ts], resulting in the modern name Cirencester /ˈsaɪərənsɛstər/. The form Ciceter /ˈsɪsɨtər/ invented by William Shakespeare[citation needed] was once used locally as an abbreviation. Sometimes the form Cicester /ˈsɪsɨstər/ was heard instead. These forms are now very rarely used, while many local people abbreviate the name to Ciren (/ˈsaɪərən/).
Today it is usually /ˈsaɪərənsɛstər/, as it is spelt, although occasionally it is /ˈsɪsɨstər/, /ˈsɪsɨtər/ or /ˈsɪstər/.
Leisure and entertainment[link]
Cirencester has an important tourist trade as well as providing shopping, entertainment, and sports facilities for the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area.
Sites of interest[link]
The Church of St. John the Baptist, Cirencester is renowned for its Perpendicular porch, fan vaults and merchants' tombs.
The town also has a Roman Catholic Church of St Peter's; the foundation stone was laid on 20 June 1895. Coxwell Street to the north of Market Square is home to the Baptist Church that was founded in 1651 - making it one of the oldest Baptist churches in England. Its current building was started in 1856.[8]
To the west of the town is Cirencester House, the seat of Earl Bathurst and the site of one of the finest landscape gardens in England, laid out by the first Earl Bathurst after 1714.
Abbey House, Cirencester was a country house built on the site of the former Cirencester Abbey following its dissolution and demolition at the English Reformation in the 1530s. The site was granted in 1564 to Richard Master, physician to Queen Elizabeth I. The house was rebuilt and altered at several dates by the Master family, who still own the agricultural estate. By 1897 the house was let, and it remained in the occupation of tenants until shortly after the Second World War. It was finally demolished in 1964.
On Cotswold Avenue is the site of a Roman amphitheatre which, while buried, retains its shape in the earthen topography of the small park setting. Cirencester was one of the most substantial cities of Roman-era Britain.
Sport[link]
In April 2006 the Cotswold Leisure Centre moved to its new site, the centre is run by the local district council. It includes a swimming pool, sauna, steam room, showers, relaxation area, a large sports hall, gym and fitness centre. The centre was closed for eight months to be repaired[9] after the flooding in July 2007. The town also has an open air swimming pool, dating back to 1870, this is run by a charity and local volunteers and is only open during the summer months.[10][11] It also hosts Cotswold Gymnastics Club, which has a British 2nd place Veteran as a coach, as well as having won approximately 63 medals from between 2005 and 2009. It is at Deer Park School.
The local football club, Cirencester Town F.C., are currently in the Southern League Premier Division as of 2011. The team is known as The Centurions, and moved in 2002 from their former ground at Smithsfield on the Tetbury Road to a purpose-built sports complex known as the Corinium Stadium. The club is designated by The Football Association as a Community Club because each week it provides football awareness, coaching, and competition, for over 300 children, ranging from age 6+ to 18. As well as the main pitch, there are six additional football pitches, mainly used by the junior football teams. The club has also developed a full-size indoor training area, known as The Arena, which is used for training, for social events, and for 5-a-side leagues throughout the year. The town also has another football team, Cirencester United F.C., and they play in the Hellenic Football League Division One West.
Cirencester Ladies Netball Club has three squads. The A team play in the 1st division of the Gloucestershire League. The B team in the 3rd Division and the C team in the 5th Division.
The Rugby Club are based at the Whiteway. They have four main teams, a colts, a Youth and Mini sections.
Cirencester Polo Club, founded in 1896, is the oldest polo club in the UK.[12] Its main grounds are located in Earl Bathurst's Cirencester Park. It is frequently used by The Prince of Wales and his sons The Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry.[13]
Cirencester Car Club is one of the oldest car clubs in the UK.[14]
Cirencester Cricket Club, has three senior Saturday league teams, a Friendly team and an Evening side. It also has a youth section, catering for children aged 6–17. Cirencester Cricket Club is situated in Lord Bathurst's Park, near to Cirencester Deer Park School.
Education[link]
The town and the surrounding area have several primary schools and two secondary schools, Deer Park School located on the Stroud Road and Kingshill School off the London Road. It also offers an independent school, catering for 3-18 year olds, Rendcomb College. The town used to have a 500 year old grammar school, which in 1966 joined with the secondary modern to form Cirencester Deer Park School. In 1991 Cirencester College was created, taking over the sixth form of Deer Park. It is located adjacent to Deer Park School.
The town also hosts the Royal Agricultural College which is located between the Stroud and Tetbury Roads.
Culture[link]
The Sundial Theatre, part of Cirencester College, hosts drama and musical events by community groups and professional touring companies. Cirencester Operatic Society[15] and Cirencester Philharmonia orchestra[16] are also resident in the town.
Notable people[link]
- Tony Adams, Arsenal and England footballer
- Pam Ayres, poet, actor, broadcaster
- Jacquie de Creed, stunt woman
- Robin Ince, comedian, actor
- Dom Joly, comedian, journalist, broadcaster
- Cozy Powell, drummer
References[link]
- ^ The website of Geoffrey Clifton Brown - Current MP for the Cotswold area
- ^ Room, Adrian, The Pronunciation of Placenames: A Worldwide Dictionary, McFarland, 2007, Pages 6 & 51
- ^ "Cirencester History Summary". Cirencester.co.uk. http://www.cirencester.co.uk/history.htm. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ "Town Council - Twinning with Itzehoe". Cirencester.gov.uk. http://www.cirencester.gov.uk/twinning.php. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ Andrew Breeze, 'Gildas and the Schools of Cirencester', The Antiquaries Journal, 90, 2010, p. 135
- ^ {"Reaction to local election results". http://www.wiltsglosstandard.co.uk/news/cotswolds/9021199.Reaction_to_local_election_results/.html. Retrieved 1 February 2012. ,
- ^ "Gloucestershire local council election results: Conservatives forge ahead". http://www.thisisgloucestershire.co.uk/Gloucestershire-local-council-election-results-Conservatives-forge-ahead/story-11924788-detail/story.html. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ Cirencester Baptist Church Website
- ^ "Re-Opening Press Release". Cotswold.gov.uk. 2007-12-06. http://www.cotswold.gov.uk/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=8417. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ "History of Open Air Pool". Cirenopenair.co.uk. http://www.cirenopenair.co.uk/. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ "Cirencester Open Air Pool, situated on the edge of Cirencester Park, uses local spring water which is heated to an average of 27 °C (80 °F). It is open to the public from July to September and is one of the oldest outdoor pools in the country". BBC. 3 June 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/content/panoramas/cirencester_outdoor_pool_360.shtml. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
- ^ Social Season - Warwickshire Cup, Debrett's, accessed January 31, 2012
- ^ The young royals: Prince William (1982-06-21). "BBC Prince William Article". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/content/articles/2005/05/03/prince_william_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ Societies & Clubs - Cirencester Car Club, Cirencester Town Council, accessed January 31, 2012
- ^ "Cirencester Operatic Society". Cirencester Operatic Society. http://www.cirencesteroperaticsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ^ "Cirencester Philharmonia". Cirencesterphil.co.uk. 2010-11-27. http://www.cirencesterphil.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
Bibliography[link]
- H.P.R. Finberg. "The Origin of Gloucestershire Towns" in Gloucestershire Studies, edited by H.P.R. Finberg. Leicester: University Press, 1957
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cirencester |
- Town Council
- Read a detailed historical record about Cirencester Roman Amphitheatre
- Cirencester at the Open Directory Project
- BBC archive film of Cirencester from 1979
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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Coordinates: 51°43′08″N 1°58′05″W / 51.719°N 1.968°W / 51.719; -1.968
Cirencester (i/ˈsaɪərənsɛstər/, occasionally i/sɪstər/; see below for more variations) is a market town in east Gloucestershire, England, 93 miles (150 km) west northwest of London. Cirencester lies on the River Churn, a tributary of the River Thames, and is the largest town in the Cotswold District. It is the home of the Royal Agricultural College, the oldest agricultural college in the English-speaking world founded in 1840. The town's Corinium Museum is well known for its extensive Roman collection. The Roman name for the town was Corinium, which is thought to have been associated with the ancient British Dobunni tribe, having the same root word as the River Churn. The earliest known reference to the town was by Ptolemy in AD 150.
Cirencester is twinned with Itzehoe, Germany
Cirencester lies on the lower dip slopes of the Cotswold Hills, an outcrop of oolitic limestone. Natural drainage is into the River Churn, which flows roughly north to south through the eastern side of the town and joins the Thames near Cricklade a little to the south. The Thames itself rises just a few miles west of Cirencester.
