- published: 20 Feb 2011
- views: 72850
- author: Elizabeth Todd Burns
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- Alamodome
- Alice, Texas
- Amarillo, Texas
- American Bank Center
- American football
- Aransas Bay
- Aransas River
- Area code 210
- Area code 361
- Area code 830
- Area code 956
- Area code 979
- Ark-La-Tex
- Arlington, Texas
- Association football
- AT&T; Center
- Atascosa River
- Austin, Texas
- Baffin Bay
- Baseball
- Basketball
- Baytown, Texas
- Beaumont, Texas
- Bee County, Texas
- Bexar County
- Bexar County, Texas
- Big Bend (Texas)
- Brauning Lake
- Brazos Valley
- Brooks County, Texas
- Brownsville, Texas
- Bryan, Texas
- Central Texas
- Civil War
- Climate of Texas
- Coastal Bend College
- Copano Bay
- Corpus Christi Bay
- Corpus Christi Fuel
- Corpus Christi Hooks
- Crime in Texas
- Cross Timbers
- Culture of Texas
- Dallas
- Del Mar College
- Denison, Texas
- Desert climate
- DeWitt County, Texas
- Dimmit County, Texas
- Division I (NCAA)
- Drought
- Duval County, Texas
- Duval-Freer Airport
- Eagle Pass, Texas
- East Texas
- Economy of Texas
- Edinburg Roadrunners
- Edinburg Stadium
- Edinburg, Texas
- Education in Texas
- Edwards Plateau
- El Paso, Texas
- Football (soccer)
- Fort Hood
- Fort Worth, Texas
- Frio County, Texas
- Frio River
- Geography of Texas
- Gladys Porter Zoo
- Goliad County, Texas
- Government of Texas
- Gulf Of Mexico
- Gulf of Mexico
- Harlingen Field
- Harlingen, Texas
- Heroes Stadium
- Hispanic
- History of Texas
- Houston
- Hurricanes
- Ice hockey
- Interstate 10
- Interstate 35
- Interstate 37
- Interstate 69
- Karnes County, Texas
- Kenedy County, Texas
- Killeen, Texas
- King Ranch
- Kingsville, Texas
- Kinney County, Texas
- Laguna Madre
- Lake Amistad
- Lake Calaveras
- Lake Casa Blanca
- Lake Corpus Christi
- Languages of Texas
- Laredo Ballpark
- Laredo Bucks
- Laredo Energy Arena
- Laredo Heat
- Laredo Lemurs
- Laredo Rattlesnakes
- Laredo, Texas
- Lavaca Bay
- Lavaca County, Texas
- Leander McNelly
- Leona River
- Llano Estacado
- Longview, Texas
- Lubbock, Texas
- Main Campus, McAllen
- Matagorda Bay
- Matagorda Island
- McAllen
- McAllen Thunder
- McAllen, Texas
- Medina County, Texas
- Mesquite
- Mexican American
- Mexican-American War
- Mexico
- Midland, Texas
- Mirador de la Flor
- Mission Bay (Texas)
- Mission River
- Mission, Texas
- Mitchell Lake
- Mustang Island
- NBA
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- New Braunfels, Texas
- North Texas
- Northeast Texas
- Nueces Bay
- Nueces County
- Nueces County, Texas
- Nueces River
- Odessa, Texas
- Osage Plains
- Oso Bay
- Padre Island
- Palo Alto College
- Pharr, Texas
- Piney Woods
- Politics of Texas
- Port Arthur, Texas
- Rio Grande
- Rio Grande City
- Rio Grande River
- Rio Grande Valley
- Robert E. Lee
- Rockport, Texas
- Round Rock, Texas
- San Angelo, Texas
- San Antonio
- San Antonio Bay
- San Antonio College
- San Antonio Missions
- San Antonio Rampage
- San Antonio River
- San Antonio Spurs
- San Antonio Talons
- San Antonio Zoo
- San Antonio, Texas
- San Benito, Texas
- San Juan, Texas
- San Marcos, Texas
- Schertz, Texas
- SeaWorld San Antonio
- Seguin, Texas
- Selena
- Sephardic
- Sherman, Texas
- Snow
- South Padre Island
- South Plains
- South Texas
- South Texas College
- Southeast Texas
- Spanish Texas
- Sports in Texas
- Starr County, Texas
- State Farm Arena
- Sugar Land, Texas
- TAMIU Soccer Complex
- Tech Campus, McAllen
- Tejano
- Template talk Texas
- Template Texas
- Temple, Texas
- Texarkana, Texas
- Texas
- Texas Coastal Bend
- Texas cuisine
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- Texas State Aquarium
- Thunderstorms
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- U.S. Highway 181
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- United States
- US Route 281
- Uvalde County, Texas
- Victoria, Texas
- Waco, Texas
- Webb County
- Webb County, Texas
- Weslaco, Texas
- West Texas
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- Wildfire
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Abilene, Texas
Abilene (
/ˈæbəliːn/ AB-ə-leen) is a city in Taylor and Jones counties in west central Texas. The population was 117,063 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Abilene Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had a 2006 estimated population of 158,063. It is the county seat of Taylor County.Dyess Air Force Base is located on the west side of the city.
Abilene is located off Interstate 20, between exits 279 on its western edge and 292 on the east. Abilene is 150 miles (240 km) west of Fort Worth, Texas. The city is looped by I-20 to the north, US 83/84 on the west, and Loop 322 to the east. A railroad divides the city down the center into north and south. The historic downtown area is on the north side of the railroad.
The fastest-growing sections of the city are growing to the southwest, along Southwest Drive, the Winters Freeway, and the Buffalo Gap Road corridor; the southeast, along Loop 322, Oldham Lane, Industrial Drive, and Maple Street; and in the northeast near the intersection of SH 351 and I-20. Many developments have begun in these three areas within the last few years. There are three lakes in the city, Lytle Lake on the western edge of Abilene Regional Airport, Kirby Lake on the southeast corner of the US 83/84 & Loop 322 interchange, and Lake Fort Phantom Hill in Jones County in north Abilene.
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Alice, Texas
Alice is a city in and the county seat of Jim Wells County, Texas, United States, in the South Texas region of the state. The population was 19,104 at the 2010 census. Alice was established in 1888. First it was called Bandana, then Kleberg and finally Alice after Alice Gertrudis King Kleberg, the daughter of Richard King, who established the King Ranch.
Alice originated from the defunct community of Collins, three miles to the east. Around 1880 the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway attempted to build a line through Collins, which then had about 2,000 inhabitants. The townspeople were not amenable to selling their land to the railroad company; consequently, the railroad site was moved three miles west, and in 1883 a depot called Bandana was established at its junction with the Corpus Christi, San Diego and Rio Grande Railway. Bandana soon became a thriving cattle-shipping point, and application for a post office was made under the name Kleberg in honor of Robert Justus Kleberg. The petition was denied because a town named Kleberg already appeared on the post office list, so residents then chose the name Alice, in honor of Alice Gertrudis King Kleberg, Kleberg's wife and the daughter of Richard King. The Alice post office opened for business in 1888. Within a few years the remaining residents of Collins moved to Alice, which was by then a thriving community.
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Amarillo, Texas
Amarillo /æməˈrɪlɵ/ is the 14th-largest city, by population, in the state of Texas, the largest in the Texas Panhandle, and the seat of Potter County. A portion of the city extends into Randall County. The population was 190,695 at the 2010 census (105,486 in Potter County, and 85,209 in Randall). The Amarillo metropolitan area has an estimated population of 236,113 in four counties.
Amarillo, originally named Oneida, is situated in the Llano Estacado region. The availability of the railroad and freight service provided by the Fort Worth and Denver City Railroad contributed to the city's growth as a cattle marketing center in the late 19th century. Amarillo is the regional economic center for the Texas Panhandle, and is economically important to Eastern New Mexico and the Oklahoma Panhandle.
The city was once the self-proclaimed "Helium Capital of the World" for having one of the country's most productive helium fields. The city is also known as "The Yellow Rose of Texas" (as the city takes its name from the Spanish word for yellow), and most recently "Rotor City, USA" for its V-22 Osprey hybrid aircraft assembly plant. Amarillo operates one of the largest meat packing areas in the United States. Pantex, the only nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly facility in the country, is also a major employer. The attractions Cadillac Ranch and Big Texan Steak Ranch are located adjacent to Interstate 40. U.S. Highway 66 also passed through the city.
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Aransas Bay
Aransas Bay is a bay on the Texas gulf coast, approximately 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Corpus Christi, and 173 miles (278 km) south of San Antonio. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by San José Island (also referred to as St. Joseph Island). Aransas Pass is the most direct navigable outlet into the Gulf of Mexico from the bay. The cities of Aransas Pass and Port Aransas are located at the southern end, and Rockport is found on the central western shore. The bay is oriented laterally northeast-southwest, and is extended by Redfish Bay to the southwest, Copano Bay to the west, Saint Charles Bay to the north, and Mesquite Bay to the northeast.
There is a rich history of settlements on the bay, including: ancient Native American campgrounds dating back millennia; 19th century European immigrant towns such as Lamar and Aransas; and the present day cities of Rockport, Fulton and Aransas Pass. Resources such as shrimp, fish, oysters and oil are found in or near the bay, and contribute to the local economies.
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Arlington, Texas
Arlington is a city in Tarrant County, Texas (USA) within the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census results, the city had a population of 365,438, making it the third largest municipality in the Metroplex. Arlington is the seventh-largest city in Texas and the 50th largest city in the United States.
Located approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of downtown Fort Worth and 20 miles (32 km) west of downtown Dallas, Arlington is home to the University of Texas at Arlington, a doctoral-granting institution, and a General Motors assembly plant. Additionally Arlington hosts the Texas Rangers' Rangers Ballpark in Arlington, Cowboys Stadium, the International Bowling Campus (which houses the United States Bowling Congress, International Bowling Museum and the International Bowling Hall of Fame), the headquarters for American Mensa, and the theme parks Six Flags Over Texas (the original Six Flags) and Hurricane Harbor. The city borders Kennedale, Grand Prairie, Mansfield and Fort Worth, and surrounds the smaller communities of Dalworthington Gardens and Pantego. Arlington is the headquarters of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV.
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Austin, Texas
Austin (/ˈɒstɨn/ or /ˈɔːstɨn/) is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the 14th most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 790,390 (2010 U.S. Census). The city is the cultural and economic center of the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan area, which had an estimated population 1,783,519 (2011 U.S. Census), making it the 34th-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States.
In the 1830s, pioneers began to the settle the area in central Austin along the Colorado River. After Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar visited the area during a buffalo-hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838, he proposed that the republic's capital then located in Houston, Texas, be relocated to the area situated on the north bank of the Colorado River near the present-day Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge. In 1839, the site was officially chosen as the republic's new capital (the republic's seventh and final location) and was incorporated under the name, Waterloo. Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the "Father of Texas" and the republic's first secretary of state.
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Baytown, Texas
Baytown is a city within Harris County and partially in Chambers County in the Gulf Coast region of the U.S. state of Texas. Located within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area, it lies along both State Highway 146 and Interstate 10. As of 2010, Baytown had an population of 71,802. It is the fourth-largest city within the metropolitan area.
The area of Baytown began to be settled as early as 1822. One of its earliest residents was Nathaniel Lynch, who set up a ferry crossing at the junction of the San Jacinto River and Buffalo Bayou. The ferry service that he started is still in operation today, now known as the Lynchburg Ferry. Other early residents of Baytown include William Scott, one of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred, and Ashbel Smith, who owned a plantation in the area.
The city now known as Baytown was originally three separate towns. The first of these was Goose Creek, named for the bayou of the same name where Canada Geese wintered and whose name is still reflected in the area's Goose Creek CISD, whose establishment dates back to before 1850. With the discovery of the Goose Creek Oil Field, the rival communities of Pelly in the late 1910s, and East Baytown in the early 1920s, developed as early boomtowns. The "East" in East Baytown was later dropped because it was west of Goose Creek.
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Beaumont, Texas
Beaumont ( /ˈboʊmɒnt/) is a city in and county seat of Jefferson County, Texas, United States, within the Beaumont–Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city's population was 118,296 at the 2010 census. With Port Arthur and Orange, it forms the Golden Triangle, a major industrial area on the Gulf Coast.
Lamar University with its 15,000 students is located in Beaumont. The city's daily newspaper is The Beaumont Enterprise, while The Examiner is published weekly.
Gulf States Utilities had its headquarters in Beaumont until its absorption by Entergy Corporation in 1993. GSU's Edison Plaza headquarters is still the tallest building in Beaumont (as of 2011). Since 1907, Beaumont has been home of the South Texas State Fair. In 2004, the venue for the Fair changed to Ford Park, a new, larger facility on the west end of Beaumont.
In 1824 Noah and Nancy Tevis settled on the west bank of Neches River and organized a farm. Soon after that, a small community grew up around the farm, which was named Tevis Bluff or Neches River Settlement. In 1835 the land of Tevises together with nearby community of Santa Anna (in total, 50 acres or 200,000 m2) was purchased by Henry Millard (1796?–1844), Joseph P. Pulsifer (1805–1861) and Thomas B. Huling (1804–1865), who began planning a town to be laid out on this land. This town was named Beaumont, after Jefferson Beaumont the brother in law of Henry Millard.
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Bee County, Texas
Bee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. Bee County was founded December 8, 1857. As of the 2010 census, the population was 31,861. Its county seat is Beeville. Bee County is named for Barnard E. Bee, Sr., a secretary of state of the Republic of Texas.
The Beeville Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Bee County and partial of Refugio County, Texas.
The Bee County Courthouse was designed by the architect William Charles Stephenson, originally from Buffalo, New York. The original courthouse, completed in 1912, cost $72,000. He also sculpted the "Justice Is Blind" monument (In his own words, an "Enlightened Justice") that tops the Courthouse; he intentionally chose the "non-blindfolded" concept. The structure uses the Chicago window style of a glass pane flanked by two narrow ones. It is classical with the grand portico having Corinthian columns at the entry.
Stephenson also designed the Rialto Theater in Beeville, now used for special occasion, not the running of films, which is located close to the Joe Barnhart Library. He helped construct the death mask of U.S. President William McKinley, who was assassinated in Buffalo in 1901. Stephenson also designed the courthouse in McMullen County, Texas and many other buildings, grand homes, schools, churches, and commercial buildings in and around Beeville.
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Bexar County, Texas
Bexar County ( /ˈbɛər/) is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population is 1,714,773, making it the 19th most populous county in the nation. Its county seat is San Antonio. In old Spanish, "Béxar" is pronounced [ˈbexar].
Bexar County is the central county of the San Antonio-New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area. Despite being situated in the reliably Republican state of Texas, Bexar County is a major bellwether in presidential elections. The county has a perfect record of voting for the winning candidate in every presidential election since 1972.
Bexar County was created on December 20, 1836, and encompassed almost the entire western portion of the Republic of Texas, including the disputed areas of western New Mexico northward to Wyoming. After statehood, 128 counties were carved out of its area.
The county gets its name from San Antonio de Béxar, one of the twenty-three municipalities (administrative divisions) of Texas at the time of its independence. San Antonio de Béxar—originally Villa of San Fernando de Béxar—was the first civil government established in the Spanish province of Texas. Specifically, the municipality was created in 1731 when fifty-five Canary Islanders settled near the system of missions that had been established around the source of the San Antonio River. The new settlement was named after the Presidio San Antonio de Béjar, the Spanish military outpost that protected the missions. The presidio, located at the San Pedro Springs, was founded in 1718 and named for Viceroy Balthasar Manuel de Zúñiga y Guzmán Sotomayor y Sarmiento, second son of the Duke of Béxar (a town in Spain).
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Big Bend (Texas)
The Big Bend is a colloquial name of a geographic region in the western part of the state of Texas in the United States along the border with Mexico, roughly defined as the counties north of the prominent northward bend in the Rio Grande as it passes through the gap between the Chisos Mountains in Texas and the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. It is sometimes loosely defined as the part of Texas south of U.S. Highway 90 and west of the Pecos River.
The region is sparsely populated, arid, and rugged, containing the Chisos and the Davis Mountain ranges. The region has more than one million acres (4,000 km²) of public lands, including Big Bend National Park and Big Bend Ranch State Park along the north side of the Rio Grande.
The largest towns in the region are Alpine, Presidio, Marfa, Sanderson, and Marathon.
Coordinates: 30°N 103°W / 30°N 103°W / 30; -103
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Brooks County, Texas
Brooks County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population is 7,223. Its county seat is Falfurrias. Brooks is named for James Abijah Brooks, a Texas Ranger and legislator.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 944 square miles (2,444.9 km2), of which 943 square miles (2,442.4 km2) is land and 0 square miles (0.0 km2) (0.03%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,976 people, 2,711 households, and 2,079 families residing in the county. The population density was 8 people per square mile (3/km²). There were 3,203 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile (1/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 75.84% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 21.58% from other races, and 1.77% from two or more races. 91.57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 2,711 households out of which 38.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.20% were married couples living together, 19.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.30% were non-families. 21.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.38.
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Brownsville, Texas
Brownsville is a city in the southernmost tip of the state of Texas, in the United States. It is located on the northern bank of the Rio Grande, directly north and across the border from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Brownsville is the 16th largest city in the state of Texas with a population of 175,023. In addition, the Matamoros–Brownsville Metropolitan Area counts with a population of 1,136,995, making it the 4th largest metropolitan area in the Mexico-US border.
The area in Brownsville is one of the fastest growing urban areas in the United States. The city's population dramatically increased after it experienced a boom in the steel industry during the 1900s, where it produced three times its annual capacity. Nowadays, the Port of Brownsville is a major economic hub for South Texas, where shipments from Mexico, other parts of the United States and the world arrive. Brownsville's economy is mainly based on its international trade with Mexico through the NAFTA agreement, and is home to one of the fastest growing manufacturing sectors in the nation. In addition, Brownsville's climate has often been recognized among the best pro-business climates in the United States, and the city has also been ranked among the least expensive places to live in the U.S.
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Bryan, Texas
Bryan is a city in Brazos County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 76,201. It is the county seat of Brazos County and is located in the heart of the Brazos Valley (Southeast Central Texas). It shares its border with the city of College Station, which lies to its south. Together they are referred to as the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area, the sixteenth largest Metropolitan area in Texas containing around 190,000 people.
The city is centrally located, approximately equidistant from three of the 10 largest cities in the United States. It is 92 miles (148 km) north-northwest of Houston, 166 miles (267 km) northeast of San Antonio and 169 miles (272 km) south of Dallas. It is 104 miles (167 km) east of Austin, the state capital of Texas. 75% of the Texas and Louisiana populations (13.1 million people) live within 3.5 driving hours of Bryan.
The area around Bryan, Texas was part of a land grant to Moses Austin by Spain. Moses Austin's son, Stephen F. Austin helped bring settlers to the area. Among the settlers was William Joel Bryan, the nephew of Stephen F. Austin. The town of Bryan was founded in 1821. It grew quickly when the Houston and Texas Central Railroad arrived in 1860. In 1866, the county seat of Brazos County, Texas was changed from Boonville, Texas to Bryan. A short time later, in 1871, the City of Bryan became incorporated.
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Copano Bay
Copano Bay is a northwestern extension of Aransas Bay, west of Rockport, Texas in Refugio and Aransas counties. It is supplied with seawater from the Gulf of Mexico via Aransas Bay, and fed freshwater from the Aransas River, Mission River and Copano Creek. As an estuary, the bay is home to a diverse ecosystem consisting of various birds including the endangered whooping crane, and numerous finfish including the redfish as well as shellfish such as oysters. It is classified as a nursery for shrimp, which prohibits production from the bay. Copano Bay is also an historic location for human usage and settlement that dates back to the 18th century, beginning with the historic port of El Copano and the 19th century settlements of St. Mary's of Aransas and Copano. The present-day towns of Bayside, Copano Village and Holiday Beach were all founded in the 20th century. Oil and natural gas are pumped from below the bay's surface, and contribute to the livelihood of the local economies.
Copano Bay was inhabited by the nomadic Aransas Indians, who constructed camps along the shore, 4,000 years ago. The Aransas people left the area approximately 700 years ago, and were replaced around 1400 CE by the Copane Indians, for whom the bay is named. The Copane were one of five groups making up the Karankawas, hunter-gatherers who occupied the mid-Texas coast.
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Cross Timbers
The term Cross Timbers is used to describe a strip of land in the United States that runs from southeastern Kansas across Central Oklahoma to Central Texas. Made up of a mix of prairie, savanna, and woodland, it forms part of the boundary between the more heavily forested eastern country and the almost treeless Great Plains, and also marks the western habitat limit of many mammals and insects.
No major metropolitan areas lie wholly within the Cross Timbers, although roughly the western half of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex does, including the cities of Fort Worth, Denton, Arlington, and Weatherford. The western suburbs of the Tulsa metropolitan area and the northeastern suburbs of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area also lie within this area. The main highways that cross the region are I-35 and I-35W going north to south (although they tend to skirt the Cross Timbers' eastern fringe south of Fort Worth) and I-40 going east to west. Numerous U.S. Highways also cross the area.
The Cross Timbers are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as Ecoregion 29, a Level III ecoregion. Some organizations and maps refer to the Cross Timbers ecoregion as the Central Oklahoma/Texas Plains. The Cross Timbers are contained within the WWF Central forest-grasslands transition ecoregion.
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Dallas
Dallas ( /ˈdæləs/) is the third-largest city in the state of Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. The Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex is the largest metropolitan area in the South and fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Divided between Collin, Dallas, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties, the city had a population of 1,197,816 in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau.
The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area (the DFW MSA) that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of 6,371,773. The metroplex economy is the sixth largest in the United States, with a 2010 gross metropolitan product of $374 billion.
Dallas was founded in 1841 and was formally incorporated as a city in February 1856. The city's economy is primarily based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, computer technology, energy, healthcare and medical research, transportation and logistics. The city is home to the third largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas and a major city in the American South, Dallas is the main core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States that lacks any navigable link to the sea.
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Denison, Texas
Denison is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The population was 22,773 at the 2000 census; it is estimated to have grown to 24,127 in 2009. Denison is one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The city of Denison was founded in 1872 in conjunction with the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad (MKT) or "Katy" depot. It was named after the wealthy Ryan Greenwood vice president George Denison. Because the town was established at the intersection of the MKT and the Red River (both important conduits of transportation in the industrial era), it came to be an important commercial center in the 19th century American West. In 1875 John Henry "Doc" Holliday had offices in Denison.
During the phylloxera epidemic of the mid-19th century, which destroyed the vast majority of wine grapes in Europe, Denison horticulturalist T.V. Munson pioneered methods in creating phylloxera resistant vines, and earned induction into the French Legion of Honor, as well as sister city status for Denison and Cognac, France.
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DeWitt County, Texas
DeWitt County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 20,097. DeWitt County is named for Green DeWitt, who founded an early colony in Texas. The seat of the county is Cuero. It was founded in 1846.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 910 square miles (2,356.9 km2), of which 909 square miles (2,354.3 km2) is land and 1 square mile (2.6 km2) (0.14%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,013 people, 7,207 households, and 5,131 families residing in the county. The population density was 22 people per square mile (8/km²). There were 8,756 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 76.42% White, 11.04% Black or African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 10.01% from other races, and 1.75% from two or more races. 27.24% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.0% were of German and 6.1% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 77.2% spoke English, 20.5% Spanish and 1.6% German as their first language.
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Dimmit County, Texas
Dimmit County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 9,996. It is named for Philip Dimmitt, a major figure in the Texas Revolution. The spelling of the county name and the spelling of the individual's name differ because of a misspelling error in the bill creating the county name. The same situation resulted in the 19th century in Kearney, Nebraska, when that community was named for Mexican War General Stephen W. Kearny.
The seat of the county is Carrizo Springs. The county was founded in 1858.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,334 square miles (3,455.0 km2), of which 1,331 square miles (3,447.3 km2) is land and 3 square miles (7.8 km2) (0.27%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there are 10,248 people, 3,308 households, and 2,646 families residing in the county. The population density is 8 people per square mile (3/km²). There are 4,112 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile (1/km²). The racial makeup of the county is 76.95% White, 0.88% Black or African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 18.23% from other races, and 2.51% from two or more races. 84.97% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Duval County, Texas
Duval County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 11,782. It is named for Burr H. Duval, a soldier in the Texas Revolution who died in the Goliad Massacre. The seat of the county is San Diego. It was founded in 1858.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,796 square miles (4,651.6 km2), of which 1,793 square miles (4,643.8 km2) is land and 3 square miles (7.8 km2) (0.17%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,120 people, 4,350 households, and 3,266 families residing in the county. The population density was 7 people per square mile (3/km²). There were 5,543 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile (1/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 80.22% White, 0.54% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 15.46% from other races, and 3.11% from two or more races. 87.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,350 households out of which 36.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.20% were married couples living together, 16.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.90% were non-families. 22.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.40.
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Eagle Pass, Texas
Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County The population was 27,183 as of the 2010 census.
Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico, which is to the southwest and across the Rio Grande. The Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area (EG-PN) is one of six bi-national metropolitan areas along the United States-Mexican border. As of January 2008 (United States Census, 2008), the Eagle Pass Metropolitan Area's population is 48,401 people, and the Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area's population is 169,771.
Eagle Pass was the first United States settlement on the Rio Grande. Originally known as Camp Eagle Pass, it served as a temporary outpost for the Texas militia, which had been ordered to stop illegal trade with Mexico during the Mexican-American War.
The United States Army established the presumably permanent Fort Duncan on March 27, 1849, a couple of miles upstream from Camp Eagle Pass. Captain Sidney Burbank supervised the construction of Fort Duncan, which was named after Colonel James Duncan, a hero of the Mexican War. After the Mexican-American war, trade flourished under the protection of the fort. The fort was near the trail of westward immigration to California. It also served as an outpost against hostile Apache. It was abandoned and reopened several times. In March 1860, it served as the base of operations against the border assaults arranged by Juan N. Cortina.
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Edinburg Stadium
Edinburg Stadium is a stadium in Edinburg, Texas. It is primarily used for baseball, and was originally home to the Edinburg Roadrunners of the Texas-Louisiana League/Central Baseball League, and the UTPA Broncs of college baseball. It is currently home to the Broncs and is the home field of the Edinburg Roadrunners independent baseball team of United League Baseball. It originally opened in 2001, and includes a diamondvision scoreboard and luxury boxes. It holds 4,000 people, expandable to 14,000-16,000 for concerts and other special events.
Coordinates: 26°18′44″N 98°10′33″W / 26.31222°N 98.17583°W / 26.31222; -98.17583
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Edinburg, Texas
Edinburg is a city in and the county seat of Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 77,100 at the 2010 census. The University of Texas–Pan American, the only fully accredited four-year university in the Rio Grande Valley, is located in Edinburg.
Edinburg is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.
In 1908, John Closner, William Briggs, Argyle McAllen, Plutarco de la Viña and Dennis B. Chapin developed a new community (the town square of which is now located at the crossroads of U.S. Highway 281 and State Highway 107). The town was named Chapin in honor of one of the developers. It became the county seat of Hidalgo County in a dramatic, nighttime covert operation in which the county records were removed from the previous county seat, Hidalgo, Texas. When Dennis Chapin was involved in the shooting death of Oscar J. Rountree at the Dan Breen Saloon in San Antonio, Texas, the community changed its name to Edinburg to honor John Young, a prominent businessman who was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. The town was incorporated in 1919.
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Edwards Plateau
The Edwards Plateau is a region of west-central Texas which is bounded by the Balcones Fault to the south and east, the Llano Uplift and the Llano Estacado to the north, and the Pecos River and Chihuahuan Desert to the west.San Angelo, Austin, San Antonio and Del Rio roughly outline the area. The eastern portion of the plateau is the Texas Hill Country.
According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, the following 40 counties comprise the Edwards Plateau:
The bedrock consists primarily of limestone, with elevations ranging between 100 ft. and 3000 ft. Caves are numerous.
The landscape of the Plateau is mostly savanna scattered with trees. It mostly lacks deep soil suitable for farming, though the soil is fertile mollisols and some cotton, grain sorghum and oats are grown. For the most part, though, the thin soil and rough terrain areas are primarily grazing regions, with cattle, sheep and Angora goats predominant. Several rivers cross the region, which generally flow to the south and east through the Texas Hill Country toward the Gulf of Mexico; springs occur (in wet years), however permanent surface water supplies are sparse throughout the area, except for man-made reservoirs. The area is well drained; rainwater flows into the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone at the south of the plateau to feed rivers to the south. Rainfall varies from 15 to 33 in. per year, on average, from northwest to southeast, and the area has a moderate temperature and a reasonably long growing season.
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El Paso, Texas
El Paso /ɛlˈpæsoʊ/ is the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and lies in far West Texas. According to the 2010 census the city's population is 649,121. It is the sixth largest city in Texas and the 19th largest city in the United States. Its metropolitan area covers all of El Paso County, whose population in 2010 was 800,647.
El Paso stands on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte), across the border from Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. The two cities form a combined international metropolitan area, sometimes called El Paso–Juárez, with Juárez being the significantly larger of the two in population. They have a combined population of two million, two-thirds of which reside in Juárez. In 2010 El Paso was awarded an All-America City Award, the oldest community-recognition program in the United States.
El Paso is home to the University of Texas at El Paso (founded in 1914 as The Texas State School of Mines and Metallurgy, and later, Texas Western College; its current name dates from 1967) and the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso. Fort Bliss, one of the largest military complexes of the United States Army, lies to the east and northeast of the city, with training areas extending north into New Mexico, up to the White Sands Missile Range and neighboring Holloman Air Force Base in Alamogordo. El Paso is the first large city in the world to have a spaceport in the vicinity. Spaceport America, which lies 90 miles from El Paso, has seen the completion of several successful manned, suborbital flights. The Franklin Mountains extend into El Paso from the north and nearly divide the city into two sections; the western half forms the beginnings of the Mesilla Valley, and the eastern slopes connect in the central business district at the south end of the mountain range.
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Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. Located in North Central Texas, just southeast of the Texas Panhandle, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly 300 square miles (780 km2) in Tarrant, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the seat for Tarrant County. According to the 2010 Census, Fort Worth had a population of 741,206. It has been estimated that by 2030 it will have 1,211,665 residents. The city is the second most populous in the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area.
The city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design.USS Fort Worth (LCS-3) is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city.
Major General William Jenkins Worth (1794–1849) was second in command to General Zachary Taylor at the opening of the Mexican–American War in 1846. After the war, Worth was placed in command of the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849 Worth proposed a line of ten forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork and Clear Fork of the Trinity River. One month later Worth died from cholera. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas and ordered Major Ripley A. Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6, 1849, Arnold established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River and named the post Camp Worth in honor of the late General Worth. In August 1849 Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River.
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Frio County, Texas
Frio County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 17,217. It is named for the Frio River. The seat of the county is Pearsall.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,134 square miles (2,937.0 km2), of which 1,133 square miles (2,934.5 km2) is land and 1 square mile (2.6 km2) (0.11%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,252 people, 4,743 households, and 3,642 families residing in the county. The population density was 14 people per square mile (6/km²). There were 5,660 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile (2/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 71.86% White, 4.87% Black or African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 19.76% from other races, and 2.50% from two or more races. 73.76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 4,743 households out of which 40.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.20% were married couples living together, 16.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.20% were non-families. 20.60% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.44.
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Goliad County, Texas
Goliad County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population is 7,210. Its county seat is Goliad. Goliad is named for the Mexican Municipality of Goliad, which in turn is named for Father Miguel Hidalgo; "Goliad" is an anagram of Hidalgo, minus the silent H. It is a part of the Victoria, Texas, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 859 square miles (2,224.8 km2), of which 854 square miles (2,211.8 km2) is land and 6 square miles (15.5 km2) (0.68%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,928 people, 2,644 households, and 1,975 families residing in the county. The population density was 8 people per square mile (3/km²). There were 3,426 housing units at an average density of 4 per square mile (2/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 82.62% White, 4.82% Black or African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 10.05% from other races, and 1.73% from two or more races. 35.20% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Harlingen Field
Harlingen Field (a.k.a. known as Harlingen Municipal Stadium, Lon Hill Ballpark, or Giants Field) is a baseball park in Harlingen, Texas that has been home to professional baseball, such as the Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings and the Harlingen Giants, and high school baseball. It has undergone numerous expansions and renovations throughout its fifty-year history, most notably in the early 2000s.
Coordinates: 26°12′10.37″N 97°42′34.43″W / 26.2028806°N 97.7095639°W / 26.2028806; -97.7095639
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Harlingen, Texas
Harlingen /ˈhɑrlɨndʒən/ is a city in Cameron County in the heart of the Rio Grande Valley of south Texas, United States, about 30 miles (48 km) from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The city covers more than 34 square miles (88 km2), and is the second largest city in Cameron County and the sixth largest in the Rio Grande Valley. As of the 2010 Census the city had a total population of 64,849 and grew 12.5% since the 2000 Census.
Harlingen is a principal city of the Brownsville–Harlingen metropolitan area, which is part of the larger Brownsville-Harlingen-Raymondville combined statistical area, included in the Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan area.
Harlingen's strategic location at the intersection of U.S. highways 77 and 83 in northwestern Cameron County fostered its development as a distribution, shipping, and industrial center. In 1904 Lon C. Hill envisioned the Arroyo Colorado as a commercial waterway. He named the town he founded on the north bank after the Frisian city of Harlingen, Netherlands. The town's post office was established that year. The first school opened with fifteen pupils in 1905 near the Hill home, the first residence built in Harlingen. Harlingen incorporated on April 15, 1910, when the population totaled 1,126. In 1920 the census listed 1,748. The local economy at first was almost entirely agricultural. Major crops were vegetables and cotton.
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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Karnes County, Texas
Karnes County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,824. Its county seat is Karnes City. Karnes County is named for Henry Karnes, a soldier in the Texas Revolution.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 754 square miles (1,952.9 km2), of which 750 square miles (1,942.5 km2) is land and 3 square miles (7.8 km2) (0.43%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 15,446 people, 4,454 households, and 3,246 families residing in the county. The population density was 21 people per square mile (8/km²). There were 5,479 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 68.55% White, 10.79% Black or African American, 0.68% Native American, 0.43% Asian American, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 17.23% of other races, and 2.26% of two or more races. 47.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino American of any race.
There were 4,454 households out of which 34.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.60% were married couples living together, 13.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.10% were non-families. 24.40% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.15.
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Kenedy County, Texas
Kenedy County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. It is part of the Kingsville Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census, its population was 416. Its seat is Sarita, and the county is named for Mifflin Kenedy, an early rancher in the area. Kenedy County has the distinction of having the fourth-lowest population of any county in the United States, following Loving County, Texas, Kalawao County, Hawaii, and King County, Texas. It is also the easternmost and southernmost county in the United States that has more square miles than people. The county was created in 1921 from parts of Hidalgo and Willacy counties. In 1999, Hurricane Bret struck the county, but damage was minimal due to the county's low population. The Peñascal Wind Power Project was built near Sarita in the early 21st Century and is expected to slightly raise the population of the area.
The King Ranch covers a large part of the county. [1]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,946 square miles (5,040.1 km2), of which 1,457 square miles (3,773.6 km2) are land and 489 square miles (1,266.5 km2) (25.12%) are water. In total area, Kenedy is the 13th largest county in Texas. In land area only, it is the 25th-largest county in Texas. Baffin Bay makes up much of the border with Kleberg County.
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Killeen, Texas
Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, in the United States. The population was 86,911 at the 2000 census. As of 2009, Killeen had 119,510 people. In 2010 Killeen's population shot to 127,921.[citation needed] It is a "principal city" of the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Killeen is directly adjacent to the main cantonment of Fort Hood, and as such its economy heavily depends on the post and the soldiers (and their families) stationed there.
In 1881, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway extended its tracks through central Texas, buying 360 acres (1.5 km2) a few miles southwest of a small farming community known as Palo Alto, which had existed since about 1872. The railroad platted a 70-block town on its land and named it after Frank P. Killeen, the assistant general manager of the railroad. By the next year the town included a railroad depot, a saloon, several stores, and a school. Many of the residents of the surrounding smaller communities in the area moved to Killeen and by 1884 the town had grown to include about 350 people, served by five general stores, two gristmills, two cotton gins, two saloons, a lumberyard, a blacksmith shop, and a hotel. Killeen expanded as it became an important shipping point for cotton, wool, and grain in western Bell and eastern Coryell counties. About 780 people lived in Killeen by 1900. Around 1905, local politicians and businessmen convinced the Texas legislature to build bridges over Cowhouse Creek and other streams, doubling Killeen's trade area. A public water system began operation in 1914 and its population had increased to 1,300 residents.
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Kingsville, Texas
Kingsville is a city in and the county seat of Kleberg County, Texas, United States. The population was 26,213 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Kingsville Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger Corpus Christi-Kingsville Combined Statistical Area.
Kingsville was formed in 1904 and named after Captain Richard King, owner of the King Ranch.
Kingsville is located at 27°30′54″N 97°51′56″W / 27.515°N 97.86556°W / 27.515; -97.86556 (27.515024, -97.865507).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.9 square miles (36 km2), of which 13.8 square miles (36 km2) are land and 0.04-square-mile (0.10 km2) of it (0.22%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 25,575 people, 8,943 households, and 6,134 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,848.8 people per square mile (714.0/km²). There were 10,427 housing units at an average density of 753.8 per square mile (291.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 71.10% White, 4.34% African American, 0.63% Native American, 1.73% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 18.81% from other races, and 3.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 67.06% of the population.
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Kinney County, Texas
Kinney County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,598. Its seat is Brackettville. Kinney County is named for Henry Lawrence Kinney, an early settler.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,365 square miles (3,535.3 km2), of which 1,363 square miles (3,530.2 km2) is land and 2 square miles (5.2 km2) (0.14%) is water. The county is separated from Mexico by the Rio Grande, and drained by numerous small tributaries of that river.
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,379 people, 1,314 households, and 940 families residing in the county. The population density was 2 people per square mile (1/km²). There were 1,907 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (1/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 75.82% White, 1.69% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 18.61% from other races, and 3.43% from two or more races. 50.52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Laredo, Texas
Laredo (/ləˈreɪdoʊ/ lə-RAY-doh; Spanish: [laˈɾeðo]) is the county seat of Webb County, Texas, United States, located on the north bank of the Rio Grande in South Texas, across from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. According to the 2010 census, the city population was 236,091 making it the 3rd most populated on the United States-Mexican border, after San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas. Laredo is part of the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with an estimate population of 636,516. Laredo's economy is based on international trade with Mexico. Most major transportation companies have a facility in Laredo. Laredo's location along the southern end of I-35 close to the manufacturers in North Mexico promotes its vital role in trade between the United States and Mexico.
Laredo has the distinction of flying seven flags (the Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande in addition to the Six Flags of Texas). Founded in 1755, Laredo grew from a villa to the capital of the brief Republic of the Rio Grande to the largest inland port on the United States-Mexican Border. Today, it has four international bridges and one railway bridge. Laredo's weather is semi-arid during the summer and mild during the winter.
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Lavaca Bay
Lavaca Bay is a northwestern extension of the Matagorda Bay system found mostly in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. The ports of Port Lavaca and Point Comfort have been established on the bay, and are the main areas of human habitation. Linnville was located on the bay until its abandonment after the Great Raid of 1840, and the major port of Indianola was found near the confluence with the main Matagorda Bay, until the town's final destruction following the massive hurricane of 1886. Smaller communities include Olivia, Alamo Beach and Magnolia Beach. Lavaca Bay is approximately 82 miles (130 km) northeast of Corpus Christi, about 121 miles (190 km) southwest of Houston, and 145 miles (230 km) southeast of San Antonio.
The bay is noted for its superfund site, caused by mercury pollution from the heavy industry in Point Comfort (specifically Alcoa), across the bay from the largest settlement of Port Lavaca. Although fishing has declined in recent years due to fears of contamination, the bay supports a large finfish population, and the efforts of environmental organizations and the federal government have pressured Alcoa to reduce the polluted areas.
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Lavaca County, Texas
Lavaca County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 19,263. Its county seat is Hallettsville. The county is named for the Lavaca River.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 970 square miles (2,512.3 km2), of which 969 square miles (2,509.7 km2) is land and 1 square mile (2.6 km2) (0.05%) is water.
See List of highways in Lavaca County for more roadways in Lavaca County.
As of the census of 2000, there were 19,210 people, 7,669 households, and 5,391 families residing in the county. The population density was 20 people per square mile (8/km²). There were 9,657 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile (4/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 86.86% White, 6.79% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 4.84% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. 11.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 27.0% were of Czech, 24.1% German, 9.1% American and 5.1% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 86.3% spoke English, 7.7% Spanish, 4.6% Czech and 1.2% German as their first language.
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Longview, Texas
Longview is a city in Gregg and Harrison Counties in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 80,455. Most of the city is located in Gregg County, of which it is the county seat; only a small part extends into the western part of neighboring Harrison County. It is situated in East Texas, on the grid of Interstate 20 and U.S. Highways 80 and 259, just north of the Sabine River. Longview is a commercial hub for the Longview Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Longview is the principal city of the Longview Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the larger MSA made up of Gregg, Upshur, and Rusk counties (population 271,669). Longview is considered a major hub city in the region, as is the nearby city of Tyler.
Longview is located at 32°30′33″N 94°45′14″W / 32.50917°N 94.75389°W / 32.50917; -94.75389 (32.509147, -94.753909). Longview is surrounded by many smaller cities and towns including: Kilgore, Gladewater, Gilmer, Ore City, Hallsville, Harleton, Diana, White Oak, and Lakeport. It is approximately 40 miles (64 km) east of the similarly sized city of Tyler.
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Lubbock, Texas
Lubbock ( /ˈlʌbək/) is a city in and the county seat of Lubbock County, Texas, United States. The city is located in the northwestern part of the state, a region known historically as the Llano Estacado, and is home to three universities: Lubbock Christian University, Texas Tech University, and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. At the 2010 census, Lubbock had a population of 229,573, making it the 87th most populous city in the United States and the 11th most populous city in Texas. The city is the economic center of the Lubbock metropolitan area, which had an estimated 2009 population of 276,659.
Lubbock's nickname is the "Hub City," which derives from it being the economic, education, and health care hub of a multi-county region commonly called the South Plains. The area is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world and is heavily dependent on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Lubbock was selected as the 12th best place to start a small business by CNNMoney.com. They mentioned the community's traditional business atmosphere, less expensive rent for commercial space, and its central location and cooperation from city government. Lubbock High School has been recognized for three consecutive years by Newsweek as one of the top high schools in the United States. Lubbock High School is home to the only International Baccalaureate (IB) program in the region. The IB program is one of the criteria examined by Newsweek in formulating their list of top high schools.
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McAllen
McAllen is the largest city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. It is located at the southern tip of Texas in an area known as the Rio Grande Valley and is part of the American Southwest. Its southern boundary is located about five miles from the U.S.–Mexico border and the Mexican city of Reynosa, the Rio Grande, and about 70 miles (110 km) west of South Padre Island and the Gulf of Mexico. The 2010 census put the city's population at 129,877 and the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission metropolitan area at 774,769. The Reynosa–McAllen Metropolitan Area counts with a population of nearly 1.7 million.
The area around McAllen was largely rural in character dependent on agriculture for much of its history since it was settled in 1904. The latter half of the 20th century was marked by steady growth that accelerated during the 1980s and led to an economic and population boom in the 1990s and 2000s. Today the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission metropolitan area is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States, although most of its growth was from surrounding smaller cities. The introduction of the maquiladora economy and the North American Free Trade Association led to a boom in international trade, cross-border commerce with Mexico and health care. McAllen's Medicare spending per capita has attracted national scrutiny due to a sharp increase from a national average in 1992 to a near national high by 2006.
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McAllen, Texas
McAllen is the largest city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. It is located at the southern tip of Texas in an area known as the Rio Grande Valley and is part of the American Southwest. Its southern boundary is located about five miles from the U.S.–Mexico border and the Mexican city of Reynosa, the Rio Grande, and about 70 miles (110 km) west of South Padre Island and the Gulf of Mexico. The 2010 census put the city's population at 129,877 and the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission metropolitan area at 774,769. The Reynosa–McAllen Metropolitan Area counts with a population of nearly 1.7 million.
The area around McAllen was largely rural in character dependent on agriculture for much of its history since it was settled in 1904. The latter half of the 20th century was marked by steady growth that accelerated during the 1980s and led to an economic and population boom in the 1990s and 2000s. Today the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission metropolitan area is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States, although most of its growth was from surrounding smaller cities. The introduction of the maquiladora economy and the North American Free Trade Association led to a boom in international trade, cross-border commerce with Mexico and health care. McAllen's Medicare spending per capita has attracted national scrutiny due to a sharp increase from a national average in 1992 to a near national high by 2006.
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Medina County, Texas
Medina County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 46,006. Its seat is Hondo. The county is named for the Medina River.
The Medina Dam, the fourth largest in the nation when completed in 1913, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The irrigation project, creating Medina Lake, was built by 1500 skilled workers, mostly Mexican, who worked in shifts operating 24 hours a day to complete the dam in two years.
Medina County is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,335 square miles (3,456 km²), of which 1,328 square miles (3,439 km²) is land and 7 square miles (17 km²) (0.51%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 39,304 people, 12,880 households, and 10,136 families residing in the county. The population density was 30 people per square mile (11/km²). There were 14,826 housing units at an average density of 11 per square mile (4/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 79.38% White, 2.20% Black or African American, 0.68% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 14.48% from other races, and 2.88% from two or more races. 45.47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Mexico
Mexico (
i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] (
listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Midland, Texas
Midland is a city in and the county seat of Midland County, Texas, United States, on the Southern Plains of the state's western area. A small portion of the city extends into Martin County. As of 2010, the population of Midland was 111,147. It is the principal city of the Midland, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Midland County. The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland–Odessa, Texas Combined Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 274,002 as of July 1, 2010. People in Midland are called Midlanders.
Midland was originally founded as the midway point between Fort Worth and El Paso on the Texas and Pacific Railroad in 1881. The city has received national recognition as the hometown of former First Lady Laura Bush, and the onetime home of former President George H.W. Bush, former President George W. Bush, and former First Lady Barbara Bush.
Midland was originally established in June 1881 as Midway Station, on the Texas and Pacific Railway; it earned its name because of its central location between Fort Worth and El Paso. At times Midland was nicknamed "The Tall City." But because there were already other towns in Texas by the name of Midway, the city changed its name to Midland in January 1884 when it was granted its first Post Office. Midland became the county seat of Midland county in March 1885 when that county was first organized and separated from Tom Green County. By 1890 it had become one of the most important cattle shipping centers in the state. The city was first incorporated in 1906, and by 1910 the city established its first fire department along with a new water system.
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Mirador de la Flor
Mirador de la Flor is a monument in Corpus Christi, Texas that was unveiled in 1997 to honor Selena Quintanilla-Pérez, a Tejano singer who was murdered two years earlier at the age of 23. People from around the world visit the site, which is located only a few miles north of Seaside Memorial Park where Selena is buried. The title of the monument translates to 'lookout of the flower'.
It is located at the corner of Peoples Street T-Head and Shoreline Boulevard and consists of a 5'8" life-sized bronze statue of Selena wearing a leather jacket with microphone in hand, sculpted by H.W. "Buddy" Tatum, a Corpus Christi artist. She is leaning against a concrete pillar looking towards the Corpus Christi Bay.
The monument also features mosaic tiles of white roses (Selena's favorite flower) on its north side by a staircase leading to the lower level and rear (on the lower level facing the Gulf of Mexico, and a large white rose affixed to the same pillar and a plaque facing Shoreline Boulevard. A 4-foot (1.2 m) high stainless steel barrier was added in 2000 to protect the statue and pillar from graffiti.[citation needed]
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Mission, Texas
Mission is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 77,058 at the 2010 census Mission is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.
Mission is located at 26°12′41″N 98°19′17″W / 26.21139°N 98.32139°W / 26.21139; -98.32139 (26.211402, -98.321277).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.1 square miles (62 km2), of which, 24.1 square miles (62 km2) of it is land and 0.04% is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 45,408 people, 13,766 households, and 11,384 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,881.9 people per square mile (726.6/km²). There were 17,723 housing units at an average density of 734.5 per square mile (283.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 77.63% White, 0.37% African American, 0.38% Native American, 1.63% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 18.64% from other races, and 2.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 81.03% of the population.
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Mustang Island
Mustang Island is a barrier island on the Gulf Coast of Texas in the United States. The island is 18 miles (29 km) long, stretching from Corpus Christi to Port Aransas. The island is oriented generally northeast-southwest, with the Gulf of Mexico on the east and south, and Corpus Christi Bay on the north and west. The island's southern end connects by roadway to Padre Island. At the northern end of the island is Port Aransas, beyond which is San José Island (also known as Saint Joseph Island). The Aransas Channel (also known as the "Aransas Pass" - for which the nearby town on the mainland is named), formed by the separation of Mustang and San José islands, is protected by jetties extending into the gulf from each island.
The town of Port Aransas, Texas is located at the northern end of the island. Mustang Island State Park encompasses the entire southern third of the island, including 3954 acres (16 km²) and 5 miles (8 km) of beach. The city of Corpus Christi includes the northernmost portion of Padre Island and part of Mustang Island between Port Aransas and the state park.
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New Braunfels, Texas
New Braunfelsi/ˌnjuː ˈbrɔːnfəlz/ is a city in Comal and Guadalupe counties in the U.S. state of Texas. It is one of the two principal cities of the San Antonio–New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being the City of San Antonio. Braunfels means "brown rock" in German; the city is named for Braunfels, in Germany. The city's population was 57,740 as of the 2010 census, up 58% from the 2000 census population of 36,494. It is the seat of Comal County. New Braunfels has a sizeable German Texan community. During the 19th century, its name was often spelled Neu-Braunfels, even by English speakers.
New Braunfels was established in 1845 by Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels, Commissioner General of the Adelsverein, also known as the Noblemen's Society (in German: Mainzer Adelsverein). Prince Solms named the settlement in honor of his home of Solms-Braunfels, Germany.
The Adelsverein organized hundreds of people in Germany to settle in Texas. Immigrants from Germany began arriving at Galveston in July, 1844. Most then traveled by ship to Indianola in December, 1844 and began the overland journey to the Fisher-Miller Land Grant purchased by Prince Solms. At the urging of John Coffee Hays, who realized the settlers would not have time to build homes and plant crops further inland before winter, and as the German settlers were traveling inland along the Guadalupe River, they stopped near the Comal Springs. Prince Solms bought two leagues of land from the Rafael Garza and Maria Antonio Veramendi Garza for $1,111.00.
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Northeast Texas
Coordinates: 32°26′N 94°59′W / 32.433°N 94.983°W / 32.433; -94.983
Northeast Texas is a region in the northeast corner of the U.S. state of Texas. It is geographically centered around two metropolitan areas strung along Interstate 20: Tyler in the west and Longview/Marshall to the east. Clarksville, Mount Pleasant, Greenville, Paris and Texarkana in the north and the Nacogdoches/Lufkin area, Jacksonville and Palestine to the south are also major cities within the region. Most of Northeast Texas is included in the inter-state region of the Arklatex.
Its climate is warmer and wetter than most of Texas and its geography is more hilly and forested. Its culture is similar to that of Southeast Texas, but does not have as much of a Cajun influence. Many of the largest cities in Northeast Texas still follow a rural Southern way of life, especially in dialect, mannerisms, religion, and cuisine.
The geography is composed mainly of the Piney Woods, a mixed forest of deciduous and conifer flora. The Piney woods cover 23,500 square miles (60,900 km²) of gently rolling or hilly forested land. These woods are part of a much larger region of pine-hardwood forest that extends into Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Northeast Texas lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain and receives more rainfall, 35 to 50 inches (890 to 1270 mm), than the rest of Texas.
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Nueces County, Texas
Nueces County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 340,223. The county seat is Corpus Christi and it is part of the Corpus Christi Metropolitan Statistical Area. Nueces County is named for the Nueces River, which flows through the county.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,166 square miles (3,020 km2), of which 836 square miles (2,170 km2) is land and 331 square miles (860 km2) (28.34%) is water.
Nueces County was formed in 1846 from portions of San Patricio County. It was named after the Nueces River.
As of the census of 2000, there were 313,645 people, 110,365 households, and 79,683 families residing in the county. The population density was 375 people per square mile (145/km²). There were 123,041 housing units at an average density of 147 per square mile (57/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 72.03% White, 4.24% Black or African American, 0.64% Native American, 1.16% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 18.74% from other races, and 3.13% from two or more races. 55.78% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Nueces River
The Nueces River is a river in the U.S. state of Texas, approximately 315 miles (507 km) long. It drains a region in central and southern Texas southeastward into the Gulf of Mexico. It is the southernmost major river in Texas northeast of the Rio Grande. Nueces is Spanish for nut or nuts; early settlers named the river after the numerous pecan trees along its banks.
The Nueces rises northwest of San Antonio in the Edwards Plateau, in Real County approximately 50 mi (80 km) north of Uvalde. It flows south through the Texas Hill Country, past Barksdale and Crystal City, approaching to within 35 mi (56 km) of the Rio Grande on the border with Mexico. East of Carrizo Springs it turns to the east, flowing through the scrub plains of South Texas, across rural Dimmit, La Salle,and McMullen counties. In La Salle county the river hardly ever flows except for when it rains. In central Live Oak County it is joined from the northwest by the Frio River, then flows southeast along the coastal plain past Mathis, where it is impounded to form the Lake Corpus Christi reservoir. It enters Corpus Christi Bay on the Gulf of Mexico at Corpus Christi.
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Odessa, Texas
Odessa is a city in and the county seat of Ector County, Texas, United States. It is located primarily in Ector County, although a small portion of the city extends into Midland County. Odessa's population was 99,940 at the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Odessa, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Ector County. The metropolitan area is also a component of the larger Midland–Odessa, Texas Combined Statistical Area, which had a population of 266,941 as of July 1, 2009. estimate.
Odessa was founded in 1881 as a water stop and cattle shipping point on the Texas and Pacific Railway. The first post office opened in 1885. Odessa became the county seat of Ector county in 1891 when Ector county was first organized. It became an incorporated city in 1927, after oil was discovered in Ector county on the Connell Ranch southwest of Odessa.
With the opening of the Penn Field in 1929, and the Cowden Field in 1930, oil became a major draw for new residents. In 1925 the population was just 750, by 1929 it had risen to 5,000. Due to increased demand for oil during the second world war the city's population had expanded to 10,000.
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Padre Island
Padre Island (the largest of the Texas barrier islands as well as the world's longest barrier island) is part of the U.S. state of Texas. The island is located on Texas' southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico and is famous for its white sandy beaches at the south end. It is named after Padre José Nicolás Ballí (c.1770-1829), who served as collector of finances for all the churches in the Rio Grande Valley and founded the first mission in present Cameron County.
Padre Island is the second largest island by area in the contiguous United States, after Long Island. It is about 113 miles (182 km) long and 3 km wide, stretching from the city of Corpus Christi, in the north, to the resort community of South Padre Island in the south. The island is oriented north-south, with the Gulf of Mexico on the east, and Laguna Madre on the west. The island's northern end connects to Mustang Island by roadway. The southern end of the island is separated from Brazos Island by the Brazos Santiago Pass.
The town of South Padre Island is located on its southern end, but the island as a whole is sparsely populated. The central part of the island is preserved in a natural wild state as Padre Island National Seashore. Since 1964, the island has been divided by the artificial Port Mansfield Channel, and as a result, the terms "North Padre Island" and "South Padre Island" are often used to refer to the separate portions of the island. Padre Island is located in Cameron, Kenedy, Kleberg, Nueces, and Willacy counties.
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Pharr, Texas
Pharr is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 70,400. Pharr is connected by bridge to the Mexican city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas. It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.
Pharr is located at 26°12′23″N 98°11′7″W / 26.20639°N 98.18528°W / 26.20639; -98.18528 (26.206334, -98.185174).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.8 square miles (54 km2), of which, 20.8 square miles (54 km2) of it is land and 0.05% is water.
The community was named after sugar planter Henry Newton Pharr. In 1900 Henry N. Pharr for a number of years was a director of the State National Bank of New Iberia, Louisiana, and was a former president of the Louisiana - Rio Grande Sugar Company and the Louisiana - Rio Grande Canal Company, which at one time owned eight thousand acres (32 km²) and which, in 1910, on this land built the town of Pharr.
Around the beginning of the 21st century, Pharr experienced strong growth and economic development. By 2009, its population had steadily increased to over 60,000 people[citation needed].
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Port Arthur, Texas
Port Arthur is a city in Jefferson County within the Beaumont–Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area of the U.S. state of Texas. The population was 57,755 at the 2000 census.
Port Arthur is located on the western bank of Sabine Lake. The Rainbow Bridge across the Neches River connects Port Arthur to Bridge City.
Aurora was located near the mouth of Taylor Bayou on Sabine Lake, at the site of present-day Port Arthur. The town was conceived as early as 1837, and by 1840 promoters led by Almanzon Huston were advertising town lots. Although some lots were sold, Houston's project failed to materialize. The area came to be known as Sparks after John Sparks and his family moved to the shores of Sabine Lake near the Aurora townsite. The Eastern Texas Railroad, completed between Sabine Pass and Beaumont just before the outbreak of the Civil War, passed about four miles west of Sparks. The railroad passing track at this point was named Aurora after the Houston project. The rails were removed during the Civil War. A few scattered settlers remained until 1886, when a destructive hurricane led residents to dismantle their homes and move to Beaumont. By 1895 Aurora was a ghost town. The abandoned community, however, soon became the site of Arthur E. Stilwell's new city, Port Arthur.
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Rio Grande City
Rio Grande City is a city in and the county seat of Starr County, Texas, United States. The population was 13,834 at the 2010 census. The city is 41 miles west of McAllen. It is the hometown of former Commander of U.S. Forces in Iraq, General Ricardo Sanchez. The city also holds the March record high for the United States at 108 degrees Fahrenheit. The city is connected to Camargo, Tamaulipas via the Rio Grande City-Camargo International Bridge.
The area around Rio Grande City was first populated in 1846, when it served as a transfer point for supplies and soldiers supporting General Zachary Taylor’s invasion of Mexico. It was a logical point for a trade, as it was the highest point up the Rio Grande (known as the Rio Bravo in Mexico) for reliable steamboat traffic, and intercepted a number of overland routes to Saltillo, Monterrey, and Northern Mexico. During the early stages of the Mexican-American war, one of the soldiers stationed here, Henry Clay Davis, married Hilaria de la Garza Falcon, a resident of Camargo and heiress to the land on which Rio Grande City now sits. At the end of the war, Davis set to organize this area into a formal city, breaking up the land into plots. At first, the area was referred to as “Rancho Davis” but the name was changed to “Rio Grande City” to encourage investors and settlers. From its founding, in 1848, until the Texas Mexican Railroad opened up in 1883, Rio Grande City was one of the most significant hubs of trade between Texas and Mexico, and was one of the major contemporary contributors to the American romanticized concept of the “wild West.”
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Rockport, Texas
Rockport is a city in Aransas County, Texas, United States. The population was 7,385 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Aransas County. The coastal community has approximately 8000 citizens. Large windswept live oaks are a dominating feature of the area and the state's oldest live oak, "Big Tree", resides on nearby Lamar Peninsula. The towns of Rockport and Fulton intermingle and many refer to the combined communities as "Rockport-Fulton." The community has a Maritime Museum, The Fulton Mansion State Historic Site, art galleries and shops.
Rockport is a popular tourist destination for its fishing,and ski basin. The city's beach offers a wide variety of ways to have fun including a playground and beach pavilion. The city hosts several fairs and expositions each year including the Oyster fest, Seafair, and a Wine Festival. There are also historic sites such as the Fulton Mansion and a Heritage district in downtown Rockport that offers a friendly and fun shopping environment. Key Allegro Marina is also a popular attraction, especially during The Rockport Offshore Challenge or The R.O.C.
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Round Rock, Texas
Round Rock is a city in Travis and Williamson counties in the U.S. state of Texas. It is part of the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan area. The 2010 census places the population at 99,887.
The city straddles both sides of the Balcones Escarpment, a fault line in which the areas roughly east of IH-35 are flat and characterized by having black, fertile soils of the Blackland Prairie, and the west side of the Escarpment which consists mostly of hilly, karst-like terrain with little topsoil and higher elevations and which is part of the Texas Hill Country. Located about 20 miles (32 km) north of downtown Austin, Round Rock shares a common border with Austin at SH 45.
In August 2008, Money magazine named Round Rock as the seventh-best American small city in which to live. Round Rock was the only Texas city to make the Top 10. In a CNN article dated July 1, 2009, Round Rock was listed as the second-fastest growing city in the country, with a population growth of 8.2% in the preceding year.
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San Angelo, Texas
San Angelo ( /sæn ˈændʒəloʊ/) is a city in the state of Texas and the . county seat of Tom Green County in West Central Texas. As of 2010 according to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total population of 93,200. The San Angelo metropolitan area had a population of 111,823.
San Angelo is home to Angelo State University, historic Fort Concho, and Goodfellow Air Force Base.
Some common nicknames of San Angelo include Angelo, the River City, the Concho City, the Pearl of the Conchos, and the Oasis of West Texas.
Prior to the coming of Europeans, San Angelo was the center of the Jumano people. The area had been inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples. In 1632, a short-lived mission of Franciscans under Spanish auspices was founded in the area to serve the Indians.
The current city of San Angelo was founded by European Americans in 1867, when the United States constructed Fort Concho as one of a series of new forts designed to protect the frontier from hostile threats. The fort was home to cavalry, infantry, and the famous Black Cavalry, otherwise known as Buffalo Soldiers by Native Americans.
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San Antonio
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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San Antonio Bay
San Antonio Bay is a bay on the Texas Gulf coast situated between Matagorda and Aransas Bay. It consists mainly of the combined waters of the San Antonio and Guadalupe rivers, and is located at the mouth of the Guadalupe River, about 55 miles (89 km) northeast of Corpus Christi and 130 miles (209 km) southeast of San Antonio. It is protected from the Gulf of Mexico by Matagorda Island, leaving only relatively small and distant outlets to the Gulf for little mixing of bay and Gulf waters. The remoteness of the bay has prevented the establishment of major ports as seen on Aransas and Corpus Christi Bay, to the south.
The Aransas National Wildlife Refuge is found on the southwest portion of the bay. The diverse wildlife on these shores make up for the lack of a sizable human settlement.
The Karankawa Indians used the land near the Guadalupe River delta and San Antonio Bay for camping purposes. They also populated Matagorda Island on the opposite side of the bay. Captain Luis Cazorla of Presidio La Bahía crossed San Antonio Bay to visit the island in 1776, and discovered that the Indians had killed the mates of a shipwrecked British trading vessel. For a short time, he convinced the Indian leaders not to kill shipwreck survivors on the island. An effort was made to convert the Indians with the establishment of Mission Refugio on San Antonio Bay in 1793, after Fray José Francisco Garza found a shallow crossing that the Indians used to travel to the mainland. To prevent the Indians from using Matagorda Island as a hiding place to stage attacks, La Bahía commandant Juan Cortés burned and cut brush around the point of crossing. No permanent colony was ever established on the island.
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San Antonio College
San Antonio College (commonly called SAC; pronounced "sack") is a community college that is a part of the Alamo Community College District. It is located on San Pedro Avenue, across from San Pedro Park, on the northern fringe of Downtown San Antonio. SAC is the oldest public two-year college in Texas. The college has an average semester enrollment of 22,028 credit students and an average annual enrollment of 16,000 other-than-credit students. San Antonio College is the largest single-campus community college in Texas and one of the largest in the United States.
The college’s thirty-seven-acre campus includes the Scobee Planetarium, a student center with food court, fine arts center, business building, a visual arts and technology center, the Chance Academic building, a nursing center, the Nail Computer Technology building, the Candler Physical Education Center that includes two courts, a regulation indoor swimming pool, racquetball courts, a dance studio, and tennis courts; McCreless Hall, Gonzales Hall, the Koehler Cultural Center, the president’s home, a chemistry-geology building, the Longwith Radio Television and Film building, a library, and the Campus Police.
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San Antonio River
The San Antonio River is a major waterway that originates in central Texas in a cluster of springs in north central San Antonio, approximately four miles north of Downtown, and follows a roughly southeastern path through the state. It eventually feeds into the Guadalupe River about ten miles from San Antonio Bay on the Gulf of Mexico. The river is 240 miles long and crosses five counties: Bexar, Goliad, Karnes, Refugio, and Wilson.
The first documented record of the river was from Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca on his explorations of Texas in 1535. The river was later named after San Antonio de Padua by the first governor of Spanish Texas, Domingo Terán de los Ríos in 1691. During the Texas Revolution, the river was host to several major conflicts, including the Battle of Concepcion, the Grass Fight, the siege of Bexar, the Goliad Campaign, and the Battle of the Alamo.
Five major 18th century Spanish missions are lined up along the historical course of the river in San Antonio, including Mission Espada, Mission Concepcion, Mission San José, and Mission San Juan Capistrano. The most famous mission is San Antonio de Valero, better known as the Álamo and it's complementing fortress is, Presidio San Antonio de Bexar. The Presidio La Bahía and its mission, Mission Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga in Goliad, Texas are also located along the southern portion of the river.
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San Antonio, Texas
San Antonio ( /ˌsænænˈtoʊni.oʊ/) is the seventh-largest city in the United States of America and the second-largest within the state of Texas, with a population of 1.3 million. It was the fastest growing of the top 10 largest cities in the United States from 2000-2010, and the second from 1990-2000. Located in the American Southwest and the south–central part of Texas, the city serves as the seat of Bexar County. San Antonio has characteristics of other western urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city limits. The city is one of the two principal municipalities of the San Antonio-New Braunfels metropolitan area, the other being New Braunfels. Commonly referred to as Greater San Antonio, the metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million based on the 2011 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 24th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and third-largest in the state of Texas.
The city was named for San Antonio de Padua, whose feast day is on June 13, when a Spanish expedition stopped in the area in 1691. Famous for Spanish missions, the Alamo, the River Walk, the Tower of the Americas, the Alamo Bowl, Marriage Island and host to SeaWorld and Six Flags Fiesta Texas theme parks, the city is visited by approximately 26 million tourists per year according to the San Antonio Convention and Visitors Bureau. The city is home to the four-time NBA champion San Antonio Spurs and the annual San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, one of the largest in the country.
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San Benito, Texas
San Benito is a city in Cameron County, Texas, United States. The population was 24,250 at the 2010 census. It is the birthplace of Country and Tex-Mex music icon Freddy Fender. San Benito celebrated the 100th anniversary of the naming of the city April 3, 2007. The post office was named Diaz from April to May 1907. The San Benito Museum, Freddy Fender Museum and Conjunto Music Museum opened in the same building Nov. 17, 2007.
San Benito may be included as part of the Brownsville–Harlingen–Raymondville and the Matamoros–Brownsville metropolitan areas.
San Benito is located at 26°8′12″N 97°38′9″W / 26.13667°N 97.63583°W / 26.13667; -97.63583 (26.136603, -97.635878).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.2 square miles (29 km2), of which, 11.0 square miles (28 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) of it (1.87%) is water. San Benito is also known as "The Resaca City", due to its resaca (a former tributary of the Rio Grande, which has been cut off for irrigation purposes).
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San Juan, Texas
San Juan is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population in July 2008 was 33,970 since then the population of San Juan increased since 2000 by +29.5%. The name reflects that of a founding father. It is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.
The community was organized in 1909, in part, due to the efforts of John Closner.
The City of San Juan is most commonly known for "Basilica of Our Lady of San Juan" which is one of the largest & biggest church in the Rio Grande Valley.
San Juan is located at 26°11′33″N 98°9′10″W / 26.1925°N 98.15278°W / 26.1925; -98.15278 (26.192451, -98.152708).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.0 square miles (28 km2), all of it land.
The community is in the valley of the Rio Grande.
San Juan is south of US Route 83 and east of US Route 281.
As of the census of 2000, there were 26,229 people, 6,606 households, and 5,952 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,383.0 people per square mile (919.8/km²). There were 7,719 housing units at an average density of 701.3 per square mile (270.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 4.4% White, 0.34% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 15.93% from other races, and 1.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 95.12% of the population.
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San Marcos, Texas
San Marcos is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, and is the seat of Hays County. Located within the Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos metropolitan area, the city is located on the Interstate 35 corridor—between Austin and San Antonio.
Founded on the banks of the San Marcos River, the area is considered to be among the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the Northern Hemisphere. San Marcos is home to Texas State University–San Marcos, and the Aquarena Center. The population was 50,371 in 2008. San Marcos was listed in the 2010 Business Week's fourth annual survey of the "Best Places to Raise your Kids."
Archeologists have found evidence at the San Marcos River associated with the Clovis culture, which suggests that the river has been the site of human habitation for more than 10,000 years. The headwaters of the cool, clear river are the San Marcos Springs, fed by the Edwards Aquifer. The San Marcos Springs are the thirty largest collection of springs in Texas. Never in recorded history has the river run dry.
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Schertz, Texas
Schertz is a city in Bexar, Comal, and Guadalupe counties in the U.S. state of Texas within the San Antonio–New Braunfels metropolitan area. The population was 31,465 at the 2010 census.
On July 16, 2007 CNNMoney.com rated Schertz one of the best places to live in the United States. In Texas, Schertz was ranked #1; Nationwide it came in at #40.
Schertz is the largest city of the Randolph Metrocom, which consists of towns and cities surrounding the Randolph Air Force Base. In addition to Schertz, other Randolph Metrocom communities include Live Oak, Kirby, Converse, Marion, Cibolo, Universal City, Windcrest, Garden Ridge, and Selma. These towns are located in Comal, Bexar, and Guadalupe Counties and combined have a total of 335,000 residents and growing rapidly.
Since the late 1990s, Schertz has witnessed unprecedented growth. In five years, from 2000–2005, the city's population jumped from 18,694 to 26,463. In 2006 alone, the population rose from 26,463 to 34,000. During that same period, the city platted 1,357 new lots and the growth shows no sign of slowdown.
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Seguin, Texas
Seguin ( /səˈɡiːn/) is a city in Guadalupe County, Texas, in the United States. It is part of the San Antonio-New Braunfels Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 22,011; the July 1, 2009 Census estimate, however, showed the population had increased to 26,842. It is the county seat of Guadalupe County.
Seguin was a region once inhabited by the native hunter-gatherer Indians of Texas. Tonkawas had predominantly lived in Seguin, camping around the Guadalupe River and other streams in the area . Eventually Spanish, Mexican, and Anglo settlements were founded in the location that would become Seguin. One of the earliest settlers and an important figure of Texas history, Jose Antonio Navarro established a ranch near Seguin. In 1831, land was granted to Umphries Branch by the Mexican government and settled by the Branch and John Newton Sowell Sr. families in 1833, in the western part of Green DeWitt's colony. Sowell was a farmer, and in 1833 he and his brothers became the first American immigrants to raise corn in future Guadalupe County.
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Sherman, Texas
Sherman is a city in and the county seat of Grayson County, Texas, United States. The city's population as of 2010 was 38,521. It is also one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The City of Sherman was named after General Sidney Sherman (July 23, 1805 – August 1, 1873), a hero of the Texas Revolution. The community was designated as the county seat by the act of the Texas legislature which created Grayson County on March 17, 1846. In 1847, a post office began operation. Sherman was originally located at the center of the county, but in 1848 it was moved about three miles (5 km) east to its current location. By 1850, Sherman had become an incorporated town under Texas law. It had also become a stop on the Butterfield Overland Mail route through Texas. By 1852, Sherman had a population of 300. It consisted of a public square with a log court house, and several businesses, a district clerk's office, and a church along the east side of the square.
During the 1850s and 1860s, Sherman continued to develop and it participated in the regional politics. The first flour mill was built in 1861. In 1862 the publisher of Sherman's anti-secessionist Whig newspaper, the Patriot, was murdered. During and after the Civil War, north Texas outlaw bands led by Jesse James and William Quantrill were seen in Sherman. Years later, James spent at least part of his honeymoon in Sherman, where he was photographed on horseback.
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South Padre Island
South Padre Island is a barrier island in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located in Cameron County and is a popular vacation destination because the resort city South Padre Island is located on the island.
Before European expansion in North America, the island was inhabited by native tribes.[citation needed] Western settlement is considered to have been started by Padre Jose Nicolas Balli, who set up a cattle ranch early in the 19th century. He and his family were driven out by the Mexican–American War, and were unable to return because of the American Civil War.
Most of the island was closed by the National Park Service until 1962, after which settlement was allowed and incomers began to establish an economy on the island and neighboring Port Isabel. By 1978 the island had a population of around 314 and a decade later it had a population of 1,012 and 111 businesses. Being mainly coastline, the island's main source of income is tourism, with tens of thousands of college students flocking to the island every Spring Break. In winter the island hosts "winter Texas": people (often retirees) from colder states who overwinter in the warm Texas climate.
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Starr County, Texas
Starr County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 60,968. Its county seat is Rio Grande City. The county is named for James Harper Starr, who served as Secretary of the Treasury of the Republic of Texas. It is part of the Rio Grande City-Roma, TX, Micropolitan Statistical Area.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,229 square miles (3,180 km2), of which 1,223 square miles (3,170 km2) is land and 6 square miles (16 km2) (0.51%) is water.
The founder of Starr County was Matias Longoria, who was awarded a land grant from the king of Spain.[citation needed]
From 2000 to 2010 the population of Starr County increased from 53,597 to 60,968.
As of the census of 2000, there were 53,597 people, 14,410 households, and 12,666 families residing in the county. The population density was 44 people per square mile (17/km²). There were 17,589 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (6/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 87.92% White, 0.15% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 9.91% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races.
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Sugar Land, Texas
Sugar Land is a city in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area and Fort Bend County. Sugar Land is one of the most affluent and fastest-growing cities in Texas, having grown more than 158 percent in the last decade. In the time period of 2000–2007, Sugar Land also enjoyed a 46.24% job growth.[citation needed] As of the 2010 census, its population was 78,817. In 2011, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the city's population was 84,511, with a median family income of $113,261 and a median home price of $369,600.
Founded as a sugar plantation in the early mid-20th century and incorporated in 1959, Sugar Land is the largest city and economic center of Fort Bend County. The city is the third-largest in population and second-largest in economic activities of the Houston area.
Sugar Land is home to the headquarters of Imperial Sugar and the company's main sugar refinery and distribution center was once located in this city. Recognizing this heritage, the Imperial Sugar crown logo can be seen in the city seal and logo.
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TAMIU Soccer Complex
Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex (also known as Dustdevil Field and TAMIU Soccer Complex) was built in 2006 and renovated in 2007. The soccer complex is located in Laredo, Texas in the Texas A&M International University campus. The complex has two soccer stadiums with a seating capacity of 4,000 each. The Dustdevil Field is the new home stadium to the 2007 champion team Laredo Heat member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL) and the TAMIU Dustdevils women and men's soccer teams member of the Heartland Conference, NCAA Division II.
Exhibition soccer games hosted by the Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex:
Coordinates: 27°34′11″N 99°25′54″W / 27.5698°N 99.4318°W / 27.5698; -99.4318
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Temple, Texas
Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States. Located near the county seat of Belton, Temple lies in the region referred to as Central Texas. Located off Interstate 35, Temple is 65 miles north of Austin and 34 miles south of Waco. In the 2010 Census, Temple's population was 66,102, an increase of more than 20 percent from the 2000 census. It is a "principal city" in the Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Called the "Wildflower Capital of Texas," Temple was founded in 1881 as a railroad town. It was named in honor of Bernard Moore Temple, a civil engineer and former surveyor with the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Company who established the town. For many years it was the home of the Santa Fe Railway Company's hospital for its employees. Temple is known for its strength as a regional medical center (this is primarily due to the highly respected Scott & White Memorial Hospital). Scott & White is the largest employer in town with about ten thousand employees. With Scott & White, the Veterans' Hospital Center, and other smaller clinics, Temple is home to more physicians per capita than any other community in the nation. Temple is the site of one of two major campuses for the Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine. Medical students can elect to spend the full four years of medical education training or just two years of their clinical training on campus.
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Texarkana, Texas
Texarkana is a city in Bowie County, Texas, United States. It effectively functions as one half of a city which crosses a state line — the other half, the city of Texarkana, Arkansas, lies on the other side of State Line Avenue. The population of the city is 34,782 at the 2000 census.
The city, along with its Arkansas counterpart, forms the core of the Texarkana, Texas–Texarkana, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area, encompassing all of Bowie County, Texas and Miller County, Arkansas.
Texarkana is the headquarters of the theologically conservative American Baptist Association, whose Missionary Baptist churches are most numerous in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Mississippi.
Railroads were quick to see the possibilities of this vast new territory and, in the late 1850's, the builders of the Cairo and Fulton Railroad were pushing their railhead steadily across Arkansas. By 1874, they had crossed Red River and were at the Texas state line. Between February 16 and March 19, 1874, trains ran between the Texas state boundary and Red River, where passengers and freight were ferried across to Fulton, to continue by rail to their destinations. The Red River Bridge was opened on March 20, 1874, and from that date, trains have run directly from Texarkana to St. Louis.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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Texas Coastal Bend
The Texas Coastal Bend refers to the flat area of land along the Texas coast. It is home to many cities including Brownsville, Corpus Christi, Kingsville, Port Lavaca, Galveston, Victoria, Beaumont, and Houston. The Coastal Bend includes the barrier islands of Texas and the Laguna Madre. According to the United States 2000 Census the Texas Coastal Bend had a population of 6,332,801.
The Texas Coastal Bend enjoys a rural, urban, and suburban mix of mainly Bi-Cultural, Hispanic and Anglo traditions. African American and Asian/Pacific Islander population and their cultural traditions are well represented throughout this region as well.
Among the universal features which connects the populations of this region, are the ever present summer threats of severe hurricane winds and flooding affecting these predominantly flat lands areas. As such, the people of these low topography counties threaded by the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, are subject to regular evacuations and keep a keen sense hurricane awareness.
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Texas Panhandle
The Texas Panhandle is a region of the U.S. state of Texas consisting of the northernmost 26 counties in the state. The panhandle is a rectangular area bordered by New Mexico to the west and Oklahoma to the north and east. The Handbook of Texas defines the southern border of Swisher County to be the southern boundary of the Texas Panhandle region, though some consider the region to extend as far south as Lubbock County., The Texas Panhandle Press Association accepts members in the actual panhandle and a triangle formed by its southern tier, the southeastern border of New Mexico and a diagonal to the beginning, which includes Lubbock County.
Its land area is 66,883.58 km² (25,823.9 sq mi), or nearly 10 percent of the state's total. There is an additional 162.53 km² (62.75 sq mi) of water area. Its population as of the 2010 census was 427,927 residents, or 1.7 percent of the state's total population. As of the 2010 census, this would put the average population density for the region at 16.6 persons/sq mi. The Panhandle is distinct from North Texas, which is more to the southeast.
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Tyler, Texas
Tyler is a city in and the county seat of Smith County, Texas, in the United States. It takes its name from President John Tyler [1]. The city had a population of 96,900 in 2010, according to the United States Census Bureau. Tyler is the principal city of the Tyler Metropolitan Statistical Area, with a population of 209,714 in 2010, and the regional center of the Tyler-Jacksonville combined statistical area, with a population of 260,559 in 2010.
Tyler has the nickname "Rose Capital of the Nation"[2]. It gained this name due to the large quantity of rose bushes processed through the area, along with hosting America's largest rose garden [3].
In 1985, the international Adopt-a-Highway movement originated in Tyler when, after appeals by local Texas Department of Transportation officials, the local Civitan chapter adopted a 2-mile (3-km) stretch of U.S. Highway 69. Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall.
Tyler is located at 32°20′03″N 95°18′00″W / 32.334249°N 95.299927°W / 32.334249; -95.299927 Elevation: 544 feet (166 m). Tyler is surrounded by many smaller cities including Whitehouse, Lindale, New Chapel Hill, Bullard, Edom, Brownsboro, and Chandler.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Victoria, Texas
Victoria is a city in and the seat of Victoria County, Texas, United States. The population was 60,603 at the 2000 census. The three counties of the Victoria Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 111,163 at the 2000 census,
Victoria is located thirty miles inland from the Gulf of Mexico. The city is a regional hub for a seven-county area known as the "Golden Crescent" and serves a retail trade area of over 250,000 people. Victoria is known as "The Crossroads" because of its location within a two-hour drive of Corpus Christi, Houston, San Antonio and Austin.
Victoria is named for General Guadalupe Victoria, who became the first president of independent Mexico. The city is home to the University of Houston–Victoria and Victoria College. Victoria is the cathedral city of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Victoria in Texas.
René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, established Fort Saint Louis as a French colony, from 1685 until 1689. It was built on Matagorda Bay near Garcitas Creek, in Victoria, Texas.
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Waco, Texas
Waco (/ˈweɪkoʊ/) is a city in and the county seat of McLennan County, Texas. It is situated along the Brazos River and on the I-35 corridor, halfway between Dallas and Austin. The city had a 2010 population of 124,805, an increase of almost 10 percent since the 2000 census. The Waco Metropolitan Statistical Area consists of just McLennan County, which had a 2010 population of 234,906.
Prior to the founding of Waco in 1849, a Wichita Native American group known as the "Waco" (Spanish: Hueco or Huaco) lived on the land of present-day downtown Waco. In 1824 Thomas M. Duke explored the area and reported to Stephen F. Austin describing the village: "This town is situated on the West Bank of the River. They have a spring almost as cold as ice itself. All we want is some Brandy and Sugar to have Ice Toddy. They have about 400 acres (1.6 km2) planted in corn, beans, pumpkins, and melons and that tended in good order. I think they cannot raise more than One Hundred Warriors." After Austin aborted the first attempt to destroy their village in 1825, he made a treaty with them. The Waco eventually moved out of the region, settling north near present-day Fort Worth. In 1872 they joined other Wichita tribes on a reservation in Oklahoma. In 1902 the Waco received allotments of land and became official US citizens.
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Webb County, Texas
Webb County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the official 2010 census population for the county is 250,304. Its county seat is Laredo. Webb County was named after James Webb, who served as secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of State, and Attorney General of the Republic of Texas, and later United States District Judge in the State of Texas. Webb County is the largest county in South Texas by area.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3,376 square miles (8,740 km2), of which 3,357 square miles (8,690 km2) is land and 19 square miles (49 km2) (0.55%) is water.
Complete List of Highways in Webb County, Texas
Webb County was split into two counties in 1856. Encinal County was established on February 1, 1856 and was to consist of the eastern portion of Webb County, Texas. The county was never organized and was finally dissolved on March 12, 1899. The Encinal territory was absorbed into Webb County.
As of the census of 2000, there were 193,117 people, 50,740 households, and 43,433 families residing in the county. The population density was 58 people per square mile (22/km²). There were 55,206 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile (6/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 82.16% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 14.00% from other races, and 2.54% from two or more races. 94.28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Weslaco, Texas
Weslaco is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 35,670 at the 2010 census. Weslaco derives its name from the W.E. Stewart Land Company. It was the hometown of Harlon Block, one of the Marines photographed raising the flag at Iwo Jima.
Streets north of the railroad tracks have Spanish names, and streets south of the railroad tracks have English ones as a consequence of a 1921 municipal ordinance which declared that land north of the tracks be reserved for Hispanic residences and businesses, and land south of the tracks be reserved for Anglo residences and businesses. During World War II, sandbag production reached a peak in Weslaco, and the town declared itself the "sandbagging capital of the world."
Weslaco is part of the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission and Reynosa–McAllen metropolitan areas.
Weslaco is located at 26°9′33″N 97°59′15″W / 26.15917°N 97.9875°W / 26.15917; -97.9875 (26.159130, -97.987374).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.8 square miles (33 km2), of which, 12.7 square miles (33 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (0.55%) is water.
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Wichita Falls, Texas
Wichita Falls is a city in and the county seat of Wichita County, Texas, United States. Wichita Falls is the principal city of the Wichita Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Archer, Clay and Wichita counties. According to the 2010 census, the city had a population of 104,553. In addition to Sheppard Air Force Base, Wichita Falls is also home to the "world's littlest skyscraper".
The Choctaw Indians settled the area in the early 18th century. White settlers arrived in the 1860s to form cattle ranches. The city of Wichita Falls was officially born on September 27, 1872. On that day, a sale of town lots was held at what is now the corner of Seventh and Ohio streets — the birthplace of the city. The Fort Worth and Denver Railway arrived in 1882, the same year the city became the county seat of Wichita County, Texas. The city grew westwards from the train depot. This area is now referred to as the Depot Square Historic District, which has been declared a Texas Historic Landmark.
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Wilson County, Texas
Wilson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 42,918. Its county seat is Floresville. The county is named after James Charles Wilson.
The Connallys -- John Connally, a Texas governor and U.S. Secretary of the Navy and U.S. Treasury Secretary; Wayne Connally, a member of both houses of the Texas State Legislature, and Merrill Connally, an actor and a county judge -- were all born and reared in Wilson County. Another native of Wilson County was the famed Texas Ranger Frank Hamer.
Wilson County is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 809 square miles (2,094 km²), of which 807 square miles (2,090 km²) is land and 2 square miles (4 km²) (0.20%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 32,408 people, 11,038 households, and 8,830 families residing in the county. The population density was 40 people per square mile (16/km²). There were 12,110 housing units at an average density of 15 per square mile (6/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 81.19% White, 1.21% Black or African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 14.25% from other races, and 2.43% from two or more races. 36.52% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Zapata County, Texas
Zapata County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 14,018. Its county seat is Zapata. Zapata is named for Colonel Jose Antonio de Zapata, a rancher in the area who rebelled against Mexico.
The South Texas Oil Boom included wells drilled in Zapata County in the early 1920s through the work of Laredo industrialist Oliver Winfield Killam, a Missouri native who once served as an Oklahoma state legislator.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,058 square miles (2,740 km2), of which 997 square miles (2,580 km2) is land and 61 square miles (160 km2) (5.80%) is water.
Zapata County in most elections overwhelmingly supports the Democratic. In the November 4, 2008, general election Barack Obama defeated John McCain, the presidential winner in Texas, by 1,939 votes (67.7 percent) to 918 (32 percent).
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,182 people, 3,921 households, and 3,164 families residing in the county. Zapata County is estimated to be the eleventh fastest growing county (+15.8%) in the state of Texas since the year 2000 (based on % of population change). The population density was 12 people per square mile (5/km²). There were 6,167 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile (2/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 84.07% White, 0.41% Black or African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 12.64% from other races, and 2.33% from two or more races. 84.78% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
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Zavala County, Texas
Zavala County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,677. Its county seat is Crystal City. Zavala is named for Lorenzo de Zavala, Mexican politician, signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence, and first vice president of the Republic of Texas.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,302 square miles (3,370 km2), of which 1,298 square miles (3,360 km2) is land and 3 square miles (7.8 km2) (0.25%) is water.
Radiocarbon assays indicate the county’s Tortuga Flat Site was used in the 15th and 16th centuries by Pacuache. Archeologist T. C. Hill of Crystal City conducted excavations in 1972-1973 at the site, uncovering artifacts. More than 100 archeological sites have been identified by researchers of the University of Texas at San Antonio at the Chaparrosa Ranch. Coahuiltecan, Tonkawa, Lipan Apache and Mescalero Apache and Comanche have inhabited the area after the Pacuache.
The area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River, which included Zavala County, became disputed territory known as the Wild Horse Desert, where neither the Republic of Texas nor the Mexican government had clear control. Ownership was in dispute until the Mexican-American War. The area became filled with lawless characters who deterred settlers in the area. An agreement signed between Mexico and the United States in the 1930s put the liability of payments to the descendants of the original land grants on Mexico.
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Leander McNelly
Leander Harvey McNelly (March 12, 1844-September 4, 1877) was a Confederate officer and Texas Ranger captain. McNelly is best remembered for leading the "Special Force", a quasi-military branch of the Texas Rangers that operated in South Texas in 1875-76.
Leander H. McNelly was born March 12, 1844 in Follensbee, Brook County, Virginia, to P.J. McNelly and his wife Mary Downey. McNelly suffered from consumption as a child, and in 1860 his family moved to Texas in the hope that the climate would improve his health. In Texas, McNelly helped his family raise sheep and regained his health.
On September 13, 1861, McNelly enlisted in the Confederate States Army, joining Company F of the Fifth Regiment of Texas Mounted Volunteers under General Thomas Green. After the Battle of Valverde during the New Mexico campaign, Green named McNelly his aide. Following fighting in the Battle of Galveston, McNelly was sent to Louisiana, where he was given a commission on December 19, 1863. He led 100 guerrilla scouts, and once carried out a spying mission dressed as a woman.
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Mexican American
Mexican Americans are Americans of Mexican descent. As of July 2009, Mexican Americans make up 10.3% of the United States' population with over 31,689,000 Americans listed as of Mexican ancestry. Mexican Americans comprise 66% of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. The United States is home to the second largest Mexican community in the world second only to Mexico itself comprising nearly 22% of the entire Mexican origin population of the world. Canada is a distant third with a Mexican origin population of 37,000 as of 2001 although increasing to 61,505 as of 2006. In addition, as of 2008 there were approximately 7,000,000 undocumented Mexicans living in the United States which if included in the count would increase the US share to over 28% of the world's Mexican origin population (Note that some of the undocumented would be captured in the US Census count depending on their willingness to provide information). Over 60% of all Mexican Americans reside in the states of California and Texas. Most Mexican Americans are the descendants of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and/or Europeans, especially Spaniards.
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Robert E. Lee
Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.
The son of Revolutionary War officer Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee III and a top graduate of the United States Military Academy, Robert E. Lee distinguished himself as an exceptional officer and combat engineer in the United States Army for 32 years. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican-American War, served as Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, and married Mary Custis.
When Virginia declared its secession from the Union in April 1861, Lee chose to follow his home state, despite his personal desire for the Union to stay intact and despite the fact that President Abraham Lincoln had offered Lee command of the Union Army. During the Civil War, Lee originally served as a senior military adviser to President Jefferson Davis. He soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning numerous battles against larger Union armies. His abilities as a tactician have been praised by many military historians. His strategic vision was more doubtful, and both of his invasions of the North ended in defeat. Union General Ulysses S. Grant's campaigns bore down on Lee in 1864 and 1865, and despite inflicting heavy casualties, Lee was unable to force back Grant. Lee would ultimately surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. By this time, Lee had been promoted to the commanding officer of all Confederate forces; the remaining armies soon capitulated after Lee's surrender. Lee rejected the starting of a guerrilla campaign against the North and called for reconciliation between the North and South.
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Selena
Selena Quintanilla-Pérez (April 16, 1971 – March 31, 1995), known simply as Selena, was an American singer-songwriter. She was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" and "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by Billboard for her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits. The singer had the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995, "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más". She was called "The Queen of Tejano music" and the Mexican equivalent of Madonna. Selena released her first album, Selena y Los Dinos, at the age of twelve. She won Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1987 Tejano Music Awards and landed a recording contract with EMI a few years later. Her fame grew throughout the early 1990s, especially in Spanish-speaking countries.
Selena was murdered at the age of 23 by Yolanda Saldívar, the president of her fan club. On April 12, 1995, two weeks after her death, George W. Bush, governor of Texas at the time, declared her birthday "Selena Day" in Texas.Warner Bros. produced Selena, a film based on her life starring Jennifer Lopez, in 1997. Selena's life was also the basis of the musical Selena Forever starring Veronica Vazquez as Selena. In June 2006 Selena was commemorated with a life-sized bronze statue (Mirador de la Flor in Corpus Christi, Texas) and a Selena museum opened there. She has sold over 60 million albums worldwide.
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Sephardic
Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Sfaraddi Tiberian Səp̄āraddî) is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, the term Sephardic Jew refers to the Jews following the Sephardic Halakha.
The term essentially means "Spanish". It comes from Sepharad (Hebrew: סְפָרַד, Modern Sfarád Tiberian Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location. This location is disputed, but "Sepharad" was identified by later Jews as the Iberian Peninsula, and still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.[citation needed]
In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" translates as plural Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Sfaraddim Tiberian Səp̄āraddîm; Spanish: Sefardíes; Portuguese: Sefarditas; Catalan: Sefardites; Basque: Sefardiak; Galician: Sefardís; Italian: Sefarditi; Greek: Σεφαρδίτες Sefardites; Bulgarian: Сефаради Sefaradi; Bosnian: Sefardi; Serbian: Сефарди Sefardi; Turkish: Sefarad, Judaeo-Spanish: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and Arabic: سفارديون Safārdīyyūn.
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Zachary Taylor
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th President of the United States (1849–1850) and an American military leader. Initially uninterested in politics, Taylor ran as a Whig in the 1848 presidential election, defeating Lewis Cass. He was a planter and slaveholder based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Known as "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor had a 40-year military career in the United States Army, serving in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and the Second Seminole War. He achieved fame leading American troops to victory in the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Monterrey during the Mexican–American War.
As president, Taylor angered many Southerners by taking a moderate stance on the issue of slavery. He urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.
Taylor died July 9, 1850, 16 months after his inauguration; the third-shortest tenure of any President. He is thought to have died of gastroenteritis. President Taylor was succeeded by his Vice President, Millard Fillmore.
wn.com/Zachary_Taylor
Texas
Daytime Drama, spun off from "Another World," which followed Iris Carrington from Bay City as she rediscovered Alex Wheeler, a former love, and moved to the Houston area. The stories centered around the daily lives of the wealthy Wheelers and Bellmans and the middle-class Marshalls and their ranching and oil interests. Beverlee McKinsey, as Iris, was the first daytime performer to be given starring credit.
Cast
- Jerry Lanning
- Daniel Davis
- Caryn Richman
- Barbara Rucker
- Beverlee McKinsey
- Carla Borelli
- Kin Shriner
- Phillip Clark
- Jim Poyner
- John McCafferty
- Elizabeth Allen
- Josephine Nichols
- Randy Hamilton
- Lisby Larson
- Tom Wiggin
- Pamela K. Long
- Ned Schmidtke
- Jay Hammer
- Stephen D. Newman
- Clifton James
- Alexandra Neil
- Donald May
- Stephen Joyce
- Bert Kramer
- Season 1
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First appearance of 'Donald May' (qv) as Grant Wheeler....
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Final appearance of 'Catherine Hickland' (qv) as Dr. Courtney Marshall....
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'Gail Kobe' (qv) is first credited as an executive producer....
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- Episode 538: (#1.538)
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trapping and killing feral hogs in South Texas- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Another day on a South Texas Ranch.http://wn.com/trapping_and_killing_feral_hogs_in_South_Texas
AIRSHOW CRASH CAF / South Texas - March 12, 2011 - Hinojosa- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 02 Nov 2012
Airplane accident on March 12, 2011, engine failure.http://wn.com/AIRSHOW_CRASH_CAF_South_Texas_March_12,_2011_Hinojosa
Texas is South - The Devil Wears Prada lyrics- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Good evening, miss. All I ever do is wish things were different. This envy is destroying me, and it is obvious. I'm looking to put a bullet into the tile floor. Mark this. I want to say something: We were blessed, but now I wet my lips and wait for them to dry. The lust of the dress. The thought of her lips. Reverent smile. These letters I've wrote are shackled to my chest. Her tantalization. She is misconception. Good evening, miss This song belongs to The Devil Wears Pradahttp://wn.com/Texas_is_South_The_Devil_Wears_Prada_lyrics
south texas mudpit pharr mudding 2010- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:57
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
september 26, 2010 a little help with the flood way to keep things goin here at the mudpit ha enjoy watchng jackson road whalen road south mccoll pharr texas las milpas 4x4 trucks lifted jeep dodge chevy ford toyota tundra cummins 5.9 powerstroke duramax diesel stuck water mudding mudpit smoked digging bogging slinging mud south texas blazer k5 super swamper bfgoodrich goodyear kevlar krawlers mud terrains 2010 2009 2011http://wn.com/south_texas_mudpit_pharr_mudding_2010
Helicopter pig hunting in South Texas with the M-16, m-249 saw- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
shooting pigs from a helicopter. These pigs are an invasive animal and will damage the ecosystem if left unchecked. what better to check them with than a machine-gun?http://wn.com/Helicopter_pig_hunting_in_South_Texas_with_the_M-16,_m-249_saw
South Texas Performance STP (Victoria) 1st Open House- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
South Texas Performance and Lucky Devil Pin-Ups Hosts it's first Annual Open House. www.stp-victoria.com | http VIDEO PRODUCED BY: Gearhead Flicks www.gearheadflicks.com | http MUSC BY:The Hillbilly Moon Explosion - 'My Love For Evermore'http://wn.com/South_Texas_Performance_STP_Victoria_1st_Open_House
NBA D-League: Bakersfield Jam 115, Rio Grande Valley Vipers 113, 2012-11-23- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
In the opening night of the Rio Grande Valley vipers 2012-2013 season, the Vipers fell 115-113 to the Bakersfield Jam at the State Farm Arena.http://wn.com/NBA_D-League_Bakersfield_Jam_115,_Rio_Grande_Valley_Vipers_113,_2012-11-23
Nature Report: Wild Thanksgiving Turkey- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
With Thanksgiving almost here, our outdoor reporter takes us into the South Texas ranch land where the wild Rio Grande gobblers roam.http://wn.com/Nature_Report_Wild_Thanksgiving_Turkey
Alligator Gar Fishing South Texas- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
I went to fish with my daughter alligators gar this March-15-2011, we use tilapia for bait, lost a few alligators, we never saw the big ones, but my daughter caught her first gar and one nice catfish. PESCA DE CATANhttp://wn.com/Alligator_Gar_Fishing_South_Texas
SOUTH TEXAS w/ DATSIK AND CRIZZLY BIG CHOCOLATE VLOG May 12th, 2012- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:34
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
SUP LOCC Subscribe for a vlog for EVERY DAY. Facebook: www.facebook.com Merch: indiemerch.com TUMBLR: bigchocolate.tumblr.com @bigchocolatehttp://wn.com/SOUTH_TEXAS_w_DATSIK_AND_CRIZZLY_BIG_CHOCOLATE_VLOG_May_12th,_2012
South Texas Whitetail Deer Hunting "6 Kills"- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:24
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
This week we are heading down with the Jered Joplin and his wife Kayla to the Lucky 5 Ranch in South Texas. This is the same free ranging ranch I had a chance to be on a few years back and the hunting there is the best I have ever seen. You are about to witness several kills including a very large 10 point buck, 2 does, and 3 javelina. We will start off by putting a Javelina in check. Here we go! Team Eaton www.TagginOutHunting.comhttp://wn.com/South_Texas_Whitetail_Deer_Hunting_6_Kills
South Texas Country Wedding - Corpus Christi, Alice, Three Rivers Texas - Bazan's Photography- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
© Bazan's Photography - www.bazans.com - Jeanette and Skye's Country Wedding Three Rivers Texashttp://wn.com/South_Texas_Country_Wedding_Corpus_Christi,_Alice,_Three_Rivers_Texas_Bazan's_Photography
Snow geese (juvenile and adults) close to 1000, deep South Texas 2012-11-21- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Snow geese (juvenile and adults) close to 1000, making a "pit stop" next to highway 77 North of Lyford Texas and right before the Kennedy county line on November 21, 2012. Notice the young geese by their smaller size, grayish color and darker bill, legs and feet. Panasonic HDC-TM 900 shot at 1080/60p. Aunsoft final mate for windows lossless output. Google chrome upload.http://wn.com/Snow_geese_juvenile_and_adults_close_to_1000,_deep_South_Texas_2012-11-21
Tech Support & Radiobot at South Texas Horror Con 2012- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Tech Support & Radiobot en el after party del South Texas Horror Con 2012 en Mcallenhttp://wn.com/Tech_Support_Radiobot_at_South_Texas_Horror_Con_2012
South Texas Hail 4/20/2012- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Another hailstorm in South Tx. This is abnormal weather for South Texas...http://wn.com/South_Texas_Hail_4_20_2012
South Texas Deathride- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
song South texas Deathride by The Union Undergrond with pic of the cover...... leave me a comment so i know if its good or not!!!!http://wn.com/South_Texas_Deathride
South Texas Flats Fishing- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:54
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/South_Texas_Flats_Fishing
Dove Hunting in South Texas- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Dove_Hunting_in_South_Texas
Large flock (close to 1000) of snow geese "wintering" in deep South Texas, 2012-11-21- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Large flock of snow geese (close to 1000) including blue morph adults and juveniles, making a "pit stop" next to highway 77 North of Lyford Texas and right before the Kennedy county line on November 21, 2012.. Panasonic HDC-TM 900 shot at 1080/60p. Aunsoft final mate for windows lossless output. Google chrome upload. YouTube Video Editor processinghttp://wn.com/Large_flock_close_to_1000_of_snow_geese_wintering_in_deep_South_Texas,_2012-11-21
Hail in South Tx 3/29/12- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
A rare hailstorm that tore up South Tx on March 29, 2012.http://wn.com/Hail_in_South_Tx_3_29_12
2012 South Texas Deer capture. Working for Wildlife..- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:46
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
2 days of hard work in South Texas with friends, Working for Wildlife.http://wn.com/2012_South_Texas_Deer_capture_Working_for_Wildlife
HUGE SOUTH TEXAS WHITETAIL HUNT- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
A 200 plus inch whitetail taken with our company. All the best and Happy Hunting!http://wn.com/HUGE_SOUTH_TEXAS_WHITETAIL_HUNT
Race Walking Instructional Video from the South Texas Walking Club- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:02
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Race_Walking_Instructional_Video_from_the_South_Texas_Walking_Club
The Independentphoto: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)WorldNews.comphoto: AP
23 Nov 2012Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)BBC Newsphoto: AP / Egyptian Presidency
23 Nov 2012Opposition groups in Egypt have called for mass protests on Friday against President Mohammed Mursi's decree that gives him sweeping powers. They have described his move as a "coup against legitimacy" and accused the president of appointing himself Egypt's "new pharaoh". The decree states that the president's decisions cannot be revoked by any...(size: 4.6Kb)Al Jazeeraphoto: AP / Emilio Morenatti
22 Nov 2012A new battle is underway in Pakistan with its powerful military front-and-centre, but the fight is not against armed insurgents or ideological extremists - this opponent is a muscle-flexing Supreme Court. For the first time in decades, the military's iron grip over the South Asian country has been challenged, and it remains to be seen if it will...(size: 23.7Kb)Jakarta Globephoto: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
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San Antonio is the largest city in South Texas.
Corpus Christi is the second largest city in South Texas.
Laredo is the third largest city in South Texas, and it is also the fastest growing city in South Texas. The San Agustin Cathedral was built during the Spanish Texas period.
Brownsville is the fourth largest city in South Texas.
McAllen is the fifth largest city in South Texas.
Padre Island is a popular beach destination.South Texas is a region of the U.S. state of Texas that lies roughly south of and including San Antonio. The southern and western boundary is the Rio Grande River, and to the east it is the Gulf of Mexico. The population of this region is about 4.5 million. The southern portion of this region is often referred to as the Rio Grande Valley. The eastern portion along the Gulf of Mexico is also referred to as the Coastal Bend.
Contents
Land[link]
There is no defined northern boundary, although it is believed to be at the city of San Antonio and from an east to west line extending from the Rio Grande near Maverick County to the Gulf of Mexico, but turning southeast at or near Lavaca County, and continuing towards the Gulf of Mexico to separate it from East Texas and Southeast Texas. The Rio Grande serves as the western and southern boundaries and separates Texas from Mexico. The eastern portion of South Texas is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico. This region of Texas consist of 41 counties.South Texas terrain is flat, lying on the coastal plain. South Texas itself is so vast that there are even sub-regions. The very southern tip of South Texas is called the Rio Grande Valley which has a fertile soil and known for its citrus production . The eastern portion of South Texas is often referred to as the Coastal Bend, here coastal salt marshes, estuaries and wetlands are scattered and the western and central parts are known as the South Texas Plains or the brush country. Mesquite trees and crop fields dominate the land.
Counties[link]
South Texas is depicted in Red and the northernmost counties in a lighter shade of red.Cities[link]
City 2010 Census Population[1] State Rank County San Antonio 1,327,407 2 Bexar County Corpus Christi 305,215 8 Nueces County Laredo 236,091 10 Webb County Brownsville 175,023 16 Cameron County McAllen 129,877 20 Hidalgo County Edinburg 77,100 43 Hidalgo County Mission 77,058 44 Hidalgo County Pharr 70,400 47 Hidalgo County Harlingen 64,849 51 Cameron County Victoria 62,592 54 Victoria County Weslaco 35,670 88 Hidalgo County San Juan 33,856 91 Hidalgo County Schertz 31,465 97 Bexar County Eagle Pass 26,248 109 Maverick County Kingsville 26,213 110 Kleberg County Seguin 25,175 114 Guadalupe County San Benito 24,250 116 Cameron County Some people consider Houston to be in South Texas for several reasons: Numerous businesses in the Houston region contain 'South Texas' in their titles.[2] The South Texas College of Law is located in downtown Houston. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas includes the Houston division. And like South Texas, the city has a large Hispanic population. However, Houston is most accurately classified as being within Southeast Texas, a subregion of East Texas.
Rivers[link]
City Note Rio Grande Forms the international border between the United States and Mexico. Nueces River At one time considered by Mexico as the border between Texas and Mexico. San Antonio River Part of the river is the location of San Antonio's Famous River Walk. Aransas River A short rivers that drains in Copano Bay. Frio River A fairly cold river hence the name Frio, is the Spanish term for Cold Atascosa River A short river that empties into the Frio River Mission River Flows into Mission Bay Leona River A tributary of the Frio River, within the Nueces River Basin Guadalupe River (Texas) Flows into the San Antonio Bay estuary at Guadalupe Bay Lakes And Reservoirs[link]
- Choke Canyon Reservoir
- Brauning Lake
- Lake Calaveras
- Lake Corpus Christi
- Falcon Lake
- Lake Amistad
- Mitchell Lake
- Lake Casa Blanca
Bays[link]
- Corpus Christi Bay
- San Antonio Bay
- Baffin Bay
- Nueces Bay
- Oso Bay
- Copano Bay
- Aransas Bay
- Matagorda Bay
- Lavaca Bay
- Redfish Bay
- Mission Bay
Estuaries and Waterways[link]
- Rincon Bayou- A bayou in the Nueces River Delta, Just north of the mouth of the Nueces River, For Location See Nueces Bay (Features (Map)
- Elm Bayou- A bayou on the Victoria-Refugio County Line
- Gulf Intracoastal Waterway- A navigable route along the Gulf Of Mexico without many of the hazards of travel on the open sea.
- Resaca's of the Rio Grande Valley- Many oxbow lakes found scattered throughout the lower Rio Grande Valley
- Laguna Madre- a long hypersaline bay that crates a barrier between Padre Island and mainland Texas
Islands[link]
Climate[link]
The true climate of South Texas is varied. The area along the Mexican border is considered a desert climate while the coastal area is a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa or Cwa). Its weather is affected by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains to the west, the Gulf of Mexico to the east, and the Chihuahuan Desert of Northern Mexico. Moisture from the Pacific is cut off by the Mexican mountain range. Along coastal south Texas the climate is best exemplified in the summers because the summers are long and almost tropical or arid, depending if tropical moisture from the Gulf and sometimes from the Pacific is flowing in or if the region is affected with long droughts and is cut off from any moisture, which occur every few years. Temperatures reach freezing only a few times in the winter with rare snowfall, usually three inches or less. Summers in this zone are hot and humid, with daily averages above 25 °C (90 °F). In addition, areas in Texas that are slightly inland from the Gulf of Mexico, such as San Antonio that border the semi-arid climate zone, generally see a peak of precipitation in the spring, and a deep, drought-like nadir in mid-summer . Night time temperatures are around 85°F in summer. The region of South Texas includes the semiarid ranch country and the wetter Rio Grande Valley. Considered to be the southernmost tip of the American Great Plains region, the inland region has rainfall that is similar to that of the Northern Plains. The coastal areas are nearly warm most of the year due to currents of the Gulf of Mexico, but can get cold in winter if a strong front comes in, and sometimes even causing snow at sea level. Rain in the coastal region is more abundant than in the inland region. Inland, where it is drier, ranches dominate the landscape, characterized by thick spiny brush and grasslands. The winters in the inland region are cold and dry as Arctic air makes it into the region, therefore making snow a rare occurrence due to the lack of humidity in winter, and the summers are for the most part hot and dry, but at times can be humid if winds come off the warmer Gulf of Mexico. Tornadoes can occur in this region, but less frequent than in other parts of the state
Climate data for San Antonio (San Antonio Int'l), 1981-2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 89
(32)100
(38)100
(38)101
(38)103
(39)107
(42)106
(41)108
(42)111
(44)99
(37)94
(34)90
(32)111
(44)Average high °F (°C) 63.0
(17.2)67.0
(19.4)73.6
(23.1)80.7
(27.1)87.1
(30.6)92.4
(33.6)94.7
(34.8)96.1
(35.6)90.4
(32.4)82.3
(27.9)72.3
(22.4)64.1
(17.8)80.31
(26.84)Average low °F (°C) 40.7
(4.8)44.2
(6.8)50.9
(10.5)58.2
(14.6)66.9
(19.4)72.6
(22.6)74.7
(23.7)74.8
(23.8)69.1
(20.6)60.2
(15.7)50.1
(10.1)41.7
(5.4)58.68
(14.82)Record low °F (°C) 0
(−18)4
(−16)19
(−7)31
(−1)43
(6)48
(9)60
(16)57
(14)46
(8)27
(−3)21
(−6)6
(−14)0
(−18)Precipitation inches (mm) 1.76
(44.7)1.79
(45.5)2.31
(58.7)2.10
(53.3)4.01
(101.9)4.14
(105.2)2.74
(69.6)2.08
(52.8)3.03
(77)4.10
(104.1)2.28
(57.9)1.91
(48.5)32.25
(819.2)Snowfall inches (cm) .7
(1.8).1
(0.3)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0)0
(0).7
(1.8)Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.0 7.2 8.8 6.4 8.5 7.5 5.2 4.7 6.6 6.9 6.7 7.5 83 Avg. snowy days 0.2 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 Mean monthly sunshine hours 158.1 172.3 217.0 210.0 223.2 276.0 310.0 294.5 234.0 217.0 171.0 148.8 2,631.9 Source: NOAA [3], The Weather Channel (records) [4], HKO (sun, 1961-1990) [5] Climate data for Corpus Christi, Texas Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 94
(34)97
(36)102
(39)102
(39)103
(39)106
(41)105
(41)104
(40)109
(43)98
(37)98
(37)91
(33)109
(43)Average high °F (°C) 66.0
(18.9)69.7
(20.9)75.8
(24.3)80.7
(27.1)85.6
(29.8)90.2
(32.3)93.2
(34.0)93.4
(34.1)89.9
(32.2)83.6
(28.7)74.9
(23.8)68.0
(20.0)81.4
(27.4)Average low °F (°C) 46.2
(7.9)49.3
(9.6)56.2
(13.4)62.3
(16.8)69.5
(20.8)73.5
(23.1)74.4
(23.6)74.5
(23.6)71.6
(22.0)64.0
(17.8)55.4
(13.0)48.1
(8.9)62.5
(16.9)Record low °F (°C) 14
(−10)11
(−12)24
(−4.4)33
(1)44
(7)56
(13)64
(18)64
(18)52
(11)28
(−2.2)28
(−2.2)13
(−11)11
(−12)Rainfall inches (mm) 1.62
(41.1)1.84
(46.7)1.74
(44.2)2.05
(52.1)3.48
(88.4)3.53
(89.7)2.00
(50.8)3.54
(89.9)5.03
(127.8)3.94
(100.1)1.74
(44.2)1.75
(44.5)32.26
(819.4)Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.7 6.3 5.1 5.2 6.6 6.7 4.7 6.9 9.0 6.7 6.3 6.6 78.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 139.5 158.2 198.4 207.0 235.6 291.0 328.6 300.7 243.0 232.5 171.0 136.4 2,641.9 Source no. 1: NWS (normals 1971−2000, extremes 1887−present) [6] Source no. 2: HKO (sun, 1961−1990) [5] Climate data for Laredo, TX Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 95
(35)103
(39)105
(41)110
(43)114
(46)114
(46)113
(45)111
(44)110
(43)104
(40)97
(36)95
(35)114
(46)Average high °F (°C) 68
(20)73
(23)82
(28)89
(32)95
(35)100
(38)102
(39)101
(38)95
(35)87
(31)77
(25)69
(21)87
(31)Average low °F (°C) 44
(7)48
(9)56
(13)63
(17)70
(21)74
(23)75
(24)75
(24)71
(22)63
(17)53
(12)45
(7)61
(16)Record low °F (°C) 19
(−7)20
(−7)27
(−3)32
(0)45
(7)58
(14)66
(19)61
(16)49
(9)28
(−2)27
(−3)11
(−12)11
(−12)Precipitation inches (mm) 0.76
(19.3)0.94
(23.9)0.92
(23.4)1.55
(39.4)2.73
(69.3)2.99
(75.9)1.79
(45.5)2.42
(61.5)2.73
(69.3)2.72
(69.1)1.13
(28.7)0.85
(21.6)21.53
(546.9)Source: [7] Climate data for Brownsville, Texas Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 91
(33)94
(34)106
(41)102
(39)102
(39)103
(39)103
(39)104
(40)105
(41)99
(37)98
(37)94
(34)106
(41)Average high °F (°C) 70.7
(21.5)73.9
(23.3)79.0
(26.1)83.9
(28.8)88.6
(31.4)92.3
(33.5)93.7
(34.3)94.5
(34.7)90.6
(32.6)85.7
(29.8)79.2
(26.2)72.0
(22.2)83.7
(28.7)Average low °F (°C) 51.6
(10.9)54.7
(12.6)59.6
(15.3)65.9
(18.8)72.3
(22.4)75.7
(24.3)76.3
(24.6)76.2
(24.6)73.1
(22.8)66.9
(19.4)59.6
(15.3)52.7
(11.5)65.4
(18.6)Record low °F (°C) 18
(−8)12
(−11)28
(−2)37
(3)41
(5)56
(13)57
(14)63
(17)51
(11)35
(2)27
(−3)16
(−9)12
(−11)Rainfall inches (mm) 1.27
(32.3)1.07
(27.2)1.23
(31.2)1.53
(38.9)2.64
(67.1)2.56
(65)2.04
(51.8)2.44
(62)5.92
(150.4)3.74
(95)1.81
(46)1.15
(29.2)27.41
(696.2)Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 7.7 5.4 4.2 4.0 5.0 6.6 5.0 7.2 9.3 7.3 5.9 7.2 74.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 130.2 152.6 207.7 234.0 266.6 306.0 334.8 306.9 252.0 229.4 165.0 130.2 2,715.4 Source no. 1: National Weather Service (normals 1981−2010) [8] Source no. 2: Hong Kong Observatory (sun, 1961−1990) [5] Climate data for Victoria, Texas Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 31
(88)36
(96)37
(99)38
(100)39
(102)42
(107)43
(110)43
(109)44
(111)43
(109)34
(93)31
(88)44
(111)Average high °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8)19.2
(66.6)23.0
(73.4)26.2
(79.2)29.5
(85.1)32.4
(90.3)34.1
(93.4)34.3
(93.7)32.2
(89.9)28.3
(83.0)22.8
(73.0)18.4
(65.2)26.46
(79.63)Average low °C (°F) 6.4
(43.6)8.2
(46.7)12.2
(53.9)15.6
(60.1)20.1
(68.1)22.9
(73.3)23.9
(75.0)23.7
(74.6)21.3
(70.3)16.4
(61.6)11.3
(52.3)7.3
(45.2)15.77
(60.39)Record low °C (°F) −13
(9)−9
(15)−6
(21)1
(33)4
(40)12
(54)16
(61)16
(61)7
(45)−1
(31)−8
(18)−13
(9)−13
(9)Precipitation mm (inches) 62
(2.44)51.8
(2.04)57.2
(2.25)75.4
(2.97)130
(5.12)126
(4.96)73.7
(2.90)77.5
(3.05)127
(5.00)108.2
(4.26)67.1
(2.64)62.7
(2.47)1,018.5
(40.1)Source: National Weather Service[9] Hurricanes are one of the most dangerous weather systems to effect South Texas. Hurricanes season is between the summer months of June threw November However, the Texas coast gets affected usually between August and September when systems sporadically organize in the southern Gulf around the Bay of Campeche or western Caribbean and the latter months forming off the coast of Africa.
Droughts- Although South Texas summers generally see rainfall in summer months there are some years where lack of rain is persistent and leads to water shortages, lake levels to drop significantly and lead to municipal water restrictions. In the summer of 2011 records numerous records were shattered. On Sunday, August 28, 2011 most of South Texas saw temperatures reach 110° breaking many cities record highs. Furthermore 95 percent of the state faced an extreme or exceptional drought, according to the office of the Texas state climatologist. These drought conditions led to a string of dangerous wildfires across the state and the enforcement of burn bans in 250 out of the 254 counties in Texas
Tornadoes do occur in this part of the state but not as frequently as other parts of the state. They approach usually from the northwest to southeast as a line of severe thunderstorms mostly in the summer months and by cold fronts in fall
Snow rarely falls south of San Antonio or on the coast except in rare circumstances. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm, when 6 inches (150 mm) of snow fell as far south as McAllen.
People[link]
Multicultural influences[link]
South Texas is well known for a strong Hispanic, primarily Mexican American and Tejano (the Spanish term for Texan) influence, due to its proximity to Mexico. Many Tejanos and Mexicans living in South Texas are descended from the Spanish and Sephardic Jewish-Converso settlers of Mexico. These families have resided in North America for hundreds of years. This migration occurred and has been ongoing since the late 16th century in New Mexico and the early 18th century in South Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in the 1840s, failed to secure land belonging to the Hispanic settlers. The disputed area was between the Nueces River south of San Antonio and Corpus Christi, the King Ranch, and the Rio Grande River. Not recognized by Mexico nor the United States, The Republic of the Rio Grande was established in this region in 1840, lasting less than a year. Laredo, Texas served as its capital.
The Rio Grande Valley area played a significant role in the Mexican War of Independence, Civil War, Texas Independence, Mexican-American War with many historical battle sites around the area. General Robert E. Lee made residence in Fort Ringold (Rio Grande City) during this time as a Colonel. President Zachary Taylor was a General of the Army at Fort Brown (Brownsville) during the Mexican-American War.
The Texas Rangers gained popularity for their actions in South Texas during the Mexican bandit raids and the late 19th century and early 20th century. On May 25, 1876, a band of forty Texas Rangers rode out of Laredo and headed north to the infamous Nueces Strip. Their mission was to find, kill or capture John King Fisher, leader of a band of cattle rustlers and cut-throats that had been terrorizing the area. The Rangers were members of a select group known as the Special Force. Led by the legendary Leander McNelly, the Special Force was tasked with bringing law and order to an area of South Texas that lay between Corpus Christi and the Mexican border.
Industry[link]
Rice[link]
Hauling Rice in South Texas (postcard, circa 1909)An important event in the development of South Texas and the Texas Gulf Coast rice industry was the introduction of seed imported from Japan in 1904. The Houston Chamber of Commerce and the Southern Pacific Railroad invited Japanese farmers to Texas to help area farm in the production of rice. The seed the Japanese farmers brought with them was a gift from the Japanese emperor. The production of Japanese rice began at Webster in Harris County. The Gulf Coast rice industry is credited to the Saibara family.[10]
Transportation[link]
Air Travel[link]
- San Antonio International Airport
- Corpus Christi International Airport
- Laredo International Airport
- Valley International Airport
- Victoria Regional Airport
- McAllen-Miller International Airport
- Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport
- Alice International Airport
- South Texas International Airport at Edinburg
- Aransas County Airport[11]
- Kleberg County Airport
- Duval-Freer Airport
- Mustang Beach Airport
- San Jose Island Airport
Major Highways[link]
Interstate Highways[link]
United States Routes[link]
Texas State Highways[link]
Texas Highway 4
Texas Highway 16
Texas Highway 44
Texas Highway 107
Texas Highway 255
Texas Highway 336
Texas Highway 359
Texas Highway 361
Texas Highway 495
Texas Highway 141
Texas Highway 290
International Bridges[link]
Laredo
- Gateway to the Americas International Bridge
- Juarez-Lincoln International Bridge
- Texas-Mexican Railway International Bridge
- World Trade International Bridge
- Colombia-Solidarity International Bridge
Eagle Pass
- Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras International Bridge
- Camino Real International Bridge
- Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge
Brownsville
- Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge
- Veteran's International Bridge
- Gateway International Bridge
Los Indios
Falcon Heights
Hidalgo McAllen
Pharr
Progreso
Rio Grande City
Roma
Tourism[link]
San Antonio
- The Alamo
- SeaWorld San Antonio
- Six Flags Fiesta Texas
- San Antonio River Walk
- San Antonio Zoo
- San Antonio Museum of Art
- San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo
Corpus Christi
- Mirador de la Flor (Selena Memorial Statue)
- Texas State Aquarium
- USS Lexington Museum Ship
- Mustang Island & Mustang Island State Park
- Padre Island National Seashore near Corpus Christi
- Bayfest
Laredo
- San Agustin de Laredo Historic District
- Republic of the Rio Grande Capitol Building Museum
- Washington's Birthday Celebration festivities during January and February
Rio Grande Valley
- South Padre Island on Gulf Coast east of Brownsville
- Gladys Porter Zoo in Brownsville
Other
- King Ranch near Kingsville
- Aransas National Wildlife Refuge
-
December 20 - Corpus - 003.jpg
-
USS Lexington floating museum in Corpus Christi
-
San Agustin Cathedral in Laredo's San Agustin de Laredo Historic District
-
Republic of the Rio Grande Capitol building is located in Laredo
Education[link]
Colleges[link]
- Alamo Community College District
- Coastal Bend College
- Del Mar College
- Laredo Community College
- South Texas College
- Texas State Technical College
Universities[link]
Public universities[link]
- Texas A&M International University (Laredo)
- Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi
- Texas A&M University–Kingsville (Texas A&I)
- Texas A&M University-San Antonio
- University of Houston–Victoria
- University of Texas at Brownsville
- University of Texas–Pan American
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
- University of Texas at San Antonio
Private universities[link]
- Our Lady of the Lake University
- St. Mary's University
- University of the Incarnate Word
- Trinity University
- Wayland Baptist University
Sports[link]
The only major professional sports team in South Texas is the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA.
Area codes[link]
- 210 - San Antonio
- 361 - Corpus Christi, Alice, Victoria, Kingsville, Rockport
- 956 - Laredo, Brownsville, McAllen
- 830 - Eagle Pass, San Antonio
- 979 - only the southern half of this area is in South Texas
See also[link]
Sports teams based in South TexasBaseball
Basketball Football Hockey Soccer College athletics
(NCAA Division I)References[link]
- ^ Census Fact Finder
- ^ [1]
- ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=ewx. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "Average Weather for San Antonio, TX - Temperature and Precipitation". The Weather Channel. http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USTX1200. Retrieved 2010-04-20.
- ^ a b c "Climatological Normals of San Antonio". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/san_antonio_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
- ^ "National Weather Service Corpus Christi". Weather.gov. 2006-07-21. http://www.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=crp. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "Average Weather for Laredo, TX – Temperature and Precipitation". Weather.com. June 2011. http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USTX0737?from=36hr_bottomnav_undeclared. Retrieved May 7, 2009.
- ^ National Weather Service Brownsville
- ^ "National Weather Service Corpus Christi". Archived from the original on 2008-01-02. http://web.archive.org/web/20080102092527/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/crp/climate/normals.html. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
- ^ Henry C. Dethloff, "RICE CULTURE," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/afr01), accessed March 20, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
- ^ Aransas County Airport Website Aransas Co Airport Call Sign: RKP(U.S), KRKP(International)
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This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see Texas (disambiguation).State of Texas 
Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Lone Star State Motto(s): Friendship 
Official language(s) No official language
(see Languages spoken in Texas)Spoken language(s) English 68.7%
Spanish 27.0%[1]Demonym Texan
Texian (archaic)
TejanoCapital Austin Largest city Houston Largest metro area Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex[2] Area Ranked 2nd in the U.S. - Total 268,581[3] sq mi
(696,241 km2)- Width 773[4] miles (1,244 km) - Length 790 miles (1,270 km) - % water 2.5 - Latitude 25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N - Longitude 93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W Population Ranked 2nd in the U.S. - Total 25,674,681 (2011 est)[5] - Density 98.1/sq mi (37.9/km2)
Ranked 26th in the U.S.Elevation - Highest point Guadalupe Peak[6][7][8]
8,751 ft (2667.4 m)- Mean 1,700 ft (520 m) - Lowest point Gulf of Mexico[7]
sea levelBefore statehood Republic of Texas Admission to Union December 29, 1845 (28th) Governor Rick Perry (R) Lieutenant Governor David Dewhurst (R) Legislature Texas Legislature - Upper house Senate - Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Kay Bailey Hutchison (R)
John Cornyn (R)U.S. House delegation 23 Republicans, 9 Democrats (list) Time zones - most of state Central: UTC −6/−5 - tip of West Texas Mountain: UTC −7/−6 Abbreviations TX Tex. US-TX Website www.texas.gov Texas (
i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi [9]) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas.[10] Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.[11]During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas.[12] Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest in the United States, while San Antonio is the second largest in the state and seventh largest in the United States. Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston are the fourth and fifth largest United States metropolitan areas, respectively. Other major cities include El Paso and Austin—the state capital. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify Texas as a former independent republic and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texas state seal today.[13]
Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, Texas contains diverse landscapes that resemble both the American South and Southwest.[14] Although Texas is popularly associated with the Southwestern deserts, less than 10% of the land area is desert.[15] Most of the population centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests, and the coastline. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the desert and mountains of the Big Bend.
The term "six flags over Texas" came from the several nations that had ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas. France held a short-lived colony in Texas. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845 it joined the United States as the 28th state. The state's annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state, Texas declared its secession from the United States in early 1861, joining the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. After the war and its restoration to the Union, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.
One Texas industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle. Due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The state's economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated an economic boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57.[16] With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace, and biomedical sciences. It leads the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product.
Contents
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of TexasTexas is the second largest U.S. state, behind Alaska, with an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2). It is 10% larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, though it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were a country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile and Zambia.
Texas is in the south-central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers. The Rio Grande river forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south. The Red River forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The Sabine River forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100° W, a northern border with Oklahoma at 36°30' N and a western border with New Mexico at 103° W. El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 32° N and the Rio Grande.[17]
With 10 climatic regions, 14 soil regions, and 11 distinct ecological regions, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.[18] One classification system divides Texas, in order from southeast to west, into the following: Gulf Coastal Plains, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, and Basin and Range Province. The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest. The Great Plains region in central Texas is located in spans through the state's panhandle and Llano Estacado to the state's hill country near Austin. This region is dominated by prairie and steppe. "Far West Texas" or the "Trans-Pecos" region is the state's Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.
File:Lake Alan Henry.jpgLake Alan HenryTexas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers.[19][20] The largest of these rivers is the Rio Grande. Other major rivers include the Pecos, the Brazos, Colorado, and Red River, which forms the border with Oklahoma. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built over 100 artificial reservoirs.[21]
The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable: it can be fairly considered a Southern or a Southwestern state, or both. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a recognized region of the United States. Notable extremes range from East Texas which is often considered an extension of the Deep South, to Far West Texas which is generally acknowledged to be part of the interior Southwest.
Geology[link]
Main article: Geology of Texas
Shaded Relief Map of the Llano EstacadoTexas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old. These Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: Llano uplift, Van Horn, and the Franklin Mountains, near El Paso. Sedimentary rocks overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or passive margin that developed during Cambrian time. This margin existed until Laurasia and Gondwana collided in the Pennsylvanian subperiod to form Pangea. This is the buried crest of the Appalachian Mountains–Ouachita Mountains zone of Pennsylvanian continental collision. This orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas–Waco—Austin–San Antonio trend.
The late Paleozoic mountains collapsed as rifting in the Jurassic period began to open the Gulf of Mexico. Pangea began to break up in the Triassic, but seafloor spreading to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid and late Jurassic. The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico passive margin began to form.
Today 9 miles (14 km) to 12 miles (19 km) of sediments are buried beneath the Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US oil reserves are located here. At the start of its formation, the incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick evaporite deposits of Jurassic age. These salt deposits formed salt dome diapirs, and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast.[22]
East Texas outcrops consist of Cretaceous and Paleogene sediments which contain important deposits of Eocene lignite. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf contain oil. Oligocene volcanic rocks are found in far west Texas in the Big Bend area. A blanket of Miocene sediments known as the Ogallala formation in the western high plains region is an important aquifer.[23] Located far from an active plate tectonic boundary, Texas has no volcanoes and few earthquakes.[24]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of TexasFile:Map of Texas precipitations.jpgAverage annual precipitation in TexasFile:Map of Texas temperatures.jpgAverage annual temperature in Texas
Damage from the 1915 Galveston hurricane.The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages 8.7 inches (220 mm) of annual rainfall,[25] while parts of southeast Texas average as much as 64 inches (1,600 mm) per year.[26] Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches (940 mm) per year.
Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow rarely falls south of San Antonio or on the coast except in rare circumstances. Of note is the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm, when 6 inches (150 mm) of snow fell as far south as Kingsville, where the average high temperature in December is 65 °F.[27]
Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s °F (26 °C) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around 100 °F (38 °C) in the Rio Grande Valley, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90 °F (32 °C) range.
Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountains[28] to 80 °F (27 °C) in Galveston.[29]
Thunderstorms strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. Tornado Alley covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.[30] Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.[31]
Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed approximately 400 people in Indianola, followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed Galveston to take over as the chief port city. The Galveston hurricane of 1900 subsequently devastated that city, killing approximately 8,000 people (possibly as many as 12,000), making it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the 1915 Galveston Hurricane, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 which killed over 600 people, Hurricane Carla in 1961, Hurricane Beulah in 1967, Hurricane Alicia in 1983, Hurricane Rita in 2005, and Hurricane Ike in 2008.[32] Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage: Allison in 1989 and again during 2001, and Claudette in 1979 among them.
Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the U.S.[33][34][35] The state emits nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg) of carbon dioxide annually. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases.[34] Causes of the state's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state's large number of coal power plants and the state's refining and manufacturing industries.[34]
History[link]
Main article: History of TexasHistory of Texas 
This article is part of a seriesTimeline French Texas (1684–1689) Spanish Texas (1690–1821) Mexican Texas (1821–1836) Republic of Texas (1836–1845) Statehood (1845–1860) Civil War Era (1861–1865) Reconstruction and Gilded Age (1865–1899) State of Texas
Texas Portal
Pre-European era[link]
Further information: Pre-Columbian MexicoTexas lies between two major cultural spheres of Pre-Columbian North America: the Southwestern and the Plains areas. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:[36]
- the Pueblo from the upper Rio Grande region, centered west of Texas;
- the Mississippian culture, also known as Mound Builder, which extended along the Mississippi River Valley east of Texas; and
- the civilizations of Mesoamerica, centered south of Texas. Influence of Teotihuacan in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries.
No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area.[36] Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the Alabama, Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Coahuiltecan, Comanche, Choctaw, Coushatta, Hasinai, Jumano, Karankawa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita.[37][38] The name Texas derives from táyshaʔ, a word in the Caddoan language of the Hasinai, which means "friends" or "allies".[3][39][40][41][42]
Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and settlers in that land.[43] Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt wild game. Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers.[44]
Colonization[link]
Flag of the six nations that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of Texas
Texas in 1718, Guillaume de L'Isle map, approximate state area highlighted, northern areas indefinite
Stephen F. Austin was the first American empresario given permission to operate a colony within Mexican Texas.The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda.[45][46] Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans in Texas.[47][48] Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, “half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us.”[49] European powers ignored Texas until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by René Robert Cavelier de La Salle resulted in his establishing the colony of Fort Saint Louis at Matagorda Bay rather than along the Mississippi River.[50] The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.[51]
In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several missions in East Texas.[52] After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico.[53] When France began settling Louisiana, mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas.[54][55] Two years later, they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in Texas.[56]
Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to Texas. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces.[57] In 1749, the Spanish peace treaty with the Lipan Apache[58] angered many tribes, including the Comanche, Tonkawa, and Hasinai.[59] The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785[60] and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes.[61][62] With more numerous missions being established, priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes. By the end of the 18th century only a few nomadic tribes had not converted to Christianity.[63]
When the United States purchased Louisiana from France in 1803, American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the Sabine River in 1819.[64] Eager for new land, many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement. Several filibusters raised armies to invade Texas.[65] In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico.[66] Due to its low population, Mexico made the area part of the state of Coahuila y Tejas.[67]
Hoping that more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, Mexican Texas liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain.[68] Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to empresarios, who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. The first grant, to Moses Austin, was passed to his son Stephen F. Austin after his death.
Austin's settlers, the Old Three Hundred, made places along the Brazos River in 1822.[69] Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority of whom were from the United States.[69][70] The population of Texas grew rapidly. In 1825, Texas had a population of approximately 3,500, with most of Mexican descent.[71] By 1834, Texas had grown to approximately 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent.[72]
Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against slavery. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States.[73] New laws also called for the enforcement of customs duties angering both native Mexican citizens (Tejanos) and recent immigrants.[74]
The Anahuac Disturbances in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation's president.[75] Texians sided with the federalists against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas.[76] They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom. Texians met at the Convention of 1832 to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues.[77] The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the Convention of 1833.
Republic[link]
Main articles: Texas Revolution and Republic of Texas
Republic of Texas. The present-day outlines of the U.S. states superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845
Proposals of 1850 for Texas northwestern boundaryWithin Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary Texians formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety.[78] The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales.[79] This launched the Texas Revolution, and over the next two months, the Texians successfully defeated all Mexican troops in the region.[80] Texians elected delegates to the Consultation, which created a provisional government.[81] The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.[82][83]
During this time of political turmoil, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna personally led an army to end the revolt.[84] The Mexican expedition was initially successful. General Jose de Urrea defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the Goliad Massacre.[85] Santa Anna's forces, after a thirteen-day siege, overwhelmed Texian defenders at the Battle of the Alamo. News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers.[86] The newly elected Texian delegates to the Convention of 1836 quickly signed a Declaration of Independence on March 2, forming the Republic of Texas. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded.[87] The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the Runaway Scrape, fleeing from the approaching Mexican army.[86] After several weeks of retreat, the Texian Army commanded by Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Anna's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto.[88] Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the Treaties of Velasco, ending the war.[89]
While Texas had won their independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by Mirabeau B. Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the Texas Archive War.[90] Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the Dawson Massacre. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived.[91] The republic's inability to defend itself added momentum to Texas's eventual annexation into the United States.
Statehood[link]
Main articles: Texas Annexation and Mexican American WarAs early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate annexation with the United States.[92] Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong abolitionist opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally annexed when the expansionist James K. Polk won the election of 1844.[93] On December 29, 1845, Congress admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union.[94]
After Texas's annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. While the United States claimed that Texas's border stretched to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River. While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims, the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so. President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the Thornton Affair starting the Mexican-American War. The first battles of the war were fought in Texas: the Siege of Fort Texas, Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Resaca de la Palma. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas.[95]
After a series of United States victories, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the two year war. In return, for US$18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande.[95]
The Compromise of 1850 set Texas's boundaries at their present form. Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present day New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt.[17] Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.[96]
Civil War and Reconstruction[link]
Main article: Texas in the American Civil War
Civil war monument in Galveston, TexasTexas was at war again after the election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln's election triggered South Carolina's declaration of secession from the Union, which was quickly followed by that of five other Lower South states. A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. On February 1, by a vote of 166–8, the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession from the United States. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the Confederate States of America, ratifying the permanent C.S. Constitution on March 23, 1861.[3][97] Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause. Texas's most notable unionist was the state Governor, Sam Houston. Not wanting to aggravate the situation, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor.[98]
While far from the major battlefields of the American Civil War, Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy.[99] Union troops briefly occupied the state's primary port, Galveston. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade.[100] The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route,[99] but Texas's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the Mississippi River. The final battle of the Civil War was fought near Brownsville, Texas at Palmito Ranch[101] with a Confederate victory.
Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia and the assumption of authority by Union General Gordon Granger. Violence marked the early months of Reconstruction.[102] Juneteenth commemorates the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in Galveston by General Gordon Granger, over two and a half years after the original announcement.[103][104] President Johnson, in 1866, declared the civilian government restored in Texas.[105] Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements, Congress readmitted Texas into the Union in 1870. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues.[106]
20th century to present[link]
SpindletopOn January 10, 1901, the first major oil well in Texas, Spindletop, was found south of Beaumont. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "Oil Boom" transformed Texas.[107] Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.[108]
The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the Great Migration to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation.[109] In 1940, Texas was 74% Anglo, 14.4% black, and 11.5% Hispanic.[110]
World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, POW detention camps and Army hospitals; 750,000 young men left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; the colleges took on new roles; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left for much better paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture.[111][112]
Texas modernized and expanded its system of higher education through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.[113]
On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.[114]
Government and politics[link]
The current Texas Constitution was adopted in 1876. Like many states, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its federal counterpart, and has provisions unique to Texas.[115]
State government[link]
Main article: Government of TexasSee also: List of Texas state agencies
Texas State Capitol at night.Texas has a plural executive branch system limiting the power of the Governor. Except for the Secretary of State, voters elect executive officers independently; thus candidates are directly answerable to the public, not the Governor.[116] This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties. When Republican President George W. Bush served as Texas's governor, the state had a Democratic Lieutenant Governor, Bob Bullock. The executive branch positions consist of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Land Commissioner, Attorney General, Agriculture Commissioner, the three-member Texas Railroad Commission, the State Board of Education, and the Secretary of State.[116]
The bicameral Texas Legislature consists of the House of Representatives, with 150 members, and a Senate, with 31 members. The Speaker of the House leads the House, and the Lieutenant Governor, the Senate.[117] The Legislature meets in regular session biennially, but the Governor can call for special sessions as often as desired.[118] The state's fiscal year spans from the previous calendar year's September 1 to the current year's August 31. Thus, the FY 2012 dates from September 1, 2011 through August 31, 2012.
The judicial system of Texas is one of the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has two courts of last resort: the Texas Supreme Court, for civil cases, and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the Governor fills vacancies by appointment.[119] Texas leads the nation in executions– 442 as of October 2009 (see Capital punishment in Texas).
The Texas Ranger Division of the Texas Department of Public Safety is a law enforcement agency with statewide jurisdiction. Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption. They have acted as riot police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and the state. The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835. The Rangers were part of several important events of Texas history and some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the Old West.[120]
Politics[link]
Main article: Politics of TexasFurther information: Political party strength in TexasTexas Presidential elections results Year Republican Democratic 2008 55.48% 4,467,748 43.72% 3,521,164 2004 61.09% 4,526,917 38.30% 2,832,704 2000 59.30% 3,799,639 38.11% 2,433,746 1996 48.80% 2,736,166 43.81% 2,459,683 1992 40.61% 2,496,071 37.11% 2,281,815 1988 56.01% 3,036,829 43.41% 2,352,748 1984 63.58% 3,433,428 36.18% 1,949,276 1980 55.30% 2,510,705 41.51% 1,881,148 
Lyndon B. Johnson, Texan and 36th president of the United StatesAs in other "Solid South" states, whites resented the Republican Party after the American Civil War, and the Democratic Party dominated Texas politics from the end of Reconstruction until the late 20th century. The state has since become a Republican stronghold.[121]
The Texas political atmosphere leans towards fiscal and social conservatism.[122][123] Since 1980, most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates. In 2000 and 2004, Republican George W. Bush won Texas with 60.1% of the vote, partly due to his "favorite son" status as a former Governor of the state. John McCain won the state in 2008, but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55% of the vote. Austin consistently leans Democratic in both local and statewide elections. Counties along the Rio Grande generally vote for Democrats, while most rural and suburban areas of Texas vote Republican.[124][125]
The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by the Republican Tom Delay, was called by the New York Times "an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering".[126] A group of Democratic legislators, the "Texas Eleven", fled the state in a quorum-busting effort.[127] Despite these efforts, the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans. Protests of the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court in the case League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, but the ruling went in the Republicans' favor.[128]
As of the general elections of 2010, a large majority of the members of Texas's U.S. House delegation are Republican, along with both U.S. Senators. In the 112th United States Congress, of the 32 Congressional districts in Texas, 23 are held by Republicans and 9 by Democrats. Texas's Senators are Kay Bailey Hutchison and John Cornyn. Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The state's Democratic presence comes primarily from some minority groups in East Texas and South Texas as well as urban voters, particularly in Beaumont, El Paso, Austin, San Antonio, Dallas, and Houston.
Administrative divisions[link]
See also: List of Texas countiesTexas has 254 counties— the most nationwide. Each county runs on Commissioners' Court system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a "weak" mayor-council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners.
Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter "interlocal agreements" to share services, the state does not allow consolidated city-county governments, nor does it have metropolitan governments. Counties are not granted home rule status; their powers are strictly defined by state law. The state does not have townships— areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated. Incorporated areas are part of a municipality. The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas. Municipalities are classified either "general law" cities or "home rule".[129] A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5,000 population with voter approval. Municipal elections are nonpartisan[130] as are elections for school boards and community college districts.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Texas
As of 2010, Texas had a gross state product (GSP) of $1.207 trillion, the second highest in the U.S.[131] Its GSP is comparable to the GDP of India or Canada, which are the world's 12th- and 11th-largest economies, respectively. Texas' economy is the fourth-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind England (as part of the UK), California, and Tokyo Prefecture. Its Per Capita personal income in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation. Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms.[132]
As of November 2011, the state's unemployment rate is 8.1%.[133]
Texas has a "low taxes, low services" reputation.[122] According to the Tax Foundation, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4% of resident incomes.[134] Texas is one of seven states that lack a state income tax.[134][135] Instead, the state collects revenue from a state property tax and sales tax, which is charged at the rate of 6.25%,[134][136] but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2% for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25%.[137] Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in federal income taxes, the state received approximately $0.94 in benefits.[134]
In 2010, Site Selection Magazine ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar Texas Enterprise Fund.[138] Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California.[139][140]
In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.[141][142]
Agriculture and mining[link]
File:West Texas Cotton.jpgCotton modules after being harvested in West Texas
An oil well
Brazos Wind Farm in the plains of West Texas
Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States.[143] Texas leads the nation in livestock production.[143] Cattle is the state's most valuable agricultural product, and the state leads nationally in production of sheep and goat products. Texas leads the nation in production of cotton.[143] The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce.[143] Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.[143]
Energy[link]
Ever since the discovery of oil at Spindletop, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state.[144] According to the Energy Information Administration, Texans consume the most energy in the nation per capita and as a whole.[145] Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own alternating current power grid, the Texas Interconnection. Texas has a deregulated electric service.
The Railroad Commission of Texas, contrary to its name, regulates the state's oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the liquefied petroleum gas industry, and surface coal and uranium mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.[146]
Texas has known petroleum deposits of about 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m3), which makes up approximately one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves.[145] The state's refineries can process 4.6 million barrels (730,000 m3) of oil a day.[145] The Baytown Refinery in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America.[145] Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply.[145] Several petroleum companies are based in Texas such as: Conoco-Phillips, Exxon-Mobil, Halliburton, Valero, and Marathon Oil.
The state is a leader in renewable energy sources; it produces the most wind power in the nation.[145][147] The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe, Texas, is the world's largest wind farm as of October 2009 with a 781.5 megawatt (MW) capacity.[148] The Energy Information Administration states that the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest solar power potential for development in the nation.[145]
Technology[link]
With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the Texas Emerging Technology Fund, a wide array of different high tech industries have developed in Texas. The Austin area is nicknamed the "Silicon Hills" and the north Dallas area the "Silicon Prairie". Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies, such as Dell, Inc., Texas Instruments, Perot Systems, Rackspace and AT&T.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (NASA JSC) located in Southeast Houston, sits as the crown jewel of Texas's aeronautics industry. Fort Worth hosts both Lockheed Martin's Aeronautics division and Bell Helicopter Textron.[149][150] Lockheed builds the F-16 Fighting Falcon, the largest Western fighter program, and its successor, the F-35 Lightning II in Fort Worth.[151]
Commerce[link]
Texas's affluence stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are AT&T, Kimberly-Clark, Blockbuster, J. C. Penney, Whole Foods Market, and Tenet Healthcare.[152] Nationally, the Dallas–Fort Worth area, home to the second shopping mall in the United States, has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area.[153]
Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, imports a third of the state's exports because of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial maquiladoras on the Texas/Mexico border.[154]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Texas
Texas population density mapThe United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Texas was 25,674,681 on July 1, 2011, a 2.10% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[5] The state's rate of natural increase (births and deaths) since the last census was 1,389,275 people, immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 801,576 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 451,910 people.[3] As of 2004, the state had 3.5 million foreign-born residents (15.6 percent of the state population), of which an estimated 1.2 million are illegal aliens. Texas from 2000–2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation.[155] In 2010, illegal aliens constituted an estimated 6.0% of the population. This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country.[156][157]
Texas's population density is 34.8 persons/km2 which is slightly higher than the average population density of the US as a whole, at 31 persons/km2. In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of 116 persons/km2.
Two-thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston. The Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas. While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is considerably larger than that of Houston.
Historical populations Census Pop. %± 1850 212,592 — 1860 604,215 184.2% 1870 818,579 35.5% 1880 1,591,749 94.5% 1890 2,235,527 40.4% 1900 3,048,710 36.4% 1910 3,896,542 27.8% 1920 4,663,228 19.7% 1930 5,824,715 24.9% 1940 6,414,824 10.1% 1950 7,711,194 20.2% 1960 9,579,677 24.2% 1970 11,196,730 16.9% 1980 14,229,191 27.1% 1990 16,986,510 19.4% 2000 20,851,820 22.8% 2010 25,145,561 20.6% Race and ethnicity[link]
According to the 2010 United States census, the racial and ethnic composition of Texas was the following:
- White: 70.4% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 45.3%)
- Black or African American: 11.8%
- Native American: 0.7%
- Asian: 3.8% (1.0% Indian, 0.8% Vietnamese, 0.6% Chinese, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.07% Japanese, 0.05% Laotian, 0.05% Cambodian)
- Pacific Islander: 0.1% (0.02% Guamanian, 0.01% Samoan, 0.01% Tongan, 0.01% Native Hawaiian)
- Some other race: 10.5%
- Two or more races: 2.7%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 37.6% (31.6% Mexican, 0.5% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Cuban)
White Americans are the racial majority in Texas. However, non-Hispanic whites represent roughly 48% of the population; therefore, Texas is a minority-majority state. Just over 17,020,000 Texans are white (both non-Hispanic and Hispanic), and roughly 11.4 million are non-Hispanic whites. German, Irish, and English Americans are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas. German Americans make up 11.3% of the population, and number over 2.7 million members. Irish Americans make up 8.2% of the population, and number over 1.9 million members. There are roughly 600,000 French Americans and 472,000 Italian Americans residing in Texas; these two ethnic groups make up 2.5% and 2.0% of the population respectively. In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Texas was English with 3,083,323 Texans citing that they were of English or mostly English ancestry making them 27% of the state at the time.[158] Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and for this reason many of them today simply claim "American" ancestry, though they are of predominately English stock.
Black Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin make up 11.5% of the population; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3% of the populace. Black Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin number at roughly 2.7 million individuals.
Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans make up 0.5% of Texas' population, and number over 118,000 individuals. Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 0.3% of the population, and number over 75,000 individuals. Cherokee Indians made up 0.1% of the population, and numbered over 19,400 members. In contrast, only 583 were identified as Chippewa.
Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent form 3.8% of the population, with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.7% of the populace. Altogether, they number over 808,000 individuals. Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000. Just over 200,000 Indians make Texas their home. Texas is also home to over 187,000 Vietnamese and 136,000 Chinese. In addition to 92,000 Filipinos and 62,000 Koreans, there are 18,000 Japanese Americans living in the state. Lastly, over 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups, such as Cambodian, Thai, and Hmong. Sugar Land, a city within the Houston metropolitan area, and Plano, located within the Dallas metropolitan area, both have high concentrations of Chinese and Korean residents. The Houston and Dallas areas, and to a lesser extent, the Austin metropolitan area, all contain substantial Vietnamese communities.
Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas. According to the survey, only 18,000 Texans are Pacific Islanders; 16,400 are of non-Hispanic descent. There are roughly 5,400 Native Hawaiians, 5,300 Guamanians, and 6,400 people from other groups. Samoan Americans were very scant; only 2,920 people were from this group. The city of Euless, a suburb of Fort Worth, contains a sizable population of Tongan Americans, at nearly 900 people, over one percent of the city's population. Killeen has a sufficient population of Samoans and Guamanian, and people of Pacific Islander descent surpass one percent of the city's population.
Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas. People of multiracial heritage form 1.9% of the population, and number over 448,000 people. Almost 80,000 Texans claim European and African heritage, and make up 0.3% of the population. People of European and Native American heritage number over 108,800 (close to the number of Native Americans), and make up 0.5% of the population. People of European and Asian heritage number over 57,600, and form just 0.2% of the population. People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number (15,300), and make up just 0.1% of the total population.
Hispanics and Latinos are the second largest group in Texas after non-Hispanic European Americans. Over 8.5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This group forms 36% of Texas' population. People of Mexican descent alone number over 7.3 million, and make up 30.7% of the population. Over 104,000 Puerto Ricans live in the state. Roughly 38,000 Cubans reside in the state. Over 1.1 million people (4.7% of the population) are of varying Hispanic and Latino ancestries, such as Costa Rican, Venezuelan, and Argentine.[159][160]
German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Over one-third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin;[161] while many have recently arrived, some Tejanos have ancestors with multi-generational ties to 18th century Texas. In addition to the descendants of the state's former slave population, many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the New Great Migration.[162] Recently, the Asian population in Texas has grown—primarily in Houston and Dallas. Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin, Corpus Christi, and the Sharyland area next McAllen, Texas. Currently, three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas: the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe, and the Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo.[38]
In 2010, 49% of all births were Hispanics; 35% were non-Hispanic whites; 11.5% were non-Hispanic blacks, and 4.3% were Asians/Pacific Islanders.[163] Based on Census Bureau data released at Medio February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas' white population is below 50 percent (45 percent) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population growth by 20.6 percent, but Hispanics growth by 65 percent, whereas non-Hispanic whites only grew by 4.2 percent.[164]
Cities and towns[link]
See also: List of cities in Texas, List of counties in Texas, List of Texas metropolitan areas, and Population of Texas cities in 2000The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million: Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas.[165] These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States. As of 2000, six Texas cities had populations greater than 500,000 people. Austin, Fort Worth, and El Paso are among the 25 largest U.S. cities. Texas has four metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million: Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, San Antonio–New Braunfels, and Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos. The Dallas–Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6.3 million and 5.7 million residents, respectively. Three interstate highways—I-35 to the west (Dallas–Fort Worth to San Antonio, with Austin in between), I-45 to the east (Dallas to Houston), and I-10 to the south (San Antonio to Houston) define the Texas Urban Triangle region. The region of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km2) contains most of the state's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texas's total population.[166] Houston and Dallas have been recognized as beta world cities.[167] These cities are spread out amongst the state. Texas has 254 counties, which is more than any state by 95 (Georgia).[168]
In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as colonias often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty.[169] As of 2007, Texas had at least 2,294 colonias, located primarily along the state's 1,248-mile (2,008 km) border with Mexico.[169] Texas has the largest concentration of people, approximately 400,000, living in colonias.
Largest cities or towns of Texas
Source:[170]Rank City name County Pop. 
Houston
1 Houston Harris 2,099,451 
Dallas
2 San Antonio Bexar 1,327,407 3 Dallas Dallas 1,197,816 4 Austin Travis 790,390 5 Fort Worth Tarrant 741,206 6 El Paso El Paso 649,121 7 Arlington Tarrant 365,438 8 Corpus Christi Nuences 305,215 9 Plano Collin 259,841 10 Laredo Webb 236,091 Religion[link]
Religion[171] Roman Catholic 28% Baptist 21% No religion 11% Methodist 8% Christian—Others 7% Lutheran 3% Pentecostal 3% Presbyterian 2% Non-denominational 2% Mormon 2% Episcopalian 1% Islam 1% Jehovah's Witnesses 1% Assemblies of God 1% Church of God 1% Other 2% 
The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2000 were the Roman Catholic Church with 4,368,969; the Southern Baptist Convention with 3,519,459; and the United Methodist Church with 1,022,342.[172]
Known as the buckle of the Bible Belt, East Texas is socially conservative.[173] Dallas-Fort Worth is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of monasteries. Lakewood Church in Houston, boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly.[174] Lubbock, according to local lore, has the most churches per capita in the nation.[173]
Adherents of many non-Christian religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. In 1990, the Islamic population stood at approximately 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current population of Muslims between 350,000 to 400,000.[175] The Jewish population stands at around 128,000.[176] Approximately 146,000 adherents of non-Abrahamic religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism live in Texas.[177]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of TexasSee also: List of people from Texas and List of Texas symbols
The Alamo is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.Historically, the whole of Texas culture comes from a blend of Southern (Dixie), Western (frontier), and Southwestern (Mexican/Anglo fusion) influences, varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another. A popular food item, the breakfast burrito, draws from all three, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texas's traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a melting pot of cultures from around the world.
Arts[link]
Further information: Music of Texas
Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: the Houston Grand Opera, the Houston Symphony Orchestra, the Houston Ballet, and The Alley Theatre.[178] Known for the vibrancy of its visual and performing arts, the Houston Theatre District—a 17-block area in the heart of Downtown Houston— ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats.[178]
Founded in 1892, Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, also called "The Modern", is Texas's oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the Kimbell Art Museum, the Amon Carter Museum, the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame, the Will Rogers Memorial Center, and the Bass Performance Hall downtown. The Arts District of Downtown Dallas has arts venues such as the Dallas Museum of Art, the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center, the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House, the Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art, and the Nasher Sculpture Center.[179]
The Deep Ellum district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime jazz and blues hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum".[180] Artists such as Blind Lemon Jefferson, Robert Johnson, Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter, and Bessie Smith played in early Deep Ellum clubs.[181]
Austin, The Live Music Capital of the World, boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City."[182] The city's music revolves around the nightclubs on 6th Street; events like the film, music, and multimedia festival South by Southwest; the longest-running concert music program on American television, Austin City Limits; and the Austin City Limits Music Festival held in Zilker Park.[183]
Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into the "The Tejano Music Capital Of The World."[184] The Tejano Music Awards have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.[185]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in TexasThe second president of the Republic of Texas, Mirabeau B. Lamar, is the Father of Texas Education. During his term, the state set aside three leagues of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's Permanent University Fund.[186] Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.[187] Texas ranked 29th in the American Legislative Exchange Council's Report Card on American Education. Texas students ranked higher than average in mathematics, but lower in reading. Between 2006–2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The state provided 88.0% of the funding for education, the federal government 12.0%.[188]
The Texas Education Agency (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has over 1,000 school districts- all districts except the Stafford Municipal School District are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries.[189] School districts have the power to tax their residents and to assert eminent domain over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the"Robin Hood plan". This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.[190] The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities.[191]
Students in Texas take the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) in primary and secondary school. TAKS assess students' attainment of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies skills required under Texas education standards and the No Child Left Behind Act. In spring 2007, Texas legislators replaced the TAKS for freshmen in the 2011–2012 school year and onward with End of Course exams for core high school classes.[192]
Colleges and universities[link]
Further information: List of colleges and universities in TexasTexas's controversial alternative affirmative action plan, Texas House Bill 588, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top 10 percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the Hopwood v. Texas (1996) case.
Six state university systems and four independent public universities exist in Texas.[193][194] Discovery of minerals on Permanent University Fund land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth the state's largest university systems: University of Texas and Texas A&M. The PUF principal in fall 2005 was approximately $15 billion, second in size only to Harvard University's endowment.[186][195] The other four university systems are the University of Houston, the University of North Texas, Texas State, and Texas Tech.
Texas has three nationally recognized top-tier public research universities: The University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, and the University of Houston.[196][197][198][199] The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as "emerging research universities." The two that are expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions during the 82nd Texas Legislature.[200]
The state is home to many private institutions ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top-tier research university. Rice University in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by U.S. News & World Report.[201]
Sam Houston State University was the first college established in Texas specifically for training teachers. Sam Houston State is located in Huntsville, Texas, which is were Texas Hero Sam Houston died. Additionally, Trinity University, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the western United States for 20 consecutive years by U.S. News.[202] The former republic chartered the private universities Baylor University, University of Mary Hardin–Baylor, and Southwestern University.[203][204]
Universities in Texas currently host two presidential libraries: George Bush Presidential Library at Texas A&M University and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum at The University of Texas at Austin. An agreement has been reached to create a third; the George W. Bush Presidential Library at Southern Methodist University.
Healthcare[link]
See also: List of hospitals in TexasThe Commonwealth Fund ranks the Texas healthcare system the third worst in the nation.[205] Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity among various groups.[205] Causes of the state's poor rankings include politics, a high poverty rate, and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation.[155] In May 2006, Texas initiated the program "code red" in response to the report that the state had 25.1% of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation.[206] Texas also has controversial non-economic damages caps for medical malpractice lawsuits, set at $250,000, in an attempt to "curb rising malpractice premiums, and control escalating healthcare costs".[207]
The Trust for America's Health ranked Texas 15th highest in adult obesity, with 27.2% of the state's population measured as obese.[208] The 2008 Men's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and Arlington 14th.[209] Texas had only one city, Austin, ranked 21st, in the top 25 among the "fittest cities" in America.[209] The same survey has evaluated the state's obesity initiatives favorably with a "B+".[209] The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise.[210]
Medical research[link]
Aerial of Texas Medical Center in HoustonMany elite research medical centers are located in Texas. The state has nine medical schools,[211] three dental schools,[212] and two optometry schools.[213] Texas has two Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories: one at The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) in Galveston,[214] and the other at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.[215]
The Texas Medical Center in Houston, holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions.[216] Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.[217] The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.[218]
San Antonio's South Texas Medical Center facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States.[219] The University of Texas Health Science Center is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.[220][221]
Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. The Southwestern Medical Center ranks "among the top academic medical centers in the world".[222] The institution's medical school employs the most medical school Nobel laureates in the world.[222][223]
Environment[link]
Texas emits far more greenhouse gases than any other state, with Port Arthur having some of the dirtiest air in the United States. In 2010, there were 2,553 "emission events" which poured 44.6 million pounds of contaminants in the Texas sky.[224]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in Texas
Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state's large size and rough terrain. Texas has compensated by building both America's largest highway and railway systems in terms of length. The regulatory authority, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) maintains the state's immense highway system, regulates aviation,[225] and public transportation systems.[226] Located centrally in North America, the state is an important transportation hub. From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93% of the nation's population within 48 hours, and 37% within 24 hours.[227] Texas has 33 foreign trade zones (FTZ), the most in the nation.[228] In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed though Texas FTZs.[228]
Highways[link]
Main article: Texas state highwaysTexans have heavily traveled their freeways since the 1948 opening of the Gulf Freeway in Houston.[229] As of 2005, 79,535 miles (127,999 km) of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from 71,000 miles (114,263 km) in 1984).[230] To fund recent growth in the state highways, Texas has 17 toll roads (see list) with several additional tollways proposed.[231] In west Texas, both I-10 and I-20 have speed limits of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), the highest in the nation.[232] All federal and state highways in Texas are paved.
In March 2011, Texas ranked as a bottom-ten "Worst" state (tied with Montana and North Dakota) in the American State Litter Scorecard, presented at the American Society for Public Administration national conference. Public roadways in the Lone Star State suffer from an overall poor quality of landscape cleanliness, attributed to ineffective roadside and adjacent property litter/debris abatement standards, seemingly politicized procedural efforts, and other relevant public performance indicators.[233]
Airports[link]
See also: List of airports in TexasTexas has 730 airports, second most of any state in the nation. Largest in Texas by size and passengers served, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) is the second largest by area in the United States, and fourth in the world with 18,076 acres (73.15 km2).[234] In traffic, DFW is the busiest in the state and the fourth in the United States,[235] and sixth worldwide.[236] AMR Corporation's American / American Eagle, the world's third largest airline in total passengers-miles transported (after Delta and United) and passenger fleet size,[237] uses DFW as its largest and main hub. Southwest Airlines, also headquartered in Dallas, has its operations currently at Dallas Love Field.[238] It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried.[239]
Texas's second-largest air facility is Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH) with. It serves as Houston based Continental Airlines's largest hub. IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport.[240][241] The next four largest airports in the state all serve over 4 million passengers annually; they include:Austin-Bergstrom International Airport, William P. Hobby Airport, San Antonio International Airport, and Dallas Love Field. The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is Del Rio International Airport.
Ports[link]
Main article: List of ports in the United StatesAround 1,150 seaports dot Texas's coast with over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of channels.[242] Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million metric tons.[243] Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the Gulf section of the Intracoastal Waterway.[242] The Port of Houston today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage, second in overall tonnage, and tenth worldwide in tonnage.[244] The Houston Ship Channel currently spans 530 feet (160 m) wide by 45 feet (14 m) deep by 50 miles (80 km) long.[245]
Railroads[link]
See also: List of Texas railroadsPart of the state's tradition originates from cattle drives in which drovers herded livestock to railroads in Kansas. The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, opening in August 1853.[246] The first railroad to enter Texas from the north, completed in 1872, was the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad.[247] Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in railroad length. Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at 17,078 miles (27,484 km), but declined to 14,006 miles (22,540 km) by 2000. While the Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT.[248]
Both Dallas and Houston feature light rail systems. Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) built the first light rail system in the Southwest United States.[249] The Trinity Railway Express (TRE) commuter rail service that links Fort Worth and Dallas is provided by the Fort Worth Transportation Authority (the T) and DART.[250] In the Austin area Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates a commuter rail service known as Capital MetroRail to the northwestern suburbs. The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas (METRO) operates light rail lines in the Houston area.
Amtrak provides Texas limited intercity passenger rail service both in size and frequency. Just three scheduled routes serve the state: the daily Texas Eagle (Chicago–San Antonio); the tri-weekly Sunset Limited (New Orleans–Los Angeles), with stops in Texas; and the daily Heartland Flyer (Fort Worth–Oklahoma City).
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Terminal D at DFW Airport in Dallas.
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Terminal E at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston.
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Port of Houston along the Houston Ship Channel
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METRORail in Houston
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DART Rail in Dallas
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in TexasFurther information: List of Texas sports teams, and List of University Interscholastic League eventsWhile American football has long been considered "king" in the state, Texans today enjoy a wide variety of sports.[251]
Texans can cheer for a plethora of professional sports teams. Within the "Big Four" professional leagues, Texas has two NFL teams (the Dallas Cowboys and the Houston Texans), two Major League Baseball teams (the Texas Rangers and the Houston Astros), three NBA teams (the Houston Rockets, the San Antonio Spurs, and the Dallas Mavericks), and one National Hockey League team (the Dallas Stars). The Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex is one of only thirteen American metropolitan areas that hosts sports teams from all the "Big Four" professional leagues. Outside of the "Big Four" leagues, Texas also has one WNBA team (the San Antonio Silver Stars) and two Major League Soccer teams (the Houston Dynamo and FC Dallas).
Collegiate athletics have deep significance in Texas culture, especially football. The state has ten Division I-FBS schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's universities, the Baylor Bears, Texas Longhorns, Texas A&M Aggies, and Texas Tech Red Raiders, compete in the major athletics conference in the area, the Big 12 Conference. The TCU Horned Frogs will join the Big 12 in the summer of 2011, while Texas A&M Aggies depart for the Southeastern Conference. The Houston Cougars and the SMU Mustangs will join the Big East Conference in 2013. Four of the state's schools claim at least one national championship in football: the Texas Longhorns, the Texas A&M Aggies, the TCU Horned Frogs, and the SMU Mustangs.
According to a survey of Division I-A coaches the rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas, the Red River Shootout, ranks the third best in the nation.[252] The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the Battle for the Iron Skillet. A fierce rivalry, the Lone Star Showdown, also exists between the state's two largest universities, Texas A&M University and the University of Texas. The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry will be put on hold when the Texas A&M Aggies join Southeastern Conference.
The University Interscholastic League (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being high school football) as well as artistic and academic subjects.[253]
Texans also enjoy the rodeo. The world's first rodeo was hosted in Pecos, Texas.[254] The annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo is the largest rodeo in the world. It begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state that convene at Reliant Park.[255] The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the State Fair of Texas each year at Fair Park.[256]
From 2012 Austin will play host to a round of the Formula 1 World Championship[257]—the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the 1980 Grand Prix at Watkins Glen International
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Cowboys Stadium, home of the Dallas Cowboys.
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2006 Lone Star Showdown football game at Darrell K. Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium
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Playoff game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007.
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The Ballpark in Arlington, home of the Texas Rangers.
See also[link]
- Outline of Texas
- Index of Texas-related articles
- Gulf of Mexico
- List of National Register of Historic Places in Texas
- List of people from Texas
- US state
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Texas — Languages. MLA. http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=48&mode=state_tops&ll=all. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
- ^ "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Estimates". US Census. April 4, 2007. http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/CBSA-est2006-pop-chg.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Facts". Texas Almanac. 2008. http://www.texasalmanac.com/facts/. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
- ^ "Environment". Texas Almanac. 2008. Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317214833/http://www.texasalmanac.com/environment/. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "El Capitan". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=CD0994. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ "Alabama Dictionary". http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/Dictionary/. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ Texas, origin of name Handbook of Texas Online
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Announces 2010 Census Population Counts – Apportionment Counts Delivered to President". Press Release. U.S. Census Bureau. December 21, 2010. http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb10-cn93.html. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
- ^ Teja, Jesús de la. "New Philippines". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/usn01.
- ^ "Introduction to Texas". Netstate.com. http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/tx_intro.htm. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ Sansom, Andrew: Water in Texas: An Introduction, University of Texas Press, 2008, pg. 25
- ^ Dingus, Anne: The dictionary of Texas misinformation, Gulf Publishing Company, 1987
- ^ CNN.com, Retrieved November 2010.
- ^ a b Compromise of 1850 from the Handbook of Texas Online
- ^ "Tx Envionmental Profiles". Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603175718/http://www.texasep.org/html/lnd/lnd_1reg.html. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
- ^ "Rivers in Texas". Tpwd.state.tx.us. November 16, 2007. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/habitats/rivers/. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ Hal P. Bybee. "Handbook of Texas Rivers". Tshaonline.org. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/RR/rnr7.html. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
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- ^ Muzzafar, Asif. Timing of Diapir Growth and Cap Rock Formation, Davis Hill Salt Dome, Coastal Texas [1] The Geological Society of America. . Retrieved July 22, 2008.
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- ^ Weather from the Handbook of Texas Online Accessed July 22, 2008
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- ^ a b Richardson (2005), p. 9.
- ^ Richardson (2005), pp 10–16
- ^ a b Native Americans from the Handbook of Texas Online
- ^ Fry, Phillip L.. "Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. ","". http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/TT/pft4.html. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
- ^ Richardson, p 1
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- ^ Wallace Chafe, p.c.
- ^ Richardson, p 10
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- ^ Chipman (1992), p. 243.
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 34.
- ^ Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca from the Handbook of Texas Online
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- ^ "The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca"
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 149.
- ^ Chipman (1992), p. 83.
- ^ Chipman (1992), p. 89.
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 155.
- ^ Chipman (1992), pp. 111–112.
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 160.
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 163.
- ^ Chipman (1992), p. 205.
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 193.
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 189.
- ^ Weddle (1995), p. 163.
- ^ Weddle (1995), p. 164.
- ^ Chipman (1992), p. 200.
- ^ Chipman (1992), p. 202.
- ^ Weber (1992), pp. 291–299.
- ^ Davis (2006), p. 46.
- ^ Weber (1992), p. 300.
- ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 162.
- ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 164.
- ^ a b Manchaca (2001), p. 198.
- ^ Manchaca (2001), p. 199.
- ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 75.
- ^ Manchaca (2001), pp. 172, 201.
- ^ Edmondson (2000), p. 78.
- ^ Davis (2006), p. 77.
- ^ Davis (2006), p. 85.
- ^ Davis (2006), pp. 86–9.
- ^ Davis (2006), p. 92.
- ^ Huson (1974), p. 4.
- ^ Hardin (1994), p. 12.
- ^ Barr (1990), p. 64.
- ^ Winders (2004), p. 72.
- ^ Winders (2004), pp. 90, 92.
- ^ Hardin (1994), p. 109.
- ^ Hardin (1994), p. 102.
- ^ Roell, Craig. Battle of Coleto. Handbook of Texas. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/CC/qec1.html.
- ^ a b Todish et al. (1998), p. 68.
- ^ Roberts and Olson (2001), p. 144.
- ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 69.
- ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 70.
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References[link]
- Chipman, Donald E. (1992). Spanish Texas, 1519–1821. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77659-4.
- Davis, William C. (2006). Lone Star Rising. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-532-5. originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
- Edmondson, J.R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
- Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr.. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-641-9.
- Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73086-1.
- Huson, Hobart (1974). Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution. Austin, Texas: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co..
- Lack, Paul D. (1992). The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-497-1.
- Manchaca, Martha (2001). Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75253-9.
- Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN 978-1-57168-152-2.
- report of President's Commission on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. (1992). The Warren Commission Report. Warren Commission Hearings. IV. National Archives. ISBN 0-312-08257-6. http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/index.php.
- Weber, David J. (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale Western Americana Series. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05198-0.
- Weddle, Robert S. (1995). Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803. Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-661-3.
- Winders, Richard Bruce (2004). Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution. Military History of Texas Series: Number Three. Abilene, TX: State House Press. ISBN 1-880510-80-4.
External links[link]
Find more about Texas on Wikipedia's sister projects: 
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary 
Images and media from Commons 
Learning resources from Wikiversity 
News stories from Wikinews 
Quotations from Wikiquote 
Source texts from Wikisource 
Textbooks from Wikibooks - Texas at the Open Directory Project
- The Texas State History Museum
- The Handbook of Texas Online—Published by the Texas State Historical Association
- Texas Register, hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries
- Texas travel guide from Wikitravel
- South and West Texas: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
- Texas Heritage Society
Geographic data related to Texas at OpenStreetMap- View historical photographs at the University of Houston Digital Library.
- State government
- The State of Texas
- Texas State Databases—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Texas state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
- Texas Politics. An online textbook from the College of Liberal Arts, The University of Texas.
- U.S. Government
- Energy Profile for Texas- Economic, environmental, and energy data
- USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Texas
- Texas State Facts
- South and West Texas, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Preceded by
FloridaList of U.S. states by date of statehood
Admitted on December 29, 1845 (28th)Succeeded by
Iowa
Colorado
Oklahoma
Arkansas
New Mexico
Louisiana
Texas: Outline • Index East
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Coahuila • 
Nuevo León • 
Tamaulipas
MexicoGulf of Mexico Articles Related to Texas
The Lone Star State
State of TexasAustin (capital)Topics Society Regions - Ark‑La‑Tex
- Big Bend
- Blackland Prairies
- Brazos Valley
- Central Texas
- Coastal Bend
- Cross Timbers
- Deep East Texas
- East Texas
- Edwards Plateau
- Golden Triangle
- Hill Country
- Llano Estacado
- Northeast Texas
- North Texas
- Osage Plains
- Panhandle
- Permian Basin
- Piney Woods
- Rio Grande Valley
- Southeast Texas
- South Plains
- South Texas
- Trans-Pecos
- West Texas
Metropolitan
areas- Abilene
- Amarillo
- Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos
- Beaumont–Port Arthur
- Brownsville–Harlingen
- College Station–Bryan
- Corpus Christi
- Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington
- El Paso
- Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown
- Killeen–Temple–Fort Hood
- Laredo
- Longview
- Lubbock
- McAllen–Edinburg–Mission
- Midland
- Odessa
- San Angelo
- San Antonio–New Braunfels
- Sherman–Denison
- Texarkana
- Tyler
- Victoria
- Waco
- Wichita Falls
Counties There are 254 counties in Texas. (See Table of Texas counties or List.)
Counties of Texas- Anderson
- Andrews
- Angelina
- Aransas
- Archer
- Armstrong
- Atascosa
- Austin
- Bailey
- Bandera
- Bastrop
- Baylor
- Bee
- Bell
- Bexar
- Blanco
- Borden
- Bosque
- Bowie
- Brazoria
- Brazos
- Brewster
- Briscoe
- Brooks
- Brown
- Burleson
- Burnet
- Caldwell
- Calhoun
- Callahan
- Cameron
- Camp
- Carson
- Cass
- Castro
- Chambers
- Cherokee
- Childress
- Clay
- Cochran
- Coke
- Coleman
- Collin
- Collingsworth
- Colorado
- Comal
- Comanche
- Concho
- Cooke
- Coryell
- Cottle
- Crane
- Crockett
- Crosby
- Culberson
- Dallam
- Dallas
- Dawson
- Deaf Smith
- Delta
- Denton
- DeWitt
- Dickens
- Dimmit
- Donley
- Duval
- Eastland
- Ector
- Edwards
- Ellis
- El Paso
- Erath
- Falls
- Fannin
- Fayette
- Fisher
- Floyd
- Foard
- Fort Bend
- Franklin
- Freestone
- Frio
- Gaines
- Galveston
- Garza
- Gillespie
- Glasscock
- Goliad
- Gonzales
- Gray
- Grayson
- Gregg
- Grimes
- Guadalupe
- Hale
- Hall
- Hamilton
- Hansford
- Hardeman
- Hardin
- Harris
- Harrison
- Hartley
- Haskell
- Hays
- Hemphill
- Henderson
- Hidalgo
- Hill
- Hockley
- Hood
- Hopkins
- Houston
- Howard
- Hudspeth
- Hunt
- Hutchinson
- Irion
- Jack
- Jackson
- Jasper
- Jeff Davis
- Jefferson
- Jim Hogg
- Jim Wells
- Johnson
- Jones
- Karnes
- Kaufman
- Kendall
- Kenedy
- Kent
- Kerr
- Kimble
- King
- Kinney
- Kleberg
- Knox
- Lamar
- Lamb
- Lampasas
- La Salle
- Lavaca
- Lee
- Leon
- Liberty
- Limestone
- Lipscomb
- Live Oak
- Llano
- Loving
- Lubbock
- Lynn
- Madison
- Marion
- Martin
- Mason
- Matagorda
- Maverick
- McCulloch
- McLennan
- McMullen
- Medina
- Menard
- Midland
- Milam
- Mills
- Mitchell
- Montague
- Montgomery
- Moore
- Morris
- Motley
- Nacogdoches
- Navarro
- Newton
- Nolan
- Nueces
- Ochiltree
- Oldham
- Orange
- Palo Pinto
- Panola
- Parker
- Parmer
- Pecos
- Polk
- Potter
- Presidio
- Rains
- Randall
- Reagan
- Real
- Red River
- Reeves
- Refugio
- Roberts
- Robertson
- Rockwall
- Runnels
- Rusk
- Sabine
- San Augustine
- San Jacinto
- San Patricio
- San Saba
- Schleicher
- Scurry
- Shackelford
- Shelby
- Sherman
- Smith
- Somervell
- Starr
- Stephens
- Sterling
- Stonewall
- Sutton
- Swisher
- Tarrant
- Taylor
- Terrell
- Terry
- Throckmorton
- Titus
- Tom Green
- Travis
- Trinity
- Tyler
- Upshur
- Upton
- Uvalde
- Val Verde
- Van Zandt
- Victoria
- Walker
- Waller
- Ward
- Washington
- Webb
- Wharton
- Wheeler
- Wichita
- Wilbarger
- Willacy
- Williamson
- Wilson
- Winkler
- Wise
- Wood
- Yoakum
- Young
- Zapata
- Zavala
Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Texas- Phil Dyer
(Plano) - Raul G. Salinas
(Laredo) - Tom Martin
(Lubbock) - Ronald E. Jones
(Garland) - Beth Van Duyne
(Irving) - Debra McCartt
(Amarillo) - Tony Martinez
(Brownsville) - Charles England
(Grand Prairie)
Central Business Districts of Texas's ten largest cities (2010)- Downtown Houston
- Downtown San Antonio
- Downtown Dallas
- Downtown Austin
- Downtown Fort Worth
- Downtown El Paso
- Downtown Arlington
- Downtown Corpus Christi
- Downtown Plano
- Downtown Laredo
States - Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
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Federal district Insular areas Outlying islands History Timeline - Pre-Columbian era
- Colonial era (Thirteen Colonies, Colonial American military history)
- American Revolution (War)
- Federalist Era
- War of 1812
- Territorial acquisitions
- Territorial evolution
- Mexican–American War
- Civil War
- Reconstruction era
- Indian Wars
- Gilded Age
- African-American Civil Rights Movement (1896–1954)
- Spanish–American War
- Imperialism
- World War I
- Roaring Twenties
- Great Depression
- World War II (Home front)
- Cold War
- Korean War
- Space Race
- African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)
- Feminist Movement
- Vietnam War
- Post-Cold War (1991–present)
- War on Terror (War in Afghanistan, Iraq War)
- Timeline of modern American conservatism
Topics Federal
governmentLaw Legislature - Congress Judiciary - Supreme Court Executive - President Intelligence Uniformed Services Politics Geography Economy Society Topics Social class Culture Issues Coordinates: 31°N 100°W / 31°N 100°W / 31; -100
http://wn.com/Texas
Related pages:
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http://ru.wn.com/Техас
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http://pt.wn.com/Texas
http://pl.wn.com/Teksas
http://hi.wn.com/टॅक्सस
http://it.wn.com/Texas
http://id.wn.com/Texas
http://nl.wn.com/Texas (staat)
http://fr.wn.com/Texas
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas
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- Episode 365: (#1.365)
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