A perfect game is defined by Major League Baseball as a game in which a pitcher (or combination of pitchers) pitches a victory that lasts a minimum of nine innings and in which no opposing player reaches base.[2] Thus, the pitcher (or pitchers) cannot allow any hits, walks, hit batsmen, or any opposing player to reach base safely for any other reason: in short, "27 up, 27 down". The feat has been achieved 23 times in the history of major league baseball—21 times since the modern era began in 1900.
A perfect game is, by necessity, both a no-hitter and a shutout. Since the pitcher cannot control whether or not his teammates commit any errors, the pitcher must be backed up by solid fielding to pitch a perfect game. An error that does not allow a batter to get on base, such as a misplayed foul ball, does not spoil a perfect game. Weather-shortened contests in which a team has no baserunners and games in which a team reaches first base only in extra innings do not qualify as official perfect games under the present definition. The first confirmed use of the term "perfect game" was in 1908; the current official definition of the term was formalized in 1991. Although it is possible for multiple pitchers to combine for a perfect game (as has happened nine times at the major league level for a no-hitter), to date, every major league perfect game has been thrown by a single pitcher.[3]
Over the 143 years of Major League Baseball history, there have been only 21 official perfect games by the current definition. More people have orbited the moon than have pitched a major league perfect game. No pitcher has ever thrown more than one. The perfect game thrown by Don Larsen in game 5 of the 1956 World Series is the only postseason perfect game in major league history and one of only two postseason no-hitters. The first two major league perfect games, and the only two of the premodern era, were thrown in 1880, five days apart. Between July 2009 and April 2012, a span of less than three full seasons, there were four perfect games. By contrast, there have been spans of 23 and 33 consecutive seasons in which not a single perfect game was thrown.
The first two pitchers to accomplish the feat did so under rules that differed in many important respects from those of today's game: in 1880, for example, only underhand pitching—from a flat, marked-out box 45 feet from home plate—was allowed, it took eight balls to draw a walk, and a batter was not awarded first base if hit by a pitch.[4] Lee Richmond, a left-handed pitcher for the Worcester Ruby Legs, threw the first perfect game. He played professional baseball for six years and pitched full-time for only three, finishing with a losing record. The second perfect game was thrown by John Montgomery Ward for the Providence Grays. Ward, an excellent pitcher who became an excellent position player, went on to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
Though convention has it that the modern era of Major League Baseball begins in 1900, the essential rules of the modern game were in place by the 1893 season. That year the pitching distance was moved back to 60 feet, 6 inches, where it remains, and the pitcher's box was replaced by a rubber slab against which the pitcher was required to place his rear foot. Two other crucial rules changes had been made in recent years: In 1887, the rule awarding a hit batsman first base was instituted in the National League (this had been the rule in the American Association since 1884—first by the umpire's judgment of the impact; as of the following year, virtually automatically).[5] In 1889, the number of balls required for a walk was reduced to four.[6] Thus, from 1893 on, pitchers sought perfection in a game whose most important rules are the same as today, with two significant exceptions: counting a foul ball as a first or second strike, enforced by the National League as of 1901 and by the American League two years later, and the use of the designated hitter in American League games since the 1973 season.[7]
During baseball's modern era, 19 pitchers have thrown perfect games. Most were accomplished major leaguers. Five are members of the Baseball Hall of Fame: Cy Young, Addie Joss, Jim Bunning, Sandy Koufax, and Catfish Hunter. A sixth, Randy Johnson, is a 300-game winner and five-time Cy Young Award recipient considered certain to be voted into the Hall of Fame when he becomes eligible in 2015.[8] Roy Halladay has two Cy Young Awards and been on eight All-Star teams through 2011. David Cone won the Cy Young once and was named to five All-Star teams. Three other perfect-game throwers, Dennis Martínez, Kenny Rogers, and David Wells, each won over 200 major league games. Mark Buehrle has been an All-Star four times in his 12 major league seasons through 2011. For a few, the perfect game was the highlight of an otherwise unremarkable career. Mike Witt and Tom Browning were solid major league pitchers; each finished in the top ten in Cy Young voting once. Larsen, Charlie Robertson, and Len Barker were journeyman pitchers; each finished his major-league career with a losing record. Dallas Braden had a losing career record when he threw a perfect game in 2010, his fourth major league season. Philip Humber threw his perfect game in his 30th major league start; his career record going into the game was 11–10.
The term perfect game is at least as old as 1908. I. E. Sanborn's report for the Chicago Tribune about Joss's performance against the White Sox calls it, "an absolutely perfect game, without run, without hit, and without letting an opponent reach first base by hook or crook, on hit, walk, or error, in nine innings."[9] Several sources have claimed (erroneously) that the first recorded usage of the term "perfect game" was by Ernest J. Lanigan in his Baseball Cyclopedia, made in reference to Robertson's 1922 game.[10] The Chicago Tribune came close to the term in describing Richmond's game in 1880: "Richmond was most effectively supported, every position on the home nine being played to perfection."[11] Similarly, in writing up Ward's perfect game, the New York Clipper described the "perfect play" of Providence's defense.[12]
The current official Major League Baseball definition of a perfect game is largely a side effect of the decision made by the major leagues' Committee for Statistical Accuracy on September 4, 1991, to redefine a no-hitter as a game in which the pitcher or pitchers on one team throw a complete game of nine innings or more without surrendering a hit.[13] That decision removed a number of games that had long appeared in the record books: those lasting fewer than nine innings, and those in which a team went hitless in regulation but then got a hit in extra innings. The definition of perfect game was made to parallel this new definition of the no-hitter, in effect substituting "baserunner" for "hit". As a result of the 1991 redefinition, for instance, Harvey Haddix receives credit for neither a perfect game nor a no-hitter for the game described below in which he threw 12 perfect innings before allowing a baserunner in the 13th.[14]
Scorecard for Richmond's perfect game: "R-A" notation in fifth inning represents the 9–3 putout
Richmond was pitching in his first full season in the big leagues after appearing in one game in 1879. He was apparently considered a good hitter, as he batted second in the lineup. His perfect game featured an unusual 9–3 putout, with Worcester right fielder Lon Knight throwing out Cleveland's Bill Phillips at first.[15] The play came on one of three balls Cleveland hit out of the infield.[16] Three outs were recorded on "foul bounds": balls caught after bouncing once in foul territory (the foul bound rule was eliminated three years later). A monument marks the site of the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds where the game took place, now part of the campus of Becker College.[17] The feat was recognized as unusual: a newspaper report described it as "the most wonderful game on record".[18][19]
Monte Ward threw his perfect game at the Grays' park in Providence, but Buffalo, by virtue of a coin toss, which was the custom under the rules at that time, was officially the "home" team, batting in the bottom of each inning. At the age of 20 years, 105 days, Ward is the youngest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game. He batted sixth in the lineup. Beginning in 1881, the year after his perfect game, Ward spent more time as a position player than a pitcher; in 1885, following an arm injury, he became a full-time infielder.[20] The five days between Ward's game and Richmond's is the shortest amount of time between major-league perfect games.
| Pitcher |
Date |
Game |
Cy Young (BOS)
RHP, 37
8 K |
May 5, 1904 |
|
Addie Joss (CLE)
RHP, 28
74 pitches, 3 K |
October 2, 1908 |
|
Charlie Robertson (CHW)
RHP, 26
90 pitches, 6 K |
April 30, 1922 |
|
Don Larsen (NYY)
RHP, 27
97 pitches, 7 K |
October 8, 1956 |
|
Jim Bunning (PHI)
RHP, 32
90 pitches, 10 K |
June 21, 1964 |
|
Sandy Koufax (LAD)
LHP, 29
113 pitches, 14 K |
September 9, 1965 |
|
Catfish Hunter (OAK)
RHP, 22
107 pitches, 11 K |
May 8, 1968 |
|
Len Barker (CLE)
RHP, 25
103 pitches, 11 K |
May 15, 1981 |
|
Mike Witt (CAL)
RHP, 24
94 pitches, 10 K |
September 30, 1984 |
|
Tom Browning (CIN)
LHP, 28
100 pitches, 7 K |
September 16, 1988 |
|
Dennis Martínez (MON)
RHP, 36
95 pitches, 5 K |
July 28, 1991 |
|
Kenny Rogers (TEX)
LHP, 29
98 pitches, 8 K |
July 28, 1994 |
|
David Wells (NYY)
LHP, 34
120 pitches, 11 K |
May 17, 1998 |
|
David Cone (NYY)
RHP, 36
88 pitches, 10 K |
July 18, 1999 |
|
Randy Johnson (ARI)
LHP, 40
117 pitches, 13 K |
May 18, 2004 |
|
Mark Buehrle (CHW)
LHP, 30
116 pitches, 6 K |
July 23, 2009 |
|
Dallas Braden (OAK)
LHP, 26
109 pitches, 6 K |
May 9, 2010 |
|
Roy Halladay (PHI)
RHP, 33
115 pitches, 11 K |
May 29, 2010 |
|
Philip Humber (CHW)
RHP, 29
96 pitches, 9 K |
April 21, 2012 |
|
Young's perfect game was part of a hitless streak of 24 or 25⅓ straight innings—depending on whether or not partial innings at either end of the streak are included. In either calculation, the streak remains a record. It was also part of a streak of 45 straight innings in which Young did not give up a run, which was then a record.[22]
Of the 18 perfect games for which
pitch counts are available,
Addie Joss's was the most efficient—74 pitches, fewer than three per batter.
[23]
Joss's was the most pressure-packed of any regular-season perfect game. With just four games left on their schedule, the Naps were locked in a tight three-way pennant race with the Tigers and the White Sox, that day's opponents. Joss's counterpart, the great Ed Walsh, struck out 15 and gave up just four scattered singles. The lone, unearned run scored as a result of a botched pickoff play and a wild pitch.[24] The Naps ended the day tied with the Tigers for first, with the White Sox two games back; the Tigers would ultimately win the league by a half game over the Naps. Joss would throw a second no-hitter against the White Sox in 1910, making him the only major league pitcher ever to throw two no-hitters against the same team.
Robertson's perfect game was only his fifth appearance, and fourth start, in the big leagues. He finished his career with the fewest wins and lowest winning percentage (49–80, .380) of any perfect-game pitcher. The Tigers, led by player-manager Ty Cobb, accused Robertson of illegally doctoring the ball with oil or grease.[25] In terms of the opposing team's ability to get on base, this is statistically the most unlikely of perfectos: the 1922 Tigers had an on-base percentage (OBP) of .373.[26]
Larsen didn't know he would pitch in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series until a few hours before gametime.[27] In his perfect game, Larsen employed the style he had adopted in mid-season, working without a windup. Just one Dodgers batter—Pee Wee Reese, in the first inning—worked a three-ball count.[28] The Dodgers had the highest season winning percentage of any team ever to lose a perfect game: .604. The image of catcher Yogi Berra leaping into Larsen's arms after the final strike is one of the most famous in baseball history.[29] The 34 years between Robertson's feat and Larsen's is the longest gap between perfect games.
Bunning's perfect game, pitched on Father's Day, was the first in the National League since Ward's 84 years before. Defying the baseball superstition that holds one should not talk about a no-hitter in progress, Bunning spoke to his teammates about the perfect game as it developed to loosen them up and relieve the pressure.[30]
Sandy Koufax's perfect game was the last of his four no-hitters, pitched in four consecutive seasons.
Koufax's perfect game was the first one pitched at night. It was nearly a double no-hitter, as Cubs pitcher Bob Hendley gave up only one hit, a bloop double to left-fielder Lou Johnson in the seventh inning that did not figure in the scoring. The Dodgers scored their only run in the fifth inning: Lou Johnson reached first on a walk, advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt, stole third, and scored when Cubs catcher Chris Krug overthrew third base on the play. The game also set records for the fewest number of hits by both teams, one, and the fewest number of base runners by both teams, two (both Johnson). Koufax's 14 strikeouts are the most ever thrown by a perfect game pitcher.
Hunter, a talented batter, was also the hitting star of his perfect game. He went 3 for 4 with a double and 3 RBIs, including a bunt single that drove home the first and thus winning run in the seventh inning—easily the best offensive performance ever by a perfect game pitcher. This was the first no-hitter of the Athletics' Oakland tenure, which was only 25 games old.[31]
Barker's perfect game was the first one in which designated hitters were used. He didn't reach a three-ball count in the entire game.[32] Toronto shortstop Alfredo Griffin, who played for the losing team in this game, went on to play for the losers in the perfect games of Browning and Martínez. All 11 of Barker's strikeouts were swinging.[33]
Witt's perfect game came on the last day of the 1984 season. Reggie Jackson, who drove in the only run of the game on a seventh-inning fielder's choice ground ball, was also on the winning team in Hunter's perfect game. On April 11, 1990, Witt, pitching out of the bullpen, combined with starting pitcher Mark Langston to throw a no-hitter for the California Angels.
Browning's perfect game came against the team that eventually won that year's World Series, the only time that has happened. A two-hour, twenty-seven-minute rain delay[34] caused the game to start at approximately 10 PM. Right fielder Paul O'Neill, who played for the winning side in this game, also played for the winning side in the perfect games of Wells and Cone. The following July 4, Browning came within an inning of becoming the first pitcher to throw two perfect games, retiring the first 24 batters in a game against the Phillies before surrendering a leadoff double in the ninth.[35]
Martínez, born in Granada, Nicaragua, is the only major league pitcher born outside of the United States to throw a perfect game. Martínez reached only one three-ball count.[36] Opposing pitcher Mike Morgan was perfect through five full innings, the latest the opposing starter in a perfect game has remained perfect. Two days earlier, Expos pitcher Mark Gardner no-hit the Dodgers through nine innings but lost the no-hitter in the tenth, meaning the Expos narrowly missed throwing a no-hitter and a perfect game in the same series. Martínez's catcher, Ron Hassey, also caught Len Barker's perfect game. This was the third perfect game pitched against the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers, joining those of Larsen and Browning; the only other teams to lose more than one perfect game are the Twins (Hunter and Wells) and the Rays (Buehrle and Braden).
Rogers benefited from center fielder Rusty Greer's fantastic diving catch of a line drive hit by Rex Hudler, leading off the ninth inning.[37] Rogers's performance against the Angels came 10 seasons after Witt's perfect game against the Rangers. The Angels and Rangers are the only major league teams to record perfect games against each other.
Wells attended the same high school as Don Larsen: Point Loma High School, San Diego, California. They also both enjoyed the night life. Casey Stengel once said of Larsen, "The only thing he fears is sleep." Wells has claimed to have been "half-drunk" and suffering from a "raging, skull-rattling hangover" during his perfect game.[38] Wells's perfect game comprised the core of a streak of 38 consecutive retired batters (May 12–23, 1998) an American League record he held until 2007.
Cone's perfect game occurred on Yogi Berra Day. Don Larsen threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Berra, who had been his catcher during the 1956 World Series perfect game. Not a single Expo worked even a three-ball count.[39] Cone's perfect game, to date the only one in regular-season interleague play, was interrupted by a 33-minute rain delay. This also represents the only time two successive perfect games have been thrown by the same team. This was the third perfect game in Yankee history; the White Sox (Robertson, Buehrle, and Humber), Indians (Joss and Barker), A's (Hunter and Braden), and Phillies (Bunning and Halladay) are the other teams to have more than one perfect game.
Johnson threw his perfect game at the age of 40 years, 256 days, becoming, by more than three-and-a-half years, the oldest pitcher to achieve the feat. The former holder of the mark, Cy Young, threw his at the age of 37 years, 37 days. Of the 20 teams to have a perfect game thrown against them, the 2004 Braves have the second-highest OBP (.343) and are tied for the second-highest winning percentage (.593).[40] In contrast, the Diamondbacks had by far the worst season winning percentage (.315) of any team to benefit from a perfect game.[41]
Buehrle was assisted by a dramatic ninth-inning wall-climbing catch by center fielder DeWayne Wise to rob Gabe Kapler of a home run; Wise entered the game as a defensive replacement in that inning. This was the first major league perfect game in which the pitcher and catcher were battery-mates for the first time; Ramón Castro had been acquired by the White Sox less than two months before.[42] This was also the first perfect game to feature a grand slam, by Josh Fields in the bottom of the second inning. Umpire Eric Cooper, who called the game, was behind the plate for Buehrle's previous no-hitter, as well.[43] On July 28, Buehrle followed up with another 5⅔ innings of perfection to set the major league record for consecutive batters retired at 45 (including the final batter he faced in his last appearance before the perfect game).[44]
Braden's perfect game, pitched on Mother's Day, was the first complete game of his career. It was the first time a perfect game has been pitched against the team with the best record in the majors at the time; coming into the contest, the Rays were 22–8.[45] The 2010 Rays are tied for the second-highest winning percentage (.593) of any team to be on the receiving end of a perfect game.[46] Following Buehrle's, this was the second successive perfect game thrown against the Rays, the second team to have successive perfect games against them (the first was the Dodgers in 1988 and 1991).[47] This game came 290 days after Buehrle's, the shortest period between modern-day perfect games until Halladay's occurred.
Halladay pitched the second perfect game of the 2010 season 20 days after Braden's, the shortest period between perfect games in the modern era.[48] With Buehrle's 2009 performance, this is the first time in major league history that three perfect games occurred within a one-year span. Seven batters reached three-ball counts against Halladay.[49] With his no-hitter in game 1 of the Phillies' 2010 NL Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds, Halladay became the only perfect game pitcher to throw another no-hitter in the same season. He also became only the second pitcher, after Sandy Koufax, to throw a perfect game and win the Cy Young Award in the same season.[50]
The final out of Humber's perfect game came after a full-count check-swing third strike to Brendan Ryan on a ball low and outside the strike zone that catcher A. J. Pierzynski dropped. As the ball rolled away with Pierzynski in pursuit, Ryan, having stepped toward first base presuming that he had earned a walk, stopped to dispute home plate umpire Brian Runge's decision that he had swung through. By the time Ryan turned to run to first, Pierzynski was able to retrieve the ball and easily throw him out.[51] As was the case with Braden, Humber's perfect game was the first complete game of his major league career.[52]
Three perfect-game pitchers had RBIs in their games: Hunter (3), Bunning (2), and Young (1). Hunter had three hits; Richmond, Ward, Bunning, and Martínez each had one. No pitcher has ever scored a run during his perfect game. Barker, Witt, Rogers, Wells, Cone, Buehrle, Braden, and Humber did not bat in their perfect games, as the American League adopted the designated hitter rule in 1973. The latest the winning runs have been scored in a perfect game is the seventh inning—this occurred in the games of Hunter (bottom), Witt (top), and Martínez (top).
Seven perfect-game pitchers have also thrown at least one additional no-hitter: Young, Joss, Bunning, Koufax, Johnson, Buehrle, and Halladay. Witt participated in a combined no-hitter. Koufax has the most total no-hitters of any perfect-game pitcher, with four. Richmond and Robertson were rookies, though each had made a single appearance in a previous season. Although by the latter part of the 20th century, major league games were being played predominantly at night, seven of the last eleven perfect games, and five of the last seven, have taken place in the daytime. The introduction of the designated hitter might have been expected to make perfect games more difficult to achieve in the AL. In fact, since 1973, eight perfect games have been thrown with the DH rule in effect (including one interleague game held at an American League park) and only four without it. Of the thirty franchises that currently make up Major League Baseball, nine have never been involved in a perfect game, win or lose: the Giants, Cardinals, Pirates, Orioles, Royals, Brewers, Astros, Padres, and Rockies.
Boston Red Sox pitchers
Babe Ruth and
Ernie Shore. In a 1917 game, Ruth was ejected after walking the first batter. Shore replaced him, erased the baserunner, and completed the game without allowing another.
There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner, but, by the current definition, is not credited with a perfect game, either because there was already a baserunner when he took the mound, or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base:
- On June 23, 1917, Babe Ruth, then a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox, walked the Washington Senators' first batter, Ray Morgan, on four straight pitches. Ruth, who had already been shouting at umpire Brick Owens about the quality of his calls, became even angrier and, in short order, was ejected. Enraged, Ruth charged Owens, swung at him, and had to be led off the field by a policeman. Ernie Shore came in to replace Ruth, while catcher Sam Agnew took over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas. Morgan was caught stealing by Agnew on the first pitch by Shore, who proceeded to retire the next 26 batters. All 27 outs were made while Shore was on the mound. Once recognized as a perfect game by Major League Baseball, this still counts as a combined no-hitter.[53][54]
- On May 26, 1959, Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitched what is often referred to as the greatest game in baseball history.[55] Haddix carried a perfect game through an unprecedented 12 innings against the Milwaukee Braves, only to have it ruined when an error by third baseman Don Hoak allowed Felix Mantilla, the leadoff batter in the bottom of the 13th inning, to reach base. A sacrifice by Eddie Mathews and an intentional walk to Hank Aaron followed; the next batter, Joe Adcock, hit a home run that became a double when he passed Aaron on the bases. Haddix and the Pirates had lost the game 1–0; despite their 12 hits in the game, they could not bring a run home. The 12 perfect innings—36 consecutive batters retired in a single game—remains a record.[56]
- On June 3, 1995, Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos had a perfect game through nine innings against the San Diego Padres. The Expos scored a run in the top of the tenth inning, but in the bottom, Martínez gave up a leadoff double to Bip Roberts, and was relieved by Mel Rojas, who retired the next three batters. Martínez was therefore the winning pitcher in a 1–0 Expos victory.[57]
Four other games in which one team failed to reach base are not official perfect games because they were called off before nine innings were played:[58]
- On August 11, 1907, Ed Karger of the St. Louis Cardinals pitched seven perfect innings against the Boston Braves; second game of doubleheader called by prior agreement.[58][59]
- On October 5, 1907, Rube Vickers of the Philadelphia Athletics pitched five perfect innings against the Senators; second game of doubleheader called on account of darkness. Vickers achieved his feat on the last day of the season. He also pitched the final 12 innings of the 15-inning first game.[59] His back-to-back victories were his only wins of the year.[60]
- On August 6, 1967, Dean Chance of the Minnesota Twins pitched five perfect innings against the Red Sox; game called on account of rain.[59]
- On April 21, 1984, David Palmer of the Expos pitched five perfect innings against the Cardinals; second game of doubleheader called on account of rain.[61]
On March 14, 2000, in a spring training game—by definition unofficial—the Red Sox used six pitchers to retire all 27 Toronto Blue Jays batters in a 5–0 victory. The starting pitcher for the Red Sox was Pedro Martínez (see above).[62]
On ten occasions in Major League Baseball history, a perfect game has been spoiled when the batter representing what would have been the third and final out in the ninth inning reached base. Unless otherwise noted, the pitcher in question finished and won the game without allowing any more baserunners:[63]
- On July 4, 1908, Hooks Wiltse of the New York Giants hit Philadelphia Phillies pitcher George McQuillan on a 2–2 count in a scoreless game—the only time a 0–0 perfect game has been broken up by the 27th batter. Umpire Cy Rigler later admitted that he should have called the previous pitch strike 3. Wiltse pitched on, winning 1–0; his ten-inning no-hitter set a record for longest complete game no-hitter that has been tied twice but never broken.[64]
- On August 5, 1932, Tommy Bridges of the Detroit Tigers gave up a pinch-hit single to the Washington Senators' Dave Harris.[65]
- On June 27, 1958, Billy Pierce of the Chicago White Sox gave up a double, which landed just inches in fair territory, on his first pitch to Senators pinch hitter Ed Fitz Gerald.[66]
- On September 2, 1972, Milt Pappas of the Chicago Cubs walked San Diego Padres pinch hitter Larry Stahl on a borderline 3–2 pitch. Pappas finished with a no-hitter. The umpire, Bruce Froemming, was in his second year; he went on to a 37-year career in which he umpired a record 11 no-hitters. Pappas believed he had struck out Stahl, and years later continued to bear ill will toward Froemming.[67]
- On April 15, 1983, Milt Wilcox of the Tigers surrendered a pinch-hit single to the White Sox' Jerry Hairston, Sr.[68]
- On May 2, 1988, Ron Robinson of the Cincinnati Reds gave up a single to the Montreal Expos' Wallace Johnson. Robinson then allowed a two-run homer to Tim Raines and was removed from the game. The final score was 3–2, with Robinson the winner.[69] (Robinson's teammate Tom Browning threw his perfect game later that season.)
- On August 4, 1989, Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays gave up a double to the New York Yankees' Roberto Kelly, followed by an RBI single by Steve Sax. Stieb finished with a 2–1 victory.[70] This was the third time Stieb had a no-hitter broken up with two outs in the ninth inning.[71]
- On April 20, 1990, Brian Holman of the Seattle Mariners gave up a home run to Ken Phelps of the Oakland Athletics.[72][73]
- On September 2, 2001, Mike Mussina of the Yankees gave up a two-strike single to Boston Red Sox pinch hitter Carl Everett. The opposing pitcher in the game was David Cone, who had thrown the most recent perfect game two years earlier as a Yankee.[74]
- On June 2, 2010, Armando Galarraga of the Tigers was charged with a single when first-base umpire Jim Joyce incorrectly ruled Jason Donald of the Cleveland Indians safe on an infield grounder. After the game, Joyce acknowledged his mistake: "I just cost that kid a perfect game. I thought he beat the throw. I was convinced he beat the throw, until I saw the replay."[75] Tyler Kepner of the New York Times wrote that no call had been "so important and so horribly botched" since the 1985 World Series.[76] Galarraga retired the next batter. Having taken place just four days after Halladay's feat, the game would have set a new mark for proximity had it been perfect; it would also have been the third perfect game in a 25-day span. Donald was awarded first base on Galarraga's 83rd pitch, which would have made it the second most efficient perfect game on record.
There have been fourteen occasions in Major League Baseball history when a pitcher—or, in one case, multiple pitchers—recorded at least 27 consecutive outs after one or more runners reached base. In four instances, the game went into extra innings and the pitcher(s) recorded more than 27 consecutive outs:
- On May 11, 1919, Walter Johnson, pitching for the Senators against the Yankees, retired 28 batters in row: After surrendering a one-out single in the first to Roger Peckinpaugh and then retiring the next two batters to end the inning, he was perfect in the second through the ninth. He recorded two outs in the tenth, before giving up a walk to Home Run Baker. The first Sunday game to be played legally in New York, it was ended after the 12th inning, still scoreless, because Yankee owner Jacob Ruppert mistakenly believed the new law barred play after 6 PM.[77]
- On September 24, 1919, Waite Hoyt, pitching for the Red Sox against the Yankees in the second game of a doubleheader, gave up a run in the second inning. The Red Sox tied the game in the ninth on a solo home run by Babe Ruth, his then record-breaking 28th of the season. The game report in the New York Times states, "Hoyt gave a remarkable performance of his pitching skill, and from the fourth inning to the thirteenth he did not allow a hit and not a Yankee runner reached first base. In these nine hitless innings the youngster was at the top of his form". The Yankees eventually won 2–1 when, in the 13th, Wally Pipp tripled and was brought home by a sacrifice fly. (The New York Times report states that Pipp tripled with "two out"—evidently a typographical or counting error, as the subsequent sacrifice fly, which is described in detail, would not then have been possible.)[78] Play-by-play records are not currently available for the game, but it appears that Hoyt recorded no less than 28 consecutive outs—the last out in the third inning and 27 in the perfect nine innings encompassing the fourth through the 12th.[79]
- On September 18, 1971, Rick Wise, pitching for the Phillies against the Cubs, gave up a home run to the leadoff batter in the second inning, Frank Fernandez. He did not allow another baserunner until Ron Santo singled with two outs in the top of the 12th. Wise retired the next batter and the Phillies scored in the bottom of the inning, making him the winner, 4–3. Wise had been perfect for 10⅔, retiring 32 consecutive batters—the record for most consecutive outs in a game by a winning pitcher. At the plate, Wise helped his cause by going 3 for 6, with a double and the game-winning RBI in the bottom of the 12th. The starting pitcher for the Cubs was Milt Pappas, who would have his near-perfect game one year later.[80]
- On July 6, 2005, A.J. Burnett, pitching for the Florida Marlins, surrendered a two-out single in the third inning that gave the Milwaukee Brewers a 4–1 lead. It was the fourth hit he had given up, on top of five walks. He then retired the next ten batters before leaving the game with the Marlins trailing 4–2. In his six innings, he struck out 14. Jim Mecir pitched a perfect seventh and Guillermo Mota pitched a perfect eighth and ninth as the Marlins rallied to send the game into extra innings. Todd Jones was perfect in the 10th and 11th and Valerio de los Santos picked up the win with a perfect 12th, for a total of 28 straight batters retired starting with the final batter of the third inning.[81]
Cy Young, first perfect game pitcher of the modern era. His 1908 no-hitter was a solo version of the Ruth–Shore game of nine years later: a leadoff walk, a caught stealing, and perfection the rest of the way.
In the ten other instances, the leadoff batter (or batters) reached base in the first inning, followed by 27 consecutive batters (or batters and baserunners) being retired through the end of a nine-inning game.[82] In one case, the leadoff baserunner was retired, meaning the pitcher faced the minimum:
- On June 30, 1908, Red Sox pitcher Cy Young walked the New York Highlanders' leadoff batter, Harry Niles, who was caught stealing. No one else reached base against Young, who also had three hits and four RBIs in Boston's 8–0 win. It was the third no-hitter of Young's career and about as close as possible to being his second perfect game.[83] He is the only pitcher in major league history to retire 27 consecutive men in a game on two separate occasions.
The remaining instances in which a pitcher recorded 27 consecutive outs in a game, noting how the opponent's leadoff batter (or batters) reached base:
- May 24, 1884, Al Atkinson/Philadelphia Athletics (Pittsburgh Alleghenys' Ed Swartwood hit by pitch, stole second, reached third on a groundout, and scored on a passed ball)[84]
- August 26, 1916, Bullet Joe Bush/Athletics (walk by Cleveland Indians' Jack Graney)[85]
- May 16, 1953, Curt Simmons/Philadelphia Phillies (single by Milwaukee Braves' Bill Bruton)[86]
- May 13, 1954, Robin Roberts/Phillies (home run by Reds' Bobby Adams)[87]
- July 1, 1966, Woodie Fryman/Pittsburgh Pirates (single by New York Mets' Ron Hunt)[88]
- May 19, 1981, Jim Bibby/Pirates (single by Atlanta Braves' Terry Harper)[89]
- June 11, 1982, Jerry Reuss/Los Angeles Dodgers (double by Reds' Eddie Milner, who reached third on a sacrifice bunt and scored on a fielder's choice)[90]
- April 22, 1993, Chris Bosio/Seattle Mariners (walks by Red Sox Ernest Riles and Carlos Quintana, the latter of whom was retired on a double play)[91]
- July 7, 2006, John Lackey/Los Angeles Angels (double by Oakland Athletics' Mark Kotsay)[92]
In Major League Baseball play since 1893, with the essential modern rules in place, there have been eight instances when a pitcher allowed not a single baserunner through his pitching efforts over a complete game of at least nine innings, but was not awarded a perfect game because of fielding errors:[93]
- On June 13, 1905, Christy Mathewson of the New York Giants pitched masterfully, but two Cubs nonetheless reached base on errors by shortstop Bill Dahlen and second baseman Billy Gilbert. In a classic pitching duel, the Cubs' Mordecai "Three Finger" Brown also carried a no-hitter into the ninth, losing it and the game, 1–0.[94]
- On September 5, 1908, the Brooklyn Dodgers' Nap Rucker blanked the Boston Doves with a flawless pitching performance, despite errors that allowed three Doves to reach base. In more than a century since, no otherwise perfect game has been spoiled by multiple errors.[95]
- On July 1, 1920, an error by Senators second baseman Bucky Harris was the lone defect in what was otherwise a perfect game by Walter Johnson. Harry Hooper, the Red Sox who reached base, was batting leadoff in the seventh.[96]
- On September 3, 1947, with one out in the second, Philadelphia Athletics first baseman Ferris Fain, after fielding a routine grounder, threw wildly to pitcher Bill McCahan, covering first base. Stan Spence of the Senators made it all the way to second, the only blemish on McCahan's otherwise perfect game.[97]
- On July 19, 1974, flawless through 3⅔ innings, Cleveland Indians pitcher Dick Bosman, handling a grounder off the bat of Oakland Athletic Sal Bando, threw over the first baseman's head. Not one other Athletic would reach base, making this the only occasion in major league history when the sole demerit on an otherwise perfect defensive line was the pitcher's own fielding error.[98]
- On June 27, 1980, Jerry Reuss of the Los Angeles Dodgers pitched a virtually immaculate game, but without hope of perfection—a first-inning throwing error by shortstop Bill Russell allowed the San Francisco Giants' Jack Clark to reach base. Russell atoned for his gaffe with a sharp fielding play in the eighth inning.[99]
- On August 15, 1990, Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Terry Mulholland lost a perfect game in the seventh inning when the Giants' Rick Parker, batting leadoff, reached base on a throwing error by third baseman Charlie Hayes. Parker was retired when the next batter, Dave Anderson, grounded into a double play. Mulholland pitched flawlessly and faced the minimum 27 batters, but still did not qualify for a perfect game. Hayes redeemed himself for the fielding error by making a spectacular catch on a line drive in the ninth inning, protecting Mulholland's no-hitter.[100]
- On July 10, 2009, the Giants' Jonathan Sánchez pitched perfectly against the San Diego Padres through one out in the eighth inning. Third baseman Juan Uribe, who switched positions from second base to start the seventh inning, committed an error on a ground ball, his first chance at third, that allowed Chase Headley to reach first—the latest an error has resulted in the sole baserunner in an otherwise perfect game. Headley advanced to second on a wild pitch. It was the first complete game of Sánchez's career.[101]
No otherwise perfect game in major league history has ever been spoiled solely by a third-strike passed ball, third-strike wild pitch, interference, or an outfield error. More than one online survey incorrectly lists the game pitched by the Los Angeles Dodgers' Bill Singer against the Phillies on July 20, 1970, as perfect aside from two throwing errors by Singer; in fact, he also hit batter Oscar Gamble in the first inning.[102]
- ^ Madden, Bill (September 12, 2008). "Yogi Berra's Favorite Stadium Moment: Don Larsen's Perfect Game". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/2008/09/11/2008-09-11_yogi_berras_favorite_stadium_moment_don_-2.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
- ^ "MLB Miscellany: Rules, Regulations and Statistics". Major League Baseball. http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/about_mlb/rules_regulations.jsp. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
- ^ "History: No-hitters". Major League Baseball. http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/history/rare_feats/index.jsp?feature=no_hitter. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
- ^ Nemec (2006), pp. 21–22, 85, 123.
- ^ Dickson (2009), p. 415.
- ^ "Baseball Rules Chronology 1845–1899". BaseballLibrary.com. http://www.baseballlibrary.com/excerpts/rules1.php. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
- ^ "Baseball Rules Chronology 1900–Present". BaseballLibrary.com. http://www.baseballlibrary.com/excerpts/rules2.php. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ See, e.g., Gammons, Peter. "Scott Bradley: Johnson's Personal Catcher". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/gammons/story?id=1806940. Retrieved April 22, 2012. Stone, Larry (January 17, 2012). "Randy Johnson, Dan Wilson Named to Mariners Hall of Fame". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/mariners/2017263187_mari18.html. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
- ^ Deutsch et al. (1975), p. 68. This source also includes an 1880 clipping from the New York Herald describing John Richmond's perfect game for Worcester. A double error by Cleveland resulted in the lone run scoring, and the writer described it as "the only lapse from perfect play made by the Clevelands during the game"; the use of the word "perfect" in this context refers only to defensive play, a different meaning than its modern baseball sense, as Cleveland's pitcher also surrendered three hits and a walk. See Deutsch et al. (1975), p. 14. Writeups for the Ward perfect game of 1880 and the Young game of 1904 describe the games as "wonderful" and other effusive terms, but do not use the term "perfect game".
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. 16, citing Paul Dickson, The Dickson Baseball Dictionary (1989); Coffey (2004), p. 50. The Baseball Cyclopedia reference came in a supplement to the 1922 edition of the book (a publication of Baseball Magazine) and was worded thus: "Charles Robertson of Chicago Americans pitched an absolutely perfect no-hit game against Detroit on April 30, 1922, no one reaching first." The publication listed all the perfect games to that point (a total of five, including Robertson's) and used the term "perfect game" matter-of-factly, possibly indicating the term was already familiar to the readership. Lanigan's work references a 1914 book called Balldom as a source for his list of perfect games, although Balldom itself does not use the term "perfect game", merely characterizing the games as "no batter reached first base." Lanigan was also familiar with Sanborn's baseball articles, making various references to him elsewhere in the Cyclopedia, although there is nothing indicating that Sanborn necessarily inspired Lanigan's use of the term.
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. 15.
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. 26.
- ^ Young (1997), p. 29.
- ^ Forker, Obojski, and Stewart (2004), p. 116.
- ^ Akin, William (2003). "Bill Phillips". SABR Baseball Biography Project. http://bioproj.sabr.org/bioproj.cfm?a=v&v=l&bid=461&pid=11193. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
- ^ Hanlon (1968).
- ^ "Becker College: History". Becker College. http://www.becker.edu/pages/398.asp. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ Egan (2008), pp. 100, 295 n. 6, quotes the line within a longer passage quoted from the Cleveland Leader, June 14, 1880. Buckley (2002), p. 14, credits the Chicago Tribune with the line. Deutsch (1975), p. 14, presents a clipping from the New York Herald with the line.
- ^ Okrent and Wulf (1989), pp. 14–15, describe a story that later emerged that Richmond hurled his historic perfecto after staying up all night following a pregraduation dinner at Brown University, pitching in an early morning class game, and taking a train to Worcester just in time to perform his professional duties. The BaseballLibrary.com entry on Richmond claims that a similar sequence of events preceded not his perfect game, but a game he pitched against the Chicago White Stockings on June 16. Egan (2008), p. 101, debunks the tale.
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. 27.
- ^ "Charlie Robertson Perfect Game Box Score". Baseball Almanac. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/boxscore/04301922.shtml. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ Browning (2003), pp. 145, 248.
- ^ Coffey (2004), p. 28.
- ^ Anderson (2000), pp. 185–186. BaseballLibrary.com claims it was a passed ball.
- ^ Buckley (2005), pp. 58, 61–64.
- ^ 1922 American League Season Summary. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on September 16, 2010. See Coffey (2004), p. 43, for an analysis of Detroit's relatively desultory hitting at the point in the season when the game was played.
- ^ Buckley (2002), pp. 73–74.
- ^ Kennedy (1996).
- ^ Lupica (1999), p. 51.
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. vi.
- ^ 1968 Oakland Athletics Game Log. Retrosheet. Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
- ^ Newman (1981).
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. 141.
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. 169.
- ^ "100 Most Memorable Reds Moments of the 20th Century". Cincinnati Enquirer. 1999. http://reds.enquirer.com/reds99/100moments.html. Retrieved June 3, 2010. Box score: July 4, 1989—Cincinnati Reds at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on 2010-06-03.
- ^ Buckley (2002), p. 189.
- ^ Nightengale, Bob (July 29, 1994). "The Pitcher Is Perfect, but Greer Gets the Save". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-29/sports/sp-21254_1_perfect-game. Retrieved August 7, 2009. Richards, Charles (July 29, 1994). "Rogers Fires Perfect Game For Rangers; Diving Grab in 9th Saves Gem". Washington Post. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-902632.html. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- ^ "Wells Claims "25 to 40 Percent" of Players Use Steroids". ESPN/Associated Press. February 27, 2003. http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/news/2003/0227/1515302.html. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
- ^ Gallagher (2003), p. 431.
- ^ The OBP of the 2004 Braves and the 2009 Rays, against which Buehrle later threw his perfect game, both round to .343. The OBP of the 2004 Braves was more precisely .34307; that of the 2009 Rays was .34285. 2004 Atlanta Braves Batting, Pitching, & Fielding Statistics. Baseball-Reference.com. 2009 Tampa Bay Rays Batting, Pitching, & Fielding Statistics. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on July 1, 2011.
- ^ 2004 National League Season Summary. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on July 26, 2009.
- ^ Schlegel, John (July 24, 2009). "For Buehrle, a Perfect Day for History". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090724&content_id=6029476&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
- ^ Just, David (July 23, 2009). "Same Ump Called Both Buehrle No-Nos". MLB.com. http://chicago.cubs.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090723&content_id=6023278&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
- ^ "Buehrle Breaks Record". ESPN.com. July 29, 2009. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=4362558. Retrieved July 29, 2009.
- ^ "Standings and Games on Saturday, May 8, 2010". Baseball-Reference.com. May 8, 2010. http://www.baseball-reference.com/games/standings.cgi?date=2010-05-08. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
- ^ 2010 American League Season Summary. Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on October 6, 2010.
- ^ "Braden's Perfect Game 19th Ever and Second Straight Against Rays". Associated Press/ESPN.com. May 9, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=300509111. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
- ^ "Perfect Phillie: Halladay Pitches Perfect Game". MSNBC. May 29, 2010. http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/37419029/ns/sports-baseball/. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ "Halladay's Perfect Game Is This Season's Second". ESPN/Associated Press. May 29, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=300529128. Retrieved May 29, 2010.
- ^ "Second Cy Young Boosts Halladay's Hall of Fame Credentials". Sports Illustrated. November 16, 2010. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/web/COM1177698/index.htm. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
- ^ "Phil Humber Completes Perfect Game". MLB.com. April 21, 2012. http://mlb.mlb.com/video/play.jsp?content_id=20809067&c_id=mlb. Retrieved April 21, 2012. Caple, Jim (April 22, 2012). "Philip Humber a Perfect Surprise". ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/mlb/story/_/id/7841218/mlb-humber-perfect-surprise. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
- ^ Powers, Scott (April 21, 2012). "Phil Humber Throws Perfect Game". ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/blog/chicago/white-sox/post/_/id/9440/phil-humber-throws-perfect-game. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
- ^ Vass (2002).
- ^ Ernie Shore hastily relieves and Sam Agnew takes over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas Baseball Library. Retrieved on May 6, 2011.
- ^ See, e.g., Chen (2009); Reisler (2007), p. 57; Thielman (2005), p. 169; Sullivan (2002), p. 139.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Tuesday, May 26, 1959 (N) at County Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on July 21, 2008.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Saturday, June 3, 1995 (N) at Jack Murphy Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ^ a b Robbins (2004), p. 242.
- ^ a b c Rothe, Emil H. The Shortened No-Hitters Baseball Research Journal. SABR. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ^ Zingg and Medeiros (1994), p. 27.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Saturday, April 21, 1984 (N) at Busch Stadium II Retrosheet. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ^ Pedro Martinez: Perfect Game—Spring Training 1918RedSox.com. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ^ Holtzman (2003). Holtzman's article was published before the near-perfect game by Armando Galarraga. Note that Coffey (2004) gives incorrect years for the near-perfect games of Wiltse, Stieb, Holman, and Mussina (p. 279).
- ^ Nemec (2006), pp. 86–87; Simon (2004), p. 54; "No Hitter Records". Baseball Almanac. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/recbooks/rb_noh1.shtml. Retrieved August 20, 2007. Vass (1998) notes that this is one of only three otherwise perfect games where the sole lapse was a hit batsman. The pitchers in the two other cases were Lew Burdette (August 18, 1960; fifth inning) and Kevin Brown (June 10, 1997; eighth inning).
- ^ Deveaux (2001), p. 111; James (2003), p. 891.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, June 27, 1958 (N) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet; Billy Pierce Interview Baseball Almanac. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Saturday, September 2, 1972 (D) at Wrigley Field Retrosheet. Retrieved on June 6, 2009; Amspacher, Bruce (April 11, 2003). "What Really Happened? An Interview with Major League Pitching Great Milt Pappas". Professional Sports Authenticator. http://www.psacard.com/articles/article_view.chtml?artid=3819&universeid=314. Retrieved August 20, 2007. Weinbaum, William (September 20, 2007). "Froemming Draws Pappas' Ire, 35 Years Later". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3019597. Retrieved September 26, 2007.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, April 15, 1983 (N) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Monday, May 2, 1988 (N) at Riverfront Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on June 6, 2009.
- ^ Box score: August 4, 1989—New York Yankees at Toronto Blue Jays Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
- ^ David Brown, August 9, 2010. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
- ^ Box score: April 20, 1990—Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
- ^ Larry Stone (April 15, 2010). "Losing a perfect game was tough — but Brian Holman's been through tougher". Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/mariners/2011619147_holman16.html. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ Box score: September 2, 2001—New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
- ^ "Umpire: 'I Just Cost That Kid a Perfect Game'". ESPN/Associated Press. June 2, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=300602106. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ Kepner, Tyler (June 2, 2010). "Pitcher Loses Perfect Game on Questionable Call". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/03/sports/baseball/03detroit.html?hp. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
- ^ Deveaux (2001), p. 49; Washington Post, "The Game in Detail", May 12, 1919, p. 4.
- ^ New York Times, "Ruth Wallops Out His 28th Home Run", September 24, 1919, p. 23 (available online).
- ^ See, e.g., Cook (2004), p. 236.
- ^ Nowlin (2005), p. 69; Box score: September 18, 1971—Chicago Cubs at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on 2009-05-14.
- ^ Burnett K's 14 over Six Innings Associated Press via ESPN.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-13; Box score: July 6, 2005—Milwaukee Brewers at Florida Marlins Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved on 2011-07-27.
- ^ Arnold, Bill (July 14, 2006). "Beyond the Box Score—Almost Perfect". MLB.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060713&content_id=1554921&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb. Retrieved May 11, 2009. Arnold does not list Bosio's 1993 game, as his list is restricted to games in which only the leadoff man reached base before the next 27 batters were retired.
- ^ Elston (2006), pp. 173–174.
- ^ Charlton's Baseball Chronology—1884 (May) Baseball Library. Retrieved on May 11, 2009. Note that this was an American Association game; the National League had not yet instituted the rule awarding hit batsmen first base. Charlton's Baseball Chronology, the source for this game, incorrectly describes Monte Ward retiring 27 straight batters after the first singled in a game of July 23, 1880. In fact, he also walked a batter and another reached on an error. See Boston Globe, "Providence 5, Cincinnati 0", July 24, 1880, p. 4.
- ^ See Boston Globe, "Indians Fail to Get Hit Off Joe Bush", August 27, 1916, p.15
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Saturday, May 16, 1953 (D) at County Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Thursday, May 13, 1954 (N) at Connie Mack Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, July 1, 1966 (N) at Shea Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Tuesday, May 19, 1981 (N) at Three Rivers Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, June 11, 1982 (N) at Dodger Stadium Retrosheet. Retrieved on May 11, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Thursday, April 22, 1993 (N) at Kingdome Retrosheet. Retrieved on January 12, 2009.
- ^ Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, July 7, 2006 (N) at Network Associates Coliseum Retrosheet. Retrieved on November 21, 2007.
- ^ Vass (2007). This article predates the Sánchez game. Vass mistakenly includes two games: the one thrown by Cy Young, then with the Cleveland Spiders, on September 18, 1897; and the one thrown by Chicago White Sox pitcher Joel Horlen on September 10, 1967. In addition to three Spiders errors—including two that were originally scored as hits—Young walked a batter. See Lewis (2002) and Elston (2006), p. 246. In addition to one White Sox error, Horlen hit a batter in the 3d inning. See Boxscore—Game Played on Sunday, September 10, 1967 (D) at Comiskey Park I. Retrosheet. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
- ^ Schott and Peters (2003), p. 410.
- ^ Fenster, Kenneth R. (May 1, 2006). "Nap Rucker (1884–1970)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2995. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- ^ Deveaux (2001), p. 53; Robbins (2004), pp. 238–239.
- ^ Robbins (2004), p. 239. See also Deveaux (2001), pp. 170–171.
- ^ Schneider (2005), p. 142; Robbins (2004), p. 240; Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, July 19, 1974 (N) at Cleveland Stadium. Retrosheet. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
- ^ McNeil (2003), p. 342; Robbins (2004), pp. 240–241; Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, June 27, 1980 (N) at Candlestick Park. Retrosheet. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
- ^ Westcott (2005), p. 77; Robbins (2004), pp. 241–242; Boxscore—Game Played on Wednesday, August 15, 1990 (N) at Veterans Stadium. Retrosheet. Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
- ^ "Sanchez Makes Most of Opportunity, Throws No-hitter in Front of Father". ESPN.com/Associated Press. July 10, 2009. http://scores.espn.go.com/mlb/recap?gameId=290710126. Retrieved July 11, 2009. Boxscore—Game Played on Friday, July 10, 2009 (N) at AT&T Park. Retrosheet. Retrieved on June 3, 2010.
- ^ Lewis (2002). See also Boxscore—Game Played on Monday, July 20, 1970 (D) at Dodger Stadium. Retrosheet. Retrieved on April 22, 2009. One of the mistaken websites is HickokSports.com, which contains several errors.
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- Sullivan, Dean, ed. (2002). Late Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1945–1972 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press). ISBN 0-8032-9285-6
- Thielman, Jim (2005). Cool of the Evening: The 1965 Minnesota Twins (Minneapolis, Minn.: Kirk House Publishers). ISBN 1886513716
- Vass, George (1998). "Here Are the 13 Most Fascinating No-Hitters", Baseball Digest (June).
- Vass, George (2002). "Seven Most Improbable No-Hitters", Baseball Digest (August; available online).
- Vass, George (2007). "One Out Away from Fame: The Final Out of Hitless Games Has Often Proved to Be a Pitcher's Toughest Conquest", Baseball Digest (June; available online).
- Westcott, Rich (2005). Veterans Stadium: Field of Memories (Philadelphia: Temple University Press). ISBN 1-59213-428-9
- Young, Mark C. (1997). The Guinness Book of Sports Records (Guinness Media). ISBN 0-9652383-1-8
- Zingg, Paul J., and Mark D. Medeiros (1994). Runs, Hits, and an Era: the Pacific Coast League, 1903–58 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press). ISBN 0-252-06402-X
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| General |
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| Batting leaders |
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| Baserunning leaders |
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| Pitching leaders |
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| Managing records |
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| Single-game records |
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| Multiple stat clubs |
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Italics denotes post-season perfect game
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