- published: 05 Feb 2012
- views: 64942
- author: FUTBISION2
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- Acaxochitlán
- Actopan, Hidalgo
- Aguascalientes
- Ajacuba
- Alfajayucan
- Almoloya, Hidalgo
- Apan
- Architrave
- Arkansas
- Atitalaquía
- Atlapexco
- Atotonilco de Tula
- Atotonilco El Grande
- Ayuntamiento
- Baja California
- Baja California Sur
- Bancomer
- Baroque architecture
- Benito Juárez
- Big Ben
- Biotechnology
- Bolivia
- Bullfight
- C.F. Pachuca
- Calnali
- Camborne
- Campeche
- Campeche, Campeche
- Cardonal
- Chapantongo
- Chapulhuacán
- Charreada
- Chiapas
- Chichimecas
- Chihuahua (state)
- Chihuahua, Chihuahua
- Chilcuautla
- Chilpancingo
- Churrigueresque
- City
- Coahuila
- Cockfight
- Colima
- Colima, Colima
- Copa México
- Cornice
- Cornish pasty
- Cornish people
- Cornwall
- Cricket
- Cuernavaca
- Culiacán
- Daylight saving time
- Durango
- Durango, Durango
- Eagle Pass, Texas
- El Arenal, Hidalgo
- Epazoyucan
- Falmouth, Cornwall
- Football (soccer)
- Francis of Assisi
- Francisco I. Madero
- Francisco Téllez
- Gothic architecture
- Groin vault
- Guadalajara, Jalisco
- Guanajuato
- Guerrero
- Guillermo Kahlo
- Gwennap
- Hermosillo
- Hernán Cortés
- Hidalgo (Mexico)
- Hidalgo (state)
- Huasca de Ocampo
- Huautla, Hidalgo
- Huazalingo
- Huehuetla
- Huejutla de Reyes
- Huichapan
- INAH
- Ionic column
- Ixmiquilpan
- Jacala
- Jalisco
- Jaltocan
- Juárez, Hidalgo
- Kiosk
- La Misión, Hidalgo
- La Paz (Bolivia)
- Little Rock
- Lolotla
- London
- Malaria
- Mammoth
- Mechatronics
- Mercury (element)
- Metepec, Hidalgo
- Metztitlán
- Mexican American War
- Mexican Revolution
- Mexico
- Mexico City
- Mexico State
- Mezquital Valley
- Michoacán
- Mineral del Chico
- Mineral del Monte
- Mixquiahuala
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- Monterrey
- Morelia, Michoacán
- Morelos
- Municipal President
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- Mérida, Yucatán
- Nayarit
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- Nopala
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- Oaxaca
- Oaxaca, Oaxaca
- Obsidian
- Omitlán de Juárez
- Orizaba, Veracruz
- Orizatlán
- Otomi people
- Pachuca
- Pachuca, Hidalgo
- Pachuco
- Pacula
- Pancho Villa
- Paste (food)
- Pediment
- Pennsylvania
- Pisaflores
- Poblano
- Ponferrada
- Porfirio Díaz
- Portal Mexico
- PRI
- Progreso, Hidalgo
- Puebla
- Puebla, Puebla
- Querétaro
- Querétaro, Querétaro
- Quintana Roo
- Real del Monte
- Redruth
- Richard Trevithick
- Rugby football
- Sacristy
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- Saltillo, Coahuila
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- Santiago de Anaya
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- Sonora
- Spain
- Spanish Crown
- States of Mexico
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- Talavera (pottery)
- Tamaulipas
- Tasquillo
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- Template Hidalgo
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- Teotihuacan
- Tepeapulco
- Tepeji
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- Tepic
- Tetepango
- Tezontepec
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- Tianguistengo
- Time zone
- Tina Modotti
- Tizayuca
- Tlahuelilpan
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- Tlanalapa
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- UK
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- Veracruz
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- Wikipedia Link rot
- Xalapa, Veracruz
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- Xochicoatlán
- Yahualica, Hidalgo
- Yellow fever
- Yucatán
- Zacatecas
- Zacatecas, Zacatecas
- Zacualtipan
- Zapotlán de Juárez
- Zempoala, Hidalgo
- Zimapan
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Actopan, Hidalgo
Actopan is a city and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 280.1 km². It is crossed by the federal road that runs from Mexico City to Nuevo Laredo and it is located 30 km northwest of Pachuca, the capital city of the state of Hidalgo.
Actopan is known as the city of the convent and the land of the barbecue. Its name derives from the word “Atoctli” meaning “firm, fertile, and humid land” and the word “pan” meaning “on” or “over” in Otomi. Thus, the name Actopan comes to mean “on the firm, humid, and fertile land”.
Actopan’s original name in Otomi was “Mañutzi” which translates to “my little pathway”.
It is estimated that the Toltecas arrived to an area close to Actopan in the year 674. By the year 1117, another indigenous group called the Chichimecas arrived to what is now Actopan and Mixquiahuila. In the year 1113, Xide gave Actopan the name “Mañutzi”. Actopan was under the rule of the chichimecas until the emperor Moctezuma II added the area that is now Actopan to his dominion. In 1521, the indigenous Otomies helped the leader Cuauhtémoc defend Mexico against Spanish colonizers.
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Aguascalientes
Aguascalientes (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈaɣwaskaˈljentes] (
listen)), officially Free and Sovereign state of Aguascalientes (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Aguascalientes), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 11 municipalities and its capital city is Aguascalientes.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Zacatecas to the north and Jalisco to the south. Its name means "hot waters" in Spanish and originated from the abundance of hot springs in the area, the corresponding demonym for the state and its inhabitants is hidrocálido.
The state is located about 480 km (300 mi) from Mexico City.
It covers 5,471 square kilometers (2,112 sq mi) and has a little more than one million inhabitants. Most of its inhabitants live in the densely populated metropolitan area of its capital city.
The state as it is now was created on October 27, 1857 when it was separated from Zacatecas after the tale says that the wife of the governor of the state promised to give a kiss to the President of the time, in exchange for the separation of Aguascalientes from Zacatecas, which explains the shape of a kiss the state has. It bears the name Aguascalientes taken from its largest city and capital also called Aguascalientes.
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Apan
Apan is a city and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 346.9 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 39,247.
It was an important site in the War of Independence (1810-1821). It is a center for the production of pulque and for the sport of charrería, or Mexican rodeo.
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Arkansas
Arkansas (
i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
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Baja California
Baja California (English /ˈbɑːhɑː kælɨˈfɔrnjə/, Spanish: [ˈbaxa kaliˈfornja]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Baja California (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California, literally: Lower California), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is both the northernmost and westernmost state of Mexico, but before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 70,113 km2 (27,071 sq mi), or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California peninsula, north of the 28th parallel. The state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.
The state has a population of 2,844,469 (2005 census), and estimated 3,165,776 (June 2009) much more than the sparsely populated Baja California Sur to the south, and similar to San Diego County on its north. Over 75% of the population lives in the capital city, Mexicali, or in Ensenada and Tijuana. Other important cities include San Felipe, Rosarito and Tecate. The population of the state is composed of Mestizos, mostly immigrants from other parts of Mexico, and, as with most northern Mexican states, a large population of Mexicans of European ancestry, and also a large minority group of East Asian, Middle Eastern and indigenous descent. Additionally, there is a large immigrant population from the United States due to its proximity to San Diego and the cheaper cost of living compared to San Diego. There is also a significant population from Central America. Many immigrants moved to Baja California for a better quality of life and the number of higher paying jobs in comparison to the rest of Mexico and Latin America.
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Baja California Sur
Baja California Sur (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbaxa kaliˈfornja sur]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Baja California Sur (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Baja California Sur, literally: South Lower California), is the smallest (by population) of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state on October 8, 1974, the area was known as the South Territory of Baja California. It has an area of 73,475 km2 (28,369 sq mi), or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the southern half of the Baja California peninsula, south of the 28th parallel. It is bordered to the north by the state of Baja California, to the west by the Pacific Ocean, and to the east by the Gulf of California, also known as the "Sea of Cortés." Also, the state has maritime borders with Sonora and Sinaloa to the east across the Gulf of California.
As of 2010, the population was 637,026. The state is home to the tourist resorts of Cabo San Lucas and San José del Cabo. Its largest city and capital is La Paz, a tourist resort and historic landmark. It includes Loreto, the historic first capital of all three Californias (Baja California Sur, Baja California, and California), the town of Santa Rosalía which is the site of a historic church designed by Gustave Eiffel. The smoke stack of the silver smelters in El Triunfo, Baja California Sur was designed by Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel never visited Baja California Sur, rather his early architectural works were sold as 'cookie cutter' designs and can be seen in hundreds of locations around the world. Although the silver industry ended full scale production in the 1950s the stack and ruins of the silver industry remain as a significant landmark today.
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Big Ben
Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, and is generally extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower (officially known simply as Clock Tower) as well. The clock tower holds the largest four-faced chiming clock in the world and is the third-tallest free-standing clock tower. It celebrated its 150th anniversary on 31 May 2009, during which celebratory events took place. The tower was completed in 1858 and has become one of the most prominent symbols of both London and England, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.
The present Clock Tower – metonymically referred to as Big Ben, and historically confused with St Stephen's Tower – was raised as a part of Charles Barry's design for a new palace, after the old Palace of Westminster was largely destroyed by fire on the night of 16 October 1834. The new Parliament was built in a Neo-gothic style. Although Barry was the chief architect of the Palace, he turned to Augustus Pugin for the design of the Clock Tower, which resembles earlier Pugin designs, including one for Scarisbrick Hall. The design for the Clock Tower was Pugin's last design before his final descent into madness and death, and Pugin himself wrote, at the time of Barry's last visit to him to collect the drawings: "I never worked so hard in my life for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful." The tower is designed in Pugin's celebrated Gothic Revival style, and is 316 feet (96.3 m) high (roughly 16 storeys).
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Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
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Camborne
Coordinates: 50°12′47″N 5°18′00″W / 50.213°N 5.300°W / 50.213; -5.300
Camborne (Cornish: Cambron, 'Crooked Hill') is a town and civil parish in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is at the western edge of a conurbation comprising Camborne, Pool and Redruth.
The population of Camborne was 20,010 at the 2001 census. By 2007 the population had grown to 22,500. The population of the Camborne-Redruth urban area, which includes Pool and Illogan and satellite villages, is 39,937 making it the largest urban conurbation in Cornwall.
Camborne is located in what was formerly one of the richest tin mining areas in the world. It is no longer an industrial town it was once the home to the Camborne School of Mines (see below). The School of Mines moved from the centre of Camborne to Trevenson, Pool and is now a specialist department of the University of Exeter, based at Tremough Campus
In 1931 the ruins of a Roman villa were found at Magor Farm, Illogan, near Camborne, and excavated that year under the guidance of the Royal Institution of Cornwall. It is the only Roman villa found as of 2006[update] in the whole of Cornwall.
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Campeche
Campeche (Spanish pronunciation: [kamˈpetʃe]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Campeche (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Campeche), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in Southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the states of Yucatán to the north east, Quintana Roo to the east, and Tabasco to the south west. To the south it is bordered by the Petén department of Guatemala, to the east by Belize and to the west by the Gulf of Mexico. The state capital, also called Campeche, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1997. The formation of the state began with the city, which was founded in 1540 as the Spanish began the conquest of the Yucatán Peninsula. During the colonial period, the city was a rich and important port, but declined after Mexico’s Independence. Campeche was part of the province of Yucatán but split off in the mid 19th century, mostly due to political friction with city of Mérida. Today, much of the state’s economic comeback is due to the finding of petroleum offshore in the 1970s, which has made the coastal cities of Campeche and Ciudad del Carmen important economic centers. The state has important Mayan and colonial sites but they are not as well known or visited as others in the Yucatán.
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Campeche, Campeche
San Francisco de Campeche (pronounced: [san fɾanˈθisko de kamˈpetʃe]) (Ahk'ìin Pech - /aχkʼiːn˥˧ pʰetʃ/ in Yucatec Maya) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Campeche, located at 19°51′N 90°32′W / 19.85°N 90.53°W / 19.85; -90.53, on the shore of the Bay of Campeche of the Gulf of Mexico. The city's population at the 2005 census was 211,671 people. The municipality for which it serves as the municipal seat had a population of 238,850.
The city was founded in 1540 by Spanish conquistadores as San Francisco de Campeche atop the pre-existing Maya city of Canpech or Kimpech. The Pre-Columbian city was described as having 3,000 houses and various monuments, of which little trace remains.
The city retains many of the old colonial Spanish city walls and fortifications which protected the city (not always successfully) from pirates and buccaneers. The state of preservation and quality of its architecture earned it the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. Originally, the Spaniards lived inside the walled city, while the natives lived in the surrounding barrios of San Francisco, Guadalupe and San Román. These barrios still retain their original churches; the one in Guadalupe is almost 500 years old.
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Chiapas
Chiapas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃjapas]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Chiapas (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas), is one of the 31 states that, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 118 municipalities and its capital city is Tuxtla Gutierrez. Other important cites in Chiapas include San Cristóbal de las Casas, Comitán, and Tapachula. Located in Southwestern Mexico, it is the southernmost State of Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tabasco to the north, Veracruz to the northwest and Oaxaca to the west. To the east Chiapas borders Guatemala, and to the south the Pacific Ocean.
In general, Chiapas has a humid, tropical climate. In the north, in the area bordering Tabasco, near Teapa, rainfall can average more than 3,000 mm (120 in) per year. In the past, natural vegetation at this region was lowland, tall perennial rainforest, but this vegetation has been destroyed almost completely to give way to agriculture and ranching. Rainfall decreases moving towards the Pacific Ocean, but it is still abundant enough to allow the farming of bananas and many other tropical crops near Tapachula. On the several parallel "sierras" or mountain ranges running along the center of Chiapas, climate can be quite temperate and foggy, allowing the development of cloud forests like those of the Reserva de la Biosfera el Triunfo, home to a handful of Resplendent Quetzals and Horned Guans.
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Chihuahua (state)
Chihuahua (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈwawa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Chihuahua (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Chihuahua), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Its capital city is Chihuahua.
It is located in Northwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the southwest, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east. To the north and northeast, it has a long line with the U.S.–Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. states of New Mexico and Texas.
Chihuahua is the largest state in Mexico by area, with a mainland area of 247,455 square kilometres (95,543 sq mi), it is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is consequently known under the nickname El Estado Grande ("The Big State").
Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico. Due to its variant climate the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.
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Chihuahua, Chihuahua
The city of Chihuahua (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃiˈwawa]) is the state capital of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It has a population of about 825,327. The predominant activity is industry, including domestic heavy, light industries, consumer goods production, and to a smaller extent maquiladoras.
It has been said that the name derives from the Tarahumara language, meaning "between two waters", other accepted definitions are "place of the holed-rock" or "dry and sandy place". The name itself is older than the Spanish conquest of Mexico. The city was founded on October 12, 1709, by Blas Cano de los Rios and Antonio Deza y Ulloa, a Spanish explorer, as El Real de Minas de San Francisco el Cuéllar. The town was erected a Villa in 1718 with the name of San Felipe el Real de Chihuahua, and the name was shortened in 1823. The location was chosen because it is the intersection of the rivers Chuviscar and Sacramento. It is also the midpoint between the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) and the then-important mining city of Hidalgo del Parral.
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Chilpancingo
Chilpancingo de los Bravo ([tʃilpanˈsiŋɡo ðe loz ˈβɾaβo]) (also known as Chilpancingo) is the capital and second-largest city of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. It is located at 17°33′0″N 99°30′0″W / 17.55°N 99.5°W / 17.55; -99.5. In the 2005 census the population of the city was 166,796. Its surrounding municipality, of which it is municipal seat, had a population of 214,219 persons. The municipality has an area of 2,338.4 km2 (902.9 sq mi) in the south-central part of the state.
The city is on Mexican Federal Highway 95 which connects Acapulco to Mexico City.
Chilpancingo is where the National Congress met in 1813 to discuss Mexico's future as an independent nation.
On April 27, 2009 an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.6 was centered near Chilpancingo.
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Colima
Colima (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈlima]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Colima (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Colima), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It shares its name with its capital and main city, Colima.
Colima is a small state located in the Western Mexico region on Mexico’s central Pacific coast. It shares borders with the states of Jalisco and Michoacán. In addition to the capital city of Colima, the state's main cities include Manzanillo and Tecomán. Despite being the fourth smallest entity in Mexico with the lowest numerical population, the state has one of Mexico’s highest standards of living and lowest unemployment.
The state covered a territory of 5,455km2 and is the fourth smallest federal entity after Tlaxcala, Morelos and the Federal District of Mexico City, with only .3% of the country total territory. The state is located in the middle of Mexico’s Pacific coast, bordered by the states of Jalisco and Michoacán along with the Pacific Ocean. Colima’s territory also includes the Revillagigedo Islands which consist of Socorro, San Benedicto, Clarión and Roca Partida. They are under federal jurisdiction but are considered as part of the municipality of Manzanillo . Politically, the state is divided into ten municipalities . Natural geography divides the state into a northern and southern region. The north has a cooler climate due to the higher mountains. The south is hotter and includes the Pacific Ocean coastline. The Revillagigedo Islands are of volcanic origin which are dispersed along the19° north over an areas of about 400 km. In total, they cover an area of 205km2. The altitude of the state varies from zero at the coastline to 3,839 masl at the crater of the Colima Volcano .
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Colima, Colima
Colima is capital of the state of the same name, a city and municipality located in the center west of Mexico. It is located near the Colima Volcano, which divides the small state from that of Jalisco. Despite being the capital, the city is not the state’s main tourist attraction, eclipsed by Manzanillo and Comala, as it lacks major cultural and historical sites. It is one of the state’s main commerce and distribution centers, with over two thirds of the population employed in commerce and services within the city proper. Outside in the small communities of the municipality, agriculture is still the most important economic activity. The city has been ranked as first as livable small city in Mexico and tenth in Latin America by FDI Intelligence.
The city of Colima is the capital of the state of the same name. It is the second largest municipality after Manzanillo by population. FDI Intelligence, a subsidiary of the Financial Times of London, ranked Colima first in small cities and tenth in Latin America as a place to live. It was evaluated under six categories; economic potential, human resources, cost-benefit ratio, quality of life, infrastructure and favorable business environment.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (
/ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
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Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca (Spanish pronunciation: [kweɾnaˈβaka]; Classical Nahuatl: Cuauhnāhuac [kʷawˈnaːwak]"near the woods") is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. It was established at the archeological site of Gualupita I by the Olmec, "the mother culture" of Mesoamerica, approximately 3200 years ago. It is also a municipality located about 85 km (53 mi) south of Mexico City on the D-95 freeway.
The city was nicknamed the "City of Eternal Spring" by Alexander von Humboldt in the nineteenth century. It has long been a favorite escape for Mexico City and foreign visitors because of this warm, stable climate and abundant vegetation. Aztec emperors had summer residences there, and even today, many famous people as well as Mexico City residents maintain homes there. Cuernavaca is also host to a large foreign resident population, including large numbers of students who come to study the Spanish language.
The name "Cuernavaca" is derived from the Nahuatl phrase "Cuauhnahuac" and means "surrounded by or close to trees". The name eventually was Hispanicized to Cuernavaca because the Spanish could not pronounce the Nahuatl name. The coat-of-arms of the municipality consists of a tree trunk with three branches, with foliage, and four roots colored red. There is a cut in the trunk in the form of a mouth, from which emerges a grey swirl representing speech.
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Culiacán
Culiacán (Spanish pronunciation: [kuljaˈkan]) is a city in northwestern Mexico, the largest city in the state of Sinaloa as well as its capital and capital of the municipality of Culiacán. With 675,773 inhabitants in the city (census of 2010), and 858,638 in the municipality, it is the largest city in the state of Sinaloa. The municipality has a total area of 4,758 km2 (1,837 sq mi).
The city is located in a valley at the confluence of the Tamazula and Humaya Rivers, where the two meet to form the Culiacán River, and is located 55 meters above sea level. It is located in the center of the state with almost equal distance to the other urban centers of the state: Los Mochis to the north, and Mazatlán to the south. In addition, Culiacán is the birthplace and base of the Sinaloa Cartel.
Most people agree that the name Culiacán apparently comes from the word colhuacan, which can mean "palace of snakes", but traditionally the most accepted translation would be "place of those who adore the crooked god Coltzin". Before the Spaniards arrived from Europe, this site had been a small Indian settlement since 628 when Amerindians had first founded it.
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Durango
Durango (Spanish pronunciation: [duˈɾaŋɡo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Durango (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Durango), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is located in Northwest Mexico. With a population of 1,632,934, it has Mexico's second-lowest population density, after Baja California Sur. The city of Victoria de Durango is the state's capital, named after the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria.
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Durango, Durango
Durango (Tepehuan: Korian), officially Victoria de Durango and also known as Ciudad de Durango, is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Durango. It stands at an altitude of 1,890 metres (6,200 ft).
The city was founded on July 8, 1563 by Spanish Basque explorer Francisco de Ibarra. During the Spanish colonial era the city was the capital of the Nueva Vizcaya province of New Spain, which consisted mostly of the present day states of Durango and Chihuahua.
In the 2005 census the city had a population of 463,830 people. According to the results presented in the Second Census of Population and Housing in 2005, the township has a total of 526.659 inhabitants. Its surrounding municipality of the same name, of which it serves as municipal seat, had a population of 526,659 with a projected population of 631,712 by 2010. The municipality has a relatively large land area of 10,041 km² (3,877 sq mi) and includes such outlying communities as El Nayar and Cinco de Mayo.
The city of Durango was built on a wide valley in which a primitive Spanish village named Nombre de Dios was founded. By the 16th century, the first conquerors who crossed through its territory were Cristobal de Onate, José Angulo and Gines Vazquez del Mercado, the latter attracted by the illusion of the existence of a large supply of silver; he had ultimately discovered a special deposit of iron, which now bears his name. In 1562 Don Francisco de Ibarra, the son of one of the celebrated founders of Zacatecas, explored the region and founded the Villa de Guadiana, near the old settlement of Nombre de Dios which soon became known as the Nueva Vizcaya in memory of the Spanish province of where his family came. Due to untamed territory and also to prevent a reduction in population, Ibarra bought a mine that offered the Indigenous peoples and the Spanish explorers work, with the sole condition that they in turn would settle in the new-founded city.
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Eagle Pass, Texas
Eagle Pass is a city in and the county seat of Maverick County The population was 27,183 as of the 2010 census.
Eagle Pass borders the city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico, which is to the southwest and across the Rio Grande. The Eagle Pass-Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area (EG-PN) is one of six bi-national metropolitan areas along the United States-Mexican border. As of January 2008 (United States Census, 2008), the Eagle Pass Metropolitan Area's population is 48,401 people, and the Piedras Negras Metropolitan Area's population is 169,771.
Eagle Pass was the first United States settlement on the Rio Grande. Originally known as Camp Eagle Pass, it served as a temporary outpost for the Texas militia, which had been ordered to stop illegal trade with Mexico during the Mexican-American War.
The United States Army established the presumably permanent Fort Duncan on March 27, 1849, a couple of miles upstream from Camp Eagle Pass. Captain Sidney Burbank supervised the construction of Fort Duncan, which was named after Colonel James Duncan, a hero of the Mexican War. After the Mexican-American war, trade flourished under the protection of the fort. The fort was near the trail of westward immigration to California. It also served as an outpost against hostile Apache. It was abandoned and reopened several times. In March 1860, it served as the base of operations against the border assaults arranged by Juan N. Cortina.
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Falmouth, Cornwall
Coordinates: 50°09′N 5°04′W / 50.15°N 5.07°W / 50.15; -5.07
Falmouth (Cornish: Aberfal) is a town, civil parish and port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It has a total resident population of 21,635.
Falmouth is the terminus of the A39, which begins some 200 miles away in Bath, Somerset.
Falmouth is famous for its harbour. Together with Carrick Roads, it forms the third deepest natural harbour in the world, and the deepest in Western Europe. It is also famous for being the start or finish point of various round-the-world record-breaking voyages, such as those of Sir Francis Chichester and Dame Ellen MacArthur. Falmouth Docks Police enforce the law in the docks.
See also: Miss Susan Gay's Falmouth chronology
The name Falmouth is of English origin, which recent Cornish language enthusiasts have translated to "Aberfal" based on Welsh precedents. It is claimed that an earlier Celtic name for the place was Peny-cwm-cuic, which has been Anglicized to 'Pennycomequick'.
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Guadalajara, Jalisco
Guadalajara (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa]) is the capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is located in the central region of Jalisco in the western-pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,564,514 it is Mexico's second most populous municipality. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported population of 4,328,584 in 2009, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico City. The municipality is the second most densely populated area in Mexico; the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in State of Mexico.
The city's economy is based on industry, especially information technology with a large number of international firms having manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metro Area. Other, more traditional industries, such as shoes, textiles and food processing are also important contributing factors. Guadalajara is the cultural center of Mexico, considered by most to be the home of Mariachi music and host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the International Film Festival of Guadalajara and the Guadalajara International Book Fair and a number of globally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds. It is also home to the Chivas football/soccer team, one of the two most popular in Mexico. This city was named American Capital of Culture in 2005. Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan American Games and is currently bidding to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
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Guanajuato
Guanajuato (Spanish pronunciation: [gwanaˈxwato], locally: [gwanaˈhwato]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Guanajuato (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Guanajuato), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 46 municipalities and its capital city is Guanajuato.
It is located in the North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Jalisco to the west, Zacatecas to the northwest, San Luis Potosí to the north, Querétaro to the east and Michoacán to the south. It covers an area of 30,608 km².
Guanajuato is located between the arid north of the country and the lusher south, and it is geographically part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Mexican Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental. It was initially settled by the Spanish in the 1520s due to mineral deposits found around the now capital city of Guanajuato, but areas such as the Bajío region also became important for agriculture and livestock. Mining and agriculture have been the traditional mainstays of the state's economy, but today, about 30% of the state's GDP is accounted for by industry, which includes metals, automobiles, leather goods, processed foods and more.
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Guerrero
Guerrero (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡeˈreɾo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Guerrero), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo.
It is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Michoacán to the north and west, México and Morelos to the north, Puebla to the northeast and Oaxaca to the east.
The state was named after Vicente Guerrero, one of the most prominent leaders in the Mexican War of Independence and the second President of Mexico. It is the only Mexican state named after a president. The modern entity did not exist until 1849, when it was carved out of territories from the states of Mexico, Puebla and Michoacán.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Acapulco, Petatlan, Ciudad Altamirano, Taxco, Iguala, Ixtapa, Zihuatanejo, and Santo Domingo. Today, it is home to a number of indigenous communities, including the Nahuas, Mixtecs and Amuzgos. It is also home to communities of Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica region.
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Gwennap
Coordinates: 50°13′01″N 5°10′16″W / 50.217°N 5.171°W / 50.217; -5.171
Gwennap (Cornish: Lanwenep) is a village and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is situated approximately five miles (8 km) southeast of Redruth.
In the 18th and early 19th centuries Gwennap parish was the richest copper mining district in Cornwall, and was called the "richest square mile in the Old World". It is the location of the Great County Adit, and once-famous mines such as Consolidated Mines, Poldice mine and Wheal Busy. Today it forms part of area A6i (the Gwennap Mining District) of the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site.
It lends its name to Gwennap Pit where John Wesley preached 18 times between 1762 and 1789, although Gwennap Pit is about 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to the north west at the hamlet of Busveal near St. Day. The pit was caused by mining subsidence in the mid-18th century. After Wesley's death the local people turned the pit into a regular circular shape with turf seats. The parish church is an old foundation but was rebuilt in the 15th century and then thoroughly restored in the 19th century. The tower is detached. According to Charles Henderson "few Cornish churches are less interesting than Gwennap".
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Hermosillo
Hermosillo (Spanish pronunciation: [eɾmoˈsiʎo], formerly called Santísima Trinidad del Pitic and Presidio del Pitic) is a city and municipality located centrally in the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. It is the capital and main economic center for the state and region. It contains almost all of the state's manufacturing and has thirty percent of its population. The major manufacturing sector is automobiles, which was begun in the 1980s, when Ford built the Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly Plant. The municipality is large, encompassing over 3,800 other communities and reaching to the shores of the Gulf of California. Here, Bahía Kino (Kino Bay) is a major tourism draw for the municipality with plans to expand its tourism infrastructure.
Evidence of the area's first inhabitants date back 3,000 years, much of which are from a site called the San Dieguito Complex, located in the El Pinacate Zone. Evidence of agriculture dates back 2,500 years. In the pre-Hispanic era, this area was inhabited by the Seri, Tepoca, and Pima peoples.
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Hidalgo (Mexico)
Hidalgo (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈðalɣo]), officially Free and sovereign State of Hidalgo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 84 municipalities and its capital city is Pachuca de Soto.
In 1869, Benito Juárez created the State of Hidalgo. He appointed as capital of the state the city of Pachuca to which was added the name "de Soto" in recognition of Manuel Fernando Soto, who is considered the most important driving force in creating the state. The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the initiator of the Mexican War of Independence.
It is located in Eastern Mexico. Hidalgo is bordered by San Luis Potosí and Veracruz on the north, Puebla on the east, Tlaxcala and México on the south and Querétaro on the west.
The state has a number of relatively intact native cultures such as the Otomi. There are also two notable immigrant cultures, those of the descendents of Cornish miners in the 19th century and a small Jewish enclave which claims to be descended from Sephardi Jews which came to New Spain in the 16th century.
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Hidalgo (state)
Hidalgo (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈðalɣo]), officially Free and sovereign State of Hidalgo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 84 municipalities and its capital city is Pachuca de Soto.
In 1869, Benito Juárez created the State of Hidalgo. He appointed as capital of the state the city of Pachuca to which was added the name "de Soto" in recognition of Manuel Fernando Soto, who is considered the most important driving force in creating the state. The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the initiator of the Mexican War of Independence.
It is located in Eastern Mexico. Hidalgo is bordered by San Luis Potosí and Veracruz on the north, Puebla on the east, Tlaxcala and México on the south and Querétaro on the west.
The state has a number of relatively intact native cultures such as the Otomi. There are also two notable immigrant cultures, those of the descendents of Cornish miners in the 19th century and a small Jewish enclave which claims to be descended from Sephardi Jews which came to New Spain in the 16th century.
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Huasca de Ocampo
Huasca de Ocampo is a town and municipality of the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico. It is located 34 km from Pachuca and 16 km from Real del Monte in the Sierra de Pachuca Mountains. While the town itself it just within the mountain range, much of the municipal land in located in a valley that opens up to the east of the town. While one of the first haciendas to be established in Mexico is located here, economic development started with mining haciendas built by Pedro Romero de Terreros in the 18th century. By the mid 20th century, none of these haciendas were in existence, having been broken up into ejido lands and some even fully or partially under lakes created by dams. While agriculture remains important economically, the area has been promoted as a tourism destination, especially for weekend visitors from Mexico City, with attractions such as canyons, traditional houses, old hacienda facilities and waterfalls.
The original name for the area was “Huascazaloya.” This come from Nahuatl and has three possible meanings. The first and most probable means “place of happiness and abundance.” The second derives from a phrase that means “place of water.” The third comes from a phrase that means “place where they make precious cotton shawls(mantas).” The appendage “de Ocampo” was adopted in honor of Melchor Ocampo, who lived briefly here in the mid 19th century.
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Ixmiquilpan
Ixmiquilpan is a city and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. It is located on the Mexico City/Nuevo Laredo Highway at km 170 in the central west part of the state of Hidalgo. The town of Ixmiquilpan is noted for its parish church, Church of San Miguel Arcangel, which contains a large series of murals done in the 16th century by native artists depicting Eagle and Jaguar warriors in battle, along with other pre-Hispanic imagery.
The first ethnic group to settle in the Mezquital Valley in Hidalgo state were a group of Otomies, who called themselves Hñahñus. They named this area Zutcani or Zetcat, which means place of verdolagas or pigweed. They were well established here by the time the Toltecs arrived to establish the city of Tollan. These Otomies would be subjugated by the Toltecs then later by the Aztec Empire. Both these peoples spoke Nahuatl and renamed the area Itzmiquilpan (later spelled Ixmiquilpan), which means “place where the verdolagas cut like flint knives. Under the Aztecs, these Otomies were not just a tributary people but also provided soldiers as allies in the Aztecs’ many wars. This gave them a certain amount of autonomy within the Aztec Empire. This notion of autonomy would continue into the Colonial period when communities such as Orizabita and San Juanico called themselves “republics.”
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Jalisco
Jalisco (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈlisko]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and divided in 125 municipalities and its capital city is Guadalajara. It is one of the more important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history. Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, tequila, jaripeo, etc. Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly retirees from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas.
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La Misión, Hidalgo
La Misión is a town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 179.9 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 10,096.
Coordinates: 21°06′N 99°08′W / 21.1°N 99.133°W / 21.1; -99.133
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Little Rock
Little Rock is the capital and the largest city of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had a population of 709,901 people in the 2011 census. The MSA is in turn included in the Little Rock–North Little Rock–Pine Bluff, Arkansas Combined Statistical Area, which had a population of 886,992 in the 2011 census, making it the 47th largest combined statistical area in America. As of the 2010 US Census, Little Rock had a population of 193,524, making it the 118th largest city in America. It is the county seat of Pulaski County.
Located near the geographic center of Arkansas, Little Rock derives its name from a small rock formation on the south bank of the Arkansas River called la Petite Roche (French: "the little rock"). The "little rock" was used by early river traffic as a landmark and became a well-known river crossing. The "little rock" is across the river from "big rock", a large bluff at the edge of the river, which was once used as a rock quarry.
There have been two ships of the United States Navy named after the city, including USS Little Rock (LCS-9).
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
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Mexico State
Mexico (Spanish: México, pronounced: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially Free and Sovereign State of Mexico (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de México), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of the United Mexican States. It is the most populous, as well as the densest in population. It is divided into 125 municipalities and its capital city is Toluca de Lerdo.
The State of Mexico is often abbreviated to "Edomex" from Estado de México in Spanish. It is located in South-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Querétaro and Hidalgo to the north, Morelos and Guerrero to the south, Michoacán to the west, Tlaxcala and Puebla to the east and surrounds the Federal District.
The state’s origins are in the territory of the Aztec Empire, which remained a political division of New Spain during the colonial period. After Independence, Mexico City was chosen as the capital of the new nation, its territory was separated out the state. Years later, parts of the state were broken off to form the states of Hidalgo, Guerrero and Morelos. These territorial separations have left the state with the size and shape it has today, with the Toluca Valley to the west of Mexico City and a panhandle that extends around the north and east of this entity.
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Michoacán
Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish pronunciation: [mitʃoaˈkan ðe oˈkampo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, hero of the Mexican War of Independence.
Michoacán is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the northwest, Guanajuato and Querétaro to the north, México to the east, Guerrero to the southeast. To the southwest, Michoacán has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl: Michhuahkan from michhuah (“possessor of fish”) and -kan (place of) and means "place of the fishermen" referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro. In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of the P'urhépecha (Tarascan) Empire, which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter. After the Spanish conquest, the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and several of its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence. Today, the state is still home to a large population of P'urhépecha people as well as Otomi and Nahua. The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, mining and some industry. The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro-Tzintzuntzan-Quiroga area, which was the center of the P'urhépecha empire.
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Mineral del Monte
Mineral del Monte (commonly Real del Monte or El Real) is a small town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico, lying at an altitude of 2700 metres (8,800 ft).
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 11,944.
The municipality was once the richest in the state when gold and silver were discovered before the Spanish Conquest. The Spanish began mining in the late 16th century. The mines were later abandoned but reopened in the late 1730s under Pedro Romero de Terreros.
The town's steep streets, stairways and small squares are lined with low buildings, some dating back to colonial times. The houses with high sloping roofs and chimneys indicate a Cornish influence, the legacy left by 350 Cornishmen employed by the Cornish firm that ran the mines between 1824 and 1848. The Cornish role in the development of Mexican silver mining is remembered fondly in Real del Monte-Pachuca, as it was the Cornish who introduced the industrial revolution to the shores of Latin America in the 1820s, reviving Mexican silver mining. More particularly the majority of migrants to this region of Mexico came from what we now term the Cornish Central Mining District: Camborne-Redruth-Gwennap. One of the leading personalities in 19th century Mexico was a Camborne man, Francis Rule. His opinion was regarded as a barometer for the rise and fall of mining shares and he became a multi-millionaire with numerous mining interests in and around Pachuca, including the famous Santa Gertrudis which by 1898 was one of the most powerful mines in the State of Hidalgo. The Management was all Cornish, with Thomas Lakeside Phillips becoming Director. In 1903 alone, profits to stockholders had exceeded a million dollars. Known as El Rey de la Plata (The Silver King), Rule left an indelible mark on the Pachucan cityscape and showed great generosity to the peoples of his adopted homeland.
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Monterrey
Monterrey (Spanish pronunciation: [monteˈrei] ( listen)), is the capital city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León in the country of Mexico. The city is anchor to the third-largest metropolitan area in Mexico and is ranked as the ninth-largest city in the nation. Monterrey serves as a commercial center in the north of the country and is the base of many significant international corporations. It is Mexico's second richest city, and the world's 63rd richest, with an economy that had a 2008 GDP of USD $102 billion. Monterrey is one of Mexico's most developed cities, with the highest per capita income in the nation, and is regarded as a highly developed city. Although rich in history and culture, Monterrey is often regarded as the most "Americanized" city in the entire country, even above the cities along the U.S-Mexico border.
Monterrey as an important industrial and business center hosts an array of Mexican companies, including Pemex, Lanix Electronics, CEMEX, Vitro, Zonda Telecom, Mercedes-Benz Mexico, OXXO, Mastretta, BMW de Mexico, Mabe Grupo Bimbo, DINA S.A., Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery (Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma), formerly fully owned by FEMSA now jointly owned with Heineken and Alestra Telecommunications. Monterrey is also home to international companies such as Sony, Toshiba, Carrier, Whirlpool, Samsung, Toyota, Daewoo, Ericsson, Nokia, Dell, Boeing, HTC, General Electric, Gamesa, LG, SAS Institute and Teleperformance, among others.
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Morelia, Michoacán
Morelia is a city and municipality in the north central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital of the state. The main pre-Hispanic cultures here were the P'urhépecha and the Matlatzinca, but no major cities were founded in the valley during this time. The Spanish took control of the area in the 1520s. The Spanish under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza founded a settlement here in 1541 with the name of Valladolid, which became rival to the nearby city of Pátzcuaro for dominance in Michoacán. In 1580, this rivalry ended in Valladolid’s favor and it became the capital of the colonial province. After the Mexican War of Independence, the city was renamed Morelia in honor of José María Morelos y Pavón, who is from here. In 1991, the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well preserved colonial buildings and layout of the historic center.
Human settlements in the Guayangareo Valley in which Morelia is located have been dated back as far as the 7th century. Artifacts found here have shown Teotihuacán culture influence on early cultures in this area. In the 12th century, the Tarascos or the P'urhépecha arrived in the valley. They dominated it politically for the rest of the pre-Hispanic period but did not build any major settlements here. Between the 12th and the 15th century, Matlatzincas moved into the area with permission of the Tarascos, who were based around nearby Pátzcuaro Lake. The main Matlatzinca settlement was where Júarez Plaza in the city is today.
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Morelos
Morelos (Spanish pronunciation: [moˈɾelos]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Morelos (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Morelos), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 33 municipalities and its capital city is Cuernavaca.
It is located in South-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of México to the north-east and north-west, Puebla to the east and Guerrero to the southwest. Mexico City is situated north of Morelos.
Morelos is the second-smallest state in the nation, just after Tlaxcala. It was part of the very large province then State of Mexico until 1869, when Benito Juárez decreed that its territory would be separated and named in honor of José María Morelos y Pavón, who defended the city of Cuautla from royalist forces during the Mexican War of Independence. Most of the state enjoys a warm climate year-round, which is good for the raising of sugar cane and other crops. Morelos has attracted visitors from the Valley of Mexico since Aztec times. Today, many people from Mexico City spend weekends in the state or own second homes there, especially in the Cuernavaca area.
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Mérida, Yucatán
Mérida (pronounced: [ˈmeɾiða]) (T'hó' /d̥ʼχøʼ/ or Ichkanzihóo /isʃkan'siχœ/) (the original name in Modern Maya) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Yucatán and the Yucatán Peninsula. It is located in the northwest part of the state, about 35 km (22 mi) from the Gulf of Mexico coast. The city is also the municipal seat of the Municipality of Mérida, which includes the city and the areas around it.
According to the 2010 census, the population of Mérida was 970,377, ranking 12th among the most populous Mexican metropolitan areas. The municipality's area is 858.41 km2 (331.43 sq mi). The metropolitan area includes the municipalities of Mérida, Umán and Kanasín and had a population of 1,035,238 in the same 2010 census. It is the largest of the four cities of the world that share the name Mérida, the other three being in Spain, Venezuela and The Philippines. The city like much of the state has heavy French, British and to a lesser extent Dutch influences. Merida has the highest percentage of indigenous persons of any large city in Mexico.
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Nayarit
Nayarit (Spanish pronunciation: [naʝaˈɾit]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Nayarit (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Nayarit), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 20 municipalities and its capital city is Tepic.
It is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sinaloa to the northwest, Durango to the north, Zacatecas to the northeast and Jalisco to the south. To the west, Nayarit has a significant share of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
Besides the mainland, the islands Marias, Isabel, Tres Marietas and Farallón La Peña in the Pacific Ocean are part of its territory.
Nayarit covers 27,815 square kilometers (10,739 sq mi), making it one of the smaller states of Mexico. Nayarit is located between latitude lines 23°05' north and 20°36' south and longitude lines 103°43' east and 105°46' west. Its terrain is broken up by the western ends of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. Its highest mountains are: San Juan, Sanguangüey, El Ceboruco, Cumbre de Pajaritos and Picachos. Nayarit has two volcanoes, Ceboruco and Sangangüey. In the northeast are broad, tropical plains watered by the Río Grande de Santiago, a continuation of the Lerma River. The main state rivers are the Río Grande de Santiago, San Pedro, Acaponeta, Ameca and Las Cañas. The last two also form natural boundaries with the states of Jalisco and Sinaloa, respectively. Nayarit also has several lagoons such as pito the Santa María del Oro, San Pedro Lagunillas and Agua Brava.
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Nuevo León
Nuevo León (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnweβo leˈon]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 51 municipalities and its capital city is Monterrey.
It is located in Northeastern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north and east, San Luis Potosí to the south, and Coahuila to the west. To the north, Nuevo León has a 15 kilometer (9 mi) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. state of Texas.
The state was named after the New Kingdom of León, an administrative territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
Besides its capital, other important cities are Guadalupe, Santa Catarina, San Nicolás de los Garza, and San Pedro Garza García, all of which are part of the Monterrey Metropolitan area.
Nuevo León was originally founded by Alberto del Canto, although frequent raids by Chichimecas, the natives of the north, prevented the establishment of almost any permanent settlements. Subsequent to the failure of del Canto to populate Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, at the head of Portuguese and Spanish settlers, requested permission from the Spanish King to attempt to repopulate the area which would be called the New Kingdom of León, it eventually became (along with the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Santander and Texas) one of the Eastern Internal Provinces in Northern New Spain.
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Oaxaca
Oaxaca (English /wəˈhɑːkə/ wə-HAH-kə, Spanish: [waˈxaka] (
listen), from Nahuatl: Huaxyacac [waːsʃakak]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 31 states which, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 571 municipalities; of which 418 (almost three quarters) are governed by the system of Usos y costumbres (customs and traditions) with recognized local forms of self governance. Its capital city is Oaxaca de Juárez.
It is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Guerrero to the west, Puebla to the northwest, Veracruz to the north, Chiapas to the east. To the south, Oaxaca has a significant coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
The state is best known for its indigenous peoples and cultures. The most numerous and best known are the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, but there are sixteen that are officially recognized. These cultures have survived better than most others in Mexico due to the state’s rugged and isolating terrain. Most live in the Central Valleys region, which is also an important area for tourism, attracting people for its archeological sites such as Monte Albán, native culture and crafts. Another important tourist area is the coast, which has the major resort of Huatulco. Oaxaca is also one of the most biologically diverse states in Mexico, ranking in the top three, along with Chiapas and Veracruz, for numbers of reptiles, amphibians, mammals and plants.
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Oaxaca, Oaxaca
The city and municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez, or simply Oaxaca, is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of the same name (Oaxaca). It is located in the Centro District in the Central Valleys region of the state, in the foothills of the Sierra Madre at the base of the Cerro del Fortín extending to the banks of the Atoyac River. This city relies heavily on tourism, which is based on its large number of colonial-era structures as well as the native Zapotec and Mixtec cultures and archeological sites. It, along with the archeological site of Monte Alban, were named a World Heritage Site in 1987. It is also the home of the month-long cultural festival called the “Guelaguetza,” which features Oaxacan dance, music and a beauty pageant for indigenous women.
It is nicknamed "la Verde Antequera" (the green Antequera) due to its prior name (Nueva Antequera) and the variety of structures built from a native green stone. The name Oaxaca is derived from the Nahuatl name for the place, Huaxyacac, which was Hispanicized to Guajaca, later spelled Oaxaca. “de Juárez” was added in honor of Benito Juárez, who was a native of this state. The coat of arms for the municipality bears the image of the decapitated Donaji, who was an indigenous princess in the years immediately after the Conquest.
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Orizaba, Veracruz
Orizaba is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located 20 km west of its sister city Córdoba, and is adjacent to Río Blanco and Ixtaczoquitlán, on Federal Highways 180 and 190. The city had a 2005 census population of 117,273 and is almost coextensive with its small municipality, with only a few small areas outside the city. The municipality's population was 117,289 and it has an area of 27.97 km² (10.799 sq mi).
It is generally understood that the name Orizaba comes from a Hispanicized pronunciation of the Nahuatl name Ahuilizapan [āwil-lis-ā-pan], which means (more or less) "valley of happiness". Another possibility, however, is the word Harish (Jerez de la Frontera, Andalusia, in XVI-century Spanish pronunciation), this place being the hometown of the first Spanish settlers (1521) of Orizaba. Harish or—in a simplified form—Ariz, with the addition (under the influence of the Arabic language) of the gentilic "i" and/or with the ending "aba", meaning fortification, would have become Ariziba or Arizaba, from which Orizaba would have derived. (The word Harish—in turn—is, according to some authors, linked to the capital of Tartessus and could refer to the biblical Tarshish. Its Semitic meaning could be "trading post" or "fundry site", since Tartessus was a mayor Phoenician center of tin commerce and bronze production.)
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Pachuca
Pachuca, formally known as Pachuca de Soto, is the capital of the Mexican state of Hidalgo. It is located in the south-central part of the state. Pachuca de Soto is also the name of the municipality of which the city serves as municipal seat. Pachuca is located about 90 km from Mexico City via Highway 85.
The name Pachuca has been traced to several possible etymologies and has been much debated. It has been traced to the word “pachoa,” meaning strait or opening, “Pachoacan,” meaning place of government, or place of silver and gold, and “patlachuican,” meaning place of factories or tears. The official name of Pachuca is Pachuca de Soto in honor of congressman Manuel Fernando Soto, who is given credit for the creation of Hidalgo state. Its nickname of “La bella airosa” (Beautiful Airy City) comes from the strong winds that blow into the valley through the canyons to the north of the city. The area had been long inhabited but except for some green obsidian, but the mining that Pachuca is famous for began in the mid-16th century, during Spanish colonial rule. Pachuca remained a major mining center until the mid-20th century, with the city’s fortunes going up and down with the health of the mining sector. In the mid-20th century, a major downturn in mining pushed Pachuca to change its economy to industry, with the revamping of the Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo. Today, mining is only a fraction of the municipality’s economy.
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Pachuca, Hidalgo
Pachuca, formally known as Pachuca de Soto, is the capital of the Mexican state of Hidalgo. It is located in the south-central part of the state. Pachuca de Soto is also the name of the municipality of which the city serves as municipal seat. Pachuca is located about 90 km from Mexico City via Highway 85.
The name Pachuca has been traced to several possible etymologies and has been much debated. It has been traced to the word “pachoa,” meaning strait or opening, “Pachoacan,” meaning place of government, or place of silver and gold, and “patlachuican,” meaning place of factories or tears. The official name of Pachuca is Pachuca de Soto in honor of congressman Manuel Fernando Soto, who is given credit for the creation of Hidalgo state. Its nickname of “La bella airosa” (Beautiful Airy City) comes from the strong winds that blow into the valley through the canyons to the north of the city. The area had been long inhabited but except for some green obsidian, but the mining that Pachuca is famous for began in the mid-16th century, during Spanish colonial rule. Pachuca remained a major mining center until the mid-20th century, with the city’s fortunes going up and down with the health of the mining sector. In the mid-20th century, a major downturn in mining pushed Pachuca to change its economy to industry, with the revamping of the Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo. Today, mining is only a fraction of the municipality’s economy.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (
i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Ponferrada
Ponferrada (Spanish pronunciation: [pomfeˈraða], from the Latin Pons Ferrata, Iron Bridge) is a city in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain. It lies on the Sil River, a tributary of the river Miño, in the El Bierzo valley, completely surrounded by mountains. It is the last major town along the French route of the Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) before it reaches its destination of Santiago de Compostela. In 2008, it had a population of 69,769.
In pre-Roman times the region was populated by the Astures, a Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian people. They were conquered by Emperor Augustus in the Astur-Cantabrian Wars (29-19 BC) and the area quickly became the largest mining center of the Empire during the Roman period, where gold and other metals and minerals were extracted. Numerous Roman mining sites are still visible in the area, one of the most spectacular being Las Médulas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997. Romans also imported grapevines, and wine production thrived in the region until the propagation of Phylloxera at the end of the 19th century, which destroyed the majority of the vineyards.
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Puebla
Puebla (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweβla]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Puebla (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 217 municipalities and its capital city is Puebla.
It is located in East-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the north and east, Hidalgo, México, Tlaxcala and Morelos to the west, Guerrero and Oaxaca to the south.
The origins of the state lie in the city of Puebla, which was founded by the Spanish in this valley in 1531 to secure the trade route between Mexico City and the port of Veracruz.
By the end of the 18th century, the area had become a colonial province with its own governor, which would become the State of Puebla, after the Mexican War of Independence in the early 19th century. Since that time, the area, especially around the capital city, has continued to grow economically, mostly through industry, despite being the scene of a number of battles, the most notable of which being the Battle of Puebla. Today, the state is one of the most industrialized in the country, but since most of its development is concentrated in Puebla and other cities, many of its rural areas are very poor, forcing many to migrate away to places such as Mexico City and the United States.
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Querétaro
Querétaro (Spanish pronunciation: [keˈɾetaɾo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro), is one of 31 states that, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 18 municipalities. Its capital city is Santiago de Querétaro.
It is located in North-Central Mexico, in a region known as Bajío. It is bordered by the states of San Luis Potosí to the north, Guanajuato to the west, Hidalgo to the east, México to the southeast and Michoacán to the southwest.
The state is one of the smallest in Mexico, but it is also one of the most heterogeneous geographically, with ecosystems varying from deserts to tropical rainforest, especially in the Sierra Gorda, which is filled with microecosystems. The area of the state was located on the northern edge of Mesoamerica, with both the P’urhépecha and Aztec empires having influence in the extreme south, but neither really dominated it. The area, especially the Sierra Gorda, had a number of small city-states, but by the time the Spanish arrived, these had all been abandoned, with only small agricultural villages and seminomadic peoples inhabiting the area. Spanish conquest was focused on the establishment of the Santiago de Querétaro, which still dominates the state culturally, economically and educationally.
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Querétaro, Querétaro
Santiago de Querétaro (Spanish pronunciation: [sanˈtjaɣo ðe keˈɾetaɾo]) is the capital and largest city of the state of Querétaro, located in central Mexico. It is located 213 km northwest of Mexico City, 96 km southeast of San Miguel de Allende and 200 km south of San Luis Potosí. The founding date of the city is given as 25 July 1531, when during a battle between the Spanish and the natives of the area, an eclipse occurred during which Saint James on a white horse carrying a pink cross supposedly appeared, causing the natives of the areas to surrender. In reality, Spanish dominion here was gradual.
In 1996, the historic center of Querétaro was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
Today, the city is one of the fastest-growing in the country, with its economic base in industries such as chemicals, paper products and machinery. This has caused the city and the metropolitan area to attract many migrants from other parts of Mexico.
The city of Querétaro has had an outstanding industrial and economic development in the last 15 years. The metropolitan area of Querétaro has one of the highest GDP per capitas in Mexico at US$20,000 as of 2009.
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Quintana Roo
Quintana Roo (Spanish pronunciation: [kinˈtana ˈro]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 10 municipalities and its capital city is Chetumal.
It is located in Southeastern Mexico, on the eastern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Yucatán to the northwest and Campeche to the west. To the north, Quintana Roo borders the Gulf of Mexico and to the south, Belize. It also claims territory which gives it a small border with Guatemala in the southwest of the state, although this disputed area is also claimed by Campeche.
Quintana Roo is home of the world famous city of Cancún, the islands of Cozumel and Isla Mujeres, the towns of Bacalar, Playa del Carmen and Akumal, as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Chacchoben, Coba, Kohunlich, Muyil, Tulum, Xel-Há, and Xcaret. The Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve is also in the state.
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Real del Monte
Mineral del Monte (commonly Real del Monte or El Real) is a small town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico, lying at an altitude of 2700 metres (8,800 ft).
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 11,944.
The municipality was once the richest in the state when gold and silver were discovered before the Spanish Conquest. The Spanish began mining in the late 16th century. The mines were later abandoned but reopened in the late 1730s under Pedro Romero de Terreros.
The town's steep streets, stairways and small squares are lined with low buildings, some dating back to colonial times. The houses with high sloping roofs and chimneys indicate a Cornish influence, the legacy left by 350 Cornishmen employed by the Cornish firm that ran the mines between 1824 and 1848. The Cornish role in the development of Mexican silver mining is remembered fondly in Real del Monte-Pachuca, as it was the Cornish who introduced the industrial revolution to the shores of Latin America in the 1820s, reviving Mexican silver mining. More particularly the majority of migrants to this region of Mexico came from what we now term the Cornish Central Mining District: Camborne-Redruth-Gwennap. One of the leading personalities in 19th century Mexico was a Camborne man, Francis Rule. His opinion was regarded as a barometer for the rise and fall of mining shares and he became a multi-millionaire with numerous mining interests in and around Pachuca, including the famous Santa Gertrudis which by 1898 was one of the most powerful mines in the State of Hidalgo. The Management was all Cornish, with Thomas Lakeside Phillips becoming Director. In 1903 alone, profits to stockholders had exceeded a million dollars. Known as El Rey de la Plata (The Silver King), Rule left an indelible mark on the Pachucan cityscape and showed great generosity to the peoples of his adopted homeland.
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Redruth
Coordinates: 50°13′59″N 5°13′26″W / 50.233°N 5.224°W / 50.233; -5.224
Redruth (Cornish: Resrudh, pronunciation: /rəˈdruːð/ rə-DROODH) is a town and civil parish traditionally in the Penwith Hundred in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It has a population of 12,352. Redruth lies approximately at the junction of the A393 and A3047 roads, on the route of the old London to Land's End trunk road (now the A30), and is approximately 9 miles (14 km) west of Truro, 12 miles (19 km) east of St Ives, 18 miles (29 km) north east of Penzance and 11 miles (18 km) north west of Falmouth. Camborne and Redruth together form the largest urban area in Cornwall and before local government reorganisation were an Urban District.
The name Redruth (pronounced 'Re-drooth') derives from its Cornish name, Rhyd-ruth. Rhyd an older form of 'Res', which is a Cornish equivalent to a ford (across a river), a common Celtic word : Old Cornish rid; Welsh rhyd (Old Welsh rit); Old Breton rit or ret, Gaulish ritu-, all from Indo-European *prtus derived word in -tu from the root *per « to cross, to go through »; Proto-Germanic *furdúz (English ford, German Furt); Latin portus, all related to the Celtic word. It is the -ruth (and not the Red- part of the name) which means the colour red.
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Saltillo, Coahuila
Saltillo (Spanish pronunciation: [salˈtiʎo]) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila and the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. The city is located about 400 km south of the U.S. state of Texas, and 90 km west of Monterrey, Nuevo León. D
As of the 2005 census, Saltillo had a population of 725,095 people. 823,098 people reside within the metropolitan area, making it the 19th biggest metro area in the country. The metro area comprises the municipalities of Saltillo, Ramos Arizpe, and Arteaga.
The per capita gross domestic product the Metropolitan Zone of Saltillo is $13,936 USD. According to a 2006 ranking of 53 Mexican cities by Inversionista magazine, Saltillo is the second best Mexican city to live in.[unreliable source?]
El Cerro del Pueblo (The People's Hill) and its 4-metre (13 ft) cross overlook the city. The city's elevation, at 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), makes it cooler and windier than the neighboring city of Monterrey. Saltillo lies near the city of Arteaga and in the Chihuahuan desert. The city is flanked by the Zapalinamé mountains, which are part of the Sierra Madre Oriental. By looking at the relief of the mountains, one can see, according to local legend, the relief of Zapalinamé, chieftain of the Huachichil tribe.
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San Luis Potosí
San Luis Potosí (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsan ˈlwis potoˈsi]), officially Free and Sovereign State of San Luis Potosí (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de San Luis Potosí), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is San Luis Potosí.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Coahuila to the north, Nuevo León to the northeast, Tamaulipas and Veracruz to the east, Hidalgo, Querétaro, and Guanajuato to the south, Zacatecas to the northwest, and Jalisco to the west.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Ciudad Valles, Matehuala, and Rioverde.
The state and its capital are both named after Louis IX of France (also known in Mexico as San Luis Rey de Francia, Saint Louis, King of France), its patron saint. The Potosí was added in reference to the fabulously rich mines of Potosí, Bolivia, believed to have enough gold to build a bridge between Bolivia and Spain. Thereafter, upon the development of Cerro de San Pedro near the capital city, they found such gold wealth that they compared it to that of Potosi and thus they named it as such. The wealth of these mines is thought to be comparable to that of the local mines at Cerro de San Pedro.
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Sinaloa
Sinaloa (Spanish pronunciation: [sinaˈloa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Sinaloa (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales.
It is located in Northwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sonora to the north, Chihuahua and Durango to the east (separated from them by the Sierra Madre Occidental) and Nayarit to the south. To the west, Sinaloa has a significant share of coastline on the Gulf of California.
The state covers an area of 57,377 square kilometers (22,153 sq mi), and includes the Islands of Palmito Verde, Palmito de la Virgen, Altamura, Santa María, Saliaca, Macapule and San Ignacio.
In addition to the capital city, the state's important cities include Mazatlán and Los Mochis.
Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, much of Sinaloa was inhabited by the Cáhita.
In 1531 Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán with a force of over 10,000 defeated a force of 30,000 Cáhita at the site of Culiacan. Beltran de Guzman established a Spanish and allied Indian outpost at Culiacan. Over the next decade, the Cáhita suffered severe depopulation from smallpox and other diseases the Spanish brought.
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Sonora
Sonora (Spanish pronunciation: [so̞ˈno̞ɾa]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Sonora (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is located in Northwest Mexico, bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U.S.–Mexico border with the states of Arizona and New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California.
Sonora's natural geography is divided into three parts: the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state; plains and rolling hills in the center; and the coast on the Gulf of California. It is primarily arid or semi-arid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation.
Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the Yaqui and the Seri. It has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef) and mining since the colonial period, and for its status as a border state since the Mexican–American War. After the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory. From the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Tabasco
Tabasco (Spanish pronunciation: [taˈβasko]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Tabasco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 17 municipalities and its capital city is Villahermosa. It is located in the southeast of the country along the Gulf of Mexico bordering the states of Campeche, Chiapas and Veracruz, as well as the country of Guatemala. Most of the state is covered in rainforest as, unlike most other areas of Mexico, it has plentiful rainfall year round. For this reason, it is also covered in small lakes, wetlands and rivers. The state is subject to major flooding events, with the last occurring in 2007, which affected eighty percent of the state. The state is also home to La Venta, the major site of the Olmec civilization, considered to be the origin of later Mesoamerican cultures. Even though it produces significant quantities of petroleum and natural gas, poverty is still a concern. The state is also the origin of the cacao bean, from which chocolate is made.
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Tamaulipas
Tamaulipas (Spanish pronunciation: [tamauˈlipas]) officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Tamaulipas (English: Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas) is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria. The capital city was named after Guadalupe Victoria, the first President of Mexico.
It is located in Northeastern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the southeast, San Luis Potosí to the southwest and Nuevo León to the west. To the north, it has a 370 km (142.9 mi) stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border along the state of Texas.
The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa, a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies "place where." As yet, there is no scholarly agreement on the meaning of holipa, but "high hills" is a common interpretation. Another explanation of the state name is Ta ma ho'lipam – “place, where the Lipan prey”.
In addition to the capital city, Ciudad Victoria, the state's largest cities include Reynosa, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, and Tampico.
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Tenochtitlan
Tenochtitlan (Classical Nahuatl: Tenōchtitlān [tenoːtʃˈtitɬaːn]), sometimes also known as Mexico Tenochtitlan, was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. Founded in 1325, it became the capital of the expanding Aztec Empire in the 15th century, until captured by the Spanish in 1521. When paired with Mexico the name is a reference to Mexica, the people of the surrounding Aztec heartland. It subsequently became a cabecera of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Today the ruins of Tenochtitlan are located in the central part of Mexico City.
Its name comes from Nahuatl tetl ("rock") and nochtli = ("prickly pear") and means "Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks". Tenochtitlan was one of two Mexican altepetl, the other being Tlatelolco.
Tenochtitlan covered an estimated 8 to 13.5 km2 (3.1 to 5.2 sq mi), situated on the western side of the shallow Lake Texcoco.
At the time of Spanish conquest, Mexico City comprised Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco at the same time. Since then, the city extended from north to south from the north border of Tlatelolco to the swamps, which by that time were gradually disappearing to the west, the city ended more or less at the present location of Bucareli Street.
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Teotihuacan
Coordinates: 19°41′33″N 98°50′37.68″W / 19.6925°N 98.8438°W / 19.6925; -98.8438
Teotihuacan – also written Teotihuacán, with a Spanish orthographic accent on the last syllable – is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, just 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Mexico City, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the Avenue of the Dead, and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. Additionally, Teotihuacan produced a thin orange pottery style that spread through Mesoamerica.
The city is thought to have been established around 100 BC and continued to be built until about 250 AD. The city may have lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population of perhaps 125,000 or more, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period. Teotihuacan began as a new religious center in the Mexican Highland around the first century AD. This city came to be the largest and most populated center in the New World. Teotihuacan was even home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate this large population. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan or Teotihuacano.
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Tlaxcala
Tlaxcala (Spanish: [tɬa(k)sˈkala], Nahuatl: [tɬaʃˈkalːan]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala), is one of the 31 states which along with the Federal District comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided into 60 municipalities and its capital city is Tlaxcala.
It is located in East-Central Mexico, in the altiplano region, with the eastern portion dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental. It is bordered by the states of Puebla to the north, east and south, México to the west and Hidalgo to the northwest. It is the smallest state of the republic, accounting for only 0.2% of the country’s territory.
The state is named after its capital, Tlaxcala, which was also the name of the pre-Hispanic city and culture. The Tlaxcalans allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat the Aztecs, with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of colonial period. After Mexican Independence, Tlaxcala was declared a federal territory, until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation.
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Toluca
Toluca, officially called Toluca de Lerdo, is the state capital of Mexico State as well as the seat of the Municipality of Toluca. It is the center of a rapidly growing urban area, now the fifth largest in Mexico. It is located 63 kilometres (39 mi) west-southwest of Mexico City and only about 40 minutes by car to the western edge of the Distrito Federal. According to the 2005 census, the city of Toluca has a population of 467,713, with 747,512 as the total municipal population. The city is the eighth largest in Mexico in population. The municipality of Toluca, along with twelve other municipalities, make up the metropolitan population of 1,610,786 in Greater Toluca as of 2005, making it the fifth most populous metropolitan area in Mexico.
When Toluca was founded by the Matlazincas, its original name was Nepintahihui (land of corn, tierra del maíz). The current name is based on the Náhuatl name for the area when it was renamed by the Aztecs in 1473. The name has its origin in the word tolocan that comes from the name of the god, Tolo, plus the locative suffix, can, to denote "place of Tolo". It is also referred to in a number of Aztec codices as Tolutépetl, meaning hill of the god, Tolo, an allusion to the nearby volcano. The name Toluca de Lerdo was adopted in 1861 in honor of President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada.
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Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtustla ɣuˈtjeres]) is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is considered to be the state’s most modern city, with most of its public buildings dating from the 20th century. One exception to this is the San Marcos Cathedral which began as a Dominican parish church built in 1560 for Zoque natives. Prior to this, there had been no significant settlement on the site.
As there was no pre Hispanic settlement at the site, the first half of the name, “Tuxtla” refers to the valley area. Originally, this valley was called Coyotoc by the native Zoque population, which means “land or house of rabbits.” The Aztecs intruded into the area and named it “Tochtlán” which means the same thing. “Gutiérrez” was added to the city’s name in 1848 to honor Joaquín Miguel Gutiérrez, a Liberal politician.
After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and the subjugation of the Chiapa people in 1528, the Dominicans constructed a monastery in nearby Tecpatán, which today is an independent municipality. There is no official founding date for Tuxtla, but it is known that in the middle of the 16th century, these monks gathered dispersed Zoques in the valley into communities centered on churches. Today’s San Marcos Cathedral is the parish church founded by the Dominicans for one of these communities in 1560. During much of the colonial era, this was a relatively small community, governed by nearby Chiapa de los Indios, today Chiapa de Corzo.
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UK
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Veracruz
Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Spanish pronunciation: [beɾaˈkɾuz ðe iɣˈnasjo ðe la ˈʎaβe]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states that, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided in 212 municipalities and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez.
It is located in Eastern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north, San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo to the west, Puebla to the southwest, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south and Tabasco to the southeast. To the east, Veracruz has a significant share of coastline on the Gulf of Mexico.
The state is noted for its mixed ethnic and large indigenous populations. Its cuisine reflects the many cultural influences that have come through the state because of the importance of the port of Veracruz.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Córdoba, Minatitlán, Poza Rica, Boca Del Río and Orizaba.
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Victoria, Tamaulipas
Ciudad Victoria ([sjuˈðað βikˈtoɾja]), is the capital city of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is located in the western-central region of the state. Ciudad Victoria is also the municipal seat of the surrounding Victoria Municipality, which covers an area of 1,638 km² (632.4 sq mi). According to the 2010 INEGI population count, the city had 305,155 inhabitants, and the Victoria Municipality had a population of 321,953. The city and the municipality both rank fourth in population size in the state, behind Reynosa, Matamoros, and Nuevo Laredo.
Ciudad Victoria was founded on October 6, 1750 with the name Villa de Santa María de Aguayo by José de Escandón y Helguera. On April 20, 1825, the town was elevated to the status of city, and was given its current name in honor of the first president of Mexico, Guadalupe Victoria. Toward the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the city began undergoing a number of modernizing changes. In 1890, a railroad was completed that passed through Ciudad Victoria on its route between Monterrey and Tampico. Several major highways were also completed during the 20th century.
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Xalapa, Veracruz
Xalapa or Jalapa (/həˈlɑːpə/; [xaˈlapa]), officially Xalapa de Enríquez is the capital city of the Mexican state of Veracruz and the name of the surrounding municipality. In the year 2005 census the city reported a population of 387,879 and the municipality of which it serves as municipal seat reported a population of 413,136. The municipality has an area of 118.45 km². Xalapa lies near the geographic center of the state and is the second-largest city in the state after the city of Veracruz.
Xalapa comes from the Nahuatl roots xal-li "sand" and a-pan "water place", which approximately means "spring in the sand." It is classically pronounced [ʃaˈlapan] in Nahuatl, though the final [n] is often omitted; the [ʃ] sound (like English sh) was written x in the 16th century, but does not occur in modern Spanish, and its counterpart is the [x] or [h] sound, normally written j. The spelling Xalapa (like the word México) reflects the archaic pronunciation. The full name of the city is Xalapa-Enríquez, named in honor of 19th-century Governor Juan de la Luz Enríquez. The city's nickname "La ciudad de las flores" (The City of Flowers), was bestowed by Alexander von Humboldt, who visited the town on 10 February 1804. However, the reference is firmly embedded in its earlier colonial history. In folklore, the Spaniards believed that Xalapa was the birthplace and home of the "Florecita", which literally means little flower.
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Yucatán
Yucatán (Spanish pronunciation: [ʝukaˈtan]), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 106 municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida.
It is located in Southeastern Mexico, on the north part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest, Quintana Roo to the northeast and the Gulf of Mexico lies off its north coast.
Before the arrival of Spaniards to the Yucatán Peninsula, the name of this region was el Mayab. In Mayan language, "ma' ya'ab" is translated as "a few". It was a very important region for the Mayan civilization, which reached the peak of its development on this place, where they founded the cities of Chichen Itza, Izamal, Motul, Mayapan, Ek' Balam and Ichcaanzihóo (also called T'Hó), now Mérida.
After the Spanish conquest, Yucatán Peninsula was a single administrative and political entity, the Captaincy General of Yucatán. Following independence and the breakup of the Mexican Empire in 1823, the first Republic of Yucatán was proclaimed which then was voluntarily annexed to the Federal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21, 1823. Later on March 16, 1841, as result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact, Yucatán declared independence from Mexico to form a second Republic of Yucatán, but eventually on July 14, 1848, Yucatán was definitely rejoined to Mexico. In 1858, in the middle of the caste war, the state of Yucatan was divided for the first time, establishing Campeche as separate state (officially in 1863). During the Porfiriato, in 1902, the state of Yucatan was divided again to form the Federal territory that later became the present state of Quintana Roo.
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Zacatecas
Zacatecas (Spanish pronunciation: [sakaˈtekas]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Zacatecas (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Zacatecas), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 58 municipalities and its capital city is Zacatecas.
It is located in North-Central Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Durango to the northwest, Coahuila to the north, Nayarit to the west, San Luis Potosí and Nuevo León to the east, and Jalisco, Guanajuato and Aguascalientes to the south.
The state of Zacatecas is best known for its rich deposits of silver and other minerals, its colonial architecture and its importance during the Mexican revolution. Its main economic activities are mining, agriculture and tourism.
"Zacatecas" is the Nahuatl-derived name for one of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the region before the arrival of the Spanish. The name ultimately derives from the Nahuatl word for a type of grass common in the region, zacatl. The region where this grass grew was originally called Zacatlan, and its inhabitants, Zacateca, pluralized in Mexican Spanish to Zacatecas.
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Zacatecas, Zacatecas
Zacatecas (Spanish pronunciation: [sakaˈtekas]) is a city and municipality in Mexico, and the capital of the state of Zacatecas. It is located in the north central part of the country. The city had its start as a Spanish mining camp in the mid 16th century. Prior to this, the area's rich deposits in silver and other minerals were known. Due to the wealth that the mines provided, Zacatecas quickly became one of the most important cities in New Spain, with much of it silver enriching the Spanish crown. The area saw battles during the turbulent 19th century, but the next major event was the Battle of Zacatecas during the Mexican Revolution when Francisco Villa took the town. This event is still celebrated annually. Today, the city center is a World Heritage Site, due to the Baroque and other structures built during its mining heyday and mining still remains an important industry. The name Zacatecas is derived from the Zacateco people and has its roots in Nahuatl. The name literally means "people of the grasslands."
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Zapotlán de Juárez
Zapotlán de Juárez is a town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 131.1 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 16,493.
In this municipality is produced agricole products and meat.
The municipality have 20 km. of the Mexico-Pachuca Highway, and have another 18 km. of federal roads between the tree principal towns of the municipality (Zapotlán, San Pedro Huaquilpan and Acayuca).
The municipality is located in the southern part of Hidalgo and borders on the municipalities of Pachuca to the North, Tolcayuca to the South and West, Zempoala to the East, and Tezontepec to the South.
Coordinates: 19°58′N 98°51′W / 19.967°N 98.85°W / 19.967; -98.85
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Benito Juárez
Benito Juárez (Spanish pronunciation: [beˈnito ˈxwaɾes]; 21 March 1806 – 18 July 1872) born Benito Pablo Juárez García, was a Mexican lawyer and politician of Zapotec origin from Oaxaca who served five terms as president of Mexico: 1858–1861 as interim, then 1861–1865, 1865–1867, 1867–1871 and 1871–1872. He resisted the French occupation of Mexico, overthrew the Second Mexican Empire, restored the Republic, and used liberal efforts to modernize the country.
Juárez was born on 21 March 1806 in a small adobe home in the village of San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca, located in the mountain range now known as the "Sierra Juárez". His parents, Marcelino Juárez and Brígida García, were peasants who both died of complications of diabetes when he was three years old. Shortly after, his grandparents died as well , and his uncle then raised him. He described his parents as "indios de la raza primitiva del país," that is, "Indians of the original race of the country." He worked in the corn fields and as a shepherd until the age of 12, when he walked to the city of Oaxaca de Juárez to attend school. At the time, he was illiterate and could not speak Spanish, only Zapotec.
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Chichimecas
Chichimeca was the name that the Nahua peoples of Mexico generically applied to a wide range of semi-nomadic peoples who inhabited the north of modern-day Mexico and southwestern United States, and carried the same sense as the European term "barbarian". The name was adopted with a pejorative tone by the Spaniards when referring especially to the semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples of northern Mexico. In modern times only one ethnic group is customarily referred to as Chichimecs, namely the Chichimeca Jonaz, although lately this usage is being changed for simply "Jonáz" or their own name for themselves "Úza".
The Chichimeca peoples were in fact many different groups with varying ethnic and linguistic affiliations. As the Spaniards worked towards consolidating the rule of New Spain over the Mexican indigenous peoples during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the "Chichimecan tribes" maintained a resistance. A number of ethnic groups of the region allied against the Spanish, and the following military colonization of northern Mexico has become known as the "Chichimeca Wars".
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Cornish people
The Cornish (Cornish: Kernowyon) are a people associated with Cornwall, a county in the South West of England, in the United Kingdom, which is seen in some respects as distinct from the rest of England and having more in common with the other Celtic parts of the UK such as Wales as well as with other Celtic nations in Europe. It has been long argued that the Cornish represent a distinct ethnic group within the UK, which can trace its roots to the ancient Britons who inhabited southern and central Great Britain prior to the Roman conquest, and some in the county today continue to assert a distinct identity, separately or in addition to English or British identities. Cornish identity has been adopted by migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the Cornish diaspora. Although not included as an explicit option in the UK census, the numbers of those claiming Cornish ethnic and national identity are officially recognised and recorded.
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Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi (born Giovanni Francesco di Bernardone; 1181/1182 – October 3, 1226) was an Italian Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the men's Franciscan Order, the women’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis. St. Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history.
Francis was the son of a wealthy cloth merchant in Assisi, and he lived the high-spirited life typical of a wealthy young man, even fighting as a soldier for Assisi. While going off to war in 1204, Francis had a vision that directed him back to Assisi, where he lost his taste for his worldly life. On a pilgrimage to Rome, he begged with the beggars at St. Peter's. The experience moved him to live in poverty. Francis returned home, began preaching on the streets, and soon amassed a following. His order was endorsed by Pope Innocent III in 1210. He then founded the Order of Poor Clares, which was an enclosed order for women, as well as the Third Order of Brothers and Sisters of Penance. In 1219, he went to Egypt in an attempt to convert the Sultan. By this point, the Franciscan Order had grown to such an extent that its primitive organizational structure was no longer sufficient. He returned to Italy to organize the order. Once his organization was endorsed by the Pope, he withdrew increasingly from external affairs. In 1223, Francis arranged for the first Christmas manger scene. In 1224, he received the stigmata, making him the first recorded person to bear the wounds of Christ's Passion. He died in 1226 while preaching Psalm 141.
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Francisco I. Madero
Francisco Ignacio Madero González (30 October 1873 – 21 February 1913) was a politician, writer and revolutionary who served as President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. As a respectable upper-class politician, he supplied a center around which opposition to the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz could coalesce. However, once Díaz was deposed, Madero proved to be ineffective, and the Mexican Revolution quickly spun out of his control. He was deposed and executed by the Porfirista military and his aides, which he had neglected to replace with revolutionary supporters. His assassination was followed by the most violent period of the revolution in Mexico (1913–1917), lasting until the Constitution of 1917 and revolutionary president Venustiano Carranza achieved some degree of stability. Followers of Madero were known as Maderistas.
He was born in Parras de la Fuente, Coahuila, the son of Francisco Indalecio Madero Hernández and Mercedes González Treviño. His family was one of the wealthiest families in Mexico: his grandfather had founded the Compañía Industrial de Parras, which was initially involved in vineyards, cotton, and textiles, and later expanded into mining, cotton mills, ranching, banking, coal, rubber, and foundries in the later part of the nineteenth century.
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Guillermo Kahlo
Carl Wilhelm Kahlo (26 October 1871 – 14 April 1941) was a German-Mexican photographer and father of artist Frida Kahlo, who painted his portrait.
Kahlo was born in Pforzheim, Grand Duchy of Baden, German Empire (now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany), the son of jeweller Jakob Heinrich Kahlo and Henriette Kaufmann. Frida Kahlo maintained that he was of Hungarian Jewish descent. One recent book, Fridas Vater: Der Fotograf Guillermo Kahlo by Gaby Franger and Rainer Huhle, asserts that "despite the legend propagated by Frida," Guillermo did not have Jewish-Hungarian roots, but was born to Protestant parents and "came from families accommodated in Frankfurt and Pforzheim." He attended the University of Nuremberg. His father paid him to travel to Mexico in 1891 as he did not get on with his stepmother. In Mexico, he changed his name from Wilhelm to Guillermo.
In 1901 he set up a photographic studio, working for El Mundo Ilustrado and Semanario Ilustrado. He was commissioned by the government to do architectural photographs, probably his best work. He also took photographs of churches with other photographers for a six-volume survey in the 1920s.
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Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈnaŋ korˈtes de monˈroj i piˈθaro]; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue a livelihood in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous peoples against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died peacefully but embittered, six years later.
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Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz, and lasted for the better part of a decade until around 1920. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. This armed conflict is often categorized as the most important sociopolitical event in Mexico and one of the greatest upheavals of the 20th century.
After prolonged struggles, its representatives produced the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Revolution is generally considered to have lasted until 1920, although the country continued to have sporadic, but comparatively minor, outbreaks of warfare well into the 1920s. The Cristero War of 1926 to 1929 was the most significant relapse into bloodshed.
The Revolution led to the creation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario ("National Revolutionary Party") in 1929; it was renamed the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Institutional Revolutionary Party) (PRI) in 1946. Under a variety of leaders, the PRI held power until the general election of 2000.
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Otomi people
The Otomi people (English pronunciation: /ˌoʊtəˈmiː/ is an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the central altiplano of Mexico.
The two most populous groups are the Highland or Sierra Otomí living in the mountains of La Huasteca and the Mezquital Otomí, living in the Mezquital valley in the eastern part of the state of Hidalgo, and in the state of Querétaro. Sierra Otomí usually self identify as Ñuhu or Ñuhmu depending on the dialect they speak, whereas Mezquital Otomi selfidentify as Hñähñu (pronounced [ʰɲɑ̃ʰɲũ]). Smaller Otomi populations exist in the states of Puebla, Mexico, Tlaxcala, Michoacán and Guanajuato. The Otomi language belonging to the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family is spoken in many different varieties some of which are not mutually intelligible.
One of the early complex cultures of Mesoamerica, the Otomi were likely the original inhabitants of the central Mexican altiplano before the arrival of Nahuatl speakers around ca. 1000 AD, but graduately they were replaced and marginalized by Nahua peoples. In the colonial period Otomi speakers helped the Spanish conquistadors as mercenaries and allies, which allowed them to extend into territories that had previously been inhabited by semi-nomadic Chichimecs, for example Querétaro and Guanajuato.
wn.com/Otomi_people -
Pancho Villa
José Doroteo Arango Arámbula (5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) – better known by his pseudonym Francisco Villa or his nickname Pancho Villa – was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals.
As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, provided him with extensive resources. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. Although he was prevented from being accepted into the "panteón" of national heroes until some 20 years after his death, today his memory is honored by Mexicans, U.S. citizens, and many people around the world. In addition, numerous streets and neighborhoods in Mexico are named in his honor.
Villa and his supporters seized hacienda land for distribution to peasants and soldiers. He robbed and commandeered trains, and, like the other revolutionary generals, printed fiat money to pay for his cause. Villa's men and supporters became known as Villistas during the revolution from 1910 to roughly 1920.
wn.com/Pancho_Villa -
Porfirio Díaz
José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori (15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915) was a volunteer in the Reform War and then a leader of the successful rebellion against French intervention, an accomplished general and the President of Mexico continuously from 1876 to 1911, with the exception of a brief term in 1876 when he left Juan N. Méndez as interim president, and a four-year term served by his political ally Manuel González from 1880 to 1884. Commonly considered by historians to have been a dictator, he is a controversial figure in Mexican history. The period of his leadership was marked by significant internal stability (known as the "paz porfiriana"), modernization, and economic growth. However, Díaz's regime grew unpopular due to repression and political stagnation, and he fell from power during the Mexican Revolution, after he had imprisoned his electoral rival and declared himself the winner of an eighth term in office. The 35 years in which Díaz ruled Mexico are referred to as the Porfiriato.
wn.com/Porfirio_Díaz -
Richard Trevithick
Richard Trevithick (13 April 1771 – 22 April 1833) was a British inventor and mining engineer from Cornwall. Born in the mining heartland of Cornwall, Trevithick was immersed in mining and engineering from a young age. The son of a mining captain, he performed poorly in school, but went on to be an early pioneer in steam-powered rail. His most significant contribution was to the development of the first high pressure steam engine, he also built the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive. On 21 February 1804 the world's first locomotive-hauled railway journey took place as Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren Ironworks, in Merthyr Tydfil in Wales.
Turning his interests abroad, Trevithick also worked as a mining consultant in Peru and later explored parts of Costa Rica. Throughout his professional career, he went through many ups and downs, and at one point faced financial ruin, also suffering from the strong rivalry of many mining and steam engineers of the day. During the prime of his career, he was a well-respected and known figure in mining and engineering, but near the end of his life and after he fell out of the public eye. Today, his legacy is mostly known to the mining, engineering, and railway circles.
wn.com/Richard_Trevithick -
Teotihuacan
Coordinates: 19°41′33″N 98°50′37.68″W / 19.6925°N 98.8438°W / 19.6925; -98.8438
Teotihuacan – also written Teotihuacán, with a Spanish orthographic accent on the last syllable – is an enormous archaeological site in the Basin of Mexico, just 30 miles (48 km) northeast of Mexico City, containing some of the largest pyramidal structures built in the pre-Columbian Americas. Apart from the pyramidal structures, Teotihuacan is also known for its large residential complexes, the Avenue of the Dead, and numerous colorful, well-preserved murals. Additionally, Teotihuacan produced a thin orange pottery style that spread through Mesoamerica.
The city is thought to have been established around 100 BC and continued to be built until about 250 AD. The city may have lasted until sometime between the 7th and 8th centuries AD. At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the 1st millennium AD, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population of perhaps 125,000 or more, placing it among the largest cities of the world in this period. Teotihuacan began as a new religious center in the Mexican Highland around the first century AD. This city came to be the largest and most populated center in the New World. Teotihuacan was even home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate this large population. The civilization and cultural complex associated with the site is also referred to as Teotihuacan or Teotihuacano.
wn.com/Teotihuacan -
Tina Modotti
Tina Modotti (August 16 (or 17) 1896 – January 5, 1942) was an Italian photographer, model, actress, and revolutionary political activist.
Modotti was born Assunta Adelaide Luigia Modotti Mondini in Udine, Friuli, Italy. In 1913, at the age of 16, she emigrated to the United States to join her father in San Francisco, California.
Attracted to the performing arts supported by the Italian émigré community in the Bay Area, Modotti experimented with acting. She appeared in several plays, operas, and silent movies in the late 1910s and early 1920s, and also worked as an artist's model.
In 1918, she entered into a relationship with Roubaix "Robo" de l'Abrie Richey. Originally a farm boy from Oregon named Ruby, the artist and poet assumed the more bohemian name Roubaix. Modotti moved with him to Los Angeles in order to pursue a career in the motion picture industry. Although the couple cohabitated and lived as a "married couple", they were not married. Often playing the femme fatale, Modotti's movie career culminated in the 1920 film The Tiger's Coat. She had minor parts in two other films.
wn.com/Tina_Modotti
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Toluca vs Pachuca 3-4 Jornada 5 Clausura 2012 Futbol Mexicano - Goles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
twitter.com - youtube.com Toluca vs Pachuca 3-4 Jornada 5 Clausura 2012 Futbol Mexicano - Goles
http://wn.com/Toluca_vs_Pachuca_3-4_Jornada_5_Clausura_2012_Futbol_Mexicano_Goles
twitter.com - youtube.com Toluca vs Pachuca 3-4 Jornada 5 Clausura 2012 Futbol Mexicano - Goles
viaje a pachuca hidalgo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
pasando un buen dia, en la padrisima ciudad de pachuca hidalgo, disfrutando del puente vacacional. posdata sufriendo los estragos del trafico de regreso
http://wn.com/viaje_a_pachuca_hidalgo
pasando un buen dia, en la padrisima ciudad de pachuca hidalgo, disfrutando del puente vacacional. posdata sufriendo los estragos del trafico de regreso
- published: 07 Feb 2012
- views: 3867
- author: cucultv
The Chance - Pachuca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
FACEBOOKwww.facebook.com TWITTERtwitter.com twitter.com
http://wn.com/The_Chance_Pachuca
FACEBOOKwww.facebook.com TWITTERtwitter.com twitter.com
- published: 11 Jul 2012
- views: 15645
- author: rockngoltv
Fallece el símbolo del Pachuca, Miguel Calero
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
El cuadro Tuzo da a conocer que el ex portero murió este mediodía. A las 18:30 horas se realizarán los funerales. Lee más: excelsior.com.mx
http://wn.com/Fallece_el_símbolo_del_Pachuca,_Miguel_Calero
El cuadro Tuzo da a conocer que el ex portero murió este mediodía. A las 18:30 horas se realizarán los funerales. Lee más: excelsior.com.mx
- published: 04 Dec 2012
- views: 30083
- author: Excelsiormx
¿Resurgirá Nery Castillo con Pachuca? (31-05-2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Updated: 13 Aug 2012
¿Quieres tener los videos de TVC Deportes en tu dispositivo móvil? Da click aquí y entérate cómo: www.tvcnetworks.mx www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/¿Resurgirá_Nery_Castillo_con_Pachuca?_31-05-2012
¿Quieres tener los videos de TVC Deportes en tu dispositivo móvil? Da click aquí y entérate cómo: www.tvcnetworks.mx www.facebook.com www.twitter.com
- published: 01 Jun 2012
- views: 7731
- author: tvcdeportesnet
10 min finales pachuca chivas clausura 2006
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
ultimos 10 min en el partido pachuca vs chivas en la semifinal del clausura 2006 con gol de ultimo SEGUNDO de aquivaldo mosquera que al final son campeones
http://wn.com/10_min_finales_pachuca_chivas_clausura_2006
ultimos 10 min en el partido pachuca vs chivas en la semifinal del clausura 2006 con gol de ultimo SEGUNDO de aquivaldo mosquera que al final son campeones
- published: 16 Nov 2007
- views: 129762
- author: lenintuzo4ever
Himno del Pachuca con Jauregui
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Himno del Pachuca con Jauregui
http://wn.com/Himno_del_Pachuca_con_Jauregui
Video: La Iglesia que regaló El Lazca en Pachuca Hidalgo en 2009 - El Blog del Narco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
www.mundonarco.com - Video: La Iglesia que regaló El Lazca en Pachuca Hidalgo en 2009 - El Blog del Narco El Viceroy,la linea de Juarez,r1,metro 3,el mayo zambada,el chapo guzman,el blog del narco, narco blog ,bloc narcos, narco, cartel , sicarios, detenidos, ejecuciones,droga, Sinaloa, corrupcion, tijuana , zetas , decomiso, beltran leyva,armas,sedena,Baja California,Culiacán,secuestro, chihuahua,michoacan, arellano felix,siedo ,caf, La Familia Balaceras, Sicarios, Levantamientos, Drogas, Aseguramientos, Noticias, Estados, Ejecutados, Cartel del Pacifico, La Familia Michoacana, Los Zetas, Cartel del Golfo, Cartel de Juarez, Cartel de Sinaloa, Políticos, Historias del Narco ,La Barbie y Mas Occidente Michoacan Colima Jalisco Nayarit Noreste Nuevo León Tamaulipas Coahuila Noroeste Durango Sinaloa Chihuahua Sonora Baja California Sureste Veracruz Tabasco Campeche Quintana Roo Yucatán Suroeste Guerrero Oaxaca Chiapas Centronorte Aguascalientes Guanajuato Querétaro San Luis Potosí Zacatecas Hidalgo Centro Sur Morelos Edomex Distrito Federal Puebla Seciones Noticias Fotos Videos Reportaje especial Zeta Balacera Cdg Cjng Caballeros Templarios ejecutado pena nietos 2012 2013 El Chapito Matazetas el5anto el5antuario ejecutado sicario Emboscadas Enfrentamiento Atentados Aseguramientos CIDA La Mano con Ojos Zeta Balacera InfoNarco Tiroteo Enfrentamiento Sicario Pena Nieto Juan Pablo Ledezma (El JL) -- El JL,Juan Pablo Guijarro (El Mónico),cártel de los Carrillo Fuentes: Juan Pablo ...
http://wn.com/Video_La_Iglesia_que_regaló_El_Lazca_en_Pachuca_Hidalgo_en_2009_El_Blog_del_Narco
www.mundonarco.com - Video: La Iglesia que regaló El Lazca en Pachuca Hidalgo en 2009 - El Blog del Narco El Viceroy,la linea de Juarez,r1,metro 3,el mayo zambada,el chapo guzman,el blog del narco, narco blog ,bloc narcos, narco, cartel , sicarios, detenidos, ejecuciones,droga, Sinaloa, corrupcion, tijuana , zetas , decomiso, beltran leyva,armas,sedena,Baja California,Culiacán,secuestro, chihuahua,michoacan, arellano felix,siedo ,caf, La Familia Balaceras, Sicarios, Levantamientos, Drogas, Aseguramientos, Noticias, Estados, Ejecutados, Cartel del Pacifico, La Familia Michoacana, Los Zetas, Cartel del Golfo, Cartel de Juarez, Cartel de Sinaloa, Políticos, Historias del Narco ,La Barbie y Mas Occidente Michoacan Colima Jalisco Nayarit Noreste Nuevo León Tamaulipas Coahuila Noroeste Durango Sinaloa Chihuahua Sonora Baja California Sureste Veracruz Tabasco Campeche Quintana Roo Yucatán Suroeste Guerrero Oaxaca Chiapas Centronorte Aguascalientes Guanajuato Querétaro San Luis Potosí Zacatecas Hidalgo Centro Sur Morelos Edomex Distrito Federal Puebla Seciones Noticias Fotos Videos Reportaje especial Zeta Balacera Cdg Cjng Caballeros Templarios ejecutado pena nietos 2012 2013 El Chapito Matazetas el5anto el5antuario ejecutado sicario Emboscadas Enfrentamiento Atentados Aseguramientos CIDA La Mano con Ojos Zeta Balacera InfoNarco Tiroteo Enfrentamiento Sicario Pena Nieto Juan Pablo Ledezma (El JL) -- El JL,Juan Pablo Guijarro (El Mónico),cártel de los Carrillo Fuentes: Juan Pablo ...
- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 16022
- author: MundoNarcoTV
Miguel Calero Homenaje de los hinchas del Pachuca (Video completo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
sentido homenaje al cóndor al show siempre vivirás en nuestras mentes y nuestros corazones ya nos veremos amigo.
http://wn.com/Miguel_Calero_Homenaje_de_los_hinchas_del_Pachuca_Video_completo
sentido homenaje al cóndor al show siempre vivirás en nuestras mentes y nuestros corazones ya nos veremos amigo.
- published: 07 Dec 2012
- views: 107
- author: eliot davis tuberquias murieles
ADIÓS A MIGUEL CALERO: EL ARQUERO DE LA SELECCIÓN COLOMBIA Y DEL PACHUCA DE MÉXICO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
MUERE MIGUEL CALERO ARQUERO DE LA SELECCIÓN COLOMBIA Y DEL PACHUCA DE MÉXICO. Informe de la cadena de noticias teleSUR del 5 de diciembre de 2012
http://wn.com/ADIÓS_A_MIGUEL_CALERO_EL_ARQUERO_DE_LA_SELECCIÓN_COLOMBIA_Y_DEL_PACHUCA_DE_MÉXICO
MUERE MIGUEL CALERO ARQUERO DE LA SELECCIÓN COLOMBIA Y DEL PACHUCA DE MÉXICO. Informe de la cadena de noticias teleSUR del 5 de diciembre de 2012
- published: 06 Dec 2012
- views: 325
- author: kakico1978
Hugo contagia a todos en Pachuca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
Apertura 2012
http://wn.com/Hugo_contagia_a_todos_en_Pachuca
Vacío, mausoleo de 'El Lazca' en Pachuca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
En el Panteón San Francisco es donde se ubica el mausoleo, en el cual no se ha registrado que hayan enterrado a Heriberto y mucho menos que alguien de su familia se encuentre en el sitio. En el pueblo los vecinos se dicen muy agradecidos con la ayuda que "El Lazca" les proporcionaba, argumentando que con sus actividades ayudaba a la economía del pueblo.
http://wn.com/Vacío,_mausoleo_de_'El_Lazca'_en_Pachuca
En el Panteón San Francisco es donde se ubica el mausoleo, en el cual no se ha registrado que hayan enterrado a Heriberto y mucho menos que alguien de su familia se encuentre en el sitio. En el pueblo los vecinos se dicen muy agradecidos con la ayuda que "El Lazca" les proporcionaba, argumentando que con sus actividades ayudaba a la economía del pueblo.
- published: 11 Oct 2012
- views: 7673
- author: MILENIO
Pachuca vs Puebla 3-1 Jornada 2 Clausura 2012 Futbol Mexicano - Goles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
twitter.com - youtube.com Pachuca vs Puebla 3-1 Jornada 2 Clausura 2012 Futbol Mexicano - Goles
http://wn.com/Pachuca_vs_Puebla_3-1_Jornada_2_Clausura_2012_Futbol_Mexicano_Goles
twitter.com - youtube.com Pachuca vs Puebla 3-1 Jornada 2 Clausura 2012 Futbol Mexicano - Goles
- published: 15 Jan 2012
- views: 36264
- author: FUTBISION2
Atlante vs Pachuca 0-0 Jornada 1 Apertura 2012 Liga MX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Atlante y Pachuca empataron sin goles en partido de la jornada 1 del torneo de Apertura 2012, disputado en el estadio Andrés Quintana Roo. Ricardo La Volpe y Hugo Sánchez se dieron la mano y dejaron atrás la polémica y la nota extracancha que buscaba la prensa. | Fuente del Video Televisa Deportes
http://wn.com/Atlante_vs_Pachuca_0-0_Jornada_1_Apertura_2012_Liga_MX
Atlante y Pachuca empataron sin goles en partido de la jornada 1 del torneo de Apertura 2012, disputado en el estadio Andrés Quintana Roo. Ricardo La Volpe y Hugo Sánchez se dieron la mano y dejaron atrás la polémica y la nota extracancha que buscaba la prensa. | Fuente del Video Televisa Deportes
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 7112
- author: atlantistacom
Mega marcha contra de Enrique Peña Nieto en Hidalgo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Mega_marcha_contra_de_Enrique_Peña_Nieto_en_Hidalgo
VIDEO: Vacío, mausoleo de 'El Lazca' en Pachuca - El Blog del Narco
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:44
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
www.mundonarco.com - VIDEO: Progreso Pueblo fantasma, Temor por la muerte de "El Lazca" - El Blog del Narco El Viceroy,la linea de Juarez,r1,metro 3,el mayo zambada,el chapo guzman,el blog del narco, narco blog ,bloc narcos, narco, cartel , sicarios, detenidos, ejecuciones,droga, Sinaloa, corrupcion, tijuana , zetas , decomiso, beltran leyva,armas,sedena,Baja California,Culiacán,secuestro, chihuahua,michoacan, arellano felix,siedo ,caf, La Familia Balaceras, Sicarios, Levantamientos, Drogas, Aseguramientos, Noticias, Estados, Ejecutados, Cartel del Pacifico, La Familia Michoacana, Los Zetas, Cartel del Golfo, Cartel de Juarez, Cartel de Sinaloa, Políticos, Historias del Narco ,La Barbie y Mas Occidente Michoacan Colima Jalisco Nayarit Noreste Nuevo León Tamaulipas Coahuila Noroeste Durango Sinaloa Chihuahua Sonora Baja California Sureste Veracruz Tabasco Campeche Quintana Roo Yucatán Suroeste Guerrero Oaxaca Chiapas Centronorte Aguascalientes Guanajuato Querétaro San Luis Potosí Zacatecas Hidalgo Centro Sur Morelos Edomex Distrito Federal Puebla Seciones Noticias Fotos Videos Reportaje especial Zeta Balacera Cdg Cjng Caballeros Templarios ejecutado pena nietos 2012 2013 El Chapito Matazetas el5anto el5antuario ejecutado sicario Emboscadas Enfrentamiento Atentados Aseguramientos CIDA La Mano con Ojos Zeta Balacera InfoNarco Tiroteo Enfrentamiento Sicario Pena Nieto Juan Pablo Ledezma (El JL) -- El JL,Juan Pablo Guijarro (El Mónico),cártel de los Carrillo Fuentes: Juan ...
http://wn.com/VIDEO_Vacío,_mausoleo_de_'El_Lazca'_en_Pachuca_El_Blog_del_Narco
www.mundonarco.com - VIDEO: Progreso Pueblo fantasma, Temor por la muerte de "El Lazca" - El Blog del Narco El Viceroy,la linea de Juarez,r1,metro 3,el mayo zambada,el chapo guzman,el blog del narco, narco blog ,bloc narcos, narco, cartel , sicarios, detenidos, ejecuciones,droga, Sinaloa, corrupcion, tijuana , zetas , decomiso, beltran leyva,armas,sedena,Baja California,Culiacán,secuestro, chihuahua,michoacan, arellano felix,siedo ,caf, La Familia Balaceras, Sicarios, Levantamientos, Drogas, Aseguramientos, Noticias, Estados, Ejecutados, Cartel del Pacifico, La Familia Michoacana, Los Zetas, Cartel del Golfo, Cartel de Juarez, Cartel de Sinaloa, Políticos, Historias del Narco ,La Barbie y Mas Occidente Michoacan Colima Jalisco Nayarit Noreste Nuevo León Tamaulipas Coahuila Noroeste Durango Sinaloa Chihuahua Sonora Baja California Sureste Veracruz Tabasco Campeche Quintana Roo Yucatán Suroeste Guerrero Oaxaca Chiapas Centronorte Aguascalientes Guanajuato Querétaro San Luis Potosí Zacatecas Hidalgo Centro Sur Morelos Edomex Distrito Federal Puebla Seciones Noticias Fotos Videos Reportaje especial Zeta Balacera Cdg Cjng Caballeros Templarios ejecutado pena nietos 2012 2013 El Chapito Matazetas el5anto el5antuario ejecutado sicario Emboscadas Enfrentamiento Atentados Aseguramientos CIDA La Mano con Ojos Zeta Balacera InfoNarco Tiroteo Enfrentamiento Sicario Pena Nieto Juan Pablo Ledezma (El JL) -- El JL,Juan Pablo Guijarro (El Mónico),cártel de los Carrillo Fuentes: Juan ...
- published: 12 Oct 2012
- views: 11434
- author: MundoNarcoTV
PACHUCA 1-0 CHIVAS -- Jornada 10 Apertura 2012 -- Septiembre 29. 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Mi Blog teleesp3ctador.blogspot.mx
http://wn.com/PACHUCA_1-0_CHIVAS_-_Jornada_10_Apertura_2012_-_Septiembre_29_2012
La competencia en Pachuca
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:18
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
En esta ocasión Elba Jiménez nos habla sobre algunos jugadores del equipo de Pachuca y del nuevo equipo de Diego Forlán.
http://wn.com/La_competencia_en_Pachuca
En esta ocasión Elba Jiménez nos habla sobre algunos jugadores del equipo de Pachuca y del nuevo equipo de Diego Forlán.
- published: 06 Jul 2012
- views: 17886
- author: RECORDcomMX
Pachuca vs Tijuana 2-2 - Gol De Nery Castillo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Pachuca vs Xoloitzcuintles de Tijuana 2-2 Jornada 4 Apertura 2012 Liga MX - Gol De Nery Castillo
http://wn.com/Pachuca_vs_Tijuana_2-2_Gol_De_Nery_Castillo
Pachuca vs Xoloitzcuintles de Tijuana 2-2 Jornada 4 Apertura 2012 Liga MX - Gol De Nery Castillo
- published: 12 Aug 2012
- views: 40559
- author: michaelbaltazar0
![Pachuca al fin respira [RESUMEN]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121213141631im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/9eUEjdpKne4/default.jpg "Pachuca al fin respira [RESUMEN]")
Pachuca al fin respira [RESUMEN]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Copa MX
http://wn.com/Pachuca_al_fin_respira_RESUMEN_
Gira 2012 de las Aguilas del America 2nda Parte. El America vs. Pachuca. Chattanooga, TN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Gira 2012 de las Aguilas del America 2nda Parte. El America vs. Pachuca. Chattanooga, TN
http://wn.com/Gira_2012_de_las_Aguilas_del_America_2nda_Parte_El_America_vs_Pachuca_Chattanooga,_TN
Gira 2012 de las Aguilas del America 2nda Parte. El America vs. Pachuca. Chattanooga, TN
- published: 08 Jul 2012
- views: 19337
- author: Francisco Villalobos
![Dorados vs Pachuca 1-3 Futbol Amistoso [22/06/12] Goles](http://web.archive.org./web/20121213141631im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/JQO27KXbJK0/default.jpg "Dorados vs Pachuca 1-3 Futbol Amistoso [22/06/12] Goles")
Dorados vs Pachuca 1-3 Futbol Amistoso [22/06/12] Goles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
EURO 2012: facebook.com - twitter.com Dorados de Sinaloa vs Pachuca 1-3 Futbol Amistoso [22/06/12] Goles
http://wn.com/Dorados_vs_Pachuca_1-3_Futbol_Amistoso_22_06_12_Goles
EURO 2012: facebook.com - twitter.com Dorados de Sinaloa vs Pachuca 1-3 Futbol Amistoso [22/06/12] Goles
- published: 23 Jun 2012
- views: 7901
- author: FUTBISION2
Video del accidente aereo de Pachuca hidalgo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 24 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Video_del_accidente_aereo_de_Pachuca_hidalgo
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Jonathan Lovelady
10 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the desert of central Australia still resides a primitive tribe known as the Arunta. This non-technological and stateless group, which mainly depends on hunting and gathering, had suffered several inexplicable deaths ... Therefore, they organized an atinga, or revenge group ... When the guiltless tribe learned of their approach, they sent out a delegation of young women as a token of peace....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Ahn Young-joon
12 Dec 2012
North Korea defied international warnings and fired a long-range rocket on Wednesday, the second launch under its new leader and a clear sign Pyongyang is pushing forward with its quest to develop the technology needed to deliver a nuclear warhead ... But South Korea and Japan said they couldn’t immediately confirm that ... officials could determine whether a North Korean satellite was circling the Earth ... Kim said ... Keywords....(size: 2.7Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
12 Dec 2012
MOSCOW. Russia President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday denounced opponents who receive financial assistance from abroad and vowed that the country would not allow democracy to be imposed from the outside. Putin said in his first annual state-of-the-nation address since he returned to the Kremlin for a third term that it should be illegal for anyone who receives money from abroad to be a politician in Russia ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
11 Dec 2012
Afghan women victims of violence are still being failed by the justice system, according to a new UN report. Although there had been some progress in implementing a 2009 anti-violence law, overall use of the law "remained low", the report says. Cultural pressures and inconsistent police practices are hampering implementation of the law, it added ... 'Tip of the iceberg' ... Afghan victims of sexual abuse rarely speak out ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
12 Dec 2012
(Source. SEPI - Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales). Grupo HUNOSA will design safety plans for the Mexican beer company Sol 10/12/2012. Press release HUNOSA ... In order to prepare the industrial safety program, a Sadim-Atex team recently visited the facilities which the Mexican company has in Pachuca city, in the state of Hidalgo ... Prevention of explosion risks in industrial activities ... distributed by ... (noodl. 16934514) ....(size: 5.4Kb)
noodls
11 Dec 2012
(Source. FIFA - Fédération Internationale de Football Association). Thursday's FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2012 semi-final gives both Chelsea FC and Club de Futbol Monterrey a shot at redemption ... The match. Monterrey-Chelsea, International Stadium Yokohama ... Delgado's predecessors were Christian Gimenez (for Pachuca in 2008), Leandro Benitez (Estudiantes, 2009), Dario Cvitanich (Pachuca, 2010) and Lionel Messi (Barcelona, 2011)....(size: 3.8Kb)
CounterPunch
11 Dec 2012
Mexico City ... —. The protests against Peña Nieto’s inauguration began early on December 1 ... I came as support for the Frente Oriente Pachuca, but there’s a little bit of everything here today.”. Little is known about the Frente Oriente Pachuca, nor about the EjercitoPopular Magonista de Liberacion Nacional, a new armed revolutionary group that published its first communique on November 30, one day before the call to Occupy San Lázaro ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)
Seattle Times
08 Dec 2012
Oscar Niemeyer, 104, the architect whose soaring buildings form the heart of Brasilia, the instant modernist capital built in the wilds of Brazil in the late 1950s, died Wednesday in Rio de Janeiro ... She had cancer ... No cause was given ... 12 in Albuquerque ... Miguel Calero, 41, the former Colombia goalkeeper who played for more than a decade with Mexican club Pachuca, died Tuesday in Mexico City of stroke complications ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
noodls
06 Dec 2012
The sympathy for the untimely passing of former Pachuca goalkeeper Miguel Calero was heard throughout the soccer world this week ... Pachuca confirmed his passing on Tuesday, as Pareja was about to derpart to England for a scouting trip. Local soccer fans may recall Calero and Pachuca's appearance at Dick's Sporting Goods Park on July 31, 2007, ......(size: 2.7Kb)
The Examiner
06 Dec 2012
After drawing in his first match at the helm of RCD Espanyol de Barcelona, coach Javier Aguirre is looking to reinforce the team for the second half of the Spanish La Liga ... Ayala currently plays with Tigres UANL in Monterrey ... Castillo made his debut in the Mexican league this season with CF Pachuca ... Suggested by the author. ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
CNN
06 Dec 2012
December 6, 2012 -- Updated 1626 GMT (0026 HKT). Diego Mendieta's former teammates carry his coffin at the Paraguayan footballer's funeral in Solo, Indonesia ... The players' union says 13 clubs are behind in promised salary payments ... 1. 2 ... In September, Slim bought 30% stakes in two Mexican football teams, Pachuca and Leon, and he plans to use Oviedo "to create synergies and exchanges between Spanish, Mexican and Latin American football.''....(size: 31.3Kb)
CNN
05 Dec 2012
As a player, Miguel Calero helped Pachuca to four league titles and the regional Copa Sudamericana ... MEXICO CITY (AP) -- Miguel Calero, the former Colombia goalkeeper who played for more than a decade for with Mexican club Pachuca, has died of complications following a stroke ... Pachuca said in a statement that Calero died Tuesday in a Mexico City hospital....(size: 3.1Kb)
noodls
05 Dec 2012
GUADALAJARA, Mexico - Soccer south of the border was hit hard by the sad news on Tuesday that Pachuca legend and former Colombian national team 'keeper Miguel Calero had passed away in a Mexico City hospital ... US internationals José Francisco Torres and Herculez Gomez both played with "El Cóndor" at Pachuca and the giant 'keeper made a deep impression on the American duo....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
05 Dec 2012
Blatter has sent a letter of condolence following the death of the former Colombia and Pachuca goalkeeper Miguel Calero died on Tuesday as a result of cerebral thrombosis ... As well as representing his country at the 1998 FIFA World Cup France™, he was a leading member of the Pachuca side that won ten Mexican titles between 2000 and 2011....(size: 3.9Kb)
ESPN
05 Dec 2012
Calero, who played for more than a decade at Mexican side Pachuca, passed away in Mexico City hospital on Tuesday after complications following a stroke. "Pachuca is ......(size: 0.9Kb)
The Himalayan
05 Dec 2012
Former Colombia goalkeeper Miguel Calero, who played for more than a decade with Mexican club Pachuca, has died of complications following a stroke ... Pachuca said in a statement that Calero died on Tuesday in a Mexico City hospital. Calero suffered a stroke and was hospitalised a week ago in Mexico, where he has lived since playing with Pachuca. Calero retired as a Pachuca player in 2011 and moved to the bench as the goalkeeping coach ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
For the Mexican American Zoot Suit subculture, see Pachuco.
For the football (soccer) club, see C.F. Pachuca.
| Pachuca Pachuca de Soto |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — City and Municipality — | |||||
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| Nickname(s): La Bella Airosa (The Windy Beauty) | |||||
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 Pachuca
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| Coordinates: 20°7′18″N 98°44′09″W / 20.12167°N 98.73583°W / 20.12167; -98.73583Coordinates: 20°7′18″N 98°44′09″W / 20.12167°N 98.73583°W / 20.12167; -98.73583 | |||||
| Country |  Mexico |
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| State |  Hidalgo |
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| Municipality |  Pachuca |
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| Government | |||||
| • Type | Ayuntamiento | ||||
| • Mayor or Municipal President | Eleazar García (PRI) | ||||
| Elevation | 2,432 m (7,979 ft) | ||||
| Population (2005)Municipality | |||||
| • Total | 275,578 | ||||
| • Seat | 267,751 | ||||
| Time zone | CST (UTC−6) | ||||
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC−5) | ||||
| Website | www.pachuca.gob.mx | ||||
Pachuca, formally known as Pachuca de Soto, is the capital of the Mexican state of Hidalgo. It is located in the south-central part of the state. Pachuca de Soto is also the name of the municipality of which the city serves as municipal seat. Pachuca is located about 90 km from Mexico City via Highway 85.[1]
The name Pachuca has been traced to several possible etymologies and has been much debated. It has been traced to the word “pachoa,” meaning strait or opening, “Pachoacan,” meaning place of government, or place of silver and gold, and “patlachuican,” meaning place of factories or tears.[2] The official name of Pachuca is Pachuca de Soto in honor of congressman Manuel Fernando Soto, who is given credit for the creation of Hidalgo state.[3] Its nickname of “La bella airosa” (Beautiful Airy City) comes from the strong winds that blow into the valley through the canyons to the north of the city.[2] The area had been long inhabited but except for some green obsidian, but the mining that Pachuca is famous for began in the mid-16th century, during Spanish colonial rule. Pachuca remained a major mining center until the mid-20th century, with the city’s fortunes going up and down with the health of the mining sector. In the mid-20th century, a major downturn in mining pushed Pachuca to change its economy to industry, with the revamping of the Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo. Today, mining is only a fraction of the municipality’s economy.[2][4]
One cultural aspect that makes Pachuca stand out is the influence that Cornish miners who immigrated here in the 19th century have had. Many of their descendents remain in Pachuca and nearby Real del Monte, as well as two heritages that define the city, soccer and a dish called “pastes.”[5]
Contents |
History[link]
Evidence of early human habitation in this area is found in Cerro de las Navajas and Zacualtián, in the Sierra de Pachuca. Here primitive mines to extract green obsidian, arrow heads, scraping tools and mammoth remains can be traced back as far as 12,000 BCE. An ancient pre-Hispanic obsidian tool-making center has also been found in the small town of San Bartolo near the city. Around 2,000 BCE nomadic groups here began to be replaced by sedentary peoples who formed farming villages in an area then known as Itzcuincuitlapilco, of which the municipality of Pachuca is a part. Later artifacts from between 200 CE and 850 CE show Teotihuacan influence with platforms and figurines found in San Bartolo and in Tlapacoya. Development of this area as a city, however, would lag behind other places in the region such as Tulancingo, Tula and Atotonilco El Grande,[2] but the archeological sites here were on the trade routes among these larger cities.[4]
After the Teotihuacan era, the area was dominated by the Chichimecas with their capital in Xaltocan, who called the area around Pachuca Njunthé. Later, the Chichimecas would found the dominion of Cuauhtitlán pushing the native Otomis to the Mezquital Valley. These conquests coalesced into a zone called Cuautlalpan, of which Pachuca was a part. Fortifications in the area of Pachuca city and other areas were built between 1174 and 1181.[2][4] This dominion would eventually be overrun by the Aztec Triple Alliance between 1427 and 1430, with rule in Pachuca then coming from the city of Tenochtitlan. According to tradition, it was after this conquest that mineral exploitation began here and in neighboring Real del Monte, at a site known as Jacal or San Nicolás.[2] The Aztec governing center was where Plaza Juárez in Pachuca city is now.[3]
The Spanish arrived here in 1528, killing the local Aztec governor, Ixcóatl.[3] Credit for the Spanish conquest of the Pachuca area has been given Francisco Téllez, an artilleryman who came to Mexico with Hernán Cortés in 1519.[2] He and Gonzalo Rodriguez were the first Spaniards here, constructing two feudal estates, and calling the area Real de Minas de Pachuca.[3] Téllez was also given credit for laying out the colonial city of Pachuca on the European model but this story has been proven false, with no alternative version.[2] Mining resources were not discovered here until 1552, and there are several versions of this story. The most probable comes from a work called “Descripción Anónima de la Minas de Pachuca” (Anonymous Description of the Mines of Pachuca) written between the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th. This work claims that the first mineral deposits were found by Alonso Rodríguez de Salgado on his ranch on the outskirts of Pachuca in two large hills called Magdalena and Cristóbal.[2] This discovery would quickly change the area’s economy from agriculture to one dependent almost completely on mining.[4]
As soon as 1560, the population of the city had tripled to 2,200 most employed in mining in some way. Because of this rapid growth, and the ruggedness of the terrain, it was impossible to lay out an orderly set of streets. The first main plaza was placed next to the Asunción Parish, which is now the Garden of the Constitution. Next to the “Cajas Reales” (Royal Safe) was constructed to guard the fifth that belonged to the king.[2]
In 1555, on the Purísima Concepción Hacienda, now the site of a tennis club, Bartolomé de Medina found the largest mineral deposits here as well as developed new ways of extracting minerals from ore. This caused Pachuca to grow even more with the discovery of new deposits and accelerated extraction processes. Mining operations spread to nearby areas such as Atotonilco, Actopan and Tizayuca. The population of the town continued to grow, leading Pachuca to be declared a city in 1813.[2]
Mining output had waned by the 18th century but was revived by the first Count of Regla, Pedro Romero de Terreros, who discovered new veins of ore, mostly in nearly Real del Monte.[4] During the Mexican War of Independence, the city was taken by Miguel Serrano and Vicente Beristain de Souza in 1812, which caused the mines here to be abandoned by owners loyal to Spain.[4] The war left the Pachuca area in a state of chaos, both politically and economically. The third Count of Regla brought the first Cornish miners and technology around 1824.[2] The Cornish took over mines abandoned by the Spanish, bringing 1,500 tones of more modern equipment from Cornwall.[6] Cornish companies eventually dominated mining here until 1848, when the Mexican American War forced them to sell out to a Mexican company by the name of Mackintosh, Escondón, Beistegui and John Rule. Mining operations resumed in 1850, especially in the Rosario mine.[2][4][6]
Mining operations were disrupted again by the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century. The city was first taken by forces loyal to Francisco I. Madero in 1911. General under Pancho Villa, Roberto Martinez y Martinez entered the city in 1915. Both incursions were due to the economic importance of the mines here.[4] During this time, American investors came to Pachuca, again updating the mining technology used here. From 1906 to 1947 the United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Company was the primary producer here, with output reaching its peak in the 1930s. But by 1947, mining here had become too costly, because of political instability, labor disputes and low prices for silver on the world market. The company sold its interests to the Mexican government in 1965.[2][6]
The decline in mining here in the mid-20th century had disastrous effects on the city. Many of the abandoned houses and other buildings were in danger of collapse. Under ownership of the Mexican government, mining came to a near standstill. However, it was also during this time that Pachuca’s economy began to shift from mining to industry. The old Instituto Científico Literario Autónomo de Hidalgo was converted to the Universidad Autónoma del Estado in 1961, which would become one of the impetuses to the growth of the city in the following years, as it turned out a better-educated and more technical workforce in areas such as law, engineering, business and medicine. In the late 1950s and through the 1960s, some growth was seen in the way of suburban developments for workers in newly built factories.[2]
Population growth returned starting in the 1970s and continued through the 1990s because of the growth of non-mining industries as well as a development of a large student population for the state university as well as other educational institutions. Another impetus was the movement of many government offices to Pachuca with new government facilities such as the State Government Palace and the State Supreme Court built in the 1970s. Much of the city’s growth during this time was due to new housing projects, but infrastructure projects such as the new Municipal Market, the remodeling of the Plaza Benito Juárez and the main bus station also took place.[2]
The city[link]
The city occupies a small valley and is almost completely surrounded by large hills, which are also covered in housing.[2] The city centre has maintained most of its colonial-era structures, with narrow winding streets. Away from this centre is the more modern Pachuca, with warehouses, factories, supermarkets and a large football stadium called “El Huracán” (The Hurricane). The local team has won eight national and international titles here since it was built.[10] The city proper has a population (2005) of 267,751 which is 97% of the population of the municipality.[11] The Pachuca zona metropolitana (ZM) is one of the 56 officially defined areas for the 2005 Census (2010 not released) consisting of the municipalities of Pachuca de Soto, Real del Monte, and Mineral de la Reforma for a total of 7 municipios, with a combined population of 438,692 inhabitants as of 2005, up from 375,022 in 2000, covering 1202 km2.[11] Pachuca was declared the capital of Hidalgo by Benito Juárez in 1869.[10]
City attractions[link]
Pachuca is centre of one of the most important mining areas on Mexico, and for this reason, most of the city’s attractions are based on the mining industry.[12] Many of these are located near Hidalgo Street, which is one of the oldest in Pachuca and runs alongside the arcade of the main plaza (Plaza de la Constitución) to Hidalgo Park. The oldest markets and houses are also located on this street, many of which are well-preserved.[13]
The Reloj Monumental or Monumental Clock is the icon of the city. Donated by Cornishman, Francis Rule,[9] it was built to commemorate the Centennial of Mexico’s Independence, and was inaugurated on 15 September 1910 (Noche de Grito) .[2] The base of the Reloj was made originally for a kiosk but it was decided to put the clock here instead.[12] A group from the city had the idea for the clock, and they, along with Mexican embassador Jesús Zenil arranged to have the same company that built Big Ben, construct the inner workings. The outer monument portion is Mexican-made and was supervised by engineers Francisco Hernández and Luis Carreón. It is a tower with four parts in Neoclassic style, constructed of white “cantera” stone with a height of 40 meters. In the middle there are four sculpted faces of women done in marble by Carrara, which symbolise the Reform, Liberty, Independence and Constitution.[2]
The Church and ex monastery of San Francisco was begun in 1596 and the church was completed around 1660. The facade is Baroque style and the interior conserves aspects of its 16th century origins, such as the groin vault. The sacristy has a beautiful ritual sinks in sculpted stone, one of which is decorated with Talavera tile from Puebla, as well as paintings depicting the genealogy and life of Francis of Assisi.[2][14] The church itself contains oils by well-known artists from the 18th century.[12] The adjoining cloister was finished in 1604. It has not been a monastery for many years, and has had a number of uses. It was greatly deteriorated until it was recently restored and to be the site of the Centro Cultural Hidalgo.[2] Much of the complex is now occupied the Photographic Library of INAH, Museum of Photography and the Regional Museum.[12][14] The photography museum contains antique photography equipment as well as works by known photographers such as Guillermo Kahlo and Tina Modotti. To the east of the ex-monastery is the Bartolomé de Medina Park, which fronts the School of Arts and the City Theater.[14] Behind the Church of San Francisco is the Chapel of Nuestra Señora de la Luz. Built between the 17th and 18th century, it contains the only Churrigueresque altar in the city. This altar also contains the remains of the Count of Regla, Pedro Romero de Terreros.[1][12][14]
The Asunción Church is the oldest in the city, constructed in 1553, and remodeled several times, with major reconstruction in 1719.[12][14] The Asunción Chapel has an entrance with two levels. The lower one contains the door and has a round arch, flanked by two pilasters and a Baroque architrave. The upper level has a choir window, with a niche above and topped by a pediment. The bell tower also has two levels, both with round arches.[2]
Located in front of the main plaza, the Bancomer Building is of Neoclassic design, constructed in 1902. It was first occupied by the Mercantil Bank, then by the Hidalgo Bank and then was converted into the Niágara Hotel. Today, it has returned to being a bank. It has a notable facade of brown cantera stone, lightly sculpted, with a keystone in the form of a parchment, cornice, Ionic columns and geometric designed in the upper parts. It is topped by a pediment which contains the figure of a lion.[2]
The Cajas Reales was where miners paid a 20% share of their extractions to the Spanish Crown.[2] It not only collected the taxes, it was the only place that sold the mercury needed to extract silver from ore as a monopoly of the state.[14] It was constructed in the 17th century by viceroy Sebastián de Toledo Márquez Mancera. It is a two-story building with a central patio. The facade contains two towers that flank the main entrance and the north side to serve as guard stations for the building. It has housed the offices of the Compañía Real del Monte y Pachuca since 1850.[2][14] Emperor Maximillian I stayed here when he visited the city in 1865.[14]
The Methodist Church dates from the beginning of the 20th century and is easily distinguished by its Neogothic style. It remains a Protestant church and contains the Julián Villagrán School. It is considered one of the most important buildings of its kind in the state.[2]
The Casa Colorado, which was part of the hacienda of the Conde de Regla, was constructed in the 18th century. It has an austere facade of a reddish colour, which gives the house its name. The building used to have an interior courtyard, but this has been destroyed, along with its Gothic arches. In 1886, Governor Francisco Cravioto acquired this building to house judicial offices. The building remained connected to the judiciary through the mid-20th century. Many of the streets that connect to Hidalgo Street near here are named after notable lawyers and judges.[13]
The Museo de Minería (Museum of Mining) is located on Mina Street in a manor that dates from the 19th century, called the Cajas de San Rafael.[6] The full name of the institution is the Archivo Historico y Museo de Minería, and contains documents that trace the history of mining here from 1556 to 1967, and the more than a billion ounces of silver and the five million ounces of gold that have been extracted from the state of Hidalgo during that time. The mansion is constructed of cantera stone and occupies a space of 950m2.[6] The museum has three exhibition halls, a covered courtyard and a garden which contains mining machinery.[2] such as a steam shovel, a winch and a truck used for transport of ore.[14] The exhibition halls contain displays relating to how minerals are found in nature and the tools and processes used to extract them. It also houses a large collection of documents, a library and a photography laboratory. The documentation contained here was rescued starting in 1987. In 1993, the current site was renovated to house the collection. The collection also includes miners’ personal effects, as well as artworks relating to mining.[6]
A related museum, the Museo de Mineralogía (Museum of Mineralogy) belongs to the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. It is housed in the old Hospital de San Juan de Dios, which was built and operated by monks until 1869 when the state converted the building into the Instituto Literario y Esuela de Artes y Oficios. The museum exhibits a large collection of mineral simples from the region.[2][14]
The Conde Rule House, located on Leandro Valle and Morelos Streets, dates from the late 19th century. It is a two-story building constructed at the end of the 19th century. The main entrance is flanked by two pilasters and topped with a pediment with reliefs made of shells. It belonged to a rich Cornish miner by the name of Francis Rule. Today it is the Municipal Palace.[2][14]
In the centre of the city, there used to be an English neighbourhood. All that is left of this is a British consulate which is located in a house built at the beginning of the 20th century. The city has the Panteón Inglés (English Cemetery), which includes the tombs of many of Pachuca’s English/Cornish-origin residents including Richard Bell, who has been mistakenly identified as the famous a clown “who made Porfirio Díaz laugh.” In reality, the comic of the same name died and was buried in New York in 1911, whilst the tomb refers to a miner of the same name.
Other cultural attractions in the city include the Historic Museum is in the Civic Centre of the State Congress and focuses the history of the state through photographs and documents. Its collection is divided into State History and National History. The Museo El Rehilete is an interactive museum for children with exhibits on archeology, botany, other sciences and the arts.[2] The Universidad de Fútbol (Football University) is the only training facility of its kind in the Americas and one of few in the world.[3] On the edge of the city is the Mina de Acosta, which is still active, but barely, for each ton and a half of ore extracted, only 200 grams of silver and two grams of gold are obtained. Guided tours show how ore is extracted here from depths of about 500 meters. The Real de Monte Orfebres is located at the foot of the La Magdelena Mountain in front of the Loreto Mine. This business is an important center of exhibition and sale of silver crafts. Before, this location was the School of Silversmithing. Next to the main plaza is the Mercado de Barreteros, considered to be one of the most valuable architectural structueres in the city. The lower level is dedicated to basic necessities as food stands while the upper floor is dedicated to arts and crafts.[14] The Monument of Christ the King is located on the Santa Apolonia Mountain and is one of the largest in Mexico.[12]
Education[link]
The Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo was constructed over the old Hospital de San Juan de Dios.[1] It is the oldest educational institution in Hidalgo, brought into being at the same time as the state. The school was originally established as the Instituto Literario y Esuela de Artes y Oficios (Literary Institute and School of Arts and Letters) in 1869. The school was initially in a rented house but was moved to the former Hospital of San Juan de Dios in 1875. This building is now the Central Building. The school was based on positivist philosophy and the University motto of “Amor, orden y progreso” ("love, order and progress") remains to this day. The school was renamed the Universidad de Hidalgo in 1925 and again to the Universidad Autónoma de Hidalgo in 1948. The university was reorganized and expanded in 1961.[15]
A more recently established school opened in 2003 is the Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca (Polytechnic University of Pachuca), which is mostly an engineering school. It was temporarily housed in the old Universidad Pedagógica Nacional buildings, but in 2004, the state of Hidalgo ceded the university the old Santa Barbara Hacienda, with 231 students studying classes in Mechatronics, Information technology and Biotechnology at the new facility. New programs of study in Physical Therapy, Software engineering, Optomechatronics, Information security, Information technologies and communications.[16]
The English/Cornish influence[link]
History[link]
Starting in 1824, Cornish miners and English investors came to Pachuca and the neighboring town of Real del Monte to invest and work in the mines here, founding the Compañía Real de Monte y Pachuca.[10][17] Mexico's remaining Cornish community represents a largely forgotten immigrant story. In the early 19th century, miners in Cornwall were enduring economic hardships. Ships carrying 125 passengers and some 1,500 tons of equipment sailed out of Falmouth, Cornwall, landing in Veracruz three months later. The treacherous 300-mile trek inland killed about half of the miners and their family members, many succumbing to malaria and yellow fever. Those who made it settled in Pachuca and Real del Monte. The immigrants brought technology, notably the famous high-pressure steam pumping engines designed by Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick, which turned many of the area's water-logged mines into huge silver producers.[17] The majority of the immigrants to this region came from Cornish mining areas of Camborne, Redruth and Gwennap.[18] Cornish/English workers and their technology revitalized the silver industry here and miners’ remittances sent back home helped to build the Wesleyan Chapel in Redruth the 1820s.[19]
Today the Pachuca - Real del Monte District retains much from its period of association with Cornwall and home of one of Mexico’s most enduring cross pollinations[5][17] The miners' influence is obvious in architecture. Up in the hills around Pachuca, many houses feature distinctly British characteristics: thicker walls, square windows and pitched roofs.[17] Most of Pachuca’s signature landmarks are of English/Cornish influence. The Reloj Monumental (Monumental Clock) chimes to the tune of Big Ben and was financed by Francis Rule. The city’s main Methodist church was built by Cornish miners. The English mining company’s main office as well as the residence of Francis Rule of Camborne, the last Cornish manager of Real del Monte still bears his initials. The archives of the company are now cared for by the Museo de Minería and contain detailed records of Cornish employees, especially between 1824 and 1849[5]
The Cornish immigrants married into Mexican families and even today, Cornish surnames in this area are not uncommon as hundreds of Cornish descendents remain. One example of this is Umberto Skewes, who speaks little English but whose grandfather came to Mexico from Cornwall. Skewes is the custodian of the Cornish (English) cemetery, which contains approximately 600 graves, predominantly of Cornish miners and their families.[5][17] The Cornish-Mexican Cultural Society works to build educational links between Mexico and the United Kingdom.[17] The group has marketed Pachuca and Real del Monte as “Mexico’s Little Cornwall” through the Mexican embassy in London.[19]
Among the things that Cornish and English miners have introduced to Mexico are tennis, golf, rugby, cricket and chess.[5][19][20] However, the two which have had the greatest impact on Pachuca’s identity are soccer and “pastes.”[5]
Soccer[link]
In 1900, Cornish miners established the Pachuca Athletic Club, which was primarily dedicated to soccer. Their first game was played in the same year, a fact that is celebrated annually. The first team from Pachuca consisted of Charles Dawe, John Dawe, James Bennetts, John Bennetts, William Blamey, Richard Sobey, William Bragg, William Thomas, Percy Bunt, Lionel Bunt, Albert Pengelly and William Pengelly. The Pachuca club encouraged the formation of teams in Mexico City and Orizaba, the first championship of the new Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Asociación was played in 1902. Other clubs, such as the Reform Athletic Club, El British Club, F. C. and El México Cricket Club were also formed by miners. The first Mexican player appears in the ranks of the Pachuca club in 1908 and by 1915, most of the team was Mexican. Pachuca won the Copa Tower in 1908 and 1912, the precedent of the modern Mexican Cup. The team disbanded in the 1920s but was re-instituted in 1951.[5][21] Pachuca calls itself the “Cradle of Mexican Soccer.”[22]
Pastes[link]
Main article: Paste (food)
The Mexican Spanish word “paste” (pronounced PAH-steh) come from the English word pasties, which is basically a semi-circular turnover made with a pastry crust with sweet or savory fillings. Cornish miners brought the recipe with them as they made a good way to bring their midday meal with them to the mines. One feature of both pasties and pastes is that they have a thick braided edge. Originally, this was done to provide the miners a way to hold the turnover without getting the filled portion dirty, as there was no way to wash their hands before eating. The shape and pastry portion of the turnover have remained the same but today, the fillings are decidedly Mexican: mole verde, beans, mole rojo, chicken “tinga,” pineapple, rice pudding and one seasonal specialty is a lamb paste with poblano chili peppers. Pastes are a local delicacy strongly identified with both Pachuca and Real del Monte.[5][23]
Festivals[link]
The Feria de Pachuca is known colloquially by several names such as the Feria Tradicional/Internacional de San Francisco, the Feria de Hidalgo and the Feria de Caballo. It is the most important annual event in the state of Hidalgo, taking place every October in facilities located in the south of Pachuca. The festival began as a liturgical event sponsored by monks at the monastery of San Francisco in the 16th century, which eventually drew dignitaries from surrounding communities. The festival sponsors a number of events such as bullfights, cockfights, charreadas, horse shows, rodeos, crafts and folk dance shows, livestock exhibitions and features regional cuisine. It also host concerts by well-known Mexican musical artists.[2][23][24]
Other notable events in the city include the Ramón Noble Guitar Festival and the Feria Hidaltur. The first presents concerts by guitarists of various genres from countries such as Brazil, Spain, the U.S., Israel, England and Mexico. There are classes and workshops by renowned artists as well as a national level competition for classical guitar.[25] The Feria Hidaltur is held in March and April with the purpose of promoting the arts and crafts of Hidalgo state. The festival also has equestrian events, hot-air balloons and other attractions.[24]
The municipality[link]
The city and municipality of Pachuca are nearly co-extensive, as the city grows to cover just about all of the available open space. This has eradicated almost all of the municipality’s native flora and fauna. The municipality contains only fifteen other communities according to the 2005 INEGI census with all but two having less than less than 1500 people, and only three percent of the municipality population of 275,578 lives outside the city proper.[26] The overwhelming majority of the residents are Catholic but the city has a significant percentage of Protestants, mostly descendants of English miners.[2] The municipality is located on very rugged terrain with varies in altitude between 2,400 and 2,800 meters above sea level.[2][26] It is located on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the only major flat area is where the city center is. Two notable peaks are the Cerro del Cuixi, the Cerro de San Cristóbal and the Cerro de Cubitos. Rivers that cross through here are the Actopan, the Amajac and the Tezontepec. The municipality has a territory f 195,30 km2 and borders the municipalities of Mineral del Chico, Mineral del Monte, Zempoala, Zapotlán de Juárez, Mineral de la Reforma, Epazoyucan and San Agustín Tlaxiaca. The climate is temperate and relatively cold with strong winds during eight to nine months out of the year. These can reach speeds of 60–65 km an hour.[2]
Sixty-four percent of the municipality is developed urban area. Agriculture is nearly a non-existent factor in the economy, as the small-scale farming and livestock raising in the hills is for family or local consumption. Despite its decline in the 20th century, mining still continues to be an important element of Pachuca’s economy. Pachuca still produces more than 60% of the state’s gold and more than 50% of its silver. The manufacturing sector was established in the 1950s and has been steadily growing, changing the city’s traditional mining image. Some of the major industrial employers are Applied Power de México (automotive parts), BARROMEX (machinery), Herramientas Cleveland (machinery and tools) and Embotelladora la Minera (soft drinks). The city also contains over 800 smaller manufacturing enterprises. The municipality’s economy also has a large commercial sector, with numerous stores and thirteen public markets. It is also the wholesale center for foodstuffs for most of the state. Despite all the changes in the 20th century, the center of Pachuca has maintained its provincial feel. This has led the city to promote it as a tourist attraction.[2][4]
Sister cities[link]
La Paz, Bolivia
Ponferrada, Spain
Little Rock, Arkansas, United States- Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States
Camborne, Cornwall, UK[27]- Eagle Pass, Texas, United States[28]
See also[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pachuca de Soto |
References[link]
- ^ a b c Aldama, Antonio. "Tips viajero Pachuca (Hidalgo) [Travelers tips Pachuca (Hidalgo)]" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/5029-Tips-viajero-Pachuca-%28Hidalgo%29. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "Estado de Hidalgo Pachuca de Soto" (in Spanish). Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_hidalgo. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e "Donde ir en Pachuca, Hidalgo [Where to go in Pachuca, Hidalgo]" (in Spanish). http://depuebloenpueblo.com.mx/ciudad/hidalgo_pachuca.html. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Fundación, historia y desarrollo de Pachuca [The founding, history and development of Pachuca]" (in Spanish). Mexico City: El Clima. http://www.elclima.com.mx/fundacion_historia_y_desarrollo_de_pachuca.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h [Mexicana http://www.cornish-mexico.org/mexicosoctoday.htm "The Cornish Heritage in Mexico Today"]. Sociedad Cultural Cornish. Mexicana http://www.cornish-mexico.org/mexicosoctoday.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e f Lauer, David (September 2000). "El Museo de Minería de Pachuca. La viva pasión por la historia (Hidalgo) [The Museum of Mining of Pachuca, experience passion for history]" (in Spanish). Mexico Desconocido. http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/2845-El-Museo-de-Miner%EDa-de-Pachuca.-La-viva-pasi%F3n-por-la-historia-%28Hidalgo%29. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Thisiscornwall.co.uk
- ^ Thisiscornwall.co.uk
- ^ a b Cornish-mexico.org
- ^ a b c Pizano, Carmen. "Pachuca, ciudad con historia y con sabor [Pachuca, city with history and flavour]" (in Spanish). Ciudad Norte. http://www.ciudadnorte.info/826/pachuca-ciudad-con-historia-y-con-sabor/index.html. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b "Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 200". CONAPO. http://www.conapo.gob.mx/publicaciones/dzm2005/zm_2005.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lopez, Leonor. "Pachuca, la Bella Airosa (Hidalgo) [Pachuca, Beautiful Airy City]" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/1362-Pachuca,-la-Bella-Airosa-%28Hidalgo%29. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b Montes, Sara (2009-07-12). "La calle de Hidalgo y los abogados de Pachuca [Hidalgo Street and the lawyers of Pachuca]" (in Spanish). El Sol de Hidalgo (Pachuca). http://www.oem.com.mx/elsoldemexico/notas/n1240678.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Valtierra, Angel. "de semana en la ciudad de Pachuca (Hidalgo) [Weekend in the city of Pachuca (Hidalgo)]" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/notas/1394-Fin-de-semana-en-la-ciudad-de-Pachuca-%28Hidalgo%29. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ "A Brief Historical Sketch of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH)". Pachuca: UAEH. http://www.uaeh.edu.mx/en/universidad/index_en.html. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ "Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca Historia [Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca History]" (in Spanish). Pachuca: Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca. http://www.upp.edu.mx/pag/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=15. Retrieved 2009-10-08. [dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f Seijas, Susana. "Hidalgo's British bounty Inside Mexico". http://www.insidemex.com/travel/travel/hidalgos-british-bounty. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ "Mexicans say 'muchas gracias' for pasties, silver and football". Western Morning News. 2008-11-26. http://www.thisiswesternmorningnews.co.uk/news/Mexicans-say-muchas-gracias-pasties-silver-football/article-505143-detail/article.html. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b c "The Cornish Diaspora". Cornwall Guide. http://www.cornwalls.co.uk/history/industrial/diaspora.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Rangel, Ivett (2004-10-10). "Tiene Pachuca aires ingleses [Pachuca has English airs]" (in Spanish). El Norte. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4817957_ITM. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ "Website de Pachuca Club de Futbol. [Pachuca Soccer Club Website]" (in Spanish). Pachuca: Pachuca Club de Futbol. http://tuzos.vientosdepachuca.com/his.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Marín, Wendy (2009-01-07). "Una Visita a Pachuca, Hidalgo [A Visit to Pachuca, Hidalgo]" (in Spanish). SDP Noticias (Mexico City). http://sdpnoticias.com/sdp/columna/wendy-marin/2009/01/07/304090. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b Hursh Graber, Karen. "The Cuisine of Hidalgo: Spanning Climates and Cultures". Mexconnect. http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2416-the-cuisine-of-hidalgo-spanning-climates-and-cultures. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b "Fiestas populares en Pachuca, Hidalgo [Popular festivals in Pachuca, Hidalgo]" (in Spanish). Mexico City: El Clima. http://www.elclima.com.mx/fiestas_populares_en_pachuca_hidalgo.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Sandoval, Christian (2009-09-22). "Semana de festival de guitarra en Pachuca [Week of the guitar festival in Pachuca]" (in Spanish). Síntesis (Pachuca: Pachuca TV). http://pachuca.tv/entretenimiento/?articulo=7966. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ a b "Principales resultados por localidad 2005 (ITER)". INEGI. http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/default.asp?s=est&c=10395. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ Camborne twinned with Pachuca, Mexico
- ^ Eagle Pass y Pachuca, ciudades hermanas Periódico El Sol de Hidalgo 24 de octubre de 2009
External links[link]
- Ayuntamiento de Pachuca de Soto Official website
- Club de Futbol de Pachuca Pachuca Football Club
- Pachuca.tv - Pachuca regional portal with news and local information
- Pachuca and Real del Monte (Mineral del Monte) links with Cornwall
- The Cornish in Latin America
- Cornish Mexico
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http://wn.com/Pachuca
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Pachuca
http://id.wn.com/Pachuca de Soto
http://es.wn.com/Pachuca de Soto
http://ru.wn.com/Пачука-де-Сото
http://nl.wn.com/Pachuca
http://pl.wn.com/Pachuca
http://fr.wn.com/Pachuca
http://de.wn.com/Pachuca de Soto
http://pt.wn.com/Pachuca de Soto
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachuca
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Calero and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez.
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| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Miguel Ángel Calero Rodríguez | ||
| Date of birth | (1971-04-14) April 14, 1971 (age 41) | ||
| Place of birth | Ginebra, Colombia | ||
| Height | 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) | ||
| Playing position | Goalkeeper | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 1986-1988 | Deportivo Cali | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1988–1997 | Deportivo Cali | 94 | (2) |
| 1987–1992 | → Barranquilla (loan) | 86 | (0) |
| 1998–2000 | Atlético Nacional | 91 | (0) |
| 2000–2011 | Pachuca | 395 | (2) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 1995–2009 | Colombia | 50 | (0) |
| Teams managed | |||
| 2010–2011 | Pachuca (Goalkeeper Trainer) | ||
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 3 April 2011, 00:01 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Miguel Ángel Calero Rodríguez (born April 14, 1971 in Ginebra, Valle del Cauca) is a retired Colombian football goalkeeper he has played 50 times for the Colombia national team between 1995 and 2007.[1] He also is a Mexican citizen.
Contents |
Career[link]
He played for Deportivo Cali winning the 1996 Copa Mustang Division Mayor: Primera A Championship Title and Atlético Nacional Colombia and now plays for C.F. Pachuca in Mexico, which he was the captain of the team. With Pachuca, he achieved 4 National championships, 3 CONCACAF Champions Cup, 1 Copa Sudamericana and 1 SuperLiga title. He scored a goal against Chiapas on August 11, 2002.
He played for the Colombia national football team and was a participant at the 1992 Summer Olympics and at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. In 2001 he was part of the Colombia team that won their first ever Copa América championship.[2]
He is known for wearing a baseball cap as a goalkeeper (and most recently, a bandana) Also for having a pair of wings on the back of his jersey around his number, 1. These wings symbolize his nickname, "El Condor" which gives him the courage to play a good game.
After a poor performance in Copa America 2007, which included a 5-0 loss to Paraguay, Calero announced his retirement from the Colombian National team.[3]
In October 23, 2011, Miguel Calero played his last game with Pachuca and retired from football. [4]
Club Honors[link]
- Primera División Colombiana 1996 with Deportivo Cali
- Mexican Championship - Invierno 2001, Apertura 2003, Clausura 2006, Clausura 2007.
- CONCACAF Champions' Cup 2002, 2007, 2008, 2010.
- Copa Nissan Sudamericana: 2006
- North American SuperLiga: 2007'
National Team Honors[link]
- Copa América 2001
References[link]
External links[link]
- Miguel Calero stats at Medio Tiempo.com (Spanish)
- Career details at National Football teams
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Calero, Miguel |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Colombian footballer |
| Date of birth | April 14, 1971 |
| Place of birth | Ginebra, Colombia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Miguel_Calero
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Калеро, Мигель
http://fr.wn.com/Miguel Calero
http://nl.wn.com/Miguel Ángel Calero
http://pt.wn.com/Miguel Calero
http://de.wn.com/Miguel Calero
http://it.wn.com/Miguel Calero
http://pl.wn.com/Miguel Calero
http://es.wn.com/Miguel Calero
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Calero
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Nery Alberto Castillo Confalonieri | ||
| Date of birth | (1984-06-13) 13 June 1984 (age 28) | ||
| Place of birth | San Luis Potosí, Mexico | ||
| Height | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | ||
| Playing position | Forward / Winger | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Pachuca | ||
| Number | 15 | ||
| Youth career | |||
| 1999–2000 | Danubio | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 2000–2007 | Olympiacos | 105 | (30) |
| 2007–2011 | Shakhtar Donetsk | 12 | (1) |
| 2008 | → Manchester City (loan) | 7 | (0) |
| 2009–2010 | → Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (loan) | 3 | (0) |
| 2010 | → Chicago Fire (loan) | 8 | (0) |
| 2011 | → Aris (loan) | 10 | (2) |
| 2011–2012 | Aris | 19 | (6) |
| National team‡ | |||
| 2007– | Mexico | 21 | (6) |
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 5 February 2012. † Appearances (Goals). |
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Nery Alberto Castillo Confalonieri (born 13 June 1984 in San Luis Potosí), is a Mexican international footballer who currently plays for Pachuca. He began his career at Uruguayan club Danubio, moving to Greece at the age of 16 to play for Olympiacos. Castillo spent seven years at Olympiacos, gradually developing into a regular starter over a three year period. Once established in the team Castillo helped Olympiacos to three consecutive league titles, prompting Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk to spend €20 million to secure his services in 2007. After only a handful of starts for Shakhtar, Castillo was dropped for refusing to allow team-mate Cristiano Lucarelli to take a penalty. In December 2007, he moved on a year's loan to Premier League club Manchester City, paying a substantial amount of the loan fee himself. He would also be loaned out to Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk and MLS club Chicago Fire.
He made his international debut for Mexico on 2 June 2007 vs Iran, and represented his country in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and the 2007 Copa America.
Contents |
Early Years[link]
Castillo was born in the Mexican city San Luis Potosí, where his father, a Uruguayan professional footballer, played for San Luis.[1] The family moved to South America while Castillo was still a small child. He started playing for club Danubio in the youth team. While participating with Danubio's youth team in a Brazilian tournament, Castillo was spotted by scouts from European clubs. He went on trial with Manchester United[2] of England's Premier League, but Castillo failed to obtain a work permit and the door to join the club was closed.[3][4]
Club career[link]
Olympiacos[link]
At the age of 16, Castillo's father accepted an offer of the Greek club Olympiacos. Three years after he joined Olympiacos, Castillo became a regular starter in both the domestic and European competitions. He became a fan favourite with the Gate 7 Ultras[5] and was even given the #7 shirt in deference to them.
After that point, his career took a down slide. A rumoured transfer to the Italian club Inter Milan never happened, and changes in the management of the club combined with the arrival of former Brazil international Rivaldo relegated him from his starting role to the bench. Other off the field issues with the coach and teammates had also contributed to increasing perceptions that Castillo was a problematic player.
In early 2006 his father (also his agent) began negotiations with the Mexican club Chivas de Guadalajara, but talks were interrupted because Olympiacos weren't interested in negotiating for the player at the time.
Before this, in what Castillo thought was his last game for Olympiacos, he scored a free kick after "stealing" it from a team mate who was preparing to take it. He celebrated by running the length of the field and throwing his shirt to his fans at Gate 7. He was left looking somewhat sheepish without a shirt for the restart.
During the 2006–07 season Castillo was a solid starter. Many reports considered that the player had changed his attitude and solved off the field issues. The prospect of a more mature Castillo encouraged the officers of Olympiacos to renew his contract, extending its length four more years, and improving its economic conditions.
Castillo was the leading scorer for Olympiacos during the preparatory phase for the 2006–07 season, accumulating seven goals in friendly games. From then on his form only improved, scoring several goals in the UEFA Champions League and the domestic tournament, including a hat-trick against Panionios. Castillo ended the season second to Rivaldo in goals and assists for the club, which included three goals in five Champions League matches.
Shakhtar Donetsk[link]
On 31 July 2007, Castillo joined Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk on a five-year contract for a fee of €20 million.[6] This became the most expensive transfer for a Ukrainian club to date.[7]
Castillo scored his first goal for Shakhtar while playing against SV Salzburg in the Champions League. His stint was to be brief, though. Castillo had only played in a few games for Shakhtar when in a league match versus FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka, Shakhtar won a penalty kick. Castillo refused to give the ball to official penalty kick-taker Cristiano Lucarelli and took the penalty himself, which was saved.[8] Castillo was immediately substituted from the game. Coach Mircea Lucescu commented "What Castillo did, from a professional point of view, I've never seen anything like it before in my whole life. There will be some measures taken against Castillo".[9]
On 15 December 2007, Castillo's agent told the Daily Mail: "There has been an agreement with Manchester City so that Nery can be with the club for one year on loan so he can prove himself and play active football." adding that City would have an option to buy Castillo once his loan period expires.[10] Shakhtar president and Ukraine's richest man Rinat Akhmetov then said that City's offer of £1 million was too low, instead offering "a one-year loan – five million euros and there will be no options, meaning a right to buy (Castillo)... If Castillo finds his game ... then in a year we'll decide whether to take him back to Shakhtar or sell. And the price could be 20, or 30, or 40, or 50 million euros."[11]
After failing to secure a place at Manchester City, Castillo returned to Shakhtar Donetsk at the end of his loan in January 2009.
On 1 July 2011, Castillo terminated his contract with Shakhtar to sign a permanent deal with Greek club Aris.
Manchester City (loan)[link]
It was announced on 18 December 2007 that Castillo had signed a one-year loan agreement with Manchester City,[12] commencing on 1 January 2008. Reportedly Castillo was keen to make the move happen and in a highly unusual move paid half of the loan fee himself. Sven-Göran Eriksson commented "He was desperate to come to us, desperate to come to England, desperate to come to the Premier League" and said he had never seen a player pay for half of a deal before.[2]
He played his first match for Manchester City on 5 January 2008 in the third round of the FA Cup, away to West Ham United. However, in the replay on 16 January 2008, his first home appearance for the club, he was stretchered off after 32 minutes with a broken shoulder.[13]
He ended the season with 9 appearances, 7 of them coming in the Premier League.
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (loan)[link]
After Shakhtar Donetsk had failed to even include Castillo on the bench for the first two matches of the 2009/2010 season he was loaned to Ukrainian league rivals Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk for a year on July 30, 2009.[14]
Chicago Fire (loan)[link]
On 17 July 2010, the Chicago Fire announced the signing of Castillo as their newest designated player. He arrived on loan with Chicago holding the option to make the transfer from Shakhtar Donetsk permanent. In being signed as a designated player, he became the second youngest designated player in Major League Soccer history.[15]
Aris[link]
Castillo joined Aris on a six-month loan on 19 January 2011.[16] He played his first match for Aris on 30 January 2011, against arch rivals PAOK.
After a successful loan period in which he made ten league appearances and scored two goals, Castillo terminated his contract with Shakhtar Donetsk and signed a two-year contract with Aris on 1 July 2011.[17]
He scored his first league goal of the 2011/12 season on 8 January 2012 in a 1-0 win over PAS Giannina. He scored his first brace in a 3-1 victory over Doxa Drama on 22 January. He scored his second consecutive brace seven days later in a 2-1 win over Levadiakos. Castillo scored again on 5 February in a 2-0 win over Xanthi, bringing his goal tally to six.
International career[link]
Choosing nationality[link]
Castillo was eligible for citizenship in four countries; Uruguay because his father is from there; Italy due to his maternal grandparents; Greece because he resided there for more than six years and Mexico where he was born.[18]
His first experience of international football came when he was called up to a Uruguay U-17 training camp. However he was released after playing a few friendly games.[18] Next the Greek coach Otto Rehhagel tried to secure his services for the Greece national football team.[19] Greece were reportedly willing to pay Castillo $800,000, including fast-tracked citizenship as part of the offer.[18]
Ultimately, Castillo decided to play for the country of his birth and joined the Mexico national football team.
Mexico national team[link]
Castillo made his debut for Mexico on 2 June 2007 against Iran. The game was held in his hometown San Luis Potosí and Mexico won the game 4–0.
He went on to play in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup where he scored his first international goal against Cuba.
He was then included in the squad for the 2007 Copa America. A pre-tournament injury to Jared Borgetti gave Castillo a starting berth,[20] and he proved influential in Mexico's first match of the tournament, scoring in a 2–0 win against Brazil.[21] He scored again against Ecuador as Mexico secured a place in the knockout stages,[21] and scored a brace in the quarter-final against Paraguay, the first goal a penalty.[22] Overall he was the third highest goal scorer of the tournament with four goals, behind Juan Román Riquelme and Robinho.
International goals[link]
| 1 | 8 June 2007 | Giants Stadium, East Rutherford, United States |  Cuba |
2–1 | 2–1 | 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup |
| 2 | 27 June 2007 | Polideportivo Cachamay, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela |  Brazil |
1–0 | 2–0 | 2007 Copa América |
| 3 | 1 July 2007 | Estadio Monumental de Maturín, Maturín, Venezuela |  Ecuador |
1–0 | 2–1 | 2007 Copa América |
| 4 | 8 July 2007 | Estadio Monumental de Maturín, Maturín, Venezuela |  Paraguay |
1–0 | 6–0 | 2007 Copa América |
| 5 | 8 July 2007 | Estadio Monumental de Maturín, Maturín, Venezuela | Paraguay |
3–0 | 6–0 | 2007 Copa América |
| 6 | 1 April 2009 | Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano, San Pedro Sula, Honduras |  Honduras |
1–3 | 1–3 | 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |
Career statistics[link]
Club[link]
- As of 5 February 2012.
| Club | Season | League | Cup | Continental | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | ||
| Olympiacos | 2000–01 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
| 2001–02 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | |
| 2002–03 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 4 | |
| 2003–04 | 26 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 39 | 11 | |
| 2004–05 | 26 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 35 | 7 | |
| 2005–06 | 17 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 4 | |
| 2006–07 | 25 | 12 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 35 | 15 | |
| Shakhtar | 2007-08 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 1 |
| Manchester City | 2007-08 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 |
| Shakhtar | 2008-09 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
| Dnipro | 2008-09 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Chicago Fire | 2010 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 |
| Aris | 2010-11 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 2 |
| 2011-12 | 18 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 7 | |
| Total | 153 | 36 | 42 | 8 | 21 | 6 | 216 | 49 | |
Honours[link]
Club[link]
- Olympiacos
- Superleague Greece (4): 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
- Greek Cup (2): 2005, 2006
- FC Shakhtar Donetsk
References[link]
- ^ "Castillo: We’ll be a force in 2010". FIFA. 21 December 2007. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=557382.html. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
- ^ a b "Nery Castillo: Devil in the detail as Castillo pays for his City break". The Independent on Sunday (London: Independent News and Media). 5 January 2008. http://sport.independent.co.uk/football/news-and-comment/article3310044.ece. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
- ^ "Castillo vows United revenge". Daily Mirror (Trinity Mirror). 21 December 2007. http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/2007/12/21/castillo-vows-united-revenge-89520-20261767/. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
- ^ "Mexican Castillo joins Man City". CNN. 18 December 2007. http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/football/12/18/england.castillo/index.html. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- ^ "Gate 7 Ultras Olmpiakos" (in Greek). Gate 7 Ultras Olmpiakos. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080113024910/http://www.ultras.gr/main.php. Retrieved 15 January 2008.
- ^ "Shakhtar have signed Nery Alberto Castillo". shakhtar.com (FC Shakhtar Donetsk). 31 July 2007. http://shakhtar.com/en/news/4558. Retrieved 31 July 2007.
- ^ "Soccer-Big spending Shakhtar eager to make splash in Europe". Reuters. 14 September 2007. http://uk.reuters.com/article/UK_SOCCER_MORE/idUKL0679857220070914. Retrieved 6 January 2008.
- ^ "Shakhtar – Naftovyk. Nery Castillo stolen penalty". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dV5oMgHs7hk&feature=related. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ "Castillo boost for Celtic". Sky Sports. 2007-11-26. http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_2922498,00.html. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ Ladyman, Ian (2007-12-15). "Eriksson loves a red-hot Mexican". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=502469&in_page_id=1779. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ "You can have Castillo for a year but you need to pay up, Shakhtar tell Sven's City". London: Daily Mail. 2007-12-17. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/sport/football.html?in_article_id=503009&in_page_id=1779. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ "Nery Castillo joins on year-long loan". Manchester City official web site. 2007-12-18. http://www.mcfc.co.uk/default.sps?pageid=115&pagegid=%7BDBD12D53%2D8346%2D431D%2DA04F%2D5D0F8664DE80%7D&newsid=515342&siteid=&pageno=&newscategory=1051&frommonth=10&fromyear=2007&tomonth=12&toyear=2007. Retrieved 2007-12-18. [dead link]
- ^ "Eriksson feels for unlucky Castillo". Manchester City official web site. 2008-01-19. Archived from the original on 2008-01-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080122085529/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/default.sps?pagegid=%7bDBD12D53-8346-431D-A04F-5D0F8664DE80%7d&newsid=524804. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
- ^ "Dnipro leiht Nery Castillo" (in German). transfermarkt.de. http://www.transfermarkt.de/de/news/30156/dnipro-leiht-nery-castillo.html.
- ^ "Bienvenido, Nery Castillo". MLS Official Web Site. 2010-07-17. http://www.chicago-fire.com/news/2010/07/bienvenido-nery-castillo. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
- ^ "Nery Castillo". Aris official website.
- ^ "Nery Catillo renovo contrato con el Aris de Grecia hasta el 2013" (in Spanish). Medio Tiempo. Retrieved 1 July 2011 earning 550.000 euros per year.
- ^ a b c "Castillo pledges allegiance". Union-Tribune. 2007-02-06. http://www.signonsandiego.com/sports/soccer/20070206-9999-1s6soccer.html. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ "Greece to call up hot-shot Castillo". Soccerway. 2006-11-09. http://www.soccerway.com/news/2006/November/9/greece-to-call-up-hot-shot-castillo/. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
- ^ Goodman, Joshua (2007-06-28). "Copa America: Mexico, Argentina reach semis on goal-scoring roll". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2007-07-10-498243945_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
- ^ a b "Mexico first to reach Copa quarterfinals". Fox Sports. 2007-07-02. http://msn.foxsports.com/soccer/story/6980760. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
- ^ "Mexico hammers 10-man Paraguay". ESPN. 2007-07-08. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=221078&cc=5739. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
External links[link]
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|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Castillo, Nery |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Mexican footballer |
| Date of birth | 13 June 1984 |
| Place of birth | San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Nery_Castillo
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Nery Castillo
http://nl.wn.com/Nery Castillo
http://pt.wn.com/Nery Castillo
http://ru.wn.com/Кастильо, Нери
http://de.wn.com/Nery Castillo
http://it.wn.com/Nery Castillo
http://pl.wn.com/Nery Castillo
http://es.wn.com/Nery Castillo
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nery_Castillo
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Not to be confused with Enrique Nieto (disambiguation).
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| Enrique Peña Nieto | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Peña Nieto at the World Economic Forum on Latin America (2010) | |
| Governor of the State of Mexico | |
| In office September 16, 2005 – September 15, 2011 |
|
| Preceded by | Arturo Montiel |
| Succeeded by | Eruviel Ávila Villegas |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1966-07-20) July 20, 1966 (age 45) Atlacomulco, Mexico |
| Political party | Institutional Revolutionary Party |
| Spouse(s) | Mónica Pretelini Sáenz (1993–2007; her death) Angélica Rivera (2010–present) |
| Children | Paulina Alejandro Nicole |
| Alma mater | Panamerican University Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Enrique Peña Nieto (born July 20, 1966) is a Mexican politician. A member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI), he served as governor of the State of Mexico from 2005 to 2011. On September 19, 2011, he announced his candidacy in the 2012 Mexican presidential election to succeed Felipe Calderón,[1] and formally registered his candidacy on November 27, 2011.[2]
Contents |
Family[link]
Peña Nieto was born at Atlacomulco in Mexico State.[3] His father, Gilberto Enrique Peña del Mazo, worked for the Comisión Federal de Electricidad and his mother, María del Perpetuo Socorro Ofelia Nieto Sánchez, was a school teacher. Peña is related to several politicians: Severiano Peña, mayor of Acambay in 1914, 1916, 1921 and 1923; Alfredo del Mazo González, former governor; and Arturo Montiel Rojas, also former governor. In 1993, Peña married his first wife Mónica Pretelini with whom he had three children: Paulina, Alejandro and Nicole. Pretelini died on January 11, 2007 due to an epileptic episode.[4][5][6] In 2008, Peña Nieto announced publicly in a TV show [7] his romantic relationship with Televisa soap opera actress Angélica Rivera. Rivera and Peña Nieto married on November 27, 2010 in Toluca.
On 5 April 2012, Yahoo! News published an article which mentions that Peña Nieto's alleged ex-partner had released a picture on her Twitter account (@MaritzaDiazHdz) of herself, Peña Nieto, and their supposed son.[8] They had reportedly procreated this son while Peña Nieto was still married to his first wife.[8]
Education[link]
During an interview published in Mexican Leaders magazine, Peña Nieto relates how he participated in his first political exercises as a junior in high school when he served as representative for his class during public ceremonies. However, his formal training and first incursions in state politics would wait until the end of his studies.[9]
Peña Nieto has a Bachelor's degree from the Universidad Panamericana and a Master's in Business at the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM).
Political beginnings[link]
In May 1990 he became secretary of the Citizen Movement of Zone I of the State Directive Committee of the National Confederation of Popular Organizations (CNOP). A year later he participated as delegate to the Organization and Citizen Front in different municipalities of the Estado de México. He also served as instructor at the Electoral Training Center of the PRI. During this time Peña Nieto also held administrative positions in the state government. Between 1993 and 1998, during Emilio Chuayfett’s term as governor, he was chief of staff for the Secretary of economic development of the State of Mexico. At the end of this period he worked as deputy secretary of government for the State of Mexico (1999–2000).[10]
During the period between 2000 and 2002 Peña Nieto exercised different tasks for the state's administration: government administration secretary, president of the directive council for the Social Security Institute of the State of Mexico and its municipalities, president of the internal council of the Health Institute of the State of Mexico and vice-president for the State of Mexico’s government board for the Integral Family Development System (DIF). In the meantime he was individual member of the National Institute of Public Administration and member of the administrative council for different decentralized public agencies.
Local council and his run for Mexico State’s governorship[link]
His work as a state functionary and within his party helped Peña Nieto built his political career and his subsequent move into electoral positions. As a member of the PRI's National and State Political Council and delegate to the PRI's XVIII General Assembly in 2001, Peña Nieto was nominated for the local representative spot for the XIII District in the LV Legislature and he won the election.
Between September 2003 and September 2004 he was named coordinator of the PRI's parliamentary group in the LV Legislature and as Chairman of the Board of Political Coordination of the local congress. According to the book Enrique Peña Nieto, Memory of a campaign,[11] Peña Nieto was able to get 92% of his initiatives approved unanimously.
On October 17, 2004, he officially began his participation in the PRI's internal nomination process for the governorship of the State of Mexico. The other candidates considered for the governorship were: Guillermo González Martínez, Gustavo Cárdenas Monroy, Jaime Vázquez Castillo, Eduardo Bernal Martínez, Fernando Alberto García Cuevas, Cuauhtémoc García Ortega, Isidro Pastor Medrano, Enrique Jacob Rocha, Héctor Luna de la Vega and Carlos Hank Rhon. These pre-candidates took part in conferences, seminars, round tables, and tours, whittling the original list to only six candidates participating in the official nomination process. On January 14, 2005, Peña Nieto was the last man standing. On February 12, 2005, with 15,000 sympathizers in attendance, he was sworn in as candidate for the PRI.[12]
The PRI and the Green Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México, PVEM) established an alliance which they claimed was to defend mutual policies of sustainable development, ecology, employment and support for youth. This alliance would nominate just one candidate. This coalition, dubbed “Alliance for Mexico” (PRI-PVEM), was approved by the Electoral Institute of the State of Mexico in March. On April 2, in Cuautitlán Izcalli, Peña Nieto was sworn in as candidate for the PVEM. On the 15th the general council of the Electoral Institute of the State of Mexico (IFE) approved his registration as candidate.[11]
During this time other political parties announced the names of their respective candidates. National Action Party and Convergence for democracy (Convergencia Democrática, CD) (PAN) -Convergencia united behind candidate Rubén Mendoza Ayala. The Democratic Revolution Party PRD and the Labor Party PT formed their own coalition “United to win” (Unidos para ganar) and nominated Yeidckol Polevnsky.
The 2005 campaign and elections[link]
During the first months of 2005 Peña Nieto offered a list of 617 actions in the regional (118), municipal (474) and state fields (16). Peña Nieto affirmed his absolute commitment to accomplish these actions through a notarized oath signed in Toluca on June 28, 2005. This ceremony took place during his campaign's closing event which took place in Ecatepec.[11] The election was set on Sunday July 3 of 2005, two weeks later, on August 12, Peña Nieto received the certificate which accredited him as the elected governor of the State of Mexico. He got 49% of the votes.
Governor of The State of Mexico[link]
On September 15, 2005, Peña Nieto was sworn in as constitutional governor of the State of Mexico at the Morelos theater in Toluca in front of a 5000 people, which included all the members of Parliament of the LV local Legislature.[13]
The activities of his first year as a governor are reviewed in his First Government Inform presented on September 6, 2006.[14] In the context of the questioned federal elections which lead the candidate of the PAN, Felipe Calderón to the victory, he invited to a national dialogue. He reported positive advances on the economic indicators of the state and the achievement of the acquired agreements during his campaign regarding education, housing and agricultural support.
Over all, there were 608 commitments signed before a public notary, all of which were supposedly achieved during Peña Nieto’s 6 year term, through more than 790 public works and 63 actions. The most important ones are those of highway infrastructure, which tripled under Peña’s government.[15] The major projects in public transportation were the Suburban Train and the “Mexibus”, both meant to communicate Mexico City with the State of Mexico; providing service to more than 200 thousand people every day. Regarding public health services, 196 hospitals and medical centers were built throughout the state and the number of mobile units to attend remote and vulnerable areas doubled it's number. The funds for these and all the other commitments were obtained through the restructure of the state’s public debt, strategy designed by his first Secretary of Finance, Luis Videgaray Caso; managing to keep the debt from increasing during Peña Nieto's term, also because the tax base was broadened up to the point were it doubled in six years.[16] During the course of the 2012 campaign, the National Action Party has questioned the completion of at least 100 of the commitments previously mentioned,[17] and responding to this, the PRI presented a web page with the description of each commitment and when, where they were achieved.[18] Peña Nieto claimed that he halved the murder rate in the State of Mexico, but retracted from this claim after The Economist showed that the murder rate did not diminish but that murders were now being measured in a different way.[19]
On May 3, 2006, the public forces intervened in San Salvador Atenco to stop a group of flower traders from being installed in one of the main streets. After a few hours a clash between the federal, state, municipal police and the inhabitants of the region was produced, an altercation later known as the 2006 civil unrest in San Salvador Atenco. As a result, a 14 year-old boy died. The following day the state police got in to take over the situation and arrested 211 persons.[20] Facts around this event have been contested and Amnesty International has asserted that during this event people were arrested without explanation and that several claims of sexual, physical and psychological abuse were made.[21][22] This NGO also claims that investigations ordered by the government regarding these acts lacked objectivity and that people who still remain in custody have not yet met fair trials.[23]
During his second year of government his wife Mónica Pretelini died on the evening of January 11, 2007. Her neurologist affirms that her patient suffered an epileptic crisis which produced arrhythmia. This led her to have a respiratory arrest and to her death at the ABC hospital after treating her at the emergency room of the Centro Médico de Toluca.[24][25]
On May 11, 2007, in Veracruz. Nicole, Alejandro and Paulina Peña Pretelini, the governor’s children, were having holidays in the company of their maternal family members: their aunt Claudia Pretelini and their grandparents Hugo and Olga Pretelini. The group was traveling on a van through the Boulevard Manuel Ávila Camacho of the city, and was escorted by a group of agents of the Public Security Direction of State of Mexico. At around 23:45 four vans reached them and a command of henchmen opened fire against the bodyguards Fermín Esquivel Almanza, Erick Lopez Sosa, Roberto Delgado Nabor and Guillermo Ortega Serrano died.[26] The authorities of Veracruz and Enrique Peña Nieto (who was on tour in Chalco) assured that it was a confusion between organized crime groups.[27]
His working team is composed, in its latest version, by:[28]
• Luis Miranda Nava: Government General secretary
• Gabriel O’Shea Cuevas: Health secretary
• Fernando Alfredo Maldonado Hernández: Work secretary
• Alberto Curi Naime: Education secretary
• Alejandro Ozuna Rivero: Social Development secretary
• David Korenfeld Federman: Water and Public Works for the development secretary
• Marcela Velasco Gonzalez: Urban development secretary
• Arturo Osornio Sanchez: Agricultural development secretary
• Carolina Monroy del Mazo: Economic development secretary
• Marco Antonio Abaid Kado: Metropolitan development secretary
• Raúl Murrieta Cummings: Finances secretary
• Alejandro Hinojosa Velasco: Controllership secretary
• Gerardo Ruiz Esparza: Communication secretary
• Fernando Maldonado Hernandez: Transport secretary
• Oscar Gustavo Cárdenas Monroy: Environment secretary
• Alfredo Castillo Cervantes: General Justice Attorney
• Martha Hilda González Calderón: Tourism secretary.
Presidential Candidate for the 2012 elections[link]
Peña Nieto was given a clear path to the nomination a week before he formally registered his candidacy, when Senator Manlio Fabio Beltrones, a likely contender for the presidency in 2012, withdrew from the race. Enrique Peña Nieto formally registered his candidacy on November 27, 2011 and later on the same month, the Revolutionary Institutional Party approved his documentation and on December 18, of the same year, Enrique Peña received his constancy of candidate of his party for the 2012 presidential election.
According to a recent US State Department diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks on 24 May 2011, Pena Nieto "is often referred to as the 'next president of Mexico.'" [29]
On November 23, 2011, Enrique Peña Nieto presented his book "México, la gran esperanza: un Estado eficaz para una democracia de resultados" (Mexico: The great hope: an efficient State for a democracy of results) in Casa del Lago, Mexico City, with the writer Héctor Aguilar Camín; former governor of Mexico’s Central Bank, Guillermo Ortiz; and journalist Jaime Sánchez Susarrey who reviewed the book.[30]
According to Mexican journalists Francisco Cruz Jiménez and Jorge Toribio Montiel, the former President of Mexico Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988-1994) is supposedly supporting Peña Nieto's political campaign as the Institutional Revolutionary Party candidate for the 2012 presidential elections.[31][32]
Security policy[link]
Peña Nieto, who has a two-digit lead from the other presidential candidates as of 27 May 2012, said in a news conference that he can ease the waves of violence in Mexican Drug War by redirecting the focus of the military approach carried out by Mexico's current president, Felipe Calderón.[33] Instead of focusing primarily on taking down the heads of the criminal organizations and the most-wanted drug lords of the cartels, he proposes to use government resources to put down homicides, kidnappings, and extortions—crimes that do the most damage to the Mexican people—by flooding troops and police into places with the highest rates of violence crimes.[33] Peña Nieto, however, said that his proposal does not mean that the government will not tackle other crimes nor prevent drug trafficking, but rather noted that arresting drug bosses will no longer be the focus of his administration.[33] Opponents of Peña Nieto have said that the PRI's return will mean the going back to the "old PRI model" of making deals with the cartels.[33] Nonetheless, the presidential candidate has praised Calderón's decision of sending in troops to fight the cartels, and has emphasized plans to increase the military presence in areas most effected by drug-related violence, like Monterrey and Veracruz.[33] The security policy of Peña Nieto does not say that it will stop fighting the drug cartels; it proposes that it will simply shift away from targeting the heads of the cartels.[34] This redirection is a response to the criticism made by critics to Calderón for targeting a few main cartels and splitting them up into smaller and more violent factions.[34] Peña Nieto's strategy would align with a new strain of thinking for the general public, which calls for law enforcement in both the United States and Mexico to make violence reduction their overwhelming focus in the War on Drugs.[34] Eric Olson, a U.S.-Mexico security co-operation scholar from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, advocates a similar strategy for the reduction of violence. Olson acknowledged that the government should slow down its attacks against cartels that are less violent than others, and focus on Mexico's "biggest problem, the violence that is terrorizing the population and undermining the legitimacy of the state."[34] Olson said that crime will always exist, but one can make it less harmful by getting it out of people's lives as much as possible. He concluded by saying that this proposal is not a "de facto negotiation" with the cartels—but rather a question of what comes first.[34]
Peña Nieto's pledge to change the focus of the military-led approach of the drug war can potentially have major changes.[33]
Gaffes[link]
On 3 December 2011, during the International Book Fair in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Peña Nieto sparked controversy during a conference with other authors, where he presented his book "México: La Gran Esperanza" (Mexico: The Great Hope). During the press conference, Peña Nieto was asked which books had marked his life, and he answered fallaciously, claiming that Enrique Krauze was the author of the book "La Silla del Águila" (The Eagle's Throne), a novel actually written by Carlos Fuentes, a Mexican storyteller and author.[35] Peña Nieto tried to remember names of books and authors, and ended up asking the people present in the room to help him match the authors and the titles.[36][37] Nevertheless, Peña Nieto did assert certain parables in the Bible correctly, and successfully matched The Prodigal Daughter with its actual author, Jeffrey Archer.[38]
Peña Nieto explained that when he reads, he "focuses more on the reading" than on the authors and titles.[39] That same night on Twitter, Peña Nieto apologized for his mistakes but recommended the books to his Twitter followers and congratulated those who criticized him, saying that their actions constitute what democracy is all about.[40] Peña Nieto was criticized by prominent figures such as Carlos Fuentes, who said that he "does not have the right to become the President of Mexico due to his ignorance",[41] while others defended him, such as ex president Vicente Fox[42] and well-known journalists such as Adela Micha,[43] Denise Maerker,[44] Leopoldo Gómez,[45] and Carlos Marín,[46][47] saying that this event was blown out of proportion and that being a good reader is not necessary to be a good president and emphasized on his political intuition and his discipline.
In response to the criticism and jokes resulted of this incident, Peña Nieto's daughter called her father's critics on Twitter "a bunch of wimps" and "part of the underclass" that only criticizes "those they envy."[48] Peña Nieto apologized for his daughter's statements, saying that her comment was an "emotional overreaction," and that he spoke with his kids and explained to them the importance of tolerating other peoples' opinions.[49]
Later controversy was spawned on 13 December 2011 during an interview with the Spanish newspaper El País[50] where he answered incorrectly to the question about the minimum wage in Mexico[51][52] and when he was asked how much a kilo of tortillas cost nationwide, he replied, "I am not the housewife,"[53][54] Immediately, jokes and tweets on Twitter with the tags #nosoylaseñoradelacasa (#I am not the house wife) were placed among the most popular.[55][56] Peña Nieto asserted that his words had been taken "out of context," and that he meant to say that he is not the housewife in his home, and thus wouldn't know the prices.[57] He added that he had not meant to offend women.[58]
In addition, on 17 December 2011, several politicians of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) caused confusion after they claimed on Twitter that Miguel de la Madrid, who served as President of Mexico from 1982 to 1988, had supposedly died of a respiratory problem.[59] Soon after the PRI state governors of Veracruz and Yucatán—Javier Duarte and Ivonne Ortega—asserted the rumor through Twitter, Peña Nieto expressed his condolences to the ex-president's family, although Miguel de la Madrid was in fact alive and in the hospital.[60] Felipe Calderón, the current president of Mexico and member of the National Action Party (PAN), commented on de la Madrid's death and offered his sympathy to his family, but quickly reversed the tweet and clarified the rumor, explaining that de la Madrid was only in a "grave condition."[61] Consequently, Peña Nieto later confirmed Calderon's tweet.[62]
References[link]
- ^ "Mexico's 2012 Presidential Favorite Announces Candidacy". Fox News. 21 September 2011. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/09/21/pena-nieto-announces-run-for-mexico-presidency/.
- ^ . http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15914073/. [dead link]
- ^ Enrique Peña Nieto's profile in Mexico 2012 Election Official Website
- ^ Declaran muerte cerebral a Mónica Pretelini - El Universal
- ^ Falleció Mónica Pretelini, esposa del gobernador del Estado de México - La Crónica de Hoy
- ^ Muere Mónica Pretelini, esposa de Peña Nieto -Milenio
- ^ `Somos novios, sí´ Enrique Peña Nieto confirma en el programa `Shalalá´ que mantiene una relación con la actriz Angélica Rivera - El Universal
- ^ a b (Spanish) "Ex de Peña Nieto difunde foto con el candidato y su hijo". Yahoo! News. 5 April 2012. http://mx.noticias.yahoo.com/ex-de-pe%C3%B1a-nieto-difunde-foto-con-el-candidato-y-su-hijo.html?fb_source=timeline_news&fb_action_ids=10151732220550613&fb_action_types=news.reads&fb_ref=type%3Aread%2Cuser%3AHawpuxwxdJxkoBIYUAQ8LPq3_ak&code=AQCsQfB8JnhWEJg4Cqo8qTDz_qYp6BsOtVA5Al1U3O-gBJarTSXI-r6VmcxCJKq2w6-71elWVwwvjd1J8hI6qwwa1rBP9uOc7OdpMxQa2tg-UV7D0CwAD7NynWh2Jd2XyoBEZSTAPIs-Hizwp4sky6uL5hrZSj6zl9okky1oJs2Ow1ZdQezFie_KxoVDvUj3mWM#_=_. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
- ^ González, Jesús Isaac (Octubre), "Entrevista a Enrique Peña Nieto", Líderes Mexicanos 124, http://www.lideresmexicanos.com/articulos.php?id_sec=43&id_art=1045&id_ejemplar=81 [dead link]
- ^ Biografía de Enrique Peña Nieto en
- ^ a b c Comité Directivo Estatal del Partido Revolucionario Institucional del Estado de México, Enrique Peña Nieto, Memoria de Campaña para Gobernador Constitucional del Estado de México (2005-2011), 2005.
- ^ Rinde protesta el candidato del PRI a la gubernatura del estado de México El Universal, 13 de febrero del 2005.
- ^ Huerta, Ivan (Octubre), "Enrique Peña Nieto asume gubernatura de Edomex", Gente Sur 112, http://www.gentesur.com
- ^ Gobierno del Estado de México, Primer informe de gobierno de Enrique Peña Nieto, gobernador constitucional del Estado de México, 2006.
- ^ Los compromisos de Peña Nieto, año por año El Universal, 31 de agosto de 2011
- ^ 6to Informe. Peña Nieto, los 10 datos claves de su sexenio El Universal, 05 de septiembre de 2011
- ^ http://www.lajornadajalisco.com.mx/2012/04/11/deficiencias-en-al-menos-100-de-los-compromisos-presuntamente-cumplidos-por-pena-nieto-pan/
- ^ http://noticias.terra.com.mx/mexico/politica/elecciones/sucesion-presidencial/presenta-pri-portal-de-compromisos-cumplidos-de-pena-nieto,5fbbe41d207c6310VgnVCM4000009bcceb0aRCRD.html/
- ^ The governor’s miraculous achievement
- ^ Recomendación 038/2006 CNDH, 16 de octubre de 2006
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ Fallece la esposa de Enrique Peña Nieto La Jornada, 12 de enero de 2007
- ^ Declaran muerte cerebral a Mónica Pretelini El Universal, 11 de enero de 2007
- ^ Ejecutan en Veracruz a 4 escoltas de Peña Nieto La Crónica de Hoy, 12 de mayo de 2007
- ^ “«Por confusión el asesinato de los cuatro escoltas» dice Peña Nieto” La Crónica de Hoy, 12 de mayo de 2007
- ^ [4] Elección 2012 México
- ^ " WIKILEAKS - A LOOK AT MEXICO STATE, POTEMKIN VILLAGE STYLE : Pena Nieto: The Same Old PRI or Making Real Changes? en http://www.wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/09/09MEXICO2778.html
- ^ Peña Nieto presenta su libro: “México, la gran esperanza” http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/4259178fb116421ada4be474aca6b3e9
- ^ "Cercano a Enrique Peña Nieto" (in Spanish). Carlos Salinas de Gortari: El padrino político de Enrique Peña Nieto. January 04, 2010. http://salinasdegortari.blogspot.mx/2010/01/cercano-enrique-pena-nieto.html. Retrieved April 10, 2012. "No lo digo yo. Lo dicen los periodistas Francisco Cruz Jiménez y Jorge Toribio Montiel en su libro "Negocios de familia: la biografía no autorizada de Enrique Peña Nieto y el Grupo Atlacomulco" publicado por editorial Planeta."
- ^ Cruz, Francisco (2009) (in Spanish). Negocios de Familia: la Biografía no Autorizada de Enrique Peña Nieto y el Grupo Atlacomulco (11 ed.). Editorial Planeta. ISBN 978-607-07-0172-6. http://www.planeta.com.mx/descripcion_libro/2515. Retrieved 2012-04-10. "Enrique Peña Nieto se perfila como la carta más fuerte para enarbolar la candidatura presidencial del PRI en 2012. La trayectoria de Peña Nieto es también la de una gran familia: los apellidos Peña, Montiel, Nieto, Del Mazo, Fabela, González, Vélez, Sánchez y Colín, han dado al Estado de México seis gobernadores, todos ellos unidos por sólidos lazos familiares y de poder. Se han valido de la corrupción, compra de lealtades, imposiciones y otras maniobras similares para conservar y heredar el mando de generación en generación, a pesar de algunos intervalos. Como actual gobernador del Estado de México, Peña Nieto se ha convertido en la cabeza visible del Grupo Atlacomulco; su ascenso fue labrado escrupulosamente y está lejos de ser una obra del azar o una maniobra caprichosa de su antecesor Arturo Montiel. Negocios de familia desentraña la verdad detrás de la carismática figura de Peña Nieto y el entramado político para alcanzar la Presidencia de la República. La presencia cercana de Carlos Salinas de Gortari: llegó muy puntual al funeral de Enrique Peña del Mazo (padre de Peña Nieto), al velorio de Mónica Pretelini Sáenz, sus visitas secretas a la Casa de Gobierno, su asistencia a la toma de protesta de Peña Nieto."
- ^ a b c d e f Weissenstain, Michael (25 May 2012). "Mexico pres front-runner promises to cut violence". USA Today. http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Mexico-pres-front-runner-promises-to-cut-violence-3585942.php. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Mexico presidential front-runner vows to put an end to gruesome violence". National Post. 25 May 2012. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/25/mexico-presidential-front-runner-vows-to-put-an-end-to-gruesome-violence/. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ "Peña Nieto confunde nombres de libros y escritores en su visita a la FIL". CNN México. 3 December 2011. http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/12/03/pena-nieto-confunde-nombres-de-libros-y-escritores-en-su-visita-a-la-fil. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Peña Nieto confunde nombres de libros y escritores en su visita a la FIL". Zócalo Saltillo. 3 December 2011. http://www.zocalo.com.mx/seccion/articulo/pena-nieto-confunde-nombres-de-libros-y-escritores-en-su-visita-a-la-fil/. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Peña Nieto y el síndrome Fox: confunde a autores de los libros que supuestamente marcaron su vida". Zona Francia. 3 December 2011. http://www.zonafranca.mx/pena-nieto-confunde-a-autores-de-los-libros-que-marcaron-su-vida/. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "El libro que sí leyó Peña Nieto". Animal Politico. 6 December 2011. http://www.animalpolitico.com/2011/12/el-libro-que-si-leyo-pena-nieto/. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Historias de políticos "peleados" con los libros". BBC Mundo. 5 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/12/111205_sp_pena_nieto_libros_literatura_gaffes_med.shtml. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Mexican poll contender Pena Nieto falters at book event". BBC News. 6 December 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16044216. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Carlos Fuentes critica a Peña Nieto tras pifia". El Universal. 13 December 2011. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815997.html. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Vicente Fox defiende a Peña Nieto y elogia a AMLO". Excélsior. 15 December 2011. http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&orgn=rsssm&id_nota=795115/. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Que Peña Nieto sea lector es irrelevant a la hora de gobernar". Tercer Grado. 8 December 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vwh-f58FpjA/. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ ""Ser lector no es indispensable para que Peña sea un buen Presidente", dice Denise Maerker". Tercer Grado. 8 December 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lm1z4-EDy8. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ ""Si atacarán a Peña Nieto por iletrado eso no dará para mucho", dicen en Televisa". Tercer Grado. 8 December 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E064d0Pp55o/. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Carlos Marín defiende a Peña Nieto y acusa a críticos de ignorantes". SDP Noticias. 8 December 2011. http://sdpnoticias.com/video/1665/Carlos_Marin_defiende_a_Pena_Nieto_y_acusa_a_criticos_de_ignorantes. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ "Justifica Carlos Marín a Peña Nieto y acusa a los twitteros de ser unos ignorantes". Tercer Grado. 8 December 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LrrRdEvwH4. Retrieved 13 March 2012.
- ^ "Mexican candidate defends his lack of knowledge about books". Fox News Latino. 6 December 2011. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2011/12/06/mexican-candidate-defends-his-lack-knowledge-about-books/. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Hija de Peña Nieto causa ira en Twitter al renviar mensaje que insulta a críticos". La Jornada. 6 December 2011. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/12/06/politica/013n1pol. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Balconea El País a Peña Nieto: no sabe el monto del salario mínimo". Milenio. 11 December 2011. http://puebla.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/be0e93a852354ad9e833b2ddfff25815. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Peña Nieto desconoce el monto exacto del salario mínimo". Terra. 11 December 2011. http://noticias.terra.com.mx/pena-nieto-desconoce-el-monto-exacto-del-salario-minimo,3c720abfdbe24310VgnVCM3000009af154d0RCRD.html. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Peña Nieto desconoce el precio del kilo de tortilla y del salario mínimo". International Business Times. 12 December 2011. http://mx.ibtimes.com/articles/20133/20111213/pena-nieto-salario-minimo-kilo-tortilla-mujer-dela-casa-twitter.htm. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Peña Nieto: "No soy la señora de la casa"". Yahoo Noticias. 13 December 2011. http://mx.noticias.yahoo.com/blogs/blognoticias/pe%C3%B1a-nieto--no-soy-la-se%C3%B1ora-de-la-casa.html. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Se disparó 87.5% el precio del kilo de tortilla de 2006 a la fecha". La Jornada. 8 December 2011. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/12/08/economia/029n1eco. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "#nosoylaseñoradelacasa". Twitter. http://twitter.com/#!/search?q=%23nosoylaseñoradelacasa. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "‘No soy la señora de la casa’: Peña Nieto". La Vanguardia. 13 December 2011. http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/nosoylasenoradelacasapenanieto-1170391.html. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Lo que quise decir es que mi esposa es quien realiza las compras de la casa: Peña Nieto". Animal Politico. 13 December 2011. http://www.animalpolitico.com/2011/12/el-precio-de-las-tortillas-tema-para-la-senora-de-la-casa-pena-nieto/. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Peña Nieto vuelve a dar la nota en Twitter". El Economista. 13 December 2011. http://eleconomista.com.mx/sociedad/2011/12/13/pena-nieto-vuelve-dar-nota-twitter. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- ^ "Mexican ex-President de la Madrid reported dead, then alive". Los Angeles Times. 17 December 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2011/12/former-mexican-president-reported-dead-then-alive.html. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ "Priistas causan confusión al reportar falsa muerte de Miguel de la Madrid". CNN México. 17 December 2011. http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/12/17/priistas-causan-confusion-al-reportar-falsa-muerte-de-miguel-de-la-madrid. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ "Peña Nieto dio por muerto a De la Madrid". La Jornada. 18 December 2011. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/12/18/politica/007n3pol. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ "Rectifica Peña: Miguel de la Madrid no ha muerto". Terra. 17 December 2011. http://noticias.terra.com.mx/mexico/politica/rectifica-pena-miguel-de-la-madrid-no-ha-muerto,f1e6fecc7ed44310VgnVCM20000099f154d0RCRD.html. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
External links[link]
- Enrique Peña Nieto's profile in Mexico 2012 Election Official Website
- Official State of Mexico government website
- Official personal website
- Enrique Peña Nieto in Facebook
- Enrique Peña Nieto in Twitter
See also[link]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Arturo Montiel |
Governor of the State of Mexico 2005–2011 |
Succeeded by Eruviel Ávila Villegas |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pena Nieto, Enrique |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | July 20, 1966 |
| Place of birth | Atlacomulco, State of Mexico |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Enrique_Peña_Nieto
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
