Thrissur

Tuesday, 04 December 2012

Jayaraj Warrier Comedy Show about Thrissur Slang

Are Women safe in Kerala? Thrissur special

Violent Elephant in thrissur Festival 2012

Elephant Attcak in Thrissur Pooram - 2012

Story of an Animal lover in Thrissur Zoo

THRISSUR- POTTORE- 5 CENTS + 1750 SqFtNEW HOUSE FOR SALE@ 42 LAKHS/www.thrissurrealeste.in(SA-762)

THRISSUR ZOO AND MUSEUM VIDEO DOCUMENTARY-KERALA INDIA

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Agra
Agra (ⁱ/ˈɑːɡrə/; Hindi: आगरा, Urdu: آ گرہ), the erstwhile capital of Hindustan, is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India, 363 kilometres (226 mi) west of state capital, Lucknow and 200 kilometres (124 mi) south of the national capital New Delhi. With a population of 1,686,976 (2010 est.), it is one of the most populous cities in Uttar Pradesh and the 19th most populous in India. Because 80 percent of the city's sewage flows into Yamuna River, it is 20th most polluted city in India. Agra can also refer to the administrative district that has its headquarters in Agra city.
The city finds mention in the epic Mahābhārata where it was called Agrevaṇa, or 'the border of the forest'. Legend ascribes the founding of the city to Rājā Badal Singh, a Sikarwar Rajput king (circa 1475), whose fort, Badalgarh, stood on or near the site of the present Fort. However, the 11th century Persian poet Mas'ūd Sa'd Salmān writes of a desperate assault on the fortress of Agra, then held by the Shāhī King Jayapala, by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Sultan Sikandar Lodī was the first to move his capital from Delhi to Agra in the year 1506; he died in 1517 and his son Ibrāhīm Lodī remained in power there for nine more years, finally being defeated at the Battle of Panipat in 1526. It achieved fame as the capital of the Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658 and remains a major tourist destination because of its many splendid Mughal-era buildings, most notably the Tāj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpūr Sikrī, all three of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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Ahmedabad
Ahmedabad (ⁱ/ˈɑːmɨdəbɑːd/ also known as Amdavad ) is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. The city is an administrative centre of Ahmedabad district as well as the judicial capital of Gujarat as the Gujarat High Court is in Ahmedabad. It was founded on 26 February 1411 by Sultan Ahmed Shah to serve as the capital of the Gujarat Sultanate, and was named after him. With a city population of more than 5.5 million and an extended population of 6.3 million it is the fifth largest city and seventh largest metropolitan area of India. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the River Sabarmati, 32 km (20 mi) from the state capital Gandhinagar.
Though incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad remained one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. The city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname the Manchester of the East. The city was at the forefront of the Indian independence movement in the first half of the 20^th century and centre of many campaigns of civil disobedience to promote workers' rights, civil rights, and political independence.

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Alappuzha
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ pronunciation (help·info)), also known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India.This town is considered to be the oldest planned town in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the town is the first of its kind along the Arabian coast(refer encyclopedia of Kerala in Malayalam language). As per 2001 census Alleppey is the sixth largest city in Kerala with an urban population of 177,029. Alleppey is situated 62 kilometres (39 mi) to the south of Kochi and 155 kilometres (96 mi) north of Trivandrum. A town with picturesque canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, it was described as the one of the places known as "Venice of the East" by Lord Curzon . It is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District. Malayalam is the most spoken language. Hindi, English and Tamil are also widely spoken in the town.^{[citation needed]}
Alleppey is an important tourist destination in India.Backwaters of Alleppey are world famous and is the most popular tourist attraction in Kerala. A houseboat cruise in these backwaters is a delightful experience. It connects Kumarakom and Cochin towards north and Quilon to the South. Alappuzha is also the access point for the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race, held on the Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, held on the second Saturday of August every year, is the most competitive and popular of the boat races in India. The mullackal chirap is also one of the attractions of Allapuzha which is the festive season held ten colorfull days every year in the month of December.

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Alappuzha district
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala in India. It was formed as Alleppey District on August 17, 1957. The name of the district was officially changed to Alappuzha in 1990. The district is a widely known tourist destination, and is well known for its coir factories. Most of Kerala's coir industries are situated in and around Alappuzha. The district is also known for its communist traditions. It is home to the Punnapra Vayalar strikes against the British and also the revolt against feudal raj. Alappuzha is strongly connected by waterways to various other parts of Kerala, including the famous tourist destination, Kumarakom.
Alleppey has a wonderful past. Though the present town owes its existence to the sagacious Diwan Rajakesavadas in the second half of 18th century, district of Alappuzha figures in classified Literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in B.C and in the Middle Ages.

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Amritsar
Amritsar ( pronunciation (help·info); Punjabi: ਅੰਮ੍ਰਿਤਸਰ IPA: [əmːɾɪt̪səɾ], historically also known as ਰਾਮਦਾਸਪੁਰ Rāmdāspur and colloquially as ਅੰਬਰਸਰ, Ambarsar) is a city in the north-western part of India. It is the spiritual center for the Sikh religion and the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district in the state of Punjab.
It is home to the Harmandir Sahib (referred to as the "Golden Temple" in the western media), the spiritual and cultural center for the Sikh religion. This important Sikh shrine attracts more visitors than the Taj Mahal with more than 100,000 visitors on week days alone and is the most popular destination for Non-resident Indians (NRI) in the whole of India. The city also houses the Sikh temporal and political authority, Akal Takht, as well as the Sikh Parliament.
The 2011 Indian census reported the population of the city to be 1,132,761. Amritsar is situated 217 kilometres (135 mi) northwest of state capital Chandigarh and is 32 kilometres (20 mi) east of Lahore, Pakistan and therefore, very close to India's western border with Pakistan.

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Aranattukara
Aranattukara is a town in Thrissur City,Kerala, India. Aranattukara is the 50th ward of Thrissur Municipal Corporation.

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Asansol
Asansol is a coal mining and industrial metropolis and one of the busiest commercial centres in India. It is the second largest city and urban agglomeration in West Bengal after Kolkata and the 19th largest urban agglomeration in India. Asansol is located in the Burdwan District of India. It has a large workforce, moderately high per capita income, educational establishments, good transport connections, several housing complexes, and land suitable for industry, institutions, transport and commerce. Its hinterland is Bankura and Purulia districts and North Bengal, linked to parts of Orissa and Jharkhand states. According to a report released by International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental body, Asansol is among the 11 Indian cities in the list of 100 fastest growing cities in the world with a rank of 42. The name Asansol is derived from two different names, Asan tree (a species of tree found on the banks of river Damodar) and Sol-Bhumi/Sol-land (the land rich in minerals).

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Athirappilly Falls
Athirappilly Falls is situated in Athirappilly panchayath in Thrissur district of Kerala, on the southwest coast of India. Located on the west-flowing Chalakudy River near the Vazhachal Forest Division and the Sholayar ranges, this 24-metre (80 ft) waterfall and the nearby Vazhachal Falls are popular tourist destinations. Controversy about a state-proposed hydroelectric dam on the Chalakudy River above the waterfalls began in the 1990s and has continued through 2011.
The 145 kilometres (90 mi) long Chalakudy River, originates in the Anamudi mountains of the Western Ghats and flows through the Vazhachal Forest toward the Arabian Sea. The river initially runs smoothly but becomes more turbulent as it nears Athirappilly. At Athirappilly Falls, the water surges around big rocks and cascades down in three separate plumes. Below the falls, the river remains turbulent for about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) until it reaches Kannamkuzhi. Then it calms and flows smoothly until reaching the dam at Thumburmuzhi.

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Bahrain
Bahrain ( pronunciation) (Arabic: ‏البحرين‎, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: ‏بحرين‎, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين‎, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.

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Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,^{[needs IPA]} is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.

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Bhopal
Bhopal /boʊˈpɑːl/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [bʱoːpaːl] ( listen)) is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal State. Bhopal is known as the City of Lakes for its various natural as well as artificial lakes and is also one of the greenest cities in India.
A B-1 class city, Bhopal houses various institutions and installations of national importance. Some of these include ISRO's Master Control Facility, the CSIR Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER Bhopal), School of Planning and Architecture, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal (associated with Hamidia Hospital, Sultania Zanana Hospital & Kamla Nehru Hospital), and the (approved, under-construction) All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal.

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BSNL
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company headquartered in New Delhi, India. It is the largest provider of fixed telephony and fourth largest mobile telephony provider in India, and is also a provider of broadband services. However, in recent years the company's revenue and market share plunged into heavy losses due to intense competition in Indian telecommunications sector.
BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service provider (CSP). It had a customer base of 95 million as of June 2011. It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL).
BSNL is divided into a number of administrative units termed as telecom circles, metro districts, project circles and specialized units, as mentioned below:

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Calicut
Kozhikode (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് [koːɻikːoːɖ] ( listen), also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode is the third largest city in Kerala and is part of the second largest urban agglomeration in Kerala with a metropolitan population of 2,030,519 as per 2011 census.It is the headquarters of the Kozhikode district.
During classical antiquity and the middle ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. It was the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins) in middle ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar district under British rule. Muslim Arab merchants traded with Kozhikode as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on May 20, 1498. A Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period (1511–1525, until the Fall of Calicut), the English landed in 1615 (constructed a trading post in 1665), followed by the French (1698) and the Dutch (1752). In 1765, Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of his occupation.

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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.

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Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.

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Chirayinkeezhu taluk

Chirayinkeezhu Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated in the northern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 29 villages and two municipalities. Chirayinkeezhu taluk is the birthplace of a host of illustrious personalities like Raja Ravi Varma, the painter among princes and a prince among painters, the great poet and social reformer Kumaran Asan, the practical saint and sanyasin Sree Narayana Guru, Prem Nazir etc.
There are 29 villages and two municipalities are in the taluk.
Alamcode, Ayiroor, Azhoor, Chemmaruthy, Cherunniyoor, Chirayinkeezhu, Edakkode, Edava, Kadakkavoor, Karavaram, Keezhattingal, Kilimanoor, Koonthalloor, Koduvazhannoor, Kudavoor, Madavoor, Manamboor, Mudakkal, Nagaroor, Navaikulam, Ottoor, Pallickal, Pazhayakunnummel, Perunguzhi, Pulimath, Sarkara-Chirayinkeezhu, Vakkom, Vellalloor, Vettoor·
There are two municipalities: Varkala and Attingal.
Chirayinkeezh is blessed with a network of backwaters and canals, which is quite typical of Kerala.Also there are many Temples and important tourist places. Some of them are given below.

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Chittur
Chittur is a small town in Palakkad district of Kerala, South India.
Chittur assembly constituency is part of Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency). It contains 16 panchayats.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Chittur-Thathamangalam had a population of 31,884. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Chittur-Thathamangalam has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 84% and female literacy of 74%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

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Chiyyaram
Chiyyaram is a place lies in the outskirts of Thrissur City of Kerala, South India. Chiyyaram is famous for Gold workers.
The Vijayamatha Church stands as a symbol of unity among the natives which enabled its planning, implementation and construction so fast as if blessed without any obstruction. Chiyyaram also has famous Hindu temples Karamukku Temple ( Pooram from this temple also participates in famous Thrissur pooram. Other Famous temples in chiyyaram are Ollurkavu Bhagavathi temple (The temple which was moved from the location where current Ollur church stands), Mudipillavu Krishna temple and Chiyyaram Dhanuvanthari temple.Hindus and Christians are dominant in this place which has now become a prime residential area for successful Business magnets, NRIs, Living Environments etc.
The important stops which veins the place are from Koorkanchery, Post Office, Althara, Craze Biscuit Company, Kallu Shappu, Chiyyaram Convent, Nasrani Palam, Munayam etc.
It can be reached via Koorkanchery, Kuriachira when coming from the central part of the city and via Ollur when coming from Cochin and via Cherpu when coming from Kodungallur.

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Cochin
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി, Kocci ^?[koˈtʃːi] ( listen)), formerly Cochin, is a major port city on the west coast of India by the Arabian Sea. Kochi is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala.
Kochi is often called by the name Ernakulam, which refers to the eastern part of the mainland Kochi. The civic body that governs the city is the Corporation of Cochin, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority and the Goshree Islands Development Authority.
The city of Kochi (pop. 601,574) is Kerala's largest city and is part of an extended metropolitan region (pop. 2.1 million), which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. It is the most densely populated city in the state. Kochi city is also a part of Greater Cochin region and is classified as a B-1 grade city by the Government of India, making it the highest graded city in the state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.

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Coimbatore
Coimbatore (Tamil: கோயம்புத்தூர், pronounced [kɔəjmbaːʈɔrɪ]), also known as Kovai (Tamil: கோவை, pronounced [kɔʋaːəj] ( listen)), is the second largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the 15th largest urban agglomeration in India with a metropolitan population of over 2 million. It is a major commercial centre and has often been referred to as the "Manchester of South India".
The Coimbatore region has been ruled by the Cheras, the Cholas, the later Pandyas, the Vijayanagar Empire and the Madurai Nayaks and is believed to have been named after a chieftain called Koyan. In the 17th century, the city became a part of the Kingdom of Mysore and remained so until its conquest by the British East India Company in 1799. The history of modern Coimbatore, however, dates from the 1930s, when the city grew rapidly capitalizing on a textile boom. Since then, the city has witnessed steady growth fueled by its favourable soil, climate and political and economic conditions.
Coimbatore is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation which comprises 100 wards grouped into five zones. It is situated on the banks of the Noyyal River in western Tamil Nadu and is surrounded by the Western Ghats on all sides. It is well connected by road, rail and air with major towns and cities in India.

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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.

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Devikulam
Devikulam is a small hill station about 16 km from Munnar in the Idukki District of the southern state of Kerala in India. It is 1800 m above sea level.
The name Devikulam means:
Devi -> Seeta Devi and Kulam -> Pond
According to legend, the goddess Sita Devi of the Ramayana epic bathed in the beautiful Devikulam lake waters surrounded by lush, green hills, now named Sita Devi Lake. The lake draws tourists not only because of its sacredness but also for the curative powers of its mineral waters. Most of the inhabitants in this town speak Tamil. Nearby, are the scenic Pallivasal Waterfalls, dense, green tea plantations, and the natural vegetation of slim red and blue and yellow gum trees.
Population of approximately 350 people (2010)

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Dhanbad
Dhanbad (Hindi: धनबाद, Bengali: ধনবাদ) is a city in the state of Jharkhand, and is also known as the Coal Capital of India. Dhanbad is the 96th fastest growing city in the world. According to the 2011 census, Dhanbad is among the 53 cities of India with a population of more than one million and is the 42nd largest city. Among the rail divisions of Indian Railway, Dhanbad Rail Division is the second largest in terms of revenue generation after Mumbai division.
Dhanbad is famous for coal mining. Tata Steel, BCCL, ECL and IISCO (Indian Iron And Steel Company) are some of the companies having coal mines in the district. Coal mining, coal washing, and coke making are the main coal-related industries in the city. IISCO is now owned by SAIL, while BCCL and Eastern Coalfields Limited are subsidiaries of Coal India Limited (CIL); these two companies are the largest operators of coal mines in Dhanbad, and have open cast mines as well as underground mines, whereas Tata Steel has mostly underground mines. These companies have developed townships for their employees. The prestigious Indian School of Mines is located in the heart of the city of Dhanbad.

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Doha
Doha (Arabic: الدوحة‎, ad-Dawḥa or ad-Dōḥa, literally: "the big tree") is the capital city of the state of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf, it had a population of 998,651 in 2008, and is also one of the municipalities of Qatar. Doha is Qatar's largest city, with over 60% of the nation's population residing in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and is also the economic centre of the country.
Doha also serves as the seat of government of Qatar, which is ruled by Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. Doha is home to the Education City, an area devoted to research and education. Doha was the site of the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations. The city of Doha held the 2006 Asian Games, which was the largest Asian Games ever held. Doha also hosted the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. Doha will also host a large number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha in December 2011.

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Eloor
Eloor is a suburb of Kochi and a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala, India. It is an industrial area north of Cochin. It is an island of 14.21 km² formed between two distributaries of river Periyar and is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. Eloor is a part of Kochi metropolitan area.
There are more than 247 industries of different kinds e.g., Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Hindustan Insecticides Limited (the world's largest manufacturer of DDT) and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical-petrochemical products, pesticides and insecticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chromium compounds and leather products.
As a result of its heavy industry, the town also suffers from heavy pollution, and is rated as one of the toxic hotspots of the world by Green Peace International.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Eloor had a population of 30,092. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Eloor has an average literacy rate of 84%, somewhat higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 81%.

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England
England ⁱ/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.

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Ernakulam district
Ernakulam District is a district of the state of Kerala in southern India. The district includes the largest metropolitan region of the state Greater Cochin. Ernakulam District is the highest revenue yielding district in the state and is called and known as the commercial capital of Kerala. It is the third most populous district in Kerala,after Malappuram and Thiruvananthapuram (out of 14). Ernakulam district also hosts the highest number of number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala state.
It is surrounded by Thrissur District to the north, Idukki District to the east, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts to the south and Arabian sea to west. Its headquarters is located at Kakkanad, a suburb of Kochi city.
The language people speak in Ernakulam is Malayalam which is the mother-tongue of the State of Kerala. English is widely used in business circles.
The word/name Ernakulam is derived from a Tamil word Erayanarkulam which means abode of Lord Shiva.
From ancient times Arabs, Chinese, Dutch, British and Portuguese seafarers followed the sea route to Kingdom of Cochin and left their impressions in the town. The word Ernakulam was drawn from the words Erayanar and kulam means abode of Lord Shiva temple near pond.

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Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India for a period of 5 years. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as real head of the executive. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram(Trivandrum). The Government of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1956 after merging of Royal States of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar as part of States Reorganization Act-1956.
The Governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are by the Governor. The Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister, sending reports to the President about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.

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Guruvayoor
Guruvayur (Malayalam: ഗുരുവായൂർ) (also written as Guruvayoor or Gurupavanapuri) is a municipal town in Thrissur District, of Kerala State in India. It houses the famous Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple, the fourth biggest temple in India in terms of the number of devotees per day.
Guruvayur, according to the legends may be 5,000 years old as the Guruvayur temple idol is. There are no historical records to establish it. In the 14th century, Tamil literature 'Kokasandesam', references about a place called Kuruvayur is made. As early as 16th century, many references are seen about Kuruvayur. In ancient Dravidic, Kuruvai means sea, hence the village on the coast may be called Kuruvayur. According to eminent historian Professor K. V. Krishna Iyer, the Brahmins had begun to come and settle at Kodungallur during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya (321-297 BC).
Guruvayur was a subordinate shrine of Trikkunavay Shiva temple before the latter was destroyed by the Dutch in 1755. Trikkunavay in the Guruvayur documents is the same as Thrikkanamathilakam or Mathilakam mentioned in the Dutch and British records. And this place was in between Guruvayur and Kodungallur. The story of Pandyan King building a shrine here may be a reference to the Azhavars, but they are all silent in their writing about Guruvayur. It was Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri's Narayaniyam through which the Guruvayur temple got famous all over India.

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Guruvayur
Guruvayur (Malayalam: ഗുരുവായൂർ) (also written as Guruvayoor or Gurupavanapuri) is a municipal town in Thrissur District, of Kerala State in India. It houses the famous Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple, the fourth biggest temple in India in terms of the number of devotees per day.
Guruvayur, according to the legends may be 5,000 years old as the Guruvayur temple idol is. There are no historical records to establish it. In the 14th century, Tamil literature 'Kokasandesam', references about a place called Kuruvayur is made. As early as 16th century, many references are seen about Kuruvayur. In ancient Dravidic, Kuruvai means sea, hence the village on the coast may be called Kuruvayur. According to eminent historian Professor K. V. Krishna Iyer, the Brahmins had begun to come and settle at Kodungallur during the period of Chandra Gupta Maurya (321-297 BC).
Guruvayur was a subordinate shrine of Trikkunavay Shiva temple before the latter was destroyed by the Dutch in 1755. Trikkunavay in the Guruvayur documents is the same as Thrikkanamathilakam or Mathilakam mentioned in the Dutch and British records. And this place was in between Guruvayur and Kodungallur. The story of Pandyan King building a shrine here may be a reference to the Azhavars, but they are all silent in their writing about Guruvayur. It was Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri's Narayaniyam through which the Guruvayur temple got famous all over India.

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Guruvayur temple
Guruvayur Sri Krshna Temple (Malayalam: ഗുരുവായൂര്‍ ക്ഷേത്രം, Guruvāyūr Kṣētṟaṁ) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Krshna, located in the town of Guruvayur in Kerala, India. It is one of the most important places of worship for Hindus of Kerala and is often referred to as "Bhuloka Vaikunta" which translates to the "Holy Abode of Vishnu on Earth". The idol installed at Guruvayur Sri Krshna Temple represents a form of Krshna with its four arms carrying the conch Pancajanya, the magical discus with serrated edges Sudarshana Chakra, the mace Kaumodaki and a lotus with a boly basil garland. This idol represents the majestic form of god Vishnu as revealed to Vasudeva and Devaki around the time of Krshna; hence Guruvayur is also known as "Dwaraka of South India". Krishna is popularly known in Kerala by different names such as Kannan, Unnikkannan ("Baby" Kannan), Unnikkrshnan, Balakrshnan, and Guruvayurappan.
The "presiding" deity in the Sri Kovil of the Guruvayur Sri Krshna Temple is Vishnu. He is currently worshipped (the "puja") according to routines laid down by Adi Shankara and later written formally in the tantric way, the inter-religious spiritual movement that arose in medieval India, by Cennas Narayanan Nambudiri (born in 1427). The Cennas Nambudiris are the hereditary tantris of the Guruvayur Temple. The temple (puja) routines are strictly followed. The tantri is available full time at the Temple to ensure this. The Melsanti (Chief Priest) enters the sanctum sanctorum at 2:30 in the morning and does not drink anything up to the completion of "noon worships" at 12:30 PM. The Vedic traditions being followed at this temple with absolute perfection is the hallmark of the Guruvayur temple. It is important to note here that, even though the shrine is considered to be one of the holiest spots for Vaishnavites, the temple is not a part of the famous 108 Holy Temples.

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Idukki district
Idukki is one of the 14 districts of Kerala state, India. The district headquarters is located at Kuyilimala in Painavu.

The name of the district is derived from the Malayalam word Idukki, meaning narrow gorge.
Idukki has an area of 4,479 km² (1,729 sq mi) and is the second largest District of Kerala (the largest being Palakkad). Rugged mountains and forests cover about 97 percent of the total area of the District. The district borders the Kerala districts of Pathanamthitta to the south, Kottayam to the southwest, Ernakulam to the northwest and Thrissur to the north and Coimbature, Dindigul and Theni Districts in Tamilnadu to the east.
Anamudi, the highest peak in India south of Himalayas, is in the Kuttampuzha Panchayat of Adimali Block, in the Kannan Devan Hills Village of Devikulam taluk. Thirteen other peaks in the district exceed a height of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The Periyar, Thodupuzhayar and Thalayar are the important rivers of the district.
The four taluks (subdistricts) in the district are Devikulam, Udumbanchola, Peerumade and Thodupuzha. The taluks contain 65 villages between them.

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India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

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Indore
Indore /ɪnˈdɔər/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the largest city and the headquarters of Indore District in the state of Madhya Pradesh. Indore is located 190 km west of the state capital of Bhopal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Indore city has a population of 1,960,631 and is fourteenth most populous city in India, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 2.3 million. It is the 147th largest city in the world. Indore is the richest city in central India and also known as "Mini Mumbai" due to it's lifestyle similarities with Mumbai. It also reflects Mumbai's potpourri of cultures, with significant Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari and Sindhi populations.
Indore is the only city of India with both an Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT).
During the days of the Maratha Empire Indore was an important hub between the Deccan and Delhi. However after the death of Madhavrao Peshwa, the Maratha Empire disintegrated and Indore was declared the capital of the Holkar state, until Rani Ahilyabai Holkar moved the capital to Maheshwar.

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Jabalpur
Jabalpur (Hindi: जबलपुर) often called as Sanskaardhaani is one of the major cities of India situated in the Mahakaushal region of state of Madhya Pradesh in India. It is the biggest city in the state of Madhya Pradesh by area. It is the largest urban agglomeration in Madhya Pradesh and the 38th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the 2011 census statistics.
It is bordered by Katni to the north, Umaria to the north-east, Dindori to the east, Mandla to the south-east, Seoni to the south, Narsimhapur to the south-west and Damoh to the north-west. Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of Jabalpur district (the second most populous district of Madhya Pradesh) and Jabalpur division.
Geographically an important place, the ruling Gond dynasty of Jabalpur lent its name to the primordial continental mass Gondwana. Historically, a center of Kalchuri and Gond dynasties, Jabalpur developed a syncretic culture influenced by the intermittent reigns of the Maratha and Mughal empires. In the early nineteenth century, it was gradually annexed in British India as Jubbulpore and incorporated as a major cantonment town. Post-independence, there have been demands for a separate state of Mahakoshal with Jabalpur as its capital.

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Jamshedpur
Jamshedpur /ˈdʒɑːmʃɛdpʊər/ (Hindi: जमशेदपुर, Bengali: জামশেদপুর, pronunciation (help·info)) is the largest urban conglomeration and most populous city in the state of Jharkhand, India . Jamshedpur is the first planned industrial city of India, founded by the late Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. It is also known as Steel City, TataNagar or simply Tata.
Jamshedpur is the headquarters of the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. It has a population of 2,337,131 (according to the 2011 census) and is the third Largest city in Eastern India after Kolkata and Patna. It ranks 36th among the 53 million-plus cities in India. It is located on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills. The city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city.
Jamshedpur is a major industrial centre of East India. It houses companies like Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Power, Lafarge Cement, Telcon, BOC Gases, Tata Technologies Limited, Praxair, TCE, TCS, Tinplate and many more. It is home to one of the largest industrial zones of India known as Adityapur which houses more than 1,200 small and medium scale industries.

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Jeddah
Jeddah (Arabic: جدّة‎ Jidda), sometimes spelled Jiddah or Jedda, is a city located on the coast of the Red Sea and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea, and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The population of the city currently stands at 3.2 million. It is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia.
Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca, Islam's holiest city, which able-bodied Muslims are required to visit at least once in their lifetime. It is also a gateway to Medina, the second holiest place in Islam.
Jeddah is one of the most cosmopolitan, diverse, and tolerant of all Saudi Arabian cities, hosting expatriates from all over the world who have made Jeddah their home.^{[citation needed]} Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East. Jeddah was independently ranked 4th in the Africa / Mid-East region in terms of innovation in 2009 in the Innovation Cities Index.

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Kalamassery
Kalamassery' (Malayalam: കളമശ്ശേരി) is a region in the city of Kochi and a Municipality in the District of Ernakulam of Kerala state, India. It is a concentrated region of industrialization with several factories manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers, as well as IT companies. In the vicinity of Kalamassery are the Thrikkakara temple, the Cochin University of Science and Technology and the Eloor industrial township. The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery.
The name Kalamassery is derived from ‘Kalabasery’. Kalabasery was the place from where Kalabam was brought to Thrikkakara Temple. Later this Kalabasery changed its name into Kalamassery.
As of 2001 India census, Kalamassery had a population of 63,176. Sex ratio is 956 females per 1000 males. Kalamassery has an average literacy rate of 84%, which is well higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 82%. In Kalamassery, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Although Muslims are the largest community, a sizable amount of the population follow Hinduism and Christianity.

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Kanhangad
Kanhangad (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞങ്ങാട്) is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod District in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 28 km from the district headquarters of Kasaragod. Bekal Fort is a 300-year old fort, one of the largest and best preserved forts in Kerala and lies 10 km north of Kanhangad . The fort is believed to have been built by Ikkeri Shivappa Nayaka. A Hanuman temple is located at the entrance of the fort. The construction resembles the Portuguese fort at Kannur St.Angelo's Fort.
As of 2001^[update] India census, Kanhangad had a population of 65,499. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Kanhangad has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 74%. In Kanhangad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The most widely spoken language is Malayalam. Other prominent languages spoken by communities living here include Konkani, Tulu and Kannada. A large GSB Brahmin community (who speaks Konkani) lives here. The famous Gowda Saraswat Brahmin temple, Lakshmi Venkatesh temple (LV temple) is also situated in Kanhangad. There is also a small Palghat Iyer Brahmin community which speaks a mix of Malayalam and Tamil.

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Kanjirappally
Kanjirappally (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞിരപ്പള്ളി) is a taluk and a town in Kottayam district, in the state of Kerala, India. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholic Christians. The Christian colonization of Kanjirappally had a profound impact on the history of commerce and agriculture in these parts. The Christians claim their roots from early settlements at Nilakkal or Chayal on the banks of Pamba River. There is also a strong belief that the flourishing Christian community here was founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle himself. The place was in the forest recesses far away from seats of power. Nilakkal became an important depot for spices like pepper, cardamom etc. and the Christians were engaged in this lucrative trade as procures and sorters.
Kanjirappally is a small city that boasts of it religious harmony. The population is a mixture of Christians, Muslims, and Hindus.
One of the oldest and most famous church in the diocese of Kanjirappally. It was built in the 1449 AD, even 50 years before the Portuguese landed in Kerala.

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Kannamkulangara
Kannamkulangara/Kannankulangara is a desam [area] in the Southern part of Thrissur which is a part of OR intersected with Koorkenchery; in Kerala state, South India.
Kannankulangara is a commercial and residential area in Thrissur, Kerala, India. It is very closer to the city starting from Sakthan Thampuran Bus stand and extending towards Chiyyaram and Koorkenchery Maheswara Temple. Kannankulangara is Ward 33 of Thrissur Municipal Corporation.
Kannamkulangara is home to the Mahavishnu Temple and Christ the King Church.
The name "Kannankulangara " has meaning , which can interpreted as "Land near to Kannan's Pond". There is also a Pond near to the Mahavishnu Temple temple. So its said that the name "Kannan" + "Kulam" + "Kara" = Kannankulangara. There is an annual festival celebrated in the temple.
Hindus and Christians are dominant in this place which has now become a prime residential area.
Trichur Heart Hospital,Trichur Head Post Office,Income Tax/Customs" Offices are located in Kannamkulangara, Thrissur.

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Kannur
Kannur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍, Kaṇṇūr ^?), also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of the District of Kannur and 518 km north of state capital Trivandrum. During British rule in India, Kannur was known by its old name Cannanore(Land of lord Krishna^{[citation needed]}), which is still in fairly common usage. Kannur is the 6th largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kollam. It is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur Municipality was established in 1867 and is one of the oldest municipalities in Kerala.
Kannur is one of the Million Plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011. Kannur is known as the Land of Looms and Lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and ritualistic folk arts held in temples. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches; Theyyam, its native performing art, and its handloom industry.

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Kannur district
Kannur District (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The town of Kannur is the district headquarters, and gives the district its name. The old name Cannanore is the anglicised form of the Malayalam name Kannur. Kannur District is bounded by Kasaragod District to the north, Kozhikode District to the south and Wayanad District to the south-east. To the east the district is bounded by the Western Ghats, which forms the border with Karnataka State, in its district of Kodagu. The Arabian Sea lies to the west.
Kannur is the most urbanised district in Kerala, with more than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. Kannur has an urban population of 1,212,898, which is the second largest in Kerala after Ernakulam district.
Kannur District is known as the land of looms and lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and festivals held in temples. The district is a major centre of Theyyam, a ritual dance of northern Kerala. Small shrines known as kavus associated with the Theyyam dot the district. The district is set to have a new international airport. Kannur International Airport will be the fourth International Airport in Kerala.

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Kanpur
Kanpur /ˈkɑːnpʊər/ (Hindi: कानपुर, Urdu: کان پور pronunciation (help·info)), spelled Cawnpore before 1948, is the Industrial Capital of Uttar Pradesh and is the administrative headquarters of Kanpur Nagar district, Kanpur Dehat district and Kanpur division. It is the eleventh-most populous city in India and the major industrial hub with in the state of Uttar Pradesh.
It is one of the oldest industrial townships of North India. It has a metropolitan area of over 1,640 square kilometres (630 sq mi) and a city area of around 829 km² with an approximate population of 3 million inhabitants in its area. It is administratively divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with an average ward population range of 19000 to 26000.
City Development Plan for Kanpur city is both a perspective and vision for the future development. Kanpur City Development Plan (CDP) is the culmination of a study which was commenced about three months ago^[when?] by JPS Associates. This report is based on invaluable inputs the consultants received from the various stakeholders and the officers associated with the development of the city. This CDP, therefore, truly reflects the vision of the citizens, the poor and the slum dwellers and the officers who are determined to make Kanpur a futuristic city in the next few years.

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Karipur
Karipur is a small town in Malappuram district of Kerala, south India. The place is best known as the site of the international airport of Kozhikode (Calicut International Airport), serving the needs of travellers in the north Kerala region.
The proposed Karipur-Kondotty Municipality comprises:
Total Area: 122.99 km²
Total Population (1991 Census): 152,839

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Karunagapally
Karunagappally (or Karunagappalli, Malayalam: കരുനാഗപ്പള്ളി Karunāgappaḷḷi) is a gramapanchayath and [[municipality] in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Karunagappally is situated 27 km north to Kollam.
Karunagappally Taluk consists of 12 Panchayats : Karunagappally, Thodiyoor, Panmana, Alappad, Chavara, Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Thekkumbhagom, Kulasekharapuram, Thazhava, Clappana and Oachira. The taluk is bound on the north by Kayamkulam, east by Kunnathur taluk, south by Kollam and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
About 400 years back there lived in Malabar (now North Kerala) a famous Muslim cleric. He had a disciple called Ali Hassan who was a mystic. With the blessings of the cleric Ali Hassan set out on a trip to the south. He first reached Oachira and from there a place called Puthiyakavu. The area was covered with dense forests and was believed to have been the preserve of a deadly black serpent. Fearing the serpent, people stayed away from the place. But Ali Hassan approached the king and requested that he be given some land here. The king gave him the area occupied by the black serpent. As Hassan was clearing the forests, the black serpent appeared but he skilfully caged it and took it to the king. The serpent escaped from the cage causing panic in the royal circles but Hassan again managed to cage it and took it back to the forest where he set it free. That was the last anyone had seen the serpent. A happy king allowed Hassan to build a mosque (Palli) at the place.^{[citation needed]}

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Karunagappalli
Karunagappally (or Karunagappalli, Malayalam: കരുനാഗപ്പള്ളി Karunāgappaḷḷi) is a gramapanchayath and [[municipality] in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Karunagappally is situated 27 km north to Kollam.
Karunagappally Taluk consists of 12 Panchayats : Karunagappally, Thodiyoor, Panmana, Alappad, Chavara, Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Thekkumbhagom, Kulasekharapuram, Thazhava, Clappana and Oachira. The taluk is bound on the north by Kayamkulam, east by Kunnathur taluk, south by Kollam and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
About 400 years back there lived in Malabar (now North Kerala) a famous Muslim cleric. He had a disciple called Ali Hassan who was a mystic. With the blessings of the cleric Ali Hassan set out on a trip to the south. He first reached Oachira and from there a place called Puthiyakavu. The area was covered with dense forests and was believed to have been the preserve of a deadly black serpent. Fearing the serpent, people stayed away from the place. But Ali Hassan approached the king and requested that he be given some land here. The king gave him the area occupied by the black serpent. As Hassan was clearing the forests, the black serpent appeared but he skilfully caged it and took it to the king. The serpent escaped from the cage causing panic in the royal circles but Hassan again managed to cage it and took it back to the forest where he set it free. That was the last anyone had seen the serpent. A happy king allowed Hassan to build a mosque (Palli) at the place.^{[citation needed]}

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Kasaragod district
Kasargod District (Malayalam: കാസര്‍ഗോഡ് ജില്ല)is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala. Kasargod District was organised as a separate district on 24 May 1984. It is the northernmost district of Kerala and is named after Kasaragod Town which is the administrative headquarters of the district.Kasargod is the northernmost district of Kerala and world renowned for its coir and hand loom industries. The district has a coastline of around 293 kilometers and that why the livelihood of Kasargod people mainly depends on fisheries.The district is popular with the forts, rivers, hillocks, beaches and shrines here. The Kasargod District is uniquely known for its Linguistics Culture and it is the best example for the "Linguistic Harmony".
To its south lies Kannur District[കണ്ണൂര്‍ ജില്ല ] and to the north the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state. All along its east it is walled by the Western Ghats while along the west the Arabian Sea borders it. The district, covering an area of around 1992 km², has a population (2001 census) of 1,203,342 and has two taluks, namely, 75.13and Hosdurg; It has three municipalities (Kasargod, Kanhangad and Nileshwaram) and thirty-eight grama panchayats. The district is further sub-divided into six administrative segments called development blocks, namely, Manjeshwar, Kasaragod, Kanhangad, and Nileshwar, Parappa, Karadukka. Like other districts of Kerala, Kasargod district too has a high literacy rate, around 85.17% according to the 2001 census.

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Kasaragod Town
Kasaragod is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of Kasaragod district as well as of Kasaragod Taluk. Landmarks of note includes the famous Madhur Temple, Mallikkarjuna Temple, Theruvatthu Mosque, Chandragiri Fort, Malik Deenar Mosque and the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute.The Bekal Fort is also a major tourist attraction near Kasargod.
The ship building industry of Thalangara was well known in India. In the past years a number of ships were built here and sold in various states of India and exported to foreign countries. The Kasaragod economy is mainly agrarian; cash crops such as coconut, rubber are grown and commercially exploited. Other industries include tile manufacture, timber industry etc. Foreign investment or N.R.I Income is high in this part of the state.
Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) was established in 1970 as one of the agricultural research institutes in the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The Coconut Research Station at Kasaragod in Kerala was initially established in 1916 by the then Government of Madras and subsequently it was taken over by the Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1948. (http://www.cpcri.gov.in/)

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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km² (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.

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Kerala Backwaters
The Kerala backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both manmade and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range.
The Kerala Backwaters are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways, and sometimes compared to the American Bayou. In the midst of this landscape there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the starting and end points of backwater cruises. National Waterway No. 3 from Kollam to Kottapuram, covers a distance of 205 km and runs almost parallel to the coast line of southern Kerala facilitating both cargo movement and backwater tourism.

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Kochi
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി, Kocci ^?[koˈtʃːi] ( listen)), formerly Cochin, is a major port city on the west coast of India by the Arabian Sea. Kochi is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala.
Kochi is often called by the name Ernakulam, which refers to the eastern part of the mainland Kochi. The civic body that governs the city is the Corporation of Cochin, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority and the Goshree Islands Development Authority.
The city of Kochi (pop. 601,574) is Kerala's largest city and is part of an extended metropolitan region (pop. 2.1 million), which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. It is the most densely populated city in the state. Kochi city is also a part of Greater Cochin region and is classified as a B-1 grade city by the Government of India, making it the highest graded city in the state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.

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Kokkalai
Kokkalai is one of the business districts of Thrissur city in Kerala state, India. Thrissur Railway Station, one of busiest and important railway junctions in South India, connecting Thrissur city with the rest of Kerala and India, is situated here. It also houses Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station and a veterinary hospital run by Kerala Agricultural University. Hotel Sidhartha Regency and Hotel Casino are in the heart of Kokkalai. This is the western part of the city.

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Kolkata
Kolkata /kɒlˈkætə/, or Calcutta /kælˈkʌtə/, is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of East India, while the Port of Kolkata is India's oldest port as well as its sole major riverine port. As of 2011, the city had 4.5 million residents; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 14.1 million, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. As of 2008, its economic output as measured by gross domestic product ranked third among South Asian cities, behind Mumbai and Delhi. As a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Kolkata confronts substantial urban pollution, traffic congestion, poverty, overpopulation, and other logistic and socioeconomic problems.
In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Kolkata were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading license in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified mercantile base. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Kolkata in 1756, and the East India Company retook it in the following year and by 1772 assumed full sovereignty. Under East India Company and later under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. Following Indian independence in 1947, Kolkata—which was once the centre of modern Indian education, science, culture, and politics—witnessed several decades of relative economic stagnation. Since the early 2000s, an economic rejuvenation has led to accelerated growth.

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Kollam
Kollam, often anglicized as Quilon, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about 71 kilometres (44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. It is the headquarters of Kollam district and a prominent trade and commercial city.
Kollam is the fourth-largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, {The new population is taken as city agglomeration} in Kerala on the basis of population and the fifth-largest city on the basis of area. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is considered to be the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination. The Kollam urban area comprises the fast developing suburban towns such as Kottiyam in the south, Kundara in the east, and Chavara in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Paravur, Eravipuram, Kannanalore, and Anchalumoodu. Karunagapally, Chathannoor, and Kottarakkara are major towns within a distance of 25 km from Kollam city centre towards north, south, and east respectively.

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Kollam district
Kollam district (formerly Quilon) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Kerala's natural attributes; it is endowed with a long coastline, a major Arabian Sea seaport and an inland lake (Ashtamudi Lake). Kollam is the capital of Kerala's cashew industry. Plains, mountains, lakes, lagoons and backwaters, forests, farmland and rivers make up the topography of the district. The area had trading relationships with Phoenicia and Ancient Rome. About 30 percent of the district is covered by Ashtamudi Lake, making it a gateway to the Kerala backwaters. The Thevalakara and Thekkumbagam panchyaths established the ancient korekini ("sea pointed inland") port of Tarsish in 1500 BC. Kollam is also known as The God's Own Capital.
Kollam district is located on the southwest coast of India, bordering Arabian Sea in the west, the state of Tamil Nadu in the east, Kerala district of Alappuzha in the north, Pathanamthitta in the northeast and Thiruvananthapuram in the south. It covers 2,492 square kilometres (962 sq mi), is the seventh-largest district in Kerala and is densely populated. Sasthamkotta Lake, the only freshwater lake in Kerala, is located in Kollam; this lake provides drinking water to the city of Kollam. Two major rivers (the Kallada and the Ithikkara) drain the district. Ashtamudi Lake and Paravur Kayal are two important lakes in the district. Ashtamudi Lake covers 30 percent of total area of the district. Kollam is located on Ashtamudi Lake. Neendakara, a major fishing port in southern Kerala, is also located on this scenic lake. Edava and Nadayara Lakes are also partly located in Kollam district.

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Kota, Rajasthan
Kota pronunciation (help·info) (Rajasthani: कोटा), formerly known as Kotah, is a city in the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. It is located 240 kilometres (149 mi) south of state capital, Jaipur. Situated on the banks of Chambal River, the city is the trade centre for an area in which millet, wheat, rice, pulses, coriander and oilseeds are grown; industries include cotton and oilseed milling, textile weaving, distilling, dairying, manufacture of metal handcrafts, fertilizers, chemicals and engineering equipment.
The city of Kota is situated at a center of the southeastern region of Rajasthan a very region widely known as Hadoti the land of the Hadas. Kota lies along the banks of the Chambal river. The historical places and temples are getting surrounded with signs of modern development. Kota is on a high sloping tableland forming a part of the Malwa Plateau. The Mokandarra hills run from southeast to northwest axis of the town. It is 36 km from Bundi. The town of Kota was once the part of the erstwhile Rajput kingdom of Bundi. It became a separate princely state in the 17th century. Apart from the several monuments that reflect the erstwhile glory of the town, Kota is also known for its palaces and gardens.

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Kottarakkara
Kottarakkara (Malayalam:കൊട്ടാരക്കര, IAST: Koṭṭārakkara), also transliterated as Kottarakara, is a town and taluk in Kollam District (formerly known as Quilon), in Kerala state, India. The town is close to the Kollam port which has a rich history linked to the early medieval period as well as a reputation for being an important commercial, industrial and trading center. It lies 27 kilometres (17 mi) to the east of Kollam city center and 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the west of Punalur city on National Highway 208/220.
Kottarakkara, also known in the ancient days of the kings as the Elayadathu Swarupam, was a principality ruled by a branch of the Travancore Royal Family. Its fame is also due to Kathakali, the famous dance drama which originated initially as Ramanattam created in the 17th century by Prince Kottarakkara Tampuran and later patronized by the Raja of Kottarakkara in early 19th century absorbing other dance forms of Krishnattam with further innovations. Other historical places of interest include the Ganapathi Temple and the over 700 year old Mar Thomas Church.

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Kottayam

Kottayam (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km² and is the administrative capital of Kottayam district. Kottayam is located in south-central Kerala and has a population of 172,878 according to the 2001 census. . The city is approximately 150 km (93.2 mi) from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram.
The city is an important trading center of spices and commercial crops, especially rubber. Major Kerala print media such as Malayala Manorama, Deepika and Mangalam are headquartered in the town. Also a pioneering center of modern education in Kerala, the city became India's first city to achieve 100% literacy in 1989 and the district became the first tobacco free district in India on September 28, 2008. The city of Kottayam is also known as Akshara Nagari (അക്ഷര നഗരി) (City of Alphabets) in honor of its contributions to print media and literature.
Kottayam district has acquired it's name from Kottayam town which is the headquarters of the district. It is believed that the name Kottaya is derived from the combination of Malayalam words kott (fort) and akam (inside), and could be translated as "the interior of the fort".

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Koyilandi
Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a city and a municipality in Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of the Indian state of Kerala. This town is between Calicut and Vatakara(Badagara) and is on NH 17. It is sometimes identified with Tyndis in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The freedom fighter K. Kelappan was born in a near-by village, Muchukunnu.^{[citation needed]}
Koyilandy is located at 11°26′N 75°42′E / 11.43°N 75.70°E / 11.43; 75.70. It has an average elevation of 2 m (6.6 ft).
As of 2001^[update] India census, Quilandy had a population of 68,970. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Quilandy has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 80%. In Quilandy, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Koyilandy hookahs, traditional smoking pipes, of Calicut made in Koyilandy were famous across North India, Gulf and Pakistan. Prepared by Moosari, a coppersmith community, these Hookahs were once considered a pride of Koyilandy. However it is not so any more. But in Gulf countries, Koyilandy hookahs are still very popular as "Malabar Hookah".

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Koyilandy
Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a city and a municipality in Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of the Indian state of Kerala. This town is between Calicut and Vatakara(Badagara) and is on NH 17. It is sometimes identified with Tyndis in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The freedom fighter K. Kelappan was born in a near-by village, Muchukunnu.^{[citation needed]}
Koyilandy is located at 11°26′N 75°42′E / 11.43°N 75.70°E / 11.43; 75.70. It has an average elevation of 2 m (6.6 ft).
As of 2001^[update] India census, Quilandy had a population of 68,970. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Quilandy has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 80%. In Quilandy, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Koyilandy hookahs, traditional smoking pipes, of Calicut made in Koyilandy were famous across North India, Gulf and Pakistan. Prepared by Moosari, a coppersmith community, these Hookahs were once considered a pride of Koyilandy. However it is not so any more. But in Gulf countries, Koyilandy hookahs are still very popular as "Malabar Hookah".

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Kozhencherry
Kozhencherry is a census town in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, South India. It is on the banks of river Pampa. It is a commercial centre with many of the Banks and trade companies have their establishments here. It is believed that once the Kovilans of Thekencore kingdom's ruled this area. Kozhencherry used to be a part of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom.
The district headquarters Pathanamthitta municipality is in the Kozhencherry Taluk. The other taluks are Tiruvalla, Mallapally, Ranni, and Adoor.
North, River Pampa; South, Thekkemala; East, Cherukole and West, Maramon.
Till the 19th century there were no proper roads in this area. The form of transportation was by boats. So the main market of Kozhencherry is near the river.
Now there are proper roads leading to all the small villages nearby. The T.K. Road (Tiruvalla-Pathanamthitta-Kumbazha Road/SH - 07) and M.K. Road (Mavelikkara-Kozhencherry Road) connects the town to other major towns. A bridge connecting Kozhencherry and Maramon was opened in 1948.

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Kozhikode
Kozhikode (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് [koːɻikːoːɖ] ( listen), also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode is the third largest city in Kerala and is part of the second largest urban agglomeration in Kerala with a metropolitan population of 2,030,519 as per 2011 census.It is the headquarters of the Kozhikode district.
During classical antiquity and the middle ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. It was the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins) in middle ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar district under British rule. Muslim Arab merchants traded with Kozhikode as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on May 20, 1498. A Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period (1511–1525, until the Fall of Calicut), the English landed in 1615 (constructed a trading post in 1665), followed by the French (1698) and the Dutch (1752). In 1765, Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of his occupation.

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Kozhikode district
Kozhikode District (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് ജില്ല), formerly Calicut, is a district of Kerala state, situated on the southwest coast of India. The city of Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is the district headquarters. The district is 38.25% urbanised. [2]
Kozhikode district is bordered by the districts of Kannur to the north, Wayanad to the east, and Malappuram to the south.The Arabian Sea lies to the west. It is situated between latitudes 11° 08'N and 11° 50'N and longitudes 75° 30'E and 76° 8'E.
The district is divided into three taluks; Vadakara, Koyilandy, and Kozhikode and One Revenue Division ,Kozhikode.
Present-day Kozhikode District was among the territories ceded to the British East India Company by Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1792, at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Mysore War. The newly-acquired British possessions on the Malabar Coast were organized into Malabar District, which included present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, and Wayanad. Calicut served as the administrative headquarters of the district. Malabar District was part of the Madras Presidency, a province of British India.

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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia. The city covers an area of 243 km² (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2012.Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy.
Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remains in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is also situated in Kuala Lumpur. Rated as an alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur was ranked 48th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index and was ranked 67th among global cities for economic and social innovation by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index in 2010.

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Kuriachira
Kuriachira is an important residential area of Thrissur city of Kerala state of India. It is located 2 km away from Swaraj Round in the south direction. It lies beside the Thalore Bye-Pass Road. Kuriachira is 25th division of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. Renowned Malayalam writer and feminist Sara Joseph was born here. Award-winning novel "Aalahayude Penmakkal" by Sara Joseph gives insight into the life, taste, history, people and linguatone of Kuriachira. There are a number of schools in this part of the city like Mar Thimotheus High School (Sara Joseph studied here), St. Paul's Convent Girls High School, St. Joseph's Boys High School.
Nowadays, Kuriachira has become a posh residential area in Thrissur city. The circular-shaped St. Joseph's Church in Kuriachira is very famous. Father Vadakkan (Vadakkanachan), who was a renowned socialist and famous for his 'Pope John Nagar housing scheme for the poor', was one time the vicar of St. Joseph's Church in Kuriachira. He is considered the Father Of Modern Kuriachira. It was in his leadership the place got its everlasting charm. St Gregorios orthodox church is situated in Nehru Nagar, it is in the name of Saint Gregorios of Parumala.

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Laloor
Laloor is a place in Thrissur City, Kerala, India, between Ayyanthole, Olari and Aranattukara . It is a ward of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. A combination of 5 or 6 wards makes up Laloor , including Laloor Center, SN Park, Trenching ground Area.
During the regime of Rama Varma Thampuran, the King of the Cochin Kingdom, maintained his administrative palace at Thrissur. Thrissur became the most important business centre of central Kerala and a successful port. The well known puthen thodu or puthen chal was the main way to Thrissur from Kochi. "Vanjikolam" was the gateway to Thrissur City. Laloor is very near Aranattukara (A Christian majority place), which was the place for Ara or Godown. It is also heard that, the king divided the AraNattukara and gave it for two Christian settlements for worship in order to avoid the dispute among them. Both groups have their own churches known as "Kizhakke Palli and Padinjare Palli" till they build their common church named St. Thomas Church during 1970's

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Lucknow
Lucknow /ˈlʌknaʊ/ (Hindi: लखनऊ, Urdu: لکھنؤ, Lakhnaū, IPA: [ˈləkʰnəu] ( listen)) is a city in India and capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division. Located in what was originally known as the Awadh (Oudh) region, Lucknow has always been known as a multicultural city, and flourished as a cultural and artistic capital of North India in the 18th and 19th centuries. Courtly manners, beautiful gardens, poetry, music, and fine cuisine patronised by the Shia Nawabs of Iranian origin, are well known amongst Indians and students of South Asian culture and history. Lucknow is popularly known as The City of Nawabs. It is also known as the "Golden City of the East," "Shiraz-i-Hind" and "The Constantinople of India."
The ancient history of Lucknow is mired in mystries and folk sayings. It is popularly believed that Lucknow (लखनऊ) derives its name from Lakshman (लक्ष्मण) (also known as Lakhan (लखन)), younger brother of Lord Rama, greatest hero of Suryawanshi kshatriya clan of India. Ram ordered Lakshman to establish a new town near Ayodhya, the capital of Rama. Lakshman came and built a strong fort. The present Lakshman Teela (लक्ष्मण टीला) in Lucknow is believed to be the site of ancient city of Lakhanpur built by Lakshman.

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Ludhiana
Ludhiana /ˌluːdiˈɑːnə/ (also Ludhyana; Punjabi: ਲੁਧਿਆਣਾ) is a city and a municipal corporation in Ludhiana district in the Indian state of Punjab. It is the largest city in the state, with an estimated population of 1,613,878 in 2011. The population increases substantially during the crop harvesting season due to migration of laborers from states like Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Delhi. It has an area of about 310 km². The city stands on the Sutlej River's old bank, 13 km south of its present course. It is a major industrial center of northern India. Residents of the city may be referred to as Ludhianvis.^{[citation needed]}
Ludhiana is located 100 km west from state capital Chandigarh on NH 95 and is centrally located on National Highway 1 from Indian capital New Delhi to Amritsar, and is well connected to New Delhi by road, frequent train service and by air.
Ludhiana is a well known NRI district of Punjab with a large population living abroad in Canada, and the U.S.

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Madurai
Madurai is the third largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with a population of over 1 million (according to the 2001 census). Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The city is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. The capital of the Pandyan kingdom was initially Korkai, around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunj Cheliyan I. Madurai is famous for its temples built by Pandyan and Madurai Nayak kings in the Dravidian style of architecture. It is also one of India's most prominent Hindu pilgrimage centres.
Madurai is also called as City of Junction (Koodal nagaram), City of Jasmine (Malligai maanagar), Temple city (Koil maanagar), City that never sleeps (Thoonga nagaram) and City of four junctions (Naanmada koodal).
Madurai's recorded history goes back to the 3rd century BC and the city is mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India and Kautilya, the minister of the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. The city was the principal administrative and cultural centre of the Pandyan dynasty which ruled over the southern parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala till the first half of the 14th century AD. In about 1311, the Pandyan dynasty was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate which established the province of Ma'bar which later became independent as the Ma'bar Sultanate. When the Ma'bar Sultanate began to decline in the latter years of the 14th century, Madurai was absorbed into the Vijayanagar Empire. The viceroys of the Vijayanagar Empire established the Madurai Nayak kingdom and ruled as independent kings from 1559 to 1736. After a brief period of occupation by Chanda Sahib and the Carnatic kingdom, Madurai was annexed by the British East India Company in 1801.

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Mallappally
Malapally or Mallappally ( മല്ലപ്പള്ളി ) is a taluk in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala state, India.
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The Mallappally taluk holds one of the oldest Stone temples in India located in Kaviyoor. Mallappally Convention was started in 1912, an ancient gathering of the Malakara Christian Community, mainly communities of Mar Thoma and CSI. Shiva Rathri, a major Hindu festival is also held here. VBS (Vacation Bible School) was first introduced at Mallappally, Kerala during 1953-56 by the CSI Missionaries. Rev.George Matthan Mission Hospital (named after the well-known Malayalam writer and priest George Mathan) serves as a medical hub in the society with no other standard medical institutions within a radius of 16 km. The nearest railway station is Thiruvalla Railway Station is 12 km and Chenganaserry is 15 km.
The Pathicadu Church

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Mannuthy
Mannuthy(Malayalam : മണ്ണുത്തി) is suburb area on National Highway 47 of Thrissur city of Kerala, India. Mannuthy is Ward 13 of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. Mannuthy is also a center for many of the government and private educational institutions. Among the famous few are the (ATIC), (KVK), College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences , Mannuthy, College of Dairy Science and Technology, and Marymatha Major Seminary. Mannuthy is one of the entry point to Thrissur City. Mannuthy is also near to the Peechi Dam.

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Mattancherry
Mattancherry (Malayalam: മട്ടാഞ്ചേരി) is the western part of city of Kochi, India. It is said that the name Mattancherry is drawn from "Ancherry Mattam", a Namboodiri illam which then the foreign traders pronounced it as Matt-Ancherry, gradually became Mattancherry. It is about 9 km from Ernakulam town. There are frequent bus and boat services to Mattancherry from Ernakulam town. The boats start from Main Boat Jetty near Subash Park at Ernakulam.
Mattancherry assembly constituency is part of Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency).
Mattancherry is a part of Ernakulam District in Kerala, India.It is a tourist destination. It is surrounded by the backwaters of Arabian Sea.Mattancherry was the first trade hub of the present district.Mattancherry is populated by people from various walks of life and various parts of India & Abroad. There are people who have come and settled in Mattancherry from Goa, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and so on.

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Meerut
Meerut (Hindi: मेरठ, Urdu: میرٹھ) is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is an ancient city with settlements dating back to the Indus Valley civilization having been found in and around the area. The city lies 70 km (43 mi) northeast of the national capital New Delhi, and 453 km (281 mi) northwest of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the second largest city in the National Capital Region of India (the largest being Delhi), the 16th largest metropolitan area and 25^th largest city in India. It ranked 292 in 2006 and 242 in 2010 in the list of largest cities and urban areas in the world. The city covers an area of about 172 km² (66 sq mi) while the total area is 198 km² (76 sq mi), third largest in Uttar Pradesh after Kanpur and Lucknow . It has the 2^nd largest army cantonment in the country.^{[citation needed]} The city is one of the largest producers of sports goods, and the largest producer of musical instruments in India. The city is also an education hub in western Uttar Pradesh.

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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.

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Munnar
Munnar is a hill station in Kerala and in southern India. Munnar is located on the Western Ghats, situated in the Idukki.
The name Munnar is believed to mean "three rivers", referring to the town's strategic location at the confluence of the Madhurapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundaly rivers. The town has shared a strong cultural link with Tamil Nadu.
The Munnar town is in Kannan Devan Hills ( KDH ) Village in Devikulam taluk and is the largest panchayat in the Idukki district having an area measuring nearly 557 km².
The nearest major railway stations are at Ernakulam and Aluva (approximately 120 km by road). The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport, which is 140 km away.
The region in and around Munnar varies in height from 1,450 meters (4,760 ft) to 2,695 meters (8,842 ft) above mean sea level. Munnar enjoys a salubrious climate. The temperature ranges between 5 °C (41 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in winter and 15 °C (59 °F) and 25 °C (77 °F) in summer. Temperatures as low as −4 °C (25 °F) have been recorded in the Sevenmallay region of Munnar.The mean maximum daily temperature is at its lowest during the monsoon months with the highest temperature being 19 C.

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Muscat, Oman
Muscat (Arabic: مسقط, Masqaṭ) is the capital of Oman. It is also the seat of government and largest city in the Governorate of Muscat. As of 2010 census, the population of the Muscat metropolitan area was 734,697. The metropolitan area spans approximately 1,500 km² (580 sq mi) and includes six provinces called wilayats. Known since the early 1st century CE as an important trading port between the west and the east, Muscat was ruled by various indigenous tribes as well as foreign powers such as the Persians and the Portuguese Empire at various points in its history. A regional military power in the 18th century, Muscat's influence extended as far as East Africa and Zanzibar. As an important port-town in the Gulf of Oman, Muscat attracted foreign tradesmen and settlers such as the Persians, the Balochs and Gujaratis. Since the ascension of Qaboos bin Said as Sultan of Oman in 1970, Muscat has experienced rapid infrastructural development that has led to the growth of a vibrant economy and a multi-ethnic society.

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Muvattupuzha

Muvattupuzha (Malayalam: മുവാറ്റുപുഴ) is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a junction of three districts namely Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki. The town is bordered by Kottayam district on southern side and Idukki district on eastern side approximately 20 km from the town. Muvattupuzha is situated 42 km northeast of Kochi city on NH 49 (Cochin-Madurai-Rameshwaram national highway) and lies on the popular Cochin-Munnar hill station tourist route.
Muvattupuzha was part of the Vadakkumkoor Kingdom until it was captured by the Travancore Kingdom, now merged into the state of Kerala. Old documents show that the lands of Muvattupuzha belonged to ‘Edappally Swaroopam’, but were later transferred to ‘Manas’ (Brahmin Families).
According to tradition, St. Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus Christ who introduced Christianity to India is believed to have visited this region. The St. Mary's Church of Arakuzha has a recorded history of over 1000 years, making it one of the oldest churches in Kerala. It is known for its paintings and sculptures. Muvattupuzha was also known as " Arakuzha Pakuthi"(half of arakuzha)

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Muziris
Muziris (Muchiri or Mucciri, (Malayalam: മുസിരിസ്) was an ancient seaport and urban center in southwestern India on the Periyar that existed from around the beginning of the Christian era to the 1300s. Muziris has found mention in the classical Tamil Sangha literature and a number of European historical sources. In a massive flood of the Periyar in 1341 CE, Muziris was said to have been destroyed and the centre of commerce was shifted to other ports on the Malabar Coast. Soon the exact location of Muziris was forgotten; currently, it is believed to have been located close to the present day Kodungallur.
The multi-disciplinary and multi-seasonal archaeological research in the area was conducted by the Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR) at Pattanam, a small village at North Parur. It is hypothesized that Pattanam could be an integral part of Muziris. Pattanam was the first site in the Indian Ocean to yield archaeological evidence for Mediterranean, North African, West Asian and Chinese maritime contacts. The evidence suggested that Pattanam was a commercial location exposed to long distance and regional trade, prior to Roman contact.

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Nagpur
Nāgpur ( pronunciation (help·info) English: Nagpore) is a city and winter capital of the state of Maharashtra, the largest city in central India and third largest city in Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune. With a population of 2,405,421 (2011) Nagpur Metropolitan Area is the 13th largest urban conglomeration in India. It has also recently been ranked as the cleanest city and the second greenest city of India after Bangalore. In addition to being the seat of annual winter session of Maharashtra state assembly "Vidhan Sabha", [Nagpur] is also a major commercial and political center of the Vidarbha region of [Maharashtra], and is also famous throughout the country as "Orange City" for being a major trade center of oranges that are cultivated in the region. In addition, the city also derives political importance from being the headquarters for the Hindu nationalist organisation RSS and an important location for the Dalit Buddhist movement.
Nagpur lies precisely at the center of the country with the Zero Mile Marker indicating the geographical center of India. The city was founded by the Gonds but later became part of the Maratha Empire under the Bhonsles. The British East India Company took over Nagpur in the 19th century and made it the capital of the Central Provinces and Berar. After the first reorganisation of states, the city lost its capital status but according to the informal "Nagpur Pact" between political leaders it was made the second capital of Maharashtra. Nagpur is also declared, "Tiger Capital of India " as it connects many Tiger Reserves in India to the world.

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Nashik
Nashik or Nasik (Marathi: नाशिक ) ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a city in Maharashtra, India. Nashik is located in the northwest of Maharashtra, 180 km from Mumbai and 202 km from Pune. Nashik is the administrative headquarters of Nashik district and Nashik Division. Nashik, which has been referred to as the "Wine Capital of India", or as India’s Napa Valley, is located in the Western Ghats, on the western edge of the Deccan peninsula on the banks of the Godavari. In addition to supplying the name to the famed Nassak Diamond, the city is known for its picturesque surroundings and pleasant climate. The Godavari River flows through Nashik from its source, which lies to the southwest of the city, in Trimbakeshwar . Nashik Urban Agglomeration (Nashik UA) has a (projected year 2008) population of 1,620,000 and a total area of 264.23 km² which makes it the fourth largest urban area in Maharashtra in terms of population. Nashik is the third most industrialized city in Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune .

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Navi Mumbai
Navi Mumbai (Marathi: नवी मुंबई, IAST: Navi Muṃbaī, English: New Mumbai) is a Planned Satellite City on the west coast of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was developed in 1972 as a twin city of Mumbai, and is the largest planned city on the planet, with 163 square kilometres (63 sq mi) under the jurisdiction of the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) and a total area of 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi). Navi Mumbai lies on the mainland on the eastern shore of Thane Creek. The city limits stretch from Airoli near Thane in the north, to Uran in the south. The length of the city is almost the same as that of Mumbai. The Vashi and the Airoli Bridges connect Navi Mumbai to Mumbai. A new link between Nerul and Uran is under construction. The costliest real estate and most highly developed areas of Navi Mumbai are Vashi and Nerul, while Kharghar and Panvel are experiencing major infrastructural developments due to their proximity to the proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport. Vashi is known as the king of Navi Mumbai while Nerul is called the queen of Navi Mumbai. Navi Mumbai has a population of 11,19,477 (1,119,477) according to the 2011 census of India.

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Nelliampathi

Nelliampathi is a popular hill station 60 km away from Palakkad in Kerala, a small state in south India. It is surrounded by tea and coffee plantations and has excellent weather conditions. The journey to Nelliampathi itself is an experience. The only route is from Nemmara, from where the first town of Nelliampathi, namely Kaikatty junction, is at a distance of 26 km. At the 9th kilometer is the Pothundi Dam, a small irrigation dam which provides water for the rice fields in the surrounding area. The dam is at the foot of the Nelliampathi hills. From here, the road winds up for the next 17 km, with many hairpin turns on the way. Immediately after Pothundy dam, comes the government forest, where one can see massive teak trees. The road is very narrow and requires a skilled driver behind the wheel. On the way, one can see wild animals like monkey, deer and porcupine. The view of the Pothundy dam from the height is a breathtaking sight. There will be many waterfalls by the roadside during the rainy season.

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Netherlands
The Netherlands (ⁱ/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").

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New Delhi
New Delhi ⁱ/ˈnjuː dɛli/ is the capital city of India. As the national capital, New Delhi is the seat of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of the Government of India. It also serves as the centre of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. New Delhi is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and is one of the nine districts of Delhi Union Territory.
The definition of New Delhi is unclear and the differentiation between Delhi and New Delhi is blurry. Even administratively, the demarcation between Delhi and New Delhi is not clear. Government of India and Government of Delhi have not clearly defined the area and boundaries of New Delhi. The boundaries of areas of New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) and New Delhi district of Delhi do not completely overlap. In 1920s, when British constructed New Delhi, there were only two Delhis' – the old walled city called Old Delhi and the new city designed by Edwin Lutyens to serve as capital of British India, which was called 'New Delhi'. The rest of Delhi was rural. But after independence as more and more areas around New Delhi urbanized they also became a part of New Delhi as they were also a part of Delhi which was 'new'. Now, almost all of National Capital Territory of Delhi, with exceptions of the old city called Old Delhi, Civil Lines area, Trans-Yamuna region, some rural areas and some underdeveloped parts of Delhi (e.g. Ashok Vihar, Timarpur, Nangloi, Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri, Badarpur etc.), is designated as 'New Delhi' in postal addresses. Especially, almost all the places in South, South-west, Central and West districts of Delhi are designated as New Delhi. Most of the time, the terms Delhi and New Delhi are used interchangeably.

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Nileshwaram
Nileshwaram (Malayalam: നീലേശ്വരം), also known as Nileshwar, is a municipality and a town in Kasaragod District of Kerala state, South India. It is one of the three municipalities of Kasaragod district, the other two being Kasaragod and Kanhangad. Nileshwar is the third major town in kasargod district. Nileshwaram lies between two rivers, Nileshwaram and Karyangodu. To the west is the Arabian Sea.
The name "Nileshwaram" comes from one of the names of Lord Shiva, Neelakanteshwaran ("Blue-necked One"), or from Neelakandeswaran, denoting land of Lord Siva. There is another story that the place was named so after Sage Neela, who installed the deity of Lord Siva thousands of years ago.

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Nilgiris (mountains)
The Nilgiri (Tamil: நீலகிரி, Badaga: நீலகி:ரி or blue mountains), often referred to as the Nilgiri Hills, are a range of mountains with at least 24 peaks above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), in the westernmost part of Tamil Nadu state at the junction of Karnataka and Kerala states in Southern India. They are part of the larger Western Ghats mountain chain making up the southwestern edge of the Deccan Plateau.
The hills are separated from the Karnataka plateau to the north by the Moyar River and from the Anaimalai Hills and Palni Hills to the south by the Palghat Gap. The Nilgiris District of Tamil Nadu lies within these mountains. Its latitudinal and longitudinal dimensions are 130 km (Latitude: 11° 08' to 11° 37' N) by 185 km (Longitude: 76° 27' E to 77° 4' E). Central location is: 11°22′30″N 76°45′30″E / 11.375°N 76.75833°E / 11.375; 76.75833. It has an area of 2,479 square kilometres (957 sq mi).
The Western Ghats, Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (6,000⁺ km²), including all of Mukurthi National Park in the south-eastern corner of the Nilgiris, is under consideration by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for selection as a World Heritage Site.

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North Malabar
North Malabar (Malayalam: ഉത്തര മലബാര്‍/വടക്കേ മലബാര്‍), is a historic as well as geographic distinction in India used to refer the area covering; present Kasaragod and Kannur Districts, Mananthavady taluk of Wayanad District and Koyilandy & Vatakara taluks of Kozhikode District in modern Kerala and the entire Mahé Sub-Division of Union Territory of Pondicherry.
Majority of North Malabar (except Mahé) remained as one of the two administrative divisions of Malabar District (an administrative district of British India under Madras Presidency) till 1947 and later part of India's Madras State till 1956. Mahé remained under French jurisdiction until 13 June 1954. On November 1, 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar District, Travancore-Cochin [excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu], and the of Kasaragod taluk of South Kanara District.
The area of North Malabar begins at Korapuzha in the south and ends at Manjeshwaram in the north of Kerala and traditionally comprises erstwhile princely principalities and fiefdoms of Kolathu Nadu, Kadatha Nadu and southern parts of Tulu Nadu.

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Olarikara
Olarikara, usually called Olari, is an important gateway to Thrissur city of Kerala state, South India. It is a major residential area in the city. It is 5 km away from Thrissur city. Several Hospitals, Temples and Churches are situated here. One of the E.S.I Hospital of the city is here. Like all the places in Thrissur, it has very good bus facilities. Olari is Ward 46 of Thrissur Municipal Corporation.
The village got its name from a root story about the Temple of Shree Bhagavathy. Hundreds of years ago there was a Sacred Brahmin’s house where the temple is situated now. At the "Nadumuttom" of the house, it is believed that there was the presence of ‘Goddess Vanadurga’ and this Goddess was worshipped by the Brahmin with full faith. At that time the Brahmin was titled with surname "Ola" by the rulers. Hence the location of the temple was renowned as "Ola Irikkum Kara" which is later renowned as Olarikara.

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Ollur
Ollur (Malayalam: ഒല്ലൂര്) is a major suburban area and an old commercial town in the Thrissur district of Kerala state, South India. It is situated about 5 km away from Swaraj Round on National Highway 47 commonly referred to as NH47 towards Ernakulam. From ancient time onwards Ollur was a major business centre in Thrissur district. Now, this geographical area is part of Thrissur Corporation. It is situated between Kuriachira and Thalore on the national highway. However, a specific identity for this geographical region is still there due to the rural setting of this region and its important religious institutions.
Before India's independence, Ollur belonged to the State of Cochin. Ollur Panchayat was formed in 1919 with villages of Ollur and Edakunny. The first Panchayat President was Sri Ikkanda Warrier, who later became the Prime Minister of Cochin State. The second Panchayat President was Chev. Paulose Kalluukkaran, the third: Menachery Erinjery Ouseph, the fourth and fifth: Dr. E. J. Anthony (Antony) Menachery. It has an area of 14.92 km². The Panchayat comprise mainly areas of Ollur, Anchery, Chiyyaram, Kuriachira, Chelakkoottukara, Kuttanallur, Padavaradu, Peruvamkulangara, Panamkuttichira, Edakkunny and Thaikkattussery. The first Panchayat electionafter India attained independence was held in 1953 and A.C.Ramankutty was the first elected Ollur Panchayat President. In 2000, the Government of Kerala decided to merge Ollur Panchayat to the Corporation of Thrissur, which newly established on 30 September. Ollur Panchayat was completely merged with Thrissur Municipal Corporation.

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Paramekkavu
Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple is one of the largest Bagavathi temples in Kerala. Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple is located in Thrissur in Kerala, South India and is considered^{[by whom?]} to be over 1000 years old. Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple is one of the two rival groups participating in Thrissur Pooram, which is the biggest local festival in Kerala.

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Paravur Taluk
Paravur Taluk is a taluk of Ernakulam District of the Indian State of Kerala. North Paravur is the capital of the taluk. Paravur Taluk lies in the north western part of Ernakulam district bordering Thrissur district. The surrounding taluks are Kochi to the west consisting of Vypin Island, Kodungallore to the north, Aluva to the east consisting of Angamaly,Nedumbassery and Aluva, Kanayanur to the south consisting of Cochin City. Paravur is a part of Kochi urban agglomeration area. The western parts of taluk are coastal areas with cultivations like prawn and pokkali rice. The eastern parts are fertile lands. The heavy industries of Kochi is located in Udyogmandal area of the taluk.
The Block Panchayats are Paravur and Alengad.
Paravur constituency consists of
Kalamassery constituency consists of
Paravur, Kalamassery constituencies belong to Ernakulam Parliamentary constituency.
These are the towns other than panchayat headquarters.

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Patna
Paṭnā /ˈpʌtnə/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Bihar and the second most populous city in Eastern India. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world.Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Gupta, Pala and during the Islamic period the seat of power for the Suri dynasty.
Pataliputra was also a seat of learning and fine arts. Its population during the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) was about 400,000.
The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide.
In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna in second place in India, after Delhi, in terms of the ease of starting a business. As at 2004-2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at Rs31,441. On the basis of,assumed average annual growth,Patna has been ranked as 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India by City Mayors Foundation.Patna registered average annual growth of 3.72%,for the period of 2006-2010.

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Peermade
Peermade(പീരുമേട്), also transliterated as Perumade, Peerumed, Peerumade or Peermede, is a hill station in the state of Kerala, India. It is high in the Western Ghats, 915 metres above sea level, and 85 km east of Kottayam on the way to Thekkady.
The landscape of Peermade includes spectacular waterfalls, open grass lands and pine forests. It was once the summer retreat of the Maharajas of Travancore. Tamil people are the most majority in peermade .
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, one of the largest wildlife reserves in India, is 43 km away. It has herds of elephants and other wildlife as well as lakes.
The name is sometimes related to the Sufi saint, Peer Mohammed, or means "hill of the Peer"(പീരുമേട്).
The area is very fertile and the area had until recently lush plantations of coffee, tea, cardamon, and coconut. The area, with a long history of spice growing, now concentrates on producing organic black pepper, white pepper, ginger and turmeric.
At a recent show spice growers from Peermade displayed samples of organically grown spices like cardamom, black pepper, white pepper, nutmeg, mace, cloves, turmeric, ginger, vanilla beans, vanilla powder and herbs like oregano, sage, thyme and rosemary. Oils of thyme and rosemary were also displayed.

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Poonkunnam
Punkunnam is a commercial and residential area in Thrissur city of Kerala in India. It is 2 km away from the Swaraj Round. Punkunnam is the Ward 1 of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. Punkunnam is home to the renowned Punkunnam Siva Temple. The famous Sitaram Textiles is situated here. It was established in Punkunnam by TR Ramachandra Iyer in the early 1940s. The spinning wing has the capacity of 12,000 spindles. The mill also has a capacity to process 40,000 meters of cloth every day.Poonkunnam Railway Station provides rail connectivity to other parts of Kerala and India.
Punkunnam have some of the famous temples in Thrissur city like Punkunnam Siva Temple, Punkunnam Seetha Ramaswamy Temple, Kuttankulangara Sri Krishna Temple and Sri Sankarankulangara Temple.Punkunnam Seetha Ramaswamy Temple have got a Ratholsavam festival which is second after Kalpathy ratholsavam.Besides these temples Punkunnam have also got a Christian Church.To add up there is a unique religious harmony that exist in Punkunnam, and for this reason there have no single problem in the past that have Religion as its cause.

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Portugal
Portugal ⁱ/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.

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Pullazhi
Pullazhi or Pullazhy is a suburban area of Thrissur City of Kerala state, South India. It is almost 6 km away from Swaraj Round. Pullazhy is surrounded by paddy fields, which is called Kolpadavu, supervised and controlled by Pullazhi Kolpadavu Sahakarana Sangham The village also contains a library called Yuvajana Sangham Vayanasala. An AG(Accountant General)'s Quarters is situated in this village. Head office of Thrissur Circle of Archaeological Survey of India is functioning inside the Green Valley colony. NTC(National Textile Corporation)owned mill "Kerala Lakshmi Mill" is functioning in Pullazhy. Pullazhi is Ward 47 of Thrissur Municipal Corporation.

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Puzhakkal
Puzhakkal or Puzhakkal Padam is one of the business districts of Thrissur city in Kerala state, of India. A decade ago, Puzhakkal was a vast paddy field situated in the two sides of Guruvayur Road. Now, it has become the most developed suburban area of Thrissur city. Major three-wheelers and two-wheelers have their sales offices here. A national level tennis academy is also attracting tennis players here.
India's second largest and Kerala's largest international convention center, Lulu Convention Centre, is situated in Puzhakkal. Sobha Group's Sobha City, Kerala's first integerated township is here. KINFRA is setting up an industrial park in Puzhakkal. The park would be set up in 50 acres (200,000 m²). and that the Industries Department would retain 10 acres (40,000 m²) in it. The enterprises to be set up include units for ornaments, apparels and diamond cutting.

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Rajkot
Rajkot (Gujarati: રાજકોટ Rājkot ) is the fourth largest city in the state of Gujarat, India, after Ahmedabad, Surat and Vadodara. Rajkot is the 23rd urban agglomeration in India, with a population more than 1.6 million as on 2012. Rajkot is ranked 22nd in The world's fastest growing cities and urban areas from 2006 to 2020.
Rajkot is a city of Gujarat state in India and administrative headquarters of the Rajkot District, 245 km from the state capital Gandhinagar, located on the banks of the Aji River and Nyari River. Rajkot was the capital of the then Saurashtra state from 15 April 1948 to 31 October 1956 before merging in bilingual Bombay State on 1 November 1956. Rajkot was merged into Gujarat State from bilingual Bombay state on May 1, 1960.
Rajkot has been under many different rulers since it was founded. Rajkot has a long history and played a significant part in Indian independence movement. Rajkot was one of the main trade centre's in Saurashtra.
Rajkot was founded by the then ruler of Sardhar 1607 A.D. on the west bank of Aji River, in the middle of Saurashtra. Vibhaji Ajoji was the grandson of Jam Sataji of Nawanagar, the present day Jamnagar. Rajkot was named in honor of its co-founder.

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Ranchi
Ranchi /ˈrɑːntʃi/ ( Hindi (help·info)) is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand accounts for 40% of the mineral resources of India. Earlier most of the part in Jharkhand was covered by forest but now due to urbanization trees are cut and forest cover is depleting fast. Since 2011 census Ranchi now is one of the 53 million-plus cities of India and stands as the 46th largest city out of top 53.^{[citation needed]}. Ranchi was the centre of the Jharkhand movement for a separate state for the tribal regions of South Bihar, northern Orissa, Western West Bengal and the present eastern Chhattisgarh. Jharkhand State was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur and Santhal Parganas.
The name Ranchi comes from the original Oraon village Archi at the site. Archi derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave. According to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave or archi. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished; Archi became Rachi, and Rachi became Ranchi.. One historically significant neighborhood is Doranda ('duran' 'दुरङ' means song and 'daah' 'दअः' means water in the Mundari language), between the Hinoo (Bhusur) & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny. The present Purani (old) Ranchi marks the site of the old village of Archi.

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Ranni
Ranni, sometimes spelled Ranny, is one of the 5 Taluks in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala, in India. According to the Census of India 2001, the population was 207,782. The taluk headquarters is a small township on both sides of the Pamba River. Ranni is also one of the largest taluks in Kerala. The renowned Hindu temple of Sabarimala is in this taluk, situated approximately 66 km from the main town, Ittiappara. Ranni is known for its natural beauty, forests, hills, river and good climate.
Ranni is derived from similar word in malayalam which means "Queen" or "Rani". Ranni is known as "The Queen of the Eastern Hill Lands".
The history of Ranni can be traced 5000 years back to the early settlement activity of Adi Dravidans around Sabarimala and Nilackal. The temple at Sabarimala is thought to be the oldest existing temple in India, dating to around 4000 years. A church at Nilackal is believed to be one of the seven churches founded by St. Thomas in AD 54.
In the 18th century, Knanaya Christians migrated to Ranni and later established the church, St. Thomas Church of Ranni. Large number of Mar Thomites also migrated from surrounding areas. In the early 19th century, Dr. Claudius Buchanan visited Ranni and was presented an old hand written Syriac Bible, from Ranni St. Thomas church.

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Riyadh
Riyadh (/rɨˈjɑːd/; Arabic: الرياض‎ transliterated Ar Riyāḍ pronounced [ʔɑrːiˈjɑːdˤ], English: The Gardens) is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 5,254,560 people, and the urban center of a region with a population of close to 7 million people. The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by Riyadh Municipality headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the Governor of Riyadh Province, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz. The current mayor of Riyadh is Abdul Aziz ibn Ayyaf Al-Miqrin, appointed in 1998. Riyadh has the largest female university in the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdulrahman University.. It has been designated as Beta World City.
During the Pre-Islamic era, the settlement at the site was called Hajr (Arabic: حجر‎), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al Kharj. The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century North African traveller Ibn Battuta wrote of his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah, and its name is Hajr". Ibn Battuta goes on to describe it as a city of canals and trees with most of its inhabitants belonging to Bani Hanifa, and reports that he continued on with their leader to Mecca to perform the Hajj.

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Rome
Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in 1,285.3 km² (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.7 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.
Rome's history spans two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.

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Sharjah (city)
Sharjah (Arabic: الشارقة‎) (ash-shāriqah; pronounced /ˈʃɑrdʒə/ in English) (Urdu:شارجہ) is the third largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. It is located along the northern coast of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula.
Sharjah is the seat of government of the emirate of Sharjah. Sharjah shares legal, political, military and economic functions with the other emirates within a federal framework, although each emirate has jurisdiction over some functions such as civil law enforcement and provision and upkeep of local facilities. Sharjah has been ruled by the Al Qasimi dynasty since the 18th century.
The city is a centre for culture and industry, and alone contributes to 7.4% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates. The city covers an approximate area of 235 km² and has a population of over 800,000 (2008).
Many researchers have supposed that the word Sharqah, to which Sharjah owes its origins, comes from light.^{[citation needed]} The terrain is so flat that the sun shines evenly on the land.^{[clarification needed]}

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Singapore
Singapore (ⁱ/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.

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Srinagar
Srinagar /sriˈnɑːɡər/ ( Hindi pronunciation (help·info)) is the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated in the Kashmir Valley and lies on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus. The city is famous for its gardens, lakes and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dry fruits.
Etymologically Srinagar is composed of two Sanskrit words, śrī (venerable) and nagar, which means "city". One theory of the origin of the name is that a Pandava King Ashoka (not to be confused with the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka) built the city of Srinagari (Srinagar). Another theory is that Mauryan Emperor Ashoka founded the original city of Srinagar, then situated on the site of the present village of Pandrathan, 5 km to the north of the existing capital.
Srinagar has a long history, dating back at least to the 3rd century BC, and has been known by different names. The city was founded by the King Pravarasena II over 2,000 years ago, named it Parvasenpur. The city was then a part of the Maurya Empire, one of the largest empires of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka introduced Buddhism to the Kashmir valley, and the adjoining regions around the city became a centre of Buddhism. In the 1st century, the region was under the control of Kushans and several rulers of this dynasty strengthened the Buddhist tradition. Vikramaditya (of Ujjain) and his successors probably ruled the regions just before the city fell to the control of the Huns in the 6th century, and Mihirkula was the most dreaded ruler of the city and the valley.

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Swaraj Round
Swaraj Round or Thrissur Round is the local name for circular road in the centre of the City of Thrissur in Kerala, India, surrounding the 65-acre (260,000 m²) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan Temple. Swaraj Round is the biggest Roundabout in South Asia. It is one of the largest financial, commercial and business centers in Kerala. Seventeen roads are joining to the Swaraj Round. Encircling the Thekkinkadu Maidan, Swaraj Round surrounds the small hillock on which the Vadakkunnathan Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva is built. It is the largest circular road surrounding a ground in India.
Swaraj Round is one of the biggest commercial centers and busiest shopping areas of Kerala which houses shopping centers, retail outlets of jewelers, textiles. It is also the prime location for shopping in Thrissur for gold and textiles. It is one of the central business district (CBD) areas of Thrissur city. There are two pedestrian subways in the Swaraj Round. One near Paramekkavu temple and other at M.O. Road Junction. The Swaraj Round is the venue of a grand Pulikali on the fourth Onam day. On this day Pulikali troupes from different parts of the district come here to perform.

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Taliparamba
Taliparamba (also known as Perimchellur) is a city and a municipality in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala and spread over an area of 43.05 km². It stretches from the coastal area of Ramanthali to Nuchiyad and Vayathur villages, touching the Karnataka border.
Taliparamba is a big town of 67,000 people crowded into a small area of 43 square kilometers. But the undulating hills that surround this little town make it exceptionally beautiful. The surrounding villages of Pattuvam, Kuttikkol, Velipara and Karimbam are filled with lush green fields and little rolling hills. The rivers of Kuppam and Valapattanam surround the towns from all sides and the Arabian sea is only 14 kilometres to the western side. The hanging bridge at Kuttiyeri and the beautiful riverside temple at Parassinikkadavu attaract a large number of toruists. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur and the Pepper Research Station under Kerala Agricultural University at Panniyur, Kannur University, Pariyaram Medical College and Sir Syed College Velipara are a few famous institutions in and around Taliparamba. The origin of Taliparamba is from the Perinchalloor brahminical settlement. Of the original 2,000 Brahmin families, only 45 remain now. The old name of Taliparamba was 'Lakshmipura' as this place was considered as an abode of prosperity. The 'Sree Raja Rajeswara Temple' and the 'Trichambaram temple' are renowned places of worship. Today Muslims and Christians also form a sizeable portion of the population.

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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

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Tattamangalam
Tattamangalam is a part of Chittur-Tattamangalam municipality in Palakkad district of Kerala, in South India, spread over an area of 33.57 km². It was a part of the princely state of Cochin before India received independence from Britain. The majority of the inhabitants speak Malayalam, though others use Tamil as their main language.
The village is located about 15 km south of the Palakkad district headquarters. The Tattamangalam-Chittur municipality is situated in the banks of the river Sokanashini (commonly called Chittur Puzha).
Satellite Map
As of 2001^[update] India census, Thathamangalam had a population of 7167 with 3598 males and 3569 females.
In 917 A.D. the Kongu army consisting chiefly of cavalry invaded the territory of the Palghat Raja, but was driven back with great slaughter by Maharaja of Cochin, assisted by the Zamorin and the Rajas of Palghat and Walluvanad. For this service and to enable better protection, the Palghat Raja ceded to Cochin the territories known as Naludesam and Kodakaranad, which constitute the present Taluk of Chittur. Naludesam comprised the four adjoining “Desams”, Chittur, Nalleppilly, Tattamangalam, and Pattancherri.

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Thalassery
Thalassery (Malayalam: തലശ്ശേരി), also known as Tellicherry, is a city on the Malabar Coast of Kerala, India. This is the second largest city of North Malabar in terms of population. The name Tellicherry is the anglicized form of Thalassery. Thalassery municipality has a population just less than 100,000. Established in 1866, it is the second oldest municipality in the state. Possessing an area of 23.98 km², Thalassery is a town strategically located on the western coast of Kannur district on the Malabar Coast of Kerala. It is 22 km from the district headquarters at Kannur. The town is situated between 11°44’N latitude and 75°26’E longitude, at an altitude ranging between 2.5m above the mean sea-level in the low-lying areas, to 30m above the mean sea-level in the higher regions.
Thalassery is in Kannur district. The palm-fringed terrain of Thalassery has a scenic coastline and features four rivers, canals and hills with orange-hued rock. One of the four rivers is the Mahé River (Mayyazhi river). During the British Raj, the Mahé River was nicknamed the English Channel, because it separated British-ruled Thalassery from French-ruled Mahé. Muzhappilangad, a 5 km long Drive in beach, in fact it's the only Drive in beach in Asia, is located within 6 km of the city centre.

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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,^{[needs IPA]}known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey

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Thodupuzha
Thodupuzha (Malayalam: തൊടുപുഴ) is a town and a municipality in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 35.43 km². It is 62 km from Ernakulam. Geographical Classification of Thodupuzha Region is Midland or Idanad.
Thodupuzha is also the name of the river that flows through the town. It is the largest town in the district and is the commercial centre. The town is being modernised with the help of a programme sponsored by the World Bank which is financing the programme through the Government of Kerala. It was once part of the territory of the princely state, Travancore. It lies in central Kerala, southeast of Muvattupuzha. The Thodupuzha municipality area is characterised by hilly terrain with a lot of green vegetation.
The Main Eastern Highway (Muvattupuzha - Pathanamthitta - Punalur Road / SH - 08) passes through Thodupuzha and connects it to two of its neighboring towns, Muvattupuzha and Pala.
Hindus, Syrian Christians and Muslims co-exist in harmony adding to the diversity in faith and religion. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholics. The Muslim minority are mostly rawthers who were the warriors of Madurai Raja and migrated from Madurai and Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. As well as that, there are some converts from lower castes to Islam but these are only a few.

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Thrissur District
Thrissur ( Trichur / Trishur) (Malayalam: തൃശ്ശൂര്‍) is a revenue district of Kerala situated in the central part of that state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km², Thrissur district is home to over 10% of Kerala’s population. Thrissur district was formed on July 1, 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. Thrissur is known as the cultural capital of Kerala, and the land of Poorams. The district is famous for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques. Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.
The name Thrissur is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur' (Malayalam / Tamil), which translates to "The city with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Then Kailasam" (Kailasam of the south) in ancient days.^{[citation needed]} Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with three Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides - namely Vadakkunnathan temple, Asokeswaram Siva temple and Irattachira Siva temple.

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Thrissur district
Thrissur ( Trichur / Trishur) (Malayalam: തൃശ്ശൂര്‍) is a revenue district of Kerala situated in the central part of that state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km², Thrissur district is home to over 10% of Kerala’s population. Thrissur district was formed on July 1, 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. Thrissur is known as the cultural capital of Kerala, and the land of Poorams. The district is famous for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques. Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.
The name Thrissur is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur' (Malayalam / Tamil), which translates to "The city with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Then Kailasam" (Kailasam of the south) in ancient days.^{[citation needed]} Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with three Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides - namely Vadakkunnathan temple, Asokeswaram Siva temple and Irattachira Siva temple.

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Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli ((tiruccirāppaḷḷi) pronunciation (help·info)) (spelt as Trichinopoly in the records of British India), also called Tiruchi or Trichy, is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District. It is the fourth largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu and also the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state.
The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Early Cholas, Early Pandyas, Pallavas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Delhi Sultanate, Madurai Sultanate, Vijayanagar Empire, Nayak Dynasty, the Carnatic state and the British. The archaeologically important town of Uraiyur which served as the capital of the Early Cholas is a suburb of Tiruchirappalli. Tiruchirappalli played a critical role in the Carnatic Wars between the British and the French East India companies. The city has a number of historical monuments, the Rockfort, Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam and the Jambukeswarar temple at Thiruvanaikaval being the most prominent among them.

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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.

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Vadodara
Vadodara, formerly known as Baroda, is the third largest and most populated city in the Indian State of Gujarat, after Ahmedabad and Surat. Historical and archaeological findings date this place back to the 9th century when it was a small town called Ankottaka (present Akota) located on the right bank of the river Vishvamitri (whose name is derived from the great saint Rishi Vishwamitra). Ankottaka was a famous centre of Jainism in the 5th and 6th century AD. Some of the Akota bronze images can be seen in the Vadodara Museum. The city was once called Chandanavati after its ruler Raja Chandan of Dor tribe of Rajputs, who wrested it from the Jains. The capital had also another name "Virakshetra" or "Virawati" (a land of warriors). Later on it was known as Vadpatraka or Wadodará, which according to tradition is a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word Vatodar means 'in the heart of the banyan tree'. It is now almost impossible to ascertain when the various changes in the name were made; but early English travellers and merchants mention the town as Brodera, and it is from this that the name Baroda is derived. Again in 1974 the name changed to Vadodara.

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Varanasi
Varanasi Hindustani pronunciation: [ʋaːˈraːɳəsi] ( listen)), also commonly known as Banaras or Benaras (Banāras [bəˈnaːrəs] ( listen)) and Kashi, Kāśī [ˈkaːʃi] ( listen)), is a city situated on the banks of the River Ganges in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, 320 kilometres (199 mi) southeast of state capital Lucknow. It is regarded as a holy city by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the oldest in India.
The Kashi Naresh (Maharaja of Kashi) is the chief cultural patron of Varanasi and an essential part of all religious celebrations. The culture of Varanasi is closely associated with the River Ganges and the river's religious importance. The city has been a cultural and religious centre in North India for several thousand years. The Benares Gharana form of the Indian classical music developed in Varanasi, and many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians resided or reside in Varanasi. Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath located near Varanasi (Kashi).

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Varkala
Varkala (Malayalam : വര്‍ക്കല ) is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located 50 kilometres (approx. 32 miles) north-west of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 37 km south-west of Kollam city.
Varkala is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea. These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are a unique geological feature on the otherwise flat Kerala coast, and is known among geologists as Varkala Formation and a geological monument as declared by the Geological Survey of India. There are numerous water spouts and spas on the sides of these cliffs.
Varkala is also famous for the 2,000-year old Janardana Swami Temple which is an important Vaishnavaite shrine in India and is often referred to as Dakshin Kashi (Benares of the South). The temple is located close to the Papanasam beach, which is considered to have holy waters which wash away sins, and is also an important Ayurveda treatment centre. The temple has an ancient bell removed from a shipwreck, donated by the captain of the Dutch vessel which sank near Varkala without causing any casualties.

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Vijayawada
Vijayawada ( pronunciation (help·info)) is the biggest city of the Krishna District and the third largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, after Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam, with an area of 61.88 km². The city has a population of 1,048,240 (2011 Census), while the population of the metropolitan area is 1,491,202. The name Vijayawada, meaning "Land of Victory" is derived from the presiding deity, Kanaka Durga, also called Vijaya. The city is also popularly known by its historic name Bezawada, which is also used by the Indian Railways in assigning its railway station code "BZA".
The city originated along the southern bank of the river Krishna, with hills on its northern bank. By 1855 AD, it took shape as small settlement on the eastern side of the Indrakiladri hills. The city has been ruled by different dynasties from time to time, including the Chalukyas of Kalyan and the great ruler Krishna Deva Raya.
The city experienced modest socio-economic growth in pre-independence India. As the commercial capital of Andhra Pradesh, the city is politically active, sociologically dominant, agriculturally rich, and is an industrial transportation hub.

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Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam ( pronunciation (help·info)) (also known as Vizag) is a port city on the southeast coast of India. With a population of 1,435,099, it is the second-largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh (after Hyderabad) and the third-largest city on the east coast (after Chennai and Kolkata). Visakhapatnam is located 625 kilometres (388 mi) east of the state capital, Hyderabad. The city is home to several state-owned heavy industries and a steel plant; it is one of India's largest seaports and has the country's oldest shipyard. Visakhapatnam has the only natural harbour on the east coast of India.
The city was named after Visakha, the Hindu god of valor. It is nestled among the hills of the Eastern Ghats and faces the Bay of Bengal on the east. Visakhapatnam is the administrative headquarters of Visakhapatnam district and headquarters of the Eastern Naval Command of the Indian Navy. Visakhapatnam has a nickname The City of Destiny and, more recently, the Goa of the East Coast. Like its west-coast counterpart it offers attractive beaches, laterite hillocks and a pleasing landscape. It is also a focus of urban and tourist development.

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Viyyoor
Viyyoor is Ward 3 of Thrissur Municipal Corporation. It is about 4 km from Swaraj Round. It houses one of the three central jails in Kerala, Viyyoor Central Jail.

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Wayanad
Wayanad District (Malayalam: വയനാട്) in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th district by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Kalpetta is the district headquarters as well as the only municipal town in the district. The region was known as Mayakshetra (Maya's land) in the earliest records. Mayakshetra evolved into Mayanad and finally to Wayanad. The Folk etymology of the word says it is a combination of Vayal (paddy field) and Naad (land), making it 'The Land of Paddy Fields'. There are many indigenous tribals in this area. It is set high on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 m.
It is the least populous district in Kerala (out of 14).

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Wayanad district
Wayanad District (Malayalam: വയനാട്) in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th district by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Kalpetta is the district headquarters as well as the only municipal town in the district. The region was known as Mayakshetra (Maya's land) in the earliest records. Mayakshetra evolved into Mayanad and finally to Wayanad. The Folk etymology of the word says it is a combination of Vayal (paddy field) and Naad (land), making it 'The Land of Paddy Fields'. There are many indigenous tribals in this area. It is set high on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 m.
It is the least populous district in Kerala (out of 14).

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Adivasi
Adivasi (Sanskrit: Nepali: Hindi: आदिवासी; ādivāsī) is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India. The word is used in the same sense in Nepal as is another word janajati (Nepali: जनजाति; janajāti), although the political context differed historically under the Shah and Rana dynasties.
Adivasi societies are particularly present in the Indian Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Mizoram, and other northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernization. Both commercial forestry and intensive agriculture have proved destructive to the forests that had endured swidden agriculture for many centuries. Officially recognized by the Indian government as "Scheduled Tribes" in the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, they are often grouped together with scheduled castes in the category "Scheduled Castes and Tribes", which is eligible for certain affirmative action measures.

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Arabs
Arab people, also known as Arabs (Arabic: عرب‎, ʿarab), are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing an important part of Arab identity.
The word "Arab" has had several different, but overlapping, meanings over the centuries (and sometimes even today). In addition to including all Arabized people of the world (with language tending to be the acid test), it has also at times been used exclusively for bedouin (Arab nomads [although a related word, "`a-RAB," with the Arabic letter "alif" in the second syllable, once was sometimes used when this specific meaning was intended] and their now almost entirely settled descendants). It is sometimes used that way colloquially even today in some places. Townspeople once were sometimes called "sons of the Arabs." As in the case of other ethnicities or nations, people identify themselves (or are identified by others) as "Arabs" to varying degrees. This may not be one's primary identity (it tends to compete with country, religion, sect, etc.), and whether it is emphasized may depend upon one's audience.

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Attoor Ravi Varma
Attoor Ravi Varma (October 27, 1930) is one of the pioneers of modern Malayalam poetry who has won the Kendra Sahitya Academy Award for his contributions to literary world. He hails from a small village called Attoor, in Thrissur District of Kerala.

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Brahmins
Brahmin (also called Brahman; from Sanskrit brāhmaṇa ब्राह्मण) is a name used to designate a member of one of the four varnas (castes) in the traditional Hindu societys of Nepal and India.
Brahman, Brahmin and Brahma have different meanings. Brahman refers to the Supreme Self. Brahmin or Brahmana refers to an individual, while the word Brahma refers to the creative aspect of the universal consciousness. The English word brahmin is an anglicised form of the Sanskrit word Brāhmana. In the Smriti view there are four "varnas", or classes: the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Atreya smriti 141-142 enjoins that
One is a Shudra by birth
samskarad dvija ucyate
By observing Sanskara one becomes a Dvija
vedapathi bhaved viprah
By studying the Vedas one becomes a Vipra
brahma janati brahmanah

Traditionally Brahmin was the name given to persons who had attained the highest spiritual knowledge (brahmavidya) and who adhered to different branches (shakhas) of Vedas. This was described to be a difficult path of discipline of body, mind, and intellect. Irrespective of their birth or class,^{[citation needed]} people who were dedicated to such an austere life were recognized as Brahmins.^{[citation needed]} An example of this definition of Brahmin, that a person becomes a Brahmin, rather than being born as one, is the story of the sage Vishwamitra, who was a warrior, who became a Brahmin after attaining brahmavidya, and composed the Gayatri mantra. ^{[defunct example from period before dharmashastras So,}^{[citation needed]} The belief that people born into the Brahmin caste, automatically become Brahmins, is a concept that emerged later in ancient India.^{[citation needed]}

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Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit and Pāli). The Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end ignorance (avidyā), craving (taṇhā), and suffering (dukkha), by recognizing dependent origination and sunyata, and attain Nirvana.
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tiantai (Tendai) and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications, Vajrayana—practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana. There are other categorisations of these three Vehicles or Yanas.

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C. Achutha Menon
Chelat Achutha Menon (13 January 1913 - 16 August 1991) was a senior leader of the Communist Party of India (CPI). He was the Chief Minister of Kerala state for two terms. The first term was from 1 November 1969 to 1 August 1970 and the second 4 October 1970 to 25 March 1977. He was instrumental in starting number of institutions and development projects in Kerala. Academically brilliant, he stood first in the state in the Secondary School Examination. He did his schooling from CMS High school Thrissur and graduated from St. Thomas College, Thrissur and did Law at Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram with first rank in the Kerala University. He also secured Sri. V. Bashyam Iyengar Gold Medal for Hindu Law from Madras University. After a brief period practising law at Thrissur he entered politics as an Indian National Congress worker. Then in 1942, he joined the Communist Party of India.
He became the finance minister in the first Kerala Government led by E.M.S during 1957-1959 period.He presented the first Budget of Kerala state in 7 June 1957. He stood by the official faction of the party when it split into two in 1964. He was remembered as an efficient and popular Chief minister of Kerala and the only politician who adorned the chief ministership of Kerala for two consecutive terms. Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology was set up during his period. In retrospect, his major failure was the amendment his ministry signed on Mullaperiyar Dam agreement, which deprived Kerala's rights. He was also a philosopher & a gifted writer. He wrote many books & articles, mostly related to Marxism, Communism and Indian History.

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C. V. Pappachan
C. V. Pappachan (Malayalam: സി. വി. പാപ്പച്ചന്‍) (born 1965) is a former Indian football player from Thrissur, Kerala. He captained India in a couple of tournaments.
Born in Parappur in Thrissur district, Pappachan turned professional in 1982 and played as a striker. Prior to being recurited for Kerala Police team by the then DGP M. K. Joseph, he played as striker representing Sree Kerala Varma college and Calicut University and played in an international university tournament in Japan. He played for Kerala Police team during 1982-1998 and for FC Kochin during 1998-99. Pappachan captained Kerala Police team and Kerala State team and represented India in many tournaments including the 1987 Calicut Nehru Cup International Football Tournament and the 1991 Thiruvananthapuram Nehru Cup. He scored the lone goal for India when they met Hungary 1991 edition of Nehru Cup. Pappachan played in the Indian senior B National Team at the Sri Lanka Independence Cup in 1998. He represented Kerala in the Santosh Trophy tournament eight times. He has also played in many national and international tournaments. Currently, he is Assistant Commandant at the Kerala Police Academy.

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Cochin Royal Family
The Cochin royal family were rulers of Cochin, India.

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Dravidian people
Dravidian people or peoples or is a term used to refer to the diverse groups of people who natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Populations of speakers of around 220 million are found mostly in Southern India. Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. The most populous Dravidian people are the Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas and the Malayalis. Smaller Dravidian communities with 1–5 million speakers are the Tuluvas, Gonds and Brahui.
There are two definitions for Dravidian ethnicity which are generally divided between proposing that Dravidian people are an ethnic group in their own right, or Dravidian peoples are a collective group of ethnolinguistic ethnicities. The World Book encyclopedia, Volume 10 says: "Most southern Indians belong to the Dravidian ethnic group;" referring to them as one ethnic group, while the The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Volume 8; Volume 21 refers to 'Dravidian ethnic groups', suggesting the latter definition. Hence, depending on the definition and context, both 'Dravidian people' and 'Dravidian peoples' may be used.

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I. M. Vijayan
Inivalappil Mani Vijayan (Malayalam: അയിനിവളപ്പില്‍ മണി വിജയന്‍) (born 25 April 1969) is one of the leading Indian football players of modern times. Playing in the striker position, he formed a successful attacking partnership with Baichung Bhutia for the Indian national team in the late nineties and early 2000s. Vijayan was crowned Indian Player of the Year in 1993, 1997 and 1999, the first player to win the award multiple times. He was also awarded the Arjuna award in 2003.
Vijayan started out as a seller of soda bottles in the Trichur Municipal Stadium, Kerala earning 10 paise (0.02 Cents) a bottle. Eventually he was chosen to play for the Kerala Police club and rose to become one of the top names in domestic football. A highly aggressive player, he eventually became the highest earner in Indian club football as well as a regular in the India team. He scored one of the fastest ever international goals in a match against Bhutan in the 1999 SAF Games, when he managed to do the same in 12 seconds. Faster international goals on record include ones by Davide Gualtieri in 8 seconds and Hakan Şükür in 11 seconds. Vijayan's talents attracted interest from clubs in Malaysia and Thailand, although he spent his entire career in India until retirement. By the end of his career he had scored 40 international goals in 79 matches for India. Since retiring Vijayan has set up a football academy to train young players in his home town.

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I.P. Paul
I.P. Paul is an Indian National Congress politician from Thrissur city, India, and the third mayor of Thrissur Municipal Corporation.

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Joseph Mundassery
Joseph Mundassery (17 July 1903 – 25 October 1977) was a renowned literary critic and Indian politician from Kerala state. He was one among the towering literary critics in the Malayalam language and literature. In Kerala politics, he is famously remembered as the Education Minister who is the mastermind behind the drafting of the controversial Education Bill of the first EMS communist ministry of 1957.
Joseph Mundassery was born at Kandassankadavu, Thrissur. After his schooling from a local school he took his Bachelors degree in Physics and later the Masters degree in Sanskrit and Malayalam. Until 1952, he was the Head of the Department of Foreign Languages at St. Thomas College, Trichur.
Mundassery entered politics through the Kochi Prajamandalam and was elected as a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) of the princely state of Cochin in 1948 from the constituency of Aranattukara. Later on he became an MLC in the Travancore-Cochin Assembly in 1954, from Cherpu.
After the formation of the Kerala State in 1956, he won the Assembly election in 1957, from Manaloor, and went on to become Kerala’s first Education Minister (1957-‘59) in the EMS Communist ministry. And finally in 1970 he was elected as an MLA from Trichur constituency.

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K. Satchidanandan
K. Satchidanandan (Malayalam: കെ സച്ചിദാനന്ദൻ born 28 May 1946) is a major Indian poet and critic, writing in Malayalam, and English. Satchidanandan has established himself as an academician, editor, translator and playwright. Born in central Kerala, he was a Professor of English and Editor of Indian Literature, the journal of the Sahitya Akademi (India’s National Academy of Literature) and the executive head of the Sahitya Akademi for a decade (1996–2006) He has to his credit 23 collections of poetry besides many selections, 16 collections of translations of poetry and 21 collections of essays on literature, language and society-three of them in English- besides four plays and three travel narratives. He has 25 collections of his poetry in translation in 17 languages including Tamil, Hindi, Bengali, English, Arabic, French, German and Italian. He has introduced several poets like Garcia Lorca, Alexander Block, Voznesensky, Pablo Neruda, Cesar Vallejo, Bertolt Brecht, Paul Celan, Zbignew Herbert, Eugenio Montale, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Mahmoud Darwish and Yehuda Amichai to Malayalam readers through translations and studies besides a lot of Black, Latin American and Indian poetry. He has also travelled widely, writing and lecturing.

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Kerala Iyers
Kerala Iyers, colloquially called Pattars, are Tamil Iyers of the Indian state of Kerala who migrated from present day Tamil Nadu in different waves starting from the medieval period onwards. The community consists of two groups - the Palakkad Iyers and Iyers of the Cochin and Travancore regions.
The first wave of Iyers settled down in Palakkad district at the beginning of the medieval period. Migrations to the Travancore and Cochin regions took place mostly in the 16th and 17th centuries AD. Many of the Diwans or Prime Ministers of the princely state of Travancore were Tamil Brahmins.
Kerala Iyers, like the Iyers of Tamil Nadu, belonged to the Pancha Dravida classification of India's Brahmin community. They mostly belonged to the Vadama and Brahacharanam sub-sects. Kerala Iyers and other Tamil Brahmins ranked below the orthodox Nambudiri Brahmins in the Malayali caste hierarchy and the touch of a Tamil/Kerala Iyer meant that the Nambudiri was defiled by Eda Shudam which required the Nambudiri to bathe before resuming rituals.

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Kovilan
Kandanisseri Vattomparambil Velappan Ayyappan (9 July 1923 – 2 June 2010), better known as Kovilan, was a Malayalam language novelist from Kerala state, South India. He was considered to be one of the most prolific writers of contemporary Indian Literature. He won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi award in 1972 and 1977 and the Kendra Sahitya Akademi award in 1998. He was also a recipient of the Kerala state government's highest literary honour Ezhuthachan Puraskaram in recognition of his outstanding contribution to Malayalam literature. He had been a Fellow of the Sahitya Akademi since 2005.
Kovilan was born in Kandanassery in Guruvayur, Thrissur. He did his early education at the Kandanisseri Excelsior School and Nenmini Higher Elementary School. He started his career as anti-submarine detector operator at the Royal Indian Navy. Later he fought for the India's Independence and worked as trade unionist.Kovilan died on 2 June 2010 in Kunnamkulam, aged 86. His wife Sarada pre-deceased him at 1999. They had three children.

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Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (pronounced: [ˈmoːɦənd̪aːs ˈkərəmtʃənd̪ ˈɡaːnd̪ʱi]; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.
Son of a senior government official, Gandhi was born and raised in a Hindu Bania community in coastal Gujarat, and trained in law in London. Gandhi became famous by fighting for the civil rights of Muslim and Hindu Indians in South Africa, using the new techniques of non-violent civil disobedience that he developed. Returning to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants to protest excessive land-taxes. A lifelong opponent of "communalism" (i.e. basing politics on religion) he reached out widely to all religious groups. He became a leader of Muslims protesting the declining status of the Caliphate. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, increasing economic self-reliance, and above all for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from British domination.

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Malayali
Malayali (also spelled Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി, Malayāḷi ^?) is the term used to refer to the native speakers of Malayalam, originating from the Indian state of Kerala. The Malayali identity is primarily linguistic, although in recent times the definition has been broadened to include emigrants of Malayali descent who partly maintain Malayali cultural traditions, even if they do not regularly speak the language. While the origins of the Malayali people are in the state of Kerala, significant populations also exist in other parts of India, the Middle East, Europe and North America. According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 96.7% of the total population of that state. Hence the word Keralite is often used in the same context, though a proper definition is ambiguous.
Malayalam, the Malayalis' native language, has its origin from the words mala meaning mountain and alam meaning land (Tamil/Malayalam) or locality (which lies alongside the mountain). Hence 'Malayali' means people from the mountains who lived beyond the Western Ghats, and Malayalam the language that was spoken there.

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Mammootty
Mammootty (born Muhammadkutty Ismail Panaparambil on 7 September 1951) is an Indian film actor and producer who works mainly in Malayalam cinema. He has also acted in a few Tamil, Hindi, Telugu, and Kannada films. During a career spanning more than three decades, he has acted in more than 360 films, and is only next to Prem Nazir in the number of lead roles in Indian films. He also appeared in the highest number of dual roles (nine) in Malayalam films.
Mammootty was awarded the National Film Award for Best Actor three times, a record shared with Amitabh Bachchan and Kamal Hassan. He also won five Kerala State Film Awards, and eleven Filmfare Awards. He was the first (1998) Malayali actor to be honoured with the state honour Padma Shri for contributions toward Indian cinema. He was honoured a Doctor of Letters by University of Kerala in Jan 2010 and by University of Calicut in Dec 2010.Vanitha, a leading women's magazine in Malayalam, in 2004, chose Mammootty as the actor with the highest sex appeal in Kerala, following a survey among its readers.

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Mappila
Mappila (Malayalam: മാപ്പിള Māppiḷa, alternatively Mopla, Moplah) refers to the largest Muslim community in Kerala state, India primarily distributed in the northern region called Malabar, which arose as a result of the pre and post Islamic Arab contacts.
Muslims of Kerala, of which Mappilas constitute a majority, also make up the largest community in Kerala state, 24.70% of the population. As a religious group they are the second largest after Hindus (56%). They share the common language called Malayalam with the other inhabitants of Kerala. Islam reached Malabar Coast as early as 7th century AD and was assimilated with the culture and traditions of the local people. Over the centuries, the strong relations of the Mappilas with the traders from Arabia have created a profound impact on their life and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique tradition in literature, art, music, and history of the Mappilas. They form an integral part of the unique blend of the culture of the Malayalam language speaking population. Most of the Mappilas follow Shafi`i School, while a large minority follow movements arose within Sunni Islam.

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Mohanlal
Mohanlal Vishwanathan Nair (born 21 May 1960), known mononymously as Mohanlal, is an Indian actor and producer best known for his work in Malayalam cinema.
Mohanlal made his acting debut in Thiranottam (1978) but the film was never released due to censorship issues. He followed that by a role as the lead antagonist in his first release Manjil Virinja Pookkal (1980) at the age of 20. Antagonistic parts in several movies followed before Mohanlal established himself as a lead actor playing a wide variety of character types in comedy and action films amongst others. He was labelled a superstar of Malayalam cinema in 1986 after the success of Rajavinte Makan, in which he played an underworld don. Mohanlal became a film producer with the 1990 musical hit His Highness Abdullah and has also acted in a number of Tamil and Bollywood films. Of these, his notable roles were in Iruvar, directed by Mani Ratnam, and Company, directed by Ram Gopal Varma. As well as being an actor and producer, Mohanlal also owns businesses involved in film distribution, restaurants and packaged spices.

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Namboothiri
The Nambudiri Brahmins, also transliterated Namboothiri, are Hindu Brahmins from the Indian state of Kerala.
Nambudri nambũdiri is derived from nambuka "to trust" and tiri (from Sanskrit śrī) "blessed". Popular etymology derives the name from Malayalam nambu "the Veda", ōthu "to teach" and tiri "holy".
Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of Narmada, Krishna and Kaveri rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by Parasurama, an avatar of Vishnu. In the Travancore State Manual, Nagam Ayya also says that they came from the region between Krishna and Godavari.

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Namboothiri Brahmin
The Nambudiri Brahmins, also transliterated Namboothiri, are Hindu Brahmins from the Indian state of Kerala.
Nambudri nambũdiri is derived from nambuka "to trust" and tiri (from Sanskrit śrī) "blessed". Popular etymology derives the name from Malayalam nambu "the Veda", ōthu "to teach" and tiri "holy".
Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of Narmada, Krishna and Kaveri rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by Parasurama, an avatar of Vishnu. In the Travancore State Manual, Nagam Ayya also says that they came from the region between Krishna and Godavari.

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P. Bhaskaran
Pulloottupadathu Bhaskara Menon (21 April 1924 – 25 February 2007), better known as P. Bhaskaran, was a famous Malayalam poet and lyricist of Malayalam film songs. He penned more than 3000 songs for about 250 films. He also directed 44 Malayalam feature films and 3 documentaries, produced 6 feature films and acted in several movies. For his overall contributions to Malayalam cinema, he was awarded J.C.Daniel Lifetime Achievement Award by the Government of Kerala.
He was also a journalist and an All India Radio employee before becoming active in the film industry. He was well-known for simple but beautiful use of the language in his songs and poems.
P. Bhaskaran was born on 21 April 1924 in Kodungallur, Thrissur. His father, Nandyelathu Padmanabha Menon was a poet, lawyer, journalist and Indian freedom fighter. His mother was Pulloottupadathu Ammalu Amma. He is survived by his wife,Indira and four children. Having inherited his father’s talent, he started to write poems when he was studying in 7th standard. He fell in love with literature and communism when he was studying in Maharajas College, Eranakulam. He used to write poems in a local magazine. For taking part in the August Struggle, he was sentenced to 6 months imprisonment. After getting released, he went to Kozhikode and joined Deshabhimani Weekly.

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P. C. Chacko
P. C. Chacko is the Member of Parliament from Thrissur Lok Sabha seat in Kerala. He belongs to Indian National Congress. He was a minister in Kerala.
He came to active politics through the Kerala Students Union and held positions viz. Indian Youth Congress State President. In 1980 he was elected to Kerala Legislative Assembly from Piravam Constituency and became Minister for Industries in E.K. Nayanar Ministry. He is the chairman of Joint Parliamentary Committee to probe the alleged scam in the grant of 2G spectrum and telecom license from 1998 to 2009.

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P. Vijayan
P Vijayan is an 1999 batch IPS officer and the first and the current Commissioner of Police, Thrissur City Police. His earlier stints include Commissioner of Police, Kochi City Police; Commissioner of Police, Kozhikode City Police and Malappuram District, Superintendent of Police. Vijayan also played an active role in solving the Chelembra Bank Robbery case. He started his career as Kanhangad Assistant Superintendent of Police. His wife M. Beena is the Director of Fisheries Department.

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Padmarajan
P. Padmarajan Pillai (Malayalam: പി. പത്മരാജന്‍; 23 May 1945 – 24 January 1991) was an Indian author, screenwriter, and film director who contributed in Malayalam language. Padmarajan was the founder of a new school of film making in Malayalam, along with Bharathan, in the 1980s, which created films that were widely received while also being critically acclaimed.
Padmarajan was noted for his fine and detailed screenwriting and expressive direction style. Padmarajan made some of the landmark motion pictures in Malayalam cinema, including masterpieces like Oridathoru Phayalvaan (1981), Arappatta Kettiya Gramathil (1986), Namukku Parkkan Munthiri Thoppukal (1986), Thoovanathumbikal (1987), Moonnam Pakkam (1988),
Born at Muthukulam near Haripad in Onattukara, Alleppey, he was the sixth son of Thundathil Anantha Padmanabha Pillai and Njavarakkal Devaki Amma. After early schooling at Muthukulam, he studied at M. G. College and University College, Trivandrum, graduating in Chemistry (1963). Subsequently, he learned Sanskrit from the scholar Cheppad Achyutha Warrier at Muthukulam. He then joined All India Radio, Trichur (1965), starting as a programme announcer, and later settled at Poojappura, Trivandrum (1968); he would remain at All India Radio until 1986, when his busy involvement in films would prompt him to retire voluntarily.

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Professor P C Thomas
Professor P C Thomas is a coaching expert in the field of Medical, Engineering undergraduate Entrance exam in Kerala. His institute is located at Thrissur city, Kerala.

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Pulayar
The Pulayar, also Pulayar, Pulaya, or Pulayas or Holeya or Cheramar, are one of the main social groups found in Kerala, Karnataka and in historical Tamil Nadu or Tamilakam.
Their marriage rituals were described by Edgar Thurston,. Nowadays many of these customs have fallen into disuse. Traditionally women of this caste are more independent compared to the women of other caste. The spiritual life of the Pulaya includes certain ancient magic rituals and practices that have a certain reputation. Members of the mainstream community may consult Pulaya sorcerers (Manthrikavadi) in Kerala, for advice.
Pulayas are noted for their music, craftsmanship, and for certain dances which include Kōlam-thullal, a mask dance which is part of their exorcism rituals, as well as the Mudi-āttam or hair-dance which has its origins in a fertility ritual.
Snake worship (nagaradhana) was prevalent among many Pulaya families all over Kerala.^{[citation needed]}
They did use surnames like other groups. But off late many have been identified calling themselves as Cheramar or Cheraman Pulayan or Cheramar Pulayar or Cheramar Christian.^{[citation needed]}

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Rama Varma X
Rama Varma X (died January 1809) was an Indian monarch who ruled the Kingdom of Cochin from 1805 to 1809.
Rama Varma was the son of Sakthan Thampuran's mother's younger sister (famously known as Chittamma Thampuran) and therefore his cousin. He succeeded the Sakthan Thampuran on the latter's death in 1805
Rama Varma is generally remembered as a generous, mild-mannered person and an incapable monarch.
Rama Varma was an excellent writer and authored the Sundarakanda Purana.
Rama Varma died at Vellarapilly in January 1809.

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Sakthan Thampuran
Rama Varma Kunhjipilla Thampuran (1751–1805), or Rama Varma IX, popularly known as Sakthan Thampuran (Sakthan meaning powerful), was the ruler of Cochin. He was the King of Cochin and his palace was in Thrissur. Thrissur is the cultural capital of Kerala and Sakthan Thampuran is the very architect of Thrissur city. Thrissur Pooram was introduced by him. Sakthan Thampuran was a very powerful Maharaja as the very name indicate. He died in September 1805 AD, (Kanni 11, 980 (ME)) at Thrissur.
Born on Karkidakom 10, 926 (ME) (1751 AD) at Vellarapally Palace to Ambika Thampuran of the Cochin Royal Family and her consort Chennose Namboodiripad. His mother died when he was only three years old. The prince was brought up by his maternal aunt, famously known as Chittamma (meaning mother's younger sister) Thampuran. His early education took place under the tutelage of scholars such as Kallenkara Pisharody.
Shakthan Thampuran Palace in Thrissur is one of the historic, cultural, architectural important palace of the erstwhile Mahraja of Cochin which has been converted into a heritage museum. This palace is a blend of traditional Kerala and Dutch architectural style. It was reconstructed in Kerala-Dutch style in 1795. Formerly this palace was known as Vadakkechira Kovilakam. The palace is spread over six acres. This palace is named after King Rama Varma Shakthan Thampuran, who is the founder of Thrissur city. According to Hindu tradition, the Cochin Royal family cremeates their dead. However. there are three tombs including the tomb purported to be that of Shakthan Thampuran. The last member of the Cochin Royal Family to reside at the palace was Rama Varma Bharathan Thampuran. He lived there from 1950 to 1990 when the Palace was handed over to the Government of Kerala.

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Sarah Joseph
Sarah Joseph is CEO and Editor of Muslim lifestyle magazine emel and commentator on British Muslims. She is a writer and a broadcaster and lectures on Islam both within the UK and internationally (USA, Europe, Middle and Far East). Sarah converted to Islam at the age of 16 in 1988 after being brought up as a Catholic.
Joseph is the daughter of RAF engineer Joe Askew and a model agency owner Valerie Askew. Her mother founded the internationally successful Askew's Modelling Agency.^{[citation needed]} Joseph was educated at St George's School^{[disambiguation needed ]}, Hanover Square, Mayfair and St Thomas More School, Sloane Square, Chelsea. Her undergraduate degree was in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies, King's College London.^{[citation needed]}
She is married to Mahmud al-Rashid, who is a human rights barrister and one of the founders of the Association of Muslim Lawyers (AML). He is of Muslim Bangladeshi heritage, who is also involved in editing the emel magazine. She resides in London with her husband and their three children.^{[citation needed]}

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Sukumar Azhikode
Sukumar Azhikode (Malayalam: സുകുമാര്‍ അഴീക്കോട്; 26 May 1926 – 24 January 2012) was an Indian writer, critic and orator, acknowledged for his contributions to Malayalam language and insights on Indian philosophy. He was a scholar in Sanskrit, Malayalam, and English languages.
Azhikode was a bachelor and lived in Eravimangalam near Thrissur, Kerala state. He died on 24 January 2012 at the age of 85 at Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, in Thrissur due to cancer.
Azhikode's most famous work is Tatvamasi (1984, Malayalam), an authoritative book on Indian Philosophy, Vedas and Upanishads. Thathvamasi won twelve awards, including the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award, Kerala Sahithya Akademi Award, Vayalar Award and the Rajaji Award.
An outstanding academic and teacher, Azhikode had served as chairman of the National Book Trust (NBT) and as member of the executive councils of Kerala and Kendra Sahitya academy.
A recipient of high literary honours including the Kendra Sahitya Academy award, Azhikode hit national headlines a few years back by declining to accept Padma Shri holding such honours went against the spirit of Indian Constitution that saw all citizens as equal.

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Syrian Christian
Syriac or Syrian Christianity (Syriac: ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ, mšiḥāiūṯā suryāiṯā), the Syriac-speaking Christians of Mesopotamia, comprises multiple Christian traditions of Eastern Christianity. With a history going back to the 1st Century AD, in modern times it is represented by denominations primarily in the Middle East and in Kerala, India. Christianity began in the Middle East in Bethlehem among Aramaic speaking Semitic peoples. It quickly spread to Sassanid-ruled Mesopotamia & Assyria, Roman-ruled Syria (ancient Aramea), Phoenicia, India, and Egypt. From there it spread to Asia Minor, Greece, Armenia, Georgia and the Caucasus region.
Services in this tradition tend to feature liturgical use of ancient Syriac, a dialect of Middle Aramaic that is of direct relation to the Aramaic of Jesus.
Syriac Christianity is divided into two major traditions: Eastern Rite, historically centered in Assyria/Mesopotamia, and West Syrian, centered in Antioch. The Eastern Rite tradition was historically associated with the Church of the East, and is currently employed by the Middle Eastern churches that descend from it, the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church, (the members of these churches usually consider themselves to be ethnic Assyrians) as well as by the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church of India. The West Syrian tradition is used by the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Maronite Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and churches that descend from them, as well as by the Malankara churches of the Saint Thomas Christian tradition in India.

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Thomas the Apostle
Thomas the Apostle, also called Doubting Thomas or Didymus (meaning "Twin," as does "Thomas" in Aramaic") was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is best known for questioning Jesus' resurrection when first told of it, then proclaiming "My Lord and my God" on seeing Jesus in John 20:28. He was perhaps the only Apostle who went outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel. He is also believed to have crossed the largest area, which includes the Parthian Empire and India.
Thomas speaks in the Gospel of John. In John 11:16, when Lazarus has just died, the apostles don't want to go back to Judea, where Jesus' fellow Jews had attempted to stone him to death. Thomas says bravely: "Let us also go, that we may die with him" (NIV).
In Thomas' best known appearance in the New Testament, ^{[Jn. 20:24–29]} he doubts the resurrection of Jesus and demands to touch Jesus' wounds before being convinced. Caravaggio's painting, The Incredulity of Saint Thomas (illustration above), depicts this scene. This story is the origin of the term Doubting Thomas. After seeing Jesus alive, Thomas exclaimed, "My Lord and my God!".

wn.com/Thomas_the_Apostle
Vinod Rai
Vinod Rai (born May 23, 1948) is the present Comptroller and Auditor General of India. He assumed office on 7 January 2008. He holds a Masters Degree in Economics from the University of Delhi, and Masters in Public Administration from Harvard University.He did his schooling from Vidya Niketan - Birla Public School - BPS Pilani Rajasthan. He belongs to Ghazipur UP.
Mr Rai is a 1972 batch Kerala cadre officer of Indian Administrative Service (IAS). He was the MD of Kerala State Co-operative Marketing Federation from 1977 to 1980. Prior to his appointment as Financial Services Secretary, Mr Rai was Additional Secretary in the Banking Division of the Finance Ministry.
He figured as one of the Persons of the Year in Forbes magazine January 2011.
In December 2011, he was chosen as the chief of UN external audit panel. In February 2012, CAG was complimented for professionalism, training and infrastructure by its US counterpart.

wn.com/Vinod_Rai

Jayaraj Warrier Comedy Show about Thrissur Slang

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SOBHA CITY,THRISSUR

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Are Women safe in Kerala? Thrissur special

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Violent Elephant in thrissur Festival 2012

Elephant violence in Trichur Festival................

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Elephant Attcak in Thrissur Pooram - 2012

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Flash Mob Dance at GEC THRISSUR Part-2

Watch Part-1 here www.youtube.com This video was shot at GEC Thrissur. The students of Gov...

published: 18 Jan 2012

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Story of an Animal lover in Thrissur Zoo

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published: 30 May 2012

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THRISSUR- POTTORE- 5 CENTS + 1750 SqFtNEW HOUSE FOR SALE@ 42 LAKHS/www.thrissurrealeste.in(SA-762)

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Vibrant thrissur

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THRISSUR ZOO AND MUSEUM VIDEO DOCUMENTARY-KERALA INDIA

THRISSUR ZOO AND MUSEUM VIDEO DOCUMENTARY-KERALA INDIA VIDEO/ EDITING AND CONCEPT: DR.LAL....

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Historical Place "Thachukunnu" in Thrissur District almost Demolished

Historical Place "Thachukunnu" in Thrissur District almost Demolished by Land Mafia....

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Pastors Conference (Thrissur)-1

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Pastors Conference (Thrissur)-2

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Thrissur town on Thiruvonam

It was nice to spend Onam at home after long 7 years. Almost deserted Thrissur round on Th...

published: 15 Sep 2011

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Thrissur Pooram Sample fireworks

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published: 10 May 2011

author: Binoj Mathew

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photo: UN / Shareef Sarhan

File- A view of the outer perimeter of Palestine Stadium, severely damaged by Israeli air strikes in Gaza City earlier this week, 19 November, 2012.

The End of Jewish Power

WorldNews.com

02 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Guest Writer Gilad Atzmon. Israel suffered a humiliating defeat at The UN recently. The nations of the world stood up and said NO to the Jewish state - NO to Israeli occupation, NO to Israeli human rights abuse, NO to Jewish racism. In effect, they stood up and confessed to serious Zio-fatigue ... This is a very good news indeed. But interestingly, this united opposition to Israel is not in response to Israeli strength ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)

photo: USAF / Senior Airman Patrice Clarke

File - U.S. Army Capt. Peggy Hu, Zabul Provincial Reconstruction Team civil affairs, speaks with a local child during a routine patrol in the local area Nov. 21, 2012, in Afghanistan.

'Taliban attackers' target US Afghanistan base

BBC News

02 Dec 2012

There have been "multiple explosions" near an airfield at a US base in eastern Afghanistan, Nato has said. Afghan intelligence officials told the BBC seven suicide attackers targeted the base in Jalalabad, and witnesses said that gunfire was heard ... Counter claims ... There were no Nato casualties in the attack, officials said ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)

photo: AP / Anja Niedringhaus

U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon speaks at the Human Rights Council at the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland

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New Straits/Business Times

03 Dec 2012

UNITED NATIONS. UN leader Ban Ki-moon warned Sunday that if Israel implemented its latest plan for new settlements it would deal an “almost fatal blow” to any prospects for peace with the Palestinians.   Israel’s announcement about the 3,000 Jewish settler homes, whose planned location was not revealed, came in the wake of a historic vote by the United Nations General Assembly to upgrade Palestine’s diplomatic status ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)

photo: AP / Patrick Semansky

Army Pfc. Bradley Manning, center, steps out of a security vehicle as he is escorted into a courthouse in Fort Meade, Md., Wednesday, Nov. 28, 2012, for a pretrial hearing.

Pfc. Manning: From Bloody Eagle to Bloody Cage

WorldNews.com

02 Dec 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Much like the United States, the Vikings were a paradoxical and duplicitous civilization. Not only were they highly skilled shipbuilders and tremendous explorers, not to mention their expertise in the fishing, farming and trading industries, but they helped establish and contribute to the nation-states of France, England, Ireland, Germany, Russia, and Iceland ... This came to mind when Pfc....(size: 5.5Kb)

photo: AP / Jerome Delay

A Congolese policeman in riot gear keeps an eye on Goma residents including street children who gathered for an anti Kabila demonstration supported by the M23 rebel movement in Goma, eastern Congo, Wednesday Nov. 28, 2012.

Congo rebels' withdrawal from Goma 'purely tactical', say analysts

The Guardian

03 Dec 2012

Despite retreat by the M23, there's no sign that any of the major players are willing to act to stop the violence flaring up again. A Congolese M23 rebels sleeps in the back of a truck as the rebels withdraw from Goma. Photograph. Phil Moore/AFP/Getty Images. After much initial confusion, reports indicate that rebels in the Democratic Republic of Congo have finally withdrawn from the eastern city of Goma ... This seems unlikely now ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)

timeline:
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She shows the way in story-telling

Deccan Chronicle

30 Nov 2012

And she left the audience spell-bound ... The second day of the fest was dominated by Thrissur district with 1,560 points followed by Ernakulam with 1,363 points. ....(size: 0.9Kb)

‘Rahul not quite happy with Congress revamp list’

Deccan Chronicle

30 Nov 2012

Chandy and Chennithala have not been able to agree on the Thrissur and Kozh-ikode DCCs, leaving the final list to the high command ... With the intervention of union leaders like Mullapally Ramacha-ndran, P. C ... M ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

Entrepreneurs bond with yellow metal: Gold fills a very important gap in India’s financial system

The Times of India

30 Nov 2012

MUMBAI. Aneesha Binu long craved the financial independence enjoyed by millions of young women like her in India's big cities and towns ... Being based in Idukki, known more for its rugged mountains and forests that make up 97% of its landmass, meant that economic opportunities were, predictably, few ... "I have been taking gold loan for the last seven years," says MR Anilkumar, who runs an advertising unit in Thrissur, also in Kerala ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)

Entrepreneurs bond with yellow metal: Business ambitions are still funded by unorganised lenders taking gold as collateral

The Times of India

30 Nov 2012

Play of mudras

The Hindu

29 Nov 2012

Classical art lovers of Thrissur enjoyed a night-long Kathakali performance that included three plays – Kottayathu Thampuran’s ‘Kalakeyavadhom’, ‘Ravanolbhavam’ (southern style), and ‘Dakshayagam’ ... Kathakali, Thrissur, Dakshayagam, Kalakeyavadhom, Ravanolbhavam, theatre ....(size: 4.6Kb)

Karunakaran siblings upset by state Congress revamp

Newstrack India

29 Nov 2012

Tweet. Thiruvananthapuram, Nov 29 (IANS) Former chief minister K. Karunakaran's children have expressed unhappiness at the organisational revamp of the state Congress ... Karunakaran's son K ... Muraleedharan remarked ... Muraleedharan's sister Padmaja asserted that an assurance was given to her father before he passed away in 2010 that the post of party president of Thrissur district would go to one of his close associates ... Post comments.. ) .. ). ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)

For sustainable spaces

The Hindu

29 Nov 2012

He could have had it easy, cocooned in his swanky office, steadily climbing up the corporate ladder ... Kudumbashree is the State-level nodal agency for RAY. Anoop is at present part of a team preparing a detailed slum-free city plan of action for the five Corporations of Kerala (Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Thrissur and Kozhikode) and for Kannur municipality too ... “I’ve always had a keen interest in philanthropy ... Keywords....(size: 6.0Kb)

Wagh draws Mother Teresa at artists' camp

The Times of India

28 Nov 2012

The national artist's camp is being organized by the Kerala lalithakala akademi, Thrissur and art, an initiative of the Catholic bishops' conference of India's office for social communications (CBCI-OSC), New Delhi ... Stressing that there are many things common between Goa and Kerala, Wagh invited the Kerala lalithakala akademi and Thrissur and art to the Kala Academy to display their art works in the future....(size: 1.9Kb)

Banks readying payment platforms

The Times of India

28 Nov 2012

KOCHI ... "We are in the process of implementing AEPS and our bank is already using Aadhaar card as a proof of identity," said P G Jayakumar, chief executive officer of Thrissur-based Dhanlaxmi Bank. "Both the banks and its customers will benefit from AEPS ... South Indian Bank ( SIB), another Thrissur-based private bank, is in the process of implementing AEPS ... WHAT IS DIRECT CASH TRANSFER? ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)

DYFI stir to stamp out Che Guevara slippers

Deccan Chronicle

28 Nov 2012

The slippers having the cult figure’s photo in it are available in shops across the state. Provoked, the Democratic Youth Federation Of India (DYFI) took out a protest march to some of the shops in Thrissur district and warned shopowners against its continued sale ... Rajesh ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)

IFFI delegate arrested for laptop theft

Deccan Herald

26 Nov 2012

Thrissur-based Manydas K Venu, who is in Goa to participate in the ten-day cinema fest, was arrested from his hotel room this morning and the laptop was ......(size: 0.8Kb)

Mammootty speaks Konkani

Deccan Chronicle

26 Nov 2012

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BJP women's wing up in arms against Swetha Menon, Blessy

Newstrack India

26 Nov 2012

Tweet ... On Sep 27, Shwetha delivered a baby girl at Nanavati Hospital in Mumbai and Blessy captured her delivery and has incorporated it in his forthcoming release "Kalimannu" ... "We have already asked the state government to see that permission is not granted (to show the scene) because a bad precedent is being set in the name of the art," Mahila Morcha chairperson Shoba Surendran told reporters in Thrissur ... Post comments.. ) .. ). ... HOME . ....(size: 2.8Kb)

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For other uses, see Thrissur (disambiguation).

Thrissur (തൃശൂര്‍)

Trichur (Anglicised name)
Thrisivaperoor (Old name)

— city —

Clockwise from top: Thrissur Pooram, Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours, Puli Kali, Vadakkunnathan Temple

Thrissur (തൃശൂര്‍)

Location of Thrissur (തൃശൂര്‍)
in Kerala

Coordinates

10°31′N 76°13′E / 10.52°N 76.21°ECoordinates: 10°31′N 76°13′E / 10.52°N 76.21°E

Country

State

District(s)

Mayor

Deputy Mayor

Subi Babu

Population

• Density
• Metro

315,596^[1] (2011)

• 3,111 /km² (8,057 /sq mi)
• 18,54,783^[1] (21) (2011^[update])

Literacy

97.24%

Official languages

Malayalam, English

Time zone

IST (UTC+05:30)

Area

• Elevation
• Coastline

101.43 square kilometres (39.16 sq mi)

• 2.83 metres (9.3 ft)
• 0 kilometres (0 mi)

Climate

• Precipitation
Temperature
• Summer
• Winter

Am/Aw (Köppen)

•      616 mm (24.3 in)

•      35 °C (95 °F)
•      20 °C (68 °F)

Distance(s)

• From New Delhi	• 2,515 kilometres (1,563 mi) North (land)
• From Mumbai	• 1,356 kilometres (843 mi) North-West (land)
• From Kolkata	• 2,285 kilometres (1,420 mi) North-East (land)
• From Chennai	• 605 kilometres (376 mi) North-East (land)

Codes

• Pincode • 680XXX

• Telephone • +91 (0)487

• UN/LOCODE • INKOC

• Vehicle • KL-08, KL-45, KL-46, KL-47 & KL-48

Website

http://www.corporationofthrissur.org/

Thrissur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്‍), originally Thrisivaperoor and previously known by its anglicized form as Trichur, is the fifth largest city, the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala (Pop. 1,854,783) and the 20th largest in India.^[2]^[3] It is also the headquarters of the Thrissur District.^[4] Thrissur city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometres (186 mi) towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram.

Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history.^[5] It houses the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy.^[6] The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.^[7]^[8] The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May.^[5] Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, Vadakkumnathan temple and Paramekkavu temple, as well as two famous churches, the Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours.^[9]

Thrissur has historically been a center of Hindu scholarship. The city houses one of the most important temples of Hindu Shaivism, that is the Vadakunnathan temple. The district is also home one of the most holiest Hindu Vaishnava temples, the Guruvayur temple. Christianity, Islam and Judaism entered in to the Indian subcontinent through the Thrissur district. The works of scholars and Eastern Christian writings claim Thomas the Apostle to have set foot in Muziris near here 2,000 years ago. (AD 51-52)^[10]^[11] The country’s first mosque, Cheraman Juma Masjid, opened in AD 629.^[12]^[13]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] It has opened the gates for Arabs, Romans, Portuguese, Dutch and English.

The city has served as an incubator for many Malayali entrepreneurs,^[17] and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.^[18] It flexes its economic muscle in India as the headquarters of three major scheduled banks, South Indian Bank Ltd, Catholic Syrian Bank and Dhanalakshmi Bank Ltd and a clutch of Chit funds.^[19] The city is also a big centre for shopping in Kerala for silks and gold jewelry. Thrissur attracts the largest number of domestic tourists in Kerala.^[20]

Apart from being the cultural nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the Kerala Kalamandalam, Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur, Kerala Police Academy, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Medical and Allied Sciences and Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA).^[21]^[22]^[23]

Etymology [link]

The name Thrissur is a shortened form of Thrishivaperur or Thirushivaperur. Thiru-Shiva-Perur (Malayalam: തിരു-ശിവ-പേരൂര്‍) literally translates to "The City with the name of the Lord Siva". The name owes itself to the most prominent feature of the city, that is the Vadakkumnathan Kshetram or temple, which has Shiva as its presiding deity.^[24] Alternately, Thri-Shiva-Perur (Malayalam: ത്രി-ശിവ-പേരൂര്‍) means the place with three famous Shiva temples which are said to be — the Vadakkunnathan Temple, Kottapuram Shiva temple and the Punkunnam Shiva temple.^[25] Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and then "Kailasam" (Kailasam of the South) in ancient days.

History [link]

Pre-history [link]

The 15 feet height and 12 feet 4 inches broad Ramavarmapuram menhir

Starting from the Stone Age, Thrissur must have been the site of human settlement. This is evidenced by the presence of a megalithic monuments at Ramavarmapuram, Kuttoor, Cherur and Villadam.^[26] The Ramavarmapuram monument is in granite and is of Menhir type. The monument in Ramavarmapuram is 15 feet height and 12 feet 4 inches broad. From 1944, it is under the protection of Department of Archaeology. The monument is locally known as 'Padakkallu' or 'Pulachikkallu'. These menhirs are memorials put up at burial sites for the departed souls. They belong to the Megalithic Age of Kerala, which is roughly estimated between 1000 BCE and 500 CE.^[27] All such monuments have not been dated exactly. Some experts are of the view that these are the remnants of the Neolithic Age in the development of human technology. The Ramavarmapuram Menhir is also believed to be a monument belonging to the Sangam period in the South Indian history.^[28]

Another monolithic monuments like Dolmens and rock-cut caves are at Porkulam, Chiramanengad, Eyyal, Kattakambal and Kakkad. According to historians, the Dolmens are burial sites. Though most of the monuments were well protected, the dolmen at Porkulam was in a neglected condition. The monument excavated under eminent Archaeologist BK Thapar, between 1949 and 1950, was under the Department of Archaeology.^[26] Another megalithic monument is situated at Ariyannur in Thrissur. This place has unravelled monuments such as the 'Kudakkallu' or 'Thoppikkallu' (Mushroom stones or Umbrella stones) and 'Munimada' (Saint's abode).^[29] The laterite hillocks of Ariyannur rise to about 50 metres. Another reference in Ariyannur dates back to early 15th century in the poem 'Chandrotsavam'.^[29]

Image of main entrance of Vadakkunnathan Temple seen from Swaraj Round from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway

Pre-Colonial history [link]

The region can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Kerala and the outside world in the ancient and medieval period. The early political history of Thrissur is interlinked with that of the Chera Dynasty of the Sangam age, who ruled over vast portions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

After the Cheras, the place was later ruled by the Kingdom of Cochin (Perumpadapu Swaroopam). Later, a powerful dynasty known as Zamorins of Calicut captured most of the Thrissur in 14th and 15th century.

Colonial period [link]

Next was the turn of Portuguese who ruled Thrissur in 16th century. In the beginning of 17th century the Portuguese power was reduced and Dutch became the main power. With the help of Dutch, Cochin Royal Family recaptured Thrissur from Samoothiri in 1710.^[30]

The modern city of Thrissur rose in to importance after Sakthan Thampuran ascended the throne of Kingdom of Cochin (1769-1805). He changed the capital of Cochin Royal Family to Thrissur from Mattancherry and abolished the power of Namboothiri community, which controlled most of the temples of Thrissur district. The maharaja destroyed the forest around the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple, and started the most spectacular cultural festival called Thrissur Pooram. Sakthan Thampuran laid the modern foundation stone of Thrissur and made the city in to a major financial and commercial hub of South India, by inviting Syrian Christian families and Brahmins from adjoining areas.^[30]

However, during 1750-60 Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore, attacked Thrissur and became tributary of the Kingdom of Mysore. Tipu Sultan, his son led another invasion in 1786 to Thrissur, where he destroyed the churches of Syrian Malabar Nasrani community and Hindu temples. Tipu Sultan’s Army set fire to the church at Palayoor and attacked the Ollur church.^[31] He plundered Thrissur’s economy and even converted Christians and Hindu’s into Muslims. The economy of Thrissur totally collapsed because of this invasion.^[32] Later he made a retreat from Thrissur, which served as the headquarters of Kerala region, after the Srirangapattanam war. In the meantime, Rama Varma X, the successor of Sakthan Thampuran signed a treaty with East Indian Company, and made Cochin a subsidiary of the British.

Anti-Colonial movements [link]

Thrissur city in 1816

The Indian freedom movement struggle also grew in momentum in Thrissur after a Committee was formed in 1919 of the Indian National Congress. In 1921, the Civil Disobedience Movement also attracted a large number of people in to the freedom struggle. In 1927 Mahatma Gandhi visited Vivekodayam School in the city.^[33] In 1934, father of the nation, again visited the city for the housewarming of Barrister Krishna Menon. The house afterwards was known “Gandhi Mandiram” in Chembukkavu.^[34] In the mean time, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, the controversial Diwan of Cochin Kingdom from 1935 to 1941, was developing City by constructing Thrissur Town Hall and Ramanilayam. Even now also two monuments remain as the epicenter of Kerala politics. DR M R Menon, a minister in Government of Kochi was instrumental in building the Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur and the Municipal Office Road. He even concerted Swaraj Round and other peripheries of the city road.^[35]^[36]

Post-Colonial [link]

In 1947, when India gained independence from the British rule, Thrissur was under Kingdom of Cochin. Thrissur district was formed on July 1, 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. The City is usually referred to as the "Cultural Capital of Kerala" . The City had been a breeding ground of famous politicians and bureaucrats like R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, P.C. Rao, C. Achutha Menon, K. Karunakaran, Joseph Mundassery, Vinod Rai etc. after the independence. These individuals have changed the trajectory of Thrissur City afterwards.

P.S. Rao, advisor to the Rajapramukh and acting Governor of Kerala, is another person who Thrissurian is indebted to. He expanded Thrissur City by shifting all the administrative and government offices like Thrissur Collectorate to Ayyanthole from Chembukavu.^[35]Government Engineering College, Thrissur, is another gift from Joseph Mundassery, the controversial former education minister who introduced Kerala Education Act. C. Achutha Menon, the former Chief Minister of Kerala gifted Kerala Agricultural University in 1971, a university for all agricultural related activities.^[35]

K. Karunakaran, the Bhishma of Kerala politics started his career in Thrissur as a painter. Later on he became the “Leader” of city. During his regime Thrissur-Guruvayur Section and Poonkunnam Over Bridge was built.^[37]^[38]Vinod Rai, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, is another person who turned fortunes of the city by building Sakthan Thampuran Nagar (S.T.Nagar) when he was collector of Thrissur district. He is also known as the second Sakthan Thampuran of Thrissur by shifting the Municipal Stand near the M.O. Road to Shaktan Thampuran Nagar, now known as Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur.^[39]

Geography [link]

Thrissur is located at 10°31′N 76°13′E / 10.52°N 76.21°E / 10.52; 76.21 and has an average altitude of 2.83 metres. The City is located 75 km north-east of Kochi, 133 km south-west of Coimbatore and 144 km south-east of Kozhikode.^[40] The city is located in midland regions of Kerala, with an extended part of Palakkad plains.^[41] It is situated in hillock, which allows rain water to automatically drain out of the city. The City geologically is composed of Archaean gneisses and crystalline schists. Major parts of City is covered by Archaean rocks.^[42] Thrissur lies near the center of the Indian tectonic plate (the Indian Plate) and is subject to comparatively little seismic or volcanic activity.

Climate [link]

Under the Köppen climate classification, Thrissur features a Tropical monsoon climate. Since the region lies in the south western coastal state of Kerala, the climate is tropical, with only minor differences in temperatures between day and night, as well as over the year. Summer lasts from March to May, and is followed by the South-west monsoon from June to September. October and November form the post monsoon or retreating monsoon season. Winter from December through February is slightly cooler, and windy, due to winds from the Western Ghats.^[43]

The City is drained in the monsoonal season by heavy showers. The average annual rainfall is 2500 mm. The South-west monsoon generally sets in during the last week of May. After July the rainfall decreases. On an average, there are 124 rainy days in a year. The maximum average temperature of the city in the summer season is 33 degree Celsius while the minimum temperature recorded is 22.5 degrees Celsius. The winter season records a maximum average of 29 degree Celsius and a minimum average of 20 degree Celsius.^[43]

Climate data for Thrissur
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	32 (90)	32 (90)	32 (90)	33 (91)	32 (90)	30 (86)	29 (84)	30 (86)	30 (86)	30 (86)	31 (88)	32 (90)	31.1 (87.9)
Average low °C (°F)	23 (73)	24 (75)	25 (77)	26 (79)	26 (79)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	24 (75)	23 (73)	24.3 (75.7)
Precipitation mm (inches)	32 (1.26)	26 (1.02)	39 (1.54)	147 (5.79)	391 (15.39)	576 (22.68)	391 (15.39)	367 (14.45)	417 (16.42)	467 (18.39)	223 (8.78)	47 (1.85)	3,123 (122.95)
Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	3	3	5	13	17	26	28	24	18	23	13	4	177
Source: World Weather Online

Economy [link]

Headquarters of Dhanalakshmi Bank in Thrissur city

Main article: Economy of Thrissur

Thrissur is home to many leading Malayali entrepreneurs,^[17] and is a major financial and commercial hub of Kerala.^[18] Historians say that King Sakthan Thampuran had invited several Syrian Christian families and Brahmins to settle in Thrissur city from their business centers in adjoining areas. Soon, Thrissur became a flourishing centre of internal trade in Kerala. Thrissur is one of the major manufacturing centers of plain gold and rolled gold jewelry in South India; up to 70% of Kerala's jewellery is manufactured in Thrissur. There are around 3,000 gold ornaments manufacturing units in the city and 40,000-odd artisans and others work in these units.^[44]^[45] The industry provides direct and indirect employment to 200,000 people in Thrissur.^[46]^[47] The artisans based in these units, craft nearly 85 percent of one tonne gold which is used per day in Kerala. About 90 tonnes of gold was being used annually in Kerala for manufacturing of ornaments daily.

According to Reserve Bank of India, the city in the 1930s boasted of head offices of 58 banks and was recognised by RBI as 'Banking Town'. Even now also it's the headquarters of major banks like South Indian Bank, Catholic Syrian Bank, Dhanalakshmi Bank, Lord Krishna Bank and non-banking institutions like Manappuram General Finance and Leasing Ltd, Kerala State Financial Enterprise and ESAF Microfinance and Investments.^[48]^[49] The city’s financial capabilities also saw the rise of Chit fund. According to All Kerala Kuri Foreman's Association, Kerala have around 5,000 chit companies, with Thrissur District accounting for the maximum of 3,000. These chit companies provide employment to about 35,000 persons directly and an equal number indirectly.^[50]^[51]

Jos Alukka & Sons store in Thrissur City

The city is also emerging as the largest hub for Ayurvedic drug manufacturing industry in the India. Out of the 850 ayurvedic drug-manufacturing units in Kerala, about 150 units, including some of the major ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the Kerala state are located in and around the city. Of these, some of the companies like the Oushadhi, Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala, KP Namboodiris, Sitaram Ayurvedic Pharmacy Ltd, Kandamkulathy Vaidyasala, SNA Oushadhasala etc. are among the leading ayurvedic drug manufacturers in the state.^[52]Thrissur Ayurveda Cluster, anonther initiative by a group of Ayurvedic manufacturers of Thrissur, has developed a cluster in KINFRA Park in Koratty in Thrissur District.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]

Modern retailing is a big business and revenue earner for the city. Jewellery and textile retailing occupies a major part of the retailing business in Thrissur. The city is considered as hub of jewellery and textile business in Kerala. Most of the jewellery groups have outlets in Thrissur and provide jobs to thousands of people. Kalyan Group, Jos Alukka & Sons, Joyalukkas, Josco Group, Seemas Wedding Collections, Pulimoottil Silks, Emmanuval Silks, Sree Lakshmi Silks, Fashion Fabrics, Elite Fabrics, Elite Sareee House, Modern Silks, Manshire, Lakshmi Silks, Kalima Collections and Chakola Silkhouse are the few to name.^[59]InfoPark Thrissur, the fourth technology park in Kerala after Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi and Calicut is situated in Thrissur District.^[60]^[61]^[62]Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thrissur. Domestic tourists generally use the city as a hub to explore the highly promoted tourism industry of the state of Kerala. The city with its temples, old churches and its culture, is ranked first in the number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala.^[20]

Civic administration [link]

Thrissur City officials
Mayor	I.P. Paul
Deputy Mayor	Subi Babu
Police Commissioner	P. Vijayan

Main article: Thrissur Municipal Corporation

See List of Thrissur Corporation wards

Thrissur functioned as a municipality since 1921 under the Cochin Municipal Regulations. The municipality had 12.64 sqkm area.^[63]^[64] Prior to the constitution of the municipality, there was a Sanitary Board functioning in 1910 under a Sergeant and the Town Council after 1911.^[65] In 1932, the new corporation building was constructed and in 1972, new areas from other Panchayats were added to the municipality. In 1992, the Government of Kerala and Thrissur municipality approved the new master plan for the new corporation.^[63] On October 1, 2000, the Municipal town was upgraded to the level of a Municipal Corporation with the Panchayats of Ayyanthole, Koorkkenchery, Nadathara, Vilvattom (part), Ollur and Ollukkara. The Corporation comprises three legislative assemblies Thrissur, Ollur and Cherpu.^[66] The city is administered by the Thrissur Municipal Corporation, headed by a Mayor. Thrissur Municipal Corporation is the second-largest city corporation in the state of Kerala in India. The city is the only local body and city in Kerala which directly controls power, water supply and solid waste management system in the Thrissur city. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 52 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The Corporation has its headquarters in Thrissur. The corporation is also responsible for waste disposal and sewage management.^[63]^[67]

Municipal Corporation Building, Thrissur seen from M.O. Road

The first Master Plan for Thrissur city was sanctioned by the Government in October 1972 with a plan period of 20 years in accordance with the Town Planning Act. It was expected that the town would accommodate a population of 175,000 in 1991.^[68] The sanctioned Development Plan (1972) for Thrissur envisaged a growth pattern integrating rural areas and the urban center of Thrissur so as to provide the rural areas with employment opportunities and social amenities. The Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) and Thrissur Development Authority (TDA) are the agencies that prepare the plan.^[68]

Law & Order [link]

The City is the headquarters of Thrissur City Police and Thrissur Rural Police. The Thrissur City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The City is divided into two sub divisions, Thrissur and Guruvayur. It also operates 12 police stations, including a woman police station and a traffic police station.^[69]^[70]^[71] Thrissur is also the headquarters of Inspector General of Police, Thrissur Range, which looks after the law and order of Thrissur District, Palakkad District and Malappuram district. All the Superintendent of Police of these three districts come under his jurisdiction. The City also houses Kerala Police Academy,^[72] Central Prison, Viyyur,^[73]Police Dog Training Center and Excise Academy and Research Centre. India Reserve Battalion, new commando unit of Kerala Police is headquartered in Ramavarmapuram.^[74] Border Security Force (148 battalion) have its first centre in Kerala in Thrissur only.^[75]^[76]

Demographics [link]

Historical populations
Year	Pop.	±%
Sources: 1941-1991:^[77] 1991-2001:^[78]

As of 2011^[update] India census,^[79] Thrissur city had a population of 325,474. Males constitute 48.6% and females constitute 51.4% of the total population. The density of population is 3,130/km². The sex ratio is 1,092/1,000 male. The total number of the households in the city is 66,827. The average family size in the city is 4.27 members. The city has a slum population equivalent to 0.30% of the total city population and 0.37% of the Kerala's slum population. The city has an average literacy rate of 95.5%: male literacy rate is 97% whereas female literacy rate is 94.6%. Thrissur Municipal Corporation has a population of 317,474 (2001) spread over an area of 101.42 km². The city alone accounts for 38% of the urban population in the Thrissur District. Thrissur Development Authority area encompasses the Municipal Corporation area and adjoining gram (village) Panchayats. The total area under Municipal Corporation jurisdiction is 101.42 km², and the area under the Panchayats is 18.83 km² Together, these constitute an area covering 120.25 km². According to the 2011 census, the total population in the TDA is 344,933 i.e., 317,474 persons in the municipal corporation area and 27,459 persons in the Panchayat area.^[80] Thrissur city alone accounts for 38% of the urban population in the Thrissur District.^[80]

Politics [link]

Main article: Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency

Thrissur has played a significant part in the political history of South India. The city of Thrissur is represented in the Kerala State Assembly by two elected members, one from Thrissur Assembly Constituency and another from Ollur Assembly Constituency. Therambil Ramakrishnan is the representative of Thrissur Assembly Constituency and M.P Vincent from Ollur Assembly Constituency. Thrissur is also a part of the Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. The current MP is P. C. Chacko. The Lok Sabha seat has been held by the Indian National Congress for six terms (1951–1957, 1984–1989, 1989–1991, 1991–1996, 1999–2004 and 2009–2012) and the Communist Party of India for nine terms (1957–1962, 1962–1967, 1967–1970, 1971–1977, 1977–1979, 1980–1984, 1996–1997, 1998–1999 and 2004–2009).

Transport [link]

Main article: Transport in Thrissur

Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur, is the second largest private bus station in Kerala

Road [link]

Thrissur is connected to the North-South Corridor National Highway System via the four-laned National Highway 47.^[81] The highway traverses through the entire length and breadth of the city from different points and provides access to the nearby cities such of Kochi, Palakkad and Coimbatore. NH 47 provides two main exit points at Mannuthy and Thalore to the Thrissur city. The city is largely dependent on private buses, Taxis and auto rickshaws (called autos) for public transport. State-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs inter-state, inter-district and city services. Thrissur has three bus stations, the Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur in Sakthan Thampuran Nagar (S.T.Nagar); the Vadakke Stand (Northern Bus Stand) and the Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station near the Thrissur Railway Station. State Highway (SH 69) Thrissur-Kuttippuram Road, SH 22 Kodungallur - Shornur Road, SH 75 Thrissur - Kanjani - Vadanappally Road are the three state highways which connect city with its suburbs and municipalities.

Railway [link]

File:Thrissur Railway Station 5.jpg

Thrissur Railway Station is the one of the busiest railway stations in Kerala

The Southern Railway Zone of the Indian Railways operates the main rail transport system in Thrissur. There are four railway stations in Thrissur city. Thrissur Railway Station, one of the busiest stations in Kerala provides trains to three directions and lies on the busy Shoranur-Cochin Harbour section. It has a satellite station, Poonkunnam Railway Station^[82] and two minor stations, Ollur Railway Station and Mulankunnathukavu Railway Station. Thrissur Railway Station also connects to the temple town of Guruvayur by Thrissur-Guruvayur Section. In addition, Southern Railways are planning a suburban railway system connecting Thrissur to Kochi and Palakkad using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services (MEMU), with the first services are expected to begin in late 2010 or early 2011 for which works are underway.^[83]

Air [link]

Thrissur city is served by Cochin International Airport (Nedumbassery), which is about 55 kilometers away. Direct domestic flights are available to major Indian cities like Chennai, New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata. International flights to Middle East cities like Bahrain, Muscat, Sharja, Jeddah, Riyadh, Doha and to Southeast Asian cities Singapore and Kuala Lumpur are available here. It has a dedicated Heli-taxi service and Chartered flights. Calicut International Airport at Karipur, is 80 kilometers from the city and Coimbatore Airport, which is 114 kilometers from the city also can be used by travelers.

^[84]

Culture and literature [link]

Main article: Culture of Thrissur

File:Thrissur Church6.jpg

Asia's highest church, the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours is situated in the middle of Thrissur city

Vellayappam a kind of rice hopper.

Festivals [link]

Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy

Known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, Thrissur enjoys a thriving cultural tradition dating back to centuries, and being the centre of Kerala's cultural activities. Thrissur Pooram also called as 'the pooram of all poorams' is celebrated in every year in the month of Medam (mid-April to mid-may) as per the malayalam calendar. It is the biggest of all poorams held in Kerala. The city plays host, for 36 hours from the wee hours of the pooram day, to one of the most largest collection of people and elephants.^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89]Puli Kali also known as Kaduvakali is another festival, which attracts thousands of people to the city. It is performed by trained artists to entertain people on the occasion of Onam, an annual harvest festival, celebrated mainly in Kerala.^[90]^[91] The most important festivals celebrated in the city include Christmas, Onam, Easter, Eid and Vishu. The city is widely acclaimed as the land of elephant lovers.^[92]^[93] Aanayoottu (feeding of elephants), is the world largest elephant feeding ceremony held in Vadakkunnathan Temple in the city annually. The ceremony is conducted on the first day of the Malayalam month of Karkidakam.^[94]^[95]^[96]

Literature [link]

Literary lineage of Thrissur dates back to early history of Kerala but it came to prominence after Kerala Government set up Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy and College of Fine Arts, Thrissur for promoting literature, music and arts in Kerala. After the Indian Independence, Thrissur became the literary capital of Kerala as turned to the playground of novelist, poets and orators. In 1952 when Current Books set its first shop in Thrissur by former education Minister Professor Joseph Mundassery, it become the abode of writer’s like O V Vijayan, Kovilan, VKN, Uroob, Edassery, M T Vasudevan Nair, K G Sankarapillai and Sarah Joseph. The area was later known as "Current Moola" ("Current Corner"). Thrissur is home to prominent malayalam literary figures like Kovilan, Kunhunni Mash, Sukumar Azhikode, K. Satchidanandan, Mullanezhi, Sarah Joseph (author), Attoor Ravi Varma, Lalitha Lenin, P. Bhaskaran, Joseph Mundassery.^[97]

Temples Mosques and churches [link]

One of the four Vadakumnathan Temple Gates, inside the Swaraj Maidan.

The Vadakkunnathan temple believed to have been founded by the legendary saint Parasurama, is a classic example of the Kerala style of architecture and houses several sacred shrines and with beautiful murals delineating graphically, various episodes from the Mahabharata. Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, one of the largest Sree Krishna temples in Kerala and Paramekkavu Bagavathi Temple which is one of the largest Bagavathi temples in Kerala is also situated in the city. Asia's highest church, the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours (Puthan Pally), Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral which has an underground shrine, is a masterpiece of architecture. The Mart Mariam Big Church, Indian headquarters of Assyrian Church of the East, are also situated at Thrissur. St. Anthony's Forane Church, also known as Chinna Roma (Small Rome), is also situated in Thrissur.^[98]

Cuisine [link]

The cuisine of Thrissur is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Rice is the staple food. Achappam and Kuzhalappam are popular snacks. Vellayappam, a kind of rice hopper is another dish which is special to the city.

Education [link]

Main article: Education in Thrissur

The main entrance of Government Engineering College, Thrissur

Already known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala, it is also fast developing as an education hub .^[99]^[100] The city has traditionally been a centre of learning from ancient times. With the decline of Buddhism and Jainism and due to the growing supremacy of Brahminism during the revival of Hinduism, the city became an important centre of Sanskrit learning.^[101]^[102] Schools in Thrissur city are either run publicly by the Kerala Government or privately, some with financial aid from the government. The medium of education is either English or Malayalam, with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the Kerala State Education Board or Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Montessori system.^[102]^[103] There are 93 lower primary schools; 34 upper primary schools;^[104]^[105] and 78 high schools;^[106] and 157^[107] higher secondary schools in the city.

Entrance of Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)

With universities like Kerala Kalamandalam, Kerala Police Academy, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala University of Medical and Allied Sciences and Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA), the city would add another feather in its crown by having 'World Class University' and a 'Science City'.^[108]^[109]^[110] With the three medical colleges, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences and a medical university Kerala University of Medical and Allied Sciences, the city has become synonymous with medical education in Kerala. Colleges for engineering, law, veterinary, ayurveda, science, arts and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the University of Calicut like Government Engineering College, Thrissur, Vidya Academy of Science and Technology, IES College of Engineering, St. Mary's College, Thrissur, St. Thomas College, Thrissur, Sree Kerala Varma College, Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College, St. Aloysius College, Thrissur, Kerala Veterinary College, Mannuthy, Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College, Vimala College, Government Law College, Thrissur, College of Fine Arts, Thrissur and College of Horticulture.^[101]

The city also has emerged as the prime centre in South India for students seeking entry into the professional courses.^[26]^[101] As many as 17,000 students, mostly from parts of Kerala and some from outside, are undergoing coaching at the P.C. Thomas Centre, the largest coaching center for engineering and medical entrance exams in Kerala, run by Professor P C Thomas. The presence of such a huge number of migrant students has almost reshaped the economic structure of the city and brought good times to traders, hotels and transport and entertainment industries.^[26]

Healthcare [link]

Main article: Hospitals in Thrissur

Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute.

Thrissur serves as a centre for healthcare in the Central Kerala. This portion covers Thrissur, Palakkad, Malappuram and northern part of Ernakulam. Most of the people in these districts come to Thrissur city for their medical care. There are three medical colleges, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences and Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, and few other hi-tech hospitals.

Thrissur has an ancient tradition of Ayurvedic treatment. From the Ashtavaidya tradition, Thaikkattu Mooss Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala, SNA Oushadhasala, Vaidyamadhaom Vaidyasala etc. are located in Thrissur,^[58] and Amala Ayurvedic Hospital & Research Centre. All these firms have been instrumental in spreading the fame of Kerala Ayurvedic treatment, as thousands of overseas patients visit the Ayurvedic treatment facilities in and around Thrissur, every year. Vaidyaratnam runs a medical college and chikitsalayam, with global standards. Sitaram have a 100 bedded eight storied super specialty hospital in the Thrissur, envisaged as the first of its kind Ayurveda super specialty hospital in the country. SNA Oushadhasala is also planning a 100-bedded modern Ayurvedic hospital with modern cottages near the present SNA Nursing Home. Besides, SNA is also planning to set up a modernized exclusive Ayurvedic manuscript library.^[58]

Sports [link]

Football is the most popular sport in Thrissur city. The N.I. David Memorial Trophy, an annual inter-club football tournament is held at Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium. The football championship was started in 1996 by the then Superintendent of Police, Thrissur.^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115] The city has a floodlit stadium, known as Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium.^[116] It also has two indoor stadiums (V.K.N. Menon Indoor Stadium and Thope Stadium) and a Sports Authority of India (SAI) maintained swimming pool with international facilities. The veteran footballers and former Indian captains C. V. Pappachan, I. M. Vijayan and Jo Paul Ancheri hail from this City. Thrissur City has contributed many national and international bodybuilding stars to India, such as TV Poly and VM Basheer.^[116]

Media [link]

Malayalam daily newspaper Mathrubhumi's Thrissur office

The first newspaper which published from Thrissur was Lokamanyan in 1920. Then came Deenabandhu edited bt V K Krishnan. Ezhuthachan started publishing as a weekly in 1941 from Thrissur. It was one of the first periodicals that supported the national movement. As soon as the Quit India movement was started, its editor and staff were sent to jail and publications were banned.^[117] The third newspaper in Thrissur was launched by Joseph Mundassery as its editor. The paper did not survive for long. The Express started in 1944 from Thrissur with K Krishanan as the editor is very popular in Central Kerala for its nationalist and socialist views.^[117] Major Malayalam newspapers published in Thrissur include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi and Deshabhimani. A number of evening papers, like General), are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu^[where?] are also available.

The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by KW Joseph in 1907. In 1913, the first electrically operated film projector was established in city again by Jose Kattukkaran and was called the "Jose Electrical Bioscope".^[118] Jose Theater, the first theater in Kerala equipped with a movie projector, is in this city. Ragam, Ramdas, Girija, Kairali, Sree, Jose, Swapna and Bindhu are the theaters which show Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi movies in the city.

A film festival, known as ViBGYOR Film Festival, is held in the city every year. It is an international short and documentary film festival. Telephony services are provided by various players like Aircel, Airtel, Idea cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, MTS, Uninor, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL. BSNL is also offering 3G services in Thrissur which will enhance services such as multimedia, high speed mobile broadband, Internet access with the ability to view video footage on mobile handsets.^[119] The city also have Broadband wireless services on WiMAX platform.^[120]^[121]

Private FM radio stations in the Thrissur are Club FM 104.8 MHz,^[122] Radio Mango 91.9 MHz,^[123] BEST FM 95 by (Asianet Communications Limited), Red FM 91.1 MHz.^[124] The transmitter of the All India Radio (630 kHz) was commissioned on November 4, 1956. The station started independent broadcasting in 1974.^[125]^[126] Thrissur has a Doordarshan studio with a low power transmitter located near the studio.^[127]^[128]^[129]

In popular culture [link]

Malayalam writer Sarah Joseph's works are generally set in the background of Thrissur and nearby areas.^[130]
Malayalam director Padmarajan's film Thoovanathumbikal was shot in Thrissur city. Almost all the main characters speak with a Thrissur accent for Malayalam. The character played by the lead actor Mohanlal was based on a citizen of Thrissur, Karakkath Unni Menon, and his friends like Vijayan Karot.^[131]
Malayalam director Ranjith's film Pranchiyettan and The Saint is based on Thrissur's rice market, Rice Bazzar. Malayalam actor Mammootty plays the lead role of a Thrissur-based rice vendor merchant, Francis aka Ari Pranchi.^[132]^[133]

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Thrissur

History

Civic

Landmarks

Education

Universities	Kerala University of Health Sciences Kerala Agricultural University Kerala Kalamandalam University of Calicut

Engineering colleges	Maharaja's Technological Institute Government Engineering College, Thrissur Vidya Academy of Science and Technology

Medical colleges	Government Medical College, Thrissur Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute Amala Institute of Medical Sciences

Colleges	Vimala College College of Horticulture St. Thomas College, Thrissur St. Mary's College, Thrissur Sree Kerala Varma college St. Aloysius College, Thrissur Sri C. Achutha Menon Government College College of Fine Arts, Thrissur Kerala Veterinary College, Mannuthy Government Law College, Thrissur

Institutes	Kerala Police Academy Police Dog Training Center Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA) Excise Academy and Research Centre Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi Kerala Sahitya Academy Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy Kerala Forest Research Institute Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development

Ayurveda	Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College National Research Institute for Panchakarma

Economy

Transport

Air	Cochin International Airport

Rail	Thrissur Railway Station Ollur Railway Station Poonkunnam Railway Station Mulankunnathukavu Railway Station Shoranur-Cochin Harbour section Thrissur-Guruvayur Section

Road	Shaktan Thampuran Private Bus Stand, Thrissur Thrissur KSRTC Bus Station National Highway 47 (India) National Highway 17 (India) Kerala State Road Transport Corporation Autorickshaw

Culture

Temples

Church

Healthcare

Residential areas

Commercial areas

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