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For other uses see Fee (disambiguation)

English Feudalism
Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci (Harold makes an oath to Duke William) King Harold becomes the vassal of Duke William of Normandy (Bayeux Tapestry)
Fief
Overlord, Vassal
Enfeoffment
Subinfeudation
Feoffee
Feudal land tenure
Fealty, Homage
Feudalism in England
Feudalism
v t e

A fee (Latin: feudum; French: Seigneurie) was the central element of feudalism and consisted of heritable property or rights granted by an overlord to a vassal who held it in fealty (or "in fee") in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service, usually given by the personal ceremonies of homage and fealty. The fees were often lands or revenue-producing real property held in feudal tenure: these are typically known as fiefs or fiefdoms. A list of several hundred such fees held in chief between 1198 and 1292, along with their holders' names and form of tenure, was published in 3 volumes between 1920-31 and is known as The Book of Fees; it was developed from the 1302 Testa de Nevill. However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including governmental office, rights of exploitation such as hunting or fishing, monopolies in trade, and tax farms. The privilege of minting official coins developed into the concept of seigniorage.

In the 10th and 11th centuries the term "fee" could be used either to describe dependent tenure held by a man from his lord, as the term is used now by historians, or it could mean simply "property". It lacked a precise meaning until the middle of the 12th century, when it received formal definition from land lawyers. The manor was, in effect, a small fief.

Historically the fees of the 11th and the 12th century derived from two separate sources. The first was land carved out of the estates of the upper nobility. The second source was allodial land transformed into dependent tenures. During the 10th century in northern France and the 11th century in France south of the Loire, local magnates either recruited or forced the owners of allodial holdings into dependent relationships and they were turned into fiefs. The process occurred later in Germany, and was still going on in the 13th century.

In 13th-century England, France, Germany, Spain, and Italy the term "feodum" was used to describe a dependent tenure held from a lord by a vassal in return for a specified amount of knight service and occasional financial payments (feudal incidents).

However, knight service in war was far less common than:

• castle-guard (the obligation of a vassal to serve in a castle garrison of the lord),
• suit in court (the vassal's obligation to attend the lord's court, to give him counsel, and to help him judge disputes)
• attendance in the lord's entourage (accompanying the lord when he travelled or attended the court of his lord so as to increase the social status of the lord),
• hospitality to the lord or to his servants (accommodation).

A lord in late 12th-century England and France could also claim the right of:

• wardship and marriage - right to control descent of fee by choosing husband for female heir and guardian of minors (preferably in consultation with heir's closest male adult kinsmen);
• "aids" - payments to aid the lord in times of need (customarily given to the lord to cover the cost of knighting of eldest son, marriage of eldest daughter, and for ransoming of lord if required);
• escheat - the reversion of the fief to the lord in default of an heir.^[1]

Originally, vassalage did not imply the giving or receiving of landholdings (which were granted only as a reward for loyalty), but by the eighth century the giving of a landholding was becoming standard. The granting of a landholding to a vassal did not relinquish the lord's property rights, but only the use of the lands and their income; the granting lord retained ultimate ownership of the fee and could, technically, recover the lands in case of disloyalty or death.^[2]

By the middle of the 10th century, fee had largely become hereditary.^[3] The eldest son of a deceased vassal would inherit, but first he had to do homage and fealty to the lord and pay a "relief" for the land (a monetary recognition of the lord's continuing proprietary rights over the property). Henry II transformed them into important sources of royal income and patronage. The discontent of barons with royal claims to arbitrarily assessed "reliefs" and other feudal payments under Henry's son King John resulted in Magna Carta of 1215.

Eventually, great feudal lords sought also to seize governmental and legal authority (the collection of taxes, the right of high justice, etc.) in their lands, and some passed these rights to their own vassals.^[3]

In northern France in the 12th and 13th centuries military service for fiefs was limited for offensive campaigns to 40 days for a knight. By the 12th century English and French kings and barons began to commute military service for cash payments (scutages), with which they could purchase the service of mercenaries.^[1]

See also[link]

References[link]

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Fief.

• Norman F. Cantor. The Civilization of the Middle Ages. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993. ISBN 0-06-092553-1

Notes[link]

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2008)

Kevin Max
Kevin Max in July 2008
Background information
Birth name	Kevin Max Smith
Born	(1967-08-17) August 17, 1967 (age 44)
Origin	Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
Genres	Christian rock Alternative rock
Years active	1988–Present[1]
Labels	Northern Records ForeFront Records
Associated acts	dc Talk

Kevin Max Smith (born August 17, 1967) is an American singer, songwriter, and poet. He is best known for being a member of the Christian pop group dc Talk. As a solo artist since 2001, he has recorded four full-length studio albums, one Christmas album, and four EPs.

Biography[link]

This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. Specific concerns may be found on the talk page. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (July 2008)

Early years[link]

Born Kevin Max Eugene Smith, he legally shortened it to "Kevin Max" in 1997, as a tribute to his adoptive father. Kevin was himself adopted by the Smith family and grew up in East Grand Rapids, Michigan. His adoptive brother was named Derek. Kevin showed incredible vocal and musical talent early in his life. Renowned for his unusual vibrato and multiple octave range, his voice grabbed attention immediately. His talent grew while at Grand Rapids Baptist High School (now known as NorthPointe Christian High School) and later at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia. While at Liberty, Max started a band called 'Connection' and was known around the campus as 'the rock singer.' Max was dismissed from Liberty University for unknown reasons following the first semester of his freshman year. He returned the following semester and shortly thereafter joined the Christian music group dcTalk. Max also shortened his name to avoid confusion with Kevin Smith, the filmmaker.

dc Talk[link]

While at Liberty University, he met fellow dc Talk bandmates: Toby McKeehan ("tobyMac") and Michael Tait. They formed dc Talk and went on to achieve great success in both Christian and mainstream music. The band went on to win four Grammy Awards, 16 GMA Dove Awards, and other recognition. However, they decided to take an extended "intermission" in 2000.

Spirituality[link]

In recent years, Kevin Max has attempted to create a name for himself apart from dc Talk. While he does not shy away from vocally defending his faith, he has expressed a desire to create art with a universal appeal. He insists, "My music is for a Christian and a Buddhist to pick up and still enjoy, as well as for an atheist. But it is there to prod and ask questions: What is my worldview? What do I believe in, and why do I believe it?"^[2]

[edit] Stereotype Be

Max's first solo album, Stereotype Be, released on August 28, 2001, was praised by Allmusic for "[combining] pop, rock, and world music to create a versatile and intriguing project.".^[3] Artists Adrian Belew, Larry Norman, and Tony Levin contributed to the album. It became a turning point in Max's career, as the project was a foreshadowing of Max's own brand of style and alternative music. He would become known as the 'enigmatic' and 'independent' voice of the band, creating work that would take on many different directions that skewed far from the initial sounds and lyrical content of the dctalk music.

Further projects[link]

While Stereotype Be has developed a considerable cult following, it wasn't well-received in the Christian music market. Soon after its release, Max was dropped from his Christian label, Forefront Records. Undeterred, Max began to slowly build his solo career through live shows and word-of-mouth. He released independent albums via his website, including an EP entitled Between the Fence & the Universe and a spoken-word collaboration with Adrian Belew entitled Raven Songs 101, both in 2004.

In fall of 2004, Max's word-of-mouth strategy finally began to pay off. He played the title role in the Visalia Theatre Company / Hutson-Cavale Productions revival of the classic Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Later that year, he signed a new deal with Northern Records and released a second full-length album, titled The Imposter, said to "contain...a sound that recalls the passion of early U2, the soul of Jeff Buckley, and the ambiguity of Blur, on October 18, 2005. He released a Christmas album, titled Holy Night, in time for the 2005 Christmas season.

In April 2007, Infinity Music announced that Kevin Max signed onto their label for his next project. The Blood, was released on December 26, 2007.^[4] According to Max, "The Blood is not a classic hymns cover project or a white/homogenized version of black gospel or soul music. It's a sensitive and stylized adaption of the music that was at the root of rock and roll, blues and popular culture."^[4]

In February 2008 Kevin Max starred in the independent film The Imposter.^[5] Kevin plays a character named "Johnny C", a singer who becomes addicted to OxyContin and loses his family and job as a Christian music star. The movie also features Tom Wright and Troy Baker.^[6]

In 2009 Max released Crashing Gates through dPulse records and was critically praised as returning to his experimental side in the rock and pop genres.

Like Lennon, Max was formerly part of one of the premier bands in his particular genre (and, similarly, sometimes thought of as the most outrageous member), and has faced the task of becoming a solo artist in his own right with a degree of artistry and creativity that has eclipsed that of his more commercially-oriented former band-mates. Crashing Gates, a seven song EP, is a half-hour (give or take) of streamlined, hard-hitting, intelligent, well-informed rock and roll flavored with a dash of Euro-pop and plenty of soul. The music has a similar energy to Lennon’s classic Plastic Ono Band solo project, which also featured a stripped-down rock unit of drums, bass, guitar and keyboard. Crashing Gates starts off with Jonathan Smith’s opening drumbeats on the lead track, “Traveler,” a tight, punchy, economical song and a good introduction to this band (it sounds like a band project) which powerfully delivers seven songs featuring the distinctive Max factor of Kevin’s signature vocals and intriguing lyrics."-Soul Audio

Early 2010, Max began to change the direction of Cotes d' Armor ( a remix project) with label dPulse records and included UK Electronica band PWEI (Pop Will Eat Itself) on production, announcing a double vinyl and disc selection. The single 'On Yer Bike' was produced by industry veteran Tedd T known for his work with alternative rock band MUTEMATH. Currently the project boasts remixes done by Graham Crabb of PWEI and members of 3kStatic.

In February 2011, Max had formed a supergroup with Broadway singer Tony Vincent and longtime collaborator David Larring. The band is tentatively named "Bad Omens;" the three were writing songs when Tony Vincent decided to drop out to pursue theater interests, leaving the new band in a state of pause.^[7][8]

He is featured in Atlantic's new CD "of Shadows and Scars."

March 4, 2012, Max released Fiefdom of Angels-Side One, the first of two EP's to coincide with the forthcoming novel series of the same name. The overall project were chosen covers of popular synthesizer 80's and 90's songs set to lush Orchestration. Ology Magazine describes the work as 'A new wave mix-tape played at full volume through the Sistine Chapel.' [1]

Poetry and writings[link]

Max is also a poet and an author, and several of his albums feature performance poetry. He has published four books, three of which are poetry books: At the Foot of Heaven (1994), The Detritus of Dorian Gray (2003) and PO.ET.RY (2005). The other is an autobiography of sorts titled Unfinished Work (2001), an in-depth look at the meaning of each of his songs from Stereotype Be. In addition, Max has a spoken-word EP that accompanies his first poetry book At the Foot of Heaven, released in 1994 by Starsong Productions. In 2004, Max included poems from the book The Detritus of Dorian Gray in the spoken project with Adrian Belew titled Raven Songs 101 which was eventually distributed by alternative independent label dPulse records. Max's poetry is consistently found in his recording projects including dc talk projects Jesus Freak, Supernatural and several of his own solo projects, particularly Stereotype Be and Crashing Gates. He is currently working on a novel and graphic novel Fiefdom of Angels depicting the origins of angels before the creation of earth.

Personal life[link]

In 1997, Max married Alayna Bennett. They divorced in 2003. In April 2005, he married Amanda Lynn MacDonald,^[9] but stated in an interview that earlier the two had "a secret wedding and marriage vows were spoken and we had binding agreement together in front of a spiritual leader, but we decided to go with the public ceremony a little bit later."^[10] Their daughter, London Ava Kay Max, was born on October 7, 2005.They lived in Hollywood, California, until July 2006, when Max and his family moved to Las Vegas, Nevada.^{[citation needed]} In December 2006, Max announced on his website that he and Amanda were expecting the birth of their second child (a boy) in June 2007. He was born as Wilder Liam Max at 7:00PM on June 6, 2007.^{[citation needed]} Kevin Max and family have moved back to Nashville where Max secured a new recording contract. On March 24, 2009, Kevin Max and his wife Amanda welcomed their third child, Knightly Christobal Max.^[11] In August 2010, Max and family moved back to Grand Rapids Michigan as a result of discovering that their second child, Wilder Liam, was diagnosed with low spectrum autism. The Grand Rapids Press covered the story on the front pages of the entertainment section, explaining in further detail, the reasons for Max returning to his home state. Fourth child Lady Charlotte Max was born on October 7, 2011, sharing a birthday with older sister London.^[12]

Discography[link]

Solo[link]

• Full Length
  • Stereotype Be (Forefront Records, 2001)
  • The Imposter (Northern Records, 2005)
  • Holy Night (Northern Records, 2005)
  • The Blood (Infinity Music, 2007)
  • Cotes d' Armor (dPulse Recordings, 2010)
  • Cotes d'Armor (True Rebels Expanded) (dPulse Recordings, 2011)
• EP
  • At the Foot of Heaven: a Mini Audio Book (spoken word, Starsong, 1994)
  • Between the Fence & the Universe (Northern Records, 2004)
  • Crashing Gates (dPulse Recordings, 2008)
  • Traveler (Mora Brothers Remixes) (dPulse Recordings, 2010)
  • Unholy Triad (dPulse Recordings, 2010)
  • Unholy Triad Remix (dPulse Recordings, 2010)
  • Fiefdom of Angels-Side One (Blind Thief Recordings, 2012)

Collaborations[link]

• "Lonely Moon" (from Strong Hand of Love: A Tribute to Mark Heard, 1996)
• "Louie's Solo" (Petra cover with Passafist, from Never Say Dinosaur, 1996)
• The Canticle of the Plains, (musical written by Rich Mullins, 1997)
• "Save Me" (from Awesome God: A Tribute to Rich Mullins, 1998)
• "Birthday" (The Beatles cover, from ForeFront Records' Ten: The Birthday Album, 1998)
• "There's Something About That Name" (with Sonicflood, from Listen Louder, 1999)
• "Just An Illusion" (from Songs For a Purpose Driven Life, Maranatha! Music, 2002)
• Raven Songs 101 (collaboration with Adrian Belew, Blind Thief Publishing, 2003)
• "Help Me Rhonda" (from Making God Smile: An Artists' Tribute to the Songs of Beach Boy Brian Wilson, 2006)
• The Day Is Dawning (with Jill Phillips), from The Prayer Of Jabez...A Worship Experience, 2006
• "Blue" (feature appearance for Manic Drive, Whiplash Records, 2007)
• "Sugar Evolver" (with 3kStatic, from Evolver, Sony Music, 2009)
• "Come Together Now (Music City Unites for Haiti)" (charity single, relief effort led by Michael W. Smith, 2010)
• "God's Not Dead (Like a Lion)" (feature appearance for Newsboys on God's Not Dead, Inpop, 2011)

Guest appearances[link]

• Rich Mullins – "To Tell Them"
• Michael McDonald – "Ain't That Peculiar"
• Audio Adrenaline – "My World View"
• Manic Drive – "Blue"
• Jimmy Abegg – "These Daughters Of Mine"
• TobyMac – "Atmosphere"
• Playdough – "Sandal Sole"
• JRemy – "Remedy"
• 3kStatic – "Sugar Evolver"
• SONICFLOOd – "Something About That Name"
• Raze – "Forgive Me"
• Newsboys – "Gods Not Dead" & "I Am Second"

Singles[link]

• Be (2001)
• Existence (2001)
• Sanctuary (2005)
• Get On Yer Bike (2010)
• Exorcist (2010)
• Take A Bow (2011)

Filmography[link]

• Existence (ForeFront Records, 2001)
• Seek Live (Northern Records, 2003)
• Untitled (Blind Thief Publishing, 2003)

Books[link]

• At the Foot of Heaven (poetry/artwork, Starsong, 1994)
• Unfinished Work (autobiography, T. Nelson, 2001)
• The Detritus of Dorian Gray (poetry, Blind Thief Publishing, 2003)
• Slip of the Ink (more info needed)
• Divine Erotica (more info needed)
• PO/ET/RY (poetry, Blind Thief Publishing, 2005)
• Fiefdom of Angels (not released yet)

See also[link]

Poetry portal

• dc Talk
• Tait
• Michael Tait
• Toby McKeehan
• Northern Records

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kevin Max

• Kevin Max
• NewReleaseTuesday.com Between The Fence And the Universe Interview
• NewReleaseTuesday.com Exclusive The Blood Interview with Kevin Max
• Interview with Kevin Max About The Blood with Wrecked for the Ordinary