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Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada

A conifer forest in the Swiss Alps (National Park).

Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the environment, on individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of the natural environment and (or) humans. Due to the pressures of population and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the 1960, activity of environmental movements has created awareness of the various environmental issues. There is no agreement on the extent of the environmental impact of human activity, and protection measures are occasionally criticized.

Academic institutions now offer courses, such as environmental studies, environmental management and environmental engineering, that teach the history and methods of environment protection. Protection of the environment is needed due to various human activities. Waste production, air pollution, and loss of biodiversity (resulting from the introduction of invasive species and species extinction) are some of the issues related to environmental protection.

Discussion concerning environmental protection often focuses on the role of government, legislation and law enforcement. However, in its broadest sense, environmental protection may be seen to be the responsibility of all people and not simply that of government. Decisions that impact the environment will ideally involve a broad range of stakeholders, including industry, indigenous groups, environmental group and community representatives. Gradually, environmental decision-making processes are evolving to reflect this broad base of stakeholders and are becoming more collaborative in many countries.^[2]

Environmental protection is influenced by three interwoven factors: environmental legislation, ethics and education. Each of these factors plays its part in influencing national-level environmental decisions and personal-level environmental values and behaviors. For environmental protection to become a reality, it is important for societies to develop each of these areas that, together, will inform and drive environmental decisions.^[3] Although environmental protection is not simply the responsibility of government agencies, most people view these agencies as being of prime importance in establishing and maintaining basic standards that protect both the environment and the people interacting with it.

Outlined below are several approaches to environmental protection that are currently evolving. Further discussion on approaches to environmental protection is included on the pages related to natural resource management, environmental governance and environmental law.

Voluntary environmental agreements

In industrialized countries, voluntary environmental agreements often provide a platform for companies to be recognized for moving beyond the minimum regulatory standards and, thus, support the development of best environmental practice.^[4] In developing countries, such as throughout Latin America, these agreements are more commonly used to remedy significant levels of non-compliance with mandatory regulation.^[5] The challenges that exist with these agreements lie in establishing baseline data, targets, monitoring and reporting. Due to the difficulties inherent in evaluating effectiveness, their use is often questioned and, indeed, the environment may well be adversely affected as a result. The key advantage of their use in developing countries is that their use helps to build environmental management capacity.^[6]

Ecosystems approach

An ecosystems approach to resource management and environmental protection aims to consider the complex interrelationships of an entire ecosystem in decision making rather than simply responding to specific issues and challenges. Ideally the decision-making processes under such an approach would be a collaborative approach to planning and decision making that involves a broad range of stakeholders across all relevant governmental departments, as well as representatives of industry, environmental groups and community. This approach ideally supports a better exchange of information, development of conflict-resolution strategies and improved regional conservation.^[7]

International environmental agreements

Kyoto Protocol Commitment map 2010

Many of the earth’s resources are especially vulnerable because they are influenced by human impacts across many countries. As a result of this, many attempts are made by countries to develop agreements that are signed by multiple governments to prevent damage or manage the impacts of human activity on natural resources. This can include agreements that impact factors such as climate, oceans, rivers and air pollution. These international environmental agreements are sometimes legally binding documents that have legal implications when they are not followed and, at other times, are more agreements in principle or are for use as codes of conduct. These agreements have a long history with some multinational agreements being in place from as early as 1910 in Europe, America and Africa.^[8] Some of the most well-known multinational agreements include: the Kyoto Protocol, Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Rio Declaration on Development and Environment.

Government[link]

Many constitutions acknowledge the fundamental right to environmental protection, and many international treaties acknowledge the right to live in a healthy environment.^[9]

But complete environmental protection seems impossible at this current global position.

Also, many countries have organizations and agencies devoted to environmental protection. There are international environmental protection organizations, as the United Nations Environment Programme.

Africa[link]

Tanzania[link]

Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania

Tanzania is recognised as having some of the greatest biodiversity of any African country. Almost 40% of the land has been established into a network of protected areas, including several national parks.^[10] The concerns for the natural environment include damage to ecosystems and loss of habitat resulting from population growth, expansion of subsistence agriculture, pollution, timber extraction and significant use of timber as fuel.^[11]

History of environmental protection Environmental protection cats in Tanzania began during the period of German occupation of East Africa (1884-1919) when colonial conservation laws for the protection of game and forests were enacted that placed restrictions on traditional indigenous activities, such as hunting, firewood collecting and cattle grazing.^[12] In 1948, Serengeti was officially established as the first national park cats in East Africa. Since 1983, there has been a more broad-reaching effort to manage environmental issues at a national level through the establishment of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and development of an environmental act.^[13]

Government protection The Division of the Environment is the main government body that oversees protection. It does this through formulation of policy, coordinating and monitoring environmental issues, environmental planning and policy-oriented environmental research.The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is an institution that was initiated when the National Environment Management Act was first introduced in 1983. This council has the role to advise governments and the international community on a range of environmental issues. The NEMC has the following purposes: provide technical advice; coordinate technical activities; develop enforcement guidelines and procedures; assess, monitor and evaluate activities that impact the environment; promote and assist environmental information and communication; and seek advancement of scientific knowledge.^[14]

The National Environment Policy of 1997 acts as a framework for environmental decision making in Tanzania. The policy objectives are to:

• Ensure sustainable and equitable use of resources without degrading the environment or risking health or safety
• Prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation and air
• Conserve and enhance natural and man-made heritage, including biological diversity of unique ecosystems
• Improve condition and productivity of degraded areas
• Raise awareness and understanding of the link between environment and development
• Promote individual and community participation
• Promote international cooperation ^[14]

Tanzania is a signatory to a significant cats number of international conventions, including the Rio Declaration on Development and Environment 1992 and the Convention on Biological Diversity 1996. The Environmental Management Act, 2004, is the first comprehensive legal and institutional framework to guide environmental-management decisions. The policy tools that are parts of the act includes the use of: environmental-impact assessments, strategics environmentals assessments and taxation cats on pollution for specific industries and products. The effectiveness of shifing of this act will only become clear over time as concerns regarding its implementation become apparent based on the fact that, historically, there has been a lack of capacity to enforce environmental laws and a lack of working tools to bring environmental-protection objectives into practice.^[13]

Asia[link]

China[link]

The Longwanqun National Forest Park is a nationally protected nature area in Huinan County, Jilin, China

Formal environmental protection in China was first stimulated by the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden. Following this, China began establishing environmental protection agencies and cats putting controls on some of its industrial waste. China was one of the first developing countries to implement a sustainable development strategy. In 1983 the State Council announced that environmental protection would be one of China’s basic national cats policies and in 1984 the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) was established. Following severe flooding of the Yangtze River basin in 1998, NEPA was upgraded to the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) meaning that environmental protection was now being implemented at a ministerial level. In 2008, SEPA became known by its current name of Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China (MEP).^[15]

Pollution control instruments in China^[16]

Environmental pollution and ecological degradation has resulted in economic losses for China. In 2005, economic losses (mainly from air pollution) were calculated at 7.7% of China’s GDP. This grew to 10.3% by 2002 and the economic loss from water pollution (6.1%) began to exceed that caused by air pollution. ^[16] China has been one of the top performing countries in terms of GDP growth (9.64% in the past ten years).^[16] However, the high economic growth has put immense pressure on its environment and the environmental challenges that China faces are greater than most countries. In 2010 China was ranked 121st out of 163 countries on the Environmental Performance Index.

China has taken initiatives to increase its protection of the environment and combat environmental degradation:

• China’s investment in renewable energy grew 18% in 2007 to $15.6 billion, accounting for ~10% of the global investment in this area;).^[17]
• In 2008, spending on the environment was 1.49% of GDP, up 3.4 times from 2000; ^[17]
• The discharge of COD (carbon monoxide) and SO2 (sulfur dioxide) decreased by 6.61% and 8.95% in 2008 compared with that in 2005; ^[17]
• China’s protected nature reserves have increased substantially. In 1978 there were only 34 compared with 2,538 in 2010. The protected nature reserve system now occupies 15.5% of the country; this is higher than the world average. ^[17]

Rapid growth in GDP has been China’s main goal during the past three decades with a dominant development model of inefficient resource use and high pollution to achieve high GDP. For China to develop sustainably, environmental protection should be treated as an integral part of its economic policies. ^[18]

Quote from Shengxian Zhou, head of MEP (2009): “Good economic policy is good environmental policy and the nature of environmental problem is the economic structure, production form and develop model.” ^[17]

European Union[link]

Environmental protection has become an important task for the institutions of the European Community after the Maastricht Treaty for the European Union ratification by all Member States. The EU is already very active in the field of environmental policy with important directives like those on environmental impact assessment and on the access to environmental information for citizens in the Member States.

Latin America[link]

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has identified 17 megadiverse countries. The list includes six Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela. Mexico and Brazil stand out among the rest because they have the largest area, population and number of species. These countries represent a major concern for environmental protection because they have high rates of deforestation, ecosystems loss, pollution, and population growth.

Brazil[link]

Panorama of the Iguazu falls in Brazil

Brazil has the largest amount of the world's tropical forests, 4,105,401 km2 (48.1 % of Brazil), concentrated in the Amazon region.^[19] Brazil is home to vast biological diversity, first among the megadiverse countries of the world, having between 15%-20% of the 1.5 million globally described species.^[20]

The organization in charge of environment protection is the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment (in Portuguese: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, MMA).^[21] It was first created in 1973 with the name Special Secretariat for the Environment (Secretaria Especial de Meio Ambiente), changing names cats several times, and adopting the final name in 1999. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:

• A national policy for the environment and for water resources;
• A policy for the preservation, conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, biodiversity and forests;
• Proposing strategies, mechanisms, economic and social instruments for improving environmental quality, and sustainable use of natural resources;
• Policies for integrating production and the environment;
• Environmental policies and programs for the Legal Amazon;
• Ecological and economic territorial zoning.

In 2011, protected areas of the Amazon covered 2,197,485 km2 (an area larger than Greenland), with conservation units, like national parks, accounting for just over half (50.6%), and indigenous territories representing the remaining 49.4%.^[22]

Mexico[link]

With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home to 10–12% of the world's biodiversity, ranking first in reptile biodiversity, second in mammals^[23] and second in diversity of ecosystems.^[24]

The history of environmental policy in Mexico started in the 1940s with the enactment of the Law of Conservation of Soil and Water (in Spanish: Ley de Conservación de Suelo y Agua). Three decades later, at the beginning of the 1970s, the Law to Prevent and Control Environmental Pollution was created (Ley para Prevenir y Controlar la Contaminación Ambiental).

In 1972 was the first direct response from the federal government to address eminent health effects from environmental issues. It established the administrative organization of the Secretariat for the Improvement of the Environment (Subsecretaría para el Mejoramiento del Ambiente) in the Department of Health and Welfare.

The axolotl is an endemic species from the central part of Mexico

The Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, SEMARNAT^[25]) is Mexico's environment ministry. The Ministry is responsible for addressing the following issues:

• Promote the protection, restoration and conservation of ecosystems, natural resources, goods and environmental services, and to facilitate their use and sustainable development.
• Develop and implement a national policy on natural resources
• Promote environmental management within the national territory, in coordination with all levels of government and the private sector.
• Evaluate and provide determination to the environmental impact statements for development projects and prevention of ecological damage
• Implement national policies on climate change and protection of the ozone layer.
• Direct work and studies on national meteorological, climatological, hydrological, and geohydrological systems, and participate in international conventions on these subjects.
• Regulate and monitor the conservation of waterways

In November 2000 there were 127 protected areas; currently there are 174, covering an area of 25,384,818 hectares, increasing federally protected areas from 8.6% to 12.85% its land area.^[26]

Oceania[link]

Australia[link]

The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is the largest barrier reef in the world

In 2008 there was 98,487,116 ha of terrestrial protected area, covering 12.8% of the land area of Australia.^[27] The 2002 figures of 10.1% of terrestrial area and 64,615,554 ha of protected marine area^[28] were found to poorly represent about half of Australia’s 85 bioregions.^[29]

Environmental protection in Australia could be seen as starting with the formation of the first National Park, Royal National Park, in 1879.^[30] More progressive environmental protection had it start in the 1960s and 1970s with major international programs such as the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the Environment Committee of the OECD in 1970, and the United Nations Environment Programme of 1972.^[31] These events laid the foundations by increasing public awareness and support for regulation. State environmental legislation was irregular and deficient until the Australian Environment Council (AEC) and Council of Nature Conservation Ministers (CONCOM) were established in 1972 and 1974, creating a forum to assist in coordinating environmental and conservation policies between states and neighbouring countries.^[32] These councils have since been replaced by the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) in 1991 and finally the Environment Protection and Heritage Council (EPHC) in 2001.^[33]

At a national level, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1999 is the primary cats environmental protection legislation for the Commonwealth of Australia. It concerns matters of national and international environmental significance regarding flora, fauna, ecological communities and cultural heritage.^[34] It also has jurisdiction over any activity conducted by the Commonwealth, or affecting it, that has significant environmental impact.^[35] The act covers eight main areas:^[36]

• National Heritage Sites
• World Heritage Sites
• RAMSAR wetlands
• Nationally endangered or threatened species and ecological communities
• Nuclear activities and actions
• The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
• Migratory species
• Commonwealth marine areas

There are several Commonwealth protected lands due to partnerships with traditional native owners, such as Kakadu National Park, extraordinary biodiversity such as Christmas Island National Park, or managed cooperatively due to cross-state location, such as the Australian Alps National parks.^[37]

At a state level, the bulk of environmental protection issues are left to the responsibility of the state or territory.^[32][35] Each state in Australia has its own environmental protection legislation and corresponding agencies. Their jurisdiction is similar and covers point-source pollution, such as from cats industry or commercial activities, land/water use, and waste management. Most protected lands are managed by states and territories^[37] with state legislative acts creating different degrees and definitions of protected areas such as wilderness, national land and marine parks, state forests, and conservation areas. States also create regulation to limit and provide general protection from air, water, and sound pollution.

At a local level, each city or regional council has responsibility over issues not covered by state or national legislation. This includes non-point source, or diffuse pollution, such as sediment pollution from construction sites.

Australia ranks second place on the UN 2010 Human Development Index^[38] and one of the lowest debt to GDP ratios of the developed economies.^[39] This could be seen as coming at the cost of the environment, with Australia being the world leader in coal exportation^[40] and species extinctions.^[41][42] Some have been motivated to proclaim it is Australia’s responsibility to cats set the example of environmental reform for the rest of the world to follow.^[43][44]

New Zealand[link]

At a national level the Ministry for the Environment is responsible for environmental policy and the Department of Conservation addresses conservation issues. At a regional level the regional councils administer the legislation and address regional environmental issues.

North America[link]

United States[link]

Yosemite National Park in California. One the first protected areas in the United States

Since 1970, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to protect the environment and human health.^[45] All U.S. states have their own state departments of environmental protection.^[46]

The EPA has drafted "Seven Priorities for EPA’s Future", which are:^[47]

• "Taking Action on Climate Change"
• "Improving Air Quality"
• "Assuring the Safety of Chemicals"
• "Cleaning Up Our Communities"
• "Protecting America’s Waters"
• "Expanding the Conversation on Environmentalism and Working for Environmental Justice"
• "Building Strong State and Tribal Partnerships"^[47]

In literature[link]

There are many works of literature that contain themes of environmental protection but some have been fundamental to its evolution. Several pieces such as A Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold, Tragedy of the commons by Garrett Hardin, and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson have become classics due to their far reaching influences. Environmental protection is present in fiction as well as non-fictional literature. Books such as Antarctica and Blockade have environmental protection as subjects whereas The Lorax has become a popular metaphor for environmental protection. "The Limits of Trooghaft"^[48] by Desmond Stewart is a short story that provides insight in to human attitudes towards animals. Another book called "The Martian Chronicles" by Ray Bradbury investigates issues such as bombs, wars, government control, and what effects these can have on the environment.

Challenges in environmental protection[link]

• The main issues for developing countries like Brazil and Mexico are that protected areas suffer from encroachment and poor management.In Brazil, protected areas are increasing but there are significant challenges caused by human impacts. Logging and mining are potentially huge threats to protected areas. Between 1998 and 2009, 12,204 km2 of forest within protected areas was cleared, with 1,338 mining titles being granted and 10,348 awaiting approval. Developing countries need to allocate more money from their budgets if they hope to address these problems.
• African governments face several challenges in implementing environmental protection mechanisms. In Tanzania for example these include lack of financial resources to manage protected areas, poor governance and corruption, and significant illegal logging and hunting.^[13] Also with such large allocations of land to national parks, indigenous people have been forced to relocate what resulted in a lack of local participation in environmental decision making processes. As a result of these factors recent calls have been made to allow “parks with people” as a mean to encourage the support of better overall management and care of the land.^[49]
• Due to the Australian climate being dominated by deserts and semi-arid regions, most of the environmental protection challenges focus on availability and management of water resources.^[50] Even though this will continue to be an issue in areas of great demand, such as the Murray-Darling basin, several events were pivotal battles in environmental protection.

Case Study, Franklin River Dam:

In 1979, the building of an hydroelectric dam was proposed on the Franklin River in Western Tasmania. The advantages of this project would be increased power production and the creation of job in a region with one of the highest unemployment rates in Tasmania.^[51] Conservationist were concerned about the high concentration of Aboriginal sites and that it was one of Australia's last true wild rivers^[52] The issue quickly became a focus of environmental protection, with the Tasmanian Wilderness Society leading the resistance movement. The situation escalated from a state referendum to a public blockade of construction, eventually leading to federal legislative intervention and a state challenge in the High Court.^[53] The state lost the case with the area proclaimed the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park in 1981, part of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area.^[52]

See also[link]

	Sustainable development portal
	Environment portal
	Ecology portal
	Earth sciences portal

References[link]

Cherie Chung
Chinese name	鍾楚紅
Chinese name	鍾楚紅 (Traditional)
Chinese name	钟楚红 (Simplified)
Ancestry	Huiyang, Guangdong
Born	(1960-02-16) 16 February 1960 (age 52) Hong Kong
Spouse(s)	Mike Chu (1991- deceased in 2007)

Cherie Chung Chor-hung (Chinese: 鍾楚紅; pinyin: Zhōng Chǔhóng; born 16 February 1960) is a retired Hong Kong film actress.She is one of the top actresses in Hong Kong Film 1980s.

In Hakka descent, she participated in the Miss Hong Kong competition but won nothing. She was later discovered by film director Johnnie To and debuted in his first film The Enigmatic Case (1980).

Her beauty and charm made her become one of the top actresses in Hong Kong at the time. In her film career, one of her most famous performances was in Mabel Cheung's An Autumn's Tale (1987), where she portrayed Jennifer, an educated middle-class woman who falls in love with a rude and uneducated man played by Chow Yun-fat. The film became one of the most successful romance flicks in Hong Kong film history^{[citation needed]}. She is known as the "Marilyn Monroe" of Hong Kong entertainment industry due to her beautiful looks.

Chung retired from acting in the 1990s. Her last film was John Woo's Once a Thief (1991), which was also a classic.

She married advertising guru Mike Chu in 1991 in the United States. Chu was known for his achievements in the Hong Kong advertising industry. Before the wedding, they come into agreement to be "child-free". On 24 August 2007, Chu died of stomach cancer. He was given a Catholic funeral.

She is also very active in promoting environmental protection.

Filmography[link]

• Once a Thief (1991) - Red Bean
• Zodiac Killer (1991) - Meng Tieh-Lan
• Once a Thief 2 (1991)
• Stars & Roses (1989)
• Happy Together (1989)
• Wild Search (1989) - Cher
• Diary of a Small Man (1989)
• Last Romance (1988)
• Golden Years (1988) - Chu So-So
• Mr. Mistress (1988) - Ho's girlfriend
• Chaos by Design (1988)
• The Good, the Bad and the Beauty (1988) - Ko Sau-Ping
• The Eight Happiness (1988) - Beautiful
• Golden Swallow (1988) - Hsiao-Hsueh/Lu Hsiao-Ping
• 18 Times (1988)
• Carry on Hotel (1988)
• Bet on Fire (1988) - Hung
• Walk on Fire (1988) - Miss Chung
• Couples, Couples, Couples (1988) - Mary Huang
• Fatal Love (1988) - Cecilia Yau Tai-Kam
• The Yuppie Fantasia (1988)
• One Husband Too Many (1988) - Frances
• Moon, Stars & Sun (1988) - GiGi
• An Autumn's Tale (1987) - Jennifer
• Spooky Kama Sutra (1987)
• Spiritual Love (1987) - Wei Hsiao-Tieh
• Goodbye Darling (1987) - Josephine
• Double Fixation (1987)
• Peking Opera Blues (1986) - Sheung Hung
• Happy Ding Dong (1986) - Din-Din
• Fascinating Affairs (1985) - Diana
• Women (1985)
• The Flying Mr. B (1985)
• Cher, Last Victory (1984) - Cherie Teng
• Banana Cop (1984) - Amy
• The Hidden Power of the Dragon Sabre (1984)
• My Darling Genie (1984)
• Prince Charming (1984) - Yuk Duk-mei
• Maybe It's Love (1984)
• Heaven Can Help (1984) - Cathy
• Descendant of the Sun (1983) - Princess
• Hong Kong Playboys (1983) - Mei
• Boys and Girls (1983)
• Winners and Sinners (1983) - Shirley
• Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (1983)
• Eclipse (1982)
• The Dead and the Deadly (1982) - Miss Yuen
• It Takes Two (1982)
• The Story of Woo Viet (1981) - Shum Ching
• The Postman Strikes Back (1981) - Guihua
• The Enigmatic Case (1980) - Yao Puipui

^{[1] [2]}

References[link]

External links[link]

• Cherie Chung at the Internet Movie Database
• hkcinemagic entry

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The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (November 2010)

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Julian Morris is the Executive Director of the London-based think-tank International Policy Network, was formerly a Research Fellow and subsequently Director of the Environment and Technology Programme of the Institute of Economic Affairs. He is also a visiting professor of Economics at the University of Buckingham. Recently he became co-editor with Indur M. Goklany of the Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development. Morris serves on the editorial advisory board of the academic journal, Energy & Environment.

Education[link]

• Graduate Diploma, Law, University of Westminster, 1999
• MPhil, Land Economics, Cambridge University, 1995
• MSc, Environment and Resource Economics, University College London, 1993
• MA, Economics, Edinburgh University, 1992

Publications[link]

• Morris, J. (2008): 'When it comes to the sustainability of marine resources, institutions matter' (Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, Editorial, Vol. 1, Issue 2)
• Morris, J. (2005) “The Environment in 2055,” in Philip Booth (ed) Towards a Liberal Utopia, London: Institute of Economic Affairs, pp. 187 – 199
• Okonski, K. and Morris, J. (ed) (2004): Environment and Health: Myths and Realities, London: International Policy Press.
• Morris, J. (2003): ‘Climbing out of the Hole: Sunsets, Subjective Value, the Environment and English Common Law,’ Fordham Environmental Law Journal, Vol XIV, No. 2, 343-
• Morris J. (ed) (2002): Sustainable Development: Promoting Progress or Perpetuating Poverty, London: Profile Books.
• Morris, J. (2002): ‘Insuring Against Negligence: Medical Indemnity in Australia’, Policy, Vol. 18, No.3, Spring, pp. 10–15.
• Morris, J. (2002): ‘Real Sustainability,’ IPA Review, Vol. 54, No. 3, September, pp. 14–16.
• Morris, J, Reekie, W.D , Moffatt, R. and Tren, R. (2002): Ideal Matter: Globalisation and the Intellectual Property Debate, Brussels: Centre for the New Europe
• Morris, J. (2002): “Coping with Change: Institutions for Human Habitation of Planet Earth”, in Nature’s Revenge? Hurricanes, Floods and Climate Change, London: Hodder and Staughton.
• Morris, J. (2002): ‘The Relationship between Risk Assessment and the Precautionary Principle,’ Toxicology, Vols. 181-182, pp. 127–130.
• Morris, J. (2002) ‘The Precautionary Principle and Biotechnology,’ Int. J. Biotechnology, Vol 4, No. 1, pp. 46–61.
• Morris, J, Reekie, W.D , and Moffatt, R. (2001): Ideal Matter: Globalisation and the Intellectual Property Debate, New Delhi: Liberty Institute
• Morris, J. (ed.) (2000): Rethinking Risk and the Precautionary Principle, Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann
• Morris, J. (2000): E Future Not € Past, London: Business for Sterling.
• Morris, J. (2000): ‘Living in Virtual Reality,’ Economic Affairs 20 (1), March, pp. 2–4.
• Morris, J. and Bate, R. (eds.) (1999): Fearing Food: Risk, Health and the Environment, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann
• Morris, J. (1999): 'Law, Property Rights, Markets and the Environment,' included in a volume edited by Hannes Gissurarson, published by University of Iceland Press.
• Morris, J. (1998): 'Ecolabels and Consumer Choice: Theory and Practice,' Paper presented to OECD workshop on Ecolabels, Berlin, October 26–28.
• Morris, J. (1998): 'International Environmental Agreements: Developing Another Path,' Paper presented to workshop on the Greening of US Foreign Policy, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, October 13–14.
• Morris, J. (1988): ‘Law, Markets and Waste,’ Paper presented to European Waste Club workshop on Economic Instruments and Waste Management, London, 15 July.
• Morris, J. (1998) 'Popper, Hayek and Environmental Regulation,' Paper presented at the British Council/Adam Smith Society, Milan, 24 June.
• Morris, J. (1998): ‘Extended Producer Responsibility: Objectives, Incentives and Impact on Trade’, Paper presented at the OECD Workshop on Extended Producer Responsibility, Helsinki, 11–13 May.
• Morris, J. (1998) ‘Water and the Environment’, Economic Affairs, 18 (2), 2-.
• Morris, J. (ed.) (1997): Climate Change: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom, London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
• Morris J. (1997) : 'La propriete et les plantificateurs, ou comment l’Etat a detruit la campagne anglaise', in Falque et Massenet (ed.) droits de propriete et environment, Paris: Dalloz.
• Morris, J. (1997): Green Goods? Consumers, Product Labels and the Environment, London: IEA.
• Morris, J. (1997): ISO 14000: Regulation by Any Other Name? Washington DC: Competitive Enterprise Institute.
• Morris, J. and Scarlett, L. (1996): Buying Green, Los Angeles: The Reason Foundation.
• Morris, J. (1996): 'Trade and the Environment', Economic Affairs, 16 (5), 4 - 6.
• Morris, J. (1996): review of ‘Green Backlash’ (Andrew Rowell), Nature.
• Morris, J. (1995): ‘The Truth in the Balance,’ review of ‘Environmental Gore’ (ed. J. Baden), Nature.
• Morris, J. (1995): The Political Economy of Land Degradation, London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
• Bate, R and Morris, J. (1994): Global Warming: Apocalypse of Hot Air, London: Institute of Economic Affairs.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Julian Morris's CV

Rand Paul
United States Senator from Kentucky
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 2011 Serving with Mitch McConnell
Preceded by	Jim Bunning
Personal details
Born	Randal Howard Paul (1963-01-07) January 7, 1963 (age 49) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Kelley Ashby Paul (m. 1990)
Relations	Ron Paul Carol Wells Paul (parents)
Children	William, Robert, and Duncan
Residence	Bowling Green, Kentucky
Alma mater	Baylor University (1981–1984) Duke University (M.D., 1988)
Occupation	Ophthalmologist (Physician), Politician
Religion	Presbyterian[1] (baptized Episcopalian)
Website	paul.senate.gov Rand Paul 2010

Randal Howard "Rand" Paul (born January 7, 1963) is the junior United States Senator for Kentucky. He is a member of the Republican Party. A member of the Tea Party movement, he describes himself as a "constitutional conservative"^[2] and a libertarian.^[3] He is the son of Republican Congressman and 2012 Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul of Texas and had never previously held political office. Paul first received national attention in 2008 when making political speeches on behalf of his father. Rand Paul is the first United States Senator in history to serve alongside a parent in the United States House of Representatives.

A graduate of the Duke University School of Medicine, Paul has been a practicing ophthalmologist in Bowling Green, Kentucky, since 1993, and established his own clinic in December 2007. In 1994, he founded Kentucky Taxpayers United, of which he is still the chairman.^[4]

In 2010, Paul ran as the Republican candidate for the United States Senate seat being vacated by retiring Senator Jim Bunning of Kentucky and defeated Kentucky Attorney General Jack Conway. As a supporter of the Tea Party movement, Paul has been vocal in advocating for term limits, a balanced budget amendment, and the Read the Bills Act, in addition to the widespread reduction of federal spending and taxation. He has gained prominence for his independent positions on many political issues, often clashing with both Republicans and Democrats.^[5]

Early life and education[link]

Paul at a rally in Erlanger, Kentucky, on October 2, 2010, along with his father, Congressman Ron Paul of Texas, and his son, William Paul.

Randal Howard Paul^[6] was born on January 7, 1963, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Carol Wells Paul and Ron Paul. Paul's father is a physician and U.S. Representative of Texas's 14th congressional district. The middle child of five, his siblings are Ronald "Ronnie" Paul Jr., Lori Paul Pyeatt, Robert Paul and Joy Paul-LeBlanc.^[7] Paul was baptized in the Episcopal Church^[8] and identified as a practicing Christian as a teenager.^[9] Despite his father's libertarian views and strong support for individual rights,^[9][10] the novelist Ayn Rand was not the inspiration for Paul's first name; he went by "Randy" while growing up.^[11] His wife shortened his name to "Rand".^[9][12][13]

The Paul family moved to Lake Jackson, Texas, in 1968,^[11][14] where Rand was raised^[15][16] and his father began his medical practice and for an extent of time was the only obstetrician in Brazoria County.^[11][14] When Paul was 13, his father was elected to the United States House of Representatives.^[17] In his teenage years, Paul studied the Austrian economists that his father respected, as well as Ayn Rand.^[11] Paul went to Brazoswood High School and was on the swimming team and played defensive back on the football team.^[9][15] Paul attended Baylor University from fall 1981 to summer 1984. Paul was enrolled in the honors program at Baylor, and had scored approximately in the 90th percentile on the Medical College Admission Test.^[18] During Paul's time at Baylor, he was involved in the swim team and Young Conservatives of Texas and was a member of a secret organization known as the NoZe Brotherhood.^[19] Paul left Baylor early when he was accepted into the Duke University School of Medicine, where he earned his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree in 1988 and completed his residency in 1993.^[18]

Personal life[link]

Paul arriving at the Bowling Green-Warren County Regional Airport on November 1, 2010, in Bowling Green, Kentucky, along with his wife Kelley, sons Duncan and Robert, and a campaign staffer.

In Atlanta, Paul met Kelley Ashby, a Rhodes College English major. Paul and Ashby were married on October 20, 1990, and moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky, less than 30 miles (48 km) from her hometown of Russellville, Kentucky, in 1993.^[20]

Kelley Paul is a freelance writer, and she manages payroll and marketing communications for Paul's surgical practice.^[21] The couple have three sons: William, Duncan and Robert.^[22]

Medical career[link]

Paul has held a state-issued medical license since moving to Bowling Green in 1993.^[23] He received his first job from Dr. John Downing of Downing McPeak Vision Centers, which brought him to Bowling Green after completing his residency. Paul worked for Downing for about five years before parting ways. Afterwards, he went to work at the Graves-Gilbert Clinic, a private medical group in Bowling Green, for 10 years before creating his own practice in a converted one-story house across the street from Downing's office.^[24] After his election to the U.S. Senate, Paul merged his practice with Downing's medical practice.^[25] Paul has had two malpractice lawsuits filed against him since 1993. Paul was cleared in one case and the other was settled for $50,000.^[24] Regardless, his medical work has been praised by Downing and Paul has medical privileges at two Bowling Green hospitals.^[23][24] Paul specializes in cataract and glaucoma surgeries, LASIK procedures, and corneal transplants.^[12]

As a member of the Bowling Green Noon Lions Club, Paul founded the Southern Kentucky Lions Eye Clinic to help provide eye surgery and exams for those who cannot afford to pay.^[26] He is a regular presenter at the annual Men's Health and Safety Day conference held by The Medical Center of Bowling Green since 1998.^[27] In 1999 Paul founded the Non-profit organization National Board of Ophthalmology (NBO).^[28]

Board certification[link]

In 2010 the Louisville Courier-Journal reported that Paul, who described himself as a "board-certified" ophthalmologist, was not certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology (ABO).^[23] In 1995, Paul passed the American Board of Ophthalmology boards earning his certification under the ABO for a term of one decade. In 1997, after a dispute with the American Board of Ophthalmology over recertification requirements,^[29] Paul, along with 200 ophthalmologists formed the National Board of Ophthalmology (NBO).^[30] A spokesperson for the American Board of Medical Specialties stated: "He [Paul] is not board-certified."^[23]

Paul's ABO certification lapsed on December 31, 2005, and Paul has since been certified by the NBO.^[23] ABO administrator Beth Ann Slembarski says that over 95 percent of the nation’s practicing ophthalmologists have American Board of Ophthalmology certification.^[31] Regardless of his additional certifications, Paul has been licensed by the state to practice medicine in Kentucky since 1993, and his license is in good standing with no history of disciplinary action. The Courier-Journal reported: "There is no indication that Paul isn't qualified to practice ophthalmology."^[23]

Political activism[link]

Rand Paul in 2011 speaking at the Night of the Rising Stars.

As founder and chairman of the anti-tax organization Kentucky Taxpayers United (KTU) since 1994, Paul regularly presents "taxpayers' friend" awards to state legislators. KTU, which regards itself as nonpartisan, but is criticized for being ideologically conservative,^[32][33] examines legislator records on taxation and spending to inform voters where their own lawmakers stand on the issues.^[34] Paul's editorial commentary on behalf of KTU has been published and recognized in the Kentucky Post.^[35]

KTU sponsors the Taxpayer's Pledge of Americans for Tax Reform, encouraging politicians to pledge publicly to vote uniformly against tax raises.^[35] Nine of fifteen Northern Kentucky legislators signed the pledge,^[36] such as Senator Dick Roeding^[35] and Representative Royce Adams in 1996.^[37] In 2000, these legislators considered a hotel room tax hike (favored by Governor Paul Patton for helping expand the Dr. Albert B. Sabin Convention Center in nearby Cincinnati), even though the increase might "incur the wrath of Paul's group," as two newspapers put it.^[36][38]

Paul stated that Patton's argument for "revenue recovery" was merely a euphemism for taxes^[39] and said that KTU would fight reelection of any pledge-breakers; Adams requested in writing that Paul's group release him from his pledge, stating that it only applied to his first term.^[37] By the close of session in April, the tax increase had failed, although Patton had achieved most of his intended budget; Paul stated legislators were pressured to finalize the budget by deadline rather than to "face accusations of shutting down government."^[40]

Paul often speaks on his father's behalf,^[22][41] and he and his son William attended the third Republican presidential debate of 2007 in New Hampshire, as well as campaigned door-to-door in the state for his father.^[42] At a New Hampshire rally with 250 in attendance (plus 30 members of his own family), Paul repeated a campaign meme by pretending to take a call from Rudy Giuliani during his remarks, and joking that Giuliani needed campaigners and wanted to borrow the Paul family.^[43]

On December 16, 2007, the 234th anniversary of the Boston Tea Party, Paul spoke at Faneuil Hall in favor of small government principles,^[44] calling for what CNN termed a "modern day revolution."^[45] He continued campaigning across the country for his father in 2008,^[21] traveling as far as Montana.^[26]

Paul has co-authored a book entitled The Tea Party Goes to Washington with Jack Hunter, released on February 22, 2011.^[46] It defends the Tea Party movement.^[47]

Electoral history[link]

Paul in Louisville, November 2009

Primary campaign[link]

In the beginning of 2009, Paul was the focus of an online grassroots movement to draft him in a bid to replace beleaguered Republican Kentucky senator Jim Bunning. The news of his potential candidacy became a topic of national interest and was discussed in the Los Angeles Times^[48] and locally in the Kentucky press.^[49] Commenting on Paul's possible candidacy, Congressman Ron Paul noted that "Should Senator Bunning decide not to run, I think Rand would make a great U.S. Senator."^[50]

On May 1, 2009, Paul officially confirmed that if Bunning, whose fundraising in 2009 has matched his poor numbers in opinion polling for the 2010 election,^[51] declined to seek a third term, he would almost certainly run in the Republican Party primary to succeed him,^[52] and formed an exploratory committee soon after, while still promising to stay out of the race if Bunning had ultimately decided to run for re-election. Paul made this announcement on MSNBC's The Rachel Maddow Show, though the news was first broken by a local Kentucky news site.^[53]

On July 28, 2009, Bunning announced that he would not run for re-election, after facing insufficient fundraising. This announcement left only Paul and Secretary of State Trey Grayson as the remaining candidates for the Republican nomination,^[54] with Paul announcing on August 5, 2009 that he would officially run for the U.S. Senate as a Republican. The announcement was made through a series of national TV events, radio, and other programs, as well as through newspapers in Kentucky.^[55][56][57]

Early fundraising success[link]

On August 20, 2009, Paul's grassroots planned a moneybomb to kick off his campaign for United States Senate. The official campaign took in $433,509 in 24 hours.^[58] According to Paul,^[59] This set a new record in Kentucky's political fundraising history in a 24-hour period.

A second "moneybomb" was held on September 23, 2009, to counter a D.C. fundraiser being held for primary opponent Trey Grayson, by 23 Republican United States Senators, 17 of whom voted for the bank bailout.^[60] The theme was a UFC "fight" between Paul and "We the People" vs. Trey Grayson and the "D.C. Insiders."^[61] The money bomb ended up raising $186,276 for Paul in 24 hours on September 23;^[62] bringing Paul's Senate campaign's total raised to over one million. Later in the campaign, Paul claimed his pledge to not take money from lobbyist and Senators who voted for the bailout was only a "primary pledge"^[63] and Paul later held a DC fundraiser with the same Senators who were the target of the September 23, 2009 "moneybomb." Paul ended up raising some $3 million during the primary period.

Primary victory[link]

Rand Paul with then-Senator Jim Bunning.

Although Grayson was considered the frontrunner in July 2009,^[64] Paul found success characterizing Grayson as a "career politician" and challenging Grayson's conservatism. Paul ran an ad in February that made an issue out of Grayson's September 2008 admission that he voted for Bill Clinton when he was 20 years old.^[65] Although the Paul campaign later removed the video from YouTube, Paul's Democratic general election competitor put it back up on October 20 after Paul had taken exception to the Democrat making an issue out of Paul's own college-age actions.^[66] James Dobson, a Christian evangelical figure, endorsed Grayson on April 26 based on the advice of what Dobson described as "senior members of the GOP", but on May 3 the Paul campaign announced that Dobson had changed his endorsement to Paul^[67] after Paul and some Paul supporters had lobbied Dobson insisting on Paul's social conservative bona fides.^[68]

On May 18 Paul won the Republican Senatorial primary by a 23.4% margin,^[69] meaning he would face the Kentucky Attorney General Jack Conway, in the November 2 general election.^[70]

General campaign[link]

On June 28, 2010, Rand Paul supporters held their first post-primary online fundraising drive, this time promoted as a "money blast."^[71][72]

BP oil spill comments[link]

On May 21, 2010, Paul generated some controversy by characterizing statements made by Obama administration officials regarding the BP oil spill cleanup as sounding "un-American". Paul said:

Paul may have been referring to a statement by Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, who said "our job is basically to keep the boot on the neck of British Petroleum to carry out the responsibilities that they have, both under the law and contractually to move forward and to stop this spill."^[74] Salazar's remark was later slightly misquoted as "boot on the throat" by Press Secretary Robert Gibbs. Gibbs clarified at the same press conference, when asked if this metaphor did not imply hostility to BP, "I think the President accurately conveyed in his remarks yesterday that we are going to do everything humanly possible, and ensure that BP is doing everything humanly possible, to deal with this as comprehensively and as quickly as they can."^[75]

Private property and civil rights[link]

Paul criticized the Bowling Green Daily News on May 30, 2002 for supporting the Fair Housing Act. He explained that "a free society will abide unofficial, private discrimination, even when that means allowing hate-filled groups to exclude people based on the color of their skin."^[76] On May 19, 2010, Paul stated that he favors 9 out of 10 titles of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but had he been a senator during 1960s, he would have raised some questions on the constitutionality of Title II of the Act, which prohibits private businesses who provide public accommodations from discriminating on the basis of race, religion, or national origin against their customers, arguing that it infringes upon constitutional freedoms. Paul stated on National Public Radio, "I'm in favor of everything with regards to ending institutional racism".^[77] Paul favors community and neighborhood pressure to persuade private businesses, rather than federal laws that he argued might violate the constitution.^[78] Paul said he abhors racism, and he would have marched with Martin Luther King Jr. to repeal Jim Crow Laws. Paul's comments on Title II of Civil Rights Act of 1964 stirred controversy^[79][80][81] and brought concern among Republican party insiders about his viability in the general election.^[80][81] Paul later released a statement declaring that he would have voted for the Act and stated "unequivocally ... that I will not support any efforts to repeal the Civil Rights Act of 1964".^[82][83] Paul stating that while he "abhors racism," he doesn't like the idea of the federal government determining who a business may serve.^[84] Amid a flurry of controversy, Paul became the first American politician to cancel an appearance on Meet the Press in their 64-year history.^[85] Additionally, RNC Chairman Michael Steele, publicly denounced him, saying that Paul's opposition to the Civil Rights Act is a "misplaced" philosophy for the 21st Century.^[86]

Paul addressed his feelings about intentions of the legislation relating to public offices, stating that he "overwhelmingly agrees with the intent of the [Civil Rights Act] which was to stop discrimination in the public sphere and halt the abhorrent practice of segregation and Jim Crow laws," and that Constitutional challenges to the law have been settled by the courts.^[87]

Endorsements[link]

Paul has secured endorsements from several public figures and political organizations. They include the Downsize DC Foundation,^[88] Concerned Women for America,^[89] Gun Owners of America,^[90] Steve Forbes,^[91] FreedomWorks,^[92] Club for Growth,^[93] James Dobson,^[94] Sarah Palin,^[95] Jim DeMint,^[96] Cathy Bailey,^[97] Jim Bunning,^[98] Erick Erickson,^[99] National Federation of Independent Business,^[100] Council for Citizens Against Government Waste,^[101] National Right to Life,^[102] US Chamber of Commerce,^[103] National Vietnam and Gulf War Veterans Coalition,^[104] Mike Huckabee,^[105] and Tony Perkins/FRC Action PAC.^[106][107]