- published: 11 Feb 2012
- views: 3708
- author: HARBOURband
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Amsterdam
- Anacapri
- Andhra Pradesh
- Antwerp
- Argentina
- Attiki
- Auckland
- Australia
- Bahamas
- Baltimore
- Bangladesh
- Barge
- Belgium
- Belém
- Boat
- Body of water
- Boston Harbor
- Brazil
- Bremerhaven
- Buenos Aires
- California
- Canada
- Capri
- Cartagena, Colombia
- Casco Bay
- Chennai port
- Clovelly
- Connecticut
- Cork Harbour
- Cornwall
- Curaçao
- Dalian
- Devon
- Dock (maritime)
- Dockyard
- Dorset
- Dredging
- Dubai
- Duluth, Minnesota
- Durban, South Africa
- Economic
- England
- Falmouth, Cornwall
- Finland
- Flanders
- Freetown
- Geographical pole
- Germany
- Golden Horn
- Gothenburg
- Grand Harbour
- Greece
- Guanabara Bay
- Hai Phong Port
- Haiphong
- Halifax Harbour
- Hamburg Harbour
- Hammerfest
- Hampton Roads
- Harbor
- Havana Harbor
- Hawaii
- Hong Kong
- Honolulu
- Ice pier
- India
- Inland harbor
- Inner Harbor
- Istanbul
- Italy
- Izmir
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Jebel Ali
- Jetty
- Kahului, Hawaii
- Kaipara Harbour
- Kaohsiung
- Karachi
- Keelung
- Kenya
- Keppel Harbour
- Kilindini Harbour
- Kingston Harbour
- Kingston, Jamaica
- Kobe
- Kochi, India
- Landform
- List of Marinas
- List of seaports
- Long Beach Harbor
- Lüneburg
- Lüshunkou District
- Mahon
- Maine
- Mainland China
- Malta
- Manila Bay
- Manukau Harbour
- Marina
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Merchant ships
- Military strategy
- Minorca
- Montevideo
- Morocco
- Mulberry harbour
- Mumbai
- Murmansk, Russia
- Nassau, Bahamas
- Netherlands
- Netherlands Antilles
- New Haven Harbor
- New South Wales
- New York Harbor
- New Zealand
- Norfolk, Virginia
- Norway
- Nova Scotia
- Oslofjord
- Pack ice
- Pakistan
- Pearl Harbor
- Pechenga, Russia
- Philippines
- Piraeus
- Plymouth Sound
- Poland
- Poole Harbour
- Port
- Port Jackson
- Port of Amsterdam
- Port of Antwerp
- Port of Gdańsk
- Port of Genoa
- Port of Houston
- Port of Kobe
- Port of Long Beach
- Port of Los Angeles
- Port of Rotterdam
- Port of Shanghai
- Port of Szczecin
- Port of Tyne
- Port Phillip
- Portland Harbor
- Portland Harbour
- Prominence
- Quay
- Rades
- Republic of Ireland
- Ria
- Rio de Janeiro
- Roadstead
- Rotterdam
- Russia
- Salvador, Brazil
- San Diego Bay
- San Diego Harbor
- San Francisco Bay
- Sankt Petersburg
- Sea wall
- Seaport
- Sevastopol
- Sevastopol Harbour
- Ship
- Sierra Leone
- Sindh
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Storm
- Subic Bay
- Sweden
- Sydney
- Sydney Harbour
- Taiwan
- Tamil nadu
- Tanger-Med
- Tangier
- Tauranga
- Tauranga Harbour
- Tokyo
- Tokyo Bay
- Trincomalee
- Trondheim
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Tuticorin
- Tyne & Wear
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uruguay
- Vancouver
- Vardø, Norway
- Victoria Harbour
- Victoria, Australia
- Vietnam
- Virginia
- Visakhapatnam
- Vizhinjam
- Vladivostok, Russia
- Wales
- Warship
- Weather
- Wellington Harbour
- Wharf
- Winter Quarters Bay
- World's busiest port
- Zambales
-
Algeciras
Algeciras (Spanish pronunciation: [alxeˈθiɾas]) is a port city in the south of Spain, and is the largest city on the Bay of Gibraltar (in Spanish, the Bahía de Algeciras). Port of Algeciras is one of the largest ports in Europe and in the world in three categories: container, cargo and transhipment. It is situated 20 km north-east of Tarifa on the Río de la Miel, which is the southernmost river of the Iberian peninsula and continental Europe. It has a population in 2009 of 116,209 people.
It is the biggest city among its metropolitan area, that also includes the municipalities of Los Barrios, La Línea de la Concepción, Castellar de la Frontera, Jimena de la Frontera, San Roque and Tarifa, with a population of 263,739.
The site of Roman cities called Portus Albus, Caetaria (current Getares) and Iuliua Tracta, the current name of Algeciras comes from the Arab period of the Iberian Peninsula: AlJazīra AlKhadrā' Arabic الجزيرة الخضراء or Green Island.
The area of the city has been populated since prehistory, and the earliest remains belong to Neanderthal populations from the Paleolithic.
wn.com/Algeciras -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] (
listen)) is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution. Amsterdam has a population of 790,654 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of 2,289,762. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.
Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.
wn.com/Amsterdam -
Anacapri
Anacapri is a comune on the island of Capri, in the province of Naples, Italy. The Ancient Greek prefix ana means "up" or "above", signifying that Anacapri is located at a higher elevation on the island than Capri (about 150 m higher on average). Administratively, it has a separate status from the city of Capri. The most significant site in the village is the Villa San Michele.
French composer Claude Debussy was a regular visitor to Anacapri. He even named one of his preludes from the first book, No.5 "Les collines d'Anacapri" (The hills of Anacapri), in homage to the community.
There is a bus service, via numerous hairpin bends, from Marina Grande and Capri to Anacapri.
One of the tourist attractions in Anacapri is the chairlift (seggiovia) to 589-m Monte Solaro for picturesque views of the south-facing coast.
Punta Carena Lighthouse is located 3 km from the main town.
Anacapri viewed from the chairlift to Monte Solaro
The Blue Grotto
The ruins of Villa Damecuta
Chairlift to Monte Solaro
View from Monte Solaro towards the Faraglioni
wn.com/Anacapri -
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Oriya.
wn.com/Andhra_Pradesh -
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Auckland
The Auckland metropolitan area (
/ˈɔːklənd/, AWK-lənd), in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with 1,377,200 residents, 31 percent of the country's population. Auckland has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world. In Māori Auckland's names are Tāmaki Makaurau, and the transliterated version of Auckland, Ākarana.
The 2011 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland 3rd equal place in the world on its list, while the Economist's World's Most Livable Cities index of 2011 ranked Auckland in 9th place. In 2010, Auckland was classified as a Beta World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory by Loughborough University.
Auckland lies between the Hauraki Gulf of the Pacific Ocean to the east, the low Hunua Ranges to the south-east, the Manukau Harbour to the south-west, and the Waitakere Ranges and smaller ranges to the west and north-west. The central part of the urban area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two separate major bodies of water.
wn.com/Auckland -
Australia
Australia ( /əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
wn.com/Australia -
Bahamas
The Bahamasi/bəˈhɑːməz/, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its land area is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), with a population of 353,658. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands; the designation of Bahamas refers normally to the Commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 to 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
wn.com/Bahamas -
Baltimore
Baltimore ( /ˈbɒltɨmɔr/, colloquially /ˈbɔl.mɔr/) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is located in the central area of the state along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. The independent city is often referred to as Baltimore City to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County.
Founded in 1729, Baltimore is the largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic United States and is situated closer to Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy.
At 620,961 residents in 2010, Baltimore's population has decreased by one-third since its peak in 1950. The Baltimore Metropolitan Area has grown steadily to approximately 2.7 million residents in 2010; the 20th largest in the country. Baltimore is also a principal city in the larger Baltimore–Washington combined statistical area of approximately 8.4 million residents.
wn.com/Baltimore -
Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
wn.com/Bangladesh -
Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
wn.com/Belgium -
Belém
Belém (literally "Bethlehem") is a Brazilian city, the capital and largest city of state of Pará, in the country's north region. It is the entrance gate to the Amazon with a busy port, airport and bus/coach station. Belém lies approximately 100 km upriver from the Atlantic Ocean, on the Pará River, which is part of the greater Amazon River system, separated from the larger part of the Amazon delta by Ilha de Marajó (Marajo Island). With an estimated population of 1,402,056 people — 2,249,405, or considering its metropolitan area — is the 11th most populous city in Brazil (besides being the second largest in the North Region, second only Manaus, in Amazonas state) as well as be the 16th by economic relevance.
Founded in 1616 by the Kingdom of Portugal, Belém was the first European colony on the Amazon but did not become part of Brazil until 1775. The newer part of the city has modern buildings and skyscrapers. The colonial portion retains the charm of tree-filled squares, churches and traditional blue tiles. The city has a rich history and architecture from colonial times. Recently it witnessed a skyscraper boom. Its metropolitan area has over 2 million inhabitants.
wn.com/Belém -
Boston Harbor
Boston Harbor is a natural harbor and estuary of Massachusetts Bay, and is located adjacent to the city of Boston, Massachusetts. It is home to the Port of Boston, a major shipping facility in the northeast.
Since its discovery by John Smith in 1614, Boston Harbor has been an important port in American history. It was the site of the Boston Tea Party as well as almost continuous backfilling of the harbor until the 19th century. By 1660 almost all imports came to the greater Boston area and the New England coast through the waters of Boston Harbor. A rapid influx of people transformed Boston into a booming city. The health of the harbor quickly decreased as the population of Boston increased. As early as the late 19th century Boston citizens were advised not to swim in any portion of the Harbor. In the 1800s two of the first steam sewage stations were built (one in East Boston and one later on Deer Island). With these mandates the harbor was seeing small improvements, but raw sewage was still continuously pumped into the harbor. In 1919 the Metropolitan District Commission was created to oversee and regulate the quality of harbor water. However, not much improvement was seen and general public awareness of the poor quality of water was very low. In 1972 the Clean Water Act was passed in order to help promote increased national water quality.
wn.com/Boston_Harbor -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
wn.com/Brazil -
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( /ˈbweɪnəs ˈɛəriːz/ or /ˈaɪrɪs/,Spanish: [ˈbwenos ˈaiɾes]) is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after Greater Sao Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent. Greater Buenos Aires conurbation, which also includes several Buenos Aires Province districts, constitutes the third-largest conurbation in Latin America, with a population of around thirteen million.
The city of Buenos Aires is not a part of Buenos Aires Province, nor is it the Province's capital, but an autonomous district. In 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalised and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores (both are currently neighborhoods of the city). The 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Autonomous City of Buenos Aires). Its citizens first elected a Chief of Government (i.e. Mayor) in 1996; before, the Mayor was directly appointed by the President of the Republic.
wn.com/Buenos_Aires -
California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
wn.com/California -
Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Capri
Capri (/kəˈpriː/; Italian pronunciation: [ˈkaːpri]) is an island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy. The main town on the island shares the name. It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic.
Features of the island are the Marina Piccola (the little harbour), the Belvedere of Tragara (a high panoramic promenade lined with villas), the limestone crags called sea stacks that project above the sea (the Faraglioni), the town of Anacapri, the Blue Grotto (Grotta Azzurra), and the ruins of the Imperial Roman villas.
Capri is part of the region of Campania, Province of Naples. The town of Capri is the island's main population centre. The island has two harbours, Marina Piccola and Marina Grande (the main port of the island). The separate comune of Anacapri is located high on the hills to the west.
The etymology of the name Capri is unclear; it might either be traced back to the Ancient Greeks (Ancient Greek kapros meaning "wild boar"), the first recorded colonists to populate the island. But it could also derive from Latin capreae (goats). Fossils of wild boars have been discovered, lending credence to the "kapros" etymology, but on the other hand the Romans called Capri "goat island". Finally, there is also the possibility the name derives from an Etruscan word for "rocky", though any historical Etruscan rule of the island is disputed.
wn.com/Capri -
Cartagena, Colombia
Cartagena de Indias (Spanish pronunciation: [kartaˈxena ðe ˈindjas], Cartagena of the Indies), is a large Caribbean beach resort city on the northern coast of Colombia in the Caribbean Coast Region and capital of Bolívar Department. The city had a population of 892,545 as of the 2005 census, making it the fifth-largest city in Colombia and giving the Cartagena urban area the status of fifth-largest urban area in Colombia. Cartagena is a centre of economic activity in the Caribbean, as well a popular tourist destination.
Activity and development of the Cartagena region is dated back to 4000 B.C. around Cartagena Bay by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. The Spanish colonial city was founded on June 1, 1533 and named after Cartagena, Spain. Cartagena served a key role in the development of the region during the Spanish eras; it was a center of political and economic activity due to the presence of royalty and wealthy viceroys. In 1984, Cartagena's colonial walled city and fortress were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
wn.com/Cartagena,_Colombia -
Clovelly
Coordinates: 50°59′N 4°24′W / 50.99°N 4.4°W / 50.99; -04.40
Clovelly is a village in the Torridge district of Devon, England. It is a major tourist attraction, famous for its history and beauty, its extremely steep car-free cobbled main street, donkeys, and its location looking out over the Bristol Channel. Thick woods shelter it and render the climate so mild that even tender plants flourish. As of the 2001 Census, the ward of Clovelly Bay, including Clovelly, had a total population of 1,616.
The village itself is not accessible by motor vehicle and space at the harbour is limited to hotel residents and locals with permits. Visitors park at the Visitor Centre car park above the village, at the end of the B3237 road; service buses make calls at the car park also. The visitor centre consists of a cafe, gift, book and fudge shops. There are a number of tourist-oriented shop units at the car park. Visitors enter the village through the visitor centre. A taxi service operates in summer using Land Rover vehicles, between the car park and the harbour. There is a public road down to the harbour (followed by the Land Rover taxi), although parking at the bottom is all private, and there is a sign warning visitors against going down that road. Clovelly Visitor Centre car park is served by Stagecoach Bus service 319 between Barnstaple, Bideford and Hartland.
wn.com/Clovelly -
Connecticut
Connecticut (i/kəˈnɛtɨkət/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and the state of New York to the west and the south (with which it shares a water boundary in Long Island Sound).
Connecticut is named for the Connecticut River, the major U.S. river that approximately bisects the state. Its capital city is Hartford. Much of southern and western Connecticut (along with the majority of the state's population) is part of the New York metropolitan area; three of Connecticut's eight counties are statistically included in the New York City combined statistical area, the same area is widely referred to as the Tri-State area. Connecticut's center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, which is also located within the Tri-State area.
Connecticut is the 3rd least extensive, the 29th most populous, and 4th most densely populated of the 50 United States. Called the Constitution State, Nutmeg State, and "The Land of Steady Habits", Connecticut was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States.
wn.com/Connecticut -
Cork Harbour
Cork Harbour (Irish: Cuan Chorcaí) is a natural harbour and river estuary at the mouth of the River Lee in County Cork, Ireland. It is one of several which lay claim to the title of "second largest natural harbour in the world by navigational area" (after Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia). Other contenders include Halifax Harbour in Canada, and Poole Harbour in England. The largest non-navigational harbour and the largest natural harbour in the world is New Zealands Kaipara Harbour, at 947km2.
Cork City is located slightly upstream on the River Lee on the northwest corner of Cork Harbour. Several of the city's suburbs, including Blackrock, Mahon, Douglas, Passage West and Rochestown lie on Lough Mahon or the Douglas Estuary, both of which are parts of Upper Cork Harbour.
The Lower Harbour has many towns around its shores. Passage West, Monkstown, Ringaskiddy and the smaller village of Raffeen are found on the western shore. On the southwestern shore is Crosshaven. Great Island, which forms the northern shore of the lower harbour, houses the town of Cobh. The eastern shore is less densely populated, but has two villages Whitegate and Aghada, both home to power plants..
wn.com/Cork_Harbour -
Cornwall
Cornwall ( /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
wn.com/Cornwall -
Curaçao
Curaçao (Dutch: Curaçao;Papiamentu: Kòrsou) is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. The Country of Curaçao (Dutch: Land Curaçao, Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), which includes the main island plus the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao"), is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its capital is Willemstad.
Curaçao is the largest and most populous of the three ABC islands (for Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) of the Lesser Antilles, specifically the Leeward Antilles. It has a land area of 444 square kilometres (171 square miles). As of 1 January 2009, it had a population of 141,766.
Prior to 10 October 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, Curaçao was administered as the Island Territory of Curaçao (Dutch: Eilandgebied Curaçao, Papiamentu: Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou), one of five island territories of the former Netherlands Antilles. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code CUW and the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code CW has been assigned to Curaçao.
wn.com/Curaçao -
Dalian
wn.com/Dalian -
Devon
Coordinates: 50°42′N 3°48′W / 50.7°N 3.8°W / 50.7; -3.8
Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/) is a large county in southwestern England. The county is sometimes referred to as Devonshire, although it has never been officially "shired" and that use often indicates a traditional or historical context. Nowadays, "Devonshire" is mostly a demonym.
The county shares borders with Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east. Its southern coast abuts the English Channel and its northern coast the Bristol Channel and Celtic Sea. The name "Devon" derives from the ancient Dumnonia, which was home to the independent kingdom of Brythonic Celtic speaking people who inhabited this area of the southwestern peninsula of Britain continuously from through the Roman era until partial absorption into the English-speaking Kingdom of Wessex some time in the eighth or ninth century, with some emigration to the sister Kingdom of Domnonee in Brittany taking place.
Devon is the fourth largest of the English counties by area and has a population of 1,141,600 making it the 11th most populous. The county town is the cathedral city of Exeter. In addition to Devon County Council, the county contains two unitary authorities (independent from Devon County Council's control): the port city of Plymouth and Torbay, a conurbation of seaside resorts. Plymouth is also the largest city in Devon. Much of the county is rural (including national park) land, with a low population density by British standards. It contains Dartmoor 954 km2 (368 sq mi), the largest open space in southern England. It is the only English county to have two separate coastlines – a north and southern coastline.
wn.com/Devon -
Dubai
Dubai (/duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY; Arabic: دبيّ Dubeii; IPA: [du'beii]) is an emirate within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A city within the emirate is also named Dubai. The emirate is located south east of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature. Dubai City is located on the emirate's northern coastline.
The earliest mention of Dubai is in 1095, and the earliest settlement known as Dubai town dates from 1799. Dubai was formally established in 1833 by Sheikh Maktoum bin Buti al Maktoum when he persuaded 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, living in what is now part of Saudi Arabia, to follow him to the Dubai Creek by the Al Abu Falasa clan of Bani Yas. It remained under clan control when the United Kingdom assumed the protection of Dubai in 1892. Its geographical location made it an important trading hub and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port.
wn.com/Dubai -
Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth (i/dəˈluːθ/) is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Saint Louis County. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,265 in the 2010 census. Duluth is also the second largest city that is located on Lake Superior after Thunder Bay, Ontario, and has the largest metropolitan area on Lake Superior. The Duluth MSA had a population of 279,771 in 2010. Situated at the westernmost point of the Great Lakes on the north shore of Lake Superior, Duluth is accessible to ocean-going vessels from the Atlantic Ocean 2,300 miles (3,700 km) away via the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway.
Duluth forms a metropolitan area with Superior, Wisconsin called the Twin Ports. These two cities share the Duluth–Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes' largest port transporting coal, iron ore (taconite), and grain. As a tourist destination for the Midwest, Duluth features America's only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium; the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor; and Minnesota Point (known as Park Point locally), one of the world's longest freshwater baymouth bars, spanning 6 miles (9.7 km). The city is also the starting point for vehicle trips along Minnesota's famous North Shore.
wn.com/Duluth,_Minnesota -
Durban, South Africa
Durban (Zulu: eThekwini, from itheku meaning 'bay / lagoon') is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal and the third largest city in South Africa. It forms part of the eThekwini metropolitan municipality. Durban is famous for being the busiest port in South Africa. It is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism because of the city's warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. The municipality, which includes neighbouring towns, has a population of almost 3.5 million, making the combined municipality the biggest city on the east coast of the African continent. The metropolitan land area of 2,292 square kilometres (885 sq mi) is comparatively larger than other South African cities, resulting in a somewhat lower population density of 1,513 /km2 (3,920 /sq mi).
Archaeological evidence from the Drakensberg mountains suggests that the Durban area has been inhabited by communities of hunter-gatherers since 100,000 BC. These people lived throughout the area of present day KwaZulu-Natal until the expansion of Bantu farmers and pastoralists from the north saw their gradual displacement,incorporation or extermination.
wn.com/Durban,_South_Africa -
England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
wn.com/England -
Falmouth, Cornwall
Coordinates: 50°09′N 5°04′W / 50.15°N 5.07°W / 50.15; -5.07
Falmouth (Cornish: Aberfal) is a town, civil parish and port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It has a total resident population of 21,635.
Falmouth is the terminus of the A39, which begins some 200 miles away in Bath, Somerset.
Falmouth is famous for its harbour. Together with Carrick Roads, it forms the third deepest natural harbour in the world, and the deepest in Western Europe. It is also famous for being the start or finish point of various round-the-world record-breaking voyages, such as those of Sir Francis Chichester and Dame Ellen MacArthur. Falmouth Docks Police enforce the law in the docks.
See also: Miss Susan Gay's Falmouth chronology
The name Falmouth is of English origin, which recent Cornish language enthusiasts have translated to "Aberfal" based on Welsh precedents. It is claimed that an earlier Celtic name for the place was Peny-cwm-cuic, which has been Anglicized to 'Pennycomequick'.
wn.com/Falmouth,_Cornwall -
Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
wn.com/Finland -
Flanders
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen (help·info)) is the (political) community of the Flemings, one of the communities of Belgium, and also a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
"Flanders" can also refer to the northern part of Belgium that contains Brussels, Bruges, Ghent and Antwerp. Over the course of history, the geographical territory that was called "Flanders" has varied. In the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a gradual shift of political and economic power from French-speaking Wallonia (which was industrialized earlier) to the Flemish.
To the English-speaking peoples, Flanders meant historically (from circa 1000 AD) the land situated along the North Sea from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary. The southern borders were generally ill-defined. Over the last millennium, it was mostly the southern and western borders that receded to give the present day borders within northern Belgium.
Flanders has figured prominently in European history. Between the early 17th century and 1945, the political outcomes of modern Spain, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria were often decided by battles on the plains of Flanders. Even earlier in British and Irish history, the Flemings (or Flemish) were important allies of the Normans in their conquest of England (1066) and invasion of Ireland (1169–71).
wn.com/Flanders -
Freetown
Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city in the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of Sierra Leone. Freetown is Sierra Leone's economic, financial, cultural and educational center. The city's economy revolves largely around its harbor - occupying a part of the estuary of the Sierra Leone River in one of the world's largest natural deep water harbours. Queen Elizabeth II Quay is capable of receiving oceangoing vessels and handles Sierra Leone's main exports.
The city proper had a population of 772,873 at the 2004 census, with a current estimate of 1,070,200 (about 17% of Sierra Leone's total population). The population of Freetown is ethnically, culturally and religiously diverse. The city is home to significant numbers of all of the country's ethnic groups, although it is the primary home of the Sierra Leone Creole people (descendants of Liberated Africans, African-Americans and West Indians) who make up the minority of the population in the city. As in virtually all parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language is the city's primary language of communication and is by far the most widely spoken language in the city.
wn.com/Freetown -
Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
wn.com/Germany -
Golden Horn
The Golden Horn (Turkish: Haliç (which is derived from the Arabic word Khaleej, meaning Gulf) or Altın Boynuz (literally "Golden Horn" in Turkish); Greek: Κεράτιος Κόλπος, Keratios Kolpos) is a historic inlet of the Bosphorus dividing the city of Istanbul and forming the natural harbor that has sheltered Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and other ships for thousands of years. It is a scimitar-shaped estuary that joins the Bosphorus just at the point where that strait enters the Sea of Marmara, thus forming a peninsula the tip of which is "Old Istanbul" (ancient Byzantion and Constantinople). Its Greek and English names mean the same, but the significance of the designation "golden" is obscure, while its Turkish name Haliç simply means "estuary". It has witnessed many tumultuous historical incidents and its dramatic vistas have been the subject of countless works of art.
The Golden Horn is a flooded prehistoric estuary. It is 7.5 kilometers long and, at its widest, 750 meters across. Its maximum depth, where it flows into the Bosphorus, is about 35 meters. It is today spanned by four bridges. They are, moving downstream, the Haliç Bridge (literally Estuary Bridge); the Eski Galata Bridge (literally Old Galata Bridge, as the former Galata Bridge was moved here in pieces, re-assembled and restored after a fire in 1992 damaged it; the current Galata Bridge which replaced it was completed in 1994); the Atatürk (Unkapanı) Bridge; and the Galata Bridge. A fifth bridge is currently under construction to connect the subway lines of the Istanbul Metro to the north and south of the Golden Horn.
wn.com/Golden_Horn -
Gothenburg
Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg; pronounced [jœtəˈbɔrj] ( listen)) is the second largest city in Sweden by population and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 520,374, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 938,580 inhabitants in the metropolitan area. Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Gamma−.
The City of Gothenburg was founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. It lies by the sea at the mouth of Göta Älv—the river running through the city—and is the largest seaport in the Nordic countries.
Gothenburg is home to many students, as the city includes both the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927. The city is a major centre in Sweden for sports and home to the IFK Göteborg, BK Häcken, GAIS and Örgryte IS association football teams as well as the Frölunda HC ice hockey team.
Gothenburg is served by Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport, located 30 km (18.64 mi) southeast of the city centre. It is the second largest airport in Sweden. The city is also served by Gothenburg City Airport, located 15 km (9.32 mi) from the city centre.
wn.com/Gothenburg -
Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
wn.com/Greece -
Guanabara Bay
Guanabara Bay (Portuguese: Baía da Guanabara, IPA: [ɡwanaˈbaɾɐ]) is an oceanic bay located in Southeast Brazil in the state of Rio de Janeiro. On its western shore lies the city of Rio de Janeiro, and on its eastern shore the cities of Niterói and São Gonçalo. Four other municipalities surround the bay's shores. Guanabara Bay is the second largest bay in area in Brazil (after the All Saints' Bay), at 412 square kilometres (159 sq mi), with a perimeter of 143 kilometres (89 mi).
Guanabara Bay is 31 kilometres (19 mi) long and 28 kilometres (17 mi) wide at its maximum. Its 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) wide mouth is flanked at the eastern tip by the Pico do Papagaio (Parrot's Peak) and the western tip by Pão de Açúcar (Sugar Loaf).
The name Guanabara comes from the Tupi language, goanã-pará, from gwa "bay", plus nã "similar to" and ba'ra "sea". Traditionally, it is also translated as "the bosom of sea."
Guanabara Bay was first encountered by Europeans on January 1, 1502, when one of the Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Gonçalo Coelho arrived on its shores. According to some historians, the name given by the exploration team to the bay was originally Ria de Janeiro "January Sound", then a confusion took place between the word ria, which at the time was used to designate a bay or a sound, and rio "river". Anyway, the name of the bay was soon fixed as Rio de Janeiro. Later, the city was named after the bay. Natives of the Tamoio and Tupiniquim tribes inhabited the shores of the bay.
wn.com/Guanabara_Bay -
Haiphong
Hải Phòng ( listen), also Haiphong, is the 3rd largest city in Vietnam. The name means, "coastal defence". Haiphong also names "The City of the Red Flamboyant", because there are a lot of flamboyant trees which are planted in the city. Haiphong is also the largest 1st-class city, and is an economic, industrial, commercial and educational center in Vietnam. With the advantage of having deep-watered ports, maritime transport here is very developed.
Hai Phong was originally founded by Lê Chân, the female general of a Vietnamese revolution against the Chinese led by the Trưng Sisters (Hai Bà Trưng) in the year 43 C.E. The area which is now known as Duong Kinh District was once known as Hai tan Phong thu ("defensive coastal area"), and served as the second capital of the Mac dynasty (1527–1592). At the end of Nguyen Emperor Tu Duc's reign, the headquarters of An Duong District was also moved to Hang Kenh Communal House, which now belongs to Le Chan district.
In 1881, the city was the site of a devastating typhoon which claimed up to 300,000 lives.
wn.com/Haiphong -
Halifax Harbour
Halifax Harbour is a large natural harbour on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, located in the Halifax Regional Municipality.
The harbour is called Jipugtug by the Mi'kmaq first nation, anglisized as Chebucto. It runs in a northwest-southeast direction.
Based on average vessel speeds, the harbour is strategically located approximately one hour's sailing time north of the Great Circle Route between the Eastern Seaboard and Europe. As such, it is the first inbound and last outbound port of call in eastern North America with transcontinental rail connections.
The harbour is largely formed by a drowned glacial valley which succumbed to sea level rise since glaciation. The Sackville River now empties into the upper end of the harbour in Bedford Basin, however its original river bed has been charted by the Canadian Hydrographic Service throughout the length of the harbour and beyond.
The harbour includes the following geographic areas:
The harbour is home to several small islands.
The harbour limit is actually formed by the northern end of its largest island - McNabs Island. The largest island entirely within the harbour limits is Georges Island, a glacial drumlin similar to its dryland counterpart at Citadel Hill. Several small islands are located in the Bedford Basin near Bedford and Burnside.
wn.com/Halifax_Harbour -
Hammerfest
Hammerfest (help·info) is a city and municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The municipality encompasses parts of three islands: Kvaløya, Sørøya, and Seiland. Hammerfest was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The law required that all cities should be separated from their rural districts, but because of low population, and very few voters, this was impossible to carry out for Hammerfest in 1838. (See also Vadsø and Vardø.) The rural district of Hammerfest (Sørøysund) was separated from the city on 1 January 1852, but it was merged back into the city on 1 January 1992 (but without the area of Kvalsund, which was separated from Sørøysund as a municipality of its own in 1869).
The town is named after an old anchorage. The first element is hammer, referring to a number of large rocks, good for mooring boats, called Hamran (Old Norse: Hamarr - steep mountainside). The Hamran were covered up in land reclaiming during the early post-war years. The last element is fest, from Old Norse festr which means 'fastening' (for boats).
wn.com/Hammerfest -
Hampton Roads
Coordinates: 36°58′N 76°22′W / 36.967°N 76.367°W / 36.967; -76.367
Hampton Roads is the name for both a body of water and the Norfolk–Virginia Beach metropolitan area which surrounds it in southeastern Virginia, United States. Hampton Roads is notable for its year-round ice-free harbor, for United States Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, NASA, Marine Corps, and Army facilities, shipyards, coal piers, and hundreds of miles of waterfront property and beaches, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy.
The water area known as Hampton Roads is one of the world's largest natural harbors (more accurately a roadstead or "roads"), and incorporates the mouths of the Elizabeth River and James River with several smaller rivers and itself empties into the Chesapeake Bay near its mouth leading to the Atlantic Ocean.
The land area (also known as "Tidewater") includes dozens of cities, counties and towns on the Virginia Peninsula and in South Hampton Roads. Some of the more outlying areas from the harbor may or may not be included as part of "Hampton Roads", depending upon the organization or purpose. For a commonly used example, as defined for federal economic purposes, the Hampton Roads metropolitan statistical area (MSA) additionally includes one county in northeastern North Carolina and two counties in Virginia’s Middle Peninsula. Officially, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA has a population of about 1.7 million, the 36th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
wn.com/Hampton_Roads -
Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
wn.com/Hawaii -
Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Honolulu
Honolulu /hoʊnoʊˈluːluː/ is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii. Honolulu is the southernmost major U.S. city. Although the name "Honolulu" refers to the urban area on the southeastern shore of the island of Oahu, the city and county government are consolidated as Honolulu County which covers the entire island. For statistical purposes, the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes the urban part of Honolulu as a census-designated place. Honolulu is a major financial center of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the census-designated place was 337,256 at the 2010 census, while the population of the city and county was 953,207. Honolulu is the most populous state capital relative to state population.
In the Hawaiian language, Honolulu means "sheltered bay" or "place of shelter". The old name is said to be Kou, a district roughly encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street and from Hotel Street to Queen Street which is the heart of the present downtown district. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian islands since 1845 and gained historical recognition following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor near the city on December 7, 1941, and as the birthplace of Barack Obama, the 44th and current President of the United States.
wn.com/Honolulu -
Ice pier
An ice pier is a man-made structure used to assist the unloading of ships in Antarctica. It is constructed by pumping seawater into a contained area and allowing the water to freeze. By repeating this procedure several times, additional layers are built up. The final structure is many metres in thickness, and strong enough to support container trucks. Operation Deep Freeze personnel constructed the first floating ice pier at Antarctica’s southernmost sea port at McMurdo Station in 1973. Ice piers have been in use each summer season since, at McMurdo’s natural harbor at Winter Quarters Bay located at 77°50′S 166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E / -77.833; 166.667. The harbor is positioned on the southern tip of Ross Island.
Historically, two supply ships, a freighter and a tanker, arrive at the ice pier each summer, after an icebreaker opens a ship channel through pack ice. The ice pier’s key function is to provide a platform for freight trucks to come alongside a supply ship to receive or offload cargo. Steel cables attached to shoreline hold the dock in a fixed position.
wn.com/Ice_pier -
India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
wn.com/India -
Inner Harbor
The Inner Harbor is a historic seaport, tourist attraction, and landmark of the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was described by the Urban Land Institute in 2009 as “the model for post-industrial waterfront redevelopment around the world.” The Inner Harbor consists of the end of the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River and includes any water west of a line drawn between the foot of President Street and the American Visionary Art Museum. The name "Inner Harbor" is used not just for the water but for the surrounding area of the city, with approximate street boundaries of President Street to the east, Lombard Street to the north, Greene Street to the west, and Key Highway on the south. The harbor is within walking distance of Camden Yards and M&T Bank Stadium and has a water taxi that connects the Inner Harbor to Fells Point, Canton, and Fort McHenry.
While Baltimore has been a major U.S. seaport since the 18th century, the historically shallow water of the Inner Harbor (prior to manipulation through dredging) was not conducive to large ships or heavy industry, most of which was concentrated in Locust Point, Fell's Point, and Canton.
wn.com/Inner_Harbor -
Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
wn.com/Istanbul -
Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
wn.com/Italy -
Jamaica
Coordinates: 18°10′57″N 77°19′18″W / 18.1823878°N 77.3217773°W / 18.1823878; -77.3217773
Jamaica (
i/dʒəˈmeɪkə/), officially the Commonwealth of Jamaica, is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 234 kilometres (145 mi) in length, up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) in width, and 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. The indigenous Arawakan-speaking Taíno name for the island was Xaymaca, meaning the "Land of Wood and Water" or the "Land of Springs".
Once a Spanish possession known as Santiago, it became an English colony in 1655 under the name "Jamaica". It achieved full independence from Britain on August 6, 1962. With 2.8 million people, it is the third most populous anglophone country in the Americas, after the United States and Canada. It remains a Commonwealth realm in concert with the Monarchy of Jamaica holding ultimate executive power, where Queen Elizabeth II is the current head of state and Queen of Jamaica.Kingston is the country's largest city and the capital.
wn.com/Jamaica -
Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 
Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
wn.com/Japan -
Kahului, Hawaii
Kahului is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maui County, on the island of Maui, in the U.S. state of Hawaii, and the third-largest census-designated place (CDP) of the State of Hawaiʻi. The largest community on the island, it lies on the north shore of central Maui. Kahului hosts Maui's main airport (Kahului Airport), deep-draft harbor, light industrial areas, and commercial shopping centers. The population was 26,337 at the 2010 census.
Kahului is the retail center for Maui residents and there are several malls and major stores (including department stores in the Queen Kaahumanu Center); other significant groupings of stores are in Lāhainā such as the Lahaina Cannery Mall, the Happy Valley area of Wailuku, Maui Market Place and Maui Mall, which are both also located in Kahului, and The Shops at Wailea in Wailea.
Kahului is not generally considered a tourist destination but does feature the Alexander and Baldwin Sugar Museum, Kanaha Pond State Wildlife Sanctuary, Kanaha Beach County Park, and the Maui Arts and Cultural Center.
wn.com/Kahului,_Hawaii -
Kaipara Harbour
Kaipara Harbour is a large enclosed harbour estuary complex on the north western side of the North Island of New Zealand. The northern part of the harbour is administered by the Kaipara District and the southern part is administered by the Rodney District. The local Māori tribe is Ngāti Whātua.
According to Māori tradition, the name Kaipara had its origins back in the 15th century when the Arawa chief, Kahumatamomoe, travelled to the Kaipara to visit his nephew at Pouto. At a feast, he was so impressed with the cooked root of the para fern, that he gave the name Kai-para to the district. "Kai" means food in the Māori language.
Māori settlements and marae have been scattered around the harbour margins for hundreds of years. The waterways of the Kaipara provided, and still provide, Māori with resources and a ready means of moving between marae.
Today most marae are associated with the Ngāti Whātua sub-tribes, Te Taoū and Te Uri-o-Hau. These sub-tribes both descend from the chief Haumoewhārangi who settled on the north end of the Kaipara entrance at Poutō. He was killed in an argument about kūmara (sweet potatoes). His widow Waihekeao developed a partnership with a Tainui warrior chief, Kāwharu. Kāwharu led several destructive campaigns around Kaipara. Eventually the descendants of Waihekeao and Haumoewhārangi came to control the Kaipara Harbour. Te Uri-o-Hau was founded by Hakiputatōmuri, and controlled the northern part of Kaipara Harbour. Te Taoū was founded by Mawake, and controlled the south.
wn.com/Kaipara_Harbour -
Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung (Chinese: 高雄; pinyin: Gāoxióng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ko-hiông; old names: Takao, Takow, Takau) is a city located in southwestern Taiwan, facing the Taiwan Strait on the west. Kaohsiung, officially named Kaohsiung City, is divided into thirty-eight districts. The city is one of five special municipalities of the Republic of China (Taiwan). On December 25, 2010, it merged with Kaohsiung County to form a larger municipality.
Kaohsiung is the second largest city in Taiwan, with a population around 2.9 million. It is a center for manufacturing, refining, shipbuilding, and other light and heavy industries. A major port, through which pass most of Taiwan's marine imports and exports, is located at the city but is not managed by the city government.
Kaohsiung International Airport serving the city is the second largest airport in Taiwan. The Port of Kaohsiung is the largest harbor in Taiwan. Kaohsiung is the terminal of the Sun Yat-sen Freeway. The city is served by the railway stations of Western Line and Pingtung Line. Taiwan High Speed Rail connects it with Taipei City. The Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit, the city's subway system, was launched in early 2008. Kaohsiung was the host city of the 2009 World Games, a multisport event primarily composed of sports not featured in the Olympic Games. The city is also home to the Republic of China Navy.
wn.com/Kaohsiung -
Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
wn.com/Karachi -
Keelung
Keelung City (also Jilong or Chilung) is a major port city situated in the northeastern part of Taiwan. It borders New Taipei with which it forms the Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area, along with Taipei itself. Nicknamed the Rainy Port for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung). Keelung is currently administered as a provincial municipality within Taiwan Province of the Republic of China (Taiwan).
The city of Keelung was known as Kelung or Keelung to the Western world during the 19th century. However, the Taiwanese people have long called the city Kelang (Chinese: 雞籠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ke-lâng; literally "rooster cage or hencoop").
It has been proposed that the name Keelung was derived from the local mountain that took the shape of a rooster cage. However, it is more probable that the name was derived from the first inhabitants of the region, as are the names of many other Taiwanese cities. In this case, the Ketagalan people were the first inhabitants, and early Han settlers probably approximated "Ketagalan" with "Ke-lâng" (phonetics of the Southern Min Language).
wn.com/Keelung -
Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
wn.com/Kenya -
Keppel Harbour
Keppel Harbour (Chinese: 吉宝港口; pinyin: Jíbǎo Gǎngkǒu) is a stretch of water in Singapore between the mainland and the southern islands of Pulau Brani and Sentosa. Its naturally sheltered and deep waters was to meet the requirements of British colonists attempting to establish a Far East maritime colony in that part of the world, and thereby setting the stage for the eventual formation of Singapore as a successful independent state.
The harbour was first noticed in August 1819 by William Farquhar, who reported his discovery of a "new harbour" inhabited by orang laut (sea Gypsies) living in boats to Sir Stamford Raffles the following month.
In the 1830s, the Straits Settlements, consisting of Singapore, Malacca and Penang, was a pirates' haven. By 1832, Singapore had become the busy centre of government for the three areas.
It was also at this time that Captain Henry Keppel came to Singapore and helped to clear the Straits of pirates. Whilst based at Singapore, he discovered the deep water anchorage that came to be called by his name. Keppel first sailed to Singapore as a midshipman in 1832 and took part in the Naning (Malacca) expedition, and came again later in 1842 to help with the suppression of piracy in the Malay Archipelago. Keppel had a long association with Singapore, having visited the island on several occasions up to 1903. He surveyed the new harbour of Singapore, which was formed based on his plans. The harbour was completed in 1886.
wn.com/Keppel_Harbour -
Kilindini Harbour
Kilindini Harbour is a large, natural deep-water inlet extending inland from Mombasa, Kenya. It is 25-30 fathoms (45-55 meters) at its deepest center. It serves as the harbour for Mombasa, with a hinterland extending to Uganda and Sudan. Kilindini Harbour is the main part of the Port of Mombasa, the only international seaport in Kenya. It is managed by the Kenya Ports Authority (KPA). Apart from cargo handling, Mombasa is frequented by Cruise ships.
"Kilindini" is an old Swahili term that means "deep". The port is so called because the channel is naturally very deep. Kilindini Harbor is an example of a natural geographic phenomenon called a ria, formed millions of years ago when the sea level rose and engulfed a river that was flowing from the mainland.
Mombasa has a centuries old history as a harbour city. The Kilindini harbour was inaugurated in 1896 when work started on the construction of the Uganda Railway.
During World War II, while Kenya was a British colony, Kilindini became the temporary base of the British Eastern Fleet from early 1942 until the Japanese naval threat to Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) had been removed. Nearby, the Far East Combined Bureau, an outstation of the British code-breaking operation at Bletchley Park, was housed in a requisitioned school (Allidina Visram High School, Mombasa) and had success in breaking Japanese naval codes. [1][2]
wn.com/Kilindini_Harbour -
Kingston Harbour
Kingston Harbour is the seventh largest natural harbour in the world. It is an almost landlocked sheet of water approximately 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long by 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) wide. Most of it is deep enough to accommodate large ships, even close to shore. It is bordered to the north by the city of Kingston, the capital of Jamaica, to the west by Hunts Bay and the municipality of Portmore, and to the south and east by the Palisadoes spit.
The harbour is home to the Kingston Container Terminal, Jamaica's largest port. Other docks on Kingston Harbour are at the Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica in downtown Kingston and at the Jamaica Flour Mills and the Caribbean Cement Company at Rockfort.
Norman Manley International Airport, Jamaica's second largest, is also located in the outer harbor, on the Palisadoes spit.
There is a fishing village at Rockfort and fishing docks at Harbour View and at Port Royal.
As a large, natural, well protected harbour it has been used since the very beginning of European exploration and settlement of the island. Initially the main settlement was at Port Royal but following its destruction in the 1692 earthquake Kingston was founded and the development of the Kingston waterfront began.
wn.com/Kingston_Harbour -
Kingston, Jamaica
Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica, located on the southeastern coast of the island. It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects the town of Port Royal and the Norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island. In the Americas, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States.
The local government bodies of the parishes of Kingston and St. Andrew were amalgamated by the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation Act of 1923, to form the Kingston and St. Andrew Corporation (KSAC). Greater Kingston, or the "Corporate Area" refers to those areas under the KSAC; however, it does not solely refer to Kingston Parish, which only consists of the old downtown and Port Royal. Kingston Parish had a population of 96,052, and St. Andrew parish had a population of 555,828 in 2001. Kingston is only bordered by Saint Andrew to the east, west and north. The geographical border for the parish of Kingston ends at East Street, West Street and North Street.
wn.com/Kingston,_Jamaica -
Kobe
Kobe (神戸市, Kōbe-shi?, Japanese pronunciation: [koːbe]), is the fifth-largest city in Japan and is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture on the southern side of the main island of Honshū, approximately 30 km (19 mi) west of Osaka. With a population of about 1.5 million, the city is part of the Keihanshin (Keihanshin) metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kyoto.
The earliest written records regarding the region come from the Nihon Shoki, which describes the founding of the Ikuta Shrine by Empress Jingū in AD 201. For most of its history the area was never a single political entity, even during the Tokugawa Period, when the port was controlled directly by the Tokugawa Shogunate. Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889. Its name comes from "kanbe" (神戸?), an archaic title for supporters of the city's Ikuta Shrine. Kobe became one of Japan's 17 designated cities in 1956.
Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the West following the end of the policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan port city. While the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake diminished much of Kobe's prominence as a port city, it remains Japan's fourth busiest container port. Companies headquartered in Kobe include ASICS, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and Kobe Steel, as well as over 100 international corporations with Asia or Japan headquarters in the city such as Procter & Gamble, Boehringer-Ingelheim and Nestlé. The city is the point of origin and namesake of Kobe beef as well as the site of one of Japan's most famous hot spring resorts, Arima Onsen.
wn.com/Kobe -
Lüshunkou District
Lüshunkou (simplified Chinese: 旅顺口; traditional Chinese: 旅順口; pinyin: Lǚshùnkǒu) is a district in the municipality of Dalian, People's Republic of China. Also called Lüshun City or (more literally) Lüshun Port, it was formerly known as both Port Arthur and Ryojun.
Lüshunkou is located at the extreme southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula. It has an excellent natural harbour, the possession and control of which became a casus belli of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Japanese and then Soviet administration would continue until 1953. During the first decade of that period, it was world famous and was more significant than the other port on the peninsula, Dalian proper. In Western diplomatic, news, and historical writings, it was known as Port Arthur, and during the period when the Japanese controlled and administered the Liaodong (formerly Liaotung) Peninsula it was called Ryojun (旅順), the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters in the city's name.
Downtown Dalian is some 40 miles farther up the coast, sprawling around the narrowest neck of the Liaodong Peninsula, whereas Lüshun occupies its southern tip. (See Landsat Map below Zoomed – Lushun City surrounds the lake-like structure clearly visible near the peninsular tip—the lake-like feature is the inner natural harbour of the port, a very well-sheltered and fortifiable harbor to 19th century eyes.)
wn.com/Lüshunkou_District -
Mahon
Mahon (Catalan: Maó [məˈo], Spanish: Mahón [maˈon]), conventionally known as Port Mahon in English, is a municipality and the capital of Minorca, located in the eastern part of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands, Spain. Mahon has the second deepest natural harbour in the world: 5 km long and up to 900 metres wide. The water is deep but it remains mostly clear due to it being slightly enclosed.
Its population in 2009 was estimated to be 29,495 inhabitants.
The name's origin is attributed to the Carthaginian general Mago Barca, brother to Hannibal, who is thought to have taken refuge there in 205 BC. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was part of the Byzantine Empire; it suffered raids from Viking and Arabs, until the Islamic Caliphate of Córdoba conquered it in 903.
Mahon was captured in 1287 from the Moors by Alfonso III of Aragon and incorporated into the Kingdom of Majorca, a vassal kingdom of the Kingdom of Aragon. Its harbour, one of the most strategically important in the western Mediterranean, was re-fortified.
wn.com/Mahon -
Maine
Maine (i/ˈmeɪn/) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery—its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, its heavily forested interior and picturesque waterways—as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European encounter, several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area. The first European settlement in Maine was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement in Maine, the short-lived Popham Colony, was established by the Plymouth Company in 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate, deprivations, and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements survived. Patriot and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts. On March 15, 1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the 50 United States.
wn.com/Maine -
Malta
Maltai/ˈmɒltə/, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.
wn.com/Malta -
Manukau Harbour
Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area. It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, and opens out into the Tasman Sea.
The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burnett Head" / "Ohaka Head") located at the southern end of the Waitakere Ranges and South Head at the end of the long Awhitu Peninsula reaching up from close to the mouth of the Waikato River. The mouth is only 1800 metres wide, but after a nine kilometre channel it opens up into a roughly square basin 20 kilometres in width. The harbour has a water surface area of 394 square kilometres. There is a tidal variation of up to 4 metres, a very substantial change, especially since the harbour, being silted up with almost 10 million years of sedimentation, is rather shallow itself.
Because of the large harbour area and narrow mouth between the Manukau Heads, tidal flow is rapid and a bar at the mouth makes navigating in or out of the harbour dangerous. New Zealand's most tragic shipwreck occurred on the bar in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground in clear weather with a loss of 189 lives. For this reason, along with the harbour's shallowness, it is not Auckland's favoured port, and the facilities at Onehunga are not very large compared to the other Ports of Auckland facilities on the Waitemata Harbour on the northeast of the isthmus.
wn.com/Manukau_Harbour -
Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
wn.com/Maryland -
Massachusetts
Massachusetts (i/ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɨts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Massachusetts is the 7th least extensive, but the 14th most populous and the 3rd most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state features two separate metropolitan areas – the eastern Boston metropolitan area and the western Springfield metropolitan area. Approximately two thirds of the state's population lives in Greater Boston, most of which is either urban or suburban. Western Massachusetts features one urban area – the Knowledge Corridor along the Connecticut River – and a mix of college towns and rural areas. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and has the US's sixth highest GDP per capita.
wn.com/Massachusetts -
Montevideo
Montevideo (Spanish pronunciation: [mo̞n̪t̪e̞β̞iˈð̞e̞.o̞]) is the largest city, the capital, and the chief port of Uruguay. The settlement was established in 1726 by Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, as a strategic move amidst a Spanish-Portuguese dispute over the platine region, and as a counter to the Portuguese colony at Colonia del Sacramento. According to the census of 2004, Montevideo has a population of 1,325,968 (about half of Uruguay's population). It has an area of 530 square kilometres (200 sq mi) and extends 20 kilometres (12 mi) from west to east. The southernmost cosmopolitan capital city in the Americas and third most southern in the world, it is situated in the southern coast of the country, on the northeastern bank of the Río de la Plata (Spanish: "Silver River") — which is often referred to in English-speaking countries as the River Plate. The city was under brief British rule in 1807 and was involved in the first major naval battle in the Second World War: the Battle of the River Plate. It is also the place where the Montevideo convention was signed, in 1933, by nineteen nations of the Americas. The city hosted all of the matches during the first FIFA World Cup in 1930. Montevideo has a rich architectural and cultural heritage, the latter including tango and candombe. According to Mercer Human Resource Consulting, in 2007 Montevideo provided the highest quality of life in Latin America.
wn.com/Montevideo -
Morocco
Morocco (Arabic: المغرب al-Maghrib ; Berber: ⵍⵎⴻⵖⵔⵉⴱ / ⴰⵎⴻⵔⵔⵓⴽElmeɣrib / Amerruk), officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of about 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed region of the Western Sahara, seen by and mostly administered by Morocco as the Southern Provinces. Morocco is part of the Maghreb region, in addition to Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, and Libya, with which it shares cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive powers, including the power to dissolve the parliament. Executive power is exercised by the government but more importantly by the king himself. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can also issue decrees called dahirs which have the force of law. The latest Parliamentary elections were held in November 25, 2011, and were considered by some neutral observers to be mostly free and fair. Voter turnout in these elections was estimated to be 43% of registered voters, but only about 25% of Moroccan adult citizens actually voted. The rest either chose not to vote or they were not registered as voters. The political capital is Rabat, but the largest city is Casablanca; other main cities include Marrakesh, Tetouan, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Agadir, Meknes, Oujda, Kenitra, and Nador.
wn.com/Morocco -
Mulberry harbour
A Mulberry harbour was a British type of temporary harbour developed in World War II to offload cargo on the beaches during the Allied invasion of Normandy.
Two prefabricated or artificial military harbours were taken across the English Channel from Britain with the invading army in sections and assembled off the coast of Normandy as part of the D-Day invasion of France in 1944.
The Dieppe Raid of 1942 had shown that the Allies could not rely on being able to penetrate the Atlantic Wall to capture a port on the north French coast. Thus, the Mulberries were created to provide the port facilities necessary to offload the thousands of men and vehicles, and tons of supplies necessary to sustain Operation Overlord and the Battle of Normandy. The harbours were made up of all the elements one would expect of any harbour: breakwater, piers, roadways etc.
The actual proposer of the idea of the Mulberry harbour is disputed, but among those who are known to have proposed something along these lines is Hugh Iorys Hughes, a Welsh civil engineer who submitted initial plans on the idea to the War Office, Professor J. D. Bernal, and Vice-Admiral John Hughes-Hallett.
wn.com/Mulberry_harbour -
Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
wn.com/Mumbai -
Nassau, Bahamas
Nassau ( /ˈnæsɔː/) is the capital, largest city, and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The city has a population of 248,948 (2010 census), 70 percent of the entire population of The Bahamas (353,658). Lynden Pindling International Airport, the major airport for The Bahamas, is located about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of Nassau city centre, and has daily flights to major cities in the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The city is located on the island of New Providence, which functions much like a business district. Nassau is the site of the House of Assembly and various judicial departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates.
Nassau's modern growth began in the late eighteenth century, with the influx of thousands of American Loyalists and enslaved Africans to the Bahamas following the American War of Independence. Many of them settled in Nassau (then and still the commerce capital of the Bahamas) and eventually came to outnumber the original inhabitants.
wn.com/Nassau,_Bahamas -
Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
wn.com/Netherlands -
Netherlands Antilles
The Netherlands Antilles (Dutch: Nederlandse Antillen [ˈneːjərlɑntsə ˈɑntɪlə(n)] ( listen), Papiamentu: Antia Hulandes), also referred to informally as the Dutch Antilles, was an autonomous Caribbean country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of two groups of islands in the Lesser Antilles: Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao (ABC islands), in the Leeward Antilles just off the Venezuelan coast; and Sint Maarten, Saba, and Sint Eustatius (SSS islands) in the Leeward Islands southeast of the Virgin Islands.
Aruba seceded in 1986 as a separate country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the rest of the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the other islands joining the Netherlands as "special municipalities", officially public bodies.
The name 'Netherlands Antilles' is still sometimes used to indicate the Caribbean islands which are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Dutch Caribbean islands.
wn.com/Netherlands_Antilles -
New Haven Harbor
Coordinates: 41°16′45″N 72°55′0″W / 41.27917°N 72.916667°W / 41.27917; -72.916667 New Haven Harbor is an inlet on the north side of Long Island Sound in the state of Connecticut in the United States. The harbor area is an inlet carved by the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago.
The city of New Haven and its neighborhoods of City Point, Long Wharf, The Annex, and East Shore lie on the northern and eastern sides. West Haven is on the west. The Quinnipiac and Mill rivers converge and empty into the inlet on its north end. The Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge crosses here. The West River empties into the western end of the harbor (also known as West Haven Harbor).
The harbor is protected from Long Island Sound by a peninsula on its eastern side, once known as "Little Necke" but now called Lighthouse Point, because of the lighthouse that was constructed on its tip in 1805. The original lighthouse was replaced in 1845 by the current structure, called the Five Mile Point Lighthouse. This lighthouse was replaced for navigation in 1877 by the offshore Southwest Ledge Light. Sperry Lighthouse (1899–1933) also served the harbor.
wn.com/New_Haven_Harbor -
New South Wales
Coordinates: 32°0′S 147°0′E / 32°S 147°E / -32; 147
New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW) is a state of Australia, located in the east of the country. It is bordered by Queensland, Victoria and South Australia to the north, south and west respectively. To the east, the state is bordered by the Tasman Sea, which forms part of the Pacific Ocean. New South Wales encompasses the whole of the Australian Capital Territory. The state capital is Sydney, which is also the state's most populous city. As of June 2010[update], the estimated population was 7,238,819, which was 34.5% of the population of Australia, making it Australia's most populous state. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen.
The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 and originally comprised much of the Australian mainland, as well as Van Diemen's Land, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, in addition to the area currently referred to as the state of New South Wales, which was formed during Federation in 1901. New Zealand briefly became a part of New South Wales when it was annexed by Britain in 1840. During the 19th century, large areas were successively separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania (established as a separate colony named Van Diemen's Land in 1825), South Australia (1836), Victoria (1851) and Queensland (1859).
wn.com/New_South_Wales -
New York Harbor
New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also used to describe the Port of New York and New Jersey, the port district for New York-Newark metropolitan area, under the jurisdiction of the Port Authority.
The aboriginal population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and travel. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored in what is now called The Narrows, the strait between Staten Island and Long Island that connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay, where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called "the watering place" on Staten Island — a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot — but Verrazzano's descriptions of the geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. He also observed what he believed to be a large freshwater lake to the north (apparently Upper New York Bay). He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River. In 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population.
wn.com/New_York_Harbor -
New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
wn.com/New_Zealand -
Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk ( /ˈnɔrfɨk/ NOR-fək) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. With a population of 242,803 as of the 2010 Census, it is Virginia's second-largest city behind neighboring Virginia Beach.
Norfolk is located at the core of the Hampton Roads metropolitan area, named for the large natural harbor of the same name located at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. It is one of nine cities and seven counties that constitute the Hampton Roads metro area, officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA. The city is bordered to the west by the Elizabeth River and to the north by the Chesapeake Bay. It also shares land borders with the independent cities of Chesapeake to its south and Virginia Beach to its east. One of the oldest of the cities in Hampton Roads, Norfolk is considered to be the historic, urban, financial, and cultural center of the region.
The city has a long history as a strategic military and transportation point. Norfolk Naval Base is the world's largest such base, and the world's largest military alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has its defense headquarters here. The city also has the corporate headquarters of Norfolk Southern Railway, one of North America's principal Class I railroads, and Maersk Line, Limited, who manages the world's largest fleet of US-flag vessels. As the city is bordered by multiple bodies of water, Norfolk has many miles of riverfront and bayfront property. It is linked to its neighbors by an extensive network of Interstate highways, bridges, tunnels, and bridge-tunnel complexes.
wn.com/Norfolk,_Virginia -
Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
wn.com/Norway -
Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 45°13′N 62°42′W / 45.217°N 62.7°W / 45.217; -62.7 (Nova Scotia)
Nova Scotia (pronounced /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Longitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia's diversity.
wn.com/Nova_Scotia -
Oslofjord
The Oslofjord (Norwegian: Oslofjorden) is an inlet in the south-east of Norway, stretching from an imaginary line between the Torbjørnskjær and Færder lighthouses and down to Langesund in the south to Oslo in the north. It is part of the Skagerrak strait, connecting the North Sea and the Kattegat sea area, which leads to the Baltic Sea. The Oslofjord is not a fjord in the geological sense - in Norwegian the term "fjord" can refer to a wide range of waterways. The bay is divided into the inner (indre) and outer (ytre) Oslofjord at the point of the 17 km long and narrow Drøbaksundet.
The entire population situated around the Oslofjord including Oslo is about 1.86 million, and the total population of all the counties situated around the fjord is approximately 2 million.
Each of the islands in the innermost part of the fjord has its own identity and distinguishing history. Among them are Hovedøya, Lindøya, Nakholmen, Bleikøya, Gressholmen, and Langøyene. These islands can easily be reached with the Oslo-boats from Vippetangen. Hovedøya is most famous for its monastery ruins, Gressholmen for its rabbits, Nakholmen, Bleikøya, Lindøya for their cosy cabins at the water’s edge, and finally Langøyene for its camping possibilities and pleasant beach.
wn.com/Oslofjord -
Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
wn.com/Pakistan -
Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
wn.com/Philippines -
Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
wn.com/Poland -
Poole Harbour
Coordinates: 50°41′45″N 1°59′19″W / 50.69583°N 1.98861°W / 50.69583; -1.98861
Poole Harbour is a large natural harbour in Dorset, southern England, with the town of Poole on its shores. The harbour is a drowned valley formed at the end of the last ice age and is the estuary of several rivers, the largest being the Frome. The harbour has a long history of human settlement stretching to pre-Roman times. The harbour is extremely shallow (average depth: 48 cm), with one main dredged channel through the harbour, from the mouth to Holes Bay.
Poole Harbour has an area of approximately 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi) and is one of several which lay claim to the title of the world's largest or second largest natural harbour (including Cork Harbour in Ireland and Halifax Harbour in Canada). There are many significantly larger natural harbours, however, such as New Zealand's 947 km2 (366 sq mi) Kaipara Harbour or San Francisco Bay in California with a conservative estimate of 1,040 km2 (400 sq mi) covered.
wn.com/Poole_Harbour -
Port Jackson
Coordinates: 33°51′30″S 151°14′00″E / 33.85833°S 151.2333333°E / -33.85833; 151.2333333
Port Jackson, containing Sydney Harbour, is the natural harbour of Sydney, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the South Pacific Ocean. Widely considered to be one of the world's finest harbours, it is known for its beauty, and in particular, as the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, the harbour has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. The city itself lies on the southern shore, while the Northern Suburbs lie on the northern shore; which are linked by the Harbour Bridge. The Parramatta River forms the harbour's western arm.
Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Year's Eve celebrations and the starting point of the Sydney to Hobart yacht race.
The land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of European discovery and colonisation by various tribes including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Eora and Wangal peoples. The Gadigal people are said to have occupied the land stretching along the south side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head, in an arc west through to Petersham. The Cammeraygal lived on the northern side of the harbour. The area along the southern banks of the Parramatta River, west of Petersham to Rose Hill, was reported to belong to the Wanegal. The Eora people lived on the southern side of the harbour, close to where the First Fleet settled.
wn.com/Port_Jackson -
Port of Antwerp
The port of Antwerp, in Belgium, is a port in the heart of Europe accessible to capesize ships. Antwerp stands at the upper end of the tidal estuary of the Scheldt. The estuary is navigable by ships of more than 100,000 Gross Tons as far as 80 km inland. The inland location means that the port of Antwerp enjoys a more central location in Europe than the majority of North Sea ports. Antwerp's docks are connected to the hinterland by rail, waterway and road. As a result the port of Antwerp has become one of Europe's largest sea ports, ranking second behind Rotterdam by total freight shipped. Its international rankings vary from 11th to 20th (AAPA). In 2009, the Port of Antwerp handled 157,800,000 MT of trade and offered liner services to 800 different maritime destinations[citation needed].
wn.com/Port_of_Antwerp -
Port of Houston
The Port of Houston is a port in Houston — the fourth-largest port in the United States. The Port is a 25-mile-long complex of diversified public and private facilities located a few hours' sailing time from the Gulf of Mexico. It is the busiest port in the United States in terms of foreign tonnage, second-busiest in the United States in terms of overall tonnage, and thirteenth-busiest in the world. Though originally the port's terminals were primarily within the Houston city limits, the port has expanded to such a degree that today it has facilities in multiple communities in the surrounding area. In particular the port's busiest terminal, the Barbours Cut Terminal, is located in Morgan's Point.
The Port of Houston is a cooperative entity consisting of both the port authority, which operates the major terminals along the Houston Ship Channel, and more than 150 private companies situated along Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay. Many petroleum corporations have built refineries along the channel where they are partially protected from the threat of major storms in the Gulf of Mexico. The petrochemical complex associated with the Port of Houston is one of the largest in the world.
wn.com/Port_of_Houston -
Port of Kobe
The Port of Kobe is a Japanese maritime port in Kobe, Hyōgo in the greater Osaka area, backgrounded by the Hanshin Industrial Region.
Located at a foothill of the range of Mount Rokkō, flat lands are limited and constructions of artificial islands have carried out, to make Port Island, Rokko Island, island of Kobe Airport to name some.
In the 10th century, Taira no Kiyomori renovated the then Ōwada no Tomari (大輪田泊?) and moved to Fukuhara (福原?), the short-lived capital neighbouring the port. Throughout medieval era, the port was known as Hyōgo no Tsu (兵庫津?).
In 1858 the Treaty of Amity and Commerce opened the Hyōgo Port to overseas, and officially in 19
After the World War II pillars were occupied by the Allied Forces, later by United States Forces Japan. (Last one returned in 1974.)
In 1970s the port boasted it handled the most containers in the world. It was the world's busiest container port from 1973 to 1978.
The 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of the port city's prominence when it destroyed and halted much of the facilities and services there, causing approximately ten trillion yen or $102.5 billion in damage, 2.5% of Japan's GDP at the time. Most of the losses were uninsured, as only 3% of property in the Kobe area was covered by earthquake insurance, compared to 16% in Tokyo. Kobe was one of the world's busiest ports prior to the earthquake, but despite the repair and rebuilding, it has never regained its former status as Japan's principal shipping port. It remains Japan's fourth busiest container port.
wn.com/Port_of_Kobe -
Port of Shanghai
The Port of Shanghai, located in the vicinity of Shanghai, comprises a deep-sea port and a river port.
In 2010, Shanghai port overtook Singapore port to become the world's busiest container port. Shanghai's port handled 29.05 million TEUs, whereas Singapore port was a half million TEU's behind.
In 2011 Shanghai port broke a new historic record by handling over 30 million TEUs.
The Port of Shanghai faces the East China Sea to the east, and Hangzhou Bay to the south. It includes the heads of the Yangtze River, Huangpu River (which enters the Yangtze River), and Qiantang River.
The Port of Shanghai is managed by Shanghai International Port which superseded the Shanghai Port Authority in 2003. Shanghai International Port Company Limited is a public listed company, of which the Shanghai Municipal Government owns 44.23 percent of the outstanding shares.
During the Ming Dynasty, what is now the city of Shanghai was a part of Jiangsu Province (with a small part in Zhejiang Province). While Shanghai had become a county seat in the Yuan Dynasty, it remained a relatively small town.
wn.com/Port_of_Shanghai -
Portland Harbour
Portland Harbour is located beside the Isle of Portland, off Dorset, on the south coast of England. It is one of the largest man-made harbours in the world. Grid reference: SY 685 765.
Historically the original harbour was formed by the protection offered by the south coast of England, Chesil Beach and the Isle of Portland. This gave protection from the weather to ships from all directions except the east. King Henry VIII built Portland Castle and Sandsfoot Castle to defend this anchorage.
Construction of the modern harbour began in 1849 when the Royal Navy created a breakwater to the south of the anchorage, made of blocks from local quarries on the Isle of Portland. This was completed in 1872 and created a much larger harbour providing protection from south-easterly winds. The Verne Citadel fort, Nothe Fort, East Wear Battery, High Angle Battery and two forts on the breakwaters were also built.
In 1906, with the threat of torpedo attack from the eastern side of the anchorage, two more breakwaters were added. A further barrier against submarine attack from the south came in 1914 when HMS Hood was scuttled across the southern entrance to the 1848 breakwater. Its wreck still remains, although it is deemed too dangerous for divers.
wn.com/Portland_Harbour -
Rades
Radès (Arabic: رادس) is a harbour city in Ben Arous Governorate, Tunisia. Situated 9 kilometres south-east of the capital Tunis, some consider it a Tunis suburb, and parts of the harbour installations of Tunis are located in Radès.
The Tunisia national football team plays its matches there, at the 65,000 capacity National Stadium of Rades.
Rades is divided into subcities: Radès Medina, Radès Méliane, Rades Forêt, Chouchet Radès, El Malleha, Noubou and The Olympic city.
Coordinates: 36°46′N 10°17′E / 36.767°N 10.283°E / 36.767; 10.283
wn.com/Rades -
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
wn.com/Republic_of_Ireland -
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( /ˈriːoʊ deɪ ʒəˈnɛəroʊ/ or /ˈriːoʊ deɪ dʒəˈnɛəroʊ/; Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu],River of January), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, boasting approximately 6.3 million people within the city proper, making it the 6th largest in the Americas, and 26th in the world.
The city was the capital of Brazil for nearly two centuries, from 1763 to 1815 during the Portuguese colonial era, 1815 to 1821 as the capital of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, and 1822 to 1960 as an independent nation. Rio is nicknamed the Cidade Maravilhosa or "Marvelous City."
Rio de Janeiro represents the second largest GDP in the country (and 30th largest in the world in 2008), estimated at about R$ 343 billion (IBGE/2008) (nearly US$ 201 billion), and is the headquarters of two major Brazilian companies – Petrobras and Vale, and major oil companies and telephony in Brazil, besides the largest conglomerate of media and communications companies in Latin America, the Globo Organizations. The home of many universities and institutes, it is the second largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific production – according to 2005 data.
wn.com/Rio_de_Janeiro -
Rotterdam
Rotterdam ( /ˈrɒtərdæm/; Dutch [ˌrɔ.tər.ˈdɑm] ( listen)) is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam constructed in 1270 on the Rotte River, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre. Its strategic location at the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta on the North Sea and at the heart of a massive rail, road, air and inland waterway distribution system extending throughout Europe is the reason that Rotterdam is often called the "Gateway to Europe".
Located in the Province of South Holland, Rotterdam is found in the west of the Netherlands and at the south end of the Randstad. The population of the city proper was 616,250 on February 1st 2012. The population of the greater Rotterdam area, called "Rotterdam-Rijnmond" or just "Rijnmond", is around 1.3 million people. Rotterdam is one of Europe's most vibrant, multicultural cities. The city is known for its university (Erasmus), its cutting-edge architecture, its lively cultural life, its striking riverside setting, its maritime heritage and the Rotterdam Blitz.
wn.com/Rotterdam -
Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
wn.com/Russia -
Salvador, Brazil
Salvador (Portuguese pronunciation: [sawvaˈdoʁ], Saviour; historic name: Cidade de São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos, in English: "City of the Holy Saviour of the Bay of all Saints") is the largest city on the northeast coast of Brazil and the capital of the Northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia. Salvador is also known as Brazil's capital of happiness due to its easygoing population and countless popular outdoor parties, including its street carnival. The first colonial capital of Brazil, the city is one of the oldest in the Americas. For a long time, it was simply known as Bahia, and appears under that name (or as Salvador da Bahia, Salvador of Bahia so as to differentiate it from other Brazilian cities of the same name) on many maps and books from before the mid-20th century. Salvador is the third most populous Brazilian city, after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
The city of Salvador is notable in Brazil for its cuisine, music and architecture, and its metropolitan area is the wealthiest in Brazil's Northeast. The African influence in many cultural aspects of the city makes it the center of Afro-Brazilian culture. This reflects a situation in which African-associated cultural practices are celebrated. The historical center of Salvador, frequently called the Pelourinho, is renowned for its Portuguese colonial architecture with historical monuments dating from the 17th through the 19th centuries and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.
wn.com/Salvador,_Brazil -
San Diego Bay
San Diego Bay is a natural harbor and deepwater port adjacent to San Diego, California. It is 12 mi/19 km long, 1 mi/1.6 km–3 mi/4.8 km wide. The bay is surrounded by the large San Diego urban area and is bordered by the cities of San Diego, National City, Chula Vista, Imperial Beach and Coronado.
Considered to be one of the best natural harbors on the western coasts of the North American continent, San Diego Bay was among the earliest portions of those coasts to be settled by Europeans; it was colonized by Spain beginning in 1769. Later it served, and continues to serve to this day, as the home of the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet.
San Diego International Airport is also adjacent to the bay, across Harbor Drive from the Coast Guard Station. General Dynamics' National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO), the only shipyard on the west coast capable of building and repairing large ocean-going vessels, is near the San Diego side of the San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge.
San Diego Bay's commercial port has two container ship facilities (one for refrigerated containers) and a cruise ship terminal. The port handles more than 3 million metric tons of cargo annually. The cruise ship terminal hosts more than 250 ship calls a year totaling nearly 1 million passengers. A second cruise ship terminal opened in December 2010. Commercial sport fishing boats depart all year round from two docks in Point Loma.
wn.com/San_Diego_Bay -
San Diego Harbor
San Diego Bay is a natural harbor and deepwater port adjacent to San Diego, California. It is 12 mi/19 km long, 1 mi/1.6 km–3 mi/4.8 km wide. The bay is surrounded by the large San Diego urban area and is bordered by the cities of San Diego, National City, Chula Vista, Imperial Beach and Coronado.
Considered to be one of the best natural harbors on the western coasts of the North American continent, San Diego Bay was among the earliest portions of those coasts to be settled by Europeans; it was colonized by Spain beginning in 1769. Later it served, and continues to serve to this day, as the home of the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet.
San Diego International Airport is also adjacent to the bay, across Harbor Drive from the Coast Guard Station. General Dynamics' National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO), the only shipyard on the west coast capable of building and repairing large ocean-going vessels, is near the San Diego side of the San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge.
San Diego Bay's commercial port has two container ship facilities (one for refrigerated containers) and a cruise ship terminal. The port handles more than 3 million metric tons of cargo annually. The cruise ship terminal hosts more than 250 ship calls a year totaling nearly 1 million passengers. A second cruise ship terminal opened in December 2010. Commercial sport fishing boats depart all year round from two docks in Point Loma.
wn.com/San_Diego_Harbor -
Sankt Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg; IPA: [sankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ( listen)) is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. In 1914 the name of the city was changed to Petrograd (Russian: Петроград; IPA: [pʲɪtrɐˈgrat]), in 1924 to Leningrad (Russian: Ленинград; IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat]) and in 1991 back to Saint Petersburg.
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, leaving only Peter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow. It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with almost 5 million inhabitants. Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
wn.com/Sankt_Petersburg -
Sevastopol
Sevastopol ( /ˌsɛvəˈstoʊpəl/ or /səˈvæstəpoʊl/; previously Sebastopol; Ukrainian and Russian: Севасто́поль; Crimean Tatar: Aqyar) is one of two cities with special status in Ukraine (the other being the capital, Kiev), located on the Black Sea coast of the Crimean peninsula. It has a population of 342,451 (2001). Sevastopol is the second largest port in Ukraine, after the Port of Odessa.
The unique geographic location and navigation conditions of the city's harbours make Sevastopol a strategically important naval point. It is also a popular seaside resort and tourist destination, mainly for visitors from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. The city, formerly the home of the Russian then Soviet Black Sea Fleet, is now home to a Ukrainian naval base and a Russian naval base in facilities leased by the Russian Navy. The headquarters of both the Ukrainian Naval Forces and Russia's Black Sea Fleet are located in the city. In 1993, the city was the subject of a territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.
wn.com/Sevastopol -
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone (i/siːˌɛrə liːˈoʊn/), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the northeast, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. Sierra Leone is a constitutional representative democratic republic and covers a total area of 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. As of 2011, Sierra Leone has an estimated population of 6 million[1] (2011 United Nations estimte). Freetown is the capital, largest city as well as its economic, commercial, educational, cultural and political centre. Bo is the country's second largest city and the second major economic and commercial centre.
Sierra Leone is divided into four geographical regions: the Northern Province, Eastern Province, Southern Province and the Western Area; which are subdivided into fourteen districts. The districts have their own directly elected local government known as district council, headed by a council chairman. The country's six municipalities of Freetown, Bo, Kenema, Makeni, Koidu Town and the coastal town of Bonthe have their own directly elected city councils headed by mayors.
wn.com/Sierra_Leone -
Sindh
Sindh (pronounced [sɪnd̪ʱ]; Sindhi: سنڌ; Urdu: سندھ Indica in Latin, Indus in Greek) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" and has been given the title of Bab-ul-Islam (The gateway of Islam). The name of Sindh is derived from the Indus River that separates it from Balochistan and the greater Iranian Plateau. This river was known to the ancient Iranians in Avestan as Indus, in Sanskrit as Sindhu, to Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BC) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Indos, to the Romans as Indus, to the Persians as Ab-e-sind, to the Pashtuns as "Abasind", to the Arabs as Al-Sind, to the Chinese as Sintow, and to the Javanese as the Santri.
Sindh is bounded to the west by the Indus River and Balochistan, to the north by Punjab, the east by the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan and to the south by the Arabian Sea. The capital of the province is Karachi, Pakistan's largest city and financial hub. Most of the population in the province is Muslim, with sizeable Christian, Zoroastrian and Hindu minorities. The main language spoken is Sindhi by about 40 million people, while there exists a significant Urdu-speaking minority.
wn.com/Sindh -
Singapore
Singapore (i/ˈsɪŋəpɔər/ SI-ngə-pohr), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres (85 mi) north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. Singapore is highly urbanised but almost half of the country is covered by greenery. More land is being created for development through land reclamation.
wn.com/Singapore -
South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
wn.com/South_Africa -
Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
wn.com/Spain -
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
wn.com/Sri_Lanka -
Subic Bay
Coordinates: 14°45′N 120°13′E / 14.75°N 120.217°E / 14.75; 120.217
Subic Bay is a bay forming part of Luzon Sea on the west coast of the island of Luzon in Zambales, Philippines, about 100 kilometers northwest of Manila Bay. Its shores were formerly the site of a major United States Navy facility named U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, it is now the location of an industrial and commercial area known as the Subic Bay Freeport Zone under the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (see also, Port of Subic).
The majority of the wrecks in Subic Bay are a result of either the Spanish–American War in 1898 or of World War II, where a number of Japanese vessels were sunk by American aircraft.
El Capitan was a freighter of nearly 3,000 tons just under 130 meters long. She sank in Subic Bay where she rests on a sloping bottom.
Hell ship Oryoku Maru: On 15 December 1944, she had 1,619 American and British prisoners of war on board when she was sunk, under heavy bombardment by American fighters while on her way from Subic Bay to Japan. She was less than half a kilometer off the Alava Pier when attacked. About 300 prisoners died during the short voyage from Manila and during the attack.
wn.com/Subic_Bay -
Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
wn.com/Sweden -
Sydney
Sydney ( /sɪdni/) is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is classified as an Alpha+ World City indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world.
Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population.
The site of the first British colony in Australia, Sydney was established in 1788 at Sydney Cove by Arthur Phillip, commodore of the First Fleet as a penal colony. The city is built on hills surrounding Port Jackson which is commonly known as Sydney Harbour, where the iconic Sydney Opera House and the Harbour Bridge feature prominently. The hinterland of the metropolitan area is surrounded by national parks, and the coastal regions feature many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous Bondi Beach and Manly Beach. Within the city are many notable parks, including Hyde Park and the Royal Botanic Gardens.
wn.com/Sydney -
Sydney Harbour
Coordinates: 33°51′30″S 151°14′00″E / 33.85833°S 151.2333333°E / -33.85833; 151.2333333
Port Jackson, containing Sydney Harbour, is the natural harbour of Sydney, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the South Pacific Ocean. Widely considered to be one of the world's finest harbours, it is known for its beauty, and in particular, as the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement in Australia, the harbour has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney. The city itself lies on the southern shore, while the Northern Suburbs lie on the northern shore; which are linked by the Harbour Bridge. The Parramatta River forms the harbour's western arm.
Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself particularly the Sydney New Year's Eve celebrations and the starting point of the Sydney to Hobart yacht race.
The land around Port Jackson was occupied at the time of European discovery and colonisation by various tribes including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Eora and Wangal peoples. The Gadigal people are said to have occupied the land stretching along the south side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head, in an arc west through to Petersham. The Cammeraygal lived on the northern side of the harbour. The area along the southern banks of the Parramatta River, west of Petersham to Rose Hill, was reported to belong to the Wanegal. The Eora people lived on the southern side of the harbour, close to where the First Fleet settled.
wn.com/Sydney_Harbour -
Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
wn.com/Taiwan -
Tamil nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
wn.com/Tamil_nadu -
Tanger-Med
Tanger-Med is a cargo and passenger port located about 40 km east of Tangier, Morocco. It is one of the largest ports on the Mediterranean and in Africa by capacity and went into service in July 2007. Its initial capacity was 3.5 million shipment containers.
The Tangier-Med Project will contain the biggest port in Africa. The project is a strategic priority of the Moroccan government for the economic and social development of the North Morocco region. It is part of the economic policy orienting Morocco towards exports, based on eight clearly identified export sectors, with particular emphasis on the free trade agreement with the European Union to be implemented by 2012.
Completion of the «Tangier-Mediterranean» project will have important economic effects in terms of jobs, creation of added value and foreign investment. Its particular position on the Straits of Gibraltar, at the crossing of two major maritime routes, and 15km from the European Union will enable it to serve a market of hundreds of millions of consumers through the industrial and commercial free zones which will be run by well-known private operators. It will also win part of the strong growth market of container transshipment and become the leading hub for cereal transshipment, a facility which is non-existent in the north-west African region at present.
wn.com/Tanger-Med -
Tangier
Tangier, also Tangiers (Berber: Tanja, ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, archaic Berber name: Tingi, Arabic: طنجة Ṭanjah, Spanish: Tánger, French: Tanger), is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2012 estimates). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco.
The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Berber settlement and then a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a refuge for many cultures. In 1923, Tangier was considered as an international status by foreign colonial powers, and became a destination for many European and American diplomats, spies, writers and businessmen.
The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Center, a new airport terminal and a new football stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.
wn.com/Tangier -
Tauranga
Tauranga (Māori pronunciation: [ˈtaʉɾaŋa]) is the most populous city in the Bay of Plenty region of the North Island of New Zealand.
It was settled by Europeans in the early 19th century and was constituted as a city in 1963. Tauranga City is the centre of the sixth largest urban area in New Zealand, with an urban population of 121,500 (June 2011 estimate).
The city lies in the north-western corner of the Bay of Plenty, on the south-eastern edge of Tauranga Harbour. The city expands over an area of 168 square kilometres (65 sq mi), and encompasses the communities of Bethlehem, on the south-western outskirts of the city; Greerton, on the southern outskirts of the city; Matua, west of the central city overlooking Tauranga Harbour; Maungatapu; Mount Maunganui, located north of the central city across the harbour facing the Bay of Plenty; Otumoetai; Papamoa, Tauranga's largest suburb, located on the Bay of Plenty; Tauranga City; Tauranga South; and Welcome Bay.
Tauranga is one of New Zealand's main centres for business, international trade, culture, fashion and horticultural science. The Port of Tauranga is New Zealand's largest port in terms of gross export tonnage.
wn.com/Tauranga -
Tokyo
Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō?, "Eastern Capital") [toːkʲoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/; officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to?), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of the world. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) and the city of Tokyo (東京市, Tōkyō-shi?).
The Tokyo Metropolitan government administers the 23 special wards of Tokyo (each governed as a city), which cover the area that was the city of Tokyo, as well as 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the special wards is over 8 million people, with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million. The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 35 million people and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy with a GDP of US$1.479 trillion at purchasing power parity in 2008, ahead of New York City metropolitan area, which ranks second on the list. The city hosts 47 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest amount of any city.
wn.com/Tokyo -
Tokyo Bay
Tokyo Bay (東京湾, Tōkyō-wan?) is a bay in the southern Kantō region of Japan. Its old name was Edo Bay (江戸湾, Edo-wan?).
Tokyo Bay is surrounded by the Bōsō Peninsula (Chiba Prefecture) to the east and the Miura Peninsula (Kanagawa Prefecture) to the west. In a narrow sense, Tokyo Bay is the area north of the straight line formed by the Cape Kannon (観音崎, Kannon-zaki?) on the Miura Peninsula on one end and Cape Futtsu (富津岬, Futtsu-misaki?) on the Boso Peninsula on the other end. This area covers about 922 km². Tokyo Bay in a broad sense includes also the Uraga Channel. The total area would then be 1320 km².
Tokyo Bay includes about 249 km² of reclaimed land area.
The only natural island in the Bay is Monkey Island (猿島, Saru-shima?), Yokosuka, Kanagawa. There are however many artificial islands that were built as naval fortification during the Meiji and Taishō period.
The ports of Tokyo, Chiba, Kawasaki, Yokohama, and Yokosuka are all located on Tokyo Bay. The port of Yokosuka contains the naval bases of United States Forces Japan and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
wn.com/Tokyo_Bay -
Trondheim
Trondheim (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈtrɔnhæjm]), historically, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. With a population of 176,348, it is the third most populous municipality in Norway and city in the country, although the fourth largest urban area. It is the administrative centre of Sør-Trøndelag county. Trondheim lies on the south shore of the Trondheimsfjord at the mouth of the river Nidelva. The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), SINTEF, St. Olavs University Hospital and other technology-oriented institutions.
The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post, and was the capital of Norway during the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Archdiocese of Nidaros; since it has remained the seat of the Diocese of Nidaros and the Nidaros Cathedral. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality dates from 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller.
wn.com/Trondheim -
Tunisia
Tunisia (USi/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
wn.com/Tunisia -
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
wn.com/Turkey -
Tuticorin
Thoothukudi, also known as Tuticorin, is a port city and a Municipal Corporation in Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi is the headquarters of Thoothukudi District.
Thoothukudi is also known as "Pearl City". It is a commercial seaport which serves the inland cities of Southern India and is one of the sea gateways of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the major seaports in India with a history dating back to the 6th century AD. It is located about 190 kilometres (118 mi) northeast of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 590 kilometres (367 mi) south of Chennai.
Thoothukudi is part of the Pearl Fishery Coast, and is known for its pearl fishing and shipbuilding industries. Freedom fighter Vanchinathan killed the then Tirunelveli District Collector Ash during the freedom struggle in Maniyachi. To honour him, Maniyachi Railway station is called Vanchi Maniyachi Junction.
The major harbour of Thoothukudi is well known as a pearl diving and fishing centre. It is one of the oldest seaports in the world and was the seaport of the Pandyan kingdom after Korkai, near Palayakayal. It was later taken over by the Portuguese in 1548, captured by the Dutch in 1658, and ceded to the British in 1825. The lighthouse built in 1842 marked the beginning of the history of harbour development in the city. Thoothukudi was established as a Municipality in 1866 with Roche Victoria as its first chairman. It attained the status of Corporation on August 5, 2008 after 142 years of being a municipality.
wn.com/Tuticorin -
Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
wn.com/Ukraine -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Uruguay
Uruguayi/ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; (Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay pronounced: [re̞ˈpuβ̞lika o̞ɾje̞n̪ˈt̪al̪ d̪e̞l uɾuˈɰwai̯]) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to 3.3 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. An estimated 88% of the population are of European ancestry.
Except for the recent union of Timoteo Domínguez Island and Argentina's Martín García Island, Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River and the estuary of the Río de la Plata to the southwest. To the southeast lies the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres (68,000 sq mi), Uruguay is the second-smallest nation in South America by area, after Suriname.
Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the country, was founded by the Portuguese in 1680. Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold. Uruguay won its independence in 1811–28 following a three-way struggle between the claims of Spain, Argentina and Brazil. It is a constitutional democracy, with a president who is both the head of state and the head of government.
wn.com/Uruguay -
Vancouver
Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
wn.com/Vancouver -
Victoria Harbour
Coordinates: 22°17′15.91″N 114°10′25.03″E / 22.2877528°N 114.1736194°E / 22.2877528; 114.1736194
Victoria Harbour is a natural landform harbour situated between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula in Hong Kong. The harbour's deep, sheltered waters and strategic location on the South China Sea were instrumental in Hong Kong's establishment as a British colony and its subsequent development as a trading centre.
Throughout its history, the harbour has seen numerous reclamation projects undertaken on both shores, many of which have caused controversy in recent years due to environmental concerns concerning water quality and natural habitats in addition to economic concerns that benefits of land reclamation may be less than the effects of decreased harbour width, affecting the number of vessels passing through the harbour. Nonetheless it still retains its founding role as a port for thousands of international vessels each year.
Long famous for its spectacular views, the harbour is a major tourist attraction of Hong Kong. Lying in the middle of the territory's dense urban region, the harbour is the site of annual fireworks displays and its promenades are popular gathering places for tourists and residents.
wn.com/Victoria_Harbour -
Victoria, Australia
Coordinates: 37°0′S 144°0′E / 37°S 144°E / -37; 144
Victoria is a state of Australia, in the south-east of the country. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively.
Victoria is Australia's most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city.
Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, the monarch at the time.
After the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788, Australia was divided into an eastern half named New South Wales and a western half named New Holland, under the administration of the colonial government in Sydney. The first European settlement in the area later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay, Victoria on Port Phillip. It consisted of 402 people (5 Government officials, 9 officers of marines, 2 drummers, and 39 privates, 5 soldiers' wives, and a child, 307 convicts, 17 convicts' wives, and 7 children). They had been sent from England in HMS Calcutta under the command of Captain Daniel Woodriff, principally out of fear that the French, who had been exploring the area, might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge British rights to the continent.
wn.com/Victoria,_Australia -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
wn.com/Vietnam -
Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
wn.com/Virginia -
Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam ( pronunciation (help·info)) (also known as Vizag) is a port city on the southeast coast of India. With a population of 1,435,099, it is the second-largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh (after Hyderabad) and the third-largest city on the east coast (after Chennai and Kolkata). Visakhapatnam is located 625 kilometres (388 mi) east of the state capital, Hyderabad. The city is home to several state-owned heavy industries and a steel plant; it is one of India's largest seaports and has the country's oldest shipyard. Visakhapatnam has the only natural harbour on the east coast of India.
The city was named after Visakha, the Hindu god of valor. It is nestled among the hills of the Eastern Ghats and faces the Bay of Bengal on the east. Visakhapatnam is the administrative headquarters of Visakhapatnam district and headquarters of the Eastern Naval Command of the Indian Navy. Visakhapatnam has a nickname The City of Destiny and, more recently, the Goa of the East Coast. Like its west-coast counterpart it offers attractive beaches, laterite hillocks and a pleasing landscape. It is also a focus of urban and tourist development.
wn.com/Visakhapatnam -
Vizhinjam
Vizhinjam (Malayalam: വിഴിഞ്ഞം, Viḻiññaṁ ?; pronounced [ʋiɻiɲːam]) is a locality of Thiruvananthapuram city in the Indian state of Kerala. Kovalam beach is just 3 km from Vizhinjam. The areas in and around Vizhinjam are known for its Ayurvedic treatment centers and internationally acclaimed beach resorts. As of 2001, the population was 18,566. Vizhinjam is a natural port, which is located close to the international ship route.
Vizhinjam International Seaport is an international deepwater multi-purpose shipping hub in its initial stages of development. The total project expenditure is pegged at Rs 6000 crores over three phases and is proposed to be developed on the landlord model with a view to catering to passenger, container and other clean cargo. The project is currently in the tendering stage.
Vizhinjam fishing harbour is the site of a unique demonstrations plant that converts sea wave energy to electricity and is given to the local grid. This plant is based on the oscillating water column (OWC) principle. A caisson was constructed in December 1990 at Vizhinjam and two generations of power modules have been tested as of today. The plant was first commissioned in October 1991. The physical processes in the energy conversion are understood to a much greater extent, leading to a threefold increase in absolute power from the plant.
wn.com/Vizhinjam -
Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
wn.com/Wales -
Wellington Harbour
Wellington Harbour is the large natural harbour at the southern tip of New Zealand's North Island. New Zealand's capital, Wellington, is on the western side of Wellington Harbour. The harbour was officially named Port Nicholson until it assumed its current name in the 1980s.
In Māori the harbour is Te Whanganui-a-Tara (the great harbour of Tara). A Māori name for Wellington, Pōneke is often said to be a transliteration of Port Nick, although this etymology is disputed.
Wellington Harbour is an arm of Cook Strait, covering 70 km², with a two-km wide entrance at its southern end between Pencarrow Head and the Miramar Peninsula.
The harbour is of tectonic origin, and a major earthquake fault, the Wellington Fault, lies along its western shore. At the northern end of the harbour is the narrow triangular plain of the Hutt River, which largely follows the line of the earthquake fault to the north-east. The city of Lower Hutt is on this plain.
The central city suburbs spread around the hills overlooking the west and south-west of Wellington Harbour and its two large bays: Lambton Harbour and Evans Bay. Lambton Harbour is surrounded by the reclaimed land of Wellington's central business district and contains the majority of the city's port facilities. Evans Bay is an inlet between Mt Victoria and the Miramar Peninsula on the flight path to low-lying Wellington Airport. Another smaller bay, popular for its beach and cafes, is Oriental Bay.
wn.com/Wellington_Harbour -
Winter Quarters Bay
Winter Quarters Bay is a small cove of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, located 2,200 miles (3,500 km) due south of New Zealand at 77°50'S. The harbor is the southern-most port in the Southern Ocean and features a floating ice pier for summer cargo operations. The bay is approximately 250m wide and long, with a maximum depth of 33m. The name Winter Quarters Bay refers to Robert Falcon Scott's National Antarctic Discovery Expedition (1901–04) which wintered at the site for two seasons.
A small peninsula on the southern tip of Ross Island forms the natural harbor at Winters Quarters Bay which offers shelter for ships. The harbor has served the few ships able to penetrate McMurdo Sound's 8 ft (2.4 m) to 12 ft (3.7 m) pack ice ever since the Discovery Expedition (1901–04).
Today, two ships assisted by an icebreaker annually arrive at Winter Quarters Bay with fuel and cargo to re-supply the adjacent U.S. McMurdo Station at 77°50′S 166°40′E / 77.833°S 166.667°E / -77.833; 166.667. The cargo operations also support nearby Scott Base and field stations throughout Antarctica. More than 50 years of activity at McMurdo Station has severely polluted the bay.
wn.com/Winter_Quarters_Bay -
Zambales
Zambales is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Iba. Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north, Tarlac and Pampanga to the east, Bataan to the south and the South China Sea to the west. With a land area of 3,700 km2, Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon. It has a population density of 150 people per square kilometer², one of the lowest in the country. The province is noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to April.
Zambales is served by the Subic Bay International Airport, which is located in Cubi Point in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone. The Freeport Zone is host to many tourist attractions which include casinos, beach resorts, parks, beachside huts and cottages and historical sites. The Scarborough Shoal is internationally recognized as a part of Zambales Province.
Zambales lies on the western shores of Luzon island along the South China Sea. Its shoreline is very ragged, and features many coves and inlets. The Zambales Mountains, the mountain range on the eastern part of the province occupies about 60% of its total land area. Subic Bay, in the southern end of the province, provides a natural harbor, and was chosen as the location of the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. The peak of Mount Pinatubo lies near the tripoint of Zambales, Pampanga, and Tarlac provinces. This volcano, once considered dormant, erupted violently in 1991 blowing off its summit, leaving a caldera (now filled with Lake Pinatubo), on the mountains of Botolan, Zambales. A vast portion of the province acquired desert-like features after being buried by more than 20 feet (6.1 m) deep of lahar.
wn.com/Zambales
-
Hong Kong
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty. The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era. The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West", and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England until reforms implemented in 2009.
wn.com/Hong_Kong -
Mainland China
Mainland China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The term generally excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
There are two terms in Chinese for "mainland". Namely, Dalu (simplified Chinese: 大陆; traditional Chinese: 大陸), which means "continent", and Neidi (内地 / 內地), literally "inner land". In the PRC, the usage of the two terms are generally interchangeable and there is no prescribed method of reference in any jurisdiction. To emphasize "equal footing" in cross-strait relations, the term is used in official contexts with reference to Taiwan, with the PRC referring to itself as "the mainland side" (as opposed to "the Taiwan side"). But in its relations with Hong Kong and Macau, the PRC government refers to itself as "the Central People's Government".
By 1949, the Communist Party of China's (CPC) People's Liberation Army had largely defeated the Kuomintang (KMT)'s National Revolutionary Army in the Chinese Civil War on the mainland. This forced the Kuomintang to relocate the Government and institutions of the Republic of China to the relative safety of Taiwan, an island which was placed under the control of the Republic of China after the surrender of Japan at the end of World War II in 1945. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the CPC-controlled government saw itself as the sole legitimate government of China, competing with the claims of the Republic of China, whose authority is now limited to Taiwan and other islands. This has resulted in a situation in which two co-existing governments compete for international legitimacy and recognition as the "government of China".
wn.com/Mainland_China -
Port of Shanghai
The Port of Shanghai, located in the vicinity of Shanghai, comprises a deep-sea port and a river port.
In 2010, Shanghai port overtook Singapore port to become the world's busiest container port. Shanghai's port handled 29.05 million TEUs, whereas Singapore port was a half million TEU's behind.
In 2011 Shanghai port broke a new historic record by handling over 30 million TEUs.
The Port of Shanghai faces the East China Sea to the east, and Hangzhou Bay to the south. It includes the heads of the Yangtze River, Huangpu River (which enters the Yangtze River), and Qiantang River.
The Port of Shanghai is managed by Shanghai International Port which superseded the Shanghai Port Authority in 2003. Shanghai International Port Company Limited is a public listed company, of which the Shanghai Municipal Government owns 44.23 percent of the outstanding shares.
During the Ming Dynasty, what is now the city of Shanghai was a part of Jiangsu Province (with a small part in Zhejiang Province). While Shanghai had become a county seat in the Yuan Dynasty, it remained a relatively small town.
wn.com/Port_of_Shanghai -
Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
wn.com/Taiwan
- Sinead O'Connor
- The Barclay James Harvest
- Moby
- Paradise Lost
- Soundtracks (other tracks) soundtrack
- James Harvest Barclay
- Barclay James Harvest
karaoke
(feat. Moby)
The street bears no relief
When everybody's fighting
The street bears no relief
With light so hot and binding
I run the stairs away
And walk into the nighttime
The sadness flows like water
And washes down the heartache
And washes down the heartache
My heart is full
My heart is wide
The saddest song to play
On the strings of my heart
The heat is on its own
The roof seems so inviting
A vantage point is gained
To watch the children fighting
So lead me to the harbour
And float me on the waves
Sink me in the ocean
To sleep in a sailor's grave
To sleep in a sailor's grave
My heart is full
My heart is wide
The saddest song to play
On the strings of my heart
My heart is full
My heart is wide, so wide
The saddest song to play
On the strings of my heart
To our fore the harbour lights
Shining out like beacons burning
They can stop this endless night
They can stop the wheels from burning
Faces in a setting sun
Say again that we soon will be one
Starlight rakes the silver wing
Bringing home its sons and daughters
No-one knows the state I'm in
Spinning swift above the waters
Faces in a setting sun
Say again that we soon will be one
the street bears no relief
when everybody's fighting
the street bears no relief
with light so hot and binding
I run the stairs away
and walk into the nighttime
the sadness flows like water
and washes down the heartache
and washes down the heartache
my heart is full
my heart is wide
the saddest song to play
on the strings of my heart
the heat is on its own
the roof seems so inviting
a vantage point is gained
to watch the children fighting
so lead me to the harbour
and float me on the waves
sink me in the ocean
to sleep in a sailor's grave
to sleep in a sailor's grave
my heart is full
my heart is wide
the saddest song to play
on the strings of my heart
my heart is full
my heart is wide, so wide
the saddest song to play
the need to know gives a strange reaction
the need to know kills my soul, my passion
when will I know, just how far this goes
I feel the glow of a man whose tasted loss
fail each time, strong in mind
turn each page that you wrote
now and then you'll see me there always pale with despair
the safe release bears no threat or danger
the tide is weak, but may welcome strangers
this joy it seems maybe just a dream
a soul unclean, like a man whose tasted woe
fail each time, strong in mind
harbour tales of your woe
now and then you'll see me there always pale with despair
fail each time, strong in mind
turn each page that you wrote
Orchestra and Men's Chorus
Oh oh! Oh oh!
Oh oh! Oh oh!
Oh oh! Oh oh!
Oh oh! Oh oh...
To our fore, the harbour lights
Shining out like beacons burning.
They can stop this endless night.
They can stop the wheels from turning.
Faces in a setting sun
Say again that we soon will be one.
Starlight rakes the silver wing
Bringing home its sons and daughters.
No one knows the state I'm in
Spinning swift above the waters.
Faces in a setting sun
Say again that we soon will be one.
Faces in a setting sun
To our fore, the harbour lights
Shining out like beacons burning.
They can stop this endless night.
They can stop the wheels from turning.
Faces in a setting sun
Say again that we soon will be one.
Starlight rakes the silver wing
Bringing home it's sons and daughters.
No one knows the state I'm in
Spinning swift above the waters.
Faces in a setting sun
Say again that we soon will be one.
Faces in a setting sun
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
HARBOUR - Colder
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:01
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
8/2/12 - New Single 'Colder' from HARBOUR Download for FREE from www.weareharbour.co.uk All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/HARBOUR_Colder
40-Feet Long Shark in Karachi Fish Harbour 07-02-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
A 40-feet long Shark washed ashore near Karachi fisheries harbor authority. People make way towards Karachi Fisheries Harbor Authority to gawk at the magnificently enormous dead shark that washed ashore, earlier today. Authorities have been struggling, trying to untangle the humongous creature by hoisting it out thorough a crane. This is not the first time Karachi beach has welcomed such a massive fish carcass. Last September, a 25-feet long dead whale washed ashore Karachi beach attracting a large number of spectators. The fish was found nearly 150km away from the beach and is rumored to be as costly as 100000 Rs or more.
http://wn.com/40-Feet_Long_Shark_in_Karachi_Fish_Harbour_07-02-2012
Renaissance - At The Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:49
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Renaissance - At The Harbour from the album "Ashes Are Burning" (1973) - Annie Haslam / lead vocals - Jon Camp / bass, vocals - Terrence Sullivan / drums, percussion, backing vocals - John Tout / keyboards, backing vocals - Michael Dunford / acoustic guitar
http://wn.com/Renaissance_At_The_Harbour
This Harbour - Confidence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Nathan from "This Harbour" playing "Confidence" live (few weird video glitches) Subscribe to this channel www.facebook.com Like This Harbours facebook page Or you are not a good person.
http://wn.com/This_Harbour_Confidence
All About Eve - Martha's Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
I have to say that I'm amazed - after a year and a half of this being up - seeing all your amazing responses is sooooooo cool. I thought I was the only person who even knew this song existed - which is why I made the video in the first place. I'm so happy you guys like it, and it's taken you back to good memories. That's what music is supposed to do - move you in some way. Thanks so much! God bless. This is a fan video for one of my all-time favorite songs "Martha's Harbour" by All About Eve. I do not own the song, lyrics, or pictures in this video. It is for entertainment purposes only. All pictures were taken from photobucket.com
http://wn.com/All_About_Eve_Martha's_Harbour
This Harbour- Live Full Set
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:56
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Our Live show -1 cover (Children of Divorce - Johnny Craig) , 3 Originals Lyrics written by Nathan Olmstead/Bryce Morabito Music written by Nathan Olmstead Performed by This Harbour (Bryce Morabito/Nathan Olmstead) Like us on facebook www.facebook.com/thisharbour
http://wn.com/This_Harbour_Live_Full_Set
Pearl Harbor Day Attack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:45
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
www.PearlHarborDay.org Taken from a documentary about WWII, this is a short section about the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. [Reader's Digest Classic Collection-World War II Combat Chronicles ©MMIV Questar Inc.] Please keep comments clean, any profanity will be deleted and the user will be blocked.
http://wn.com/Pearl_Harbor_Day_Attack
#102 | Preparation For The Harbour In Minecraftia !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:00
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Be sure to show some Love by Flavouriting the video! Simply Click The Thumbs Up! + Add To Favourites! Vote For Syndicate In King Of The Web: tinyurl.com Vote For The Shorty Awards: tinyurl.com Follower Me On Twitter: twitter.com Become A Fan On Facebook: www.facebook.com Click *Show More To See Texture Pack & World Download* World Download: tinyurl.com Texture pack: tinyurl.com
http://wn.com/_102_|_Preparation_For_The_Harbour_In_Minecraftia_!
Entering the old Hong Kong harbour in 1960
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Almost fifty years ago Hong Kong's waterfront looked like this. See my other 180 clips here: nl.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Entering_the_old_Hong_Kong_harbour_in_1960
Kilkeel Harbour 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Kilkeel Harbour gets an overhaul
http://wn.com/Kilkeel_Harbour_2012
Renaissance - At the Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Renaissance - At the Harbour (cutted)
http://wn.com/Renaissance_At_the_Harbour
Pearl Harbour (Trailer)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Pearl Harbour
http://wn.com/Pearl_Harbour_Trailer
The New Pornographers - "Myriad Harbour"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
The new New Pornographers video (it's new). The song is "Myriad Harbour" off of Challengers. The video is directed by Mark Lomond of the Flourescent Hill collective.
http://wn.com/The_New_Pornographers_Myriad_Harbour
TOM WAITS - Lost In The Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Alice, 2002 written by Tom Waits/Kathleen Brennan www.tomwaits.com Over here the ladies all want sweet perfume But there's never a rose And over there the roses are frightened to bloom So they never can grow And over here they need wool For weaving their baby's new clothes But nobody has any wool And the sheep are all lost in the harbour Lost in the harbour And over here they want diamonds to wear But there aren't any here And over there everyone's hiding their tears But they're crying inside And the wall won't come down Till they're no longer afraid of themselves And if you don't believe me ask yourselves And then I can come down to the harbour Down to the harbour And then I will fill the ocean back up with my tears I still have a couple more years And then I can come back to the harbour Down to the harbour
http://wn.com/TOM_WAITS_Lost_In_The_Harbour
![LADY GAGA Flash Mob Sydney Harbour [ORIGINAL]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121121044526im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/FFgbSgUej4A/default.jpg "LADY GAGA Flash Mob Sydney Harbour [ORIGINAL]")
LADY GAGA Flash Mob Sydney Harbour [ORIGINAL]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
150 dancers surprised sightseers on Sydney Harbour with a Dance-Off Flash Mob on Saturday May 1st. Organised by DJ Dan Murphy with two dance troupes led by Australia's favourite drag queens, JOYCE MAYNGE and DECODA SECRET. Thank you to all the volunteer dancers, camera-people and support crew! Want to be part of the next one? Join Rock Your Box: www.facebook.com SAY CHEESE Party Details: www.saycheeseparty.com.au UPDATE 7th May - Perez Hilton loves the video! http UPDATE 8th May - Video on Channel 7's Weekend Sunrise au.tv.yahoo.com UPDATE 9th May - Nelson Aspen tweets! twitter.com UPDATE 12th May - Dannii Minogue tweets & facebooks about her song being included! twitter.com • Starring: Joyce Maynge & Decoda Secret www.facebook.com www.facebook.com • Choreography: David Olsen • Camera: Travis Conneeley Frankie Shin Lee Jenkins Mark Chisholm • Editing: Simon Murray • Direction & Music: Dan Murphy www.facebook.com • Rehearsal Spaces - Thank You: Arq Nightclub & The Midnight Shift www.arqsydney.com.au www.themidnightshift.com • Contact: rockyourbox@mac.com
http://wn.com/LADY_GAGA_Flash_Mob_Sydney_Harbour_ORIGINAL_
Stephanie Dosen - Vinalhaven Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:28
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Video from the new single taken from Stephanie's debut album A Lily In The Spectre.
http://wn.com/Stephanie_Dosen_Vinalhaven_Harbour
Sydney Harbour by Staples Australia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Sydney Harbour reconstructed entirely out of Staples Stationery and Office Supplies. Featuring 2344 recycled sticky notes, 84 boxes of staples, 361 bulldog clips, 169 paperclips, 107 rubber bands, 132 coloured pencils and loads more.
http://wn.com/Sydney_Harbour_by_Staples_Australia
The Six Harbour Walk 2009
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:52
- Updated: 15 Mar 2012
The Rotary Club of Buckie organizes the "Six Harbour Walk" on the Sunday before Mayday each year. Participants walk the 15 miles from Portsoy Harbour, through Sandend, Cullen, Portknockie, and Findochty to Buckie Harbour to raise funds to support local and national charities. This must be one of the finest coastal walks in the country. What is amazing is the number of people who are prepared to get together on the Mayday Sunday to support such charities. This video shows you the wonderful jouney and the magnificent partiipants in 2009. Sadly, we did not capture everyone, even the front runner (literally), but, hopefully, this video will give you a flavour of a great event. Please return Sponsor money by 21 June. For visitors to the area, this walk is a wonderful extension to the Speyside Way. Remember, if you have a good internet connection to click the HD and Full Screen buttons.
http://wn.com/The_Six_Harbour_Walk_2009
Celtic Spirit - Martha's Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
another one from Celtic Spirit hope you like it .
http://wn.com/Celtic_Spirit_Martha's_Harbour
Vangelis - Spanish Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:39
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Oregon Coast 2004, set to Vangelis's Oceanic
http://wn.com/Vangelis_Spanish_Harbour
Stan Rogers - Make and Break Harbour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Stan Rogers - Make and Break Harbour
http://wn.com/Stan_Rogers_Make_and_Break_Harbour
Copenhagen Harbour - you can swim in it!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
In Copenhagen, Denmark, many years of investments in the sewage system has revitalized the harbor. The revitalization is mainly due to a remarkable reduction in the discharge of wastewater during rainfall. In 2002, a public harbor bath opened in the area of Islands Brygge. Visitors during COP15 will be able to take a winter bath in the harbor. Available video includes general views and soundbites. Read more about swimming and habour baths in Copenhagen at www.visitcopenhagen.com
http://wn.com/Copenhagen_Harbour_you_can_swim_in_it!
Gapping the Harbour - Red Bull Harbour Reach
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
Red Bull Harbour Reach is a new wakeboard event in its first year enabling wake boarders to ride in a place never wakeboarded before........a Grade 1 listed seaside harbour. Positioned on the South Coast of England Lyme Regis is you typical English fishing village. Red Bull aims to push Wakeboarders to break boundaries by jumping the harbour wall. redbull.co.uk
http://wn.com/Gapping_the_Harbour_Red_Bull_Harbour_Reach
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
18 Nov 2012
Israeli air strikes killed 16 Palestinians in Gaza on Saturday, prompting the Arab League to announce a visit to the battered enclave and a review of its Middle East peace policy. Egypt’s President...
Photo: AP / Hatem Moussa
19 Nov 2012
Gaza/Jerusalem - Israel bombed dozens of targets in the Gaza Strip on Monday and said that while it was prepared to step up its offensive by sending in troops, it preferred a diplomatic solution that...
Photo: EC / EC
19 Nov 2012
BRUSSELS/WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The shadow banking system - blamed for aggravating the financial crisis - grew to a new high of $67 trillion globally last year, a top regulatory group said, calling...
Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais
19 Nov 2012
Yangon, November 19: Newly re-elected US President Barack Obama arrived here Monday to kick off his visit to Myanmar, becoming the first sitting US president to visit the Southeast Asian nation. As...
Photo: UN / Evan Schneider
20 Nov 2012
Israeli leaders were considering an Egyptian truce plan with Hamas on Tuesday as the Gaza conflict entered its seventh day. UN chief Ban Ki-moon also headed to Jerusalem to advance peace efforts with...
Crew metres from Tongariro eruption
21 Nov 2012
Stuff
A film crew making a tourism video on Mt Tongariro this afternoon were "lucky" to be metres from the Te Maari crater when it erupted. Tongariro sent a 2km-high ash plume shooting into the sky this afternoon and residents have reported the sulphur is making it harder to breathe. Send your photos,...(size: 9.4Kb)
The Gherkin, the Shard ... the Cloud?
21 Nov 2012
Canberra Times
Artist impression of low rise residential apartments at Barangaroo South. Photo: Supplied London has its 'Gherkin' and 'Shard', and Martin Place has its 'Money Box'. And Barangaroo may soon have its own piece of architectural inspiration, taken straight from the clouds. (It's) reminiscent of the...(size: 3.8Kb)
Scoop
Wednesday, 21 November 2012, 4:16 pm Press Release: International Writers' Workshop NZ Inc Press Release: 21st November 2012 The Kathleen Grattan Prize for a Sequence of Poems 2012 The winner of the 2012 Kathleen Grattan Prize for a Sequence of Poems, run by International Writers' Workshop NZ Inc,...(size: 4.7Kb)
DNA India
Ulwe, located 4km from Nerul in Navi Mumbai, will be a hot residential property investment destination, followed by Wadala and Chembur in the next five years. The investment destination survey report by global property consultant Knight Frank has predicted...(size: 1.7Kb)
Canberra Times
The eruption from the Te Maari Crater, on the northern side of Tongariro, was captured on web camera about 1.30pm (1130 AEDT) today. Mount Tongariro in New Zealand has erupted with a 2km-high ash plume seen in the sky and residents reporting the sulphur is making it harder to breathe. GNS Science...(size: 5.6Kb)
School children flee erupting Tongariro
21 Nov 2012
Stuff
Mt Tongariro has erupted with a 2km-high ash plume seen in the sky and residents reporting the sulphur is making it harder to breathe. Send your photos, videos and information to: newstips@stuff.co.nz GNS Science confirmed the eruption, at the Te Maari crater, happened shortly after 1.20pm. It is...(size: 7.6Kb)
Houston Chronicle
PRWeb | November 20, 2012 Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 12.5Kb)
Fluctuating mercury sickens Mumbai
21 Nov 2012
DNA India
Even as the city has been pleasantly cloaked in cold the past two days, the dipping temperatures are not finding favour with the sick and the ailing. With warm balmy afternoons and cold evenings, the fluctuating weather has taken a toll on Mumbaikarsâ health. Hospitals are witnessing a 15 to 20%...(size: 2.8Kb)
School children safe after Tongariro erupts
21 Nov 2012
Stuff
Mt Tongariro has erupted with a 2km-high ash plume seen in the sky and residents reporting the sulphur is making it harder to breathe. Send your photos, videos and information to: newstips@stuff.co.nz GNS Science confirmed the eruption, at the Te Maari crater, happened shortly after 1.20pm. It is...(size: 7.3Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
IT'S not the worst one yet. Close, but when are we going to get our national costume right? Sure, the sails of the Opera House, the colours of the Barrier Reef, opals, indigenous art, budgie smugglers, bikinis and sheep skin are kind of 'it' when it comes to world-recognised Aussie inspiration...(size: 2.3Kb)
Picture perfect: NZ is the new Big Easy
21 Nov 2012
The Daily Telegraph Australia
PLUCKED straight from a film set or a coffee-table book of picture-perfect scenery, New Zealand is jaw-droppingly gorgeous. The word "Wow!" will escape from your lips at least once a day. The new Big Easy Forget New Orleans, New Zealand can rightly claim the Big Easy crown for the sheer...(size: 6.4Kb)
Hotel report unfavourable
21 Nov 2012
Stuff
Dunedin's proposed 27-storey hotel would be too tall, too inaccessible, not in keeping with its industrial surroundings, and would probably have a negative visual and environmental impact, a Dunedin City Council report says. Planner Lianne Darby's report, which recommended consent for the hotel not...(size: 3.5Kb)
Mismanagement blamed for dredging row
21 Nov 2012
The Times of India
KANNUR: Mismanagement and efforts on part of officials to generate revenue for the port department have been blamed for the latest controversy over dredging at Azhikkal port. "Dredging is done as an exercise to deepen the shipping channel and river basin, and it should be a controlled procedure," a...(size: 2.1Kb)
For other uses, see Harbor (disambiguation).
A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences), or haven, is a place where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter through stormy weather, or else are stored for future use. Harbors can be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor has deliberately-constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or otherwise, they could have been constructed by dredging, and these require maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of the former kind is at Long Beach Harbor, California, and an example of the latter kind is San Diego Harbor, California, which was, under natural conditions, too shallow for modern merchant ships and warships.
In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by prominences of land. An example of this kind of harbor is San Francisco Bay, California.
Harbors and ports are often confused with each other. A port is a facility for loading and unloading vessels; ports are usually located in harbors.
Contents |
Artificial harbors[link]
Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai.[1] Other large and busy artificial harbors are located at: Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Port of Houston, Texas; Port of Long Beach, California; and Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro, California.
Natural harbors[link]
A natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. Many such harbors are rias. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Some examples are Kingston Harbour in Jamaica, Subic, Zambales in the Philippines; Sydney Harbour in Australia; Pearl Harbor in Hawaii; San Francisco Bay in California; Visakhapatnam Harbour in Andhra Pradesh, India; and Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Ice-free harbors[link]
For harbors near the North and South Poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round. Examples of these include Murmansk, Russia; Pechenga, Russia, formerly Petsamo, Finland); Vladivostok, Russia; St. Petersburg, Russia; Hammerfest, Norway; Vardø, Norway; and Prince Rupert Harbour, Canada. The world's southmost harbor, located at Antarctica's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is potentially ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions.[2]
Important harbors[link]
Although the world's busiest port is a hotly contested title, in 2006 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Shanghai.[3]
The following are large natural harbors:
- Tuticorin, tamil nadu, India
- Algeciras, Spain
- Hai Phong Port, Haiphong, Vietnam
- Amsterdam, Port of Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Antwerp, Port of Antwerp, Flanders, Belgium
- Baltimore's Inner Harbor, Maryland, United States
- Boston Harbor, Massachusetts, United States
- Bremerhaven, Germany
- Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cartagena, Colombia
- Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Port of Chittagong,Chittagong City, Bangladesh
- Cork Harbour, Ireland
- Duluth, Minnesota, United States
- Durban, South Africa
- Falmouth, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
- Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Freetown Harbour, Sierra Leone
- Golden Horn, Istanbul, Turkey
- Izmir's Inner Harbor, Izmir, Turkey
- Gothenburg, Sweden
- Grand Harbour, Malta
- Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Hamburg Harbour, Germany
- Hampton Roads, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
- Havana Harbor
- Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Kingston, Jamaica
- Kobe Harbour, Kobe, Japan
- Kochi, India
- Lushunkou, Dalian, China
- Mahon, Minorca, Spain
- Manila Bay, Philippines
- Milford Haven, Wales, United Kingdom
- Montevideo, Uruguay
- Mumbai, India
- Nassau, Bahamas
- New York Harbor, United States
- Oslofjord, Norway
- Pearl Harbor, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
- Piraeus, Attiki, Greece
- Plymouth Sound, Devon, England, United Kingdom
- Poole Harbour, Dorset, England, United Kingdom
- Port Jackson, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Port of Tyne, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom
- Port Phillip, Victoria, Australia
- Portland Harbor, Casco Bay, Maine, United States
- Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara Bay, Brazil
- Rotterdam, Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Salvador, Brazil
- San Diego Bay, San Diego, California, United States
- San Francisco Bay, California, United States
- Sankt Petersburg, Russia
- Sevastopol Harbour, Sevastopol, Ukraine
- Subic Bay, Zambales, Philippines
- Tanger-Med, Tangier, Morocco
- Tauranga Harbour, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Tokyo Bay, Tokyo, Japan
- Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
- Vancouver, Canada
- Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong
- Chennai port, India
- Vizhinjam, India
- Wellington Harbour, New Zealand
- Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles
Other notable harbors include:
- Belém, Brazil
- Kahului, Hawaii, United States
- Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Keelung, Taiwan
- Kilindini Harbour, Kenya
- Keppel Harbour, Singapore
- Manukau Harbour, Auckland, New Zealand
- New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, United States
- Port of Bruges-Zeebrugge, Flanders, Belgium
- Port of Genoa, Italy
- Portland Harbour, Dorset, England, United Kingdom
- Rades, Tunisia
- Trondheim, Norway
- Port of Gdańsk, Poland
- Port of Szczecin, Poland
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Hattendorf, John B. (2007), The Oxford encyclopedia of maritime history, Oxford University Press, p. 590, ISBN 978-0-19-513075-1
- ^ U.S. Polar Programs National Science Foundation FY2000.
- ^ AAPA World Port Rankings 2006
External links[link]
 |
Look up harbor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Harbors |
http://wn.com/Harbor
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Гавань
http://fr.wn.com/Havre
http://pt.wn.com/Abra
http://de.wn.com/Naturhafen
http://pl.wn.com/Przystań (żeglarstwo)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"HK" redirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 22°16′42″N 114°09′32″E / 22.27833°N 114.15889°E / 22.27833; 114.15889
| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China[note 1]
中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Anthem: March of the Volunteers 《義勇軍進行曲》 |
||||||
 View at night from Victoria Peak
|
||||||
 |
||||||
| Official language(s) | Chinese, English[note 2] | |||||
| Spoken languages | Cantonese, English | |||||
| Writing systems | Traditional Chinese, English alphabet | |||||
| Demonym | Hong Konger | |||||
| Government | Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China | |||||
| - | Chief Executive | Donald Tsang | ||||
| - | Chief Executive-elect | CY Leung | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | Geoffrey Ma | ||||
| - | President of the Legislative Council |
Jasper Tsang | ||||
| Legislature | Legislative Council | |||||
| Establishment | ||||||
| - | Treaty of Nanking | 29 August 1842 | ||||
| - | Japanese occupation | 25 December 1941 – 15 August 1945 |
||||
| - | Conveyance from British sovereignty to Chinese sovereignty | 1 July 1997 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,104 km2 (179th) 426 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 4.58 (50 km²; 19 mi²)[3] | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 census | 7,061,200[4] | ||||
| - | Density | 6,480[5]/km2 (4th) 16,576/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $351.119 billion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $49,137[6] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $243.302 billion[6] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $34,049[6] | ||||
| Gini (2007) | 43.4[7] | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.898[8] (very high) (13th) |
|||||
| Currency | Hong Kong dollar (HKD) |
|||||
| Time zone | HKT (UTC+8) | |||||
| Date formats | yyyy年m月d日 (Chinese) dd-mm-yyyy (English) |
|||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | HK | |||||
| Internet TLD | .hk and .香港 | |||||
| Calling code | +852 | |||||
| Hong Kong | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 香港 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Jyutping | Hoeng1gong2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cantonese Yale | Hēunggóng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Xiānggǎng | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Fragrant harbour | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 香港特別行政區 (or 香港特區) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 香港特别行政区 (or 香港特区) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. |
Hong Kong[note 3] (Chinese: 香港) is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. A city-state[9] situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea,[10] it is known for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.[11] Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups.[12] Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.[13]
Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). Originally confined to Hong Kong Island, the colony's boundaries were extended in stages to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and then the New Territories in 1898. It was occupied by Japan during the Pacific War, after which the British resumed control until 1997, when China resumed sovereignty.[14][15] The region espoused minimum government intervention under the ethos of positive non-interventionism during the colonial era.[16] The time period greatly influenced the current culture of Hong Kong, often described as "East meets West",[17] and the educational system, which used to loosely follow the system in England[18] until reforms implemented in 2009.[19]
Under the principle of "one country, two systems", Hong Kong has a different political system from mainland China.[20] Hong Kong's independent judiciary functions under the common law framework.[21][22] Hong Kong Basic Law, its constitutional document, stipulates that Hong Kong shall have a "high degree of autonomy" in all matters except foreign relations and military defence, governs its political system.[23][24] Although it has a burgeoning multi-party system, a small-circle electorate[clarification needed] controls half of its legislature. The Chief Executive of Hong Kong, the head of government, is selected by a Selection Committee / Election Committee with 400 to 1200 members, during the first 20 years.[25] [26][27] [28]
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade, and the currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world.[29] The lack of space caused demand for denser constructions, which developed the city to a centre for modern architecture and the world's most vertical city.[30][31] Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita income in the world.[6] The dense space also led to a highly developed transportation network with public transport travelling rate exceeding 90 percent,[32] the highest in the world.[33] Hong Kong has numerous high international rankings in various aspects. For instance, its economic freedom, financial and economic competitiveness, quality of life, corruption perception, Human Development Index, etc., are all ranked highly.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40] According to both UN and WHO estimates, Hong Kong has the second longest life expectancy of any country in the world. [41][42]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name "Hong Kong" is an approximate phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name "香港", meaning "fragrant harbour".[43] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet – now Aberdeen Harbour or 香港仔 hoeng1 gong2 zai2 "Little Hong Kong" – between the Aberdeen Island and the south side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the first points of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[44]
The reference to fragrance may refer to the harbour waters sweetened by the fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored around Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of Victoria Harbour.[43] In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed, and the name Hong Kong was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.[45]
History[link]
Main article: History of Hong Kong
Pre-colonial[link]
Main articles: Prehistoric Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong under Imperial China
Archaeological studies support a human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago, and in Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48] Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the two earliest sites of human habitation in the Paleolithic period. It is believed the Three Fathom Cove was a river valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggest cultural differences from the Longshan culture in northern China and settlement by the Che people prior to the migration of the Baiyue.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs were discovered on surrounding islands, which dated to the Shang Dynasty in China.[51]
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong is located in Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District) and near the ancient capital city Pun Yue.[52][53][54] The area was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the Qin Dynasty collapsed.[55] When the kingdom was conquered by Emperor Wu of Han in 111 BC, the land was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery under the Han Dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb in the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han Dynasty.[56]
During the Tang Dynasty period, the Guangdong region flourished as a regional trading center. In 736, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military town in Tuen Mun to defend the coastal area in the region.[57] The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 in the New Territories under the Northern Song Dynasty.[58] During the Mongol invasion in 1276, the Southern Song Dynasty court moved to Fujian, then to Lantau Island and later to Sung Wong Toi (modern Kowloon City), but the child Emperor Bing of Song committed suicide by drowning with his officials after being defeated in the Battle of Yamen. Hau Wong, an official of the emperor is still worshipped in Hong Kong today.[59]
The earliest recorded European visitor was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in 1513.[60][61] After establishing settlements in the region, Portuguese merchants began trading in southern China. At the same time, they invaded and built up military fortifications in Tuen Mun. Military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of the Portuguese. In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order banned maritime activities and prevented contact with foreigners; it also restricted local sea activity.[59] In 1661–69, the territory was affected by the Great Clearance ordered by Kangxi Emperor, which required the evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong. It is recorded that about 16,000 persons from Xin'an County were driven inland, and 1,648 of those who left are said to have returned when the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.[62] What is now the territory of Hong Kong became largely wasteland during the ban.[63] In 1685, Kangxi became the first emperor to open limited trading with foreigners, which started with the Canton territory. He also imposed strict terms for trades such as requiring foreign traders to live in restricted areas, staying only for the trading seasons, banning firearms, and trading with silver only.[64] The East India Company made the first sea venture to China in 1699, and the region's trade with British merchants developed rapidly soon after. In 1711, the company established its first trading post in Canton. By 1773, the British reached a landmark 1,000 chests of opium in Canton with China consuming 2,000 chests annually by 1799.[64]
British colonial era[link]
Main articles: British Hong Kong, History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)
-
Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1870-1876)
-
Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1876-1910)
-
Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong(used in between 1910-1959)
-
Flag of the British colony of Hong Kong (Unofficial Red ensign for Hong Kong used in between 1959 to prior the Handover of Hong Kong to the PRC in 1997)
.png)
.svg)
In 1839, the refusal by Qing Dynasty authorities to import opium resulted in the First Opium War between China and Britain. Hong Kong Island was occupied by British forces on 20 January 1841 and was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan, but the agreement was never ratified due to a dispute between high ranking officials in both governments.[65] It was not until 29 August 1842 that the island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom under the Treaty of Nanking. The British established a crown colony with the founding of Victoria City the following year.[66]
Under British rule, the population of Hong Kong island had increased from 7,450 Chinese residents, mostly fishermen, in 1841 to over 115,000 Chinese and 8,754 Europeans in Hong Kong (including Kowloon) in 1870.[67]
In 1860, after China's defeat in the Second Opium War, the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutter's Island were ceded in perpetuity to Britain under the Convention of Peking.
In 1894, the deadly Third Pandemic of bubonic plague spread from China to Hong Kong, causing 50,000–100,000 deaths.[68]
In 1898, under the terms of the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Britain obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island and the adjacent northern lands, which became known as the New Territories.[69] Hong Kong's territory has remained unchanged to the present.[70][71]
During the first half of the 20th century, Hong Kong was a free port, serving as an entrepôt of the British Empire. The British introduced an education system based on their own model, while the local Chinese population had little contact with the European community of wealthy tai-pans settled near Victoria Peak.[69]
Japanese invasion[link]
In conjunction with its military campaign, the Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong on 8 December 1941.[72] The Battle of Hong Kong ended with British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of the colony to Japan on 25 December.[73] During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, civilians suffered widespread food shortages, rationing, and hyper-inflation due to forced exchange of currency for military notes. Through a policy of enforced repatriation of the unemployed to the mainland throughout the period, because of the scarcity of food, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony.[74]
Cold war era[link]
.svg)
Granted by the College of Arms on 21 January 1959, the Blue Ensign colonial flag and coat of arms of Hong Kong were used by British Hong Kong during 1959–1997.
File:Flag of Immigration Department, 1988-1997.gif
Flag of British Hong Kong Immigration Department,1988-1997
Hong Kong's population recovered quickly as a wave of migrants from China arrived for refuge from the ongoing Chinese Civil War. When the PRC was proclaimed in 1949, more migrants fled to Hong Kong for fear of persecution by the Communist Party.[69] Many corporations in Shanghai and Guangzhou shifted their operations to Hong Kong.[69]
In the 1950s, Hong Kong's rapid industrialization was driven by textile exports and other expanded manufacturing industries. As the population grew and labour costs remained low, living standards rose steadily. [75] The construction of Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 followed a massive slum fire, and marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme designed to cope with the huge influx of immigrants. Trade in Hong Kong accelerated even further when Shenzhen, immediately north of Hong Kong, became a special economic zone of the PRC, and Hong Kong was established as the main source of foreign investment in China.[76] The manufacturing competitiveness gradually declined in Hong Kong due to the development of the manufacturing industry in southern China beginning in the early 1980s. By contrast, the service industry in Hong Kong experienced high rates of growth in the 1980s and 1990s after absorbing workers released from the manufacturing industry.[77]
Throughout the British colonial era, Hong Kong was industrialized and improved in all aspects from its economy to its health care system. Many health facilities were built for its citizens, for example the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, the Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, the Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong and the Prince of Wales Hospital. Many changes happened during this era shaped the future of Hong Kong. In the year 1983, when the United Kingdom reclassified Hong Kong from a British crown colony to a dependent territory, the governments of the United Kingdom and China were already discussing the issue of Hong Kong's sovereignty due to the impending expiry (within two decades) of the lease of the New Territories. In 1984, the Sino-British Joint Declaration – an agreement to transfer sovereignty to the People's Republic of China in 1997 – was signed.[69] It stipulated that Hong Kong would be governed as a special administrative region, retaining its laws and a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, which is based on the English law would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer, was ratified in 1990.[69]
Since 1997[link]
Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong
Left:Old British passports issued to Hong Kong citizens. Right:The British National (Overseas) passport issued to residents of Hong Kong prior 1997, holders are British nationals and Commonwealth citizens, but not British Citizens.
On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty from United Kingdom to the PRC occurred, officially ending 156 years of British colonial rule. Hong Kong became China's first special administrative region, and Tung Chee Hwa took office as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. That same year, Hong Kong suffered an economic double blow from the Asian financial crisis and the H5N1 avian influenza.[69] In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).[78][79] The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong.[80] An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.[81]
On 10 March 2005, Tung Chee Hwa announced his resignation as Chief Executive due to "health problems".[82] Donald Tsang, the Chief Secretary for Administration at the time, entered the 2005 election unopposed and became the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005.[83] In 2007, Tsang won the Chief Executive election and continued his second term in office.[84]
In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the fifth East Asian Games, in which nine national teams competed. It was the first and largest international multi-sport event ever held in the territory.[85] Today, Hong Kong continues to serve as an important global financial centre, but faces uncertainty over its future due to the growing mainland China economy, and its relationship with the PRC government in areas such as democratic reform and universal suffrage.[86]
Governance[link]
In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration, and the underlying principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong has a "high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region in all areas except defence and foreign affairs."[note 4] The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of its people for at least 50 years beyond the 1997 handover.[note 5] The guarantees over the territory's autonomy and the individual rights and freedoms are enshrined in a constitution, the Hong Kong Basic Law(formed based on the Common law of England), which outlines the system of governance of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, but which is subject to the interpretation of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[87][88]
The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, the civil service, the Legislative Council, and the Judiciary. The Executive Council is headed by the Chief Executive who is elected by the Election Committee and then appointed by the Central People's Government.[89][90] The civil service is a politically neutral body that implements policies and provides government services, where public servants are appointed based on meritocracy.[26][91] The Legislative Council has 60 members, half of whom are directly elected by universal suffrage by permanent residents of Hong Kong according to five geographical constituencies. The other half, known as functional constituencies, are directly elected by a smaller electorate, which consists of corporate bodies and persons from various stipulated functional sectors. The entire council is headed by the President of the Legislative Council who serves as the speaker.[92][93] Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.[21][94]
The implementation of the Basic Law, including how and when the universal suffrage promised therein is to be achieved, has been a major issue of political debate since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government's proposed anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law, which required the enactment of laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government, was met with fierce opposition, and eventually shelved.[23][95][96] Debate between pro-Beijing groups, which tend to support the Executive branch, and the Pan-democracy camp characterises Hong Kong's political scene, with the latter supporting a faster pace of democratisation, and the principle of one man, one vote.[97]
In 2004, the government failed to gain pan-democrat support to pass its so-called "district council model" for political reform.[98] In 2009, the government reissued the proposals as the "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012". The document proposed the enlargement of the Election Committee, Hong Kong's electoral college, from 800 members to 1,200 in 2012 and expansion of the legislature from 60 to 70 seats. The 10 new legislative seats would consist of five geographical constituency seats and five functional constituency seats, to be voted in by elected district council members from among themselves.[99] The proposals were destined for rejection by pan-democrats once again, but a significant breakthrough occurred after the Central People's Government accepted a counter-proposal by the Democratic Party. In particular, the Pan-democracy camp was split when the proposal to directly elect five newly created functional seats was not acceptable to two constituent parties. The Democratic Party sided with the government for the first time since the handover and passed the proposals with a vote of 46–12.[100]
Legal system and judiciary[link]
Main articles: Law of Hong Kong and Judiciary of Hong Kong
-
Statue of Themis on the Legislative Council Building.
-
The Court of Final Appeal in Central is the supreme court of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of Mainland China. In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule.[101] Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents,[21][102] and judges from other common law jurisdictions are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.[21][102]
Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court.[103] Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.[103] Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive.[21][102]
The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal cooperation between different jurisdictions.[101] Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.[101] As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.[104] The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.[105][106]
Human rights[link]
Main article: Human rights in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's Basic law is based on the English law and so in general, Hong Kong is perceived to enjoy a high level of civil liberties.[107] The Hong Kong government generally respect the human rights of the citizens, although core issues remain.[108] There are concerns over the freedom of assembly which is restricted by the Public Order Ordinance. The police has been occasionally accused of using heavy-handed tactics towards protestors[109] and questions are asked towards the extensive powers of the police.[110] As to the right of privacy, covert surveillance remains the major concern.[111] There is a lack of protection for gay men and lesbians due to the absence of a sexual orientation discrimination law, though there are currently no laws that criminalize homosexuality per se.[112] There are also comments regarding a lack of protection for labour rights.[108]
Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations than under the rest of China.[113]
Administrative districts[link]
Statistics
| New Territories | |||
| No. | District | Population[114] | Area[115] |
| 1. | Islands | 138,900 | 175.03 km2 (67.58 sq mi) |
| 2. | Kwai Tsing | 510,300 | 21.82 km2 (8.42 sq mi) |
| 3. | North | 287,700 | 137.31 km2 (53.02 sq mi) |
| 4. | Sai Kung | 407,300 | 136.39 km2 (52.66 sq mi) |
| 5. | Sha Tin | 606,700 | 69.46 km2 (26.82 sq mi) |
| 6. | Tai Po | 292,700 | 147.42 km2 (56.92 sq mi) |
| 7. | Tsuen Wan | 292,300 | 60.7 km2 (23.44 sq mi) |
| 8. | Tuen Mun | 493,800 | 84.45 km2 (32.61 sq mi) |
| 9. | Yuen Long | 533,300 | 138.43 km2 (53.45 sq mi) |
| Kowloon | |||
| No. | District | Population | Area |
| 10. | Kowloon City | 359,400 | 9.97 km2 (3.85 sq mi) |
| 11. | Kwun Tong | 579,400 | 11.05 km2 (4.27 sq mi) |
| 12. | Sham Shui Po | 365,600 | 9.48 km2 (3.66 sq mi) |
| 13. | Wong Tai Sin | 421,900 | 9.36 km2 (3.61 sq mi) |
| 14. | Yau Tsim Mong | 285,300 | 6.85 km2 (2.64 sq mi) |
| Hong Kong Island | |||
| No. | District | Population | Area |
| 15. | Central and Western | 253,100 | 12.52 km2 (4.83 sq mi) |
| 16. | Eastern | 588,700 | 18.81 km2 (7.26 sq mi) |
| 17. | Southern | 275,700 | 38.95 km2 (15.04 sq mi) |
| 18. | Wan Chai | 155,700 | 10.02 km2 (3.87 sq mi) |
Main article: Districts of Hong Kong
Hong Kong has a unitary system of government; no local government has existed since the two municipal councils were abolished in 2000. As such there is no formal definition for its cities and towns. Administratively, Hong Kong is subdivided into 18 geographic districts, each represented by a district council which advises the government on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities, and environmental improvements.[116]
There are a total of 534 district council seats, 405 of which are elected; the rest are appointed by the Chief Executive and 27 ex officio chairmen of rural committees.[116] The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices.[117]
Military[link]
Main articles: Royal Hong Kong Regiment, Hong Kong Military Service Corps, and British Forces Overseas Hong Kong
-
Coat of Arms of the Royal Hong Kong Regiment(UK)
-
Badge of the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force.gif
Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force(UK)
-
HKMSC.jpg
Hong Kong Military Service Corps(UK)
-
The Cenotaph of Hong Kong.Constructed in 1923 and located between Statue Square and the City Hall in Central, Hong Kong,[1] commemorates the dead in the First and Second World War[2] that served in Hong Kong in the Royal Navy, British Army and Royal Air Force.
.png)
When Hong Kong was a British colony and later, a dependent territory, defence was provided by the British military under the command of the Governor of Hong Kong who was ex officio Commander-in-chief.[118] Most of the members of the British Forces in Hong Kong were from Britain but there were locally enlisted personnel (LEP) who served as regular British Forces members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal Navy as well as the Hong Kong Military Service Corps. The Royal Hong Kong Regiment a military unit part of the Hong Kong Government, trained and organised along timelines of British Territorial Army and supported by British Army personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, are seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post-WWII era, the majority of the regiment's members have been local citizens of Chinese descent. The Hong Kong Military Service Corps maintained its reputation for loyalty and military skill at the highest level, often outshining British and Gurkha troops based in Hong Kong. The HKMSC Shooting Team won the Team and Individual champion pistol shot a number of times at RASAAM (the Regular Army Skill at Arms Meeting) at Bisley, in the UK, and in 1992 a Training Company team representing the HQ and Depot HKMSC won the Dragon Cup for military skills (outperforming the Queen's Gurkha Signals in signalling and the British Military Hospital team in first aid); the competition was not held again.
The HKMSC reached a peak strength of 1,200 men, providing the British garrison in Hong Kong with supporting personnel. All HKMSC soldiers were basically trained in Hong Kong and from time to time attended upgrading and trade courses in the United Kingdom. HKMSC soldiers who were posted to and served with other non-HKMSC units, wore the other units' cap badge. Unit personnel were enlisted as officers and drivers in 29 Squadron, Royal Corps of Transport (RCT) based in Gun Club Hill Barracks. It provided crews for 415 Maritime Troop based on Stonecutters' Island, dog handlers in the Defence Animal Support Unit (DASU) of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps (RAVC) based in Sek Kong, officer instructors in the Royal Army Educational Corps (RAEC), officers and clerks in the Royal Army Pay Corps (RAPC), technicians in the Royal Signals (R Sigs) of the Queen's Gurkha Signals (QGS) and engineers and armourers in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME). The HKMC trained physical training instructors (PTI) in the Army Physical Training Corps (APTC), medics in the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) based in the British Military Hospital (BMH), military police in the Royal Military Police (RMP), helicopter support crews in 660 Squadron Army Air Corps (AAC) based at Sek Kong Airfield, cooks in the Army Catering Corps (ACC), Weapons and Supplies Storekeepers in the Royal Army Ordnance Corps (RAOC) and intelligence staff in the Intelligence Corps. They also provided interpreters, clerks, Regimental Police and light-infantry personnel in Dragon Company of the General Service Corps (GSC) headquartered in Osborn Baracks, Kowloon Tong. The HKMSC offered Hong Kong Chinese soldiers the opportunity to pursue a full career in the British Regular Army up to and including a Queen's Commissioned officer rank of the General List (HKMSC). As all members of the HKMSC were British Regular Army soldiers, they received a Regular Army Service Record Book when they left the army. Many of them had also been awarded the Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (LS&GC) after 15 years of good and loyal service. British gallantry awards, Orders, Decorations and Medal Ribbons had also been presented to some HKMSC soldiers; such as the Queen's Gallantry Medal (QGM), the British Empire Medal (BEM), Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) and the Officers of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).
When the PRC assumed sovereignty in 1997, the British barracks were replaced by a garrison of the People's Liberation Army, comprising ground, naval, and air forces, and under the command of the Chinese Central Military Commission.
The Hong Kong Basic Law is formed based on the Common law of England and it protects local civil affairs against interference by the garrison, and members of the garrison are subject to Hong Kong laws. The Hong Kong Government remains responsible for the maintenance of public order; however, it may ask the PRC government for help from the garrison in maintaining public order and in disaster relief. The PRC government is responsible for the costs of maintaining the garrison.[23][119]
Geography and climate[link]
Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Shenzhen River. The territory's 1,104 km2 (426 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1,054 km2 (407 sq mi) is land and 50 km2 (19 sq mi) is inland water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). Its land area makes Hong Kong the 179th largest inhabited territory in the world.[3][10]
As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves.[120] Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories.[121] The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level.[122] Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches.[123] On September 18, 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.[124]
Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment,[125] and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour.[126] Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.[127]
Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Summer is when typhoons are most likely, sometimes resulting in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry.[128] Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year,[129] while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) and 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), respectively.[130]
| Climate data for Hong Kong (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
18.9 (66.0) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.4 (83.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
25.6 (78.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.7 (81.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
21.8 (71.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.24 (73.84) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.8 (78.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 24.7 (0.972) |
54.4 (2.142) |
82.2 (3.236) |
174.7 (6.878) |
304.7 (11.996) |
456.1 (17.957) |
376.5 (14.823) |
432.2 (17.016) |
327.6 (12.898) |
100.9 (3.972) |
37.6 (1.48) |
26.8 (1.055) |
2,398.4 (94.425) |
| % humidity | 74 | 80 | 82 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 71 | 69 | 78.0 |
| Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.37 | 9.07 | 10.90 | 12.00 | 14.67 | 19.07 | 17.60 | 16.93 | 14.67 | 7.43 | 5.47 | 4.47 | 137.65 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 143.0 | 94.2 | 90.8 | 101.7 | 140.4 | 146.1 | 212.0 | 188.9 | 172.3 | 193.9 | 180.1 | 172.2 | 1,835.6 |
| Source: Hong Kong Observatory [131] | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Hong Kong
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world as of 2010.[29] Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world’s greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism.[132] It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995.[133][134][135] It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region,[136] and is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.[137][138][139]
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of US$2.3 trillion as of December 2009.[140] In that year, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world [141] and the easiest place to raise capital.[142] Hong Kong's currency is the Hong Kong dollar, which has been pegged to the U.S. dollar since 1983.[143]
The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s.[144] Since then, it has grown to become a leading center for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.[142]
Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended.[145][146] Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.[132]
The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Agricultural activity—relatively unimportant to Hong Kong’s economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP—primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties.[142] Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity,[147] with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre.[148] Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports,[149] which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world’s second busiest container port and the world’s busiest airport for international cargo.[142] Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline.[150] Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007.[151] Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.[3]
As of 2010, Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year.[152] Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars.[153] In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.[154] General principle No. 5 of the Basic Law of the SAR suggests that the CPC expects that it shall have brought the economic system of the Mainland and Hong Kong into harmony by 2047, by which time the Chinese economy is predicted by Businessweek to have been the largest by any measure of GDP for decades.[155]
Demographics[link]
The territory's population is 7.03 million. In 2009, Hong Kong had a birth rate of 11.7 per 1,000 population and a fertility rate of 1,032 children per 1,000 women.[156] Residents from mainland China do not have the right of abode in Hong Kong, nor are they allowed to enter the territory freely.[95] However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit".[157] Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 79.16 years for males and 84.79 years for females as of 2009, making it one of the highest life expectancies in the world.[3]
About 95% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent,[12] the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province.[13] The remaining 5% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese.[12] There is a South Asian population of Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Europeans (mostly British), Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector.[note 6] In 2008, there were an estimate of 252,500 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and the Philippines working in Hong Kong.[159]
Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a Chinese language originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong.[160] English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language.[161] Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 handover, an increase in immigrants from mainland China and greater integration with the mainland economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.[162]
A majority of residents of Hong Kong would claim no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism.[163] According to the U.S Department of State only 43 percent of the population practices some form of religion.[164] Some figures put it higher, according to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion,[165][166] and possibly 80% of Hong Kong claim no religion.[167] In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum[168] [169]
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists.[164] A Christian community of around 600,000 forms about 8% of the total population;[170][171] it is nearly equally divided between Catholics and Protestants, although smaller Christian communities exist, including the Latter-Day Saints[172] and Jehovah's Witnesses.[173] The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities.[170] The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.[174]
Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the greatest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards".[175][176] However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.[177][178][179]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England,[18] although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction" (Chinese: 母語教學) in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese,[180] with written Chinese and English. In secondary schools, 'biliterate and trilingual' proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing.[181] The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.[182] Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations.[183] The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education.[19][184] Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.[185]
Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.[184]
There are nine public universities in Hong Kong, and a number of private higher institutions, offering various bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees, other higher diplomas, and associate degree courses.The University of Hong Kong, the oldest institution of tertiary education in the territory, was described by Quacquarelli Symonds as a "world-class comprehensive research university"[186] and was ranked 24th on the 2009 THES - QS World University Rankings,[187] making it first in Asia.[188] The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology was ranked 35th in the world in 2009 and ranked second in Asia for 2010. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was ranked 46th in the world in 2009 and ranked fourth in Asia for 2010.[188] Based on the 2011 rankings published by career and education network QS, three of the top five Asian universities are in Hong Kong. They are the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong kong as first, second and fifth rank, respectively.[189]
Healthcare[link]
 |
This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. |
There are 13 private hospitals and more than 50 public hospitals in Hong Kong. Among the widest range of healthcare services throughout the globe are on offer, and some of the SAR's private hospitals are rightly considered to be among the very best of their type in the world.
There are two medical schools in the SAR, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at Hong Kong University. Both have strong links with public sector hospitals.
With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the SAR.
There are also strong public health systems in Hong Kong, and the Centre for Health Protection, founded after the SARS outbreak of 2003, is particularly worthy of mention.
By 2011, however, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from Mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals, both public and private sectors, which has led to outcries and protests from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty securing a bed space for giving birth and arrange routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001-2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Hong Kong
Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony.[17] Hong Kong balances a modernised way of life with traditional Chinese practices. Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.[190] Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits,[191] and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it,[192] due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese.[193] The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.[194]
Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade, and calls itself an "entertainment hub".[195] Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.[195] Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.[196]
The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.[197][198]
Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.[199] The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.[200] The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review points to signs of self-censorship by journals whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.[201]
Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.[202] There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.[203]
Cityscape[link]
|
|
Architecture[link]
Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong
See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
According to Emporis, there are 7,650 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings.[204] It has more buildings higher than 500ft (or 150m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1.3 km (0.81 mi),[205] much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong.[206] More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.[30][31]
As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1,588 ft) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement.[207] The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1,362 ft) high.[208] Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities.[209] Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world,[210] with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers.[211][212] Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.[213][214][215]
There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings,[216] waterfront redevelopment in Central,[217] and a series of projects in West Kowloon.[218] More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions.[219]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Hong Kong
Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on public transport,[32] the highest such percentage in the world.[33] Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the Mass Transit Railway (MTR), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.[220][221]
The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with the urban mass transit operator (MTR) in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR).[222] This MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations, which serve 3.4 million people a day.[223] Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.[224]
|
|
|
|
Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes. The two largest, Kowloon Motor Bus provides 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories; Citybus operates 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.[225]
The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates four lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers.[226] It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central crossing one of the most picturesque in the world.[227] Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements.[228][229] The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.[230]
Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs.[231] The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888.[232] In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.[233]
Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007.[234] It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys.[235] Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.[234][236]
See also[link]
- Outline of Hong Kong
- Index of Hong Kong-related articles
- List of cities with most skyscrapers
- Public holidays in Hong Kong
Footnotes[link]
- ^ This is the official convention employed on the Chinese text of the Hong Kong regional emblem, the text of the Hong Kong Basic Law, and the Hong Kong Government website,[1] although "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are also accepted.
- ^ The Hong Kong Basic Law states that the official languages are "Chinese and English".[2] It does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While Mandarin written in Simplified Chinese characters are the standards in mainland China, Cantonese and Traditional Chinese characters are the de facto standards in Hong Kong. See also: Bilingualism in Hong Kong.
- ^ The name was often written as Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926 (Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926). Nevertheless, some century-old organisations still use the name, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. While the names of most Chinese place names are romanised into English using Pinyin, the official English name is Hong Kong rather than the pinyin Xianggang.
- ^ Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part, "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
- ^ Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part, "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China ... will remain unchanged for 50 years."
- ^ The results of the 2006 census showed that the "white" population had declined from 46,584 in 2001 to 36,384, a decline of 22 percent.[158]
References[link]
- ^ "GovHK: Residents". Hong Kong Government. http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "Official Languages". Hong Kong Government. 2006. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/01_13.htm. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Hong Kong". The World Factbook. CIA. 23 August 2010. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/hk.html. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Population and Vital Events". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 2010. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "Population Density by Area". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 2009. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_803/population.pdf. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ a b c d e "Hong Kong". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=29&pr.y=18&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=532&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2009 – Gini Index". United Nations Development Programme. http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/indicators/161.html. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2011". United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Specials: Hong Kong". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/specials/hongkong/. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ a b "Geography and Climate, Hong Kong". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_810/geog.pdf. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
- ^ Ash, Russell (2006). The Top 10 of Everything 2007. Hamlyn. p. 78. ISBN 0-600-61532-4.
- ^ a b c "Population by Ethnicity, 2001 and 2006". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ a b Fan Shuh Ching (1974). "The Population of Hong Kong". World Population Year (Committee for International Coordination of National Research in Demography): 18–20. http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Publications/pdf/c-c21.pdf. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ "Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong". Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, Hong Kong Government. 19 December 1984. http://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/jd2.htm. Retrieved 4 October 2010. "The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that to recover the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong) is the common aspiration of the entire Chinese people, and that it has decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997."
- ^ "On This Day: 1997: Hong Kong handed over to Chinese control". BBC News. 1 July 1997. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/1/newsid_2656000/2656973.stm. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
- ^ "The World's Most Competitive Financial Centers". CNBC. http://www.cnbc.com/id/32970596?slide=14. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ a b "24 hours in Hong Kong: Urban thrills where East meets West". CNN. 8 March 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TRAVEL/03/06/24hours.hongkong/index.html?eref=rss_travel. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ a b Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3.
- ^ a b "Programme Highlights". Hong Kong Government. http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?nodeID=2063&langno=1. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ^ So, Dudley L.; Lin, Nan; Poston (2001). The Chinese Triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 13–29. ISBN 0-313-30869-1.
- ^ a b c d e "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 4". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html#section_4. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Russell, Peter H.; O'Brien, David M. (2001). Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy: Critical Perspectives from around the World. University of Virginia Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8139-2016-0.
- ^ a b c "Basic Law, Chapter II". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_2.html. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi-ethnic States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–97. ISBN 978-0-521-78642-3.
- ^ "Decision of the National People's Congress on the Method for the Formation of the First Government and the First Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/attached_4.html. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 1". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html#section_1. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ "Amendment to Annex I to the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Method for the Selection of the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/images/Amendment_to_AnnexI.pdf.
- ^ Rioni, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. Nova Publishers. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-1-59033-237-5.
- ^ a b "Triennial Central Bank Survey: Report on global foreign exchange market activity in 2010". Monetary and Economic Department (Bank for International Settlements): 12. December 2010. http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfxf10t.pdf. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^ a b "Vertical Cities: Hong Kong/New York.". Time Out. 3 August 2008. http://www.timeout.com/newyork/kids/events/things-to-do/112841/2384561/vertical-cities. Retrieved 25 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Home page". Skyscraper Museum. 14 July 2008. http://www.skyscraper.org/home.htm. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Public Transport Introduction". Transport Department, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 7 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080707095241/http://www.td.gov.hk/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/introduction/index.htm. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
- ^ a b Lam, William H. K.; Bell, Michael G. H. (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-08-044206-8.
- ^ "World Competitiveness Yearbook 2006". Imd.ch. Archived from the original on 2007-03-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20070307173410/http://www.imd.ch/research/publications/wcy/upload/Overall+2006.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ "Global Competitiveness Report – Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking" (PDF). http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/gcr2006_rankings.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ "Business Competitiveness Index – BCI" (PDF). http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gcr_2006/BCI.pdf. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index". Transparency.org. http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2006. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ "World's Best Airports". Worldairportawards.com. http://www.worldairportawards.com. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ "Index of Economic Freedom". Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/index/Explore.aspx. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ^ Global Financial Centre Index[dead link]
- ^ "WHO: Life expectancy in Israel among highest in the world". Haaretz. May 2009. http://www.haaretz.com/news/who-life-expectancy-in-israel-among-highest-in-the-world-1.276618. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
- ^ "Table A.17". United Nations World Population Prospects, 2006 revision. UN. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
- ^ a b Room, Adrian (2005). Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company. p. 168. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. http://books.google.com/?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=hong+kong+etymology+fragrant+harbor. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ^ Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel (1997). China's Imperial Way. China Books and Periodicals. p. 218. ISBN 962-217-511-2. http://books.google.com/?id=1c0UyPNF_I0C&pg=PT216&lpg=PT216&dq=%22Heung+Gong+Tsai%22. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ^ Fairbank, John King (1953). Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 123–128. ISBN 978-0-8047-0648-3.
- ^ "The Trial Excavation at the Archaeological Site of Wong Tei Tung, Sham Chung, Hong Kong SAR". Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. http://www.hkarch.org/en_news.html. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "港現舊石器制造場 嶺南或為我發源地 [Paleolithic site appears in Hong Kong, Lingnan perhaps discovered our birthplace]" (in Chinese). People's Daily. 17 February 2006. http://scitech.people.com.cn/BIG5/53757/4115149.html. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ Tang, Chung (2005). "考古與香港尋根 [Archaeologist help find Hong Kong's Roots]" (in Chinese). New Asia Monthly (New Asia College) 32 (6): 6–8. http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/ccaa/linkfile/cuhk_uc.pdf. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ Li, Hui (2002). "百越遗传结构的一元二分迹象 [The genetic structure of Baiyue divide in half]" (in Chinese). Guangxi Ethnic Group Research 70 (4): 26–31. http://comonca.org.cn/LH/Doc/A07.pdf. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "2005 Field Archaeology on Sham Chung Site". Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. http://www.hkarch.org/en_news.html. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – New Territories". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_16.php. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "Characteristic Culture". Invest Nanhai. http://www.investnanhai.gov.cn/en/hj.asp. Retrieved 26 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. "地理志 [Treatise on geography]" (in Chinese). Book of Han. Volume 28. http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7028%E4%B8%8B. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
- ^ Peng, Quanmin (2001). "从考古材料看汉代深港社会 [Archaeological material from the Shenzhen-Hong Kong Society of Han]" (in Chinese). Relics From South. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_nfww200102008.aspx. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
- ^ Keat, Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 932. ISBN 1-57607-770-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA932. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ^ "Archaeological Background". Hong Kong Yearbook (Hong Kong Government) 21. 2005. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/21_02.htm. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
- ^ Siu Kwok-kin. "唐代及五代時期屯門在軍事及中外交通上的重要性 [The importance of Tuen Mun during Tang and Five Dynasties period for foreign traffic and military]" (in Chinese). From Sui to Ming (Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government): 40–45. http://www.edb.gov.hk/FileManager/TC/Content_3419/CH_S1-3_AV_12.doc. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ Sweeting, Anthony (1990). Education in Hong Kong, Pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and Opinion. Hong Kong University Press. p. 93. ISBN 962-209-258-6.
- ^ a b Barber, Nicola (2004). Hong Kong. Gareth Stevens. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8368-5198-4.
- ^ Porter, Jonathan (1996). Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. Westview Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8133-2836-2.
- ^ Edmonds, Richard L. (2002). China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-52403-2.
- ^ Hayes, James (1974). "The Hong Kong Region: Its Place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events Since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 14: 108–135. http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401283.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials". Hong Kong Museum of History. http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/History/download/the_hk_story_exhibition_materials_e.pdf. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ a b Discovery Channel guide. Insight Guide Hong Kong. American Psychological Association Publications. 2005 [1980]. p. 18. ISBN 981-258-246-0.
- ^ Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9.
- ^ Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1.
- ^ Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992). "Wu Tingfang (1842-1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history". Hong Kong University Press. p.8. ISBN 962-209-287-X
- ^ Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A-M. ABC-CLIO. p. 499. ISBN 0-313-34102-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA499&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong. Volume II: 1901–1945 (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. p. 148. ISBN 962-7283-13-4.
- ^ "History of Hong Kong". Global Times. 6 July 2010. http://www.globaltimes.cn/www/english/life/travel/chinamap/2010-07/548745.html. Retrieved 31 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Scott, Ian (1989). Political change and the crisis of legitimacy in Hong Kong. University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-1269-0.
- ^ L, Klemen (1999-2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 7 December 1941 – 11 December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/december2.html.
- ^ L, Klemen (1999-2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 25 December 1941 – 31 December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/december5.html.
- ^ Bradsher, Keith (17 April 2005). "Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/17/international/asia/17cnd-hong.html. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ^ Moore, Lynden (1985). The growth and structure of international trade since the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-521-46979-1. http://books.google.com/?id=cxxGJ7c10noC&pg=PA48&dq=textiles+growth+hong+kong&q=textiles%20growth%20hong%20kong. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ^ Wei, Shang-Jin (January 2000). "Why Does China Attract So Little Foreign Direct Investment?" (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. pp. 6–8. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c8501.pdf. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). International Monetary Fund. p. 54. ISBN 1-55775-672-4.
- ^ "Links between SARS, human genes discovered". People's Daily. 16 January 2004. http://english.people.com.cn/200401/16/eng20040116_132721.shtml. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ Lee, S. H. (2006). SARS in China and Hong Kong. Nova Publishers. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-1-59454-678-5.
- ^ "Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003". World Health Organization. 31 December 2003. http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index.html. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ "疫情衝擊香港經濟損失巨大 [The impact of economic losses in the great epidemic]" (in Chinese). BBC News. 28 May 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/chinese/news/newsid_2944000/29441642.stm. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ Yau, Cannix (11 March 2005). "Tung's gone. What next?". The Standard. http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=4513&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20050311&sear_year=2005. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Appointment of Chief Executive". GN(E) (Hong Kong Government). 21 June 2005. http://www.gld.gov.hk/cgi-bin/gld/egazette/gazettefiles.cgi?lang=e&extra=e&year=2005&month=06&day=21&vol=09&no=20&gn=51&header=1&acurrentpage=12&df=1&nt=gn&agree=1&gaz_type=mg&part=1&newfile=1&pid=. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Donald Tsang wins Chief Executive election". Hong Kong Government. 25 March 2007. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080526043407/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/070325/html/070325en01002.htm. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Chinese Taipei Wins God Medal in Men’s 400-Meter Relay". Kuomintang. 14 December 2009. http://www.kmt.org.tw/english/page.aspx?type=article&mnum=112&anum=7341. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit (2 January 2008). "Hong Kong politics: China sets reform timetable". The Economist. http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWPrintVW3&article_id=1222907707&printer=printer&rf=0. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
- ^ "Basic Law, Chapter VIII". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_8.html. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Chen, Wenmin; Fu, H. L.; Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Hong Kong's Constitutional Debate: Conflict Over Interpretation. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-962-209-509-0.
- ^ "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 6". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html#section_6. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ "Civil Service". Information Services Department, Hong Kong Government. June 2009. http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/civil_service.pdf. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
- ^ Burns, John P. (2004). Government Capacity and the Hong Kong Civil Service. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-590597-7.
- ^ "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 3". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html#section_3. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Madden, Frederick (2000). The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948. Pt. 1: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibralter, and the Falklands. Volume VIII: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 188–196. ISBN 978-0-313-29072-5.
- ^ Gaylord, Mark S.; Gittings, Danny; Traver, Harold (2009). Introduction to Crime, Law and Justice in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-962-209-978-4.
- ^ a b "Right of Abode in HKSAR—Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card". Immigration Department, Hong Kong Government. 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080119033446/http://www.immd.gov.hk/ehtml/hksarvepid.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ "Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue". Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. 10 May 1999. http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/reports/present_abode.html. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
- ^ Cohen, Warren I.; Li, Zhao (1997). Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 220–235. ISBN 978-0-521-62761-0.
- ^ Ming, Sing (August 2006). "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong". Journal of Contemporary China (Informa) 15 (48): 517–532. DOI:10.1080/10670560600736558.
- ^ "Public Consultation on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the Legislative Council in 2012". Hong Kong Government. 11 June 2010. http://www.cmab-cd2012.gov.hk/doc/consultation_document_en.pdf. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ Balfour, Frederik; Lui, Marco (25 June 2010). "Hong Kong Lawmakers Approve Tsang’s Election Plan". Businessweek. Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-25/hong-kong-lawmakers-approve-tsang-s-election-plan.html. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ^ a b c "The Legal System in Hong Kong". Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/legal/index.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ^ a b c Ash, Robert F. (2003). Hong Kong in Transition: One Country, Two Systems. Volume 11: RoutledgeCurzon Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Psychology Press. pp. 161–188. ISBN 978-0-415-29954-1.
- ^ a b "Introduction". Hong Kong Judiciary. http://www.judiciary.gov.hk/en/crt_services/pphlt/html/guide.htm. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
- ^ "About Us: Organisation chart of the Secretary for Justice's Office". Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/about/sjo.htm. Retrieved 5 September 2008.
- ^ "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 2". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_4.html#section_2. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Weisenhaus, Doreen; Cottrell, Jill; Yan, Mei Ning (2007). Hong Kong Media Law: A Guide for Journalists and Media Professionals. Hong Kong University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-962-209-808-4.
- ^ "Country Report 2009". Freedom House. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2009&country=7741. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ a b "2008 Human Rights Report: China (Hong Kong)". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100123204017/http://hongkong.usconsulate.gov/ushk_hr_2009022501.html. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ "Protest against HK rail link". The Straits Times. 17 January 2010. http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_478501.html. Retrieved 6 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ untitled
- ^ Yahoo[dead link]
- ^ "Sexual Orientation and Human Rights in Hong Kong". Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/PR/sexualorientationpaper.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
- ^ Barme, Geremie R.; Ye, Sang (1996-02-01). "The Great Firewall of China". Wired.com. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.06/china_pr.html. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "The Profile of Hong Kong Population Analysed by District, 2007". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 20 June 2008. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/products_and_services/products/publications/statistical_report/feature_articles/population/index_cd_B70806FC_dt_latest.jsp. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
- ^ "Hong Kong: Population, Area & Density by District Board District: 1999". Demographia. 2000. http://www.demographia.com/db-hkdbd99.htm. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
- ^ a b "Hong Kong – The Facts: District Administration". Hong Kong Government. http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/district_admin.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
- ^ "Mission". Home Affairs Department, Hong Kong Government. 30 June 2009. http://www.had.gov.hk/en/about_us/mission/mission.htm. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Huque, Ahmed Shafiqul; Lee, Grace O. M.; Cheung, Anthony (1998). The Civil Service in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 19. ISBN 962-209-458-9. http://books.google.com/?id=9Lqq7tp7n00C&pg=PA19&dq=governor+of+hong+kong+is+commander+in+chief. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
- ^ Rioni, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. Nova Publishers. pp. 154–163. ISBN 978-1-59033-237-5.
- ^ Morton, Brian; Harper, Elizabeth (1995). An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-962-209-388-1.
- ^ "2006 Population By-census". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. http://www.bycensus2006.gov.hk/FileManager/EN/Content_962/06bc_mainrpt_v1.pdf. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ "Tai Mo Shan Country Park". Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Government. 17 March 2006. http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_vis/cou_vis_cou/cou_vis_cou_tms/cou_vis_cou_tms.html. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
- ^ "Hong Kong". Olympic Council of Asia. http://www.ocasia.org/NOCS/NocCountries.aspx?Nocs=12. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ Geopark leaflet
- ^ "Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. November 2001. http://www.hktrader.net/200111/200104/200104s1.htm. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "HK harbour reclamation reprieve". BBC News. 9 January 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3381827.stm. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ Bradsher, Keith (5 November 2006). "Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/22/world/asia/22hongkong.html?ex=1332216000&en=d298556ccd753714&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ "Climate of Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. 4 May 2003. http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/climahk.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
- ^ "Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 27 February 2008. http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/products_and_services/products/publications/statistical_report/general_statistical_digest/index_cd_B1010006_dt_latest.jsp. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
- ^ "Extreme Values and Dates of Occurrence of Extremes of Meteorological Elements between 1884–1939 and 1947–2006 for Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/cis/extreme/mon_extreme_e.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ "Monthly Meteorological Normals for Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/cis/normal/1981_2010/normals_e.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
- ^ a b "End of an experiment". The Economist. 15 July 2010. http://www.economist.com/node/16591088. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ^ "Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year". Goverment of Hong Kong. 2012-01-12. http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201201/12/P201201120303.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-28.
- ^ "2008 Index of Economic Freedom". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201022352/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ "Top 10 Countries". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080124041217/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/topten.cfm. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ Bromma, Hubert (2007). How to Invest in Offshore Real Estate and Pay Little Or No Taxes. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-07-147009-4.
- ^ Preston, Peter Wallace; Haacke, Jürgen (2003). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. Psychology Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN 978-0-7007-1637-1.
- ^ Yeung, Rikkie (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. Hong Kong University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0.
- ^ "The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary". City of London. March 2007. p. 6. Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070605112931/http://www.zyen.com/Knowledge/Research/GFCI+1+March+2007+Executive+Summary.pdf. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
- ^ "World Federation of Exchanges – Statistics/Monthly". World Federation of Exchanges. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100821044315/http://www.world-exchanges.org/statistics/ytd-monthly. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Hong Kong IPOs May Raise Record $48 Billion in 2010, E&Y Says". Bloomberg. 21 December 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aI3U6ahtfIyo. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Hong Kong: A Symphony of Lights | Thomas White International". Thomaswhite.com. 2009-10-16. http://www.thomaswhite.com/explore-the-world/hong-kong.aspx. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
- ^ Hong Kong's Linked Exchange Rate System. Hong Kong Monetary Authority. p. 33. http://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/publication-and-research/background-briefs/hkmalin/full_e.pdf. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ^ Tsang, Donald (18 September 2006). "Big Market, Small Government" (Press release). Hong Kong Government. http://www.ceo.gov.hk/eng/press/oped.htm. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ^ "Hong Kong's Export Outlook for 2008: Maintaining Competitiveness through Supply Chain Management". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 6 December 2007. http://info.hktdc.com/econforum/tdc/tdc071201.htm. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ "HKDF – Has Hong Kong Lost its Competitiveness?". Hong Kong Democratic Foundation. http://www.hkdf.org/newsarticles.asp?show=newsarticles&newsarticle=126. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "About Hong Kong". Hong Kong Government. April 2006. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080119053435/http://www.info.gov.hk/info/hkbrief/eng/ahk.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ "The Panama Canal: A plan to unlock prosperity". The Economist. 3 December 2009. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15014282. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ Dhungana, Gita (29 December 2006). "Growth in exports defies predictions". The Standard. http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=1&art_id=34998&sid=11525347&con_type=1. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
- ^ Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, Hong Kong Government, March 2008
- ^ Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009: Addressing Triple Threats to Development. United Nations Publications. 2009. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-92-1-120577-0.
- ^ "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer. 29 June 2010. http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ "Global Wealth Continues Its Strong Recovery with $9 Trillion Gain, but Pressures on Wealth Managers Persist, Says Study by The Boston Consulting Group" (Press release). Finance Twitter. 31 May 2011. http://www.financetwitter.com/2011/06/top-twenty-countries-with-highest-proportion-of-millionaires.html.
- ^ "Explore Economies". World Bank. 2010. http://www.doingbusiness.org/ExploreEconomies/?economyid=43. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ Adam, Shamim (14 November 2010). "China to Exceed U.S. by 2020, Standard Chartered Says". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-14/china-to-exceed-u-s-by-2020-standard-chartered-says.html. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
- ^ "Hong Kong: The Facts – Population". Hong Kong Government. October 2009. http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/population.pdf. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ "Who is entitled to sponsor family members to come to live in Hong Kong? If I am a lawful resident of Hong Kong, can my family members in the Mainland (or elsewhere) apply to immigrate to Hong Kong?". Community Legal Information Centre. http://www.hkclic.org/en/topics/immigration/for_non_residents/q1.shtml. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Counting Expat Numbers a Complex Task (Hong Kong)". Global Auto Industry. July 2008. http://www.globalautoindustry.com/article.php?id=2764&jaar=2008&maand=7&target=China. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ International Labour Office (2009). Application of International Labour Standards 2009 (I). International Labour Organization. p. 640. ISBN 92-2-120634-3.
- ^ Westra, Nick (5 June 2007). "Hong Kong as a Cantonese speaking city". Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong. http://jmsc.hku.hk/hkstories/content/view/97/35/. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "ICE Hong Kong". University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/english-usage/ice/icehk.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ Yum, Cherry (2007). Which Chinese? Dialect Choice in Philadelphia’s Chinatown. Haverford College. http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/Linguistics/Papers08/Yum.pdf. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ "Hong Kong". Bmm.org. 1997-07-01. http://www.bmm.org/BMM/WhereWeServe/Asia/hongkong.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ a b "China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)". State.gov. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148863.htm#hong_kong. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ Carballo, Marita, RELIGION IN THE WORLD AT THE END OF THE MILLENNIUM, Gallup International Association, archived from the original on 20 Jul 2011, http://web.archive.org/web/20110720050317/http://www.gallup-international.com/ContentFiles/millennium15.asp, retrieved 11 May 2012
- ^ "Apostasy". Countdown.org. http://www.countdown.org/end/apostasy_04.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Do Hong Kong youth know how to practice safe sex?". Slidefinder.net. 2010-01-14. http://www.slidefinder.net/h/hong_kong_youth_know_practice/7539973. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Evolution wins out in Hong Kong curriculum dispute". Nature.com. http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090708/full/460163a.html. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Victory for Darwin – Creationism rejected in new guidelines on the biology curriculum | 香港獨立媒體". Inmediahk.net. http://www.inmediahk.net/node/1003730. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ a b "International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Hong Kong". United States Department of State. 2007. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90133.htm#hk. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
- ^ "Hong Kong Year Book (2006):Chapter 18 – Religion and Custom: Christianity". Hong Kong Government. 15 August 2007. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2006/en/18_06.htm. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
- ^ "Hong Kong China Temple". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. http://lds.org/temples/main/0,11204,1912-1-84-0,00.html. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
- ^ "2007 Report of Jehovah's Witnesses Worldwide". The Watchtower. http://www.watchtower.org/e/statistics/worldwide_report.htm. Retrieved 9 August 2008.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – Hong Kong". United States Department of State. 2006. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm#hongkong. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ^ Piboontanasawat, Nipa (23 October 2008). "Hong Kong Has Highest Income Disparity in Asia, UN Report Says". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a7.igvdrfs5g. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ "State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009" (Press release). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2009. http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/presskitsowc2008/PR%201.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ Subcommittee to Study the Subject of Combating Poverty. Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 23 June 2005. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr04-05/english/hc/sub_com/hs51/minutes/hs510623.pdf. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ "Policies in Assisting Low-income Employees". Commission on Poverty (Legislative Council of Hong Kong). 23 January 2006. http://www.legco.gov.hk/lcsearch/showdoc.htm?mylink=/search/marker?s=21&o=2&t=2&a=30&r=2&k=1,&g=0&PROPERTY=2;&MERGEFIELD=-&CODECONVERT=-&SORTFIELDS=-&SIM_START=1&SIM_NUM=10&REL_START=1&REL_NUM=10&LINK=-&REDIRECTTO=-&PATHLINK=-&p=%22gini%20coefficient%22&c=17,1&i=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legco.gov.hk%2Fyr04-05%2Fenglish%2Fhc%2Fsub_com%2Fhs51%2Fpapers%2Fhs510125cb2-cop1-e.pdf&j=5398&v=&n=&link=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legco.gov.hk%2Fyr04-05%2Fenglish%2Fhc%2Fsub_com%2Fhs51%2Fpapers%2Fhs510125cb2-cop1-e.pdf. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ Kwok Kwok-chuen (12 February 2007). Income Distribution of Hong Kong and the Gini Coefficient. Hong Kong Government. http://www.cop.gov.hk/eng/pdf/Income%20Distribution%20of%20HK%20and%20the%20Gini%20Coefficient.pdf. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ "母語教學小冊子 [Mother Tongue Instruction Handbook]" (in Chinese). Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?nodeID=1909&langno=2. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Policy for Secondary Schools -Medium of Instruction Policy for Secondary Schools". Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?nodeID=1901&langno=1. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. http://www.pisa.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_32252351_32236191_39718850_1_1_1_1,00.html. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
- ^ "Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary Education". Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. http://www.edb.gov.hk/index.aspx?nodeID=97&langno=1. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ^ a b Li, Arthur (18 May 2005). "Creating a better education system". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 3 Mar 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080303190339/http://www.news.gov.hk/en/category/ontherecord/050518/html/050518en11001.htm. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
- ^ "HKDSE". Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. 12 October 2010. http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/hkdse/. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
- ^ "QS World University Rankings™ Launches 2010 Research". Quacquarelli Symonds. 8 March 2010. http://www.topuniversities.com/articles/rankings/qs-world-university-rankings%E2%84%A2-launches-2010-research. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
- ^ "Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2009 – Top 200 world universities". Times Higher Education Supplement. Quacquarelli Symonds. 2008. http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/Rankings2009-Top200.html. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ a b "Top 200 Universities". Quacquarelli Symonds. 2009. http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
- ^ "Three of Top Five in Asian University Rankings". English.people.com.cn. 2011-05-23. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90782/7388523.html. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "Feng shui used in 90% of RP businesses". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 17 February 2009. http://globalnation.inquirer.net/propertyfocus/propertyfocus/view/20090217-189707/Feng-shui-used-in-90-of-RP-businesses. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-84519-172-6.
- ^ Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present. Hong Kong University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-962-209-605-9.
- ^ Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience. Volume 1. Hong Kong University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-962-209-787-2.
- ^ Stone, Andrew; Chow, Chung Wah; Ho, Reggie (15 January 2008). Hong Kong and Macau. Lonely Planet. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-74104-665-6.
- ^ a b "Hong Kong calls itself Asia's entertainment hub". Monsters and Critics. 23 March 2007. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/news/article_1281858.php/Hong_Kong_calls_itself_Asia_s_entertainment_hub.
- ^ Corliss, Richard (24 September 2001). "Hong Kong music circles the globe with its easy-listening hits and stars". Time. http://www.time.com/time/musicgoesglobal/asia/mcantopop.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "General Information". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2004-11-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20041116010450/http://www.heritagemuseum.gov.hk/english/gen_info.htm. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ "About the Museum". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 25 May 2010. http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Arts/english/aboutus/aboutus.html. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ "Broadcasting: Licences". Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, Hong Kong Government. http://www.cedb.gov.hk/ctb/eng/broad/licences.htm. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Li, Jinquan (2002). Global Media Spectacle: News War Over Hong Kong. State University of New York Press. pp. 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7914-5472-5.
- ^ Walker, Christopher; Cook, Sarah (12 October 2009). "China's Export of Censorship". Far Eastern Economic Review. http://www.feer.com/politics/2009/october54/Chinas-Export-of-Censorship. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ "Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Venue (Beas River & Shatin)". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. http://en.beijing2008.cn/venues/equ/index.shtml. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Macdonald, Phil (2006). National Geographic Traveler: Hong Kong (2nd ed.). National Geographic Society. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7922-5369-3.
- ^ "Most Active Cities in terms of High-rise Construction". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/ma/ci/. Retrieved 24 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Tong, C. O.; Wong, S. C. (August 1997). "The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development". Transportation 24 (3): 295–307. DOI:10.1023/A:1004987422746.
- ^ "World's Tallest Residential Towers". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/tp/ty/rs/. Retrieved 24 May 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "International Commerce Centre". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=101555. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
- ^ "Two International Finance Centre". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=2internationalfinancecentre-hongkong-china. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
- ^ "Emporis Skyline Ranking". Emporis. http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
- ^ "The world’s top 20 city skylines, CNNGo.com". http://www.cnngo.com/explorations/play/worlds-top-20-skylines-691351. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
- ^ "Best Skyline Poll". http://www.snappoll.com/view_results.php?poll_id=159740. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ^ Gramsbergen, Egbert; Paul Kazmierczak. "The World's Best Skylines". http://homepages.ipact.nl/~egram/skylines.html. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ^ "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Hong Kong Island". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_53.php. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Kowloon Island". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/monuments_43.php. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ Sinn, Elizabeth (1990). "Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 27: 30–31. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401608.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Tamar Development Project". Hong Kong Government. 23 April 2010. http://www.admwing.gov.hk/tamar/eng/background.htm. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Central Waterfront Design Competition". Designing Hong Kong. http://centralwaterfront.designinghongkong.com/index.php?lang=eng. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
- ^ "West Kowloon Cultural District Public Engagement Exercise". Home Affairs Bureau, Hong Kong Government. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20080411091817/http://www.hab.gov.hk/wkcd/pe/eng/intro.htm. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ^ "Kai Tak building height restrictions lifted". Hong Kong Government. 10 July 1998. http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199807/10/0710062.htm. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
- ^ "Octopus Card Information". Octopus Cards Limited. http://www.octopuscards.com/consumer/products/en/index.jsp. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
- ^ Poon, Simpson; Chau, Patrick (February 2001). "Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong". Electronic Markets (Informa) 11 (2): 97–106. DOI:10.1080/101967801300197016.
- ^ "Press Release: Government has reached understanding with MTRCL on the terms for merging the MTR and KCR systems". Hong Kong Government. 11 April 2006. http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/200604/11/P200604110236.htm. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
- ^ "Tourist Information". Mass Transit Railway. http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/whatsnew/tourist_intro.html. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
- ^ "The Company". Hong Kong Tramways. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080410081756/http://www.hktramways.com/en/company/index.html. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
- ^ Cullinane, S. (January 2002). "The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong". Transport Policy 9 (1): 29–39. DOI:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2.
- ^ Ng, Tze-wei (10 November 2006). "Not even HK's storied Star Ferry can face down developers". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/11/10/news/ferry.php. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ "Ferry is amongst the world's best". BBC News. 19 October 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/3755270.stm. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Liam. "Hong Kong: 10 Things to Do in 24 Hours". Time. http://www.time.com/time/travel/cityguide/article/0,31489,1850110_1850124_1850315,00.html. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ Cushman, Jennifer Wayne (1993). Fields from the sea: Chinese junk trade with Siam during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. SEAP Publications. p. 57. ISBN 0-87727-711-7.
- ^ "HIT:: Hongkong International Terminals". http://www.hit.com.hk/. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
- ^ Thomson, John (1873). Illustrations of China and Its People. Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle. p. 96.
- ^ Cavaliero, Eric (24 July 1997). "Grand old lady to turn 110". The Standard. http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=52189&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19970724&sear_year=1997. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). "Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses : A Stairway to Urban Heaven". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/06/style/06iht-trhk_ed2_.html?scp=7&sq=hong%20kong%20escalator%20System%20Stairway&st=cse. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ a b "About Us". Hong Kong International Airport. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070821101759/http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/aboutus/index.html. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
- ^ "International travellers have voted Hong Kong the best airport in the world". Skytrax. 8 August 2007. http://www.airlinequality.com/news/080807-Awards.htm. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
- ^ "Air Cargo and Aviation Logistic Services". Hong Kong International Airport. p. 1. http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/pdf/business/about-the-airport/air-cargo/AirCargo_brochure.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Endacott, G. B (1964). An Eastern Entrepot;: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong. Her Majesty's Stationary Office. p. 293. ASIN B0007J07G6.
- Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8.
- Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
- Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
- Ngo, Tak-Wing (1 August 1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
- Tsang, Steve (1995). Government and Politics: A Documentary History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 312. ISBN 962-209-392-2.
- Tsang, Steve (4 September 2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
- Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.
External links[link]
| Find more about Hong Kong on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Hong Kong at Encyclopædia Britannica
- HongKong at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Hong Kong at the Open Directory Project
- Wikimedia Atlas of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong travel guide from Wikitravel
- WikiSatellite view of Hong Kong at WikiMapia
- Key Development Forecasts for Hong Kong from International Futures
- Government
- Discover Hong Kong – Official site of the Hong Kong Tourism Board
 |
 Guangzhou / Pearl River |
Shenzhen |
Shanwei |
|
| Zhuhai / Pearl River |
 |
South China Sea | ||
 Hong Kong East |
||||
 |
||||
 Macau / Pearl River |
South China Sea | South China Sea |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Hong_Kong
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Hongkong
http://es.wn.com/Hong Kong
http://ru.wn.com/Гонконг
http://cs.wn.com/Hongkong
http://pt.wn.com/Hong Kong
http://pl.wn.com/Hongkong
http://hi.wn.com/हांगकांग
http://it.wn.com/Hong Kong
http://id.wn.com/Hong Kong
http://nl.wn.com/Hongkong
http://fr.wn.com/Hong Kong
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tom Waits | |
|---|---|
 Waits during an interview in Buenos Aires, Argentina, April 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Thomas Alan Waits |
| Born | (1949-12-07) December 7, 1949 (age 62) Pomona, California, United States |
| Genres | Rock, experimental |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, actor, composer |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, guitar |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Labels | Asylum Records, Island Records, ANTI- |
| Website | Official website |
Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer, and actor. Waits has a distinctive voice, described by critic Daniel Durchholz as sounding "like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car."[1] With this trademark growl, his incorporation of pre-rock music styles such as blues, jazz, and vaudeville, and experimental tendencies verging on industrial music,[2] Waits has built up a distinctive musical persona. He has worked as a composer for movies and musical plays and has acted in supporting roles in films including Paradise Alley and Bram Stoker's Dracula; he also starred in the 1986 film Down by Law. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his soundtrack work on One from the Heart.
Lyrically, Waits' songs frequently present atmospheric portrayals of grotesque, often seedy characters and places—although he has also shown a penchant for more conventional ballads. He has a cult following and has influenced subsequent songwriters despite having little radio or music video support. His songs are best-known through cover versions by more commercial artists: "Jersey Girl", performed by Bruce Springsteen, "Ol' '55", performed by the Eagles, and "Downtown Train", performed by Rod Stewart. Although Waits' albums have met with mixed commercial success in his native United States, they have occasionally achieved gold album sales status in other countries. He has been nominated for a number of major music awards and has won Grammy Awards for two albums, Bone Machine and Mule Variations. In 2011, Waits was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[3][4]
Waits lives in Sonoma County, California with his wife, Kathleen Brennan, and three children.
Contents |
Origins and musical beginnings[link]
Waits was born at Park Avenue Hospital in Pomona, California to Jesse Frank Waits and Alma Johnson McMurray, both schoolteachers.[5][6] His father was of Scots-Irish descent and his mother was a Norwegian American. After Waits' parents divorced in 1960, he lived with his mother in Whittier, and then moved to National City, in San Diego County, near the Mexico–United States border.[6] Waits, who taught himself how to play the piano on a neighbor's instrument, often took trips to Mexico with his father, who taught Spanish; he would later say that he found his love of music during these trips through a Mexican ballad that was "probably a Ranchera, you know, on the car radio with my dad."[7]
By 1965, while attending Hilltop High School within the Sweetwater Union High School District, Chula Vista,[6] Waits was playing in an R&B/soul band called The Systems and had begun his first job at Napoleone Pizza House in National City (about which he would later sing on "I Can't Wait to Get Off Work (And See My Baby on Montgomery Avenue)" from Small Change and "The Ghosts of Saturday Night (After Hours at Napoleone's Pizza House)" on The Heart of Saturday Night).[5] He later admitted that he was not a fan of the 1960s music scene, stating, "I wasn't thrilled by Blue Cheer, so I found an alternative, even if it was Bing Crosby."[8] Five years later, he was working as a doorman at the Heritage nightclub in San Diego—where artists of every genre performed—when he did his first paid gig for $6.[5] A fan of Bob Dylan, Lord Buckley, Jack Kerouac, Louis Armstrong, Howlin' Wolf, and Charles Bukowski, Waits began developing his own idiosyncratic musical style.
After serving with the United States Coast Guard,[9] he took his newly formed act to Monday nights at The Troubadour in Los Angeles, where musicians would line up all day for the opportunity to perform on stage that night. In 1971, Waits moved to the Echo Park neighborhood of L.A. (at the time, also home to musicians Glenn Frey of the Eagles, J. D. Souther, Jackson Browne, and Frank Zappa) and signed with Herb Cohen at the age of 21. From August to December 1971, Waits made a series of demo recordings for Cohen's Bizarre/Straight label, including many songs for which he would later become known. These early tracks were released twenty years later on The Early Years, Volume One and Volume Two.
1970s[link]
Waits signed to Asylum Records in 1972,[10] and after numerous abortive recording sessions, his first record—the jazzy, folk-tinged Closing Time—was released in 1973. The album, which was produced and arranged by former Lovin' Spoonful member Jerry Yester, received positive reviews, but Waits did not gain widespread attention until a number of the album's tracks were covered by more prominent artists. Later in 1973, Tim Buckley released the album Sefronia, which contained a cover version of Waits' song "Martha" from Closing Time, the first-ever cover of a Tom Waits song by a known artist.[11] This cover later appeared in the 1995 compilation Step Right Up: The Songs of Tom Waits. The album's opening track, "Ol' '55", was recorded by the Eagles in 1974 for their On the Border album.[11]
He began touring and opening for such artists as Charlie Rich, Martha and the Vandellas, and Frank Zappa. Waits received increasing critical acclaim and gathered a loyal cult following with his subsequent albums. The Heart of Saturday Night (1974), featuring the song "(Looking for) The Heart of Saturday Night", revealed Waits's roots as a nightclub performer, with half-spoken and half-crooned ballads often accompanied by a jazz backup band.[12] Waits described the album as:
...a comprehensive study of a number of aspects of this search for the center of Saturday night, which Jack Kerouac relentlessly chased from one end of this country to the other, and I've attempted to scoop up a few diamonds of this magic that I see.[13]
In 1975, Waits moved to the Tropicana Motel on Santa Monica Boulevard[14] and released the double album Nighthawks at the Diner, recorded in a studio with a small audience in order to capture the ambience of a live show. The record exemplifies this phase of his career, including the lengthy spoken interludes between songs that punctuated his live act. That year, he also contributed backing vocals to Bonnie Raitt's "Your Sweet and Shiny Eyes", from her album Home Plate.
By this time, Waits was drinking heavily, and life on the road was starting to take its toll. Waits, looking back at the period, has said,
I was sick through that whole period [...] It was starting to wear on me, all the touring. I'd been traveling quite a bit, living in hotels, eating bad food, drinking a lot — too much. There's a lifestyle that's there before you arrive and you're introduced to it. It's unavoidable.[15]
In reaction to these hardships, Waits recorded Small Change (1976), which finds him in a much more cynical and pessimistic mood, lyrically, with many songs such as "The Piano Has Been Drinking (Not Me) (An Evening with Pete King)" and "Bad Liver and a Broken Heart (In Lowell)". With the album, Waits asserted that he "tried to resolve a few things as far as this cocktail lounge, maudlin, crying-in-your-beer image that I have. There ain't nothin' funny about a drunk [...] I was really starting to believe that there was something amusing and wonderfully American about being a drunk. I ended up telling myself to cut that shit out."[16] The album, which also included long-time fan favorite "Tom Traubert's Blues (Four Sheets to the Wind in Copenhagen)", featured famed drummer Shelly Manne and was, like his previous albums, heavily influenced by jazz.
Small Change, which was accompanied by the double A-side single "Step Right Up"/"The Piano Has Been Drinking", was a critical and commercial success and far outsold any of Waits's previous albums. With it, Waits broke onto Billboard's Top 100 Albums chart for the first time in his career (a feat Waits would not repeat until 1999 with the release of Mule Variations).[17] This resulted in a much higher public profile, which brought with it interviews and articles in Time, Newsweek, and Vogue. Waits put together a regular touring band, The Nocturnal Emissions, which featured Frank Vicari on tenor saxophone, Fitzgerald Jenkins on bass guitar, and Chip White on drums and vibraphone. Tom Waits and the Nocturnal Emissions toured the United States and Europe extensively from October 1976 until May 1977,[17] including a performance of "The Piano Has Been Drinking" on cult BBC2 television music show the Old Grey Whistle Test in May 1976.[18]
Foreign Affairs (1977) was musically in a similar vein to Small Change, but showed further artistic refinement and exploration into jazz and blues styles. Particularly noteworthy is the long cinematic spoken-word piece, "Potter's Field", set to an orchestral score. The album also features Bette Midler singing a duet with Waits on "I Never Talk to Strangers." The album Blue Valentine (1978) displayed Waits's biggest musical departure to date, with much more focus on electric guitar and keyboards than on previous albums and hardly any strings (with the exception of album-opener "Somewhere" — a cover of Leonard Bernstein's song from West Side Story — and "Kentucky Avenue") for a darker, more blues-oriented sound. The song "Blue Valentines" was also unique for Waits in that it featured a desolate arrangement of solo electric guitar played by Ray Crawford, accompanied by Waits' vocal. Around this time, Waits had a relationship with Rickie Lee Jones[citation needed] (who appears on the sleeve art of the Blue Valentine album). In 1978, Waits also appeared in his first film role, in Paradise Alley as Mumbles the pianist, and contributed the original compositions "(Meet Me in) Paradise Alley" and "Annie's Back in Town" to the film's soundtrack.[19]
Heartattack and Vine, Waits's last studio album for Asylum, was released in 1980, featuring a developing sound that included both ballads ("Jersey Girl") and rougher-edged rhythm and blues. The same year, he began a long working relationship with Francis Ford Coppola, who asked Waits to provide music for his film One from the Heart. For Coppola's film, Waits originally wanted to work with Bette Midler; she was unavailable due to prior engagements, however. Waits ended up working with singer/songwriter Crystal Gayle as his vocal foil for the album.
1980s[link]
In August 1980, Waits married Kathleen Brennan, a screenwriter, whom he had met while working on the set of the Francis Ford Coppola movie One from the Heart. Brennan is regularly credited as co-author of many songs in his later albums, and Waits often cites her as a major influence on his work. She introduced him to the music of Captain Beefheart. Despite having shared a manager with Beefheart in the 1970s, Waits says, "I became more acquainted with him when I got married."[20] Waits would later describe his relationship with Brennan as a paradigm shift in his musical development. After leaving Asylum, the label released the first Tom Waits "Best of" album in 1981, a collection called Bounced Checks, notable for including an alternate, stripped down version of "Jersey Girl" and the otherwise unreleased "Mr. Henry", as well as an alternate master of "Whistlin' Past the Graveyard" and a live performance of "The Piano Has Been Drinking". During this period, Waits appeared in a series of minor movie roles, including a cameo role in Wolfen (1981) as an inebriated piano player, and his song "Jitterbug Boy" also appeared on the movie's soundtrack. One from the Heart received its official theatrical release in 1982, with Waits appearing in a cameo as a trumpet player as well as receiving an Oscar nomination for Original Song Score (eventually losing out to Victor Victoria, by Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse). This marked the first in a series of collaborations between Waits and Coppola, with Waits appearing in cameos in Coppola's movies The Outsiders (1983), Rumble Fish (1983), and The Cotton Club (1984), and a major role in Bram Stoker's Dracula. Waits also contributed two songs to the documentary Streetwise (1984), "Rat's Theme" and "Take Care of All My Children".
After leaving Asylum for Island Records, Waits released Swordfishtrombones in 1983, a record that marked a sharp turn in his musical direction. While Waits had before played either piano or guitar, he now gravitated towards less common instruments, saying, "Your hands are like dogs, going to the same places they've been. You have to be careful when playing is no longer in the mind but in the fingers, going to happy places. You have to break them of their habits or you don't explore; you only play what is confident and pleasing. I'm learning to break those habits by playing instruments I know absolutely nothing about, like a bassoon or a waterphone."[21] Swordfishtrombones also introduced instruments such as bagpipes ("Town with No Cheer") and marimba ("Shore Leave") to Waits' repertoire, as well as pump organs, percussion (sometimes reminiscent of the music of Harry Partch), horn sections (often featuring Ralph Carney playing in the style of brass bands or soul music), experimental guitar, and obsolete instruments (many of Waits' albums have featured a damaged, unpredictable Chamberlin, and more recent albums have included the little-used Stroh violin).
His songwriting shifted as well, moving away from the traditional piano-and-strings ballad sound of his 1970s output towards a number of styles largely ignored in pop music, including primal blues, cabaret stylings, rumbas, theatrical approaches in the style of Kurt Weill, tango music, early country music and European folk music as well as the Tin Pan Alley-era songs that influenced his early output. He also recorded a spoken word piece, "Frank's Wild Years", influenced by Ken Nordine's "word jazz" records of the 1950s. Apart from Captain Beefheart and some of Dr. John's early output, there was little precedent in popular music.
Waits's new emphasis on experimenting with various styles and instrumentation continued on 1985's Rain Dogs, a sprawling, 19-song collection which received glowing reviews (the album was ranked #21 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 greatest albums of the 1980s. In 2003, the album was ranked number 397 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.) Contributions from guitarists Marc Ribot, Robert Quine, and Keith Richards accompanied Waits' move away from piano-based songs, in juxtaposition with an increased emphasis on instruments such as marimba, accordion, double bass, trombone, and banjo. The album also spawned the 12" single "Downtown Train/Tango Till They're Sore/Jockey Full of Bourbon", with Jean Baptiste Mondino filming a promotional music video for "Downtown Train" (which would later become a hit for Rod Stewart), featuring a cameo from boxing legend Jake LaMotta. The album peaked at #188 on Billboard's Top 200 albums chart; however, its reputation has come to far outshine low initial sales.
Franks Wild Years, a musical play by Waits and Brennan, was staged as an Off-Broadway musical in 1986, directed by Gary Sinise,[22] in a successful run at Chicago's famed Steppenwolf Theater. Waits himself played the lead role. Waits developed his acting career with several supporting roles and a lead role in Jim Jarmusch's Down by Law in 1986, which also featured two of Waits's songs from Rain Dogs in the soundtrack. In the same year, Waits also contributed vocals to the song "Harlem Shuffle" on The Rolling Stones' album Dirty Work.[23]
In 1987, he released Franks Wild Years (subtitled "Un Operachi Romantico in Two Acts"), which included studio versions from Waits' play of the same name. Rolling Stone summed up the album's myriad styles this way: "Everything from sleazy strip-show blues to cheesy waltzes to supercilious lounge lizardry is given spare, jarring arrangements using various combinations of squawking horns, bashed drums, plucked banjo, snaky double bass, carnival organ and jaunty accordion."[24] Waits also continued to further his acting career with a supporting role as Rudy the Kraut in Ironweed (an adaptation of William Kennedy's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel) alongside Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep, in which Waits performed the song "Big Rock Candy Mountain", as well as a part in Robert Frank's Candy Mountain, in which Waits also performed "Once More Before I Go." In 1988, Waits performed in Big Time, a surreal concert movie and soundtrack which he cowrote with his wife.
In 1989, Waits appeared in his final theatrical stage role to date, appearing as Curly in Thomas Babe's Demon Wine, alongside Bill Pullman, Philip Baker Hall, Carol Kane, and Bud Cort. The play opened at the Los Angeles Theater Center in February 1989 to mixed reviews, although Waits' performance was singled out by a number of critics, including John C. Mahoney, who described it as "mesmerizing."[25] Waits finished the decade with appearances in three movies: as the voice of a radio DJ in Jim Jarmusch's Mystery Train; as Kenny the Hitman in Robert Dornhelm's Cold Feet; and the lead role of Punch & Judy man Silva in Bearskin: An Urban Fairytale. His only musical output of the year consisted of contributing his cover of Phil Phillips' "Sea of Love" to the soundtrack of the Al Pacino movie of the same name[26] and contributing vocals to The Replacements song "Date to Church", which appeared as a B-side to their single "I'll Be You".
1990s[link]
The Black Rider: The Casting of the Magic Bullets—a theatrical collaboration of Waits, director Robert Wilson, and writer William S. Burroughs—premiered at Hamburg's Thalia Theatre on March 31, 1990. The project was based on a German folktale called Der Freischütz, with Wilson responsible for the design and direction, Burroughs for writing the book, and Waits for music and lyrics, which were heavily influenced by the works of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill.[27] In the same year, Waits contributed a cover of Cole Porter's "It's All Right with Me" to Red Hot + Blue, the first in the series of compilation albums from the Red Hot Organization — one of the first major AIDS benefits in the music business—which sold over a million copies worldwide. Jim Jarmusch directed a promotional music video for the song.[28] Waits also collaborated with photographer Sylvia Plachy in the same year; her book Sylvia Plachy's Unguided Tour includes a short Waits record to accompany the photographs and text.
The following year, Waits was extremely busy working on movie soundtracks, acting, and contributing to a number of music projects by other artists. First, Waits appeared on the Primus album Sailing the Seas of Cheese as the voice of "Tommy the Cat", which exposed him to a new audience in alternative rock. This was the first of several collaborations between Waits and the group; Frontman Les Claypool would appear on several subsequent Waits releases. The same year saw Waits provide spoken word contributions to Devout Catalyst, an album by one of Waits' greatest influences, Ken Nordine, on the songs "A Thousand Bing Bangs" and "The Movie." Waits also contributed vocals to a duet with singer Bob Forrest on the song "Adios Lounge" on the Thelonious Monster album Beautiful Mess. He also contributed vocals to two songs ("Little Man" and "I'm Not Your Fool Anymore") on jazz tenor saxophonist Teddy Edwards' album Mississippi Lad. Edwards was extremely complimentary of Waits' contributions, saying:
Tom Waits is the one who got me my contract [sic] with PolyGram. He's wonderful, he's America's best lyricist since Johnny Mercer. He came down to the studio on the Mississippi Lad album, that's the first one I did for PolyGram, and he sang two of my songs, wouldn't accept any money, just trying to give me the best boost that he could.[29]
The only collection of exclusively Waits-performed material of 1991 appeared when Waits composed and conducted the almost exclusively instrumental music for Jim Jarmusch's 1991 film Night on Earth, which was released as an album the following year. In July 1991, Screamin' Jay Hawkins released the album Black Music for White People, which features covers of two Waits compositions: "Heartattack & Vine" (which later that year was used in a European Levi's advertisement without Waits' permission, resulting in a lawsuit) and "Ice Cream Man". Waits continued to appear in movie acting roles, the most significant of which was his uncredited cameo as a disabled veteran in Terry Gilliam's The Fisher King. He also appeared alongside Kevin Bacon, John Malkovich, and Jamie Lee Curtis in Steve Rash's Queens Logic, and opposite Tom Berenger and Kathy Bates in Hector Babenco's film At Play in the Fields of the Lord, adapted from Peter Matthiessen's 1965 novel.
Bone Machine, Waits's first studio album in five years, was released in 1992. The stark record featured a great deal of percussion and guitar (with little piano or sax), marking another change in Waits' sound. Critic Steve Huey calls it "perhaps Tom Waits's most cohesive album... a morbid, sinister nightmare, one that applied the quirks of his experimental '80s classics to stunningly evocative—and often harrowing—effect... Waits' most affecting and powerful recording, even if it isn't his most accessible."[30] Bone Machine was awarded a Grammy in the Best Alternative Album category. On December 19, 1992 Alice, Waits's second theatrical project with Robert Wilson, premiered at the Thalia Theatre in Hamburg. Paul Schmidt adapted the text from the works of Lewis Carroll (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, in particular), with songs by Waits and Kathleen Brennan presented as intersections with the text rather than as expansions of the story, as would be the case in conventional musical theater. These songs would be recorded by Waits as a studio album 10 years later on Alice.[31] 1992 also saw Waits featuring in Francis Ford Coppola's film Bram Stoker's Dracula, as the possessed lunatic Renfield.
In 1993, he released The Black Rider, which contained studio versions of the songs that Waits had written for the musical of the same name three years previously, with the exceptions of "Chase the Clouds Away" and "In the Morning", which appeared in the theatrical production but not on the studio album. William S. Burroughs also guests on vocals on "'Tain't No Sin". In the same year, Waits lent his vocals to Gavin Bryars' 75-minute reworking of his 1971 classical music piece Jesus' Blood Never Failed Me Yet; appeared in Robert Altman's film version of Raymond Carver's stories Short Cuts and Jim Jarmusch's Coffee and Cigarettes: Somewhere in California, a short black-and-white movie with Iggy Pop; and his third child, Sullivan, was born. In 1997, Waits and Brennan wrote and performed the music for Bunny the animated short film by 20th Century Fox's Blue Sky Studios, which was awarded Best Animated Short Film by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.
In 1995, Holly Cole released Temptation, a tribute album consisting entirely of Waits covers.
Another Waits cover was released in 1996, as Meat Loaf covered Martha for his concept album Welcome to the Neighborhood.
In 1998, after Island Records released the compilation Beautiful Maladies: The Island Years, Waits left the label for Epitaph, whose president, Andy Kaulkin, said the label was "...blown away that Tom would even consider us. We are huge fans."[32] Waits himself was full of praise for the label, saying "Epitaph is rare for being owned and operated by musicians. They have good taste and a load of enthusiasm, plus they're nice people. And they gave me a brand-new Cadillac, of course."[32]
Waits's first album on his new label, Mule Variations, was issued in 1999. Billboard described the album as musically melding "backwoods blues, skewed gospel, and unruly art stomp into a sublime piece of junkyard sound sculpture."[33] The album was Waits' first release to feature a turntablist. The album won a Grammy in 2000; as an indicator of how difficult it is to classify Waits's music, he was nominated simultaneously for Best Contemporary Folk Album (which he won) and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance (for the song "Hold On"), both different from the genre for which he won his previous Grammy. The album was also his highest-charting album in the U.S. to date, reaching #30.
The same year, Waits made a foray into producing music for other artists, teaming up with his old friend Chuck E. Weiss to coproduce (with his wife, Kathleen Brennan) Extremely Cool, as well as appearing on the record as a guest vocalist and guitarist. He also contributed a cover of Skip Spence's "Books of Moses" to More Oar: A Tribute to the Skip Spence Album, a collection of covers of the singer's songs on Birdman Records.[26] The same year, Waits appeared in the comedy Mystery Men.
2000s[link]
John Hammond's Wicked Grin, a collection of Waits cover songs, was released in 2001. Waits appears on most songs, playing guitar, piano, and/or offering backing vocals. The album also includes the traditional hymn "I Know I've Been Changed", performed as a duet by Hammond and Waits.
Tori Amos included a cover of the song "Time", from Rain Dogs on her 2001 album Strange Little Girls.
In 2002, Waits simultaneously released two albums, Alice and Blood Money. Both collections had been written almost 10 years previously and were based on theatrical collaborations with Robert Wilson; the former a musical play about Lewis Carroll, and the latter an interpretation of Georg Büchner's play fragment Woyzeck. Both albums revisit the tango, Tin Pan Alley, and spoken-word influences of Swordfishtrombones, while the lyrics are both profoundly cynical and melancholic, exemplified by "Misery is the River of the World" and "Everything Goes to Hell." "Diamond in Your Mind", which Waits wrote for Wilson's Woyzeck, did not appear on Blood Money; however, it did emerge on Solomon Burke's album Don't Give Up on Me of the same year. While Waits has played the song live a number of times,[34][35] an official version would not be released until 2007. The same year, Waits contributed a version of "The Return of Jackie and Judy"[26] by The Ramones to the compilation album We're a Happy Family: A Tribute to Ramones, which was released in 2003 on Columbia Records. That same year, Waits was also a judge for the 2nd annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.[36] Waits was also a judge for the 10th annual Independent Music Awards.[36]
Waits released Real Gone, his first nontheatrical studio album since Mule Variations, in 2004. It is Waits's only album to date to feature absolutely no piano on any of its tracks. Waits beatboxes on the opening track, "Top of the Hill", and most of the album's songs begin with Waits's "vocal percussion" improvisations. It is also more rock-oriented, with less blues influence than he has previously demonstrated. The same year, Waits contributed backing vocals to the track "Go Tell It on the Mountain" on the Grammy Award (Best Traditional Gospel Album)-winning album of the same name by The Blind Boys of Alabama. He also contributed a version of Daniel Johnston's "King Kong"[26] to the tribute album The Late Great Daniel Johnston: Discovered Covered, released on Gammon Records.
At this time, Waits made a return to acting after a five-year break, marked at first by the re-release of his 1993 Jim Jarmusch-directed short Coffee and Cigarettes: Somewhere in California, costarring Iggy Pop, compiled in Coffee and Cigarettes. In 2005, Waits appeared in the Tony Scott film Domino as a soothsayer. In the same year, Waits appeared as himself in Roberto Benigni's romantic comedy La Tigre e la Neve, set in occupied Baghdad during the Iraq War. In the movie, Waits appears in a dream scene as himself, singing the ballad "You Can Never Hold Back Spring"[26] and accompanying himself at the piano.
A 54-song three-disc box set of rarities, unreleased tracks, and brand-new compositions called Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards was released in November 2006. The three discs are subdivided relating to their content: "Brawlers" features Waits's more upbeat rock and blues songs; "Bawlers", his ballads and love songs; and "Bastards", songs that fit in neither category, including a number of spoken-word tracks. A video for the song "Lie to Me" was produced as a promotion for the collection. Orphans also continues Waits's newfound interest in politics with "Road to Peace", a song about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The album is also notable for containing a number of covers of songs by other artists, including The Ramones ("The Return of Jackie and Judy" and "Danny Says"), Daniel Johnston ("King Kong"), Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht ("What Keeps Mankind Alive"), and Leadbelly ("Ain't Goin' Down to the Well" and "Goodnight Irene"), as well as renditions of works by poets and authors admired by Waits, such as Charles Bukowski and Jack Kerouac and a previously released duet with Mark Linkous of Sparklehorse entitled "Dog Door". Waits' albums Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards and Alice are both included in metacritic.com's list of the "Top 200: Best-Reviewed Albums"[37] since 2000 at #10 and #20, respectively (as of November 2009). The same years, Waits appeared on Sparklehorse's album Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain, playing piano on the track "Morning Hollow."
Five different versions of Waits's song "Way Down in the Hole" have been used as the opening theme songs for the HBO television show The Wire. Waits's own version, from Frank's Wild Years, was used for season two. The other versions used for the series were performed by, in season order, The Blind Boys of Alabama, The Neville Brothers, "DoMaJe" and Steve Earle.
Waits made a number of high-profile television and concert appearances between 2006 and 2010. In November 2006, Waits appeared on The Daily Show and performed "The Day After Tomorrow." This was significant for his having been only the third performing guest on the show, the first being Tenacious D and the second The White Stripes. On May 4, 2007, Waits performed "Lucinda" and "Ain't Goin' Down to the Well" from Orphans on the last show of a week Late Night with Conan O'Brien spent in San Francisco. There was a short interview after the last performance. Waits also played in the Bridge School Benefit on October 27–28, 2007 with Kronos Quartet.
On July 10, 2007, Waits released the download-only digital single "Diamond In Your Mind". The version of the song was recorded with Kronos Quartet, with Greg Cohen, Philip Glass, and The Dalai Lama at the benefit concert "Healing The Divide: A Concert for Peace and Reconciliation" at Avery Fisher Hall, recorded on September 21, 2003.
Waits's song "Trampled Rose" (from Real Gone) appeared on the critically acclaimed album Raising Sand, a collaboration between Robert Plant and Alison Krauss. Waits also provided guest vocals on the song "Pray" by fellow ANTI- artists The Book of Knots on their album Traineater.[38]
He played the role of Kneller in the film Wristcutters: A Love Story, which opened in November 2007.
On January 22, 2008, Waits made a rare live appearance in Los Angeles, performing at a benefit for Bet Tzedek Legal Services—The House of Justice, a nonprofit poverty law center.[39]
On May 7, 2008, Waits announced the Glitter and Doom Tour starting in June 2008, touring cities in the southern United States and subsequently announced a series of dates in the UK, Ireland and mainland Europe.[40] Waits was awarded the key to the city of El Paso, Texas during a concert on June 20, 2008.[41] In his generally positive review of the opening show of the tour, The Wall Street Journal critic Jim Fusilli described Waits' music thus:
The 58-year-old Mr. Waits ... has composed a body of work that's at least comparable to any songwriter's in pop today. A keen, sensitive and sympathetic chronicler of the adrift and downtrodden, Mr. Waits creates three-dimensional characters who, even in their confusion and despair, are capable of insight and startling points of view. Their stories are accompanied by music that's unlike any other in pop history.[42]
On May 20, 2008 Scarlett Johansson's debut album, entitled Anywhere I Lay My Head, featured covers of ten Tom Waits songs. Waits made an appearance on the album The Spirit of Apollo by alternative hip hop project N.A.S.A., on the track "Spacious Thoughts."
Waits wrote the following introduction for the Tompkins Square compilation People Take Warning – Murder Ballads & Disaster Songs, 1913–1938:
In the late 1920's and early 1930's, the Depression gripped the Nation. It was a time when songs were tools for living. A whole community would turn out to mourn the loss of a member and to sow their songs like seeds. This collection is a wild garden grown from those seeds.
In late 2009, Terry Gilliam's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus was released, with Waits in the role of Mr. Nick.[43][44] Production began in December 2007 in London.[45] Star Heath Ledger's death in January 2008 cast doubt on the film's future, but the production was salvaged with the addition of new actors playing his character in scenes he did not complete.[46]
2010s[link]
Waits played the role of "The Engineer" in the film The Book of Eli, opposite Denzel Washington, which opened in January 2010.
He is working on a new stage musical with director and long-time collaborator Robert Wilson and playwright Martin McDonagh.[47]
In early 2011, Tom Waits completed a set of 23 poems entitled Seeds on Hard Ground, which were inspired by Michael O'Brien's portraits of the homeless in his upcoming book, Hard Ground, which will include the poems alongside the portraits. In anticipation of the book release, Waits and Anti- printed limited edition chapbooks of the poems to raise money for Redwood Empire Food Bank, a homeless referral and family support service in Sonoma County, California. As of January 26, 2011, four editions, each limited to a thousand copies costing $24.99US each, sold out, raising $90,000 for the food bank.[48]
It was announced on February 9, 2011, that Waits was to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Neil Young. The ceremony was held at the Waldorf-Astoria on Monday, March 14, 2011, at 8:30pm EST.[49] Waits accepted the award with his customary humor, stating, "They say I have no hits and that I'm difficult to work with... like it's a bad thing."[50]
On February 24, 2011, it was announced via Waits' official website that he has begun work on his next studio album.[51]
Waits said through his website that on August 23 he would "set the record straight" in regards to rumors of a new release.[52] On August 23, the title of the new album was revealed to be Bad as Me,[53] and a new single, also titled "Bad as Me," started being offered via Amazon.com and other sites.[54] The album was released on October 24.
Waits appears on the songs "Fadin' Moon" and "Ghost to a Ghost" on Hank Williams III's 2011 album Ghost to a Ghost/Gutter Town.
Lawsuits[link]
Waits has steadfastly refused to allow the use of his songs in commercials and has joked about other artists who do (commenting "If Michael Jackson wants to work for Pepsi, why doesn't he just get himself a suit and an office in their headquarters and be done with it?"). He has filed several lawsuits against advertisers who used his material without permission. He has been quoted as saying, "Apparently, the highest compliment our culture grants artists nowadays is to be in an ad — ideally, naked and purring on the hood of a new car", he said in a statement, referring to the Mercury Cougar. "I have adamantly and repeatedly refused this dubious honor."
Waits filed his first lawsuit in 1988 against Frito-Lay. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed an award of $2.375 million in his favor (Waits v. Frito-Lay, 978 F. 2d 1093 (9th Cir. 1992)).[55] Frito-Lay had approached Waits to use one of his songs in an advertisement. Waits declined the offer, and Frito-Lay hired a Waits soundalike to sing a jingle similar to Small Change's "Step Right Up", which is, ironically, a song Waits has called "an indictment of advertising". Waits won the lawsuit, becoming one of the first artists to successfully sue a company for using an impersonator without permission.
In 1993, Levi's used Screamin' Jay Hawkins' version of Waits' "Heartattack and Vine" in a commercial. Waits sued, and Levi's agreed to cease all use of the song and offered a full page apology in Billboard.[56] Waits found himself in a situation similar to his earlier one with Frito Lay in 2000 when Audi approached him, asking to use "Innocent When You Dream" (from Franks Wild Years) for a commercial broadcast in Spain. Waits declined, but the commercial ultimately featured music very similar to that song. Waits undertook legal action, and a Spanish court recognized that there had been a violation of Waits's moral rights in addition to the infringement of copyright. The production company, Tandem Campany Guasch, was ordered to pay compensation to Waits through his Spanish publisher. Waits was later quoted as jokingly saying the company got the name of the song wrong, thinking it was called "Innocent When You Scheme".[57]
In 2005, Waits sued Adam Opel AG, claiming that, after having failed to sign him to sing in their Scandinavian commercials, they had hired a sound-alike singer. In 2007, the suit was settled, and Waits gave the sum to charity.[58]
Waits has also filed a lawsuit unrelated to his music. He was arrested in 1977 outside Duke's Tropicana Coffee Shop in Los Angeles. Waits and a friend were trying to stop some men from bullying other patrons. The men were plainclothes police, and Waits and his friend were taken into custody and charged with disturbing the peace. The jury found Waits not guilty; he took the police department to court and was awarded $7,500 compensation.[59]
Discography and filmography[link]
Main article: Tom Waits discography
Tours[link]
- 1973: Closing Time touring
- 1974–1975: The Heart of Saturday Night touring
- 1975–1976: Small Change touring
- 1977: Foreign Affairs touring
- 1978–1979: Blue Valentine touring
- 1980–1982: Heartattack and Vine touring
- 1985: Rain Dogs touring
- 1987: Big Time touring
- 1999: Get Behind the Mule Tour
- 2004: Real Gone Tour
- 2006: The Orphans Tour
- 2008: Glitter and Doom Tour[60]
Further reading[link]
- Humphries, Patrick (2007). The Many Lives of Tom Waits. Omnibus. ISBN 1-84449-585-X.
- Jacobs, Jay S. (2006). Wild Years The Music and Myth of Tom Waits. ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-716-5.
- Montandon, Mac (ed.) (2006). Innocent When You Dream: Tom Waits – The Collected Interviews. Orion. ISBN 0-7528-7394-6.
- Hoskyns, Barney (2009). Lowside of the Road: A Life of Tom Waits. Faber and Faber.
- Smay, David (2007). Swordfishtrombones. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-2782-0.
References[link]
- ^ Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel. Musichound Rock: The Essential Album Guide. Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-8256-7256-2.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis. "Tom Waits live at the Hammersmith Apollo, London review". The Guardian newspaper. http://arts.guardian.co.uk/reviews/story/0,11712,1358433,00.html. Retrieved 2001-11-23.
- ^ Lyons, Margaret (2010-12-15) "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2011 inductees include Neil Diamond, Alice Cooper: who else made the cut?", Entertainment Weekly.com. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ McCall, Tris (2010-12-15) "Full list of 2011 inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced", The Star-Ledger. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ a b c Montadon, Mac, "Timeline and Discography" in Innocent When You Dream, p.385
- ^ a b c "Tom Waits Timeline: 1949–1975". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/timeline1949-1975.html. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
- ^ Wilonsky, Robert, "The Variations of Tom Waits", in Montandon, Innocent When You dream, p.213
- ^ "Tom Waits Quotes: Influences and favourites". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/quotes-influences.html. Retrieved 2001-11-23.
- ^ "Coast Guard History: Frequently Asked Questions: What celebrities or other famous persons once served in or were associated with the Coast Guard?". Uscg.mil. 2009-10-28. http://www.uscg.mil/history/faqs/celeb.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ McGee, David, Smellin' Like a Brewery, Lookin' Like a Tramp, in Montandon, Innocent When you Dream, p.27
- ^ a b "Tom Waits Discography: Covers & Tributes: 1949–1975". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/discography-covers.html. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ In his press release for the album (Montandon, p. 4), Waits outlined the album's musical influences as being Mose Allison, Thelonious Monk, Randy Newman, George Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Ray Charles, Stephen Foster, and Frank Sinatra.
- ^ Waits, Tom The Heart of Saturday Night Press release in Montandon, Mac Innocent When You Dream, p. 4
- ^ Montandon, Mav, Timeline and Discography in Innocent When You Dream, p.386
- ^ McGee, David (1977), Smellin' Like a Brewery, Lookin' Like a Tramp, in Montandon, p.29
- ^ McGee, David (1977), Smellin' Like a Brewery, Lookin' Like a Tramp, in Montandon, p. 30
- ^ a b "Tom Waits Time line: 1976–1980". http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/timeline1976-1980.html. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
- ^ Waits would return to the show in 1977 ("Small Change" and "Tom Traubert's Blues"), '79 ("Burma Shave"), and '85 ("16 Shells from a 30.06" and "Cemetery Polka") "Tom Waits Filmography as Performer". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/filmography-performer.html.
- ^ "Paradise Alley Original Soundtrack". Soundtrack Collector. http://www.soundtrackcollector.com/catalog/soundtrackdetail.php?movieid=7627. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ "Tom Waits interviews". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/interviews.html. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ "Tom Waits's instruments". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/instruments-main.html. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ "Frank's Wild Years credits". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/frankswildyears-credits.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ McPherson, Ian. "Harlem Shuffle". http://www.timeisonourside.com/SOHarlem.html. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
- ^ "Franks Wild Years review". Rolling Stone Magazine. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/tomwaits/albums/album/165414/review/5944333/franks_wild_years.
- ^ "Demon Wine: Introduction". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/demonwine-introduction.html. Retrieved 2007-01-07.
- ^ a b c d e This song would later be collected on 2006's Orphans: Brawlers, Bawlers & Bastards.
- ^ "Wills, D. 'Modern Beats: Tom Waits', in Wills, D. (ed.) Beatdom Vol. 3 (Mauling Press: Dundee, 2007) p. ????". Beatdom.com. http://www.beatdom.com/?p=620. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Tom Waits – "It's Alright With Me" promotional video". YouTube. http://youtube.com/watch?v=iwyHFyKQ8XE.
- ^ "Tom Waits Timeline 1991–1995". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/timeline1991-1995.html.
- ^ Huey, Steve. "Bone Machine review". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r58488. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "Alice in Wonderland: The Robert Wilson and Tom Waits Adaptation". Alice in Wonderland. http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/tauspace/theatre_wilson.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ a b Bambarger, Bradley, "Tom Waits Joins Indie Epitaph for Mule Set", in Monanton, Innocent When You Dream, p.209
- ^ Bambarger, Bradley, Tom Waits Joins Indie Epitaph for Mule Set, in Monanton, Innocent When You Dream, p.207
- ^ "Second Bridge School Benefit show setlist, October 28, 2007". The Eyeball Kid. http://eyeballkid.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
- ^ "Preaching to the Bridge School Choir". Press Democrat. http://beck.blogs.pressdemocrat.com/10239/preaching-to-the-bridge-school-choir/?pa=all&tc=pgall. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- ^ a b "Independent Music Awards – Past Judges". Independentmusicawards.com. http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/pastjudges.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Top 200: Best-Reviewed Albums on Metacritic". metacritic.com. http://www.metacritic.com/music/bests/. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "The Book Of Knots Traineater". ANTI-. 2007-03-20. http://www.anti.com/catalog/view/73/Traineater. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
- ^ "Tom Waits to perform 3 songs at benefit for Bet Tzedek Legal Services-The House Or Justice". Anti.com. http://www.anti.com/news/index/419/TOM_WAITS_TO_PERFORM_3_SONGS_AT_BENEFIT_FOR_BET_TZEDEK_LEGAL_SERVICESTHE_HOUSE_OF_JUSTICE. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Tom Waits On-Sale Information – WITH EUROPEAN DATES". Antilabelblog.com. 2008-05-07. http://www.antilabelblog.com/?p=246. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ Doug Pullen (2008-06-21). "Tom Waits bears soul, receives key to the city". El Paso Times. http://www.elpasotimes.com/entertainment/ci_9658466. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
- ^ Jim Fusili (2008-07-03). "Tom Waits in Concert: Gruff Yet Tender". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121503939521824567.html?mod=2_1168_1. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
- ^ Stubbs, Phill. "The Imaginarium of Dr. Parnassus". Dreams. http://www.smart.co.uk/dreams/parnprev.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Shawn Adler (2007-11-15). "Ledger A Big Joker When It Comes To New Gilliam Film". MTV. http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/11/15/ledger-a-big-joker-when-it-comes-to-new-gilliam-film/. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ "Gilliam, Ledger reteam for film". Variety. 2007-10-31. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975156.html?categoryid=1236&cs=1. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
- ^ "Moriarty" (2008-02-15). "AICN EXCLUSIVE! We Know Who's Paying Tribute To Heath Ledger In DR. PARNASSUS Now!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/35623. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ^ "New Musical From Tom Waits On The Horizon". Anti Records. 2010-02-02. http://www.antilabelblog.com/?p=2257. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ "UPDATED Tom Waits Seeds On Hard Ground Chap Book For Charity". tomwaits.com. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/archive/201101/. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ "Tom Waits To Be Inducted Into Hall Of Fame By Neil Young". tomwaits.com. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/129/Tom_Waits_To_Be_Inducted_Into_Hall_Of_Fame_By_Neil_Young/. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ "Neil Diamond joins Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". BBC News. 2011-03-15. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12744306.
- ^ "Tom Waits working on new studio album". tomwaits.com. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/130/Tom_Waits/. Retrieved 2011-02-24.
- ^ "Tom Waits Sets the Rumors Straight". 2011-08-16. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/150/Tom_Waits_Sets_the_Rumors_Straight/. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ "Tom Waits Private Listening Party!". 2011-08-23. http://www.tomwaits.com/news/article/153/Tom_Waits_Private_Listening_Party/. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ "New Tom Waits single: Bad as Me". 2011-08-15. http://eyeballkid.blogspot.com/2011/08/new-tom-waits-single-bad-as-me.html. Retrieved 2011-08-29.
- ^ "Microsoft Word - Waits v. Frito-Lay Inc. _1992_.doc" (PDF). http://markroesler.com/pdf/caselaw/Waits%20v.%20Frito-Lay%20Inc.%20_1992_.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-27.
- ^ "Tom Waits's Levis Copyright case". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/copyright-levis.html. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
- ^ "Tom Waits wins advert mimic case". BBC News. 2006-01-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4629274.stm. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
- ^ "Waits settles in 'imitation' case". London: BBC News. 2007-01-27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6305403.stm. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "Waits and the cops". Tom Waits Library. http://www.tomwaitslibrary.com/thecops.html. Retrieved 2007-11-24.
- ^ "Tom Waits Press Conference announcement". ANTI.com. 2008-05-02. http://www.anti.com/news/index/489/Tom_Waits_Press_Conference_announcement. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tom Waits |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Tom Waits |
- Official website
- Tom Waits at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Tom Waits in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Discography at the Tom Waits Library
- Interview with Amanda Petrusich, Pitchfork Media, November 27, 2006
- Interview with Jon Stewart, The Daily Show, November 28, 2006
- Tom Waits at NPR Music, contains interviews
- Tom Waits on Twitter
- Interview with Tim Adams, The Guardian, October 23, 2011
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Waits, Tom |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American musician |
| Date of birth | December 7, 1949 |
| Place of birth | Pomona, California |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Tom_Waits
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://cs.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://id.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://es.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://ru.wn.com/Уэйтс, Том
http://nl.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://pl.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://fr.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://de.wn.com/Tom Waits
http://pt.wn.com/Tom Waits
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Lady Gaga | |
|---|---|
 Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta |
| Born | (1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance, electronic |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope |
| Website |
 Lady Gaga's signature |
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.
Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.
Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[2][3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.[4]
Contents |
Biography[link]
1986–2004: Early life[link]
Lady Gaga was born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28, 1986 in New York City to parents Cynthia (née Bissett) and Joseph Germanotta, an Internet entrepreneur.[5][6] Descending from Italian and more distant French-Canadian roots, Gaga is the elder of two children.[7][8] Her sister, Natali, a fashion student, was born in 1992.[9][10] Despite her seemingly affluent upbringing in the family home in Manhattan's Upper West Side, Gaga has stressed that she did not come from a wealthy background, stating that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father."[11][12]
From the age of 11, Gaga – who was raised Roman Catholic – attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side.[13][14][15] She described her academic life in high school as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure": "I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak."[16][17] Acquaintances dispute that she did not fit in at school. "She had a core group of friends; she was a good student. She liked boys a lot, but singing was No. 1," recalled a former high school classmate.[18] Gaga began playing the piano at the age of 4, went on to write her first piano ballad at 13, and started to perform at open mike nights by the age of 14.[19][20] Her passion for musical theatre brought her lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.[21] She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell" in addition to unsuccessfully auditioning for parts in New York shows.[11][22]
When her time at the Convent of the Sacred Heart came to an end, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theatre training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.[11] After becoming one of twenty students to gain early admission, she eventually lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street by the age of 17.[21] CAP21 prepared her for her future career focus in "music, art, sex and celebrity" where, in addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.[20][23][24] With CAP21, she also tried out for and won auditions, including the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.[11][25] But Gaga felt more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said.
2005–07: Career beginnings[link]
Gaga withdrew from CAP21 at 19, in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career.[26] Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, on the condition that she re-enroll at Tisch if unsuccessful. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she remembers.[21] Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying the children's book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey.[11][27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckham and booking manager Frank Fredericks – in September of that year.[11][21] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er".[11] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village's The Bitter End and the Lower East Side's the Mercury Lounge, the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis.[11] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis' studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue (both 2005) at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.[21]
SGBand reached their career peak at the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June where Wendy Starland, a musician, appeared as a talent scout for music producer Rob Fusari. Starland informed Fusari – who was searching for a female singer to front a new band – of Gaga's ability and contacted her. With SGBand disbanded, Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with the music producer.[11] While in collaboration, Fusari compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.[28] It was Fusari who helped create the moniker Gaga after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Gaga was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read "Lady Gaga."[29] He explained, "Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'. That was her entrance song" and that the text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed "radio" to "lady". She texted back, "That's it," and declared, "Don't ever call me Stefani again."[29][30] The New York Post, however, has reported that this story is incorrect, and that the name resulted from a marketing meeting.[18]
Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon set up a company titled Team Lovechild in which they recorded and produced electropop tracks and sent them to music industry bosses.[11] Joshua Sarubin, the head of A&R at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and vied for the record company to take a chance on her "unusual and provocative" performance. After having his boss Antonio "L.A." Reid in agreement, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006 with the intention of having an album ready in nine months.[11] However, she was dropped by the label after only three months – an unfortunate period of her life that would later inspire her treatment for the music video for her 2011 single "Marry the Night".[31][32] Devastated, Gaga returned to the solace of the family home for Christmas and the nightlife culture of the Lower East Side.[11]
She became increasingly experimental: fascinating herself with emerging neo-burlesque shows, go-go dancing at bars dressed in little more than a bikini in addition to experimenting with drugs.[11][14] Her father, however, did not understand the reason behind her drug intake and could not look at her for several months.[14][30] "I was onstage in a thong, with a fringe hanging over my ass thinking that had covered it, lighting hairsprays on fire, go-go dancing to Black Sabbath and singing songs about oral sex. The kids would scream and cheer and then we'd all go grab a beer. It represented freedom to me. I went to a Catholic school but it was on the New York underground that I found myself."[23] It was then when she became romantically involved with a heavy metal drummer in a relationship and break-up she likened to the musical film Grease: "I was his Sandy, and he was my Danny, and I just broke." He later became an inspiration behind some of her later songs.[33]
During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her on-stage persona.[34] Starlight explained that, upon their first meeting, Gaga wanted to perform with her to songs she had recorded with Fusari. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and, billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts.[35][36] Soon after, the two were invited to play at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival in August that year.[37] The show was critically acclaimed, and their performance received positive reviews.[20][35] Having initially focused on avant-garde electronic dance music, Gaga had found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music.[38]
While Gaga and Starlight were busy performing, producer Rob Fusari continued to work on the songs he had created with Gaga. Fusari sent these songs to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert.[39] Herbert was quick to sign her to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007.[40] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her, adding "I really feel like we made pop history, and we're gonna keep going."[39] Having served as an apprentice songwriter under an internship at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV.[41] As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears and labelmates New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls.[41] At Interscope, singer-songwriter Akon recognized her vocal abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.[42] Akon then convinced Interscope-Geffen-A&M Chairman and CEO Jimmy Iovine to form a joint deal by having her also sign with his own label Kon Live, making her his "franchise player."[31][43]
As 2007 came to a close, her former management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.[44] The first song she produced with RedOne was "Boys Boys Boys", a mash-up inspired by Mötley Crüe's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and AC/DC's "T.N.T.".[30][44] Gaga continued her collaboration with RedOne in the recording studio for a week on her debut album and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum, after co-writing four songs with Kierszenbaum including the singles "Christmas Tree" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)".[41] Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too "racy", "dance-orientated" and "underground" for the mainstream market. Her response: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."[15]
[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster
By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album and set up her own creative team Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.[30][45] The Fame was first released on August 19, 2008 to slow radio play. Gaga supported it by performing around Europe and in small gay clubs around the US in addition to being billed as a supporting artist on the North American leg of New Kids on the Block's reunion concert tour.[46][47] A sleeper hit, lead single "Just Dance" had preceded the album's release by four months but only hit the summit of the international charts in January 2009, provoking the instant success of the album, earning her first Grammy Award nomination (for Best Dance Recording) and becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide.[46][48] Gaga achieved a greater unexpected success when "Poker Face", another sleeper hit, reached number one in most major music markets worldwide in early 2009, selling 9.8 million singles worldwide.[49][50] The follow-up single won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards over nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.
The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronica Album at the same ceremony.[51] Contemporary critics lauded the album, describing it as an exploration of her obsession with fame and the intricacies of a rich and famous lifestyle, noting its combination of genres "from Def Leppard drums and hand claps to metal drums on urban tracks", the inspiration drawn from 1980s synthpop and incorporation of dance music with clear hooks.[31] The Fame went to number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK and appeared in the top five in Australia, the US and 15 other countries.[52][53] It also stayed atop the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 106 non-consecutive weeks and, since its release, has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[54] The album's success spawned many 2009 honors including Billboard magazine's Rising Star award and the accumulation of 3 of 9 MTV Video Music Awards nominations, winning Best New Artist with the video for her single "Paparazzi" gaining Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.[55][56] In addition to being an opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour during the first half of 2009 in Europe and Oceania, she also embarked on her own six-month critically appreciated worldwide concert tour The Fame Ball Tour which ran from March to September 2009.[57][58]
While she traveled the globe, she wrote The Fame Monster, an EP of eight songs released in November 2009. Each song, dealing with the darker side of fame from personal experience, is expressed through a monster metaphor. Making Gaga the first artist in digital history to have three singles (alongside "Just Dance" and "Poker Face") to pass the four million mark in digital sales, its lead single "Bad Romance" topped the charts in eighteen countries and reached the top two in the US, Australia and New Zealand while accruing the Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video.[59] The second single "Telephone", which features singer Beyoncé, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and became Gaga's fourth UK number one single; its accompanying music video, although controversial, received positive reception from contemporary critics who praised her for "the musicality and showmanship of Michael Jackson and the powerful sexuality and provocative instincts of Madonna."[60][61] Her following single "Alejandro" paired Gaga with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video similarly as controversial – critics complimented its ideas and dark nature but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her alleged use of blasphemy.[62] Despite the controversy surrounding her music videos, they made Gaga the first artist to gain over one billion viral views on video-sharing website YouTube.[63] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won 8 of her 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for "Bad Romance" (with "Telephone" also nominated), which made her the first female artist to be nominated twice for the award.[64][65] In addition, The Fame Monster garnered a total of six nominations at the 53rd Grammy Awards – equating to the amount of Grammy nominations her debut received – winning Best Pop Vocal Album and earning her a second-consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.[66][67]
The success of the album allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after the release of The Fame Monster and months after having finished The Fame Ball Tour.[68] Upon finishing in May 2011, the critically acclaimed and commercially accomplished tour ran for over one and a half years and grossed $227.4 million, making it one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time and the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist.[69] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. The special accrued one of its five Emmy Award nominations and has since been released on DVD and Blu-ray.[70] Gaga also performed songs from the album at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance where she sang "Speechless", a power ballad, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II; the 52nd Grammy Awards where her opening performance consisted of the song "Poker Face" and a piano duet of "Speechless" in a medley of "Your Song" with Elton John; and the 2010 BRIT Awards where a performance of an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" followed by "Dance in the Dark" dedicated to the late fashion designer and close friend, Alexander McQueen, supplemented her hat-trick win at the awards ceremony.[71] Other performances may have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena. "I was actually asked to open for Michael on his tour," she stated. "We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage."[72]
In 2009 she collaborated with consumer electronic company Monster Cable Products to create a pair of in-ear jewel-encrusted headphones titled Heartbeats. "They are designed to be the first ever fashion accessories that double as the absolute best sonically sounding headphones in the world," she commented.[73] Gaga also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their Creative Director.[74] Excited about "blending the iconic history of Polaroid and instant film with the digital era," Gaga unveiled the first trio of new products called Grey Label: a pair of picture-taking sunglasses, a paperback-sized mobile printing unit and an updated version of the traditional Polaroid camera at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.[75] But her collaboration with past producer Rob Fusari led to her production team, Mermaid Music LLC, being sued in March 2010 when he claimed that he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings. Gaga's lawyer, Charles Ortner, described the agreement with Fusari as "unlawful" and declined to comment, but five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a countersuit by Gaga.[76][77] In addition to such strife, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms. The revelations caused considerable dismay among fans, leading to Gaga addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King, saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[78][79]
[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way
Gaga released her second studio album and third major release, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Described as a marriage of electronic music with metal, rock 'n' roll, pop and anthemic style melodies with sledge-hammering dance beats and referred to as an album "about what what keeps us up at night and what makes us afraid," Gaga characterized it as "something so much deeper than a wig or lipstick or a fucking meat dress" and, upon hearing it, Akon remarked that she is taking music to the "next level."[80][81] Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its range of different styles and her vocals.[82][83] Born This Way sold 1.108 million copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than 20 other countries.[84] In addition to exceeding 8 million copies in worldwide sales, Born This Way received 3 Grammy Award nominations, including her third consecutive for Album of the Year.[85]
In the months prior to its unveiling, Gaga released the singles "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory" alongside promotional single "Hair". The eponymous lead single, first sung live at the 53rd Grammy Awards in a performance that saw Gaga emerge from an egg-like vessel, deals with self-acceptance regardless of race or sexual orientation. The single debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 19th number-one debut and the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.[86] It sold more than 3 million digital copies in the US by October 2011, becoming her eighth consecutive single to exceed sales of 2 million and, with worldwide sales of 8.2 million copies by November 2011, one of her five best-selling singles worldwide.[87] Critics noted artistic and cultural references and praised the concept of the song's accompanying music video, in which Gaga gives birth to a new race amidst surrealistic images.[88][89] The video for "Judas", in which Gaga portrays Mary Magdalene, and Biblical figures such as Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot are also featured, was criticized for its religious references but received acclaim for its overall delivery and praise from others who claimed that there was nothing offensive about it.[90] "Judas" also peaked within the top ten in several major musical markets, while "The Edge of Glory", first a commercial success in digital outlets, was later released as a single to critical appreciation, accompanied by a video which was notably stripped down from her usually "extravagant" efforts.[91][92] She released "You and I" and "Marry the Night" as the following singles from Born This Way. Although their "crazy and ambitious" videos were praised for their audacity, both songs failed to match the similar international success that their predecessors achieved.[93]
Gaga continued her musical endeavors by pairing with veteran artists like Tony Bennett to record a jazz version of "The Lady Is a Tramp".[94] She also recorded a duet with Cher on a "massive" and "beautiful" track, which Gaga "wrote a long time ago, and I've never put it on one of my own albums for, really, no particular reason."[95] Gaga also lent her vocals to an original duet with Elton John for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet. The song, "Hello, Hello", was released without Gaga's vocals but the duet version features in the film.[96][97] She also continued her live appearances throughout 2011, performing a one-of-a-kind concert at the Sydney Town Hall on July 13 in promotion of Born This Way and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday, wearing a blond wig as a nod to the famous performance of Marilyn Monroe for John F. Kennedy and changing the lyrics to "You and I" specifically for the performance.[98] Televised appearances comprised her own Thanksgiving Day television special entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving which was critically lauded, attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth extended play A Very Gaga Holiday.[99] Her second performance on Saturday Night Live saw her singing a selection of Born This Way songs alongside appearing in number of sketches with Justin Timberlake and Andy Samberg.[100] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing $25,353,039 dollars, which includes sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.[4]
In early 2012, Gaga stated that songs for a new album were "beginning to flourish" as she worked with producer Fernando Garibay, while the accompanying tour for Born This Way was materializing.[101][102] Gaga's manager, Vincent Herbert, revealed that Gaga will is working on her upcoming album during the tour, stating that the material is "insane, great records."[103] The Born This Way Ball Tour began on April 27, 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.[104] The tour was met with protests from several religious groups who denounced the tour as satanic and against religious values, resulting in protests mainly from the Islamic Defenders Front, causing a cancellation in the Indonesian city of Jakarta, where Gaga was denied a license to perform. The concert however was still in question as concert promoters were optimistic that the performance will in fact go on. However, due to threats of violence from Muslim hardliners, Gaga decided to cancel the concert although 52,000 tickets have sold out in just a few days.[105][106][107] On May 20, 2012, Gaga guest-starred on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons entitled "Lisa Goes Gaga".[108]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Gaga's parents, who exposed her to artists like The Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin and Elton John had significant influence on her childhood and, presently, still do.[109] "I am a real family girl. When it comes to love and loyalty, I am very old-fashioned. And I am quite down-to-earth for such an eccentric person," she insists.[110] "I'm quite traditional in the family sense. I've always been that way."[109] According to Gaga, Joanne Germanotta – her aunt who died of lupus aged 19 – lives on through her and inspires all of her music and art.[111] Joanne's date of death is tattooed on Gaga's body and, despite dying 12 years before her birth, Gaga commented, "I really believe I have two hearts. I think I actually carry two souls in my body, and that I'm living out the rest of her life and her goodness – she died a virgin, she died never having experienced all these things that we all get to love and experience in our lives."[112] Another spiritual influence on Gaga has been the Indian physician, public speaker and writer Deepak Chopra. Labeling him a "true inspiration", she stated that "he's always reminded me to work in a life of service to my fans and to fulfill my vision and my destiny" in addition to thinking about Chopra when it comes to her work as a musician: "I want so much for it to go beyond the music for my fans."[113]
Musically, Gaga takes influence from numerous musicians from dance-pop singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Queen whilst employing the theatrics of artists like Andy Warhol and of her musical theatre roots in performance.[31][114][115] The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name [...] Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music," she commented.[18][114][116] Gaga receives regular comparisons to recording artist Madonna who admits that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.[117] In response to the comparisons, Gaga stated, "I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionize pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago" in addition to commenting that "there is really no one that is a more adoring and loving Madonna fan than me. I am the hugest fan personally and professionally."[114][118] Like Madonna, Gaga has continued to reinvent herself and, over the years of her career, has drawn musical inspiration from a diverse mix of artists including Whitney Houston, Grace Jones, Cyndi Lauper, Blondie singer Debbie Harry, Scissor Sisters, Prince, Marilyn Manson, Yoko Ono, and Britney Spears.[119]
 |
 |
|
|
Gaga has been influenced by a wide-range of artists as to which she has played homages to, including Madonna (left) and Bruce Springsteen. (Right)
|
||
Gaga has mentioned Spears in several interviews, and revealed, "Britney certainly doesn’t need any freakin’ tips from me! Britney Spears is the queen of pop. I was learning from her."[120] Gaga also paid tribute to Spears during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, adding that the pop singer "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[121]
Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and has been stylistically compared to English eccentrics Leigh Bowery and Isabella Blow and to American recording artist Cher.[14][26][110][122] She commented that "as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own."[122] She has considered Donatella Versace her muse and the late British fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that "I miss Lee every time I get dressed" while channeling him in some of her work.[14][78] Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.[123] Her adoration of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."[6] "When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion. For me, it's everything coming together and being a real story that will bring back the super-fan. I want to bring that back. I want the imagery to be so strong that fans will want to eat and taste and lick every part of us."[26] The Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.[124] Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream."[125] Gaga made her runway debut at Thierry Mugler's Paris fashion show in March 2011 where she wore items from Nicola Formichetti's debut women's wear collection.[126] In June of the same year, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award for Fashion Icon.[127] Time Magazine placed Gaga on their "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List" amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and the The Beatles, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."[128] She has since devoted her time as a fashion columnist for V magazine, where she has written about her creative process, her studying of the world of pop culture, and her ability to tune into the evolution of pop-culture meme.[129]
In August 2011 she sent to her 15 millions followers that she had at that time on Twitter, a quote about creativity from the book "Creativity"[130] by Osho,[131] which led journalists, on October 28, of the same year, on her arrival to India for the inauguration of a big Formula One motorsport event,[132] to ask her about her connection to him, to which Gaga said she was influenced by his work and that for her, "the creativity is the greatest way of rebellion": "Equality", she concluded, "is one of the most important things in my life".[133]
Musical style[link]
 |
A 30-second sample of Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" featuring the chorus sung by Lady Gaga and Colby O'Donis in the range of B3 to C♯, backed by a synth marching beat. The song became her first international hit single and sold 7.7 million copies worldwide.
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Continually experimenting with new musical ideas and images, Gaga's musical and performance style is the subject of much analysis and scrutiny from critics. She professes that she is "liberating" herself by constantly reinventing her sound and image, insisting that she has been drawn to such a practice since her childhood.[134] Vocally, Gaga possesses the range of a contralto and exhibits "overwhelming expression, instinctive vocal phrasing, '80s rock reminiscent chest belts and animalistic vocal ticks" while being able to move through 2.4 octaves.[135][136] Refusing to lip sync, Gaga – whose range is frequently compared to those of Madonna and Gwen Stefani – has manipulated her vocal style over the course of her career yet considers Born This Way (2011) "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of."[137][138] In summation of her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."[139]
Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "[Gaga] does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace."[140] She admits that her songwriting has been misinterpreted; her friend and blogger Perez Hilton articulated her message in a clearer way: "you write really deep intelligent lyrics with shallow concepts." Gaga opined, "Perez is very intelligent and clearly listened to my record from beginning to end, and he is correct."[141] "I love songwriting. It's so funny – I will just jam around in my underwear or I could be washing my dishes. I wrote several songs just at the piano," she confesses.[141] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played at a piano and still sound like a hit."[142] She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting like love, sex, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom and individualism.[143][144]
The structure of her music is said to echo classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop.[145] Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert "in combining music, fashion, art and technology, [Gaga] evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now" and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws "obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in [her] girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats."[146][147] Music critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats."[148] The follow-up The Fame Monster (2009), saw Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q" while Born This Way (2011) also draws on the records of her childhood and still has the "electro-sleaze beats and Eurodisco chorus chants" of its predecessor but includes genres as diverse as opera, heavy metal, disco, and rock and roll.[143] "There isn't a subtle moment on the album, but even at its nuttiest, the music is full of wide-awake emotional details," wrote Rolling Stone, who concluded: "The more excessive Gaga gets, the more honest she sounds."[144]
Music videos and performances[link]
With constant costume changes, backup dancers, and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.[149] "Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way," she professes.[149] Exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, "the three central themes that shape Lady Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power."[150] "Vaudevillian and carnal, Lady Gaga has got the knack of sending rape-like fantasies—in songs and videos that double as catch club hits—to the top of the charts," wrote one critic.[151] "Whether it is physical violence or sexual exploitation, these videos offer vivid depictions of male power over women's bodies," wrote another.[150] While she labels herself "a little bit of a feminist" (she rejects man-hating feminism) and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women,"[151] Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in.[150] She also attempts to liberate her fans so they can feel "less alone."[152] "She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality," professed pop critic Ann Powers, "but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act."[153] In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: "does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?"[93]
Her performances are described as "highly entertaining and innovative"; the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV.[154] She continued the "blood soaked" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and was "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood. Her performances of that scene in England triggered protests from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people.[155] "What happened in Bradford is very fresh in people's minds and given all the violence which happened in Cumbria just hours earlier, it was insensitive," said Lynn Costello of Mothers Against Violence.[156] Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: performing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song "You and I".[157] Some have defended her flamboyant and provocative behavior. "Well, she's Lady Gaga," Chris Rock said. "She's not 'Lady Behave Yourself.' Do you want great behavior from a person named Gaga? Is this what you were expecting?"[158] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years. However, the pair parted in November 2011; Gaga replacing her with Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson.[159] Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. "I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect."[149]
Public image[link]
See also: Lady Gaga on Twitter
While Rolling Stone named Gaga the "Queen of Pop" in 2011, public reception of Gaga's music, fashion sense and persona are mixed.[160] Her status as a role model, self-esteem booster for her fans, trailblazer and fashion icon who breathes new life into the industry is by turns affirmed and denied.[161] Gaga's albums have received mostly positive reviews and critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music, the need for new movements in popular culture, the attention Gaga brings to modern social issues, and the inherently subjective nature of her art.[162] In view of her influence on modern culture and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has organized a course titled "Lady Gaga and the Sociology of Fame" since spring 2011 with the objective of unravelling "some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga."[163] When Gaga briefly met with US president Barack Obama at a Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he described the interaction as "intimidating" as she was dressed in 16-inch heels making her undoubtedly the tallest woman in the room.[164]
Contrary to her outré style, the New York Post described her early look as like "a refugee from Jersey Shore" with "big black hair, heavy eye makeup and tight, revealing clothes."[18] Gaga is a natural brunette; she bleached her hair blonde because she was often mistaken for Amy Winehouse.[6] She has nine tattoos on the left side of her body (her father has banned etchings on her right): a unicorn head with a ribbon wrapped around its horn that says "Born This Way"; a small heart with "dad" written inside it; several white roses; a treble clef; three daises; "Tokyo Love" with a little heart; "Little Monsters" written in cursive; a peace symbol, which was inspired by John Lennon, whom she stated was her hero; and a curling German script on her left arm quoting the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, her favorite writer, commenting that his "philosophy of solitude" spoke to her.[116][165] In a question posed about the necessary procedure to attach the prosthetics to give the unconventional appearance of recent horn-like ridges on her cheekbones, temples, and shoulders, Gaga responded, "They're not prosthetics, they're my bones." She also clarified that they were not the result of plastic surgery, believing such surgery to only be the modern byproduct of fame-induced insecurity to which she does not subscribe. The interviewer's further probing brought Gaga to the conclusion that they are an artistic representation of her inner inspirational light and part of the "performance piece" that is her musical persona: an inevitability of her becoming who she now is.[166]
Towards the end of 2008, comparisons were made between the fashions of Gaga and recording artist Christina Aguilera that noted similarities in their styling, hair, and make-up.[14] Aguilera stated that she was "completely unaware of [Gaga]" and "didn't know if it [was] a man or a woman."[14] Gaga released a statement in which she welcomed the comparisons due to the attention providing useful publicity, saying, "She's such a huge star and if anything I should send her flowers, because a lot of people in America didn't know who I was until that whole thing happened. It really put me on the map in a way."[167][168] When interviewed by Barbara Walters for her annual ABC News special 10 Most Fascinating People in 2009, Gaga dismissed the claim that she is intersex as an urban legend. Responding to a question on this issue, she stated, "At first it was very strange and everyone sorta said, 'That's really quite a story!' But in a sense, I portray myself in a very androgynous way, and I love androgyny."[169] In addition to Aguilera's statement, comparisons continued into 2010, when Aguilera released the music video of her single "Not Myself Tonight". Critics noted similarities between the song and its accompanying music video with Gaga's video for "Bad Romance".[170] There have also been similar comparisons made between Gaga's style and that of fashion icon Dale Bozzio from the band Missing Persons. Some have considered their respective images to be strikingly parallel although fans of Missing Persons note that Bozzio had pioneered the look more than thirty years earlier.[171]
While devout followers call Gaga "Mother Monster", Gaga often refers to her fans as "Little Monsters" which has been tattooed on "the arm that holds my mic" in dedication.[172][173] Her treatment of her "Little Monsters" has inspired criticism, due to the highly commercial nature of her music and image.[174] To some, this dichotomy contravenes the concept of outsider culture. Camille Paglia in her 2010 cover story "Lady Gaga and the death of sex" in The Sunday Times asserts that Gaga "is more an identity thief than an erotic taboo breaker, a mainstream manufactured product who claims to be singing for the freaks, the rebellious and the dispossessed when she is none of those."[175][176] Writing for The Guardian, Kitty Empire opined that the dichotomy "...allows the viewer to have a 'transgressive' experience without being required to think. At [her performance's] core, though, is the idea that Gaga is at one with the freaks and outcasts. The Monster Ball is where we can all be free. This is arrant nonsense, as the scads of people buying Gaga's cunningly commercial music are not limited to the niche worlds of drag queens and hip night creatures from which she draws her inspiration. But Gaga seems sincere."[177]
Philanthropy[link]
Besides her career in music, Gaga has also contributed to various charities. For natural disasters, Gaga has helped various relief efforts. Although declining an invitation to appear on the single "We Are the World 25" to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, she donated the proceeds of her January 24, 2010 concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall to the country's reconstruction relief fund.[178] All profits from her official online store on that day were also donated. Gaga announced that an estimated total of US$500,000 was collected for the fund.[179] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, Gaga tweeted a message and a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts.[180] As of March 29, 2011, the bracelets raised $1.5 million.[181] However, attorney Alyson Oliver filed a lawsuit against Gaga in Detroit in June 2011, noting that the bracelet was subject to a sales tax and an extra $3.99 shipping charge was added to the price. She also believed that not all proceeds from the bracelets would go to the relief efforts, demanding a public accounting of the campaign and refunds for people who had bought the bracelet. Gaga's spokesperson called the lawsuit "meritless" and "misleading".[182] On June 25, 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.[183]
HIV and AIDS[link]
Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam. Titled Viva Glam Gaga and Viva Glam Cyndi for each contributor respectively, all net proceeds of the lipstick line were donated to the cosmetic company's campaign to prevent HIV and AIDS worldwide.[184] In a press release, Gaga declared, "I don't want Viva Glam to be just a lipstick you buy to help a cause. I want it to be a reminder when you go out at night to put a condom in your purse right next to your lipstick."[185] The sales of Gaga-endorsed Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.[3]
Born This Way Foundation[link]
Main article: Born This Way Foundation
As a humanitarian, she has launched her own non-profit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on youth empowerment and issues like self-confidence, well-being, anti-bullying, mentoring, and career development. "My mother and I have initiated a passion project. We call it the Born This Way Foundation," Gaga said in a statement about the foundation, which takes its name from the 2011 single and album. "Together we hope to establish a standard of Bravery and Kindness, as well as a community worldwide that protects and nurtures others in the face of bullying and abandonment." The foundation will work with a number of partners, including the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The California Endowment and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.[186] She also jumped into the debate surrounding SB 1070, Arizona's recently-enacted anti-immigration law, after premiering her Born This Way song "Americano" on the Guadalajara stop of The Monster Ball Tour in Mexico, telling the local press that she could not "stand by many of the unjust immigration laws" in the US.[187] A devoted advocate for the LGBT community, Gaga is also an outspoken activist for LGBT rights worldwide.[188] On February 29, 2012, Gaga and Oprah Winfrey visited Harvard University to launch her Born This Way Foundation.
LGBT advocacy[link]
Gaga attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered to be a gay icon.[189] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."[190] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame, saying, "I love you so much. You were the first heartbeat in this project, and your support and brilliance means the world to me. I will always fight for the gay community hand in hand with this incredible team."[191] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo, where she sang her song "Just Dance".[192] In June of the same year, she performed the song again at the San Francisco Pride event.[193]
After The Fame was released, she revealed that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she spoke about how her boyfriends tended to react to her bisexuality, saying "The fact that I'm into women, they're all intimidated by it. It makes them uncomfortable. They're like, 'I don't need to have a threesome. I'm happy with just you'."[33] When she appeared as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in May 2009, she praised DeGeneres for being "an inspiration for women and for the gay community".[194] She proclaimed that the October 11, 2009 National Equality March rally on the National Mall was "the single most important event of her career." As she exited, she left with an exultant "Bless God and bless the gays,"[195] similar to her 2009 MTV Video Music Awards acceptance speech for Best New Artist a month earlier.[196] At the Human Rights Campaign Dinner, held the same weekend as the rally, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" declaring that "I'm not going to [play] one of my songs tonight because tonight is not about me, it's about you." She changed the original lyrics of the song to reflect the death of Matthew Shepard, a college student murdered because of his sexuality.[197]
Gaga attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four service members of the United States Armed Forces (Mike Almy, David Hall, Katie Miller and Stacy Vasquez), all of whom, under the United States military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, had been prohibited from serving openly because of their sexuality.[198] In addition, Gaga wore a meat dress to the ceremony which was supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat that were all fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal.[199] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue.com UK named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time magazine's named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010, it received divided opinions – evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.[200][201][202] She denied any intention of causing disrespect to any person or organization and wished for the dress to be interpreted as a statement of human rights with focus upon those in the LGBT community, adding that "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones."[203]
She later released three videos on YouTube urging her fans to contact their Senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In late September 2010 she spoke at the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's "4the14K" Rally in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine. The name of the rally signified the number – an estimated 14,000 – of service members discharged under the DADT policy at the time. During her remarks, she urged members of the U.S. Senate (and in particular, moderate Republican Senators from Maine, Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins) to vote in favor of legislation that would repeal the DADT policy. Following this event, editors of The Advocate commented that she had become "the real fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians, one that Barack Obama had promised to be.[204][205]
Gaga appeared at Europride, a pan-European international event dedicated to LGBT pride, held in Rome in June 2011. In a nearly twenty-minute speech, she criticized the intolerant state of gay rights in many European countries and described homosexuals as "revolutionaries of love" before performing acoustic renderings of "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory" in front of thousands at the Circus Maximus.[206][207] She stated that "Today and every day we fight for freedom. We fight for justice. We beckon for compassion, understanding and above all we want full equality now".[208] Gaga revealed that she is often questioned why she dedicates herself to "gayspeak" and "how gay" she is, to which, she told the audience: "Why is this question, why is this issue so important? My answer is: I am a child of diversity, I am one with my generation, I feel a moral obligation as a woman, or a man, to exercise my revolutionary potential and make the world a better place." She then joked: "On a gay scale from 1 to 10, I'm a Judy Garland fucking 42."[209]
Discography[link]
For the full list, see Lady Gaga discography.
- The Fame (2008)
- The Fame Monster (2009)
- Born This Way (2011)
Filmography[link]
- Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (2011)
- A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (2011)
- "Lisa Goes Gaga" (The Simpsons episode) (2012)
- Men in Black 3 (Plays the role of an alien.) (2012)[210]
Concert tours[link]
- The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
- Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10) (cancelled)
- The Monster Ball Tour (2009–11)
- The Born This Way Ball Tour (2012–13)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Lady Gaga |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- List of awards and nominations received by Lady Gaga
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
References[link]
- ^ "Lady Gaga to perform at Belfast MTV awards". BBC. 2011-10-17. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15340049. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (2010-09-12). "Lady Gaga Is Billboard's 2010 Artist of the Year, Ke$ha Takes Top New Act". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-is-billboard-s-2010-artist-of-1004134049.story.
- ^ a b "Lady Gaga Profile". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/profile/lady-gaga. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ a b "Music's Top 40 Money Makers 2012". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/top-40-money-makers-2012-1006415552.story. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
- ^ "Lady GaGa: Biography". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/lady-gaga/bio/294098. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
- ^ a b c Warrington, Ruby (2009-02-22). "Lady Gaga: ready for her close-up". The Sunday Times (News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5746827.ece. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
- ^ "Mom accompanies Gaga to control her wild ways". Sify.com. http://www.sify.com/movies/mom-accompanies-gaga-to-control-her-wild-ways-news-hollywood-leeokdibddf.html. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- ^ Weiss, Shari (2011-05-14). "Lady Gaga is related to Madonna: Documents show pop singers are ninth cousins once removed – New York Daily News". Articles.nydailynews.com. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-14/gossip/29558003_1_lady-gaga-william-and-kate-middleton-cousins. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- ^ FitzSimons, Amanda. "Lady Gaga's Little Sister, Natali Germanotta Tells All". Teen Vogue. http://www.teenvogue.com/style/2011/09/natali-germanotta#intro. Retrieved 2011-12-04.
- ^ "Lady Gaga's Sis Makes Cameo in "Telephone" Video". uk.eonline.com, E! Online. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b171698_lady_gagas_sis_makes_cameo_in_telephone.html. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-4027-8059-1.
- ^ Barber, Lynn (2009-12-06). "Shady lady: The truth about pop's Lady Gaga". The Sunday Times (London: News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6940885.ece. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ Montogomery, James (2010-06-09). "Lady Gaga's 'Alejandro' Director Defends Video's Religious Symbolism". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1641149/lady-gagas-alejandro-director-defends-videos-religious-symbolism.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hattie, Collins (2008-12-14). "Lady GaGa: the future of pop?". The Sunday Times (London: News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5325327.ece. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ^ a b Sturges, Fiona (2009-05-16). "Lady Gaga: How the world went crazy for the new queen of pop". The Independent (Independent News & Media). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/lady-gaga-how-the-world-went-crazy-for-the-new-queen-of-pop-1684375.html. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ Bream, Jon (2009-03-21). "Don't Gag on Gaga". Star Tribune (The Star Tribune Company). http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/41533957.html. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ Poppell, Seth (2009-12-22). "Lady Gaga was surprisingly normal". In Touch Weekly (Bauer Media Group). http://www.intouchweekly.com/2009/12/in_touch_exclusivelady_gaga_wa.php. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ a b c d Callahan, Maureen; Stewart, Sara (2010-01-22). "Who's that lady?". New York Post (News Corporation). http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/music/who_that_lady_CBlHI927dRlLmIwjVfGrwK. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
- ^ "Musicians @ google interview". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNa_-1d_0tA. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b c "Lady Gaga angers Beatles fans by playing John Lennon's piano". Daily Mail. 2010-07-10. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1293648/Lady-Gaga-angers-Beatles-fans-playing-John-Lennons-piano.html. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ a b c d e Grigoriadis, Vanessa (2010-03-28). "Growing Up Gaga". New York (New York Media Holdings). http://nymag.com/arts/popmusic/features/65127. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Ditzian, Eric (2010-10-11). "Lady Gaga's 'Sopranos' Cameo Surfaces". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649702/lady-gagas-sopranos-cameo-surfaces.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
- ^ a b Carlton, Andrew (2010-02-16). "Lady Gaga: 'I've always been famous, you just didn't know it'". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/7221051/Lady-Gaga-Ive-always-been-famous-you-just-didnt-know-it.html. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ Florino, Rick (2009-01-30). "Interview: Lady GaGa". Artistdirect. Artistdirect, Inc.. http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,4931544,00.html. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ Anitai, Tamar (2009-10-05). "Vintage Lady Gaga! Watch Gaga On MTV's 'Boiling Points' In 2005". MTV. http://buzzworthy.mtv.com/2009/10/05/vintage-lady-gaga-watch-gaga-on-mtvs-boiling-points-in-2005/. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
- ^ a b c Harris, Chris (2008-06-09). "Lady GaGa Brings Her Artistic Vision Of Pop Music To New Album". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1589013/20080609/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^ Musto, Michael (2010-01-19). "Lady Gaga Did a Children's Book In 2007!". The Village Voice. http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/2010/01/lady_gaga_did_a.php. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ Gregory, Jason (2009-05-28). "Lady GaGa gets naked for Rolling Stone cover shoot". Daily Mirror (Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/05/28/lady-gaga-gets-naked-for-rolling-stone-cover-shoot-see-her-sexy-pictures-here-115875-21396568/. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
- ^ a b Rose, Lisa (2010-01-21). "Lady Gaga's outrageous persona born in Parsippany, New Jersey". The Star-Ledger (Advance Publications). http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2010/01/lady_gaga_her_outrageous_perso.html. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
- ^ a b c d Reporter, Staff. "Lady GaGa Profile". Contactmusic.com. http://www.contactmusic.com/info/lady_gaga. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ a b c d Birchmeier, Jason (2008-04-20). "Allmusic | Lady Gaga". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lady-gaga-p1055684. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
- ^ Gower, Eleanor (2011-12-03). "Eating cereal topless, playing the piano nude and a stay in a psychiatric ward: The bizarre world of Lady Gaga's new Marry The Night video". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2068941/Lady-Gaga-Marry-The-Night-video-Topless-cereal-eating-nude-piano-playing-.html. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
- ^ a b Hiatt, Brian (2009-05-30). "The Rise of Lady Gaga". Rolling Stone (New York: Jann Wenner) 1080 (43). ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ Cassis, Christine (2010-02-22). "Meet the woman who inspired Lady Gaga". Thaindian News. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/meet-the-woman-who-inspired-lady-gaga_100324226.html. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ a b Hobart, Erika (2008-11-18). "Lady GaGa: Some Like it Pop". Seattle Weekly (Village Voice Media). http://www.seattleweekly.com/2008-11-19/music/lady-gaga-some-like-it-pop/. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ^ Lee, Ann (2009-01-06). "Just Who Is Lady GaGa?". Metro (Associated Newspapers). http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/461127-profile-just-who-is-lady-gaga. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- "Lady Gaga". Broadcast Music Incorporated. 2007-07-09. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/535267. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- Martin, Charlotte (2009-01-21). "GaGa: On stripping, drugs and No 1s". The Sun (News International). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/article2148146.ece. Retrieved 2009-02-26.
- ^ D'Souza, Nandini (2007-10-18). "Going Ga-Ga for Lady Gaga". W Magazine (Condé Nast Publications). http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2007/10/lady_gaga. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ Thrills, Adrian (2009-01-09). "Why the world is going gaga for electro-pop diva Stefani". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1110125/Why-world-going-gaga-electro-pop-diva-Stefani.html. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
- ^ a b Haus of GaGa (2008-12-16). Transmission Gaga-vision: Episode 26. Lady Gaga Official website.
- ^ Mitchell, Gail (2007-11-10). "Interscope's New Imprint". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc) 119 (45): 14. ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.com/?id=xw4EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA14&dq=%22vincent%20herbert%20launches%20streamline%22&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q=. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ a b c Harding, Cortney (2009-08-15). "Lady Gaga: The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-the-billboard-cover-story-1004001347.story. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Cowing, Emma (2009-01-20). "Lady GaGa: Totally Ga-Ga". The Scotsman (Johnston Press). http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features/Lady-GaGa-Totally-GaGa.4891798.jp. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-06-05). "Akon Calls Lady Gaga His 'Franchise Player'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1613350/20090605/akon.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-06-20.
- ^ a b "Interview With RedOne". HitQuarters. 2009-03-23. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_RedOne_Interview.html. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
- ^ a b Paramor, Jordan (2010). "Smash Hits Special: Lady Gaga". Smash Hits.
- ^ Reporter, Staff (2009-01-08). "International Pop Star Lady Gaga Set to Tour With New Kids on the Block". Thomson Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/10/04/idUS16002+04-Oct-2008+PRN20081004. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ "The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominations List". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. http://www2.grammy.com/grammy_awards/51st_show/list.aspx. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
- ^ "Lady Gaga – Poker Face – World Charts". aCharts.us. http://acharts.us/song/37371. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
- ^ "Lady Gaga World Tour". Press Association. http://www.viagogo.co.uk/News/Lady-Gaga-Tour-Outfits. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- ^ "List of Grammy winners". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. 2010-02-01. http://www.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/31/grammys.winner.list/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Williams, John (2009-01-14). "Lady GaGa's 'Fame' rises to No. 1". Jam! (Canadian Online Explorer). http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/L/Lady_GaGa/2009/01/14/8022056-jam.html. Retrieved 2009-01-14.
- ^ "Lady Gaga – The Fame – World Charts". aCharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/37558. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ "Lady Gaga Opens Up". CBS News. CBS Interactive Inc. 2010-08-03. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/08/03/earlyshow/leisure/celebspot/main6739115.shtml. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
- ^ Caulfield, Keith (2009-10-03). "Beyonce Accepts Billboard's Woman Of the Year Award, Lady Gaga Is Rising Star". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://www.billboard.com/news/beyonce-accepts-billboard-s-woman-of-the-1004018301.story. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ "2009 MTV Video Music Awards Winners". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2009/winners.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
- ^ "Lady Gaga : News : Lady Gaga Doll Domination Tour Details with PCD". Interscope Records. Universal Music Group. http://www.interscope.com/artist/news/default.aspx?nid=19994&aid=599. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- ^ Menze, Jill (2009-05-29). "Lady Gaga / May 2, 2009 / New York (Terminal 5)". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003969033. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Grein, Paul (2010-06-23). "Week Ending June 20, 2010: Let's Thank Him Now". Yahoo!. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/55472/week-ending-june-20-2010-lets-thank-him-now/. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
- Grein, Paul (2010-07-23). "Chart Watch Extra: Gaga's Nice Round Number". Yahoo!. p. 2. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/59466/chart-watch-extra-gagas-nice-round-number/. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
- "Lady Gaga Returns With 8 New Songs on 'The Fame Monster'" (Press release). Interscope Records. 2009-10-08. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/lady-gaga-returns-with-8-new-songs-on-the-fame-monster-63780227.html. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
- "Lady Gaga – Bad Romance – World Charts". acharts.us. http://acharts.us/song/51422. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
- "53rd annual Grammy awards: The winners list". CNN. http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/13/53rd-annual-grammy-awards-the-winners-list/. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga tops UK album and single charts". BBC News. 2010-03-22. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8579244.stm. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ McCormick, Neil (2010-03-17). "Lady GaGa's Telephone video". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopfeatures/7466152/Lady-GaGas-Telephone-video.html. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2010-06-08). "Lady Gaga's 'Alejandro' Video: German Expressionism With A Beat!". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1641026/20100608/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ Whitworth, Dan (2010-10-26). "Lady Gaga beats Justin Bieber to YouTube record". BBC (BBC Newsbeat). http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/11626592. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- ^ "MTV Video Music Awards | 2010". MTV. 2010-09-12. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2010/. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "Lady Gaga, Eminem Top VMA Nominations". MTV. 2010-08-10. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1644956/lady-gaga-eminem-top-vma-nominations.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "53rd annual Grammy awards: The winners list – The Marquee Blog – CNN.com Blogs". Marquee.blogs.cnn.com. http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/13/53rd-annual-grammy-awards-the-winners-list/. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
- ^ "Nominations list for the 53rd annual Grammy awards". USA Today. 2010-12-01. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/awards/grammys/2010-12-01-grammy-nominations-list_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (2009-10-15). "Lady Gaga Unveils 'The Monster Ball'". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-unveils-monster-ball-tour-dates-1004022735.story. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
- ^ Nestruck, Kelly (2009-11-30). "Lady Gaga's Monster Ball, reviewed by a theatre critic". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2009/nov/30/lady-gaga-monster-ball. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- Adams, Jeremy (2009-12-02). "Live Review: Lady Gaga Brings Her Pop Theatricality to Boston in First U.S. "Monster Ball" Show". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). ISSN 0035-791X.
- "Top 25 Tours 2010". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). 2010-12-13. http://www.billboard.com/#/features/top-25-tours-2010-1004134022.story. Retrieved 2010-12-14.
- Waddell, Ray (2011-05-05). "Lady Gaga's Monster Ball Tour Breaks Record for Debut Headlining Artist". Billboard. billboard.com, Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/events/lady-gaga-s-monster-ball-tour-breaks-record-1005172562.story. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Presents The Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden". Emmy Awards. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. http://www.emmys.com/shows/lady-gaga-presents-monster-ball-tour-madison-square-garden. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
- ^ Lawter, Daniel (2009-12-08). "Lady GaGa meets the Queen at Royal Variety Performance". Daily Mirror (Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/12/08/lady-gaga-meets-the-queen-at-royal-variety-performance-115875-21881111/. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
- Smith, Lizzie (2010-02-01). "Elton John gets dirty with Lady Gaga as they duet at the Grammys". Daily Mail. London. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1247638/Grammy-Awards-2010-Elton-John-Lady-Gaga-duet-sing-Your-Song-Speechless.html. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- Smith, Lizzie; Todd, Ben (2010-02-16). "Lady Gaga throws Brit Awards into chaos as she ditches plans for big performance". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1251380/Brit-Awards-2010-Lady-Gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- "Lady Gaga wins Brit Awards triple". BBC News. 2010-02-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8517579.stm. Retrieved 2010-12-28.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (2010-06-01). "Lady Gaga Talks Michael Jackson, Lupus Diagnosis with Larry King". New York. http://www.billboard.com/column/news/lady-gaga-talks-michael-jackson-lupus-diagnosis-1004094911.story. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- ^ Williams, Martyn (2009-09-07). "Lady Gaga Storms IFA With New Headphones". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/171537/lady_gaga_storms_ifa_with_new_headphones.html. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ Swash, Rosie (2010-01-08). "Lady Gaga to become Polaroid's creative director". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jan/08/lady-gaga-polaroid-creative-director. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ O'Dell, Jolie (2011-01-06). "Polaroid & Lady Gaga Launch New Line at CES [PICS"]. Mashable. http://mashable.com/2011/01/06/polaroid-lady-gaga-launch-new-line-at-ces/.
- ^ Reporter, Staff (2010-03-20). "Lady Gaga bites back at music producer". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media LLC). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/7486678/Lady-Gaga-bites-back-at-music-producer.html. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ "Lady Gaga and jilted producer drop legal dispute". Thomson Reuters. 2010-09-10. http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/10/us-ladygaga-idUSTRE6895NZ20100910. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
- ^ a b Moran, Caitlin (2010-05-23). "Come party with Lady Gaga". The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article7129672.ece. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- ^ Temple, Sarah (2010-06-02). "Gaga was to open Jackson's This Is It tour". ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/02/2916101.htm?section=entertainment. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
- ^ Dinh, James (2010-11-09). "Lady Gaga Says Born This Way Will Be 'Greatest Album Of This Decade'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1653141/20101129/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-11-18). "Lady Gaga's Born This Way Will 'Grab All The Monsters,' Akon Says". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1652537/20101117/akon.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-12-02.
- ^ Markovitz, Adam (2011-05-25). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc.. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/05/24/lady-gaga-born-this-way-album-review/. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Cinquemani, Sal (2011-05-21). "Lady Gaga: Born This Way | Music Review". Slant Magazine. http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/lady-gaga-born-this-way/2508. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2011-06-02). "Lady Gaga Crashes Billboard With 1.1 Million". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1664888/lady-gaga-billboard.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-06-02.
- ^ IBTimes Staff Reporter (2011-10-05). "Lady Gaga Biopic: 5 Stars Who Could Play the Role". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/225749/20111005/lady-gaga-biopic.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-02-15). "Lady Gaga Talks Grammy 'Vessel,' Born This Way Details". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1658027/lady-gaga-vessel-egg-grammy-seacrest.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way': The New Gay Anthem?". MTV. 2011-02-11. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1657772/lady-gaga-born-this-way.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-25.
- Trust, Gary (2011-02-16). "Lady Gaga Claims 1,000th Hot 100 No. 1 with 'Born This Way'". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-claims-1-000th-hot-100-no-1-with-1005036702.story. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
- ^ "IFPI Digital Music Report 2012" (PDF). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. 2012-01-23. http://ifpi.com/content/library/DMR2012_key_facts_and_figures.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
- Trust, Gary (2011-10-07). "Ask Billboard: J. Cole Helps Bring R&B/Hip-Hop Back To No. 1". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-j-cole-helps-bring-r-b-hip-1005395392.story?page=2#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-j-cole-helps-bring-r-b-hip-1005395392.story?page=2. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- Grein, Paul (2011-07-06). "Week Ending July 3, 2011. Songs: Sons Of A Legend". Yahoo! music. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/74385/week-ending-july-3-2011-songs-sons-of-a-legend/. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2011-02-28). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way' Video: A Pop-Culture Cheat Sheet". MTV (MTV Networks). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1658903/lady-gaga-born-this-way.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Montgomery, James (2011-02-28). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way' Video Premieres". MTV (MTV Networks). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1658858/lady-gaga-born-this-way-video.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ O'Neil, Lorena (2011-04-08). "Catholic League On Gaga's 'Judas': 'If She Had More Talent, We'd Be More Offended'". The Hollywood Life. http://www.hollywoodlife.com/2011/04/08/lady-gaga-judas-mary-magdalene-catholic-talentless-offended-bill-donohue/. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- Rose, Philip Fox (2011-05-06). "Lady Gaga's Judas video: sacrilege or sacred art?". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/guest-voices/post/lady-gagas-judas-video-sacrilege-or-sacred-art/2011/05/06/AFyvp17F_blog.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- McCall, Tris (2011-05-05). "Lady Gaga 'Judas' video debuts: Is it as blasphemous as they say?". The Star-Ledger (Advance Publications). http://www.nj.com/entertainment/music/index.ssf/2011/05/lady_gaga_judas_video_debuts_i.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Corner, Nick (2011-05-11). "Lady Gaga Makes Edge Of Glory Official Single?". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a318892/lady-gaga-makes-edge-of-glory-official-single.html. Retrieved 2011-10-29.
- ^ Young, Eleanor (2011-06-17). "FIRST LOOK! LADY GAGA'S EDGE OF GLORY VIDEO". Marie Carie. http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity/528955/first-look-lady-gaga-s-edge-of-glory-video.html. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ a b Perpetua, Matthew (2011-09-16). "Video: 'Yo and I' | Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/videos/new-and-hot/lady-gaga-youe-and-i-20110816. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- Perpetua, Matthew (2011-12-02). "Video: 'Marry the Night' | Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/videos/new-and-hot/lady-gaga-marry-the-night-20111202. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- Daw, Robbie (2011-12-12). "Lady Gaga's "Marry The Night": Will Facebook Campaign Help It Chart Better?". Idolator. http://idolator.com/6108621/lady-gaga-marry-the-night-facebook-campaign-chart. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-09-14). "Lady Gaga Is 'The Biggest,' Tony Bennett Says". MTV (MTV Networks). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1670271/lady-gaga-tony-bennett-lady-is-a-tramp.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ "Lady Gaga preserves 'massive', 'beautiful' hit for duet with Cher". The Times of India (Bennett and Coleman Ltd). 2011-09-20. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-25/news-and-interviews/29926348_1_poker-face-singer-lady-gaga-greatest-things. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
- ^ Herrera, Monica (2011-01-28). "Lady Gaga, Elton John Duet Won't Appear On Film Soundtrack". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/#/news/lady-gaga-elton-john-duet-won-t-appear-on-1005017032.story. Retrieved 2011-02-04.
- ^ Michaels, Sean (2010-10-25). "Elton John and Lady Gaga record duet". The Guardian. London. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/oct/25/elton-john-lady-gaga-duet. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Lady Gaga (2011-05-30) (FM radio broadcast). The Kyle & Jackie O Show. (Radio interview). The Kyle & Jackie O Show. 104.1FM. Sydney. http://www.2dayfm.com.au. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- Mrkic, Mike (2011-05-30). "Gaga confirms Oz visit". Sydney Star Observer. http://www.starobserver.com.au/celebrity-2/2011/05/30/gaga-confirms-oz-visit/53176. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
- Perpetua, Mathew (2011-10-17). "Lady Gaga, Bono Rock For Clinton Foundation". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lady-gaga-bono-rock-for-clinton-foundation-20111017. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- ^ Tucker, Ken (2011-11-25). "'A Very Gaga Thanksgiving' review: Singing and talking turkey with Gaga, 'America's Picasso'". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. http://watching-tv.ew.com/2011/11/24/lady-gaga-thanksgivinga-very-gaga-thanksgiving/. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Freeman, Hadley (2011-11-25). "Lady Gaga goes mainstream with a twist on Thanksgiving TV special". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/nov/25/lady-gaga-thanksgiving-special-abc-tv?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Gorman, Bill (2011-11-25). "'A Very Gaga Thanksgiving' Ranks No. 1 And Improves Its Slot By Wide Margins". TV by the Numbers. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/11/25/tv-ratings-thursday-cbs-tops-thanksgiving-night-of-repeats-and-specials-but/111748/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Tvbythenumbers+%28TVbytheNumbers%29. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- Greenwald, David (2011-11-23). "Lady Gaga Releases Holiday EP". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-releases-holiday-ep-1005564752.story#/news/lady-gaga-releases-holiday-ep-1005564752.story. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
- ^ Barnes, Marcus (2011-06-20). "Now Lady Gaga 'gives birth' on stage: Outrageous singer releases gold liquid while her legs are placed in stirrups during SNL performance". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1389688/Lady-Gaga-gives-birth-stage-Saturday-Night-Live-performance.html. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-06-13). "Lady Gaga Says Next Album Is 'Beginning To Flourish'". MTV News. Viacom International Inc.. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675458/lady-gaga-next-album.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-11-28). "Lady Gaga 'Doing Prep' For Tour, Next Album". MTV News. Viacom International Inc.. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1675019/lady-gaga-next-album-tour.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "Lady Gaga's manager promises singer will deliver an 'insane' third album". NME. http://www.nme.com/news/lady-gaga/64082. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Exclusive Info: Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way Ball' Tour to Hit Asia, Europe, Latin America This Year; North America in 2013
- ^ "'Vulgar' Lady Gaga refused entry by Indonesia for sold-out show". The Daily Telegraph.
- ^ BBC TEAM. "Lady Gaga tour starts in Seoul with adults-only concert". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17867102. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
- ^ "Lady Gaga cancels Indonesia show after threat from Muslim extremists". May 27, 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/may/27/lady-gaga-indonesia-cancel-muslim.
- ^ "Lady Gaga On 'The Simpsons' Finale: Pop Icon Comes To Springfield To Cheer Up Lisa". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/20/lady-gaga-the-simpsons_n_1531219.html. Retrieved 20 May 2012.
- ^ a b Britney, Free (2011-05-10). "Lady Gaga: Just a Normal, Family-Oriented Girl". The Hollywood Gossip. http://thehollywoodgossip.com/2011/05/lady-gaga-just-a-normal-family-oriented-girl. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ a b Van Meter, Jonathan (2011-02-10). "Lady Gaga: Our Lady of Pop". Vogue. http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/lady-gaga-our-lady-of-pop/. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ Rainey, Naomi (2011-02-19). "Lady GaGa: 'My aunt lives through me'". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a304785/lady-gaga-my-aunt-lives-through-me.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ "I have two hearts, two souls: Lady Gaga". The Times of India. 2011-02-19. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/I-have-two-hearts-two-souls-Lady-Gaga/articleshow/7526992.cms. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ "TIME 100: Lady Gaga on Her Biggest Influence". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/video/player/0,32068,81660577001_1986210,00.html.
- ^ a b c Dingwall, John (2009-11-27). "The Fear Factor; Lady Gaga used tough times as inspiration for her new album". Daily Record: pp. 48–49. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+FEAR+FACTOR%3B+Lady+Gaga+used+tough+times+as+inspiration+for+her...-a0213005824. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis (2010-09-09). "Lady Gaga's direct line to Andy Warhol". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2010/sep/09/lady-gaga-andy-warhol. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- Still, Jennifer (2011-05-20). "Lady GaGa: 'I was inspired by musical theatre'". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a320549/lady-gaga-i-was-inspired-by-musical-theatre.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b Thomson, Graeme (2009-09-06). "Soundtrack of my life: Lady Gaga". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/sep/06/lady-gaga-popandrock. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ "Madonna Talks Divorce, Lady Gaga & Being A 'Geek' In High School". Access Hollywood. 2009-10-14. http://www.accesshollywood.com/madonna-talks-divorce-lady-gaga-and-being-a-geek-in-high-school_article_24191. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ THR staff (2011-02-15). "Lady Gaa: Madonna Approves 'Born This Way'". Rolling Stone. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gaga-madonna-approves-born-99711g. Retrieved 2011-07-27. [dead link]
- ^ Musical influences of Lady Gaga:
- Reporter, Staff (2010-02-10). "Britney Spears/Lady Gaga collaboration in the works". The Sun (London: Pop Crunch). http://www.popcrunch.com/britney-spears-lady-gaga-collaboration-in-the-works/. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- "Lady Gaga: I can't wait to come to India". IBN Live. 2011-04-21. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-cant-wait-to-come-to-india-lady-gaga/143405-45-75.html. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- Symonds, Alexandra (2009-07-10). "Lady GaGa: "Grace Jones, Androgynous, Robo, Future Fashion Queen"". Prefix. http://www.prefixmag.com/news/lady-gaga-grace-jones-androgynous-robo-future-fash/26057/. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
- Tann, Remmy (2011-07-11). I was born this way: Lady Gaga. Yahoo!. http://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/what-is-buzzing/born-way-lady-gaga-145116015.html. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
- Smith, Liz (2009-10-25). "Debbie Harry Would Love To Perform With Lady Gaga". Evening Standard (Daily Mail and General Trust). http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/showbiz/article-23694934-debbie-harry-would-love-to-perform-with-lady-gaga.do. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- Gallo, Phil (2011-05-18). "Lady Gaga Reflects on Springsteen Influence for 'Inside the Outside' Doc". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-reflects-on-springsteen-influence-1005187662.story. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- Dingwall, John (2011-04-24). "It's so exciting to know we influenced Lady Gaga, admits Jake Shears of Scissor Sisters". Daily Record. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/music-news/2011/04/24/it-s-so-exciting-to-know-we-influenced-lady-gaga-admits-jake-shears-of-scissor-sisters-86908-23084149/. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- Slomowicz, DJ Ron. "Lady Gaga Interview – Interview with Lady Gaga". Abut.com. http://dancemusic.about.com/od/artistshomepages/a/LadyGagaInt.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- Van Meter, Jonathan (2011-02-10). "Lady Gaga: Our Lady of Pop". Vogue. http://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/lady-gaga-our-lady-of-pop/. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
- ^ "Lady GaGa: I don't have time for dating". Now. IPC Media. 2009-02-09. http://www.nowmagazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/300123/lady-gaga-i-don-t-have-time-for-dating/1. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
- ^ "Britney Spears Accepts Video Vanguard VMA – And A Kiss From Lady Gaga". MTV. MTV Networks. 2011-08-28. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1669862/britney-spears-lady-gaga-kiss-vmas.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ a b Dresdale, Andrea (2011-09-26). "Lady Gaga Says Cher's Outfits Inspired Her Own Crazy Style". ABC. http://abcnewsradioonline.com/music-news/2011/9/26/lady-gaga-says-chers-outfits-inspired-her-own-crazy-style.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Garcia, Cathy (2009-03-08). "Lady Gaga Burning Up Album Charts". The Korea Times (Hankook Ilbo). http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/03/143_40885.html. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
- ^ Silva, Horatio (2010-03-04). "The World According to Gaga". The New York Times. http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/the-world-according-to-gaga/. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
- ^ Geier, Thom (2009-12-11). "The 100 Greatest Movies.. Trends That Entertained Us Over The Past 10 Years". Entertainment Weekly (Time Inc.) 1079/1080 (74): 84. ISSN 10490434.
- ^ Abraham, Tamara (2011-03-03). "Facing the muse: 'Nervous' Lady Gaga does Nicola Formichetti proud in modelling debut on Thierry Mugler catwalk". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1362369/Lady-Gaga-does-stylist-Nicola-Formichetti-proud-Thierry-Mugler-catwalk.html. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ "CFDA Awards 2011: Lady Gaga, Marc Jacobs & Proenza Schouler Take Top Honors (PHOTOS, POLL)". The Huffington Post. 2011-06-07. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/07/cfda-awards-2011-lady-gaga-marc-jacobs-proenza-schouler_n_872257.html. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
- ^ "All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons". http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2110513,00.html.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-05-13). "Lady Gaga Talks About Fashion Obsession In V Magazine". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1663768/lady-gaga-v-magazine.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
- ^ Osho (1999). Creativity: Unleashing the Forces Within (1 ed.). ISBN 0-312-20519-8. http://www.amazon.com/Creativity-Unleashing-Forces-Within-insights/dp/0312205198/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_4. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
- ^ "I read Osho because I love his work". OSHO International Media and Publishing News. October 28, 2011. http://oshomedia.blog.osho.com/2011/10/lady-gaga-i-read-osho-because-i-love-his-work/. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga Reveals Love of Books by Indian Philosopher Osho: 'I Am Kind of an Indian Hippie'". The Hollywood Reporter. October 28, 2011. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lady-gaga-reveals-love-books-254661. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga cantará ante un público selecto en el GP de Fórmula 1 de la India". EFE. October 28, 2011. http://www.google.com/hostednews/epa/article/ALeqM5hVwlynMQyNRRrnlSSI67L6tNK7vA?docId=1641323. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
- ^ "Lady Gaga liberated through reinvention". The Times of India. 2011-09-08. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/news-and-interviews/30129686_1_lady-gaga-outrageous-outfits-latest-album. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Chatterjee Shukla, Ishani (2010-11-18). "Lady Gaga's biography". Buzzle (California: Buzzle.com, intelligent life on the web). http://www.buzzle.com/articles/biography-of-lady-gaga.html.
- ^ "Ranking the Voices of 10 Women in Pop". Bark Bite. 2011-06-01. http://www.barkbiteblog.com/2011/06/women-in-pop-voices.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Sciarretto, Amy (2010-10-21). "Lady Gaga Doesn't Lip Sync". Artist Direct. http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/news/article/0,,7709013,00.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Copsey, Robert (2011-02-10). "Lady GaGa announces next single title". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a303046/lady-gaga-announces-next-single-title.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Blauvelt, Christian (2011-02-23). "Lady Gaga talks early struggles, denies lip-synching, shouts-out Liza Minnelli and Marisa Tomei at Madison Square Garden". Entertainment Weekly. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/02/23/lady-gaga-talks-early-struggles-denies-lip-synching-shouts-out-liza-minnelli-and-marisa-tomei-at-madison-square-garden/. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Sawdey, Evan (2009-01-12). "Lady GaGa The Fame". PopMatters. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/68939-lady-gaga-the-fame/. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
- ^ a b Blasco, Jason. "Special Interview: Lady Gaga (in 2008) Tells How She Got Started, And Discusses Her Songwriting". Songwriter Universe. http://www.songwriteruniverse.com/ladygaga123.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Love, Ryan (011-03-23). "Lady GaGa: 'LP shows songwriting ability'". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a310662/lady-gaga-lp-shows-songwriting-ability.html. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b "Lady Gaga: Album Guide". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/lady-gaga/albumguide. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ a b Sheffield, Rob (2011-05-20). "Lady Gaga, 'Born This Way'". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/blogs/editors-picks/lady-gaga-born-this-way-20110520. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Petridis, Alexis (2009-01-03). "Lady Gaga: The Fame". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/jan/09/lady-gaga-the-fame. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ Hajibageri, Sarah (2008-12-14). "Lady GaGa: the future of pop?". The Sunday Times (London: News International). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5325327.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ Rodman, Sarah (2008-10-27). "Lady Gaga". The Boston Globe. http://articles.boston.com/2008-10-27/ae/29278306_1_lady-gaga-disco-interscope. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (2010-01-22). "The 1980s revival that lasted an entire decade". The Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2010/jan/22/eighties-revival-decade. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ a b c Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9795-6.
- ^ a b c Fogel, Curtis; Andrea Quinlan (2011). "Lady Gaga and Feminism: A Critical Debate". Cross-Culture Communication. http://cscanada.net/index.php/ccc/article/view/j.ccc.1923670020110703.360/1947.
- ^ a b Smith, Emily Esfahani (2010-04-07). "The Pop Singer as Ultimate Predator". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303411604575167821091223394.html. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Juzwiak, Rich (2010-01-19). "Lady Gaga Approximately". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/2010-01-19/music/lady-gaga-approximately/. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Powers, Ann (December 13, 2009). "The Cultural Critic; Lady Gaga". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-09-13). "Lady Gaga Lets It Bleed During Eye-Popping VMA Performance". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621395/20090913/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Roberts, Sorya (2010-06-03). "Fans protest Lady Gaga's blood-spattered Monster Ball show in England after shooting spree". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2010/06/03/2010-06-03_fans_protest_lady_gagas_bloodspattered_monster_ball_show_in_england_after_shooti.html. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
- ^ "Gaga's bloody stage show sparks fury". Hindustan Times. 2010-06-04. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gaga-s-bloody-stage-show-sparks-fury/Article1-552890.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-23.
- ^ Dinh, James (2011-09-28). "Lady Gaga Bends Gender, Minds With VMA Monologue". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1669859/lady-gaga-jo-calderone-video-music-awards.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-09-28.
- ^ Patrick, Dan (2010-07-09). "Q&A with Chris Rock". CNN. http://www.danpatrick.com/?/blog/116941/index.html. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ Kennedy, Gerrick (2011-11-14). "Lady Gaga dismisses longtime creative director Laurieann Gibson". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/11/lady-gaga-dismisses-longtime-creative-director-laurieann-gibson.html. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Molanphy, Chris (2011-06-29). "Introducing the Queen of Pop". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/introducing-the-queen-of-pop-20110629. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Buckner, Michael (2009-12-28). "The Year in Style | Lady Gaga". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/12/24/style/YEARGAGA1227_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Caramanica, Jon (2009-05-03). "An Artist Whose Chief Work Is Herself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/arts/music/04gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Vineyard, Jennifer (2009-07-07). "Lady Gaga, You Are No Grace Jones". MTV. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/07/27/lady-gaga-you-are-no-grace-jones/. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Lewis, Luke (2009-08-09). "Lady Gaga Vs. Roisin Murphy – Spot The Difference". Yahoo!. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/newmusicalexpress/2110/lady-gaga-vs-roisin-murphyspot-the-difference/. Retrieved 2010-06-18. [dead link]
- "Kylie Minogue thinks there's an element of her in Lady Gaga". Hollywood News. 2010-06-13. http://www.hollywoodnews.com/2010/06/15/kylie-minogue-thinks-theres-an-element-of-her-in-lady-gaga/. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ "Lady Gaga: The Fame". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/music/the-fame. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- Browne, David (2010-01-09). "Is Lady GaGa a saviour of Pop?". Entertainment Weekly 1091 (2). ISSN 1049-0434.
- Andres, Joanna (2010-04-09). "Heather Cassils: Lady Gaga's Prison Yard Girlfriend". Out. http://out.com/detail.asp?id=26601. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- "Lady Gaga Fashion – Vote on 15 of Lady Gaga's Outfits". Elle. 2009-12-01. http://www.elle.com/Fashion/Fashion-Spotlight/Celebrity-Fashion-Lady-Gaga. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-10-30). "US College Offering Lady GaGa Degree". MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/244144-us-college-offering-lady-gaga-degree. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- Deflem, Mathieu. "SOCY 398D – Lady Gaga and the Sociology of the Fame". University of South Carolina. http://www.cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- Katharine Q. Seelye (October 28, 2010). "Beyond ABCs of Lady Gaga to the Sociology of Fame". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/us/29gaga.html.
- ^ Dwyer, Devin. "President Obama Calls Lady Gaga 'A Little Intimidating'". ABCNews. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/10/president-obama-calls-lady-gaga-a-little-intimidating/. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Only Allowed To Tattoo Left Side Of Her Body". MTV. 2011-03-24. http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/lady-gaga/263359-lady-gaga-tattoos-father-google. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- Odell, Amy (2009-08-11). "Lady Gaga shows off new German quote tattoo while on tour in Japan". Daily News (News Corporation). http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/08/11/2009-08-11_lady_gaga_shows_off_new_german_quote_tattoo_while_on_tour_in_japan.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- Swerling, Hannah (2011). "Gaga". Elle.
- ^ Blasberg, Derek (April 13, 2011). "Lady Gaga: The Interview". Harper's Bazaar (New York: Hearst Communications) (3594): 156–162. ISSN 0017-7873. OCLC 719731102. http://www.harpersbazaar.com/magazine/feature-articles/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ Reporter, Daily Mail (2009-02-03). "So who copied who? Lookalikes Lady GaGa and Christina Aguilera". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1135704/So-copied-Lookalikes-Lady-GaGa-Christina-Aguilera-embroiled-style-row.html. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ Temple, Sonic (2008-12-31). "GaGa: I'm thankful for Christina". OK! (Northern & Shell). http://www.ok.co.uk/celebnews/view/6299/GaGa-I-m-thankful-for-Christina/. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ Walters, Barbara (2009-12-30). "Lady Gaga: 'I Love Androgyny'". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=9640579. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ^ Thrills, Adrian (2010-05-02). "Christina Aguilera Copies Lady GaGa". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1269136/Christina-Aguilera-copies-Lady-GaGa-dons-PVC-outfit-new-video.html. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ Tarradell, Mario (2009-12-14). "Dale Bozzio should be flattered...maybe". The Dallas Morning News. http://musicblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2009/12/dale-bozzio-should-be-flattere.html. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- ^ Hattenstone, Simon (2011-05-14). "Lady Gaga: Lording it". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/14/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ^ Odell, Amy (2010-02-03). "Lady Gaga dedicates her new 'Little Monsters' tattoo to her fans". Daily News (News Corporation). http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/02/03/2010-02-03_lady_gaga_dedicates_her_new_little_monsters_tattoo_to_her_fans.html. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (2009-05-03). "An Artist Whose Chief Work Is Herself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/arts/music/04gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- ^ Paglia, Camille (2010-09-12). "Lady Gaga and the death of sex". The Sunday Times. http://www.shakenstir.co.uk/index.php/features/gaga-and-the-death-of-sex/features/20608/. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Fynes-Clinton, Jane (2010-09-15). "Lady Gaga's grab for attention enough to make you gag". The Courier-Mail. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/opinion/lady-gagas-grab-for-attention-enough-to-make-you-gag/story-e6freri6-1225923966643. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Empire, Kitty (2010-02-21). "Lady Gaga at MEN arena, Manchester". The Guardian (london). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/feb/21/lady-gaga-men-arena-manchester. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-02-05). "Lady Gaga Explains Her Absence From 'We Are The World' Recording". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1631353/lady-gaga-explains-her-absence-from-we-world-recording.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2010-01-27). "Lady Gaga Says She Raised $500,000 For Haiti Relief". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630614/20100127/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-03-21). "Lady Gaga Designs Japanese Tsunami Relief Wristband". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1659769/japanese-tsunami-bracelet-lady-gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Mangalindan, JP (2011-03-29). "Today in Tech: Lady Gaga gives to Zynga, Apple delaying iPhone 5?". CNN. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/29/today-in-tech-lady-gaga-gives-to-zynga-apple-delaying-iphone-5/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Lady Gaga sued over fundraising for Japan". Associated Press. MSNBC. June 29, 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43582514/ns/us_news-giving/t/lady-gaga-sued-over-fundraising-japan/. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ Schwartz, Rob (2011-04-14). "Lady Gaga to Appear at MTV Japan Charity Event". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-to-appear-at-mtv-japan-charity-1005135862.story. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Wilson, Benji (2010-04-10). "Lady Gaga gets lippy: The pop star teams with Mac to raise Aids awareness". Daily Mail. London. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1264165/Lady-Gaga-gets-lippy-The-pop-star-teams-Mac-raise-Aids-awareness.html. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Chao, Ning (Undated). "Going Gaga". Marie Claire. http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity-lifestyle/celebrities/interviews/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-11-02). "Lady Gaga Launches Born This Way Foundation". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1673633/lady-gaga-born-this-way-foundation.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ Latina Staff (2011-05-10). "From Fernando to Alejandro: the Latinos Behind Lady Gaga" (in Spanish). Latina. http://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/fernando-alejandro-latinos-behind-lady-gaga. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
- ^ Zak, Dan (2009-10-12). "For Gay Activists, The Lady Is a Champ". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/11/AR2009101101892_2.html. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
- ^ Thomas, Matt (2009-07-09). "Going Gaga". Fab (Pink Triangle Press) 54 (9): 45.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-05-07). "Lady Gaga On Success: 'The Turning Point For Me Was The Gay Community'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1610781/20090506/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ The Fame (Liner notes). Lady Gaga. Interscope Records. 2008. 2726601.
- ^ "NewNowNext Awards". 2008-05-03. http://www.logotv.com/video/franchise.jhtml?ctid=1956. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ "2008 Main Stage Line-Up". San Francisco Pride. 2008-06-13. http://www.sfpride.org/celeb/mainstage_08.html. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ "Lady GaGa's wacky headgear almost knocks out chat show host Ellen DeGeneres". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). 2009-05-13. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1181210/Lady-GaGas-wacky-headgear-knocks-chat-host-Ellen-DeGeneres.html. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ Brand, Fowler (2009-10-12). "Kanye Who? Lady Gaga Teams Up With President Obama". E! Entertainment Television (E! Online). http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b148428_kanye_who_lady_gaga_teams_up_with.html. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-08-14). "Lady Gaga's Shocking 2009 VMA Fashion Choices". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621407/20090914/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ Carter, Nicole (2009-12-10). "Lady Gaga performs her version of 'Imagine' at the Human Rights Campaign dinner in Washington D.C". Daily News. News Corporation. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/10/12/2009-10-12_lady_gaga_performs_her_version_of_imagine_at_the_human_rights_campaign_dinner_in.html. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Zezima, Katy (2010-09-20). "Lady Gaga Goes Political in Maine". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/us/politics/21gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ Roberts, Laura (2010-09-14). "Lady Gaga's meat dress divides opinion". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8001267/Lady-Gagas-meat-dress-divides-opinion.html. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ VOGUE.COM UK VOGUE.COM UK – The Best Dressed People of the Year 2010
- ^ Luscombe, Belinda (2010-12-09). "Lady Gaga – The Top 10 Everything of 2010 – TIME". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2035319_2034464,00.html. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Winterman, Denise; Kelly, Jon (2010-09-14). "Five interpretations of Gaga's meat dress". BBC (BBC Online). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11297832. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Lee, Ann (2010-09-14). "Lady Gaga defends meat dress by claiming she's no 'piece of meat'". Metro. http://www.metro.co.uk/music/840850-lady-gaga-defends-meat-dress-by-claiming-shes-no-piece-of-meat. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "Gaga: We've Found Our Fierce Advocate". The Advocate. 2010-09-28. http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/09/21/Lady_Gaga_Weve_Found_Our_Fierce_Advocate/. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ McGann, Laura (2008-12-08). "Obama: I'm a 'Fierce Advocate' for Gay and Lesbians". The Washington Independent. http://washingtonindependent.com/22526/obama-im-a-fierce-advocate-for-gay-and-lesbians. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
- ^ Blauvelt, Christian (2011-06-13). "Lady Gaga speaks out at massive Europride event in Rome: Can she meaningfully affect gay rights? – VIDEO". Entertainment Weekly. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/06/13/lady-gaga-rome-europride-gay-rights/. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Performs At EuroPride In Rome". MTV. 2011-06-13. http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/276972-lady-gaga-europride-italy-gay-rights. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "Lady Gaga champions gay rights at EuroPride". Metro. London. 2011-06-12. http://www.metro.co.uk/music/866055-lady-gaga-champions-gay-rights-at-europride. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Wockner, Rex (2011-06-16). "Australians accept marriage equality". The Bay Area Reporter. http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=5784. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Review: Unnecessary ‘Men in Black 3’ just O‘K’ compared to predecessors - a-e - The Lantern - Ohio State University
Further reading[link]
- Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
- Goodman, Elizabeth (2010). Lady Gaga: Critical Mass Fashion. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-66840-6.
- Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-4027-8059-1.
- Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9795-6.
- Phoenix, Helia (2010). Lady Gaga: Just Dance—The Biography. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4091-1567-0.
- Monster Anthems (2011) by Robert Christgau
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lady Gaga |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lady Gaga |
- Official website
- Lady Gaga at Allmusic
- Lady Gaga at AllRovi
- Lady Gaga discography at Discogs
- Lady Gaga on Facebook
- Lady Gaga at the Internet Movie Database
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about Lady Gaga in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Slide show Vanity Fair
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina |
| Alternative names | Lady Gaga |
| Short description | American pop singer |
| Date of birth | March 28, 1986 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Lady_Gaga
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://es.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://ru.wn.com/Леди Гага
http://cs.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://pt.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://pl.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://hi.wn.com/लेडी गागा
http://it.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://id.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://nl.wn.com/Lady Gaga
http://fr.wn.com/Lady Gaga
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Stephanie Dosen | |
|---|---|
 Stephanie Dosen performing at the Brudenell Social Club, Leeds on 17th April 2009 with Snowbird. |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Wisconsin, United States |
| Occupations | musician, songwriter |
| Instruments | vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 2002-present |
| Labels | Bella Union |
| Associated acts | Snowbird Massive Attack José González |
| Notable instruments | |
| guitar | |
Stephanie Dosen (born 12 May) is an American singer-songwriter. She was raised in Wisconsin. Her songs have been featured on the soundtracks of Dawson's Creek, NUMB3RS and Party of Five.
Dosen got her start in 1994 with the band Virus, an ambient techno group whose debut album Analogue was considered groundbreaking in the Christian trance music scene.[1] [2] In 2002, Dosen released her first solo album Ghosts, Mice & Vagabonds. The ethereal self-produced work received rave reviews, with Billboard Magazine choosing Dosen as one of the top six independent musicians in the Midwest for 2003.[3]
In 2006 Simon Raymonde, the former member of the Cocteau Twins who runs the Bella Union label, heard Dosen's music and as a result they worked together on the music that became Dosen's album A Lily For The Spectre.[4] The album was recorded in Pikeville, Kentucky and North Wales and was then released in the UK and Europe. Since then, Dosen has appeared on the BBC TV programme Later... with Jools Holland and on the Australian TV rock quiz entertainment show RocKwiz, and has worked with Massive Attack and The Chemical Brothers. Her collaboration with José González for the iTunes Festival was recorded in February 2008.
Dosen joined Massive Attack as a lead vocalist in June 2008. She made her debut at Royal Festival Hall in London, performing in two shows as part of the Meltdown Festival, which that year the band had been selected to direct. Dosen also performed with the band at that years Glastonbury Festival. The new songs Red Light, Marakesh and Kingpin have all become popular with the European audiences on the (northern) summer 2008 tour. In 2009 she formed the group Snowbird with Simon Raymonde.
Dosen was amongst the nominess at the 2009 NME Awards for 'Sexiest Female' Award, losing to Hayley Williams of Paramore.
Discography[link]
- Ghosts, Mice & Vagabonds (2002)
- A Lily for the Spectre (2007)
Other Creative Endeavors[link]
Dosen has been gaining fame in the UK and America as a knitwear designer under her brand Tiny Owl Knits.[5] Her ethereal and innovative designs are reminiscent of her musical sound and have been featured in several UK knitting magazines.[6]
External links[link]
- ^ "From Oddities to Wormsign, Greg Young Tells Us Everything". http://www.tastyfresh.com/articles/interviews/67-from-oddities-to-wormsign-greg-young-tells-us-everything.html. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Virus". http://www.automatapedia.com/index.php?title=Virus. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Stephanie Dosen's new Album". http://www.mtv.tv/news/Stephanie-Dosen-s-new-Album-61490/. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Stephanie Dosen Biography on Billboard.com". http://www.billboard.com/artist/stephanie-dosen/663925#/artist/stephanie-dosen/663925. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Tiny Owl Knits". http://www.tinyowlknits/about-2/. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ "Tiny Owl Knits Press". http://tinyowlknits.wordpress.com/hoots/. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stephanie Dosen |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dosen, Stephanie |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 12 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Stephanie_Dosen
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Dosen
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
