Orthographic Projection Cartography

Sunday, 20 January 2013

Lecture - 1 Introduction to computer graphics

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Albrecht Dürer
Albrecht Dürer (German pronunciation: [ˈalbʁɛçt ˈdyːʁɐ]; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a German painter, printmaker, engraver, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since. His vast body of work includes altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings. His woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series (1498), retain a more Gothic flavour than the rest of his work. His well-known works include the Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514), which has been the subject of extensive analysis and interpretation. His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his ambitious woodcuts revolutionized the potential of that medium.
Dürer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics, perspective and ideal proportions.

wn.com/Albrecht_Dürer
Hipparchus
Hipparchus/hɪˈpɑːrkəs/, or more correctly Hipparchos (Greek: Ἵππαρχος, Hipparkhos; c. 190 BC – c. 120 BC), was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician of the Hellenistic period. He is considered the founder of trigonometry.
Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey), and probably died on the island of Rhodes. He is known to have been a working astronomer at least from 162 to 127 BC. Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer and, by some, the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity. He was the first whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. For this he certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia. He developed trigonometry and constructed trigonometric tables, and he solved several problems of spherical trigonometry. With his solar and lunar theories and his trigonometry, he may have been the first to develop a reliable method to predict solar eclipses. His other reputed achievements include the discovery of Earth's precession, the compilation of the first comprehensive star catalog of the western world, and possibly the invention of the astrolabe, also of the armillary sphere, which he used during the creation of much of the star catalogue. It would be three centuries before Claudius Ptolemaeus' synthesis of astronomy would supersede the work of Hipparchus; it is heavily dependent on it in many areas.

wn.com/Hipparchus
Johannes Stabius
Johannes Stabius (Johann Stab) (1450–1522) was an Austrian cartographer of Vienna who developed, around 1500, the heart-shape (cordiform) projection map later developed further by Johannes Werner. It is called the Werner map projection, but also the Stabius-Werner or the Stab-Werner projection.
After its introduction by Werner in his 1514 book, Nova translatio primi libri geographiaae C. Ptolemaei, the Werner projection was commonly used for world maps and some continental maps through the 16th century and into the 17th century. It was used by Mercator, Oronce Fine, and Ortelius in the late 16th century for maps of Asia and Africa. By the 18th century, it was replaced by the Bonne projection for continental maps. The Werner projection is only used today for instructional purposes and as a novelty.
In 1512, Stabius published a work called the Horoscopion. He also devised a card dial.[1]
Stabius was a member of a circle of humanists based in Vienna. This circle included the scholars Georg Tannstetter, Stiborius, Thomas Resch, Stefan Rosinus, Johannes Cuspinianus, and the reformer Joachim Vadianus. These humanists were associated with the court of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.[2]

wn.com/Johannes_Stabius
Vitruvius
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c. 15 BC) was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st century BC. He is best known as the author of the multi-volume work De Architectura ("On Architecture").
By his own description Vitruvius served as a ballista (artilleryman), the third class of arms in the military offices. He likely served as chief of the ballista (senior officer of artillery) in charge of doctores ballistarum (artillery experts) and libratores who actually operated the machines.
Little is known about Vitruvius' life. Most inferences about him are extracted from his only surviving work De Architectura. His first name Marcus and his cognomen Pollio are uncertain. He was possibly a praefectus fabrum during military service or praefect architectus armamentarius of the apparitor status group. Cetius Faventinus speaks of "Vitruvius Polio aliique auctores" in his epitome; it is possible that the cognomen derives from this mention by Cetius, meaning Vitruvius, Polio, and others - further confusing the cognomen, an inscription in Verona names Lucius Vitruvius Cordo and an inscription from Thilbilis North Africa (near Guelma) names Marcus Vitruvius Mamurra. From this inscription the archaeologist Dr. G. Q. Giglioli nearly concludes that Vitruvius and Mamurra are from the same family.

wn.com/Vitruvius

Map projections of the Earth

Cartographers face the "orange peel" problem when mapping the surface of Earth onto a flat...

published: 25 Oct 2011

author: twistedlot

Authors@Google: Glen Creason

An illustrated cartographic history of the City of Angels from the colonial era to the pre...

published: 06 Jan 2011

author: AtGoogleTalks

Fractal Terrains 3 Demo

Brief demo of creating a random world with ProFantasy's Fractal Terrains 3...

published: 04 Nov 2011

author: Mark Fulford

Lecture - 1 Introduction to computer graphics

Computer Graphics by Dr. Sukhendu das, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Madr...

published: 21 Jan 2008

author: nptelhrd

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color bgr_color_content font_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20130120110531/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/orthographic_projection_(cartography)&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

photo: Creative Commons / Gage Skidmore

Actress Angelina Jolie on the Salt panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic Con in San Diego, California.

Angelina Jolie likes being sexy

m&c;

18 Jan 2013

Angelina Jolie likes being a sex symbol. The Oscar-winning actress is regarded as one of the world's most beautiful women and she enjoys being told she looks good as it's important to feel sexy ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)

photo: AP / Sergei Chuzavkov

Ukraine's Prime Minister and presidential candidate Yulia Tymoshenko speaks to the media in Kiev, Ukraine, Sunday, Feb. 7, 2010.

Ukraine Government Plans to Charge Ex-Premier With Murder

The New York Times

19 Jan 2013

MOSCOW — The government of President Viktor F. Yanukovich of Ukraine said Friday that it planned to bring murder charges against his political rival, the jailed former prime minister, Yulia V. Tymoshenko, in connection with the 1996 assassination of a member of Parliament. Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesworld for international breaking news and headlines. Twitter List. Reporters and Editors ... He said that Ms ... Ms ... Ms ...   ... ....(size: 8.0Kb)

photo: US Army / Staff Sgt. Michael R. Noggle

File - Senegalese and Malian soldiers train with U.S. special forces in Mali during a military training engagement, May 11, 2010 in Bamako, Mali as part of Exercise Flintlock 10.

Al-Qaeda in the Heart of Africa

Antiwar

18 Jan 2013

“For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction” is Newton’s third law of physics. Its counterpart in geopolitics is “blowback,” when military action in one sphere produces an unintended and undesirable consequence in another. September 11, 2001, was blowback. George H.W. Bush had sent an army of half a million to hurl Saddam Hussein out of Kuwait, a triumph ... bases in Saudi Arabia ... Patrick J....(size: 5.8Kb)

photo: GFDL

Boeing 787 - Dreamliner at roll-out ceremony /aaeh

Boeing crisis deepens as Dreamliners grounded worldwide

The Star

17 Jan 2013

TOKYO. Aviation regulators on Thursday grounded most of the world's 787 Dreamliner fleet until a fire risk linked to the plane's batteries can been fixed, deepening a crisis for its US manufacturer Boeing. Regulators in Japan, India and Chile followed the lead of the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in ordering an indefinite halt to all operations, after a Japanese Dreamliner on Wednesday was forced into an emergency landing ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)

photo: AP / SITE Intel Group

This image from video provided by the SITE Intel Group made available Thursday Jan. 17, 2013, purports to show militant militia leader Moktar Belmoktar.

Mokhtar Belmokhtar: Algeria's Link To Al Qaeda

Skynews

18 Jan 2013

He's known as Mr Marlboro because of his cigarette smuggling. The French intelligence service calls him "The Uncatchable".. The truth is Mokhtar Belmokhtar and his fellow North African Jihadists are rapidly emerging as Europe's most potent strategic threat. ... He described the man who has now projected himself on to the world stage from the relative obscurity of the Saharan wastes.. "He is very cold. Very business-like ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Work on Haryana metro project soon

The Times of India

20 Jan 2013

The foundation stone of the much-awaited Metro rail project between Bahadurgarh and Mundka in Delhi will be laid on February 2 by Haryana chief minister Bhupinder Singh Hooda. The overall cost of this project is estimated at Rs 1,991 crore and is expected to improve commuting in the national capital region ... The project will provide Metro link to Jhajjar district in Haryana....(size: 1.8Kb)

Youth Help Paper Recycling Project expands reach

Jamaica Observer

20 Jan 2013

The School Paper Recycling Project and Competition, involving a $6.7-million investment for equipment and training, was launched at a January 16 press conference at the Knutsford Court Hotel in New Kingston ... "The project is being carried out in collaboration with the schools' environmental clubs and a competition, featuring an attractive cash prize, has been organised to encourage participation," said a release from HTCC....(size: 3.3Kb)

Pro-union bill benefits no one

North Jersey

20 Jan 2013

PLAs swell project costs because they eliminate competition. ... 14, many of my colleagues and I voted against an expansion of project labor agreements, which allow elected officials to funnel more public projects to labor unions of their choice. ... Ironically, it increases the cost of recovery projects; it is a direct burden to Sandy victims, New Jersey families and their communities....(size: 12.5Kb)

Housing projects will be closely watched

New Straits/Business Times

20 Jan 2013

THE Penang government's plan to invite developers to participate in a RM500 million affordable housing project in Jalan S.P ... A separate RFP has also been called by the state authorities for another affordable housing project at Sandiland Foreshore along Jalan C.Y ... The proposed project is said to have 300 affordable housing units priced below RM300,000 while the low-medium cost units will be priced at RM72,500....(size: 4.1Kb)

Big bet on Wyoming wind: Anschutz's latest idea

Denver Post

20 Jan 2013

California is the West's biggest renewable-energy market and a vital one for the project ... Jerry Brown has voiced a strong preference for in-state renewable-energy projects, and California utility executives say they can meet renewable- energy requirements with projects close to home ... Six renewable-energy projects are going up within driving distance of the utility's headquarters, he said ... Massive project....(size: 10.3Kb)

SPNB has revised 27,783 abandoned houses nationwide to date

New Straits/Business Times

20 Jan 2013

Syarikat Perumahan Nasional Bhd (SPNB) has revived 86 housing projects involving 27,783 abandoned houses nationwide to date, entailing redevelopment costs totalling RM613 million.   Of the total, 32 projects comprising 14,538 houses were ......(size: 1.3Kb)

Gail pipeline project hits a roadblock

The Times of India

20 Jan 2013

The first phase of the project from Kochi to Koottanad is almost complete ... "Over 15,000 families in north Kerala will be directly affected with the implementation of the project," said C R Neelakantan, chairman of the Gas Pipeline Victims' Forum ... The Gail project is aimed at supplying natural gas to industries in Mangalore and it will not benefit Kerala, said members of the victims' forum....(size: 3.2Kb)

GMR, GVK exit from NHAI's mega-road projects: What went wrong?

The Times of India

20 Jan 2013

GMR and GVK have pulled the plug on two high-profile road projects, collectively worth around Rs 10,700 crore. The two projects — GMR'sRs 7,700-croreKishangarh-Udaipur-Ahmedabad project for which it had bid to pay the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) an annual premium of Rs 636 crore (which would increase every year), and GVK'sRs 3,000-croreShivpuri-Dewas project in Madhya Pradesh — were among the biggest in the sector....(size: 3.1Kb)

Jacksonville's 'to-do' list of projects pricey, hard to track

The Florida Times Union

20 Jan 2013

Last summer, while council members debated the 2013 budget, the city’s budget chief was asked for a breakdown of spending on capital projects, the costly items like roads, sidewalks and building renovations that are supposed to last many years ... The city hasn’t had a standard way of tracking its progress on those projects, which are funded by big chunks of the $2.8 billion in long-term debt it carries....(size: 3.8Kb)

How to Get involved in Amateur Research

Sky & Telescope

20 Jan 2013

Additional information about the programs discussed in the article is listed below, and you can visit Sky & Telescope's resources pages to learn more about other ongoing projects ... Along with their own photometric all-sky survey of the night sky, individual projects like the Z CamPaign keep the organization relevant as technological advances usher astronomy into the modern era ... See our list of citizen science projects to learn more....(size: 6.8Kb)

LJMU 'AFRESH' event showcases EU projects of the future (Liverpool John Moores University)

noodls

20 Jan 2013

The Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences recently hosted a free event to launch the EU AFRESH Project Joint Action Plan with around 70 local and regional delegates from academia, public, private and third sector organisations in attendance ... These projects were developed during idea generation workshops in Frankfurt and Paris last year and centre on four target groups/settings....(size: 3.7Kb)

Mumbai Trans-Harbour link to take off with Centre’s help

The Times of India

20 Jan 2013

With funding in place, the much-awaited showpiece project will finally take off, and will considerably ease traffic congestion in the eastern corridor of the city ... Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) will build this project in collaboration with a private consortium which will be chosen through a bidding process ... "The Detailed Project Report for this elevated connector is nearing completion ....(size: 2.6Kb)

THE NATIONAL PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY (PETROCHEM) ANNOUNCES ITS INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL RESULTS FOR THE PERIOD ENDING DECEMBER 31, 2012 (TWELVE MONTHS) (CONTINUED) (PETROCHEM - National Petrochemical Company)

noodls

20 Jan 2013

9) The main reasons for the increase in losses & operating losses in the twelve months 2012 compared to the same twelve months in 2011 is that the company had announced commercial operation at the beginning of fourth quarter of 2012, then the Company project (Saudi Polymers Company) had to shut down after only 40 days of operation for project maintenance....(size: 2.2Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Orthographic projection (equatorial aspect) of eastern hemisphere 30W–150E

An orthographic projection is a map projection of cartography. Like the stereographic projection and gnomonic projection, orthographic projection is a perspective (or azimuthal) projection, in which the sphere is projected onto a tangent plane or secant plane. The point of perspective for the orthographic projection is at infinite distance. It depicts a hemisphere of the globe as it appears from outer space, where the horizon is a great circle. The shapes and areas are distorted, particularly near the edges, but distances are preserved along parallels.^[1]^[2]

1 History
2 Mathematics
3 Orthographic projections onto cylinders
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

History [link]

The orthographic projection has been known since antiquity, with its cartographic uses being well documented. Hipparchus used the projection in the 2nd century B.C. to determine the places of star-rise and star-set. In about 14 B.C., Roman engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio used the projection to construct sundials and to compute sun positions.^[2]

Vitruvius also seems to have devised the term orthographic (from the Greek orthos (= “straight”) and graphē (= “drawing”) for the projection. However, the name analemma, which also meant a sundial showing latitude and longitude, was the common name until François d'Aguilon of Antwerp promoted its present name in 1613.^[2]

The earliest surviving maps on the projection appear as woodcut drawings of terrestrial globes of 1509 (anonymous), 1533 and 1551 (Johannes Schöner), and 1524 and 1551 (Apian). These were crude. A highly refined map designed by Renaissance polymath Albrecht Dürer and executed by Johannes Stabius appeared in 1515.^[2]

Photographs of the Earth and other planets from spacecraft have inspired renewed interest in the orthographic projection in astronomy and planetary science.

Mathematics [link]

The formulas for the spherical orthographic projection are derived using trigonometry. They are written in terms of longitude (λ) and latitude (φ) on the sphere. Define the radius of the sphere R and the center point (and origin) of the projection (λ₀, φ₀). The equations for the orthographic projection onto the (x, y) tangent plane reduce to the following:^[1]

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \begin{align} x &= R\,\cos\varphi \sin\left(\lambda - \lambda_0\right) \\ y &= R\big[\cos\varphi_0 \sin\varphi - \sin\varphi_0 \cos\varphi \cos\left(\lambda - \lambda_0\right)\big] \end{align}

Latitudes beyond the range of the map should be clipped by calculating the distance Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): c

from the center of the orthographic projection.  This ensures that points on the opposite hemisphere are not plotted:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \cos c = \sin\varphi_0 \sin\varphi + \cos\varphi_0 \cos\varphi \cos\left(\lambda - \lambda_0\right)\,

The point should be clipped from the map if Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \cos(c)

is negative.

The inverse formulas are given by:

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \begin{align} \varphi &= \arcsin\left[\cos c \sin\varphi_0 + \frac{y\sin c \cos\varphi_0}{\rho}\right] \\ \lambda &= \lambda_0 + \arctan\left[\frac{x\sin c}{\rho \cos \varphi_0\cos c - y \sin\varphi_0 \sin c}\right] \end{align}

where

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \begin{align} \rho &= \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} \\ c &= \arcsin\left(\frac{\rho}{R}\right) \end{align}

For computation of the inverse formulas (e.g., using C/C++, Fortran, or other programming language), the use of the two-argument atan2 form of the inverse tangent function (as opposed to atan) is recommended. This ensures that the sign of the orthographic projection as written is correct in all quadrants.

The inverse formulas are particularly useful when trying to project a variable defined on a (λ, φ) grid onto a rectilinear grid in (x, y). Direct application of the orthographic projection yields scattered points in (x, y), which creates problems for plotting and numerical integration. One solution is to start from the (x, y) projection plane and construct the image from the values defined in (λ, φ) by using the inverse formulas of the orthographic projection.

See References for an ellipsoidal version of the orthographic map projection.^[3]

Orthographic projections onto cylinders [link]

In a wide sense, all projections with the point of perspective at infinity (and therefore parallel projecting lines) are considered as orthographic, regardless of the surface onto which they are projected. These kinds of projections distort angles and areas close to the poles.

An example of an orthographic projection onto a cylinder is the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection.

References [link]

^ ^a ^b Snyder, J. P. (1987). Map Projections—A Working Manual (US Geologic Survey Professional Paper 1395). Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. pp. 145–153.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections pp. 16–18. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76746-9.
^ Zinn, Noel (June 2011). "Ellipsoidal Orthographic Projection via ECEF and Topocentric (ENU)". http://www.hydrometronics.com/downloads/Ellipsoidal%20Orthographic%20Projection.pdf. Retrieved 2011-Nov-11.

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Orthographic_projection_(cartography)

http://fr.wn.com/Projection orthographique

http://nl.wn.com/Orthografische azimutale projectie

http://de.wn.com/Orthografische Azimutalprojektion

http://pl.wn.com/Siatka ortograficzna

http://cs.wn.com/Ortografická projekce

http://es.wn.com/Proyección ortográfica

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection_(cartography)

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For use in map-making, see Orthographic projection (cartography).

Graphical projection

Part of a series on:
Planar Parallel projection Orthographic projection Multiviews Plan, or floor plan Section Elevation Auxiliary Axonometric projection (i.e. pictorials) Isometric projection Dimetric projection Trimetric projection Oblique projection Cavalier projection Cabinet projection Perspective projection Linear perspective One-point perspective Two-point perspective Three-point perspective Zero-point perspective Curvilinear perspective Reverse perspective
Other 3D projection Stereographic projection Anamorphic projection
Views Bird's-eye view/Aerial view Detail view 3/4 perspective Cutaway drawing Exploded view drawing Fisheye Fixed 3D Panorama Top-down perspective Worm's-eye view Zoom
Topics Computer graphics Computer-aided design Descriptive geometry Engineering drawing Foreshortening Map projection Projective geometry Technical drawing Vanishing point Video game graphics
v t e

Orthographic projection (or orthogonal projection) is a means of representing a three-dimensional object in two dimensions. It is a form of parallel projection, where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane,^[1] resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface. It is further divided into multiview orthographic projections and axonometric projections. A lens providing an orthographic projection is known as an (object-space) telecentric lens.

The term orthographic is also sometimes reserved specifically for depictions of objects where the axis or plane of the object is also parallel with the projection plane,^[1] as in multiview orthographic projections.

Symbols used to define whether a projection is either Third Angle (right) or First Angle (left).

1 Origin
2 Multiview orthographic projections
3 Pictorials
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Origin [link]

The earliest surviving maps on the projection appear as woodcut drawings of terrestrial globes of 1509 (anonymous), 1533 and 1551 (Johannes Schöner), and 1524 and 1551 (Apian).^[2]

Multiview orthographic projections [link]

Main article: Multiview orthographic projection

With multiview orthographic projections, up to six pictures of an object are produced, with each projection plane parallel to one of the coordinate axes of the object. The views are positioned relative to each other according to either of two schemes: first-angle or third-angle projection. In each, the appearances of views may be thought of as being projected onto planes that form a 6-sided box around the object. Although six different sides can be drawn, usually three views of a drawing give enough information to make a 3D object. These views are known as front view, top view and right side view.

Pictorials [link]

Main article: Axonometric projection

Within orthographic projection there is the subcategory known as pictorials. Axonometric pictorials show an image of an object as viewed from a skew direction in order to reveal all three directions (axes) of space in a single picture.^[3] Orthographic pictorial instrument drawings are often used to approximate graphical perspective projections, but there is attendant distortion in the approximation. Because pictorial projections inherently have this distortion, in the instrument drawing of pictorials, great liberties may then be taken for economy of effort and best effect. Orthographic pictorials rely on the technique of axonometric projection ("to measure along axes").

References [link]

^ ^a ^b Maynard, Patric (2005). Drawing distinctions: the varieties of graphic expression. Cornell University Press. pp. 22. ISBN 0-8014-7280-6. http://books.google.com/?id=4Y_YqOlXoxMC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=axonometric+orthographic&q=axonometric%20orthographic.
^ ^a ^b ^c Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections pp. 16–18. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-76746-9.
^ Mitchell, William; Malcolm McCullough (1994). Digital design media. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 169. ISBN 0-471-28666-4. http://books.google.com/?id=JrZoGgQEhKkC&pg=PA169&dq=axonometric+orthographic#v=onepage&q=axonometric%20orthographic.

External links [link]

v t e Visualization of technical information

Fields	Biological data visualization Chemical imaging Crime mapping Data visualization Educational visualization Flow visualization Geovisualization Information visualization Mathematical visualization Medical imaging Molecular graphics Product visualization Scientific visualization Software visualization Technical drawing Visual culture Volume visualization

Image types	Chart Diagram Graph of a function Engineering drawing Ideogram Map Photograph Pictogram Plot Schematic Statistical graphics Table Technical drawings Technical illustration

Experts	Jacques Bertin Stuart Card Thomas A. DeFanti Michael Friendly Nigel Holmes Alan MacEachren Jock D. Mackinlay Michael Maltz Bruce H. McCormick Charles Joseph Minard Otto Neurath William Playfair Clifford A. Pickover Arthur H. Robinson Lawrence J. Rosenblum Adolphe Quetelet George G. Robertson Ben Shneiderman Edward Tufte

Related topics	Cartography Chartjunk Computer graphics Computer graphics (computer science) Model-based definition Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging science Information graphics Information science Mental visualisation Neuroimaging Scientific modelling Spatial analysis Visual analytics Visual perception

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographic_projection

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Playlist

Film Summary

Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

Applied mathematics

Related Topics

Make changes yourself !

Contents

History [link]

Mathematics [link]

Orthographic projections onto cylinders [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Orthographic_projection_(cartography)

Related pages:

http://fr.wn.com/Projection orthographique

http://nl.wn.com/Orthografische azimutale projectie

http://de.wn.com/Orthografische Azimutalprojektion

http://pl.wn.com/Siatka ortograficzna

http://cs.wn.com/Ortografická projekce

http://es.wn.com/Proyección ortográfica

Contents

Origin [link]

Multiview orthographic projections [link]

Pictorials [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Orthographic_projection

Related pages:

http://nl.wn.com/Orthografische projectie

http://pt.wn.com/Projecção ortogonal

http://de.wn.com/Orthogonale Projektion Orthogonale Projektion

http://fr.wn.com/Projection orthogonale

http://it.wn.com/Proiezione ortogonale

http://pl.wn.com/Rzut prostokątny

http://es.wn.com/Proyección ortogonal