Aliyah to Israel
Pre-Zionist Aliyah
The Return to Zion Old Yishuv
Before 14 May 1948
First Aliyah · Second Aliyah During World War I Third Aliyah · Fourth Aliyah Fifth Aliyah During and after World War II Bricha
After 14 May 1948
Operation Magic Carpet Operation Ezra and Nehemiah 1968 Polish aliyah 1970s Soviet Union aliyah Aliyah from Ethiopia 1990s CIS aliyah 2000s Latin America aliyah
Concepts
Judaism · Zionism Jewish homeland Jewish messianism Law of Return Galut · Yerida
Persons and organizations
Theodor Herzl · Knesset El Al · Nefesh B'Nefesh World Zionist Organization
Related topics
History of Israel History of Zionism Israeli Jews Jewish diaspora Jewish history Jews in the Land of Israel Religious Zionism Revival of the Hebrew language · Yishuv
v t e

A Jewish state refers to the debate that is in progress on the nature and character of Israel. Modern Israel came into existence on 14 May 1948 as the homeland for the Jewish people. However, the nature of the new state as a Jewish state was undefined and is the subject of continuing debate, and is the cause of some conflict in the Arab-Israel conflict.

Since the establishment of the state, Israel has passed many laws which reflect on the Jewish identification and values of the vast majority of its citizens. However, the secular versus religious debate in Israel in particular has focused debate on the Jewish nature of the state. Another aspect of the debate is the status of minorities in Israel, most notably the Israeli Arab population.

The first usage of the term "Jewish state" was by Theodor Herzl who in late 1895 wrote Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) giving birth to the modern Zionist movement. There was no reference to a Jewish state by the Zionist Organisation that he founded, preferring at first to use the description "Jewish homeland" or similar terms. The 1942 Biltmore Program of the Zionist Organization explicitly called "that Palestine be established as a Jewish Commonwealth." In 1946, the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, also known as the Grady-Morrison Committee, noted that the demand for a Jewish State went beyond the obligations of either the Balfour Declaration or the Mandate, and had been expressly disowned by the Chairman of the Jewish Agency as recently as 1932.^[1]

The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which brought the British mandate to an end in 1948, referred to a "Jewish state" and an "Arab state."

The term "Jewish state" has been in common usage in the media since the establishment of Israel, and the term was used interchangeably with Israel. The first US official to use the term was then United States Secretary of State Colin L. Powell in a 2001 speech on the Middle East, in which he briefly called on Palestinians to recognize Israel as a "Jewish state" after an Israeli diplomat convinced an aide to slip the phrase into his speech. George W. Bush used the term in his speeches and in a controversial exchange of letters with Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon in 2004.^[2] Obama has also adopted the phrase, most recently in a speech in September 2010 to the U.N. General Assembly.^[3] The Israeli government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has sought Palestinian recognition of Israel as a "Jewish state". However, Palestinians regard a "Jewish state" as a trap, a new demand that did not come up during years of negotiations in the 1990s or in peace treaties reached with Egypt and Jordan. The Palestine Liberation Organization recognized the State of Israel as part of the Oslo Accords in 1993. Palestinians regard acceptance of the demand as giving up the right of return.^[3]

Homeland for the Jewish people[link]

The concept of a national homeland for the Jewish people is enshrined in Israeli national policy and reflected in many of Israel's public and national institutions. The concept was adopted in the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel on 14 May 1948 as the objective of the establishment of modern Israel. The principle was given legal effect in the Law of Return, which was passed by the Knesset on 5 July 1950, and stated "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh."^[4] This was modified in 1970 to include non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent, and their spouses.

Jewish state or a state of Jews?[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2010)

There has been ongoing debate in Israel on the character of the state, regarding whether it should enshrine more Jewish culture, encourage Judaism in schools, and enshrine certain laws of Kashrut and Shabbat observance. This debate reflects a historical divide within Zionism and among the Jewish citizens of Israel, which has large secular and traditional/Orthodox minorities as well as a majority which lies somewhere in between.

Secular Zionism, the historically dominant stream, is rooted in a concept of the Jews as a people that have a right to self-determination. Another reason sometimes submitted for such establishment was to have a state where Jews would not be afraid of antisemitic attacks and live in peace. But such a reason is not a requirement of the self-determination right and so is subsidiary to it in secular Zionist thinking.

Religious Zionists, who believe that religious beliefs and traditional practices are central to Jewish peoplehood, counter that assimilating to be a secular "nation like any other" would be oxymoronic in nature, and harm more than help the Jewish people. They seek instead to establish what they see as an "authentic Jewish commonwealth" which preserves and encourages Jewish heritage.^[5] Drawing an analogy to diaspora Jews who assimilated into other cultures and abandoned Jewish culture, whether voluntary or otherwise, they argue that the creation of a secular state in Israel is tantamount to establishing a state where Jews assimilate en masse as a nation, and therefore anathema to what they view as Jewish national aspirations. Zionism is rooted in a concept of the Jews as a nation. In this capacity, they believe that Israel has a mandate to promote Judaism, to be the center of Jewish culture and center of its population, perhaps even the sole legitimate representative of Jews worldwide.^{[citation needed]}

Partisans of the first view are predominantly, though by no means exclusively, secular or less traditional. Partisans of the second view are almost exclusively traditional or Orthodox, although they also include supporters who follow other streams of Judaism or are less traditional but conservative and would not object to a more prominent state role in promoting Jewish beliefs—although not to the point of creating a purely Halachic state.

The debate is therefore characterized by significant polarities. Secular and religious Zionists argue passionately about what a Jewish state should represent. Post-Zionists and Zionists argue about whether a Jewish state should exist at all. Because Israel was created within the sphere of international law as the instrument for Jewish self-determination, these polarities are captured by the questions: should Israel maintain and strengthen its status as a state for the Jewish people, or transition to being a state purely for "all of its citizens", or identify as both? And, if both, how to resolve any tensions that arise from their coexistence. To date, Israel has steered a course between secularism and Jewish identity, usually depending on who controls the Israeli High Court of Justice.

On 19 November 2008, Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni addressed the United Jewish Communities General Assembly in Jerusalem. In her speech, she announced: "These two goals of Israel as a Jewish and a democratic state must coexist and not contradict each other. So, what does that mean, a Jewish state? It is not only a matter of the number of Jews who live in Israel. It is not just a matter of numbers but a matter of values. The Jewish state is a matter of values, but it is not just a matter of religion, it is also a matter of nationality. And a Jewish state is not a monopoly of rabbis. It is not. It is about the nature of the State of Israel. It is about Jewish tradition. It is about Jewish history, regardless of the question of what each and every Israeli citizen does in his own home on Saturdays and what he does on the Jewish holidays. We need to maintain the nature of the State of Israel, the character of the State of Israel, because this is the raison d'etre of the State of Israel."^[6]

A Jewish commonwealth[link]

Advocates of Israel becoming a more narrowly Jewish commonwealth face at least the following practical and theoretical difficulties:

1. How to deal with the non-Jewish Arab minority in Israel (and the non-Jewish majority in the West Bank and Gaza).
2. How to alleviate concerns of Jews in Israel who favor a relatively secular state.^[7]
3. What relationship should official Judaism hold vis-à-vis the Government of Israel and vice versa?^[8]
4. What role do schools play in supporting Jewish heritage, religion, culture, and state?^[9]
5. How will the government be organized (theocracy, constitutional theocracy, constitutional republic, parliamentary democracy etc.)?^[10]
6. Should the justice system be based on secular common law, secular civil law, a combination of Jewish and common law, a combination of Jewish and civil law, or pure Jewish law?^[7]
7. On what mandate or legal principles should the constitution of a Jewish state be based?^[8]
8. How to integrate the economy of the state in line with Jewish law.^{[citation needed]}

Theorists who grapple with these issues focus on the future of the State of Israel and realize that although the sovereign political state has been established, there is still much work to be done in relation to the identity of the state itself.^[11]

Public opinion[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

A poll commissioned by the Israel Democracy Institute in 2007 found that 75% of Arab-Israelis would support a constitution that maintained Israel as a Jewish and democratic state with equal minority rights:

A vast majority of Israeli Arabs would support a constitution that maintained Israel's status as a Jewish and democratic state while guaranteeing equal rights for minorities, according to a poll whose results were published on Sunday.^[which?] Among the 507 people who participated in the poll, some 75 percent said they would agree with such a definition while 23 percent said they would oppose it.^[12]

Criticism[link]

The notion that Israel should be constituted in the name of and maintain a special relationship with a particular group of people, the Jewish people, has drawn much controversy vis-à-vis minority groups living in Israel – the large number of Muslim and Christian Palestinians residing in Israel and, to the extent that those territories are claimed to be governed as part of Israel and not as areas under military occupation, in the West Bank and Gaza. For example, the Israeli National Anthem, Hatikvah, refers to Jews by name as well as alluding to the concept of Zionism, and it contains no mention of Palestinian Arab culture. This anthem therefore excludes non-Jews from its narrative of national identity. Similar criticism has been made of the Israeli flag which resembles the Tallit (a Jewish prayer shawl) and features a Star of David, generally acknowledged as a symbol of Judaism. Critics of Israel as a Jewish nation state have suggested that it should adopt more inclusive and neutral symbolism.

In the course of the Cold War, the Soviet Union, its satellite states and agencies, as well as many African, Asian and Arab states, presented the concept of Zionism and the Jewish state as an embodiment of racism, imperialism and colonialism. In 1975, the UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, which equated Zionism with racism, was passed by a vote of 72 to 35. It was revoked by UN General Assembly Resolution 4686 in 1991 by a vote of 111 to 25.

Linguist and political commentator Noam Chomsky makes a distinction between the concept of "a Jewish ethnic homeland in Palestine" and "a Jewish state" in his interview on C-SPAN:"I have always supported a Jewish ethnic homeland in Palestine. That is different from a Jewish state. There's a strong case to be made for an ethnic homeland, but as to whether there should be a Jewish state, or a Muslim state, or a Christian state, or a white state — that's entirely another matter."^{[citation needed]} Chomsky believes the concept of a Jewish State (or Muslim State or Christian State or white State) directly contradicts the concept of a democratic state as it is understood in the Western tradition, as liberal democracy is founded upon a principle in which there is no privileged citizen.

Some Jewish nationalists base the legitimacy of Israel as a Jewish state on the Balfour Declaration and ancient historical ties to the land, asserting that both play particular roles as evidence under international law, as well as a fear that a hostile Arab world might be disrespectful of a Jewish minority—alleging a variety of possible harms up to and including genocide—were Israel to become a post-national "state for all its citizens." They also note that many European and Asian states such as Ireland, Germany, Japan, China, Russia, Turkey, Greece, Serbia, and Finland maintain identities based on ethnicity and culture, and often provide simpler immigration procedures to individuals with ethnic ties to them.

To many Arab and Muslim leaders, following the popular usage in their communities, even referring to Israel by its proper name has political and cultural implications, resulting in use of circumlocutions such as "the Zionist entity".

See also[link]

• Homeland for the Jewish people
• Proposals for a Jewish state
• A Jewish and Democratic State
• Jewish Autonomous Oblast
• Land of Israel / Palestine
• History of Israel / History of the Palestinian people
• Binational solution

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jewish State.com Zionism, News, Links
• Israeli Jewish scene from ynetnews
• Israel as a Jewish state from the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
• 'Israel a Jewish state first', says former High Court Justice Dalia Dorner

v t e Zionism Topics and concepts Zion Land of Israel Aliyah Yerida Homeland (Proposals) Jewish state Law of Return Yishuv Territorialism Promised Land Settlement Negation of the Diaspora Revival of the Hebrew language Hebraization of surnames Judaization Schools of ideology Political Practical Synthetic General Labor Revisionist Canaanism Reform Religious Cultural Federal Post-Zionism Neo-Zionism Christian Muslim Kahanism Green Zionism Organizations Histadrut World Zionist Organization Zionist General Council Zionist Organization of America Religious Zionists of America Jewish National Fund Poale Zion Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish National Council Bnei Akiva Habonim Dror Hashomer Hatzair Haganah World Agudath Israel Irgun Betar Lehi Jewish Resistance Movement Women's International Zionist Organization Green Zionist Alliance History History of Zionism History of Israel History of Palestine Arab–Israeli conflict List of Zionist figures Timeline of Zionism Timeline of Anti-Zionism Related Jewish political movements Anti-Zionism Haredim and Zionism Jewish Autonomism Jewish Emancipation Greater Israel

Middle East
Countries (2011)	Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, *Gaza, Iran, Iraq, *Iraqi Kurdistan, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, *Northern Cyprus, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, UAE, *PNA, Yemen

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011)

Note:

• Modern is the post-Ottoman period, since 1918.
• The Middle East is traditionally defined as the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia, Levant, and Egypt) and neighbouring areas of Arabia, Anatolia and Iran. It currently encompasses the area from Egypt, Turkey, and Cyprus in the west to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the east.^[1]
• Conflicts are separate incidents with at least 100 casualties.
• Conflicts are listed by total deaths, including subconflicts.

List of conflicts[link]

Date	Conflict	Location	Casualties
1902–1932	Unification of Saudi Arabia War [a]	Emirate of Riyadh Kingdom of Hejaz Kuwaiti Emirate Sultanate of Nejd Transjordan 22x20px Mandatory Iraq Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz	8,000-9,000
1918–1922	Simko Shikak revolt [2][verification needed]	Persia	1,000–5,500
1919	Egyptian Revolution of 1919 [3][4]	Sultanate of Egypt	800-3,000
1919–1923	Turkish War of Independence (Asia Minor Catastrophe) [b][verification needed]	Turkey 22x20px Greece  Armenia  Soviet Union	170,500–873,000
1919–2003	Iraqi-Kurdish conflict [c]	22x20px Iraq  Iraq  Iraq Kingdom of Kurdistan  Iraqi Kurdistan	141,000-320,000
1920	Franco-Syrian War[citation needed]	Syrian Hashemite Kingdom Syria French Mandate	5,000
1920	Iraqi revolt against the British [5][6]	22x20px Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)	2,050-9,000
1923	Adwan Rebellion	Transjordan	100
1924–1927	Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War) [7][verification needed]	Greater Lebanon Syria French Mandate Jabal Druze State of Damascus	12,000
1925	Sheikh Said rebellion[8][9]	Turkey	15,000–250,500
1929	Palestine riots of 1929 [10][11][verification needed]	British Mandate for Palestine	251
1930	Ararat rebellion [12][13][14][15][16]	Turkey Republic of Ararat	4,500–47,000
1933	Simele massacre[17]	22x20px Kingdom of Iraq	300–3,000
1934	Saudi-Yemeni War[18]	Saudi Arabia Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen	2,100
1935	Imam Reza shrine rebellion [19]	Imperial State of Iran	151
1935-1936	1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts	22x20px Kingdom of Iraq	500
1935	1935 Yazidi revolt[17]	22x20px Kingdom of Iraq	200
1936–1939	Arab Revolt in Palestine[20]	British Mandate for Palestine	5,000
1937	Dersim Rebellion [21][22][verification needed]	Turkey	40,000–70,000
1938–1948	British-Zionist conflict [20]	British Mandate for Palestine	1,000
1939–1945	Middle East Theatre of World War II [23][d][verification needed]	22x20px Kingdom of Iraq Imperial State of Iran Kingdom of Egypt State of Greater Lebanon  British Mandate for Palestine Syrian Republic	46,000
1946	Egyptian Student Riots [24][verification needed][25]	Kingdom of Egypt	100–300
1946–1947	Iran crisis of 1946 [8][26][e]	Imperial State of Iran  Republic of Mahabad Azerbaijan People's Government  Soviet Union	2,000
1947-	Arab-Israeli conflict[f]	British Mandate for Palestine Kingdom of Egypt All-Palestine Government  Egypt  United Arab Republic  Syrian Republic  Syria  Jordan  Lebanon  Israel  Palestinian Authority Gaza Strip	73,000–84,000
1947–1948	Yahya clan coup [26]	Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen	4,000–5,000
1948	Al-Wathbah uprising[citation needed]	22x20px Kingdom of Iraq	300–400
1952	Egyptian Revolution [26]	Kingdom of Egypt  Egypt	1,000
1953	1953 Iranian coup d'état [8][26][27]	Imperial State of Iran	300-800
1954–1960	Jebel Akhdar War [8]	Sultanate of Muscat and Oman	100-523
1955–1959	Makarios crisis [20][28]	Cyprus protectorate	400–600
1956–1960	Yemeni-Adenese clans violence [26]	Aden	1,000
1958	1958 Lebanon Crisis [4][26][28]	Lebanon	1,300–4,000
1958–1959	Iraqi Revolution[26]	Arab Federation  Iraq	2,000–4,000
1962–1970	North Yemen Civil War [29][30][g]	Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen  Yemen  Saudi Arabia	100,000–200,000
1962–1975	Dhofar Rebellion [8]	Oman Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman	10,000
1963	White Revolution (Iran) [8]	Imperial State of Iran	100
1963	1963 Ba'athist coup d'état in Iraq[citation needed]	Iraq  Iraq	5,000
1963	1963 Syrian coup d'état [31]	United Arab Republic  Syria	820
1963–1967	Aden Emergency [32]	Federation of South Arabia  South Yemen	2,096
1964	1964 Hama riot [33][34]	Syria	70–100
1966	1966 neo-Ba'athist coup d'état in Syria [8]	Syria	400
1970–1971	Jordan-Palestinian Civil War (Black September) [28]	Jordan	2,000–25,000
1974	Turkish invasion of Cyprus [18]	Turkey[citation needed]  Greece[citation needed]  Cyprus	965–2,000
1975–1990	Lebanese Civil War [9][h]	Lebanon  Federation of Arab Republics  Syria  Israel	150,000
1976–1979	Political violence in Turkey, 1970s [35][36][37]	Turkey	5,000–5,388
1976–1982	Islamic uprising in Syria [38]	Federation of Arab Republics  Syria	40,000
1977	1977 Egyptian Bread Riots [39][verification needed][40]	Egypt	70–800
1977–	Kurdish–Turkish conflict [41][verification needed]	Turkey  Iraq  Federation of Arab Republics  Syria  Iraqi Kurdistan	30,000–35,000
1978–1979	Iranian Revolution [42][43]	Imperial State of Iran  Iran	3,164–60,000
1979–1980	1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran [44][45]	Iran	10,000
1979–1983	Saudi Eastern Province unrest [46]	Saudi Arabia	182–219
1979	Grand Mosque Seizure [47]	Saudi Arabia	307
1980	1980 Turkish coup d'état [48][49]	Turkey	127–550
1980	Iraqi Shia uprising (1st Sadr uprising)[50]	Iraq	1,000–30,000
1980–1988	Iran-Iraq war [18][51][i]	Iran  Iraq  Kuwait	1,000,000–1,250,000
1986	South Yemen Civil War [52]	South Yemen	5,000–12,000
1986	1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot [53]	Egypt	107
1986	1986 Damascus bombings[citation needed]	Syria	204
1987	Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre) [54]	Saudi Arabia	402
1987-1988	ANO internal executions	Lebanon  Syria	170
1990-1996	KDPI insurgency (1990s)	Iran	500-1,000
1990–1991	Gulf War [9]	Iraq  Kuwait  Saudi Arabia	40,000–57,000
1991	1991 uprisings in Iraq [50][55]	Iraq  Iraqi Kurdistan	50,000–100,000
1992–2000	Terrorism in Egypt [56][page needed]	Egypt	1,300–2,000
1994	1994 civil war in Yemen[citation needed]	Yemen	7,000–10,000
1995–	Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia[citation needed]	Saudi Arabia	300
1998	Operation Desert Fox [20][28]	Iraq	600–2,000
1999	Iraqi Shia uprising (2nd Sadr uprising)[8][57]	Iraq	100-200
2003–	Iraq War [58][59][60][61][62][63][j]	Iraq  Iraq  Iraqi Kurdistan	109,032–150,726
2003–2009	Baluchi insurgency in Iran [64][unreliable source?][65]	Iran	155-400
2004	Qamishli massacre (2004)[66][67]	Syria	30–100
2004–2010	Sa'dah insurgency [68][69][verification needed][70]	Saudi Arabia  Yemen	8,000-25,000
2004–	Iran-PJAK conflict[citation needed]	Iran  Iraqi Kurdistan	575-734
2006–	Fatah–Hamas conflict [71][72]	Palestinian Authority Gaza Strip	600–700
2007	Nahr al-Bared fighting	Lebanon	470–532
2008	2008 Lebanon conflict	Lebanon	105
2009–	South Yemen Insurgency [73]	Yemen	1,554
2009–2010	Iranian election protests [74]	Iran	27–150
2010–	Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown [75][76]	Yemen	944
2010–	Arab Spring (Middle Eastern countries)[k]	Bahrain  Egypt  Syria  Yemen  Lebanon  Saudi Arabia  Oman  Iraq	10,600-14,700

Casualties breakdown[link]

[a].^ Unification of Saudi Arabia (combined casualties 7,989–8,989+)

Battle of Riyadh (1902) – 37 killed.

Battle of Dilam (1903) – 410 killed.

Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) – 2,300+ killed.

Annexation of Al-Hasa and Qatif (1913) - unknown.

Battle of Jarrab (1915) - unknown.

Battle of Kanzaan (1915) - unknown.

First Nejd-Hejaz War 1918-1919 - 1,392 killed^[8]

Kuwait-Najd Border War (1921) - 200^[8]-800 killed.

1921 Ikhwan raid on Iraq - 700 killed.

Conquest of Ha'il - unknown.

Ikhwan raids on Transjordan 1922-1924 - 500^[77]-1,500 killed.

Second Nejd-Hejaz War (1924-1925) - 450 killed.^[8]

Ikhwan Revolt (1927-1930) - 2,000 killed.^[8]

[b].^ Turkish War of Independence (combined figure 170,500-873,000+):

Greco-Turkish War - 70,000^{[citation needed]}–400,000 casualties^{[9][verification needed]}

Franco-Turkish War - 40,000 casualties.^{[citation needed]}

Turkish-Armenian War - 60,000–432,500 casualties.^[78]

Koçkiri Rebellion - 500 killed.^{[citation needed]}

Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur - unknown.

Kuva-i Inzibatiye revolt - unknown.

[c].^ Iraqi-Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure 138,800-320,100) of:

Mahmud Barzanji revolts - unknown.

Ahmad Barzanji revolt (1931) - unknown.

1943 Iraqi Kurdish revolt (1943) - unknown.

First Kurdish-Iraqi War (1961-1970) - 75,000-105,000 killed.^[9][29]

Second Kurdish-Iraqi War (1974-1975) - 9,000 killed.^[79]

PUK insurgency (1976-1978)- 800 killed.

Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982-1988) - 50,000-198,000 killed.

1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah - 700-2,000 killed.

Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994-1997) - 3,000^[80]-5,000 killed.

2003 invasion of Iraq - several hundred killed (~300) on the Kurdish front, at least 24 Peshmerga killed.

[d].^ Middle Eastern theatre of World War II (combined casualty figure 12,338-14,898+) of:

Anglo-Iraqi War - at least 560 killed.^[81][82]

Farhud 175-780 killed.

Syria-Lebanon Campaign 10,404-12,964 killed.

Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 100^[8]-1,062 killed.

Bombing of Palestine in World War II 137 deaths.^[83]

Bombing of Bahrain in World War II - unknown.

[e].^ Iran crisis of 1946 (combined casualty figure 1,921+):

Azerbaijan People's Republic crisis - 421 killed.^[84]

Republic of Mahabad crisis - ~1,000 killed.^{[citation needed]}

Civil interregnum - 500 killed.^[85]

[f].^ Arab-Israeli conflict (combined casualty figure 73,338-84,338+):

Israeli-Palestinian conflict (1947-present) - 20,000 killed.

1947 Civil War in Palestine

Fedayeen attacks

Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon

First Intifada

Second Intifada

Gaza-Israel conflict

Arab-Israeli War (1948-1949) - 14,400 casualties.

Retribution Operations (1950s) - 3,456 casualties.

Suez War (1956) - 3,203 killed.

Six Day War (1967) - 13,976 killed.

War of Attrition (1967-1970) - 6,403 killed.

Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000–21,000.^[86]

Second Lebanon War - 1,900 killed.

[g].^ North Yemen Civil War (combined 100,000-200,000 casualties):

1962 Coup d'état in Yemen

Ramadan offensive

Haradh offensive

Royalist offensive 1965

Siege of Sana'a 1967

[h].^ Lebanese Civil War (combined 39,132-43,970+ mortal casualties):

Bus massacre - 27 killed.

Hundred Days' War - 160 killed.

Karantina massacre - 1,000-1,500 killed.

Damour massacre - 684 killed.

Battle of the Hotels - 700 killed.

Black Saturday (Lebanon) - 200-600 killed.

Tel al-Zaatar massacre - 1,778-3,278 killed.

1982 Lebanon War - 28,280 killed.

Sabra and Shatila massacre - 762-3,500 killed.

War of the Camps (1986-1987) - 3,781 killed.

Mountain War - 1,600 killed.

War of Liberation (1989-1990) - unknown.

October 13 massacre - 500-700 killed, 260 civilians massacred.

[i].^ Iran-Iraq war (combined death count 645,000-823,000+):

Iraqi invasion 1980

Mujahedin al-Halq uprising 1981-1982

Liberation of Khorramshahr 1982 - 17,000 killed

Operation Undeniable Victory 1982 - 50,000 mortal casualties

Operation Ramadan 1982 - 80,000 killed

Kurdish Rebellion 1983-1988 (including the Al-Anfal Campaign) 50,000-198,000 killed

Operation Before the Dawn 1983 - 6,000+ killed

Operation Dawn 3 - 162,000 killed

Operation Dawn 5 1984 - 50,000 killed

Operation Dawn 6 1984 - unknown

Operation Khaibar 1984 - 49,000 killed

Tanker War 1984

Operation Badr (1985) - 30,000-32,000

War of the Cities 1985-1987

Operation Dawn-8 1986 - unknown

Operation Karbala-4 1986 - 15,000 killed

Operation Karbala-5 - 85,000 killed

Operation Nasr 4 - unknown

Operation Karbala-10 - unknown

Operation Mersad 1987 - 4,900 killed

1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 2,000^[87] - 30,000 executed

[j].^ Iraq War (combined casualty figure of 86,000-101,000):

2003 invasion of Iraq - 35,000 killed

Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006) - 15,000 killed

Civil war in Iraq 2006-2008 - 30,000-40,000 killed

Iraqi insurgency (2008-2011) - 5,000-10,000 killed

Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq - ~1,000 killed

Iraqi insurgency (post US withdrawal) - 878-1,180 killed

[k].^ Arab Spring in Syria (incl. Lebanese sectarian clashes), Yemen, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Bahrain (combined fatalities figure 10,571-14,732+):

2011-2012 Syrian uprising - 7,479-11,547 killed

2011 Yemeni uprising - 1,784-1,870 killed

Egyptian crisis

2011 Egyptian revolution - 846 killed

Aftermath of the Egyptian Revolution - 300+ killed

2011–2012 Bahraini uprising - 89 killed

Lebanon

2011 Lebanese protests - 1 killed

Lebanese Alawite-Sunni clashes - 17 killed, hundreds injured

2011 Omani protests - 2-6 killed

2011 Saudi Arabian protests - 6 killed

2011 Iraqi protests - 35 killed

2011 Khuzestan protests - 12-15 killed

See also[link]

	Middle East portal
	Military history portal

• List of modern conflicts in North Africa (the Maghreb region)
• List of conflicts in Asia
• List of conflicts in the Arab League

References[link]