This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)

Coordinates: 28°39′21″N 77°14′25″E / 28.65583°N 77.24028°E / 28.65583; 77.24028

The Red Fort Complex *
UNESCO World Heritage Site
The Red Fort is a prominent fort in Delhi
Country	India
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii, vi
Reference	231
Region **	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	2007 (31st Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO

The Red Fort (Hindi: लाल क़िला, Urdu: لال قلعہ, usually transcribed into English as Lal Qil'ah or Lal Qila) is a 17th century fort complex constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in the walled city of Old Delhi (in present day Delhi, India) that served as the residence of the Mughal Emperors. It also served as the capital of the Mughals until 1857, when Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled by the British Indian government. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.^[1] It covers a total area of about 254.67 acres. Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, started construction of the red fort in 1638 and work was completed in 1648 (10 years).^[2] The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the residence of the royal family . The layout of the Red Fort was organised to retain and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort. The fortress palace was an important focal point of the medieval city of Shahjahanabad. The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the zenith of Mughal creativity which prevailed during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. This Fort has had many developments added on after its construction by Emperor Shahjahan. The significant phases of development were under Aurangzeb and later Mughal rulers. Important physical changes were carried out in the overall settings of the site after the Indian Mutiny in 1857. After Independence, the site experienced a few changes in terms of addition/alteration to the structures. During the British period the Fort was mainly used as a cantonment and even after Independence, a significant part of the Fort remained under the control of the Indian Army until the year 2003. The Red Fort is an attraction for tourists from around the world.

The Red Fort was the palace for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's new capital, Shahjahanabad (present day Old Delhi), the seventh city in the Delhi site. He moved his capital here from Agra in a move designed to bring prestige to his reign, and to provide ample opportunity to apply his ambitious building schemes and interests.

The fort lies along the Yamuna River, which fed the moats that surround most of the wall. The wall at its north-eastern corner is adjacent to an older fort, the Salimgarh Fort, a defence built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546.The construction of the Red Fort began in 1638 and was completed by 1648.

The Indian flag flying from Delhi Gate

A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.^[3] In 1761, after the Marathas lost the third battle of Panipat, Delhi was raided by Ahmed Shah Abdali. In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi, ending the Maratha rule over the city and their control over the fort.^[4]

The last Mughal emperor to occupy the fort was Bahadur Shah II "Zafar". Despite being the seat of Mughal power and its defensive capabilities, the Red Fort was not defended during the 1857 uprising against the British. After the failure of the 1857 rebellion, Zafar left the fort on 17 September. He returned to Red Fort as a prisoner of the British. Zafar was tried on in a trial starting on 27 January 1858, and was exiled on 7 October.

Architectural design in the Red Fort[link]

View of the pavilions in the courtyard

Naqqar Khana

Red Fort in Delhi, c. 1905

The Red Fort showcases the very high level of art form and ornamental work. The art work in the Fort is a synthesis of Persian, European and Indian art which resulted in the development of unique Shahjahani style which is very rich in form, expression and colour. Red Fort, Delhi is one of the important building complexes of India which encapsulates a long period of Indian history and its arts. Its significance has transcended time and space. It is relevant as a symbol of architectural brilliance and power. Even before its notification as a monument of national importance in the year 1913, efforts were made to preserve and conserve the Red Fort, for posterity.

The walls of the fort are smoothly dressed, articulated by heavy string-courses along the upper section. They open at two major gates, the Delhi and the Lahore gates. The Lahore Gate is the main entrance; it leads to a long covered bazaar street, the Chhattar bazaar, whose walls are lined with stalls for shops. The Chhattar bazaar leads to a large open space where it crosses the large north-south street that was originally the division between the fort's military functions, to its west, and the palaces, to its east. The southern end of this street is the Delhi Gate.

Important buildings and other structures inside the fort of red fort[link]

Diwan-i-Aam

Some of the most important sections of red fort are:-

Diwan-i-Aam[link]

Beyond this gate is another, larger open space, which originally served as the courtyard of the Diwan-i-Aam, the large pavilion for public imperial audiences with a jharokha) for the emperor. The columns were painted in gold and there was a gold and silver railing separating the throne from the public.

Diwan-i-Khas

Interiors of Diwan-i-Am

Diwan-i-Khas[link]

The Diwan-i-Khas or "hall of private audience" was used by the emperor for giving private audience to the courtiers and state guests. The hall, with openings of engrailed arches on its sides consists of a rectangular central chamber surrounded by aisles of arches rising from piers. The lower parts of the piers are inlaid with floral designs, while the upper portions are gilded and painted. The four corners of its roof are surrounded by pillared chhatris. Over the marble pedestal in its center stood the famous Peacock Throne which was removed in 1739 by Nadir Shah of Persia and later in the year 1760 the Marathas removed and looted the Silver ceiling of the Diwan-i-Khas^[5]. Through the center of the hall flowed the Nahr-i-Bihisht or the "stream of paradise". Over the corner arches of the northern and southern walls below the cornice is inscribed the famous verse of the 13th century Sufi poet Amir Khusrow, exclaiming: if there be a paradise on the earth, it is this, it is this, it is this.The spacious mardana or courtyard behind the Diwan-e-Am is surrounded by several interesting structures, though the function and purpose of some of them remain an enigma.

Nahr-i-Behisht[link]

The imperial private apartments lie behind the throne. The apartments consist of a row of pavilions that sits on a raised platform along the eastern edge of the fort, looking out onto the river Yamuna. The pavilions are connected by a continuous water channel, known as the Nahr-i-Behisht, or the "Stream of Paradise", that runs through the centre of each pavilion. The water is drawn from the river Yamuna, from a tower, the Shah Burj, at the north-eastern corner of the fort. The palace is designed as an imitation of paradise as it is described in the Koran; a couplet repeatedly inscribed in the palace reads, "If there be a paradise on earth, it is here, it is here". The planning of the palace is based on Islamic prototypes, but each pavilion reveals in its architectural elements the Hindu influences typical of Mughal building. The palace complex of the Red Fort is counted among the best examples of the Mughal style.

Zenana[link]

Rang Mahal

The two southernmost pavilions of the palace are zenanas, or women's quarters: the Mumtaz Mahal (now a museum), and the larger, lavish Rang Mahal, which has been famous for its gilded, decorated ceiling and marble pool, fed by the Nahr-i-Behisht.

Moti Masjid

Moti Masjid[link]

To the west of the hammam is the Moti Masjid, the Pearl Mosque. This was a later addition, built in 1659 as a private mosque for Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan's successor. It is a small, three-domed mosque carved in white marble, with a three-arched screen which steps down to the courtyard.
The Moti Masjid measures approximately 12 x 9 meters, with a height of nearly 8 meters. ^[6]

Hayat Bakhsh Bagh[link]

To its north lies a large formal garden, the Hayat Bakhsh Bagh, or "Life-Bestowing Garden", which is cut through by two bisecting channels of water. A pavilion stands at either end of the north-south channel, and a third, built in 1842 by the last emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, stands at the centre of the pool where the two channels meet.

Red Fort today[link]

The Red Fort by night.

A gate inside Red Fort complex

The Red Fort is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Old Delhi, attracting thousands of visitors every year.^{[citation needed]} The fort is also the site from which the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on 15 August, the day India achieved independence from the British. It also happens to be the largest monument in Old Delhi.

At one point in time, more than 3,000 people lived within the premises of the Delhi Fort complex. But after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the fort was captured by Britain and the residential palaces destroyed. It was made the headquarters of the British Indian Army. Immediately after the mutiny, Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried at the Red Fort. It was also here in November 1945, that the most famous courts-martial of three officers of the Indian National Army were held. Even after India gained independence in 1947, the Indian Army continued its control over the fort. In December 2003, the Indian Army handed the fort over to the Indian tourist authorities.

Today, a sound and light show describing Mughal history is a tourist attraction in the evenings. The general condition of the major architectural features is mixed. None of the water features, which are extensive, contain water. Some of the buildings are in fairly good condition and have their decorative elements undisturbed. In others, the marble inlay flowers have been removed by looters and vandals. The tea house, though not in its historical state, is a functioning restaurant. The mosque and hamam are closed to the public, though one can catch peeks through the glass windows or marble lattice work. Walkways are left mostly in a crumbling state. Public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park.

The entrance through the Lahore Gate leads to a retail mall with jewellery and crafts stores. There is a museum of "blood paintings" depicting young Indian martyrs of the 20th century along with the story of their martyrdom. There is also an archaeological museum and an Indian war memorial museum.

The fort was the site of a December 2000 attack by terrorist group Lashkar-e-Toiba which killed two soldiers and one civilian in what was described in the media as an attempt to derail the India-Pakistan peace process in Kashmir.

See also[link]

• Agra Fort
• Lahore Fort

References[link]

• Image of Diwane-e-Khas in 1840s The Delhi Book of Thomas Metcalfe

External links[link]

Find more about Red Fort on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons

• Red Fort, Delhi
• Pictures of the Delhi Fort (Red Fort)
• Doors2India - Delhi/NCR Visit Places
• Delhi Tourism Site

v t e Forts in India Vijayanagara Gingee Fort Bangalore Fort Udayagiri Fort Vellore Fort Deccan sultanates Ahmednagar Fort Gawilghur Narnala Panhala Fort Gujarat Sultanate Mahim Fort Delhi Sultanate Aligarh Fort Bandhavgarh Fort Qila Mubarak Siri Fort Tughlaqabad Salimgarh Fort Daulatabad Various Nayaks Chitradurga Fort Bekal Fort Dindigul Fort Gingee Fort Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort Chandragiri fort Hosdurg Fort Malwa Sultanate Mandsaur Fort Faruqi dynasty Asirgarh Laling Thalner Rajput Achalgarh Amber Fort Chittorgarh Fort Jaigarh Fort Jaisalmer Fort Jalore Fort Junagarh Fort Kankwadi Kumbhalgarh Nagaur Fort Nahargarh Fort Taragarh Fort Lal Kot Gwalior Fort Kalinjar Hinglajgarh Mehrangarh Fort Narwar Fort Senapati fortress Bahu Fort Kangra Fort Ranthambore Fort Maratha Dongri Fort Harishchandragad Kolaba Fort Lohagad Sudhagad Sinhagad Tikona Panhala Fort Pratapgad Vishalgad Rajgad Sindhudurg Vijaydurg Shivneri Raigad Gajendragarh Gingee Fort Shaniwar Wada Jhansi Fort Hinglajgarh Manora Visapur Fort Sadashivgad Mughal Empire Old Fort, Delhi Qila Rai Pithora Chanderi fort Agra Fort Allahabad Fort Fatehpur Sikri Red Fort Akola Fort Jat Gohad Fort Lohagarh Fort Nahar Singh Mahal Mysore kingdom Devanahalli Fort Palakkad Fort Bekal Fort Sankagiri Fort Siddi Murud-Janjira Belapur Fort Underi Travancore Vattakottai Fort Udayagiri Fort East Fort Portuguese Bassein Fort Bombay Castle Fort Arnala Castella de Aguada Korlai Fort Madh Fort St. Angelo Fort Pallipuram Fort Fort Aguada Fort Anjediva Cranganore Fort Ghodbunder fort Diu Fort Terekhol Fort British Raj Fort St. George Fort William Bombay Fort Riwa Fort Worli Fort Mazagon Fort Sion Hillock Fort Sewri Fort Mahim Fort Thalassery Fort Fort St. David Durrani Empire Hari Parbat Sur Empire Rohtasgarh Munger Fort Ahom Dynasty Talatal Ghar Garchuk Lachit Garh

v t e World Heritage Sites in India North Agra Fort · Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi · Fatehpur Sikri · Humayun's Tomb · Keoladeo National Park · Khajuraho Group of Monuments · Mountain Railways of India (Kalka-Shimla Railway)1 · Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks · Qutub Minar and its Monuments · The Red Fort complex · Taj Mahal Northeast Kaziranga National Park · Manas Wildlife Sanctuary East Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya · Mountain Railways of India (Darjeeling Himalayan Railway)1 · Sun Temple at Konark · Sundarbans National Park South Great Living Chola Temples at Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Darasuram · Group of Monuments at Hampi · Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram · Group of Monuments at Pattadakal · Mountain Railways of India (Nilgiri Mountain Railway)1 West Ajanta Caves · Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park · Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus · Churches and convents of Goa · Elephanta Caves · Ellora Caves · Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka · Jantar Mantar 1 Shared with other region/s

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (November 2008)

Jonah Matranga
Background information
Birth name	Jonah Sonz Matranga
Born	(1969-08-11) August 11, 1969 (age 42)
Origin	Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.
Genres	Alternative rock, emo, indie rock
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Vocals guitar drum machine
Years active	1991–present
Labels	Equal Vision Records Jade Tree Epic Atlantic
Associated acts	Far, New End Original, Fort Minor
Website	jonahmatranga.com

Jonah Rzadzinski Matranga (born Jonah Sonz Matranga, August 11, 1969, Brookline, Massachusetts) is a singer, songwriter, and guitarist who has released a variety of solo material under his own name and onelinedrawing, and has previously been part of the bands Far and New End Original (an anagram of "onelinedrawing") and Gratitude. He now continues to work and tour under his own name as a solo artist.^[1]

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Jonah Rzadzinski Matranga grew up in Brookline, Massachusetts. He left in 1987 to attend Pitzer College in Claremont, California, where he majored in English and began making music by himself. After graduation, he moved up to Sacramento to form Far in 1991.

They made four albums, including the classic Water and Solutions, before disbanding in December 1998. During this time, Jonah married in April 1994, and his daughter was born that August. He divorced two years later. In 1999, he moved to the Bay Area. He currently lives in San Francisco, making music and raising his daughter.

Solo career and New End Original[link]

After the demise of Far, Jonah began to perform with a tape recorder and touring under the name onelinedrawing, which had been the name of a cassette he had released on Kevin Seconds's Pop Rockit Records. He released two EPs in 1999 (Sketchy EPs #1 and #2) of bedroom demos. He put out two further EPs in 2001 - "Always New JanJun00" and "Always New JulDec00".

In 2000, he formed and fronted New End Original, a band that primarily formed full-band versions of onelinedrawing songs. With the lineup completed by Texas Is The Reason alumni Scott Winegard (bass) and Norman Arenas (guitar), and drummer Charlie Walker (ex-Chamberlain), they released one album Thriller and a single for Lukewarm.

Much of his solo material has also been self-released, though often subsequently distributed through labels such as Crank! and Corrupted Image. However, his two full-length onelinedrawing albums, Visitor (2002) -a mixed bag of acoustic-based home recordings spanning a few years- and The Volunteers (2004) were released by Jade Tree Records.

The Volunteers possessed a more polished sound - courtesy of mixer Dave Sardy, who had previously worked with Matranga on Far's Water and Solutions.

Matranga retired the onelinedrawing moniker in 2004 and now intends to put all future solo releases under his name. In December 2004, Jonah began offering custom-made recordings of songs by himself or others through his website, in order to offer a one-of-a-kind musical artpiece. Information about this and his many other ideas can be found on Matranga's website,^[2] where he can also be contacted personally.

In 2005, Matranga put out Sketchy EP #3, as well as a DVD, There's a Lot in Here, both of which are available on a sliding scale ("pay what you can") from ([1]) Matranga's personally-maintained online store. The DVD There's a Lot in Here was re-released with a bonus CD on February 21, 2006, through Equal Vision Records.

Matranga's song "Crush on Everyone" was featured in the score to the 2008 John Humber film Dakota Skye and "Got My List" was sung by the movie's protagonists.

Guest appearances[link]

Jonah has contributed backup vocals to War All the Time (by Thursday) on the track "Steps Ascending", and to the Deftones's acoustic remix version of "Be Quiet and Drive (Far Away)" and a cover of Sade's song "No Ordinary Love", both of which the Deftones released as b-sides (also, several Deftones members contributed to Far's cover of the Jawbox song "Savory").

He has also contributed to previous Matt Nathanson releases, a song called "Swamp" for tweaker (a.k.a. Chris Vrenna, former member of Nine Inch Nails), which ended up a b-side for the album The Attraction to All Things Uncertain, and to two Fort Minor songs for the album The Rising Tied: "Red to Black" with Kenna; and the single "Where'd You Go" with Holly Brook, where he also appears in the video. "Where'd You Go" managed to reach the #4 spot at the Billboard Hot 100.

Matranga's name does not appear on the title card before and after the video, though he is credited on the album. He attributed his video anonymity (jokingly) to his name being too long and "music biz yuck". He often expresses his negative opinion of the music industry's business ethics.

In 2005 he co-wrote "Calling" for Taproot, the first single from their album Blue-Sky Research. He also appeared on Food & Liquor, the debut album for Lupe Fiasco, on the track entitled "The Instrumental", which appeared on the Madden 07 soundtrack. Jonah sings a hook ("And he never lied, 'cause he never said anything at all") directly taken from the lyrics from "Nestle", a song from the Far album Water & Solutions. The track was produced by Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park and Fort Minor.

Jonah has also lent his vocals on Atlanta-based band [minus]'s (later changed to [minus driver]) song "Hesitant and Polite" which appeared on their album Structure of Simplicity.

Jonah returned to the onelinedrawing name in 2012 for Audio Antihero label's "Some.Alternate.Universe" compilation for the FSID charity. He contributed "Friendship Tango".

Discography[link]

Solo releases[link]

• Jonah Sonz Matranga - Songs I Hope My Mom Will Like (1994)
• Jonah Matranga - Jonah's One-line Drawing (1998)
• onelinedrawing - Sketchy EP #1 (1999)
• onelinedrawing - Sketchy EP #2 (2000)
• onelinedrawing/Sense Field - Split EP (2000)
• onelinedrawing/Rival Schools - Rival Schools United by Onelinedrawing (2001)
• onelinedrawing - Always New Jan-Jun 2000 (online 2000, CD 2001)
• onelinedrawing - Always New Jul-Dec 2000 (online 2000, CD 2002)
• onelinedrawing - Always New 2001 (online 2001 only)
• onelinedrawing - Visitor (2002 Jade Tree)
• onelinedrawing - The Volunteers (2004 Jade Tree)
• Jonah Matranga - There's a Lot in Here (DVD) (2005)
• Jonah Matranga - Sketchy EP #3 (2005)
• Jonah Matranga / Frank Turner Split - Split 12 inch vinyl (2006)
• Jonah Matranga - The Three Sketchys (2006)
• Jonah Matranga - And (2007 Limekiln Records (USA)). (Also released on Blacktop in Canada, Arctic Rodeo in Germany, Daymare in Japan, Xtra Mile in UK and Yr Letter Records in France.)
• Jonah Matranga - And Furthermore (And B-Sides & Acoustic Versions)
• Jonah Matranga - Fort Teen (2009) 100 hand numbered, hand made cd of home recordings between 1984–87
• Jonah Matranga / Kevin Seconds - split 7 inch vinyl (December 2009)(Blacktop - Canada)
• Jonah Matranga - You're 16, You're 23, You're 32 (DIY boxset)

Band releases[link]

• Far - Sweat a River, Live No Lies (1991 Enharmonik Studios)
• Far - Listening Game (1992 Rusty Nail Records)
• Far - Quick (1994 Our Own Records)
• Far - Tin Cans With Strings To You (1996 Epic/Immortal)
• Far - Soon EP (1997 Epic/Immortal)
• Far - Water & Solutions (1998 Epic/Immortal)
• Far - At Night We Live (2010 Vagrant)
• Far - Pony 7" on Bright Antenna (December 2009)
• New End Original - Lukewarm single (2001 Jade Tree)
• New End Original - Thriller (2001 Jade Tree)
• Gratitude - Gratitude (2005 Atlantic)
• Gratitude - Drive Away single (2005 Atlantic)
• Gratitude - This Is the Part EP (written as This Is th EP Art) (2005)

iTunes Releases[link]

• I Believe Barack Obama 2009^[3]
• I Still Miss Someone (J.Cash Cover) 2009^[3]
• What Beyonce Said To Jay-Z Before She Left Him For Me (Irreplaceable Cover) 2009^[3]
• Live In Rotterdam 15th Dec, 2007 (15 song set with new, old and cover songs) 2009^[3]
• Live At Hotel Cafe, LA, CA May 6, 2009 (various songs and various covers) 2009^[3]
• Live in Rotterdam DIY Download 2009-07-14 (17 song set with Iamani)^[3]
• Live in Amsterdam DIY Download 15/07/09 (14 song set)^[3]
• Live in Leuven DIY Download 2/03/09 (17 song set)^[3]
• Random Covers, Vol.1 DIY Download (11 homemade recordings of various covers) 2009^[3]

References[link]

1. ^ "Live Review". inTuneMusic. http://intunemusiconline.com/2008/09/11/matt-pryor-kevin-devine-jonah-matranga-asbury-park-94/. 
2. ^ Jonahmatranga.com
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Jonahmatranga.com

External links[link]

• A 2012 Interview With Jonah on Shattered Glass Media
• Jonah's Website
• A 2009 interview with Jonah Matranga
• Jonah Matranga interview on Rockmidgets.com

Leonard Wood
Major General Leonard Wood in 1903
Born	(1860-10-09)October 9, 1860 Winchester, New Hampshire
Died	August 7, 1927(1927-08-07) (aged 66) Boston, Massachusetts
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1885–1921
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands held	1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Chief of Staff of the United States Army
Battles/wars	Apache Wars Spanish-American War Philippine-American War
Awards	Medal of Honor
Other work	Governor General of Cuba

Leonard Wood (October 9, 1860 – August 7, 1927) was a physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines. Early in his military career, he received the Medal of Honor. Wood also holds officer service #2 in the Regular Army (John Pershing holds officer service #1). He was complicit in the 1906 Moro Crater massacre.

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Born in Winchester, New Hampshire, he attended Pierce Academy in Middleborough, Massachusetts and Harvard Medical School, earning an M.D. degree in 1884 as an intern at Boston City Hospital.

He took a position as an Army contract physician in 1885, and was stationed at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. Wood participated in the last campaign against Geronimo in 1886, and was awarded the Medal of Honor, in 1898, for carrying dispatches 100 miles through hostile territory and for commanding an infantry detachment whose officers had been lost. He received the rank of captain in 1891.

While stationed at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, in 1893, Wood enrolled in graduate school at Georgia Tech, then known as the Georgia School of Technology, and became the school's second football coach and, as a player, its team captain. Wood led the team to its first ever football victory, 28 to 6, over the University of Georgia.^[1]

Spanish-American War[link]

Wood was personal physician to Presidents Grover Cleveland and William McKinley through 1898. It was during this period he developed a friendship with Theodore Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Wood, with Roosevelt, organized the 1st Volunteer Cavalry regiment, popularly known as the Rough Riders. Wood commanded the regiment in a successful engagement known as the Battle of Las Guasimas. When the brigade commander, Samuel B. M. Young, became ill, Wood received a field promotion to brigadier general of volunteers and assumed command of the 2nd Brigade, Cavalry Division, V Corps (which included the Rough Riders) and led the brigade to a famous victory at Kettle Hill and San Juan Heights.

Staff of the 1st US Volunteer Regiment, the "Rough Riders" in Tampa—Col Wood is 2nd from right with Lt Col Roosevelt far right.

After San Juan, Wood led the 2nd Cavalry Brigade for the rest of the war; he stayed in Cuba after the war and was appointed the Military Governor of Santiago in 1898, and of Cuba from 1899–1902. In that capacity, he relied on his medical experience to institute improvements to the medical and sanitary conditions in Cuba. He introduced numerous reforms similar to those of the Progressive Movement in the U.S.^[2] He was promoted to brigadier general of regulars shortly before moving to his next assignment.

Philippine-American War[link]

In 1902, he proceeded to the Philippines, where he commanded the Philippines Division and later became commander of the Department of the East. He was promoted to major general in 1903, and served as governor of Moro province from 1903–1906, a stronghold of Muslim rebellion. He received criticism for his handling of the battle at Bud Dajo where six hundred Moros were casualties, including women and children who were killed by long-distance artillery fire while they accompanied the Moro soldiers.^[3]

Army Chief of Staff[link]

Wood had known Theodore Roosevelt well before the Spanish-American War. Wood was named Army Chief of Staff in 1910 by President Taft, whom he had met while both were in the Philippines; he remains the only medical officer to have ever held that position. As Chief of Staff, Wood implemented several programs, among which were the forerunner of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program, and the Preparedness Movement, a campaign for universal military training and wartime conscription. The Preparedness Movement plan was scrapped in favor of the Selective Service System, shortly before World War I. He developed the Mobile Army, thus laying the groundwork for American success in World War I.

World War I[link]

Maj. Gen. Leonard Wood in later years

In 1914, Wood was replaced as Chief of Staff by William Wotherspoon. Wood was a strong advocate of the Preparedness Movement, led by Republicans, which alienated him from President Wilson. With the US entry into World War I, Wood was recommended by Republicans, in particular Henry Cabot Lodge, to be the U.S. field commander; however, War Secretary Newton Baker instead appointed John J. Pershing, amid much controversy. During the war, Wood was, instead, put in charge of the training of the 10th and 89th Infantry Divisions, both at Camp Funston. In 1915, he published The Military Obligation of Citizenship, and in 1916. Wood became the 14th American officer to hold the permanent rank of lieutenant-general. The permanent rank of lieutenant-general had last been awarded upon retirement to General Winfield Scott.

Republican politics[link]

Wood was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the election of 1920. He was urged into running by the family and supporters of his old friend Theodore Roosevelt, who had himself been considering another campaign before his illness and death in 1919. He won the New Hampshire primary that year, but lost at the convention. Among the reasons why he did not become the candidate were rivals for the nomination, his obvious political inexperience, and the strong support he gave for the anti-Communist strategy of Democratic Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to defeat radical subversion. After the major candidates deadlocked, the nomination went to Warren G. Harding.

Philippines[link]

He retired from the Army in 1921, and was made Governor General of the Philippines, in which capacity he served from 1921 to 1927.^[4]

Wood died in Boston, Massachusetts after undergoing surgery for a recurrent brain tumor. He had initially been diagnosed in 1910 with a benign meningioma brought on by exposure to experimental weapons refuse.^{[citation needed]} This was resected by Harvey Cushing at that time, and Wood made a full recovery until the tumor later recurred. The successful removal of Wood's brain tumor represented an important milestone, indicating to the public the advances that had been made in the nascent field of neurosurgery, and extending Wood's life by almost two decades.^[5]

He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.^[6][7] His brain is held at the Yale University School of Medicine as part of an historic collection of Harvey Cushing's patients' preserved brains.

Legacy[link]

Wood's actual field jacket from the Spanish American War seen in above photo—on display at the National Museum of American History

Camp Leonard Wood in Missouri, now Fort Leonard Wood, home of the United States Army Combat Engineer School, Chemical School, and Military Police School, and USAF 364 TRS Det 1, were named in his honor, as was the USS Leonard Wood (APA-12).

Leonard Wood Road in Baguio City, Philippines was named in his honor. A Public Elementary School in Barangay Jagobiao, Mandaue City, Philippines (inside Eversley Childs Sanitarium compound) was also named after him.

Ft. Leonard Wood is also a major TRADOC post for Basic Combat Training (BCT), home of the 10th Infantry Regiment.

Wood Street corner Gov. Lim Avenue in Zamboanga City, Philippines was also named in his nobility.

He is portrayed favorably in the 1997 miniseries Rough Riders by actor and former United States Marine Dale Dye.

Leonard Wood was portrayed in a less favorable light by Mark Twain and others for his part in leading the Moro Crater massacre in 1906.

A plaque in Wood's memory is found in Harvard University's Memorial Church.

On March 11, 2012, in an interview on the television program Fox News Sunday, presidential candidate Newt Gingrich said of his opponent Mitt Romney, "The fact is that Romney is probably the weakest Republican frontrunner since Leonard Wood in 1920, and Wood ultimately lost on the 10th ballot."^[8]

Medal of Honor citation[link]

Medal of Honor

Voluntarily carried dispatches through a region inhabited by hostile Indians, making a journey of 70 miles in one night and walking 30 miles the next day. Also for several weeks, while in close pursuit of Geronimo's band and constantly expecting an encounter, commanded a detachment of Infantry, which was then without an officer, and to the command of which he was assigned upon his own request.

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	United States Army portal
	World War I portal

• List of Medal of Honor recipients
• List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
• List of people on the cover of Time magazine (1920s)—19 April 1926

References[link]

Citations[link]

Further reading[link]

• Hermann Hagedorn, Leonard Wood, a Biography, 2 vol., 1931
• Lane, Jack C. Armed Progressive: General Leonard Wood (2009)
• Jack McCallum, Leonard Wood: Rough Rider, Surgeon, Architect of American Imperialism (2005)
• Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), "Comments on the Moro Massacre", 1906

External links[link]

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Leonard Wood

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leonard Wood

• "Biographical Sketch". http://www.archive.org/stream/biographicalsketcopy01hame#page/202/mode/2up. Retrieved September 29, 2010. 
• "Fort Leonard Wood's website". http://www.wood.army.mil/. Retrieved September 29, 2010. 
• "Leonard Wood". Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1123. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

v t e Leaders of the United States Army Senior Officer / Commanding General Washington Knox Doughty Harmar St. Clair Wayne Wilkinson Hamilton Wilkinson Dearborn Brown Macomb Scott McClellan Halleck Grant Sherman Sheridan Schofield Miles Chiefs of Staff Young Chaffee Bates Bell Wood Wotherspoon Scott Bliss March Pershing Hines Summerall MacArthur Craig Marshall Eisenhower Bradley Collins Ridgway Taylor Lemnitzer Decker Wheeler Johnson Westmoreland Palmer Abrams Weyand Rogers Meyer Wickham Vuono Sullivan Reimer Shinseki Schoomaker Casey Dempsey Odierno Vice Chiefs of Staff Collins Haislip Hull Bolte Palmer Lemnitzer Decker Eddleman Hamlett Abrams Haines Palmer Haig Weyand Kerwin Kroesen Vessey Wickham Thurman Brown RisCassi Sullivan Reimer Peay Tilelli Griffith Crouch Shinseki Keane Casey Cody Chiarelli Austin

v t e American Governors-General of the Philippines Merritt Otis MacArthur Chaffee Taft Wright Ide Smith Forbes Gilbert Harrison Yeater Wood Gilmore Stimson Gilmore Davis Butte Roosevelt Murphy Smallcaps indicate military governors Italics indicate acting governors