Look up Pascal or pascal in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

This is a disambiguation page. For other uses, see Pascal (given name) or Pascal (surname)

Pascal or PASCAL may refer to:

People[link]

• Pascal (given name), a French given name
• Pascal (surname), a French and Italian surname
• Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), French mathematician and philosopher
• Adam Pascal (born 1970), American actor and singer, best known for his role of Roger Davis in the Broadway musical Rent
• Cleo Paskal, environmental scientist
• Pascal (musician), stage name of drum and bass musician Pascal Redpath.
• Pascal Etcheber, the author of "Vagabond Earth"

Things named after Blaise Pascal[link]

• Pascal (unit) (Pa), the SI unit of pressure (equivalent to one newton per square meter)
• Pascal (programming language), a programming language developed by Niklaus Wirth between 1968 and 1969
• Pascal distribution, a special case of the negative binomial distribution
• Pascal's triangle, a geometric arrangement of the binomial coefficients in a triangle
• Pascal's law, a physics principle relating pressure at various points in an incompressible fluid
• Pascal (crater), a lunar crater
• Pascal's theorem, also known as the Hexagrammum Mysticum Theorem
• Pascal's Wager, a philosophical argument for belief in God

Fictional characters[link]

• Pascal, the main character in the film The Red Balloon
• Pascal, a character in the television series Beauty and the Beast, portrayed by Armin Shimerman
• Pascal, a character in the novel Felidae by German-Turkish writer Akif Pirinçci and in the film based on the novel
• Pascal (Nintendo), a character from the Nintendo video game series Animal Crossing
• Pascal Curious, a character from The Sims 2
• Pascal, a character from Tales of Graces
• Mattia Pascal, the main character in The Late Mattia Pascal, novel by Luigi Pirandello
• Pascal: the name of the pet chameleon of the main heroine Rapunzel in the film Tangled (2010)

Other uses[link]

• PASCAL (database), a scientific bibliographic database maintained by INIST
• Pascal blanc, a French white wine grape
• Pascal, an alias of Flip & Fill, dance music producers Graham Turner and Mark Hall
• Pascal Photocoagulator, a pattern scan laser used in ophthalmology
• J. Pascal's Furniture and Hardware, a Montreal hardware and furniture store trading under the name “Pascal”
• Pascal College, school in Zaandam, the Netherlands, for pre-university secondary education
• Pattern Analysis, Statistical Modelling and Computational Learning (PASCAL), a Network of Excellence funded by the European Union, which supports collaboration between experts in Machine Learning, Statistics and Optimization
• Pascal (programming language) Programming language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring

See also[link]

• Paschal (disambiguation)
• Pasqual (disambiguation)
• Pascual (disambiguation)
• Pasquale (disambiguation)
• PAS/CAL, a pop band from Detroit, Michigan
• Royal Malaysian Navy PASKAL, special forces unit

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Blaise Pascal

Born	(1623-06-19)19 June 1623 Clermont-Ferrand, France
Died	19 August 1662(1662-08-19) (aged 39) Paris, France
Era	17th-century philosophy
Region	Western Philosophy
School	Continental philosophy, precursor to existentialism
Main interests	Theology, Mathematics, Philosophy, Physics
Notable ideas	Pascal's Wager Pascal's triangle Pascal's law Pascal's theorem
Influenced by St. Augustine of Hippo, Michel de Montaigne, Descartes
Influenced Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Duhem

Blaise Pascal (French pronunciation: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662), was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Catholic philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.

In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines, and after three years of effort and 50 prototypes^[1] he invented the mechanical calculator.^[2][3] He built twenty of these machines (called the Pascaline) in the following ten years.^[4] Pascal was an important mathematician, helping create two major new areas of research: he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of sixteen, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted.

In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism.^[5] His father died in 1651. Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his "second conversion", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the Lettres provinciales and the Pensées, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists and Jesuits. In this year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. Between 1658 and 1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids.

Pascal had poor health especially after his eighteenth year and his death came just two months after his 39th birthday.^[6]

Early life and education[link]

Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand; he lost his mother, Antoinette Begon, at the age of three.^[7] His father, Étienne Pascal (1588–1651), who also had an interest in science and mathematics, was a local judge and member of the "Noblesse de Robe". Pascal had two sisters, the younger Jacqueline and the elder Gilberte.

In 1631, five years after the death of his wife,^[8] Étienne Pascal moved with his children to Paris. The newly arrived family soon hired Louise Delfault, a maid who eventually became an instrumental member of the family. Étienne, who never remarried, decided that he alone would educate his children, for they all showed extraordinary intellectual ability, particularly his son Blaise. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science.

Particularly of interest to Pascal was a work of Desargues on conic sections. Following Desargues' thinking, the sixteen-year-old Pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the "Mystic Hexagram", Essai pour les coniques ("Essay on Conics") and sent it—his first serious work of mathematics—to Père Mersenne in Paris; it is known still today as Pascal's theorem. It states that if a hexagon is inscribed in a circle (or conic) then the three intersection points of opposite sides lie on a line (called the Pascal line).

Pascal's work was so precocious that Descartes was convinced that Pascal's father had written it. When assured by Mersenne that it was, indeed, the product of the son not the father, Descartes dismissed it with a sniff: "I do not find it strange that he has offered demonstrations about conics more appropriate than those of the ancients," adding, "but other matters related to this subject can be proposed that would scarcely occur to a sixteen-year-old child."^[9]

In France at that time offices and positions could be—and were—bought and sold. In 1631 Étienne sold his position as second president of the Cour des Aides for 65,665 livres.^[10] The money was invested in a government bond which provided if not a lavish then certainly a comfortable income which allowed the Pascal family to move to, and enjoy, Paris. But in 1638 Richelieu, desperate for money to carry on the Thirty Years' War, defaulted on the government's bonds. Suddenly Étienne Pascal's worth had dropped from nearly 66,000 livres to less than 7,300.

An early Pascaline on display at the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France. It was only when Jacqueline performed well in a children's play with Richelieu in attendance that Étienne was pardoned. In time Étienne was back in good graces with the cardinal, and in 1639 had been appointed the king's commissioner of taxes in the city of Rouen — a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos.

In 1642, in an effort to ease his father's endless, exhausting calculations, and recalculations, of taxes owed and paid, Pascal, not yet nineteen, constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, called Pascal's calculator or the Pascaline. The Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris and the Zwinger museum in Dresden, Germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. Though these machines are early forerunners to computer engineering, the calculator failed to be a great commercial success. Because it was extraordinarily expensive the Pascaline became little more than a toy, and status symbol, for the very rich both in France and throughout Europe. However, Pascal continued to make improvements to his design through the next decade and built twenty machines in total.

Contributions to mathematics[link]

Pascal's triangle. Each number is the sum of the two directly above it. The triangle demonstrates many mathematical properties in addition to showing binomial coefficients.

Pascal continued to influence mathematics throughout his life. His Traité du triangle arithmétique ("Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle") of 1653 described a convenient tabular presentation for binomial coefficients, now called Pascal's triangle. The triangle can also be represented:

He defines the numbers in the triangle by recursion: Call the number in the (m+1)st row and (n+1)st column t_mn. Then t_mn = t_m-1,n + t_m,n-1, for m = 0, 1, 2... and n = 0, 1, 2... The boundary conditions are t_{m, −1} = 0, t_{−1, n} for m = 1, 2, 3... and n = 1, 2, 3... The generator t₀₀ = 1. Pascal concludes with the proof,

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): t_{mn} = \frac{(m+n)(m+n-1)...(m+1)}{n(n-1)...1}.\

In 1654, prompted by a friend interested in gambling problems, he corresponded with Fermat on the subject, and from that collaboration was born the mathematical theory of probabilities. The friend was the Chevalier de Méré, and the specific problem was that of two players who want to finish a game early and, given the current circumstances of the game, want to divide the stakes fairly, based on the chance each has of winning the game from that point. From this discussion, the notion of expected value was introduced. Pascal later (in the Pensées) used a probabilistic argument, Pascal's Wager, to justify belief in God and a virtuous life. The work done by Fermat and Pascal into the calculus of probabilities laid important groundwork for Leibniz' formulation of the infinitesimal calculus.^[11]

After a religious experience in 1654, Pascal mostly gave up work in mathematics.

Philosophy of mathematics[link]

Pascal's major contribution to the philosophy of mathematics came with his De l'Esprit géométrique ("Of the Geometrical Spirit"), originally written as a preface to a geometry textbook for one of the famous "Petites-Ecoles de Port-Royal" ("Little Schools of Port-Royal"). The work was unpublished until over a century after his death. Here, Pascal looked into the issue of discovering truths, arguing that the ideal of such a method would be to found all propositions on already established truths. At the same time, however, he claimed this was impossible because such established truths would require other truths to back them up—first principles, therefore, cannot be reached. Based on this, Pascal argued that the procedure used in geometry was as perfect as possible, with certain principles assumed and other propositions developed from them. Nevertheless, there was no way to know the assumed principles to be true.

Pascal also used De l'Esprit géométrique to develop a theory of definition. He distinguished between definitions which are conventional labels defined by the writer and definitions which are within the language and understood by everyone because they naturally designate their referent. The second type would be characteristic of the philosophy of essentialism. Pascal claimed that only definitions of the first type were important to science and mathematics, arguing that those fields should adopt the philosophy of formalism as formulated by Descartes.

In De l'Art de persuader ("On the Art of Persuasion"), Pascal looked deeper into geometry's axiomatic method, specifically the question of how people come to be convinced of the axioms upon which later conclusions are based. Pascal agreed with Montaigne that achieving certainty in these axioms and conclusions through human methods is impossible. He asserted that these principles can only be grasped through intuition, and that this fact underscored the necessity for submission to God in searching out truths.

Contributions to the physical sciences[link]

Portrait of Pascal

An illustration of Pascal's barrel experiment of 1646

Pascal's work in the fields of the study of hydrodynamics and hydrostatics centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. His inventions include the hydraulic press (using hydraulic pressure to multiply force) and the syringe. He has proven that hydrostatic pressure does not depend on the weight of the fluid but on the elevation difference. He demonstrated this principle by attaching a thin tube to a barrel full of water and filling the tube with water up to the level of the third floor of a building. This caused the barrel to leak, in what became known as Pascal's barrel experiment. By 1646, Pascal had learned of Evangelista Torricelli's experimentation with barometers. Having replicated an experiment which involved placing a tube filled with mercury upside down in a bowl of mercury, Pascal questioned what force kept some mercury in the tube and what filled the space above the mercury in the tube. At the time, most scientists contended that, rather than a vacuum, some invisible matter was present. This was based on the Aristotelian notion that creation was a thing of substance, whether visible or invisible; and this substance was forever in motion. Furthermore, "Everything that is in motion must be moved by something," Aristotle declared.^[12] Therefore, to the Aristotelian trained scientists of Pascal's time, a vacuum was an impossibility. How so? As proof it was pointed out:

• Light passed through the so-called "vacuum" in the glass tube.
• Aristotle wrote how everything moved, and must be moved by something.
• Therefore, since there had to be an invisible "something" to move the light through the glass tube, there was no vacuum in the tube. Not in the glass tube or anywhere else. Vacuums—the absence of any and everything—were simply an impossibility.

Following more experimentation in this vein, in 1647 Pascal produced Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide ("New Experiments with the Vacuum"), which detailed basic rules describing to what degree various liquids could be supported by air pressure. It also provided reasons why it was indeed a vacuum above the column of liquid in a barometer tube.

On 19 September 1648, after many months of Pascal's friendly but insistent prodding, Florin Périer, husband of Pascal's elder sister Gilberte, was finally able to carry out the fact finding mission vital to Pascal's theory. The account, written by Périer, reads:

"The weather was chancy last Saturday...[but] around five o'clock that morning...the Puy-de-Dôme was visible...so I decided to give it a try. Several important people of the city of Clermont had asked me to let them know when I would make the ascent...I was delighted to have them with me in this great work... "...at eight o'clock we met in the gardens of the Minim Fathers, which has the lowest elevation in town....First I poured sixteen pounds of quicksilver...into a vessel...then took several glass tubes...each four feet long and hermetically sealed at one end and opened at the other...then placed them in the vessel [of quicksilver]...I found the quick silver stood at 26" and 3½ lines above the quicksilver in the vessel...I repeated the experiment two more times while standing in the same spot...[they] produced the same result each time... "I attached one of the tubes to the vessel and marked the height of the quicksilver and...asked Father Chastin, one of the Minim Brothers...to watch if any changes should occur through the day...Taking the other tube and a portion of the quick silver...I walked to the top of Puy-de-Dôme, about 500 fathoms higher than the monastery, where upon experiment...found that the quicksilver reached a height of only 23" and 2 lines...I repeated the experiment five times with care...each at different points on the summit...found the same height of quicksilver...in each case..."^[13]

Pascal replicated the experiment in Paris by carrying a barometer up to the top of the bell tower at the church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie, a height of about fifty meters. The mercury dropped two lines.

In the face of criticism that some invisible matter must exist in Pascal's empty space, Pascal, in his reply to Estienne Noel, gave one of the seventeenth century's major statements on the scientific method, which is a striking anticipation of the idea popularised by Karl Popper that scientific theories are characterised by their falsifiability: "In order to show that a hypothesis is evident, it does not suffice that all the phenomena follow from it; instead, if it leads to something contrary to a single one of the phenomena, that suffices to establish its falsity."^[14] His insistence on the existence of the vacuum also led to conflict with other prominent scientists, including Descartes.

Pascal introduced a primitive form of roulette and the roulette wheel in the 17th century in his search for a perpetual motion machine.^[15]

Adult life, religion, philosophy, and literature[link]

For after all what is man in nature? A nothing in relation to infinity, all in relation to nothing, a central point between nothing and all and infinitely far from understanding either. The ends of things and their beginnings are impregnably concealed from him in an impenetrable secret. He is equally incapable of seeing the nothingness out of which he was drawn and the infinite in which he is engulfed.

Blaise Pascal, Pensées #72

Religious conversion[link]

Pascal studying the cycloid, by Augustin Pajou, 1785, Louvre

In the winter of 1646, Pascal's 58 year-old father broke his hip when he slipped and fell on an icy street of Rouen; given the man's age and the state of medicine in the 17th century, a broken hip could be a very serious condition, perhaps even fatal. Rouen was home to two of the finest doctors in France: Monsieur Doctor Deslandes and Monsieur Doctor de La Bouteillerie. The elder Pascal "would not let anyone other than these men attend him...It was a good choice, for the old man survived and was able to walk again..."^[16] But treatment and rehabilitation took three months, during which time La Bouteillerie and Deslandes had become household guests.

Both men were followers of Jean Guillebert, proponent of a splinter group from the main body of Catholic teaching known as Jansenism. This still fairly small sect was making surprising inroads into the French Catholic community at that time. It espoused rigorous Augustinism. Blaise spoke with the doctors frequently, and upon his successful treatment of Étienne, borrowed works by Jansenist authors from them. In this period, Pascal experienced a sort of "first conversion" and began to write on theological subjects in the course of the following year.

Pascal fell away from this initial religious engagement and experienced a few years of what some biographers have called his "worldly period" (1648–54). His father died in 1651 and left his inheritance to Pascal and Jacqueline, of which Pascal acted as her conservator. Jacqueline announced that she would soon become a postulant in the Jansenist convent of Port-Royal. Pascal was deeply affected and very sad, not because of her choice, but because of his chronic poor health; he too needed her.

"Suddenly there was war in the Pascal household. Blaise pleaded with Jacqueline not to leave, but she was adamant. He commanded her to stay, but that didn't work, either. At the heart of this was...Blaise's fear of abandonment...if Jacqueline entered Port-Royal, she would have to leave her inheritance behind...[but] nothing would change her mind."^[17]

By the end of October in 1651, a truce had been reached between brother and sister. In return for a healthy annual stipend, Jacqueline signed over her part of the inheritance to her brother. Gilberte had already been given her inheritance in the form of a dowry. In early January, Jacqueline left for Port-Royal. On that day, according to Gilberte concerning her brother, "He retired very sadly to his rooms without seeing Jacqueline, who was waiting in the little parlor..."^[18] In early June 1653, after what must have seemed like endless badgering from Jacqueline, Pascal formally signed over the whole of his sister's inheritance to Port-Royal, which, to him, "had begun to smell like a cult."^[19] With two-thirds of his father's estate now gone, the 29 year old Pascal was now consigned to genteel poverty.

For a while, Pascal pursued the life of a bachelor. During visits to his sister at Port-Royal in 1654, he displayed contempt for affairs of the world but was not drawn to God.^[20]

Brush with death[link]

^{[dubious – discuss]}

On 23 November 1654, between 10:30 and 12:30 at night, Pascal had an intense religious vision and immediately recorded the experience in a brief note to himself which began: "Fire. God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, not of the philosophers and the scholars..." and concluded by quoting Psalm 119:16: "I will not forget thy word. Amen." He seems to have carefully sewn this document into his coat and always transferred it when he changed clothes; a servant discovered it only by chance after his death.^[21] This piece is now known as the Memorial. The story of the carriage accident as having led to the experience described in the Memorial is disputed by some scholars.^[22] His belief and religious commitment revitalized, Pascal visited the older of two convents at Port-Royal for a two-week retreat in January 1655. For the next four years, he regularly travelled between Port-Royal and Paris. It was at this point immediately after his conversion when he began writing his first major literary work on religion, the Provincial Letters.

[edit] The Provincial Letters

Beginning in 1656, Pascal published his memorable attack on casuistry, a popular ethical method used by Catholic thinkers in the early modern period (especially the Jesuits, and in particular Antonio Escobar). Pascal denounced casuistry as the mere use of complex reasoning to justify moral laxity and all sorts of sins. The 18-letter series was published between 1656 and 1657 under the pseudonym Louis de Montalte and incensed Louis XIV. The king ordered that the book be shredded and burnt in 1660. In 1661, in the midsts of the formulary controversy, the Jansenist school at Port-Royal was condemned and closed down; those involved with the school had to sign a 1656 papal bull condemning the teachings of Jansen as heretical. The final letter from Pascal, in 1657, had defied Alexander VII himself. Even Pope Alexander, while publicly opposing them, nonetheless was persuaded by Pascal's arguments.

Aside from their religious influence, the Provincial Letters were popular as a literary work. Pascal's use of humor, mockery, and vicious satire in his arguments made the letters ripe for public consumption, and influenced the prose of later French writers like Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Wide praise has been given to the Provincial Letters.

[edit] The Pensées

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Pensées

Pascal's most influential theological work, referred to posthumously as the Pensées ("Thoughts"), was not completed before his death. It was to have been a sustained and coherent examination and defense of the Christian faith, with the original title Apologie de la religion Chrétienne ("Defense of the Christian Religion"). The first version of the numerous scraps of paper found after his death appeared in print as a book in 1669 titled Pensées de M. Pascal sur la religion, et sur quelques autres sujets ("Thoughts of M. Pascal on religion, and on some other subjects") and soon thereafter became a classic. One of the Apologie's main strategies was to use the contradictory philosophies of skepticism and stoicism, personalized by Montaigne on one hand, and Epictetus on the other, in order to bring the unbeliever to such despair and confusion that he would embrace God.

Pascal's Pensées is widely considered to be a masterpiece, and a landmark in French prose. When commenting on one particular section (Thought #72), Sainte-Beuve praised it as the finest pages in the French language.^[23] Will Durant hailed it as "the most eloquent book in French prose."^[24] In Pensées, Pascal surveys several philosophical paradoxes: infinity and nothing, faith and reason, soul and matter, death and life, meaning and vanity—seemingly arriving at no definitive conclusions besides humility, ignorance, and grace. Rolling these into one he develops Pascal's Wager.

Last works and death[link]

Pascal's epitaph in Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, where he was buried

T. S. Eliot described him during this phase of his life as "a man of the world among ascetics, and an ascetic among men of the world." Pascal's ascetic lifestyle derived from a belief that it was natural and necessary for a person to suffer. In 1659, Pascal fell seriously ill. During his last years, he frequently tried to reject the ministrations of his doctors, saying, "Sickness is the natural state of Christians."^[25]

Louis XIV suppressed the Jansenist movement at Port-Royal in 1661. In response, Pascal wrote one of his final works, Écrit sur la signature du formulaire ("Writ on the Signing of the Form"), exhorting the Jansenists not to give in. Later that year, his sister Jacqueline died, which convinced Pascal to cease his polemics on Jansenism. Pascal's last major achievement, returning to his mechanical genius, was inaugurating perhaps the first bus line, moving passengers within Paris in a carriage with many seats.

In 1662, Pascal's illness became more violent, and his emotional condition had severely worsened since his sister's death, which happened the previous year. Aware that his health was fading quickly, he sought a move to the hospital for incurable diseases, but his doctors declared that he was too unstable to be carried. In Paris on 18 August 1662, Pascal went into convulsions and received extreme unction. He died the next morning, his last words being "May God never abandon me," and was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont.^[25]

An autopsy performed after his death revealed grave problems with his stomach and other organs of his abdomen, along with damage to his brain. Despite the autopsy, the cause of his poor health was never precisely determined, though speculation focuses on tuberculosis, stomach cancer, or a combination of the two.^[26] The headaches which afflicted Pascal are generally attributed to his brain lesion.

Legacy[link]

Death mask of Blaise Pascal.

In honor of his scientific contributions, the name Pascal has been given to the SI unit of pressure, to a programming language, and Pascal's law (an important principle of hydrostatics), and as mentioned above, Pascal's triangle and Pascal's wager still bear his name.

Pascal's development of probability theory was his most influential contribution to mathematics.^[27] Originally applied to gambling, today it is extremely important in economics, especially in actuarial science. John Ross writes, "Probability theory and the discoveries following it changed the way we regard uncertainty, risk, decision-making, and an individual's and society's ability to influence the course of future events."^[28] However, it should be noted that Pascal and Fermat, though doing important early work in probability theory, did not develop the field very far. Christiaan Huygens, learning of the subject from the correspondence of Pascal and Fermat, wrote the first book on the subject. Later figures who continued the development of the theory include Abraham de Moivre and Pierre-Simon Laplace.

In literature, Pascal is regarded as one of the most important authors of the French Classical Period and is read today as one of the greatest masters of French prose. His use of satire and wit influenced later polemicists. The content of his literary work is best remembered for its strong opposition to the rationalism of René Descartes and simultaneous assertion that the main countervailing philosophy, empiricism, was also insufficient for determining major truths.

In France, prestigious annual awards, Blaise Pascal Chairs are given to outstanding international scientists to conduct their research in the Ile de France region.^[29] One of the Universities of Clermont-Ferrand, France – Université Blaise Pascal – is named after him. The University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, holds an annual math contest named in his honour.^[30]

Roberto Rossellini directed a filmed biopic (entitled Blaise Pascal) which originally aired on Italian television in 1971. Pascal was a subject of the first edition of the 1984 BBC Two documentary, Sea of Faith, presented by Don Cupitt.

Works[link]

• Essai pour les coniques (1639)
• Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide (1647)
• Traité du triangle arithmétique (1653)
• Lettres provinciales (1656–57)
• De l'Esprit géométrique (1657 or 1658)
• Écrit sur la signature du formulaire (1661)
• Pensées (incomplete at death)

See also[link]

Kingdom of France portal

• Scientific revolution

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Blaise Pascal on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
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	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Pascal's Memorial in orig. French/Latin and modern English, trans. Elizabeth T. Knuth.
• Biography, Bibliography. (in French)
• Works by Blaise Pascal at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Blaise Pascal on Open Library at the Internet Archive
• Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977.
• Blaise Pascal's works: text, concordances and frequency lists
•  "Blaise Pascal". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. 
• Etext of Pascal's Pensées (English, in various formats)
• Etext of Pascal's Lettres Provinciales (English)
• Etext of a number of Pascal's minor works (English translation) including, De l'Esprit géométrique and De l'Art de persuader.
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Blaise Pascal", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pascal.html .

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Jean Pascal
Statistics
Real name	Jean-Thenistor Pascal
Rated at	Light Middleweight (Amateur) Super Middleweight Light Heavyweight (Current)
Height	5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Reach	72"
Nationality	Haitian Canadian
Born	(1982-10-28) October 28, 1982 (age 29) Port-au-Prince, Haiti
Stance	Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights	29
Wins	26
Wins by KO	16
Losses	2
Draws	1
No contests	0

Medal record
Competitor for  Canada
Jeux de la Francophonie
Gold	2001 Ottawa-Hull	Light Middleweight
Commonwealth Games
Gold	2002 Manchester	Light Middleweight
Pan American Games
Bronze	2003 S Domingo	Middleweight

Jean-Thenistor Pascal (born October 28, 1982 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is a Haitian-Canadian professional boxer. He is a former WBC and The Ring Light Heavyweight Champion.

Early life[link]

When Pascal was 4, his mother (a nurse) and older brother (Nicholson Poulard) left Haiti for a better life and education. They settled in Laval, Quebec, just outside of Montreal. His father, a well-respected politician, remained in Haiti. Pascal played hockey and soccer, but after watching his older brother become the Quebec Boxing Champion in 1996, Pascal, at 13 years of age, started to visit boxing gym "Club Champions St-Michel" once or twice every week. His first trainer was Sylvain Gagnon, who considered Pascal to be very talented. According to an interview from May 2005, Pascal's idol was Roy Jones Jr..^[1]

He represented Canada as a middleweight at the 2004 Olympics in Athens.

Professional career[link]

Super Middleweight[link]

Pascal made his professional debut on February 3, 2005, defeating Justin Hahn by second round technical knockout. After nine professional fights, Pascal fought for the Canada National Super Middleweight title and the Quebec boxing Council (CQB) title in a national bout against Martin Desjardins, winning the fight by KO 7. After two more fights Pascal bagged the TAB (Trans America Boxing) Super Middleweight title against Darnell Boone in his first ten round contest. Soon after Pascal fought Lucas Green Arias on September 30, 2006, at the Montreal Casino. The fight was for the vacant WBC Latino Super Middleweight title. Pascal sent him to the canvas with a flurry of punches in the sixth round. Arias got up for the final second of the round, but moments later slid off the stool in his corner, vigorously rubbing his head. He was unable to get up for the seventh round, making Pascal the winner. He was given oxygen in the ring and then was taken to the hospital on a stretcher.^[2] It was revealed that he suffered a subdural hematoma.^[3]

On November 18, 2006, Pascal defeated Jermain Mackey by unanimous decision to win the WBO NABO Super Middleweight title. Pascal then defeated Lafarrell Bunteng by unanimous decision on March 10, 2007, Defending the NABO belt.

With his win over Bunteng, Pascal fought for the NABO, NABA and NABF National Championships against Christian Cruz. This win solidified his reputation at the national level. After defeating Christian Cruz by technical knockout in the tenth round, Pascal fought former world title challenger Kingsley Ikeke on August 3, 2007. Pascal dominated Ikeke and won by unanimous decision. Later that year, he defeated Esteban Camou and Brian Norman.

His next fight took place on January 11, 2008 at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Hollywood, Florida against Omar Pittman. Pascal dropped Pittman with a left hook in round two and was in control for the first six rounds, but Pittman managed to hurt Pascal in rounds seven and eight. Pascal came back strong in the last two rounds and won by unanimous decision. After the fight with Pittman, Pascal got in a verbal conflict with Edison Miranda. There were brief talks of a possible fight between Pascal and Miranda for the summer of 2008 but it quickly fell apart.

Pascal fought for the vacant WBC Super Middleweight title on December 6, 2008 at the Trent FM Arena in Nottingham, England against unbeaten British fighter and top contender Carl Froch. Pascal held his own, with both men consistently tagging each other throughout the bout. In the end he was outpointed in a close exciting contest. The scorecards read 112-116, 111-117 and 110-118. Froch went on to defeat world class boxer Jermain Taylor and top contender Andre Dirrell. Since the fight, Froch and Pascal have become friends on a personal level and have made a promise to face each other again in the future.

After that fight, Pascal fought Pablo Daniel Zamora Nievas on April 4, 2009 and won the fight by knockout in the fifth round.

Light Heavyweight[link]

After losing to Carl Froch and jumping back after knocking out Pablo Daniel Zamora Nievas, Pascal decided to go up in weight and fight as a light heavyweight.

He then went on to win the WBC Light Heavyweight title from Adrian Diaconu on June 19, 2009 at the Bell Centre in Montreal. About two months after the fight on August 12, 2009 the city of Laval honored Pascal.

Pascal defended his newly crowned WBC Light Heavyweight title for the first time on September 25, 2009 against the WBC mandatory opponent, aged Italian veteran Silvio Branco. Pascal won the fight by a 10th-round TKO, after knocking Branco down once in round 7 and twice in round 10.

Pascal's second title defense came on December 11, 2009 in a rematch against Adrian Diaconu. Just like the first fight against Diaconu, the fight ended in another win by decision. Throughout the fight Pascal seemed to be having problems with his right arm, starting around round 5. However it did appear that his cutman, Russ Anber, was able to pop the shoulder back in before the start of round 11. Five days after the fight on December 16, 2009 Pascal underwent arthroscopic surgery for his right shoulder.^[4] Doctors removed a bone chip and repaired the labrum in his shoulder.

At the end of 2009, Ring Magazine rated Pascal as the 65th best boxer in the world as part of their yearly Top One Hundred Boxers ranking. This was the first time Pascal had been featured on the list.^[5]

In June 2010, Pascal re-signed a multi-million dollar contract with promoter Groupe Yvon Michel in which he was guaranteed $1,050,000 to defend his WBC Light Heavyweight title against Chad Dawson, as well as another $1,500,000 guaranteed in the fight following Dawson, which happened to be Bernard Hopkins. The contract is the most lucrative ever given out to a boxer in Quebec boxing history. Pascal has become the first Canadian boxer to receive more than a million dollars for a fight in Canada.^[6]

For Pascal's third title defense, he fought Chad Dawson for his WBC Light Heavyweight title, Dawson's IBO Light Heavyweight title and the vacant The Ring Light Heavyweight Championship. Pascal dominated the early action and worked well in the middle rounds but seemed to tire late and get frequently caught by the favored Dawson. Pascal won the fight by a technical decision part way through the eleventh round due to an accidental head butt that caused a major cut over Dawson's right eye and was stopped by the ring-side doctor. However Pascal easily won the fight according to the judges' scorecards with scores of 108–101 and 106–103.^[7]

Following Pascal's upset of Chad Dawson, 45-year-old Bernard Hopkins was soon named his next opponent for him to defend his WBC, IBO and The Ring Light Heavyweight titles.^{[8][9][10][11][12]} Within the first 48 hours of tickets being on sale for Pascal/Hopkins, more than 15,000 tickets were sold.^[13] In preparation for the fight, Pascal spent forty days training in Miami.^[14]

The fight took place at the Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City on December 18, 2010. Pascal started strong in the fight, scoring two knockdowns in the first three rounds. One knockdown in the first round, which was disputed by Hopkins as a illegal blow to the back of the head and another knockdown in the third round. However, following the early rounds, the two fighters each held their own, however only to have the fight end in a controversial majority draw.

At the end of 2010, Ring Magazine rated Pascal as the 14th best boxer in the world as part of their yearly Top One Hundred Boxers ranking. Pascal moved up fifty-one places on the list, compared to his 2009 ranking of 65. The jump in the rankings was directly attributed to Pascal's upset of Chad Dawson, since the list came out before Pascal fought Bernard Hopkins.^[15]

Following the controversial majority draw of Pascal-Hopkins in December 2010, Hopkins expressed a number of mixed emotions following the fight, the most noted of which was frustration. Hopkins, who had refused to fight outside of the United States since 1994, felt there was a judging bias based on the fight being held in Quebec, Canada, as well as a discrimination of his age.

Hopkins later criticized Pascal's performance, claiming that Pascal took more damage during the fight and that he clinched frequently. However, when Hopkins was asked about a potential rematch, he replaced most definitely only to claim that he was "too dangerous for anybody" and then went on to complain that GYM promotions was dragging the fight out to make him older so that he would lose.

However, Pascal defended his performance, by noting his two knockdowns he scored early in the fight and defending the legitimacy of the judges. Pascal then expressed that he was unsatisfied with the decision and preferred to have won the fight rather than settle with a draw. When asked about a potential rematch he responded, "If he wants a rematch, anytime."

The rematch with Bernard Hopkins was held on May 21, 2011 at the Bell Centre in Montreal, broadcasted on HBO World Championship Boxing.

The bout began with both fighters feeling each other out for the first few rounds. However, in the third round, Hopkins began to find success with the right hand and shook the knees of Pascal. In the fourth round, both fighters exchanged power shots frantically with Hopkins looking slightly wobbled at the end of the round. Later on, before the seventh round began, Hopkins began doing push-ups in the ring. In the ninth round, Pascal's glove touched the mat after a cupping shot and was ruled a slip. This occurred again in the tenth. The fight concluded with the judges scoring the bout, 112-116, 114-115 and 113-115.

Upcoming fights and future[link]

• ImmediatelThe Sun | first=Gavin | last=Glicksman | title=Pascal will get another crack | date=July 13, 2009}}</ref>^[16] However it was not until a report in March 2010 that Froch admitted to making a verbal agreement to fight Pascal again as soon as the Super Six tournament is over in 2011. As Froch says he has plans to move up to the light heavyweight division. According to Froch, "...We have had a handshake on it that we would fight each other. He wants to get the blemish off his record and I said I would give him the chance to do it. I will step up and fight him for the world title."^[17]

Professional record[link]

26 Wins (16 knockouts, 10 decisions), 2 Losses (2 by decision), 1 Draw
Res.	Record	Opponent	Type	Rd., Time	Date	Location	Notes
N/A	26-2-1	Tavoris Cloud	-	? (12)	2012-10-11	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	For IBF Light Heavyweight title.
Loss	26-2-1	Bernard Hopkins	UD	12 (12)	2011-05-21	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Lost WBC & The Ring Light Heavyweight titles. For vacant WBC Diamond Light Heavyweight title.
Draw	26-1-1	Bernard Hopkins	MD	12 (12)	2010-12-18	Quebec City, Quebec, Canada	Retained WBC & The Ring Light Heavyweight titles.
Win	26–1	Chad Dawson	TD	11 (12)	2010-08-14	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Retained WBC & won vacant The Ring Light Heavyweight titles.
Win	25–1	Adrian Diaconu	UD	12 (12)	2009-12-11	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Retained WBC Light Heavyweight title.
Win	24–1	Silvio Branco	TKO	10 (12), 2:19	2009-09-25	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Retained WBC Light Heavyweight title.
Win	23–1	Adrian Diaconu	UD	12 (12)	2009-06-19	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Won WBC Light Heavyweight title.
Win	22–1	Pablo Daniel Zamora Nievas	KO	5 (12), 0:42	2009-04-04	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Won WBO Inter-Continental Super Middleweight title.
Loss	21–1	Carl Froch	UD	12 (12)	2008-12-06	Nottingham, England, United Kingdom	For vacant WBC Super Middleweight title.
Win	21–0	Omar Pittman	UD	10 (10)	2008-01-11	Hollywood, Florida, USA
Win	20–0	Brian Norman	UD	10 (10)	2007-12-07	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Retained NABO, NABF & NABA Super Middleweight titles.
Win	19–0	Esteban Camou	KO	3 (10), 2:37	2007-10-06	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	18–0	Kingsley Ikeke	UD	12 (12)	2007-08-03	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Retained NABF Super Middleweight title.
Win	17–0	Christian Cruz	TKO	10 (12), 2:00	2007-06-08	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Retained NABO and won vacant NABF & NABA Super Middleweight titles.
Win	16–0	Lafarrell Bunting	UD	12 (12)	2007-03-10	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Retained NABO Super Middleweight title.
Win	15–0	Jermain Mackey	UD	12 (12)	2006-11-18	Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada	Won vacant NABO Super Middleweight title.
Win	14–0	Lucas Green Arias	TKO	6 (12), 3:00	2006-09-30	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Won vacant WBC Latino Super Middleweight title.
Win	13–0	Darnell Boone	UD	10 (10)	2006-06-23	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Won vacant Trans America Boxing Super Middleweight title.
Win	12–0	Melroy Corbin	TKO	5 (8), 2:37	2006-03-11	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	11–0	Eric Howard	TKO	2 (8), 2:30	2006-02-25	Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
Win	10–0	Martin Desjardins	TKO	7 (10), 2:16	2005-12-10	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Won vacant Quebec Boxing Council & Canadian Super Middleweight titles.
Win	9–0	Gerardo Soria	TKO	4 (8), 2:36	2005-11-19	Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
Win	8–0	James Crawford	TKO	3 (8), 1:47	2005-10-29	Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
Win	7–0	Jesse Sanders	KO	1 (6), 1:45	2005-10-15	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	6–0	Ricardo Kellman	TKO	2 (6), 2:50	2005-09-10	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	5–0	Homer Gibbins	TKO	2 (4), 1:45	2005-07-13	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	4–0	Donnie Pendelton	TKO	2 (4), 3:00	2005-06-18	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	3–0	Eddie O'Neal	UD	4 (4)	2005-03-03	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	2–0	Jesse Londo	KO	1 (4), 0:50	2005-02-12	Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Win	1–0	Justin Hahn	TKO	2 (4), 2:17	2005-02-03	Montreal, Quebec, Canada	Professional debut.