- published: 16 Jun 2010
- views: 2351
- author: Evgeny Ko
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- Argentina
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- Ashdod
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Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
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Arizona
Arizona (i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
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Ashdod
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד
(audio) (help·info); Arabic: اشدود, إسدود Isdud), is the sixth-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country, on the Mediterranean coast, located 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Tel Aviv and 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Ashkelon and 53 kilometres (33 mi) west of Jerusalem. Ashdod is an important regional industrial center. The Port of Ashdod is Israel's largest port accounting for 60% of the country's imported goods.
The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BCE, making the city one of the oldest in the world. Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible. During its history the city was settled by Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders and Arabs.
Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town, and incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 206,400 at the end of 2009, the sixth largest city in Israel, and had an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).
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Ashkelon
Ashkelon (also Ashqelon and Ascalon; Hebrew: אַשְׁקְלוֹן (audio) (help·info); Arabic: عسقلان (ˁAsqalān); Latin: Ascalonia; Akkadian: Isqalluna) is a coastal city in the South District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Tel Aviv, and 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) north of the border with the Gaza Strip. The ancient seaport of Ashkelon dates back to the Neolithic Age. In the course of its history, it has been ruled by the Canaanites, the Philistines, the Israelites, the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Phoenicians, the Romans, the Persians, the Egyptians and the Crusaders, until it was destroyed by the Mamluks in 1270. The Arab village of al-Majdal (Arabic: المجدل, Hebrew: אל-מג'דל, מגדל), was established nearby in the 16th century, under Ottoman's own rule.
In 1918, Ashkelon became part of the British Mandate for Palestine. In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Majdal was the forward position of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force based in Gaza. The village was occupied by Israeli forces on November 5, 1948, by which time most of the Arab population of 11,000 had been forced to leave. In 2010, the population of Ashkelon was 112,900.
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Azor
Azor (Hebrew: אָזוֹר) (also Azur) is a small town (local council) in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, on the old Jaffa-Jerusalem road southeast of Tel Aviv. Established in 1948, Azor was granted local council status in 1951. It was named for the ancient city of Azur (lit. mighty, heroic), preserved in the name of the Arab village of Yazur. In 2006, it had a population of 10,200 and a jurisdiction of 2,415 dunams (~2.4 km²).
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Bar Ilan University
Bar-Ilan University (BIU; Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a university in Ramat Gan of the Tel Aviv District, Israel.
Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is now Israel's second-largest academic institution. It has nearly 26,800 students (including 9,000 students in its affiliated regional colleges) and 1,350 faculty members. Bar-Ilan University has eight faculties: Exact Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Humanities, Jewish Studies, Medicine, Engineering, and Law. There are also interdisciplinary studies.
The University aims to forge closer links between Torah and universal studies, "to blend tradition with modern technologies and scholarship, and teach the compelling ethics of Jewish heritage to all... to synthesize the ancient and modern, the sacred and the material, the spiritual and the scientific."
Bar-Ilan University has Jewish-American roots: it was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Prof. Pinkhos Churgin, an American rabbi and educator. When it was opened in 1955, it was described by The New York Times "as Cultural Link Between the [Israeli] Republic and America". The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader who served as the inspiration for its establishment. Although he was trained in Orthodox seminaries in Berlin, he believed there was a need for an institution providing a dual curriculum of secular academic studies and religious Torah studies.
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Bat Yam
Bat Yam (Hebrew: בַּת יָם (audio) (help·info)) is a city located on Israel's Mediterranean Sea coast, on the central coastal strip, just south of Tel Aviv. Part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area, in the Tel Aviv District, the city is home to 130,000 people.
Bat Yam was established in 1926 as Bayit VaGan (Hebrew: בית וגן; House and Garden). During the 1929 Palestine riots, the town was attacked by Palestinian fighters from Jaffa and was evacuated by British Authorities. In 1930, it was re-settled. In 1936, it was granted local council status and renamed Bat Yam. By 1945, 2,000 Jews were living in Bat Yam. According to the Jewish National Fund, in 1947 it had a population of 4,000.
Following the United Nations vote in favour of a partition plan on November 29, 1947 and the subsequent civil war, inhabitants of both Bat Yam and Jaffa complained on violent incidents, including sniping. On May 13, 1948, Jaffa surrendered to Jewish forces.
In the years following Israel's creation, Bat Yam grew dramatically due to mass immigration and gained city status in 1958. A small Hasidic enclave of Bobover Hasidim, known as Kiryat Bobov, was established in 1959. The city gained a sizeable community of Jews from Turkey (est. 23% of the population). Bat Yam again experienced a period of rapid growth in the early 1980s to the late 1990s with the mass immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union, and Ethiopia. There is also a fairly large Arab community in Bat Yam, both Muslim and Christian many of whom relocated from Jaffa. The vast majority of Vietnamese-Israelis or Vietnamese people of Israeli origin, live in Bat Yam.
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Beersheba
Beersheba (/bɪərˈʃiːbə/; officially Be'er Sheva; Hebrew: בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע [bəʔe̞rˈʃe̞va]; Greek: Βηρσαβεε; Latin: Bersabee; Arabic: بئر السبع, Bi'r as-Sab` (info); Turkish: Birüssebi) is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel with a population of 194,300.
Beersheba grew in importance in the 19th century, when the Ottoman Turks built a regional police station there. The Battle of Beersheba was part of a wider British offensive in World War I aimed at breaking the Turkish defensive line from Gaza to Beersheba. In 1947, Bir Seb'a (Arabic: بيئر شيبع), as it was known, was envisioned as part of the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. Following the declaration of Israel's independence, the Egyptian army amassed its forces in Beersheba as a strategic and logistical base. In October 1948, the city was conquered by the Israel Defense Forces.
Beersheba has grown considerably since then. A large portion of the population is made up of Jews who immigrated from Arab countries after 1948, and has been significantly boosted since 1990 by immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. With the influx of Russian immigrants, chess became a major sport in Beersheba. The city is now Israel's national chess center, home to more chess grandmasters than any city in the world.
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Beit Shemesh
Beit Shemesh (Hebrew: בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ,; Greek: Βαιθσαμύς; Latin: Bethsames) is a city located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District, with a population of 80,600 in 2010. The history of Beit Shemesh goes back to pre-biblical times. The modern city of Beit Shemesh was founded in 1950.
The ancient city of Beit Shemesh ("house of the sun" or "temple of the sun" in Hebrew) was originally named after the Canaanite sun-goddess Shemesh, who was worshipped there in antiquity. The ruins of the ancient biblical city can still be seen in the tell of Beit Shemesh, located near the modern city.
Several important and unique archaeological discoveries have been made in recent digs at the tel. The most ancient iron workshop in the world was discovered here in 2003. The only remnants of a fortified city with an advanced water system, from the time of the early Kingdom of Judah was found here. The bones of animals found in the 12th-11th centuries BCE layer indicate a diet typical of the Israelites who inhabited the hill country in this period. These together with the pottery finds indicate the cultural influences on the inhabitants of this border town. However, it is not possible to determine their specific ethnic identity, which could be Canaanite, Philistine or Israelite.
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Beit Zvi
Beit Zvi (Hebrew: בית צבי) is an acting school located in Ramat Gan, Israel. Graduates of the school are much in demand in the Israeli theater world.
Beit Zvi is the country's first theater school not affiliated with an established theater. It was founded by Haim Gamzo. Former director Gary Bilu established a theater for Beit Zvi graduates and mounted plays not put on by the repertory theaters.
Beit Zvi offers a three-year program with an emphasis on acting in real productions. Micah Lewensohn, appointed head of the school in 2009, is the former director of the Israel Festival. Lewensohn plans to institute a BA degree and a program in television studies.
Despite its success as a drama school, Beit Zvi has been embroiled in scandals and there have been student complaints of mismanagement and productions at the expense of classes. In 2006, Gary Bilu was acquitted on charges of sexually harassing two students.
Coordinates: 32°4′42.27″N 34°49′18.17″E / 32.0784083°N 34.8217139°E / 32.0784083; 34.8217139
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Bnei Brak
Bnei Brak (or Bene Beraq) (Hebrew: בְּנֵי בְרַק (audio) (help·info), Bəne βəraq) is a city located on Israel's central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, in the Dan metropolitan region and Tel Aviv District. Bnei Brak is a center of Orthodox Judaism.
Bnei Brak covers an area of 709 hectares. According to figures of the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the population was 154,400, with an annual growth rate of 1.7%. Bnei Brak is one of the poorest and most densely populated cities in Israel.
Bnei Brak takes its name from the ancient Biblical city of Beneberak, preserved in the name of the Palestinian village of Ibn Ibraq ("Son of Ibraq/Barak") which was located 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) to the south of where Bnei Barak was founded in 1924.
Bnei Brak was founded as an agricultural village by Yitzchok Gerstenkorn and a group of Polish chasidim. Due to a lack of land many of the founders turned to other occupations and the village began to develop an urban character. Arye Mordechai Rabinowicz, formerly rabbi of Kurów in Poland, was the first rabbi. He was succeeded by Rabbi Yosef Kalisz, a scion of the Vurker dynasty. The town was set up as a religious settlement from the outset, as is evident from this description of the pioneers: "Their souls were revived by the fact that they merited what their predecessors had not. What particularly revived their weary souls in the mornings and toward evening, when they would gather in the beis medrash situated in a special shack which was built immediately upon the arrival of the very first settlers, for tefilla betzibbur (communal prayer) three times a day, for the Daf Yomi shiur, and a Gemara shiur and an additional one in Mishnayos and the Shulchan Oruch."bnei brak was once mentioned in a mishnah
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Elite Tower
The Elite Tower is a skyscraper approved for construction in Ramat Gan, Israel. At 280 meters upon completion, the tower will be the tallest building in Israel while taking the title from its neighbor, City Gate Tower. Originally slated to be constructed by Donald Trump as the Trump Plaza Tower, the tower is now being constructed by the Azorim Group and is being constructed on the historic site of the Elite Candy Factory. The finished building will contain a museum as a tribute to this.
Originally, the Elite Tower was planned by US property tycoon Donald Trump in association with Crescent Heights Investments as his first development in Israel. Called the Trump Plaza Tower, Trump shelved the plans in 2007, when the site was sold on to Azorim for NIS 306.5 million. Trump purchased the site for $44 million.
Advanced planning for the site was frozen by Azorim as a result of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, but resumed in late 2009.
As of 2010, there are foundation works in the tower lot but the tower itself may be completed only by 2013–2014.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Ghana
Ghana
i/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "Warrior King" and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.
Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including the inland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others. Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans trade between the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states began after contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in 1874 over parts but not all of the country.
The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, becoming the First sub-Saharan African nation to do so from European Colonialism. The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancient Empire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.
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Hadera
Hadera (Hebrew: חֲדֵרָה, Ḥadera; Arabic: الخضيرة, Al-Ḫuḍayraḧ) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel approximately 45 kilometers (28.0 mi) from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 kilometers (4 mi) of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain. The city has a population of 80,200 which includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union.
Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a regional center with a population of 11,800. It was declared a city in 1952. With an area of jurisdiction of 53,000 dunams.
Several projects are under way to improve the quality of life in Hadera, including regenerating the city center, constructing a hi-tech business park, and building the world's largest desalination plant.
Hadera was founded in 1891, in the early days modern Zionism by Eastern European immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, known as the Redeemer of the Valley. The land was purchased from Christian effendi Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Palestine by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality and mostly swampland. The only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling reeds. The town may derive its name from the Arabic word khadra, meaning "green" in reference to the wild weeds which covered the marshes on which the town is built.
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Haifa
Haifa (Hebrew: חֵיפָה, Hebrew pronunciation: [χeiˈfä], Ḥefa; Arabic: حيفا Ḥayfā) is the largest city in northern Israel, and the third-largest city in the country, with a population of over 268,000. Another 300,000 people live in towns directly adjacent to the city including the cities of the Krayot, as well as, Tirat Carmel, Daliyat al-Karmel and Nesher. Together these areas form a contiguous urban area home to nearly 600,000 residents which makes up the inner core of the Haifa metropolitan area. Haifa is a mixed city: 90% are Jews, more than a quarter of whom are immigrants from the former Soviet Union, while 10% are Arabs, predominantly of the Christian religion. It is also home to the Bahá'í World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the history of settlement at the site spans more than 3,000 years. The earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age (14th century BCE). In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center. Over the centuries, the city has changed hands: It has been conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, British, and the Israelis. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the city has been governed by the Haifa Municipality.
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Haifa District
Haifa District (Hebrew: מחוז חיפה, Mehoz Ḥeifa; Arabic: منطقة حيفا) is an administrative district surrounding the city of Haifa, Israel. The district is one of six administrative districts of Israel, and its capital is Haifa. The district land area is 864 km2 (299.3 mi2).
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2005, the population of the district stood at 858,000, of which 71.27% are Jewish, 18.81% are Arab Muslims, 1.78% are Arab Christians, 2.52% are Druze, and 4.9% are "not classified by religion", and grew at an average annual rate of 0.8%.
Coordinates: 32°35′N 35°00′E / 32.583°N 35°E / 32.583; 35
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Herzliya
Herzliya (Hebrew: הֶרְצְלִיָּה) is a city in the central coast of Israel, at the western part of the Tel Aviv District. It has a population of 87,000 residents. Named after Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern Zionism, Herzliya covers an area of 26 km². At its western municipal boundaries is Herzliya Pituah, one of Israel's most affluent districts, home to ambassadors, foreign diplomats and businessmen.
Herzliya, named after Theodor (Benyamin Zeev) Herzl, was founded in 1924 as a semi-cooperative farming community (moshava) with a mixed population of new immigrants and veteran residents. In the 1920s, the father and grandfather of Tal Brody helped build the country's first airfield in Herzliya. After the establishment of the state in 1948, large numbers of immigrants settled there. In 1960, when the population reached 25,000, Herzliya was declared a city.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, residents of Herzliya are among the wealthiest in Israel. In 2003–2005, average monthly salaries were NIS 8,211, or about NIS 1,500 above average in a survey of Israel's 15 largest cities. However, there is a large gap between the city's seven working class neighborhoods, among them Yad Tisha, Neve Yisrael and Neve Amal, and upscale Herzliya Pituah. The population is older than that of other cities in the Sharon region: 18% are under 14 years old, compared to a national average of 27.5%.
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Hiriya
Hiriya (Hebrew: חירייה) is a former waste dump located southeast of Tel Aviv, Israel. After accumulating 25 million tons of waste, the facility was shut down in August 1998.It is visible on approach into Ben Gurion International Airport as a flat-topped mountain. Three recycling facilities have been established at the foot of the mountain: a waste separation center, a green waste facility that produces mulch and a building materials recycling plant.
The landfill is located on the lands of the Palestinian village of al-Khayriyya, from which the name Hiriya is derived. The village, formerly called Ibn Ibraq, preserving the name of the ancient biblical site Beneberak, was renamed al-Khayriyya in 1924. According to Rachelle Gershovitz of the Israel Venture Capital Journal, the British authorities designated the area as Crown Land and plans were drawn up to use it as a draining plain to solve the annual flooding problem during the British Mandate. In the weeks prior to the outbreak of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, its residents fled the village before advancing Haganah forces.
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Holon
Holon (Hebrew: חוֹלוֹן (audio) (help·info)) is a city on the central coastal strip south of Tel Aviv, Israel. Holon is part of the metropolitan Gush Dan area. In 2009, it had a population of 184,700. Holon has the second-largest industrial zone in Israel, after Haifa.[citation needed]
The name of the city comes from the Hebrew word holon, meaning "(little) sand". The name Holon also appears in the Bible: "And Holon with its suburbs, and Debir with its suburbs" (Book of Joshua, 21:15).
Holon was founded on sand dunes six kilometers from Tel Aviv in 1935. The Łódzia textile factory was established there by Jewish immigrants from Łódź, Poland, along with many other industrial enterprises. In the early months of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Holon was on the front line, with constant shooting taking place on the border with the village of Tel A-Rish to its northwest—a suburb of Arab Jaffa—and clashes also in the direction of the town of Yazur to the east. An attack by the Holon-based Haganah militia units on Tel A-Rish was repulsed with considerable losses. After the establishment of the state, Holon expanded to include Tel A-Rish (renamed "Tel Giborim", "The Mound of the Heroes") and the orange groves of Yazur.
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Ivory Coast
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoirei/ˌkoʊt dɨˈvwɑr/ (French: [kot d‿ivwaʁ]) or Ivory Coast i/ˌaɪvəri ˈkoʊst/ is a country in West Africa. It has an area of 322,462 square kilometres (124,503 sq mi), and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009. Côte d'Ivoire's first national census in 1975 counted 6.7 million inhabitants.
Prior to its colonization by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several states, including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were two Anyi kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French colonial period and after Côte d'Ivoire's independence. An 1843–1844 treaty made Côte d'Ivoire a protectorate of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West, especially to France. Since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has experienced one coup d’état, in 1999, and a civil war, which broke out in 2002. A political agreement between the government and the rebels brought a return to peace. Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power invested in the President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan. The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Jerusalem District
The Jerusalem District (Hebrew: מחוז ירושלים; Arabic: منطقة القدس) is one of six administrative districts of Israel. The district capital is Jerusalem. The Jerusalem District has a land area of 652 km². The population of 910,300 is 67.8% Jewish and 30.6% Arab. A fifth (21%) of the Arabs in Israel live in the Jerusalem District, which includes both East and West Jerusalem.
The majority of Arabs in the Jerusalem District are Palestinians, eligible for citizenship under Israeli law, but non-citizens by collective choice. The minority are Israeli Arabs living in Abu Ghosh, Beit Safafa and East Jerusalem, where Israeli Arab professionals have settled since the late 1970s, mainly for the provision of legal and other services to the local population. The non-Jewish population is 28.3% Muslims, 1.8% Christians and 1.4% unclassified by religion.
Coordinates: 31°45′N 35°00′E / 31.75°N 35°E / 31.75; 35
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Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.
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Kenya
Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ or /ˈkiːnjə/), officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian Ocean to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of nearly 41 million, representing 42 different peoples and cultures. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks. Kenya's capital and largest city is Nairobi.
Kenya has a warm and humid climate along its coastline on the Indian Ocean which changes to wildlife-rich savannah grasslands moving inland towards the capital Nairobi. Nairobi has a cool climate that gets colder approaching Mount Kenya, which has three permanently snow-capped peaks. The warm and humid tropical climate reappears further inland towards lake Victoria, before giving way to temperate forested and hilly areas in the western region. The North Eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes. Lake Victoria, the world's second largest fresh-water lake (after Lake Superior in the US and Canada) and the world's largest tropical lake, is situated to the southwest and is shared with Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya is famous for its safaris and diverse world-famous wildlife reserves such as Tsavo National Park, the Maasai Mara, Nakuru National Park, and Aberdares National Park.
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Kfar Saba
Kfar Saba (Hebrew: כְּפַר סָבָא, lit. "Grandfather's Village"), officially Kfar Sava, is a city in the Sharon region, of the Center District of Israel. At the end of 2009, Kfar Saba had a population of 83,600.
Kfar Saba (ancient Capharsaba) was an important settlement during the Second Temple period, and is mentioned for the first time in the writings of Josephus, in his account of the attempt of Alexander Jannaeus to halt an invasion from the North led by Antiochus (Antiquities, book 13, chapter 15). Kfar Saba also appears in the Talmud in connection to corn tithing and the Capharsaba sycamore fig tree. The settlement was probably named after a person called Sava, though this person's importance is not known.
Excavations on the site have revealed the remains of a large Roman bathhouse. In the Byzantine periods the ruins of the bathhouse were first converted into fish pools, and later into some form of industrial installation.
In 1596, the Arab village of Kafr Saba was inhabited by 42 Muslim families. In the 1870s it was described as "a mud village of moderate size with mud-ponds around it and good water in the wells of Neby Yemin, to the east." The Jewish town of Kfar Saba was established in 1898 on 7,500 dunams of land purchased from the Arab village. Despite attractive advertisements in Jerusalem and London, attempts to sell plots to private individuals were unsuccessful, as the land was located in a desolate, neglected area far from any other Jewish settlement. The Ottoman pasha of Nablus, to whose governorate the land belonged, refused to give building permits, therefore the first settlers lived in huts made of clay and straw. They earned their living by growing almonds, grapes and olives. Most of the manual laborers on the land were peasants from Qalqilya. Only in 1912 were permits given and the settlers moved to permanent housing.
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Kfar Shmaryahu
Kfar Shmaryahu is a local council in Israel, within the Tel Aviv District. The council was founded in 1937, during the Fifth Aliyah to Israel.
Kfar Shmaryahu is ranked very highly on the Israeli socio-economic scale (10 out of 10). According to Yedioth Ahronoth, Kfar Shmaryahu's municipality annually spends NIS 8,700 per resident, a figure higher than Tel Aviv and over twice as high as Jerusalem.
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Kiryat Ata
Kiryat Ata (Hebrew: קִרְיַת אָתָא; also Qiryat Ata) is a city in the Haifa District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 50,700. It is also still known by its former name of Kfar Ata (Hebrew: כְּפַר עָטָּה).
Archeological surveys at Khirbet Sharta in the northeast part of the city revealed traces of habitation dating to the Bronze, Iron, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Mamluk eras.
In the early 20th century, the lands of the Arab village of Kofrita were purchased by a Warsaw religious foundation named "Avodat Israel" through intermediaries in the American Zion Commonwealth. Avodat Israel founded Kfar Ata in 1925, which was renamed Kiryat Ata in 1965 when the village was merged with adjacent Kiryat Binyamin. During the 1929 riots the town was attacked and abandoned. A year later the residents returned and rebuilt the community. The town was known for the Ata textile factory, established in 1934 by Erich Moller. In 1969, Kiryat Ata was declared a city.
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Kiryat Ono
Kiryat Ono (Hebrew: קִרְיַת אוֹנוֹ) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel. It is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) east of Tel Aviv, on what is believed to be the site of the biblical Ono Valley (Nehemiah 6:2). At the end of 2007, it had a population of 31,000.
A settlement named Kfar Ono was established in 1939. In the 1950s, a ma'abara (transit camp for new immigrants) was established nearby. In 1954, the settlement merged with other communities to form Kiryat Ono. It achieved city status in 1992. It began to grow during the British era, probably due to its proximity to the military compound now known as Tel Hashomer British Base. A lone tree stands on a hill overlooking the base; this tree has been adopted as the city's spiritual and cultural icon. The lands surrounding the tree were owned as agricultural land and maintained by Aryeh Konikov. When the lone tree was planted, it seemed unique in its location, and Mr. Konikov nourished it and maintained the land surrounding it for many years.
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Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international ranking.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
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Lod
Lod (Hebrew: לוֹד; Arabic: الْلُدّ al-Ludd; Greco-Latin: Lydda, Diospolis) is a city 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv in the Center District of Israel. At the end of 2011, it had a population of 74,000.
The name is derived from the Biblical city of Lod. When al-Ludd, as it was known by its Arab inhabitants was captured by Israel, the Arab inhabitants fled or were expelled and the city was settled by Jewish immigrants, most of them refugees from Arab countries. Of the former Arab population, only 1,056 inhabitants remained. It is today known as Lod, its biblical name.
Israel's main international airport, Ben Gurion International Airport (previously known as Lydda Airport, RAF Lydda, and Lod Airport) is located on the outskirts of the city.
The Hebrew name Lod appears in the bible as a town of Benjamin, founded by Shamed or Shamer (1 Chronicles 8:12; Ezra 2:33; Nehemiah 7:37; 11:35). In the New Testament it appears as its Greek form, Lydda. The city also finds reference in an Islamic Hadith, as the location of the battlefield where 'Dajjal' (the Anti-Christ) will be slayed before the Day of Judgment.
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Moshe Aviv Tower
Moshe Aviv Tower (Hebrew: מגדל משה אביב), is a 250 m (820 ft) tall skyscraper located in the demarcated area of the bursa (Israel Diamond Exchange) on Jabotinsky Road in northern Ramat Gan, Israel. The 68-storey building is commonly known as City Gate (Hebrew: שער העיר), its original name. It is the tallest building in Israel.
The building was designed by architects Amnon Niv and Amnon Schwartz. It was named after Moshe Aviv, the owner of the construction company, who died in an accident in October 2001, before its completion.
The design for City Gate was inspired by the famous Westend Tower in Frankfurt. Construction on the tower began in 1998 and was completed in 2003 when the tower became occupied. The construction period was extremely short, achieving a sequence of five stories per month with only one shift of 40 workers. The rate of concrete placement per month was 3,000 m3 (3,900 cu yd) and on a typical floor there are 42 windows. Total cost of construction was US $133 million. The tower has a total of 180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft) of space. The building appeared in a TV advertisement for the Mifal HaPayis national lottery before it was completed, in December 2002. To this date it is the most expensive single building in Israel.
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Nahariya
Nahariya (Hebrew: נַהֲרִיָּה) is the northernmost coastal city in Israel, with an estimated population of 51,200.
Nahariya, takes its name from the river - nahar in Hebrew - that bisects it.
A church from the Byzantine period, dedicated to St. Lazarus, was excavated in the 1970s. It was destroyed by fire, probably at the time of the Persian invasion in 614.
Nahariya was founded by German Jewish immigrants from the Fifth Aliyah in the 1930s. Construction of homes started in 1933, and the first two families permanently settled in Nahariya on February 10, 1935, which is now considered the official founding date of Nahariya.
Nahariya was intended to be an agricultural village, but the residents soon realized that agriculture was impractical and chose to focus on tourism, taking advantage of the natural surroundings and beaches. During the British Mandate of Palestine, many British officers coming from Khartoum stopped in Nahariya.
Nahariya became a development town in the 1950s after the nearby ma'abara was integrated. The town hence become a home to many Jewish refugees from North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. During the 1990s, the city absorbed a significant number of immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nahariya experienced a construction boom.
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Nazareth
Nazareth ( /ˈnæzərəθ/; Hebrew: נָצְרַת, Natzrat or Natzeret; Arabic: اَلنَّاصِرَة an-Nāṣira or an-Naseriyye) is the largest city in the North District of Israel. Nazareth is known as "the Arab capital of Israel"; the population is made up predominantly of Arab citizens of Israel, the majority of whom are Muslim. In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events.
Nazareth is not mentioned in pre-Christian texts and appears in many different Greek forms in the New Testament. There is no consensus regarding the origin of the name. One theory holds that "Nazareth" is derived from the Hebrew noun ne·ṣer, נֵ֫צֶר, meaning branch.Ne·ṣer is not the common Hebrew word for "branch," but one understood as a messianic title based on a passage in the Book of Isaiah. Alternatively, the name may derive from the verb na·ṣar, נָצַר, "watch, guard, keep." The negative references to Nazareth in the Gospel of John suggest that ancient Jews did not connect the town's name to prophecy.
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Netanya
Netanya (Hebrew: נְתַנְיָה, lit., "gift of God"), sometimes spelled Nathania, is a city in the Northern Centre District of Israel, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is located 30 km (18.64 mi) north of Tel Aviv, and 56 km (34.80 mi) south of Haifa between the 'Poleg' stream and Wingate Institute in the south and the 'Avichail' stream in the north. Netanya was named in honor of Nathan Straus, a prominent Jewish American merchant and philanthropist in the early twentieth century.
Its 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) of beaches have made the city a very popular tourist resort. Today the city houses a notably large population of English-speaking immigrants from the United Kingdom, USA, and Canada.
According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 183,200. An additional 150,000 people live in the local and regional councils within 10 kilometers from Netanya which serves as a regional center for them. The city mayor is Miriam Feirberg. The city is expected to reach a population of 350,000 by 2020.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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Or Yehuda
Or Yehuda (Hebrew: אוֹר יְהוּדָה) is a city in the Tel Aviv District in Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the city had a population of 32,200 at the end of 2007.
Or Yehuda is located where the biblical city of Kefar Ono used to stand.[citation needed] Or Yehuda was established in 1950 on the site of former Arab village of Saqiya, to settle Jews from Iraq and North Africa. In 1988, Or Yehuda was declared as a city. Or Yehuda and Milwaukee have been sister cities since 1978. In 2008, part of the Ef'al Regional Council, including Ramat Pinkas (Hebrew: רָמַת פִּנְקָס), merged into Or Yehuda.
According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 100.0% Jewish. In 2001 there were 13,900 males and 14,000 females. The population of the city was spread out with 34.6% 19 years of age or younger, 17.7% between 20 and 29, 20.5% between 30 and 44, 15.8% from 45 to 59, 3.1% from 60 to 64, and 8.2% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.4%.
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Penza
Penza (Russian: Пе́нза; IPA: [ˈpʲenzə]) is a city and the administrative center of Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Sura River, 625 kilometers (388 mi) southeast of Moscow. Population: 517,137 (2010 Census preliminary results); 518,025 (2002 Census); 542,612 (1989 Census).
The city is served by the Penza Airport.
Penza was founded in 1663 as a frontier outpost on the then southeastern border of Russia.[citation needed] It bears the name of the river that it was originally built upon. As it was originally a frontier city, most houses were built of wood and the town developed without any master plan. During the 18th century, Penza became an important trade center.
In 1774, the insurgent army led by Yemelyan Pugachev occupied Penza after the citizens of the city welcomed the rebellious Cossacks. The first stone houses started to appear after 1801, and by 1809 Penza's population had grown to more than 13,000 people.
In 1918, Vladimir Lenin sent a telegram to communists in the Penza area, complaining about the "insurrection of five kulak districts". He urged the public hanging of 100 "landlords, richmen, bloodsuckers", grain seizure, and hostage taking. This telegram has been used in several historical works on the period and on Lenin. During the Russian Civil War, the Czechoslovak Legions launched an anti-Bolshevik uprising in Penza.
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Peru
Perui/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
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Petah Tikva
Petah Tikva (Hebrew: פֶּתַח תִּקְוָה, IPA: [ˈpetaħ tiqˈva], "Opening of Hope") known as Em HaMoshavot ("Mother of the Moshavot"), is a city in the Center District of Israel, 10.6 km (6.59 mi) east of Tel Aviv.
According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2009, the city's population stood at 209,600. The population density is approximately 5,800 inhabitants per square kilometre (15,000 /sq mi). Petah Tikva's jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams (~35.9 km² or 15 sq mi).
The name of Petach Tikva was chosen by its founders in 1878 from the prophecy of Hosea (2:15), "And I will give her vineyards from thence, and the Valley of Achor for an opening of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt."
Petach Tikva's emblem appears on a postage stamp designed by Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a founding member of Petah Tikva. The plow symbolizes Petach Tikva's origins as an agricultural settlement, the field symbolizes the drying of the Yarkon River swamps and cultivation of the land, and the orange tree symbolizes Petach Tikva's citrus industry, starting with the first tree planted by Rabbi Arye Leib Frumkin.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Rahat
Rahat (Hebrew: רַהַט, Arabic: راهط) is a predominantly Bedouin city in the South District of Israel. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 51,700. As such, it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world, and the only one in Israel to have city status.
Rahat was established in 1972, by the government of Israel, as a new settlement for Bedouins who lived in the surrounding area without permanent domicile. Until 1980, Rahat was part of the Bnei Shimon Regional Council and from then on (until 1994) it was a local council (administered by a private board until 1989). In 1994 it was recognized as a city—the first Bedouin city in Israel.
The city has a total of 33 neighborhoods. All but one of the neighborhoods consist entirely of separate Bedouin clans but one is a mixed-clan neighborhood. Between every neighborhood, there is a wadi. The city also has a market, public and commercial services, neighborhood parks, public areas, women's employment centers, children's play areas, and several mosques.
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Ramat Gan
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, many high-tech industries, and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower.
Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2009, the population was 145,000. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918. The settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan (lit: Garden Heights) in 1923. The settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents. In the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the country's language war: A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists.
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Ramat Gan Safari
The Ramat Gan Safari, officially known as the Zoological Center of Tel Aviv-Ramat Gan, is a safari park and zoo in Ramat Gan, Israel. It opened to the general public in 1974 as an African animal park. In 1981, a zoo was established in the middle of the park to replace the former Tel Aviv Zoo, which had closed down.
Ramat Gan Safari covers an 100 hectares (250 acres) , and has 1,600 animals of different species: 68 species of mammals, about 130 species of birds, and about 25 species of reptiles.
It has the largest collection of species in the Middle East, many of which roam freely in the park. Among others, Ramat Gan Safari has African and Asian elephants, hippos, gorillas, orangutan, and lions.
Ramat Gan Safari participates in several breeding programs and research projects.
The Ramat Gan Safari has sent animals to the Kalkilya Zoo and maintains close ties with the veterinarians in the Palestinian Authority.
Lion in special safari
African Elephant in the zoo
Indian Peafowl free in the zoo
White Rhinoceros in the safari
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Ramat Gan Stadium
Ramat Gan Stadium (Hebrew: איצטדיון רמת גן, Itztadion Ramat Gan) is the national football stadium in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel.
Completed in 1951 and serving as Israel's largest stadium ever since, this all-seated stadium contains 41,583 seats, 13,370 of which are located in the Western Tribune, completed in 1982 - at the time the stadium went through a major refurbishing process.
The stadium is mixed-use, fit for athletic competitions alongside its more regular usage as a football stadium when it hosts Israel international football matches along with the home UEFA Champions League matches of Maccabi Tel Aviv and Maccabi Haifa in the 2004–05 and 2009–10 seasons, respectively. The pitch dimensions are 105 m × 68 m (115 × 74 yd), with a 10,500 m2 (2.6 acres) lawn. The stadium's plot area is 36,000 m2 (8.9 acres).
The stadium also contains six dressing rooms, meeting halls, a conference center, press rooms, referees' room and medical and drug-test clinics. It is sided by two training fields, large athletes clinic, a cafe-restaurant, and a 3,900 space open-air car park. It also houses the headquarters of the Israel Football Association.
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Ramat HaSharon
Ramat HaSharon (Hebrew: רָמַת הַשָּׁרוֹן, lit. Height of the Sharon) is a city located on Israel's central coastal strip in the south of the Sharon region, bordering Tel Aviv to the south and Herzliya and Kibbutz Glil Yam to the north. It is part of the Tel Aviv District, within Gush Dan metropolitan area. In 2009, the city had a population of 40,600.
Ramat HaSharon, originally Ir Shalom, was a moshava established in 1923 (Hebrew: עִיר שָׁלוֹם, lit. City of Peace) by olim from Poland. It was built on 2,000 dunams (2 square kilometres (0.77 sq mi)) of land purchased for 5 Egyptian pounds per dunam.[citation needed] In the 1931 census, the village had a population of 312.
In 1932,[citation needed] the city was renamed Kfar Ramat HaSharon (Heights of Sharon village). By 1950, the population was up to 900. Rapid population growth in the 1960s and 70s led to construction of many new roadways, schools and parks. Several distinct neighborhood evolved in the 1970s, including Morasha on the southern edge, one with many military and air force personnel in the eastern edge, and many successful professionals moved into the developing city. Ramat HaSharon became a highly desirable place to live in the 1980s as a very safe place, containing many gardens and wide boulevards, and attracting many upper middle class suburban families.
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Ramla
Ramla (Hebrew: רַמְלָה Ramlāh; Arabic: الرملة ar-Ramlah, also Ramlah,Ramle, Remle and sometimes Rama), is a city in central Israel. The city is predominantly Jewish with a significant Arab minority. Ramla was founded circa 705–715 AD by the Umayyad Caliph Suleiman ibn Abed al-Malik after the Arab conquest of the region. Ramla lies along the route of the Via Maris, connecting old Cairo (Fustat) with Damascus, at the intersection of the roads connecting the port of Jaffa with Jerusalem.
It was conquered many times in the course of its history, by the Abbasids, the Ikhshidids, the Fatamids, the Seljuqs, the Crusaders, the Mameluks, the Turks, the British, and the Israelis. After an outbreak of the Black Death in 1347, which greatly reduced the population, an order of Franciscan monks established a presence in the city. Under Arab and Ottoman rule the city became an important trade center. Napoleon's French Army occupied it in 1799 on its way to Acre.
Most of the town's Arab residents were expelled or fled during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War while others remained in the town. The town was subsequently repopulated by Jewish immigrants. In 2001, 80% of the population were Jewish and 20% Arab (16% Muslim Arabs and 4% Christian Arabs).
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Rehovot
Rehovot (Hebrew: רְחוֹבוֹת) is a city in the Center District of Israel, about 20 km (12 mi) south of Tel Aviv. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2009 the city had a total population of 112,700. Rehovot's official website estimates the population at 114,000.
Rehovot was built on the site of Doron, a Jewish community that existed in the time of the Mishna. The site was also the location of Khirbet Duran, populated during the Roman, Byzantine and early Arab periods. The city is named after a biblical town of the same name (Rehoboth in the KJV Bible), which stood at a different location, in the Negev Desert.[citation needed]
Rehovot was founded in 1890, in the coastal plain relatively sparsely settled by Arabs, by Polish Jews who wanted a township independent of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild's aid and management. Israel Belkind, one of the original founders of the settlement, proposed the name Rehovot (lit. 'wide expanses') based on Genesis 26:22 : "And he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said: 'For now the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land.'" The name was accepted. In 1908 they were joined by immigrants from Yemen, who settled in the city's Sha'arayim district. These early settlers planted vineyards, almond orchards and citrus groves. They withstood agricultural failures, plant diseases, and marketing problems.
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Rishon LeZion
Rishon LeZion (Hebrew: רִאשׁוֹן לְצִיּוֹן (audio) (help·info), lit. First to Zion), is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 12 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area.
The city had a population of 228,200 at the end of 2009. Founded in 1882 by European Jewish immigrants, it was the second Jewish farm colony established in Land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva.
The name Rishon LeZion is derived from a biblical verse: "First to Zion are they, and I shall give herald to Jerusalem" (Hebrew: ראשון לציון הנה הינם, ולירושלים מבשר אתן) (Isaiah 41:27) and literally translates as "First to Zion".
Rishon LeZion was founded on July 31, 1882 by ten Hovevei Zion pioneers from Kharkov, Ukraine (then the Russian Empire) headed by Zalman David Levontin. Reuven Yudalevich was also a member of the group. The pioneers purchased 835 acres (337.91 ha) of land southeast of present-day Tel Aviv, part of the townland of the Arab village of Ayun Kara (literally ' fountain of the crier'). Ayun Kara was the scene of a bloody battle between Turkish and New Zealand troops on November 14, 1917. A stone cenotaph was erected by the people of Rishon LeZion to the memory of the New Zealanders who fell that day, but it has since been destroyed.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Borja District
San Borja is a district of the Lima Province in Peru, and one of the upscale districts that comprise the city of Lima. Originally part of the district of Surquillo and San Isidro, it became officially established as a separate district on June 1, 1983. The new district took its name from a former hacienda (estate) which dominated the area. The district's postal code is 41. The current mayor (alcalde) is Marco Alvarez.
San Borja is one of the few districts of Lima which was planned from the beginning and developed in an orderly fashion. This happened in a relatively short time, during the 1970s the area underwent massive population growth and by the early 1980s almost all the land had been built up. San Borja is now a mostly an upper to middle class residential area with permanent green and beautiful parks and gardens. The district's parks and green areas can be clearly seen on the satellite photographs (see external link).
San Borja can be easily accessed using Javier Prado Avenue (the most likely route if coming from Lima International Airport), Angamos Avenue or Aviación Avenue. The Panamerican Highway marks the eastern border of the district and is the most direct route if coming from the north or the south of the country.
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Sheba Medical Center
The Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer (Hebrew: המרכז הרפואי ע"ש חיים שיבא – תל השומר), also Tel HaShomer Hospital, is the largest hospital in Israel, located in the Tel HaShomer area of Ramat Gan.
The hospital was named after Chaim Sheba, the founding director. It was established in 1948 as the country's first military hospital to treat casualties of Israel's War of Independence. Situated on a 150-acre (0.61 km2) campus on the outskirts of Ramat Gan, Sheba today operates 120 departments and clinics. It has 1,700 beds, over 1,400 physicians, 2,600 nurses and 3,300 other healthcare workers.
It handles over a million and a half patient visits a year, including 200,000 emergency visits annually, and conducts more than two million medical tests of all types each year, on a $320 million (approximate) annual budget. Sheba is supported by donations from a network of philanthropists and friends from around the world.
Sheba includes an acute care hospital, a rehabilitation hospital, a women's hospital, a children's hospital, a laboratory division, an outpatient division, and an academic campus.
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Shenyang
Shenyang (Chinese: 沈阳; pinyin: Shěnyáng; Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂən˧˩jɑŋ˧˥]), or Mukden (
in Manchu), is the capital and largest city of Liaoning Province in Northeast China. Currently holding sub-provincial administrative status, the city was once known as Shengjing (盛京) or Fengtian Fu (奉天府). Shenyang was first used by the Manchu people as their capital in the 17th century and is today the biggest city in the Northeast.
Along with its nearby cities, Shenyang is an important industrial centre in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast–particularly with Japan, Russia, and Korea. A titan of heavy industry since the 1930s, the city has been diversifying its industry and now has a solid industrial foundation, a good land and air transport network, abundant natural resources, and a skilled workforce. Investment subsidies are granted to multinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.
The sub-provincial city region includes the metropolitan area of Shenyang proper, Xinmin county-level city, and three counties.
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Strasbourg
Strasbourg (French pronunciation: [stʁazbuʁ]; Lower Alsatian: Strossburi, [ˈʃd̥rɔːsb̥uri]; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and principal city of the Alsace region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace are historically German-speaking, explaining the city's Germanic name. In 2006, the city proper had 272,975 inhabitants and its urban community 467,375 inhabitants. With 638,670 inhabitants in 2006, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (aire urbaine) (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 884,988 inhabitants in 2008.
Strasbourg is the seat of several European institutions, such as the Council of Europe (with its European Court of Human Rights, its European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and its European Audiovisual Observatory) and the Eurocorps, as well as the European Parliament and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. The city is the seat of the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine.
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Szombathely
Szombathely (Hungarian pronunciation: [sombɒt.hɛj], German: Steinamanger also known by alternative names) is the 10th largest city in Hungary. It is the administrative centre of Vas county in the west of the country, located near the border with Austria. The city is the oldest city in Hungary and is known as the birthplace of Saint Martin of Tours and the Duke of Armbrust.
Szombathely lies by the streams Perint and Gyöngyös (literally 'pearly'), at 47°14′N 16°38′E / 47.233°N 16.633°E / 47.233; 16.633, where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain.
The name Szombathely is from Hungarian szombat, "Saturday" and hely, "place", referring to the fact that medieval markets were held on Saturday every week.
The German name Steinamanger means "stones on a field" (Stein am Anger), and it refers to the ruins of the Roman city Savaria. There is another theory for the name Steinamanger. A couple of historians[which?] think the German name refers to the earthquake in 458 which destroyed the city.
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Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo (Hebrew: תֵּל־אָבִיב-יָפוֹ; Arabic: تل أبيب), is the second most populous city in Israel. It has a population of 404,400 within city limits, on a land area of 52 km2 (20 sq mi). The city is located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline in central-west Israel. In 2010, it was the largest and most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area of 3,325,700 residents, known as Gush Dan. The city is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, headed by Ron Huldai. Residents of Tel Aviv are referred to as Tel Avivim.
Tel Aviv was founded in 1909 by the Jewish Community of Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ Yafo; Arabic: يافا Yāfā), on the outskirts of the ancient port city. The growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time. Tel Aviv and Jaffa were merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of Bauhaus buildings.
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Tel Aviv District
The Tel Aviv District (Hebrew: מחוז תל אביב; Arabic: منطقة تل أبيب) is the smallest and most densely populated of six administrative districts of Israel with a population of 1.2 million residents. It is 99.0% Jewish and 1.0% Arab (0.7% Muslim, 0.3% Christian)[citation needed].
The district's capital is Tel Aviv and the metropolitan area created by the Tel Aviv district and its neighboring cities is named Gush Dan.
Coordinates: 32°05′N 34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.8°E / 32.083; 34.8
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Tel Gerisa
Tel Gerisa (alt. transliterations: Tell Jerishe, Tell Jarisha), also known as Napoleon's Hill, is a Middle Bronze Age archaeological site on the southern bank of the Yarkon River, in Israel.
Eliezer Sukenik led the excavations at the site between 1927 and 1950 as part of the Palestine Exploration Fund.Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology first excavated the site in 1976, and then from 1981 to 1995 under the direction of Ze'ev Herzog.
Coordinates: 32°05′30″N 34°48′27″E / 32.09167°N 34.8075°E / 32.09167; 34.8075
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Tel HaShomer
Tel HaShomer (Hebrew: תֵּל הַשּׁוֹמֵר, lit. Hill of the Guardsman) is a district in Gush Dan in central Israel. It is located east of Ramat Gan, and is bordered to the north by Kiryat Ono, to the east by Yehud, and to the south by Or Yehuda. A major Israel Defense Forces base and the Sheba Medical Center are located in Tel HaShomer.
Tel Litvinsky (later Tel Hashomer) was a moshava established in 1934 by Moshe and Emil Litvinsky in memory of their father Elhanan Litvinsky. The first inhabitants were Jewish immigrants from Germany and Poland. In 1936, it was noted for its high proportion of academics and doctors. During World War II, most of the village lands were expropriated for the construction of a British military base. The base was of strategic importance because it controlled the Jaffa–Lydda Airport road. It was also used to house Italian prisoners of war.
A Jewish attack on the base took place on November 29, 1947, when the Palmach stole explosives and 75 rifles. Towards of the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, Arabs under the command of Hasan Salama began smuggling in arms and personnel disguised as laborers into the camp. The Haganah command saw this as a threat and on April 15, 1948, two companies for the 32nd and 33rd Battalions of the Alexandroni Brigade entered and captured the base. Arab forces counterattacked from al-Khayriyya, Kafr 'Ana, al-'Abbasiyya and Saqiya, but the Jewish forces reinforced and pushed them back to a small salient in the south of the camp, which was captured later in Operation Hametz. The Alexandroni Brigade lost three soldiers, which the Arab losses are estimated at about 50.
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Tel Hashomer
Tel HaShomer (Hebrew: תֵּל הַשּׁוֹמֵר, lit. Hill of the Guardsman) is a district in Gush Dan in central Israel. It is located east of Ramat Gan, and is bordered to the north by Kiryat Ono, to the east by Yehud, and to the south by Or Yehuda. A major Israel Defense Forces base and the Sheba Medical Center are located in Tel HaShomer.
Tel Litvinsky (later Tel Hashomer) was a moshava established in 1934 by Moshe and Emil Litvinsky in memory of their father Elhanan Litvinsky. The first inhabitants were Jewish immigrants from Germany and Poland. In 1936, it was noted for its high proportion of academics and doctors. During World War II, most of the village lands were expropriated for the construction of a British military base. The base was of strategic importance because it controlled the Jaffa–Lydda Airport road. It was also used to house Italian prisoners of war.
A Jewish attack on the base took place on November 29, 1947, when the Palmach stole explosives and 75 rifles. Towards of the end of the British Mandate of Palestine, Arabs under the command of Hasan Salama began smuggling in arms and personnel disguised as laborers into the camp. The Haganah command saw this as a threat and on April 15, 1948, two companies for the 32nd and 33rd Battalions of the Alexandroni Brigade entered and captured the base. Arab forces counterattacked from al-Khayriyya, Kafr 'Ana, al-'Abbasiyya and Saqiya, but the Jewish forces reinforced and pushed them back to a small salient in the south of the camp, which was captured later in Operation Hametz. The Alexandroni Brigade lost three soldiers, which the Arab losses are estimated at about 50.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Winter Stadium
Winter Stadium (Hebrew: אצטדיון וינטר) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ramat Gan, Israel. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan. The stadium holds 8,000 and was built in 1983.
Coordinates: 32°02′43.08″N 34°48′55.72″E / 32.0453°N 34.8154778°E / 32.0453; 34.8154778
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Wrocław
Wrocław ( /ˈvrɒtswəf/; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] ( listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ̯] ( listen); Czech: Vratislav), situated on the River Oder (Polish: Odra), in Lower Silesia. It is the largest city in western Poland.
Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia, and today is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, or Germany, and has been part of Poland since 1945 as a result of border changes after World War II. According to official figures for 2010, its population is 632,996, making it the fourth largest city in Poland.
Wrocław is one of the hosts of UEFA Euro 2012, and has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2016. In 2017, Wrocław will host the World Games, a competition in 37 non-olympic sport disciplines.
The city's name was first recorded, in Latin, in the form "Wrotizlava", in the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, which mentions it as a seat of a newly installed bishopric in the context of the Congress of Gniezno. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions.
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Aviv Geffen
Aviv Geffen (אביב גפן, born May 10, 1973) is an Israeli rock musician, singer, songwriter, producer, keyboardist and guitarist. He is the son of writer and poet Yehonatan Geffen and Nurit Makover, brother of actress Shira Geffen, and an alumnus of Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music.
Geffen was and is extremely popular among Israeli youth, who were known during the 1990s as the "Moonlight Children". Politically, he associates with the Israeli left. His music deals with subjects such as love, peace, death, suicide, politics, the army in general and the IDF specifically. He is often criticized for not serving in the IDF, though, officially, he was discharged for medical reasons.
In 2005, he was voted the 59th greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website Ynet to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis.
Geffen was born and raised in Ramat Gan. Geffen's first public performance was in 1984, in the Israeli youth program "Sminiyot BaAvir" on the Israeli Channel 1, in which he sang the song "You're only 40 years old" which his sister wrote and which he composed by himself. In 1987 Geffen participated in the amateur film "Hamitpahat", for which he wrote and sang the song "Ima".
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Dahlia Ravikovitch
Dahlia Ravikovitch (Hebrew: דליה רביקוביץ', (November 27, 1936 – August 21, 2005) was an Israeli poet, translator, and peace activist.
Ravikovitch was born in Ramat Gan on November 27, 1936. She learned to read and write at the age of three. Her father, Levi, was a Russian-born Jewish engineer who arrived in the British Mandate of Palestine from China. Her mother, Michal, was a teacher who came from a religious household. When Dahlia was six, her father was run over and killed by a drunken driver. She moved to Kibbutz Geva with her mother but did not fit into the collectivist mentality and at 13 moved to a foster home in Haifa, the first of several foster homes.
Ravikovitch married at 18, but divorced after three months. Her subsequent marriages also ended in divorce. She has one son, Ido Kalir. After completing her service in the Israel Defense Forces, she studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She worked as a journalist and high school teacher. She translated WB Yeats, TS Eliot, Edgar Allan Poe, and Mary Poppins into Hebrew. Ravikovitch was active in the Israeli peace movement. From her home in central Tel Aviv she collaborated with artists, musicians and public figures seeking peace, equality and social justice.
wn.com/Dahlia_Ravikovitch -
Ehud Banai
Ehud Banai (Hebrew: אהוד בנאי, born March 31, 1953) is an Israeli singer and songwriter.
Banai, of Persian Jewish and Afghan Jewish descent, was born in Jerusalem to the actor Yaakov Banai, the eldest of the Banai siblings, and moved to Givataim at the age of four.
At the age of ten he learned to play the cello, and listened to Elvis Presley, Cliff Richard, and later The Beatles.
In 1971 he was drafted to the Israel Defense Forces, and served in the Nahal infantry brigade. In the kibbutz he learned to play the guitar. After his discharge, he moved to London, where he played in the London Underground for six months. It was during this period that he decided to become a musician.
He returned to Israel and lived in Ramat Gan and later in Rosh Pina. In 1982 he formed a band with singer Avi Matos. He made several other attempts at a breakthrough during the following years. He tried out for Shlomo Bar's band, Habrera Hativit, but wasn't accepted. In 1986, Ehud and his band "Haplitim" ("The Refugees") broke through, with the hit single "Ir Miklat" (City of Refuge) and the rock opera "Mami".
wn.com/Ehud_Banai -
Etgar Keret
Etgar Keret (Hebrew: אֶתְגָּר קֶרֶת, born August 20, 1967) is an Israeli writer known for his short stories, graphic novels, and scriptwriting for film and television.
Keret was born in Ramat Gan, Israel in 1967. He is a third child to parents who survived the Holocaust. He lives in Tel Aviv with his wife, Shira Geffen, and their son, Lev. He is a lecturer at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beer Sheva, and at Tel Aviv University.
Keret's first published work was Pipelines (צינורות, Tzinorot, 1992), a collection of short stories which was largely ignored when it came out. His second book, Missing Kissinger (געגועיי לקיסינג'ר, Ga'aguai le-Kissinger, 1994), a collection of fifty very short stories, caught the attention of the general public. The short story "Siren", which deals with the paradoxes of modern Israeli society, is included in the curriculum for the Israeli matriculation exam in literature.
Keret has co-authored several comic books, among them Nobody Said It Was Going to Be Fun (לא באנו ליהנות, Lo banu leihanot, 1996) with Rutu Modan and Streets of Fury (סמטאות הזעם, Simtaot Hazaam, 1997) with Asaf Hanuka. In 1999, five of his stories were translated into English, and adapted into "graphic novellas" under the joint title Jetlag. The illustrators were the five members of the Actus Tragicus collective.
wn.com/Etgar_Keret -
Hyksos
The Hyksos ([pronunciation?]Egyptian heqa khasewet, "foreign rulers"; Greek Ὑκσώς, Ὑξώς, Arabic: الملوك الرعاة, shepherd kings) were an Asiatic people who took over the eastern Nile Delta and ending the the thirteenth dynasty, initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt.
The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the eleventh dynasty, began their climb to power in the thirteenth dynasty, and came out of the second intermediate period in control of Avaris and the Delta. By the fifteenth dynasty, they ruled Lower Egypt, and at the end of the seventeenth dynasty, they were expelled.
The historian Josephus maintains that the Hyksos where in fact the children of Jacob who joined his son Joseph to escape the famine in the land of Canaan.
There are various hypotheses as to the Hyksos ethnic identity. Most archeologists[who?] describe the Hyksos as multi-ethnic, to include all of the peoples who occupied the emporia of the delta. Some were warlords seeking employment by the Egyptians as mercenaries. Some were unemployed agricultural workers looking for work helping produce food and resorting to banditry, theft and other crimes when they did not get it. Some were skilled tradesmen, professionals, doctors, lawyers, scribes, priests, diplomats, accountants. Some were merchants importing raw materials: timber from Byblos, semi-precious stones from as far away as Afghanistan, tin, copper, bronze, medicines for the doctors, perfumes for the wigmakers, bitumen, natron, linen, frankincense and myrrh for the mummification industry at Karnak or exporting grain and beer to as far away as Greece.
wn.com/Hyksos -
Ilan Ramon
Ilan Ramon (June 20, 1954 – February 1, 2003; Hebrew: אילן רמון, born Ilan Wolferman) was a fighter pilot in the Israeli Air Force, and later the first Israeli astronaut.
Ramon was the space shuttle payload specialist of STS-107, the fatal mission of Columbia, in which he and six other crew members were killed in the re-entry accident. Ramon is the only foreign recipient of the United States Congressional Space Medal of Honor.
Ramon was born in Ramat Gan, Israel, and grew up in Beersheba. His mother and grandmother were survivors of the Auschwitz concentration camp. His first name, Ilan, means "tree" in Hebrew. Ilan changed his last name from Wolferman when he joined the IAF just as many other Israeli aviators.
Ramon graduated from high school in 1972. In 1987, he graduated with a B.Sc. degree in electronics and computer engineering from Tel Aviv University.
Ilan Ramon was a Colonel (Aluf Mishne) and fighter pilot in the Israeli Air Force, with thousands of hours flying experience. In 1974, he graduated as a fighter pilot from the Israel Air Force (IAF) Flight School. From 1974–76 he participated in A-4 Basic Training and Operations. 1976–80 was spent in Mirage III-C training and operations. In 1980, as one of the IAF's establishment team of the first F-16 Squadron in Israel, he attended the F-16 Training Course at Hill Air Force Base, Utah. From 1981–83, he served as the Deputy Squadron Commander B, F-16 Squadron.
wn.com/Ilan_Ramon -
Lior Ashkenazi
Lior Ashkenazi (born in Ramat Gan, 1969), is an award-winning Israeli screen and stage actor.
Lior ("Louis") Ashkenazi was born 12/28/1968 to Sephardi Jewish immigrants from Turkey who moved to Israel in 1964. He grew up in the Neveh Yehoshua neighborhood in Ramat Gan. His father, Shmuel, worked as a printer. His mother, Victoria, was a housewife. His parents spoke Ladino at home, and it was his first language. At the age of 16, in the wake of problems in school, he moved to Kibbutz Regavim.
In the Israel Defense Forces, he served as a paratrooper. He studied acting at Beit Zvi. After graduating in 1994, he worked for Habima and Beersheba Theater. He starred in many plays at Beit Lessin Theater under the direction of Zipi Pines, one of his teachers at Beit Zvi. He also appeared with the Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv, although Beit Lessin remained his home base.
Ashkenazi is married to producer Maya Amsellem (12/26/2011 - ) and was previously married to actress Shira Farber. They have a daughter, Ali. After his divorce, he had a relationship with playwright and screenwriter Sigal Avin, which also broke up.
wn.com/Lior_Ashkenazi -
Lior Eliyahu
Lior Eliyahu (Hebrew: לִיאוֹר אֱלִיָּהוּ; born September 9, 1985) is an Israeli professional basketball player. He is 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) in height and he weighs 105 kg (232 pounds). He plays at the power forward position, but he can also play small forward. The Houston Rockets own his NBA Draft rights. He is currently with Maccabi Tel Aviv.
Eliyahu is Jewish, and was born in Ramat Gan, Israel.
Eliyahu grew up in the youth system of Maccabi Ironi Ramat Gan, but moved to Galil for the 2004–05 season, in order to further his career. The move paid off when, under the guidance of Oded Katash, Eliyahu made great strides in improving his game. After the 2005–06 season, Eliyahu entered the 2006 NBA Draft, a move criticized by Hanoch Mintz, Eliyahu's coach during his time in Ramat Gan.
In pre-draft camps in Europe, Eliyahu impressed along with fellow Israeli Yotam Halperin and when the camp was finished in Treviso, Italy, both had dramatically climbed the mock draft charts. On June 28, 2006, he made national headlines in Israel by being selected by the Orlando Magic with the 44th pick of the 2006 NBA Draft. He was later traded to the Houston Rockets for cash considerations. He also impressed during matches of Maccabi against NBA teams. During the Euroleague 2006-07 season, Eliyahu averaged 10.8 points per game.
wn.com/Lior_Eliyahu -
Noam Jacobson
Noam Jacobson (1975) is a musician, singer, songwriter and bandleader from Ramat Gan, Israel.
Jacobson is a regular on the Israeli satirical television program Latma where plays such characters as Tawil Fadiha, the “Palestinian Minister of Uncontrollable Rage,” Rashid Hamumani, "Iranian minister of destruction." He is also known for playing "Captain Stabbing" in the satirical video We Con the World.
wn.com/Noam_Jacobson -
Silvan Shalom
Silvan Shalom (Hebrew: ציון סילבן משה שלום (officially Tzion Silvan Moshe Shalom)[citation needed], (born 4 October 1958) is an Israeli politician, member of the Knesset from the Likud party and the country's senior Vice Prime Minister and Minister for Regional Development and the development of the Negev and the Galilie. He previously served as the country's Foreign Minister, Finance Minister, minister of science and deputy defense minister.
Born in Gabès, Tunisia to a family that traced its roots to the Sephardic Beit Shalom dynasty, Shalom's family made aliyah to the city of Beersheba, in Israel's Negev in 1959. On November 3, 1964, while Shalom was six years old, his father, Shimon Shalom, a bank manager and a member of the Beitar movement, was killed during the course of a bungled bank robbery. He was 37 years old at the time. The murder was notoriously known as the first committed in a bank robbery in the history of the young state of Israel.
At the age of 18, he was inducted into the I.D.F Israel Defense Forces and achieved the rank of Sergeant.
wn.com/Silvan_Shalom -
Tal Stricker
Tal Stricker (born May 29, 1979 in Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv) is a breaststroke swimmer from Israel, who competed for his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.
There he swam in three events. He won his preliminary heat in the 100m Breaststroke (1:03.99), but did not advance to the semifinals and officially placed 32nd.
Stricker also finished 32nd in the 200 m Breaststroke (2:19.33). He was a member of Israel's 4x100 m Medley Relay Team, that finished in 5th place in the preliminary heat (3:43.39) and did not advance; they ended up 17th overall.
A breaststroke specialist, Stricker was a member of Israel's 4x100 m Medley Relay Team that finished in 8th place (3:43.48) at the European LC Championships 2000 in Helsinki, Finland.
In 2000-2001, he was a freshman at Florida State University, finishing 9th in the 100 m Breaststroke in the 2001 Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) Championship.
wn.com/Tal_Stricker -
Uzi Hitman
Uzi Hitman (Hebrew: עוזי חיטמן, June 9, 1952 – October 17, 2004) was an Israeli singer, songwriter, composer and television personality.
Hitman was born in Givat Shmuel to holocaust-survivor parents. his father was a cantor and his mother was secular. He was raised in a pluralistic environment. He was given a guitar by his parents aged 11, and a piano by his grandmother when he turned 17. In the army he served as a combat soldier and later he joined an army band.
His career began in 1976, when he composed a popular melody for Adon Olam. He became a popular Israeli artist during the 1980s and 1990s. He composed and wrote over 650 songs. His most famous songs include Noladati Lashalom (I Was Born for Peace), Ratziti Sheteda (I Wanted You to Know), Todah (Thank you), Mi yada' sh'kach yihiye (Who Knew It Would Be Like This) and Kan (Here), which reached 3rd place during the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest. Hitman also appeared on the 1980s children's programmes Parpar Nehmad and Hopa Hei.
He died after a heart attack at the age of 52. He was buried at the Yarkon Cemetery near Tel Aviv. The City of Ramat Gan renamed Kikar Hashoshanim (Roses Square) in his neighborhood of residence to Kikar Hitman (Hitman Square).
wn.com/Uzi_Hitman -
Zvi Bar
Zvi Bar, (Hebrew: צבי בר) born 1935 in Kfar Yona, is an Israeli politician and current mayor of the Israeli city of Ramat Gan.
During Israel's Six day War, Bar commanded Paratrooper Battalion 202. He later commanded the Israeli Defense Forces' School of Officer Training. During the mid-1970s, he commanded a reservists' brigade. He was known as a great leader, albeit sometimes unconventional: He was known as a foe of corruption and of cronyism, and as no friend of petty authoritarians. He later became the commander of Israel's Border Guard. In 1976, he earned a Bachelor's degree in Political Sciences from Bar Illan University.
Bar as first elected mayor of the city in 1989. He came to the Israeli public's attention, and garnered approval and support, because of his leaderhip and morale-building when Ramat Gan was subjected to Iraqui Scud missiles during the Desert Storm operation.
Bar has been reelected four consecutive times as mayor of Ramat Gan – in 1993, 1998, 2003, and 2008.
In 2004, Bar was questioned by the Israeli Police on allegations that he and mayor of neighboring Tel Aviv Ron Huldai engaged in corruption. In April 2011 the Ministry of Justice decided to indict Bar, along with five other real estate developers, for bribery and money laundering.
wn.com/Zvi_Bar
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Drive from Tel Aviv to Ramat Gan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:49
- Updated: 26 Sep 2012
Via Ibn Gvirol str, Rokah road, Tel Aviv Expo Center, Ramat Gan stadium. more at www.evgeny.co.il and www.lookatisrael.com
http://wn.com/Drive_from_Tel_Aviv_to_Ramat_Gan
Via Ibn Gvirol str, Rokah road, Tel Aviv Expo Center, Ramat Gan stadium. more at www.evgeny.co.il and www.lookatisrael.com
Ramat Gan - Tonight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv district of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower. Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2007, the population was 133400.[1] The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
http://wn.com/Ramat_Gan_Tonight
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv district of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower. Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2007, the population was 133400.[1] The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
- published: 14 Sep 2010
- views: 2985
- author: Anatoli Axelrod
31.7.11 Israel - Ramat Gan & Tel Aviv with Djordje Balasevic sings Devojka sa cardas & Divlji badem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:57
- Updated: 21 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/31711_Israel_Ramat_Gan_Tel_Aviv_with_Djordje_Balasevic_sings_Devojka_sa_cardas_Divlji_badem
National Park, Ramat-Gan city, Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:58
- Updated: 05 Aug 2012
http://wn.com/National_Park,_Ramat-Gan_city,_Israel
Israel Parkour Tour 2011: Ramat Gan - Ashdod.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
Was Really Rainy Day ! but we dont stopped the training. mentalmotion.net
http://wn.com/Israel_Parkour_Tour_2011_Ramat_Gan_Ashdod
Was Really Rainy Day ! but we dont stopped the training. mentalmotion.net
- published: 08 Feb 2011
- views: 2552
- author: GunzterPK
Elite Tower -Mixed use tower in ramat gan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Elite Tower-An Exclusive project designed as the highest building in Israel. Designed by Tito Architects collaboration with Arquitectonica- an Architecture firm from Miami. The 70 story high will include exclusive Residential units, a boutique Hotel, a luxurious spa and a commercial area. Located at the Elite junction in Ramat Gan, near the historical chocolate factory. Size: 400 exclusive units, 98000 sqm Entrepreneur: Azorim מגדל עלית,צומת עלית רמת גן- תכנון הכולל ת.ב.ע למגדל הגבוה במדינה כ- 70 קומות של עירוב שימושים- מסחר, משרדים, מלון ומגורים. עבור חברת אזורים. תוכנן ע"י טיטו אדריכלים בשיתוף עם משרד ארכיטקטורה שבמיאמי.
http://wn.com/Elite_Tower_-Mixed_use_tower_in_ramat_gan
Elite Tower-An Exclusive project designed as the highest building in Israel. Designed by Tito Architects collaboration with Arquitectonica- an Architecture firm from Miami. The 70 story high will include exclusive Residential units, a boutique Hotel, a luxurious spa and a commercial area. Located at the Elite junction in Ramat Gan, near the historical chocolate factory. Size: 400 exclusive units, 98000 sqm Entrepreneur: Azorim מגדל עלית,צומת עלית רמת גן- תכנון הכולל ת.ב.ע למגדל הגבוה במדינה כ- 70 קומות של עירוב שימושים- מסחר, משרדים, מלון ומגורים. עבור חברת אזורים. תוכנן ע"י טיטו אדריכלים בשיתוף עם משרד ארכיטקטורה שבמיאמי.
- published: 23 Jul 2009
- views: 9836
- author: TITOArchitects
Ramat Gan -Tel Aviv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:27
- Updated: 21 Jun 2012
A new metropolis
http://wn.com/Ramat_Gan_-Tel_Aviv
SAFARI ZOO RAMAT GAN - ISRAEL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:09
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
A visit in the safari of ramat gan town in israel
http://wn.com/SAFARI_ZOO_RAMAT_GAN_ISRAEL
A visit in the safari of ramat gan town in israel
- published: 27 Dec 2008
- views: 7703
- author: r0nmarsegev
Leonard Cohen in Ramat Gan (Tel Aviv Israel) September 24 2009 Halleluya
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:58
- Updated: 20 Aug 2012
Leonard Cohen in one of his best concerts ever
http://wn.com/Leonard_Cohen_in_Ramat_Gan_Tel_Aviv_Israel_September_24_2009_Halleluya
Leonard Cohen in one of his best concerts ever
- published: 25 Sep 2009
- views: 30950
- author: illanaaron
Celebration MDNA Tour Rehearsals -- Ramat Gan Stadium
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:41
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
MDNA Tour Rehearsals -- Ramat Gan Stadium, Tel Aviv [29 May 2012]
http://wn.com/Celebration_MDNA_Tour_Rehearsals_-_Ramat_Gan_Stadium
MDNA Tour Rehearsals -- Ramat Gan Stadium, Tel Aviv [29 May 2012]
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 23665
- author: Amits2308
ZOOLOGICAL CENTER TEL AVIV RAMAT GAN "SAFARI" (ספארי)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
The Zoological Center Tel Aviv - Ramat Gan opened to the general public in 1974 as an African animal park. In 1981, a modern zoo was established in the middle of the park, populated with animals brought from the former Tel Aviv Zoo, which had closed. The combined African Park and zoo are popularly known as the "Safari". The African Park and the zoo within occupy 250 acres and include 1600 animals of different species: 68 species of mammals, 130 species of fowl, and 25 species of reptiles. The Safari is the largest animal collection in the Middle East and is unique in the world, because of the large herds of mixed species of African animals that roam the spacious African Park. The zoo contains a variety of animals from around the world. Outstanding are its breeding herds of both African and Asian elephants, the gorilla and orangutan families, the hippo herd and the pride of lions. The Safari's educational purpose is to promote the conservation of nature- from the belief that we love what we know, and we preserve what we love. The Safari participates in 25 international programs for endangered species. It is partner in both breeding and reintroduction programs and in research projects for such animals. The Safari is a member of international zoological organizations and cooperates with research and knowledge transfer with zoos and nature preservation organizations world wide. www.safari.co.il
http://wn.com/ZOOLOGICAL_CENTER_TEL_AVIV_RAMAT_GAN_SAFARI_ספארי
The Zoological Center Tel Aviv - Ramat Gan opened to the general public in 1974 as an African animal park. In 1981, a modern zoo was established in the middle of the park, populated with animals brought from the former Tel Aviv Zoo, which had closed. The combined African Park and zoo are popularly known as the "Safari". The African Park and the zoo within occupy 250 acres and include 1600 animals of different species: 68 species of mammals, 130 species of fowl, and 25 species of reptiles. The Safari is the largest animal collection in the Middle East and is unique in the world, because of the large herds of mixed species of African animals that roam the spacious African Park. The zoo contains a variety of animals from around the world. Outstanding are its breeding herds of both African and Asian elephants, the gorilla and orangutan families, the hippo herd and the pride of lions. The Safari's educational purpose is to promote the conservation of nature- from the belief that we love what we know, and we preserve what we love. The Safari participates in 25 international programs for endangered species. It is partner in both breeding and reintroduction programs and in research projects for such animals. The Safari is a member of international zoological organizations and cooperates with research and knowledge transfer with zoos and nature preservation organizations world wide. www.safari.co.il
- published: 12 Jan 2009
- views: 8031
- author: glyn518
Motor Xtreme BEST Ramat gan, Israel 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:54
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Motor Extreme show in Israel. Monster tracks & bike freestyle.
http://wn.com/Motor_Xtreme_BEST_Ramat_gan,_Israel_2007
Motor Extreme show in Israel. Monster tracks & bike freestyle.
- published: 30 Jun 2007
- views: 9346
- author: EverlastingFather
Show Jumping Championship in Ramat Gan: Horseback Riding Sport Gains Popularity in Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
This past weekend, Israel's equestrian championship took place in the city of Ramat Gan. Israeli horseback riders from around the country gathered to ride, show jump and compete against one another. The sport has developed in Israel over the last 20 years or so. Special horses are imported from Europe with Israeli riders aspiring to reach international athletic standards in the near future. The equestrian sport involves two athletes - the rider and the horse as well. So while the riders train and emotionally prepare for their competition, in the meantime, a team of caretakers prepares the horses for their moment of truth. Show jumping is the only Olympic sport in which men and women compete with each other. Age, sex or physical build are not factors in succeeding, whereas precision and the ability to control the horse are. Sivan Raviv, JN1, Ramat Gan.
http://wn.com/Show_Jumping_Championship_in_Ramat_Gan_Horseback_Riding_Sport_Gains_Popularity_in_Israel
This past weekend, Israel's equestrian championship took place in the city of Ramat Gan. Israeli horseback riders from around the country gathered to ride, show jump and compete against one another. The sport has developed in Israel over the last 20 years or so. Special horses are imported from Europe with Israeli riders aspiring to reach international athletic standards in the near future. The equestrian sport involves two athletes - the rider and the horse as well. So while the riders train and emotionally prepare for their competition, in the meantime, a team of caretakers prepares the horses for their moment of truth. Show jumping is the only Olympic sport in which men and women compete with each other. Age, sex or physical build are not factors in succeeding, whereas precision and the ability to control the horse are. Sivan Raviv, JN1, Ramat Gan.
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 1452
- author: JewishNewsOne
Madonna - Revolver (live in Ramat Gan, Israel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Short clip of Revolver, the most interesting choreography piece that Madonna preformed herself, in my opinion
http://wn.com/Madonna_Revolver_live_in_Ramat_Gan,_Israel
Short clip of Revolver, the most interesting choreography piece that Madonna preformed herself, in my opinion
- published: 01 Jun 2012
- views: 54872
- author: GullKozlov
Phoenix Sister Cities - Ramat Gan, Israel Beit Zvi School of The Performing Arts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:46
- Updated: 07 Sep 2010
On April 27, 2010, 10 performers from Ramat-Gan, Israel Beit Zvi School of The Performing Arts entertained a capacity crowd at the Steele Indian School Park Memorial Hall, in Phoenix, Arizona. This is their story. For more information about Phoenix Sister Cities,please visit www.phoenixsistercities.org Thank you to the City of Phoenix - Phoenix Channel 11 for this wonderful story.
http://wn.com/Phoenix_Sister_Cities_Ramat_Gan,_Israel_Beit_Zvi_School_of_The_Performing_Arts
On April 27, 2010, 10 performers from Ramat-Gan, Israel Beit Zvi School of The Performing Arts entertained a capacity crowd at the Steele Indian School Park Memorial Hall, in Phoenix, Arizona. This is their story. For more information about Phoenix Sister Cities,please visit www.phoenixsistercities.org Thank you to the City of Phoenix - Phoenix Channel 11 for this wonderful story.
- published: 24 Jun 2010
- views: 1524
- author: cpkspm44
kkarc - Summer Pavilion, Dwelling Fragments, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 19 May 2012
Ramat Gan Summer Pavilion - knafo klimor Architects Knafo Klimor will present their summer pavilion "Dwelling Fragments - A Pathway to Urban Ecology" in The Museum of Israeli Art, Ramat Gan. The installation proposes a fresh thinking of re-designing the nature of dwelling in an urban environment. for more information please visit: www.kkarc.com
http://wn.com/kkarc_Summer_Pavilion,_Dwelling_Fragments,_Ramat_Gan,_Israel
Ramat Gan Summer Pavilion - knafo klimor Architects Knafo Klimor will present their summer pavilion "Dwelling Fragments - A Pathway to Urban Ecology" in The Museum of Israeli Art, Ramat Gan. The installation proposes a fresh thinking of re-designing the nature of dwelling in an urban environment. for more information please visit: www.kkarc.com
- published: 31 May 2010
- views: 342
- author: kkarc1
Ramat-Gan BIG City Park
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:25
- Updated: 30 Aug 2012
ramat gan big City Park RC PLANE VIDEO
http://wn.com/Ramat-Gan_BIG_City_Park
Anthony Myles #13 blacks Highlights (Ramat Gan @ Maccabi)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:27
- Updated: 26 Aug 2010
http://wn.com/Anthony_Myles_13_blacks_Highlights_Ramat_Gan_@_Maccabi
Motor Extreme 2007 Ramat Gan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Motor Extreme 2007, monster truck event in israel. Bounty Hunter -- Jimmy Creten freestyle.
http://wn.com/Motor_Extreme_2007_Ramat_Gan
Motor Extreme 2007, monster truck event in israel. Bounty Hunter -- Jimmy Creten freestyle.
- published: 29 Jun 2007
- views: 23385
- author: 5turboboy
Madonna - MDNA Tour Live Israel Ramat Gan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:58
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
Madonna - MDNA Tour Live Israel "Ramat Gan" Специально для сайта www.madonna-badgirl.ru http Tel Avive professional video
http://wn.com/Madonna_MDNA_Tour_Live_Israel_Ramat_Gan
Madonna - MDNA Tour Live Israel "Ramat Gan" Специально для сайта www.madonna-badgirl.ru http Tel Avive professional video
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 5300
- author: srgk39
Hakoah Ramat Gan FC Vs. Maccabi Netanya FC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 21 Aug 2010
Maccabi Netanya of Lothar Matthäus visits Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan in the 7th league match of season 2008/09, score - 1:2 Netanya in the black-gold costume[firs half] and yellow-black costume[2nd half]
http://wn.com/Hakoah_Ramat_Gan_FC_Vs_Maccabi_Netanya_FC
Maccabi Netanya of Lothar Matthäus visits Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan in the 7th league match of season 2008/09, score - 1:2 Netanya in the black-gold costume[firs half] and yellow-black costume[2nd half]
- published: 26 Oct 2008
- views: 786
- author: Dvir Schwarz
Madonna - Hung Up (live in Ramat Gan, Israel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:21
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
Hung Up was only a short interlude. Watch Madonna being abducted by furry terorrists.
http://wn.com/Madonna_Hung_Up_live_in_Ramat_Gan,_Israel
Hung Up was only a short interlude. Watch Madonna being abducted by furry terorrists.
- published: 01 Jun 2012
- views: 6510
- author: GullKozlov
Animals at Safari Ramat Gan Israel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Animals at the Safari/Zoo in Ramat Gan in Israel. Animals include monkey, zebra, elephant, rooster, giraffe, fish and more. The music in this video is "Cha Cha" by Balkan Beatbox.
http://wn.com/Animals_at_Safari_Ramat_Gan_Israel
Animals at the Safari/Zoo in Ramat Gan in Israel. Animals include monkey, zebra, elephant, rooster, giraffe, fish and more. The music in this video is "Cha Cha" by Balkan Beatbox.
- published: 16 Aug 2008
- views: 2749
- author: 365videoblog
photo: AP / Altaf Qadri
29 Dec 2012
Police in India have sealed off much of the capital, Delhi, and issued an appeal for calm after the death of a woman who was gang-raped in the city. The 23-year old woman, who has not been identified, died early on Saturday at a hospital in Singapore, where she had been taken for specialist treatment. Her body is to be flown back to India for burial ... Gatherings of more than five people have been banned in the city centre ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: US Navy / HMC Josh Ives
27 Dec 2012
Imperial adventures are nothing new in the Middle East. Neither is their glorification, as Peter O’Toole’s pained Lawrence of Arabia eternally reminds us. But for a decade or so now, things have been heating up, as if to coincide with climate change and fears of declining petroleum reserves ... The Belly for Belligerence? ... The question loomed over beltway intelligentsia like an ephemeral Gordian knot ... We’re All Hawks Now ... While George W ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ben Curtis
28 Dec 2012
The president of Central African Republic (CAR) has urgently called on France and other foreign powers to help his government fend off rebels who are quickly seizing territory and approaching the capital. Speaking to crowds in Bangui, a city of some 600,000, Francois Bozize on Thursday pleaded with foreign powers to do what they could. He pointed in particular to France, Central African Republic's former colonial ruler ... 516 Share ... News ... ....(size: 19.5Kb)
photo: AP / Itsuo Inouye
29 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A millennium before the English statesmen Edmund Burke, regarded as the father of Western Conservatism and who wrote, "good order is the foundation of all things," Japan's Seventeen-Article Constitution began with this conservative principle. "Harmony is to be cherished, and opposition for opposition's sake must be avoided as a matter of principle." ... militarism, those protesting U.S....(size: 9.7Kb)
photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba
28 Dec 2012
Galaxy Note 2 vs. iPhone 5. Do The Companies Have Their Game Plans Right?. Posted by Jay099 on December 28, 2012 02.15 pm 0. via. Mountain View at California seems to be a busy center now. Google is stepping up the gas on the march towards a holistic environment and experience for the consumers ... My Blog . My FB Page ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
noodls
30 Dec 2012
(Source. Maccabi Tel-Aviv) 30/12/2012. By editorial team. On a Saturday full of victories for Yellow Youth Clubs, the Under 17's won to capture the top spot in the table ... Ziv Arie and Avi Yechiel's lads headed off for their away tie with Machene Yehudah and returned with an impressive 0-7 victory ... Children's group B South beat Hapoel Ramat Gan 2-1 at home while children's group B North thrashed Hapoel Ramat Hasharon 5-0 ... distributed by....(size: 3.0Kb)
Deutsche Welle
30 Dec 2012
Life in Israel is getting more expensive. The occupied territories provide a cheaper alternative for young families - and the government is keen to help them move there ... There were 2,600 in Givat Hamatos, 1,200 in Gilo, 1,500 in Ramat Shlomo ... Gilli Paran lives in Ramat Gan, near Tel Aviv, and commutes every day to Ariel University, as it is now officially known, where he studied business administration ... Arab Israelis also study in Ariel....(size: 4.5Kb)
Ha'aretz
27 Dec 2012
related articles. Israeli revelers prepare to celebrate the end of the world. By Hadar Silberstein and Yoni Sharon . Dec.27,2012 . 9.43 AM . 4. Celebrating Christmas, northern style. By Ronit Vered . Dec.27,2012 . 9.43 AM ... A list of possibilities to welcome in 2013.. New Year’s Eve Parties in Tel Aviv. 1984’s block party ... The best of its stars will be performing onstage ... Where ... When ... Admission ... Where ... Viva Beit Hatzanhan, 121 Rokah Street, Ramat Gan ... ....(size: 17.1Kb)
Ha'aretz
27 Dec 2012
related articles. Israeli revelers prepare to celebrate the end of the world. By Hadar Silberstein and Yoni Sharon . Dec.27,2012 . 9.43 AM . 4. Celebrating Christmas, northern style. By Ronit Vered . Dec.27,2012 . 9.43 AM ... A list of possibilities to welcome in 2013.. New Year’s Eve Parties in Tel Aviv. 1984’s block party ... The best of its stars will be performing onstage ... Where ... When ... Admission ... Where ... Viva Beit Hatzanhan, 121 Rokah Street, Ramat Gan ... ....(size: 17.1Kb)
Ha'aretz
27 Dec 2012
related articles. Israeli revelers prepare to celebrate the end of the world. By Hadar Silberstein and Yoni Sharon . Dec.27,2012 . 9.43 AM . 4. Celebrating Christmas, northern style. By Ronit Vered . Dec.27,2012 . 9.43 AM ... A list of possibilities to welcome in 2013.. New Year’s Eve Parties in Tel Aviv. 1984’s block party ... The best of its stars will be performing onstage ... Where ... When ... Admission ... Where ... Viva Beit Hatzanhan, 121 Rokah Street, Ramat Gan ... ....(size: 17.1Kb)
Business Wire
24 Dec 2012
RAMAT GAN, Israel--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Alony Hetz (“the company”) (TASE.ALHE), a leading Israeli real estate investment company, announced that on December 21, 2012, it signed a Term Sheet with the Special Situation Property Fund of JP Morgan Chase Bank (“SSPF”) and others to invest in Carr Properties (“CARR”), currently controlled by SSPF ... CARR’s management team has many years of experience in the Washington D.C ... Oliver T. Carr III ... Tel ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
noodls
23 Dec 2012
The only youth team tie score of the weekend was reported by the U16-C team, whose game against HaPoel Ramat Gan ended without goals. The highest result was achieved by the U16 team that beat HaPoel Kiryat Ono at Kiryat Shalom, 9-0. Maccabi Tel Aviv's children's games that were scheduled for this weekend were cancelled due to the weather, which flooded the fields....(size: 2.5Kb)
Ha'aretz
23 Dec 2012
Netanya equalized in the 34th minute, when Yossi Shivhon threaded an inviting pass into the box, allowing Dragan Ceran to score. ... Elsewhere, SC Ashdod continued its freefall with a 1-2 loss to Bnei Sakhnin, while Hapoel Ramat Gan - following on the back of its heroic 2-2 draw with Hapoel Tel Aviv last week - beat Bnei Yehuda 1-0. Ironi Ramat Hasharon beat Hapoel Acre 2-0, and is now placed sixth.. ....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
21 Dec 2012
(Source. Delegation of the European Commission in Ramat Gan, Israel) ... A 584/12 ... "The approval of an additional 2610 housing units in the settlement of Givat Hamatos is extremely troubling, coming in addition to announcements made at the end of November and Monday's approval of 1500 units in Ramat Shlomo ... P R E S S ... This noodl was issued by Delegation of the European Commission in Ramat Gan, Israel and was initially posted at ... (noodl....(size: 2.9Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. Delegation of the European Commission in Ramat Gan, Israel) VACANCY NO T I CE. Twinning project between Israel, Italy and Germany entitled. "Reinforcement of. National Policy and Tools for Implementing Rural Development in Israel" Financed by the European Union Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) Vacancy ... Israel. 1 ... Remuneration ... This noodl was issued by Delegation of the European Commission in Ramat Gan, Israel and was initially posted at ....(size: 8.1Kb)
Huffington Post
19 Dec 2012
Tanda the rhinoceros and her four-hour-old baby are seen at the Ramat Gan Safari, an open-air zoo near Tel Aviv, on June 15, 2012 ... Tanda the rhinoceros and her four-hour-old baby are seen at the Ramat Gan Safari, an open-air zoo near Tel Aviv, on June 15, 2012 ... Tanda the rhinoceros and her four-hour-old baby are seen at the Ramat Gan Safari, an open-air zoo near Tel Aviv, on June 15, 2012....(size: 15.0Kb)
Ha'aretz
19 Dec 2012
Kiryat Shmona loses to Be'er Sheva, crashes out of Toto Cup. Holders Kiryat Shmona crashed out of the Toto Cup last night, after a 2-1 defeat to Hapoel Be'er Sheva. Kiryat Shmona had to overcome a 3-2 defeat from the first leg, but trailed after Tomer Swisa robbed goalkeeper Itamar Nitzan and scored in the 10th minute ... Be'er Sheva will play Hapoel Ramat Gan for a place in the finals ... (Haaretz Sports Staff ) ... ... (Reuters ) ... (Reuters ) ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
Business Wire
17 Dec 2012
Industry Leader to Discuss How Mobile Technologies, Including Over-the-Air Software Updating and Virtualization, Improve the Driving Experience on Monday, Dec. 17 Israel Automotive Summit 2012 ... 17 at the Israel Automotive Summit 2012. The automotive industry is experiencing an unprecedented proliferation of software ... Presentation Details. What ... Monday, Dec. 17 10.40 a.m. IL Where ... Ramat-Gan, 52109 Israel Who ... About Red Bend Software ... ....(size: 9.2Kb)
| Ramat Gan | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hebrew transcription(s) | |||
| • Hebrew | רָמַת גַּן | ||
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 Ramat Gan
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| Coordinates: 32°05′N 34°49′E / 32.083°N 34.817°E / 32.083; 34.817Coordinates: 32°05′N 34°49′E / 32.083°N 34.817°E / 32.083; 34.817 | |||
| District | Tel Aviv | ||
| Founded | 1921 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Type | City (from 1950) | ||
| • Mayor | Zvi Bar | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 12,214 dunams (12.214 km2 or 4.716 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2009)[1] | |||
| • Total | 145,000 | ||
| Name meaning | Garden Heights | ||
Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, many high-tech industries, and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower.
Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2009, the population was 145,000.[1] The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
Contents |
History[link]
Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim[2] association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918.[3] The settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons.[4] The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan (lit: Garden Heights) in 1923. The settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents. In the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the country's language war: A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists.[5]
Over the years, the economy shifted from agriculture to commerce and industry. By 1946, the population had grown to 12,000.[3] In 1950, Ramat Gan was recognized as a city. In 1955, it had a population of 55,000. The first mayor was Avraham Krinitzi who remained in office for 43 years. In 1961, the municipal area of Ramat Gan expanded eastward, to encompass the area that includes the Sheba Medical Center in Tel Hashomer and Bar Ilan University. In 1968, the world's largest diamond exchange opened in Ramat Gan.[3] The Sheba Medical Center and the Israel Diamond Exchange are located in Ramat Gan.
Geography and climate[link]
Ramat Gan is located in the Gush Dan metropolitan area east of Tel Aviv. It is bounded in the north by the Yarkon River and in the east by Bnei Brak. Givatayim lies to the southwest.[4]
Ramat Gan experiences an average of 500 mm of rainfall per year and is located, on average 80 meters above sea level.[4] It is built on limestone hills.[6] Ramat Gan parks include The National Park which covers some 1,900 dunams, and David Park in the Merom Naveh neighborhood.[7] 25% of Ramat Gan is covered by public parkland.
Ramat Gan neighborhoods include: Shchunat Hageffen, City Center, Nachalat Ganim, Kiryat Krinitzi, Ramat Shikma, Ramat Yitzhak, Shchunat Rishonim, Tel Yehuda, Givat Geula, Neve Yehoshua, Kiryat Borochov, Merom Naveh, Ramat Amidar, Ramat Chen, Shikun Vatikim, Shchunat Hillel, Elite and Diamond Exchange District and Tel Binyamin.[3]
Demographics[link]
| City of Ramat Gan Population by year[8] |
|
| 1948 | 17,200 |
| 1955 | 58,500 |
| 1961 | 90,800 |
| 1972 | 118,000 |
| 1983 | 117,100 |
| 1995 | 128,700 |
| 2005 | 128,400 |
| 2006 | 129,700 |
As of 2006, Ramat Gan had 129,700 residents, on an area of 12,000 dunams (12 km²).[9] The population was growing at a rate of 1.0% per annum with 90% of this growth coming through natural increase.[9] The population density of the city is 9,822.6 per square kilometer, one of the highest in Israel.[8] In terms of the origin of Ramat Gan's residents, 42,900 originate from Europe and America, 10,200 from Africa, 29,200 from Asia, and 40,600 from Israel.[10] 86,200 of the residents of Ramat Gan were born in Israel, whilst 36,600 were born abroad.[10]
According the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, as of 2001, Ramat Gan's socioeconomic ranking stood at 8 out of 10. 70.9% of twelfth grade students received a matriculation certificate in 2000. That year, the average wages in Ramat Gan were 6,995 NIS. As of 2006, 32,100 of the city's households had people who were not in the labour force, with 23,300 of these retired.[11] 1,900 of the households had unemployed within them.[11] 43,000 households were fully employed.[11] The largest sectors of jobs for those in employment in Ramat Gan were business activities accounting for 18.1% of jobs, education, 15.1%, wholesale and retail trade, and repairs, 14.2%, manufacturing 10.8%, and health, welfare and social work services, 10.0%.[12]
Economy[link]
Ramat Gan's economy is dominated by the Diamond Exchange District in the northwest of the city, home to a large concentration of skyscrapers, including Moshe Aviv Tower (City Gate), Israel's tallest at over 240 meters, the Diamond Exchange (a world leader in diamonds), a large Sheraton hotel, and many high-tech businesses, among them Check Point Software Technologies and ArticlesBase. In the wake of a crackdown on prostitution and gambling in 2006, quality of life has improved in the area.[13][14]
Also located in the Diamond Exchange District is the State Bank of India's Israeli headquarters and the headquarters of Bank Mizrachi, whilst the embassies of Ghana, Kenya, the Ivory Coast, Jordan, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the European Economic Community, are located in the area.[15] A number of other international embassies are also located in the city, as is the British Council. Also headquartered in the city is the Histadrut trade union. Located to the south of Ramat Gan is Hiriya, the largest waste transfer site in the Middle East.
Ramat Gan is also an important center for industry and manufacturing with major fruit and vegetable canning plants, textile mills, metal production plants, electrical manufacturers, furniture makers, and food producers based here.[16] Currently, the Elite Tower, set to exceed the Moshe Aviv Tower in height, is currently being built of the historic Elite Candy factory. As a tribute to the history of the site, the lower floors of the tower will house a chocolate museum.[17] The tower is set to contain luxury apartments, with an average price tag of $1 million each. At the end of 2006, Ramat Gan had three hotels, with a total of 408 rooms with 150,000 person-nights over the year representing 64% room occupancy.[18]
Local government[link]
The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar. The make up of the city's 25 seat City Council is: Ramat Gan First 6, Labor 3, Likud 3, Sun 2, Meretz 3, Trufa, 2, Shas 2, Mafdal 3, and Another Ramat Gan 1.[19]
Education[link]
Ramat Gan is home to Israel's second largest university, Bar-Ilan University, with 24,000 students. The city is also the location of the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan College, and Beit Zvi acting college.[20]
Religion[link]
Ramat Gan has 112 synagogues, two yeshivot,[21][22] and a Kabbalah Center. Ramat Gan also has a Buddhist temple, and a Scientology center.
Healthcare[link]
The Sheba Medical Center located in southeastern Ramat Gan and Tel HaShomer, is Israel's largest hospital.[23] It includes the Safra Children's Hospital and Padeh Geriatric Rehabilitation Center. The city has 32 medical centers run by health authorities and 10 child-care clinics operated by the municipality.[24]
Archaeology[link]
Northwest of the city is an archeological site dating from the Early Bronze Age (2800–2600 BC) – Tel Gerisa – which has been identified as a Hyksos fortified town from 2000 to 1500 BC.[25]
Culture[link]
Cultural venues in Ramat Gan include the Ramat Gan Theater, the Diamond Theater and the Russell Cultural Center. The Beit Zvi School of Performing Arts is based in Ramat Gan. Ramat Gan operates two cinemas complexes: the Lev-Elram Cinema and the "Yes Planet" megaplex.[26]
Museums[link]
Beit Avraham Krinizi, home of the first mayor, is now a museum of the history of Ramat Gan. The Harry Oppenheimer Diamond Museum tells the story of the Israeli diamond industry.[citation needed] Man and the Living World Museum is a natural history museum and the Maccabi Museum focuses on the history of Jewish sports since 1898.[27] The Ramat Gan Safari, a 250-acre (1.0 km2) zoo housing 1,600 animals, is the largest animal collection in the Middle East.[7][dubious – discuss] Other museums in the city include the Museum of Israeli Art, Kiryat Omanut which houses sculpture galleries and a ceramics studio, the Museum of Russian Art, the Museum of Jewish Art, and the Yehiel Nahari Museum of Far Eastern Art.[citation needed]
Sports[link]
The Maccabiah Games are held in Ramat Gan every four years. Ramat Gan Stadium is Israel's national football stadium. Seating 41,583, it is the largest stadium in the country. Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan and Hapoel Ramat Gan who both play at the Winter Stadium, are the city's main football clubs, both having won the championship at some point in their history. Beitar Ramat Gan and Shikun Vatikim Ramat Gan both play in the South A Division of Liga Bet, the fifth tier. The now-defunct clubs Maccabi Ramat Gan and Maccabi Ramat Amidar were both involved in mergers which formed Hakoah Amidar. In basketball, Ironi Ramat Gan plays in Ligat HaAl, the top division. The Beetles Club of Israel meets every Friday in Ramat Gan, bringing together lovers of Volkswagens.[citation needed]
Notable residents[link]
- Lior Ashkenazi, actor
- Ehud Banai (born 1953), singer and songwriter
- Lior Eliyahu, professional basketball player
- Aviv Geffen, musician
- Uzi Hitman, songwriter and singer
- Etgar Keret, author
- Ilan Ramon, first Israeli astronaut
- Dahlia Ravikovitch, poet
- Zeev Revach, actor
- Silvan Shalom, politician
- Tal Stricker, swimmer
- Noam Jacobson, actor and singer
Twin cities[link]
Ramat Gan is twinned with:[28]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ramat Gan |
References[link]
- ^ a b "Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. June 30, 2010. http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
- ^ "Ramat Gan (Israel)". http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/il-rg.html. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Ramat Gan". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/ramatgan.html. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ a b c "General Information". Ramat Gan Municipality. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080327015816/http://www.ramat-gan.muni.il/RamatGan/sister-cities/About+Ramat-Gan/. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ Pilowsky, A: "Yiddish Alongside The Revival of Hebrew Public Polemics On The Status of Yiddish In Eretz Israel, 1907–1929", Readings In The Sociology of Jewish Languages, page 123. Joshua Fishman ed, Leiden – E.J. Brill, 1985.
- ^ "Ramat Gan". http://miamibeachsistercities.com/ramatgan.htm. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ a b "Parks & Safari". Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317111156/http://www.ramat-gan.muni.il/RamatGan/sister-cities/City+Guide/Parks/. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ a b "Population Densities". http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_15&CYear=2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ a b "Sources of Population Growth". http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_05&CYear=2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ a b "Origins". http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_23x&CYear=2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Labour Force Characteristics". http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st05_18x&CYear=2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Industry of employment". http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st12_14x&CYear=2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Knesset approves harsh punishments for human trade – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. June 20, 1995. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3316286,00.html. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ "Decline in Human Trafficking for Prostitution". Walla!. http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//1007942.
- ^ "Diamond Exchange Area turns into luxury residential spot". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1207159749133&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Ramat Gan". Ramat Gan. Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565219/ramat_gan.html. Retrieved April 6, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Trump to build projects in Israel – Israel Money, Ynetnews". Ynetnews.com. June 20, 1995. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3225729,00.html. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ "Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007 – No. 58 Subject 23 – Table No. 11". http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st23_11&CYear=2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Ramat Gan". http://www.barnet.gov.uk/ramat-gan. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Academic Institutes". Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317110541/http://www.ramat-gan.muni.il/RamatGan/sister-cities/City+Guide/Academic+Institutes/. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ Synagogues in Ramat Gan (Hebrew)
- ^ "Our Faith". http://www.ramat-gan.info/RamatGan/sister-cities/About+Ramat-Gan/Our+Faith/. Retrieved August 3, 2009.
- ^ Ayala Hurwicz (May 7, 2007). "Sheba – Largest Hospital in Israel" (in Hebrew). http://www.nrg.co.il/online/16/ART1/578/331.html. Retrieved September 14, 2007.
- ^ "Medical Services". Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317110256/http://www.ramat-gan.muni.il/RamatGan/sister-cities/About+Ramat-Gan/Medical+Services/. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ Whalid Khalidi, All That Remains, ISBN 0-88728-224-5, 1992. Page 246
- ^ "Theatre & Cinema". Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317102857/http://www.ramat-gan.muni.il/RamatGan/sister-cities/City+Guide/Theater+and+Cinema/. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Museums & Fine Art". Archived from the original on March 17, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080317110558/http://www.ramat-gan.muni.il/RamatGan/sister-cities/City+Guide/Museums/. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
- ^ "Ramat Gan Sister Cities". Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080307234012/http://www.ramat-gan.muni.il/RamatGan/sister-cities/home-page.htm. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
External links[link]
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramat_Gan
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| Leonard Cohen | |
|---|---|
 Leonard Cohen in 2008. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Leonard Norman Cohen |
| Born | (1934-09-21) 21 September 1934 (age 77) Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Genres | Folk, folk rock, rock, pop rock, spoken word, synthpop |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, poet, novelist |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, synthesizer |
| Years active | 1956-present |
| Labels | Columbia |
| Associated acts | Sharon Robinson, Jennifer Warnes, Phil Spector, John Lissauer |
Leonard Norman Cohen, CC GOQ (born 21 September 1934) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, poet, and novelist. His work often explores religion, isolation, sexuality, and interpersonal relationships.[1] Cohen has been inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and both the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is also a Companion of the Order of Canada, the nation's highest civilian honour.
While giving the speech at Cohen's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2008, Lou Reed described Cohen as belonging to the "highest and most influential echelon of songwriters."[2]
Early life[link]
Cohen was born on 21 September 1934 in Westmount, Montreal, Quebec, into a middle-class Jewish family. He attended Roslyn Elementary School. His mother, Marsha Klinitsky,[3] of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry, emigrated from Lithuania while his great-grandfather emigrated from Poland.[4][5] He grew up in Westmount on the Island of Montreal. His grandfather was Lyon Cohen, founding president of the Canadian Jewish Congress. His father, Nathan Cohen, who owned a substantial Montreal clothing store, died when Cohen was nine years old. On the topic of being a Kohen, Cohen has said that, "I had a very Messianic childhood." He told Richard Goldstein in 1967. "I was told I was a descendant of Aaron, the high priest."[6] Cohen attended Westmount High School, beginning in 1948 where he was involved with the Student Council and studied music and poetry.[7] He became especially interested in the poetry of Federico Garcia Lorca.[7] As a teenager, he learned to play the guitar, and formed a country-folk group called the Buckskin Boys. Although he initially played a regular acoustic guitar as a teenager, he soon switched to playing a classical guitar after meeting a young Spanish flamenco guitar player who taught him "a few chords and some flamenco."[7]
Poetry and novels[link]
In 1951, Cohen enrolled at McGill University, where he became president of the McGill Debating Union and won the Chester MacNaughton Prize for Creative Writing for a series of four poems titled "Thoughts of a Landsman." He graduated in 1955 with a B.A. degree.[7] His literary influences during this time included William Butler Yeats, Irving Layton, Walt Whitman, Federico Garcia Lorca and Henry Miller.[8] His first published book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies (1956), was published by Louis Dudek (who taught poetry at McGill and was a mentor to Cohen) as the first book in the McGill Poetry Series while Cohen was still an undergraduate student. The book contained "poems written largely when Cohen was between the ages of fifteen and twenty," and Cohen dedicated the book to his late father.[7] The famous and influential Canadian literary critic Northrop Frye wrote a review of the book in which he gave Cohen "restrained praise."[7]
After completing an undergraduate degree, Cohen spent a term in McGill's law school and then a year (1956-7) at the School of General Studies at Columbia University. Cohen described his graduate school experience as "passion without flesh, love without climax".[9] Consequently, Cohen left New York and returned to Montreal in 1957, working various odd jobs and focusing on the writing of fiction and poetry, including the poems for his next book, The Spice-Box of Earth (1961), which was the first book that Cohen published through the Canadian publishing company McClelland & Stewart. Fortunately, his father's will provided him with a modest trust income, sufficient to allow him to pursue his literary ambitions for the time, and The Spice-Box of Earth was successful in helping to expand the audience for Cohen's poetry, helping him reach out to the poetry scene in Canada, outside the confines of McGill University. The book also helped Cohen gain critical recognition as an important new voice in Canadian poetry. One of Cohen's biographers, Ira Nadel, stated that "reaction to the finished book was enthusiastic and admiring. . .[noting that] the critic Robert Weaver found it powerful and declared that Cohen was 'probably the best young poet in English Canada right now.'"[7]
Cohen continued to write poetry and fiction throughout much of the 1960s and preferred to live in quasi-reclusive circumstances after he bought a house on Hydra, a Greek island in the Saronic Gulf. While living and writing on Hydra, Cohen published the poetry collection Flowers for Hitler (1964), and the novels The Favourite Game (1963) and Beautiful Losers (1966). His novel The Favourite Game was an autobiographical bildungsroman about a young man who discovers his identity through writing. Beautiful Losers received a good deal of attention from the Canadian press and stirred up controversy because of a number of sexually graphic passages.[7] In 1966 Cohen also published Parasites of Heaven, a book of poems. Both Beautiful Losers and Parasites of Heaven received mixed reviews and sold few copies.[7]
Subsequently, Cohen published less, with major gaps, concentrating more on recording songs. In 1978, he published his first book of poetry in many years, Death of a Lady's Man (not to be confused with the album he released the previous year with the similar title, Death of a Ladies' Man). It wasn't until 1984 that Cohen published his next book of poems, Book of Mercy, which won him the Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry. The book contains 50 prose-poems, influenced by the Bible, Torah, and Zen-Buddhist writings. Cohen himself referred to the pieces as "prayers".[citation needed]
In 1993, Cohen published Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, and in 2006, after 10 years of delays, additions and rewritings, Book of Longing. During the late 1990s and 2000s, many of his poems were first published on his fan website The Leonard Cohen Files [10][11]
Cohen's writing process, as he told an interviewer in 1998, is "...like a bear stumbling into a beehive or a honey cache: I'm stumbling right into it and getting stuck, and it's delicious and it's horrible and I'm in it and it's not very graceful and it's very awkward and it's very painful and yet there's something inevitable about it."[12]
In 2011, Cohen was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for literature.
Recording career[link]
1960s and 1970s[link]
In 1967, disappointed with his lack of financial success as a writer, Cohen moved to the United States to pursue a career as a folk music singer-songwriter. During the 1960s, he was a fringe figure in Andy Warhol's "Factory" crowd. Warhol speculated that Cohen had spent time listening to Nico in clubs and that this had influenced his musical style.[13] His song "Suzanne" became a hit for Judy Collins and was for many years his most covered song. After performing at a few folk festivals, he came to the attention of Columbia Records representative John H. Hammond. At this time, Cohen recorded at least one demo acetate (possibly for some subsidiary of Polygram[14]), supported by his close companion at the time, Joni Mitchell.
Cohen's first album was Songs of Leonard Cohen (1967). Although Hammond was originally supposed to produce the record, he became sick and was replaced by the producer John Simon.[7] Unfortunately, Simon and Cohen clashed over instrumentation and mixing. Cohen wanted the album to have a spare sound, but Simon felt that the songs could benefit from arrangements that included strings and horns. According to biographer Ira Nadel, although Cohen was able to make changes to the mix, some of Simon's additions "couldn't be removed from the four-track master tape."[7] Nevertheless, the album became a cult favorite in the US, as well as in the UK, where it spent over a year on the album charts.[15] Several of the songs on that first album were covered by other popular folk artists, including James Taylor, and Judy Collins. Cohen followed up that first album with Songs from a Room (1969) (featuring the often-recorded "Bird on the Wire") and Songs of Love and Hate (1970). Both of these albums were produced in Nashville by famed producer Bob Johnston, who helped Cohen achieve the sparer sound that he'd been after on his first album; Johnston also joined Cohen on two subsequent live tours, playing organ and piano.[16]
In 1970, Cohen toured for the first time, with dates in the United States, Canada and Europe, and appeared at the Isle of Wight Festival. He toured again in Europe and Israel in 1972 with some of the same band-mates, including Charlie Daniels and his producer Bob Johnston. Both tours were represented on the Live Songs LP, while Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 was released in 2009. The 1972 tour was also filmed by Tony Palmer; the film Bird on a Wire (with which Cohen was unhappy) was shown re-cut under Cohen's guidance in 1974, but released only in 2010, reconstructed according to Palmer's original version.
In 1971, Cohen's music was used in the soundtrack to Robert Altman's film McCabe & Mrs. Miller. When Cohen was on a stay in Nashville, Altman phoned to ask permission to use some tracks off Songs of Leonard Cohen. Coincidentally, earlier that same day, Cohen had seen Altman's then-current film Brewster McCloud in a local theater. He hadn't paid attention to the credits so when Altman asked permission to use Cohen's songs in his new film, Cohen had to ask him who he was. Altman mentioned his hit film MASH, but Cohen had never heard of it. When Altman mentioned his lesser-known Brewster McCloud, Cohen replied, "Listen, I just came out of the theater. I saw it twice. You can have anything of mine you want!"[7]
Beginning around 1974, Cohen's collaboration with pianist and arranger John Lissauer created a live sound praised by the critics. They toured together in 1974 in Europe, and in US and Canada in late 1974 and early 1975, in support of Cohen's record New Skin for the Old Ceremony. In late 1975 Cohen performed a short series of shows in the US and Canada with a new band, in support of his Best Of release. However, none of the recordings from the three live tours with John Lissauer were ever officially released.
In 1976 Cohen, now without Lissauer, embarked on a new major European tour, with a new band and major changes in his sound and arrangements, again, in support of his The Best of Leonard Cohen release (in Europe retitled as Greatest Hits). One of the band members was Laura Branigan, and the set-list included unreleased songs "Everybody's Child" (a.k.a. "Blessed Is the Memory") and "Storeroom" (both released as bonus tracks to 2007 reissue of Songs of Leonard Cohen), and the new song "Do I Have to Dance All Night?" (which was released as a single with the song "The Butcher" in a single available in Europe only).[17] From April to July, Cohen gave 55 shows, including his first appearance at the famous Montreux Jazz Festival.
After the European tour of 1976, Cohen again attempted a new change in his style and arrangements - his new 1977 record, Death of a Ladies' Man (one year later, in 1978, Cohen also released a volume of poetry with the coyly revised title, Death of a Lady's Man), was co-written and produced by Phil Spector, known as the inventor of the "wall of sound" technique, which backs up pop music with many layers of instrumentation, an approach very different from Cohen's usually minimalist instrumentation. The recording of the album was fraught with difficulty—Spector reportedly mixed the album in secret studio sessions, and Cohen said Spector once threatened him with a crossbow. Cohen thought the end result "grotesque,"[18] but also "semi-virtuous."[19] The record was released by Spector's label, Warner, and was returned to Columbia's Cohen catalogue in the late 1980s. Cohen did not take part in the album's promotion, but in his tours of 1979, 1980 and 1985, he performed two songs from the album, "Memories" and "Iodine". However, Cohen chose not to include any of the album's songs on his later compilations More Best of Leonard Cohen and The Essential Leonard Cohen.
In 1979, Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs, which blended his acoustic style with jazz and Oriental and Mediterranean influences. Beginning with this record, praised in 2001 by Cohen as his favourite,[citation needed] Cohen began to co-produce his albums. Produced by Cohen and Henry Lewy (Joni Mitchell's sound engineer), Recent Songs included performances by Passenger, an Austin-based jazz-fusion band that met Cohen through Mitchell. The band helped Cohen create a new sound by featuring instruments like the oud, the Gypsy violin and the mandolin. The album was supported by Cohen's major tour with the new band, and Jennifer Warnes and Sharon Robinson on the backing vocals, in Europe in late 1979, and again in Australia, Israel and Europe in 1980. The tour was filmed by Harry Rasky as The Song of Leonard Cohen, and the film was broadcast on television in 1980.[citation needed] Cohen also gave a couple of major TV appearances in 1979, including German's ZDF television.[citation needed] In 2000 Columbia released an album of live recordings of songs from the 1979 tour, entitled Field Commander Cohen: Tour of 1979; the album (with a different track list) was originally rejected by the label in 1980.
During 1970s, Cohen toured twice with Jennifer Warnes as a back-up singer (in 1972 and 1979). Warnes would become a fixture on Cohen's future albums, receiving full co-vocals credit on Cohen's 1985 album Various Positions (although the record was released under Cohen's name, the inside credits say "Vocals by Leonard Cohen and Jennifer Warnes"). In 1987, she recorded an album of Cohen songs, Famous Blue Raincoat.[20]
1980s[link]
In early 1980s, Cohen co-wrote the rock musical film Night Magic with Lewis Furey, starring Carole Laure and Nick Mancuso (voice-over by Furey); the LP was released in 1985. At that time, Cohen also worked on an unfinished album of his poetry recitations with producer Henry Lewy, before turning back to John Lissauer. Lissauer produced Cohen's next record Various Positions, which was released in late 1984. The LP included "Dance Me to the End of Love", which was promoted by Cohen's first video clip, directed by French photographer Dominique Issermann, and the frequently covered "Hallelujah". Columbia declined to release the album in the United States. Cohen supported the release of the album with his biggest tour to date, in Europe and Australia, and with his first tour in Canada and United States since 1975. Anjani Thomas, who would become Cohen's partner, and a regular member of Cohen's recording team, joined his touring band. The band performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival, and the Roskilde Festival. They also gave a series of highly emotional and politically controversial concerts in Poland, which was under martial law and performed the song "The Partisan," regarded as the hymn of the Polish Solidarity movement.[21] During the 80s, almost all Cohen's songs were performed in Polish language by Maciej Zembaty.[22]
In 1986, Cohen appeared in the episode "French Twist" of the TV series Miami Vice. In 1987, Jennifer Warnes's tribute album Famous Blue Raincoat helped restore Cohen's career in the US. The following year he released I'm Your Man, which marked a drastic change in his music. Synthesizers ruled the album and Cohen's lyrics included more social commentary and dark humor. The album, self-produced by Cohen, remains one of Cohen's most acclaimed albums, and was promoted by iconic black and white video shot by Dominique Issermann at the beach of Normandy. Cohen supported the record with series of television interviews, and an extensive tour of Europe, Canada and US. Many shows were broadcast on European and US television and radio stations, while Cohen performed for the first time in his career on PBS's Austin City Limits show; he also performed at the Roskilde Festival again, among other dates.[23] The tour gave the basic structure to typical Cohen's concert which he used in his tours in 1993, 2008–09 and 2010. The selection of performances from the late 1980s was released in 1994 on Cohen Live. None of the concerts was released in its entirety, although some were bootlegged. Parts of one of three Royal Albert Hall concerts were used in BBC documentary The Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, which was released on laser disc and video tape.
1990s[link]
The use of the album track "Everybody Knows" (co-written by Sharon Robinson) in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume helped expose Cohen's music to a younger audience. The song also featured prominently in fellow Canadian Atom Egoyan's 1994 film, Exotica. In 1992, Cohen released The Future, which urges (often in terms of biblical prophecy) perseverance, reformation, and hope in the face of grim prospects. Three tracks from the album - "Waiting for the Miracle", "The Future" and "Anthem" - were featured in the movie Natural Born Killers, which helped Cohen reach a younger audience in the United States.
As with I'm Your Man, the lyrics on the The Future were dark, and made references to political and social unrest. The title track is reportedly a response to the L.A. unrest of 1992. Cohen promoted the album with two music videos, for "Closing Time" and "The Future", and supported the release with the major tour through Europe, United States and Canada, with the same band as in his 1988 tour, including a second appearance at the PBS's Austin City Limits. Some of the Scandinavian shows were broadcast live on the radio. The selection of performances, mostly recorded on the Canadian leg of the tour, was released on 1994 Cohen Live album, but none of the new songs from the album itself were included in the live album.
In 1993 Cohen also published his book of selected poems and songs, Stranger Music, on which he had worked since 1989. It includes a number of new poems from the late 1980s and early 1990s.
In 1997, Cohen oversaw the selection and release of More Best of Leonard Cohen album, which included a previously unreleased track, "Never Any Good", and an experimental piece "The Great Event". The first was left over from Cohen's unfinished mid-1990s album, which was announced to include songs like "In My Secret Life" (already recited as song-in-progress in 1988) and "A Thousand Kisses Deep",[24] both later re-worked with Sharon Robinson for 2001 album Ten New Songs.
In 1994, Cohen retreated to the Mt. Baldy Zen Center near Los Angeles, beginning what became five years of seclusion at the center.[20] In 1996, Cohen was ordained as a Rinzai Zen Buddhist monk and took the Dharma name Jikan, meaning "silence". He served as personal assistant to Kyozan Joshu Sasaki Roshi. Japanese songwriter and poet Masato Tomobe stated he admires Cohen and this made him better recognized in Japan around this time.
Although around 2000 there was a public impression that Cohen would not resume recording or publishing, he returned to Los Angeles in May 1999. He began to contribute regularly to The Leonard Cohen Files fan website, emailing new poems and drawings from Book of Longing and early versions of new songs, like "A Thousand Kisses Deep" in September 1998[25] and Anjani Thomas's story sent on 6 May 1999, the day they were recording "Villanelle for our Time"[26] (released on 2004 Dear Heather album). The section of The Leonard Cohen Files with Cohen's online writings has been titled "The Blackening Pages".[27]
2000s[link]
[edit] Post-monastery records: Ten New Songs, Dear Heather and Anjani's Blue Alert
After two years of production, Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs, featuring a heavy influence from producer and co-composer Sharon Robinson. The album, recorded at Cohen's and Robinson's home studios, includes the song "Alexandra Leaving", a transformation of the poem "The God Abandons Antony", by the Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy. The album was a major hit for Cohen in Canada and Europe, and he supported it with the hit single "In My Secret Life" and accompanying video shot by Floria Sigismondi.
In October 2004, Cohen released Dear Heather, largely a musical collaboration with jazz chanteuse (and current romantic partner) Anjani Thomas, although Sharon Robinson returned to collaborate on three tracks (including a duet). As light as the previous album was dark, Dear Heather reflects Cohen's own change of mood - he has said in a number of interviews that his depression has lifted in recent years, which he attributed to Zen Buddhism. In an interview following his induction into the Canadian Songwriters' Hall of Fame, Cohen explained that the album was intended to be a kind of notebook or scrapbook of themes, and that a more formal record had been planned for release shortly afterwards, but that this was put on ice by his legal battles with his ex-manager. He decided not to promote the album at all, but in 2005 he released a home video accompanying the song "Because Of", shot by his daughter Lorca Cohen, while there were no official album singles.
Blue Alert, an album of songs co-written by Anjani and Cohen, was released on 23 May 2006 to positive reviews. Sung by Anjani, who according to one reviewer "...sounds like Cohen reincarnated as woman...though Cohen doesn't sing a note on the album, his voice permeates it like smoke."[28] The album includes a recent musical setting of Cohen's "As the mist leaves no scar", a poem originally published in The Spice-Box of Earth in 1961 and adapted by Phil Spector as "True Love Leaves No Traces" on Death of a Ladies' Man album. Blue Alert also included Anjani's own version of "Nightingale", performed by her and Cohen on his Dear Heather, as well the country song "Never Got to Love You", apparently made after an early demo version of Cohen's own 1992 song "Closing Time". During the 2010 tour, Cohen was closing his live shows with the performance of "Closing Time" which included the recitation of verses from "Never Got to Love You". The title song, "Blue Alert", and "Half the Perfect World" were covered by Madeleine Peyroux on her 2006 album Half the Perfect World, while the third covered song, "Crazy To Love You", was included in the albums Japanese edition.
Before embarking on his 2008-2010 world tour, and without finishing the new album which has been in work since 2006 (new song, "The Street", was recited by Cohen in 2006 on KCRW radio, and he also played two new songs from demo tape, "Book of Longing" and "Puppets"[29]), Cohen contributed few tracks to other artists' albums - new version of his own "Tower of Song" was performed by him, Anjani Thomas and U2 in 2006 tribute film Leonard Cohen I'm Your Man (the video and track were included on the film's soundtrack and released as B-side of U2's single "Window in the Skies", reaching No 1 in Canadian Singles Chart), in 2007 he recited "The Sound of Silence" on album Tribute to Paul Simon: Take Me to the Mardi Gras and "The Jungle Line" by Joni Mitchell, accompanied by Herbie Hancock on piano, on Hancock's Grammy-winning album River: The Joni Letters, while in 2008 he recited the poem "Since You've Asked" on album Born to the Breed: A Tribute to Judy Collins.
2005 financial issues[link]
On 8 October 2005, Cohen alleged that his longtime former manager, Kelley Lynch, misappropriated over US $5 million from Cohen's retirement fund leaving only $150,000.[30][31] Cohen was sued in turn by other former business associates.[30] These events placed him in the public spotlight, including a cover feature on him with the headline "Devastated!" in Canada's Maclean's magazine.[31] In March 2006, Cohen won a civil suit and was awarded US $9 million by a Los Angeles County superior court. Lynch, however, ignored the suit and did not respond to a subpoena issued for her financial records.[32] As a result it has been widely reported that Cohen may never be able to collect the awarded amount.[33] In 2007, US. District Judge Lewis T. Babcock dismissed a claim by Cohen for more than US $4.5 million against Colorado investment firm Agile Group, and in 2008 he dismissed a defamation suit that Agile Group filed against Cohen.[34] Cohen has been under new management since April 2005.
[edit] Book of Longing
Cohen's book of poetry and drawings, Book of Longing, was published in May 2006; in March a Toronto-based retailer offered signed copies to the first 1500 orders placed online. All 1500 sold within hours. The book quickly topped bestseller lists in Canada. Around the time of the release, RJ Smith wrote an essay about Cohen in Poetry magazine, in which he noted, "The pieces in Book of Longing are casual, but never so casual that the old horndog doesn’t have muscle or bite."[35] On 13 May 2006, Cohen made his first public appearance in thirteen years, at an in-store event at a bookstore in Toronto. Approximately 3000 people turned up for the event, causing the streets surrounding the bookstore to be closed. He sang two of his earliest and best-known songs: "So Long, Marianne" and "Hey, That's No Way To Say Goodbye", accompanied by the Barenaked Ladies and Ron Sexsmith. Also appearing with him was Anjani, the two promoting her new CD along with his book.[36]
In 2006, Philip Glass composed music to Cohen's 2006 book of poetry Book of Longing. Following the series of live performances which included Glass on keyboards, Cohen's recorded spoken text, four voices (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor, and bass-baritone), and other instruments, and as well the screenings of Cohen's artworks and drawings, Glass' label Orange Mountain Music released a double CD with the recording of the work, entitled Book of Longing. A Song Cycle based on the Poetry and Artwork of Leonard Cohen.[37]
2008-2010 World Tour[link]
2008 tour[link]
13 January 2008, Cohen quietly announced a long-anticipated concert tour.[38] The tour, Cohen's first in 15 years, began 11 May in Fredericton, New Brunswick to wide critical acclaim, and was extended until Winter of 2010.[39] The schedule of the first leg in Summer of 2008 encompassed Canada and Europe, including performances at The Big Chill,[40] the Montreal Jazz Festival, and on the Pyramid Stage at the 2008 Glastonbury Festival on 29 June 2008.[41] His performance at Glastonbury was hailed by many as the highlight of the festival,[42] and his performance of "Hallelujah" as the sun went down received a rapturous reception and a lengthy ovation from a packed Pyramid Stage field.[43] He also played two shows in London's O2 Arena, and in Dublin he gave a "milestone concert", while in Dublin he was the first performer to play an open air concert at IMMA (Royal Hospital Kilmainham) ground, performing there on 13, 14 and 15 June 2008. In 2009, the performances were awarded Ireland's Meteor Music Award as the best international performance of the year.
In September, October and November 2008, Cohen gave a marathon tour of Europe, including stops in Austria, Ireland, Poland, Romania, Italy, Germany, and Scandinavia. In London, he played two more shows at the O2 Arena and two additional shows at the Royal Albert Hall.
[edit] Live in London
On 21 March 2009, Cohen released Live in London, recorded on 17 July 2008 at London's O2 Arena and released on DVD and as a two-CD set. The album contains 25 songs and is over two-and-a-half hours long. It was the first official DVD in Cohen's recording career. The quotation on the album referred to one hundred five-star reviews the tour gained in the international press in 2008.
2009 tour[link]
The third leg of Cohen's World Tour 2008-2009 encompassed New Zealand and Australia from 20 January to 10 February 2009.[44] In January 2009, The Pacific Tour first came to New Zealand. Simon Sweetman in The Dominion Post (Wellington) of 21 January wrote "It is hard work having to put this concert in to words so I'll just say something I have never said in a review before and will never say again: this was the best show I have ever seen." The Sydney Entertainment Centre show on 28 January sold out rapidly, which motivated promoters to announce a second show at the venue. The first performance was well-received, and the audience of 12,000 responded with five standing ovations. In response to hearing about the devastation to the Yarra Valley region of Victoria in Australia, Cohen donated $200,000 to the Victorian Bushfire Appeal in support of those affected by the extensive Black Saturday bushfires that razed the area just weeks after his performance at the Rochford Winery in the A Day on the Green concert.[45] Melbourne's Herald Sun newspaper reported: "Tour promoter Frontier Touring said $200,000 would be donated on behalf of Cohen, fellow performer Paul Kelly and Frontier to aid victims of the bushfires."[46]
On 19 February 2009, Cohen played his first American concert in fifteen years at the Beacon Theatre in New York City.[47] The show, showcased as the special performance for fans, Leonard Cohen Forum members and press, was the only show in the whole three-year tour which was broadcast on the radio (NPR) and available as the free podcast.
The North American Tour of 2009 opened on 1 April and included the performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival on Friday, 17 April 2009, in front of one of the largest outdoor theatre crowds in the history of the festival. His performance of Hallelujah was widely regarded as one of the highlights of the festival, thus repeating the major success of the 2008 Glastonbury appearance. The performance has been included on 2010 Songs from the Road live release. During this leg, Cohen regularly performed new song, "Lullaby".
On 1 July 2009, Cohen started his marathon European tour, his third in two years. The itinerary mostly included sport arenas and open air Summer festivals in Germany, UK, France, Spain, Ireland (the show at O2 in Dublin won him the second Meteor Music Award in a row), but also performances in Serbia in the Belgrade Arena, in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Turkey, and again in Romania. On 3 August, Cohen gave an open air show at the Piazza San Marco in Venice.
On 18 September 2009, on the stage at a concert in Valencia, Spain, Cohen suddenly fainted halfway through performing his song "Bird on the Wire", the fourth in the two-act set list; Cohen was brought down backstage by his band members and then admitted to local hospital, while the concert was suspended.[48] It was reported that Cohen had stomach problems, and possibly food poisoning.[49] Three days later, on 21 September, on his 75th birthday, he performed in Barcelona. The show, last in Europe in 2009 and rumoured to be the last European concert ever, attracted many international fans, who lighted the green candles honouring Cohen's birthday, leading Cohen to give a special speech of thanks for the fans and Leonard Cohen Forum.
The last concert of this leg was held in Tel Aviv, Israel, on 24 September, three days after Cohen's 75th birthday, at Ramat Gan Stadium. The event was surrounded by public discussion due to a cultural boycott of Israel proposed by a number of musicians.[50] Nevertheless, tickets for the Tel Aviv concert, Cohen's first performance in Israel since 1980, sold out in less than 24 hours.[51] It was announced that the proceeds from the sale of the 47,000 tickets would go into a charitable fund in partnership with Amnesty International and would be used by Israeli and Palestinian peace groups for projects providing health services to children and bringing together Israeli veterans and former Palestinian fighters and the families of those killed in the conflict.[52] However, on 17 August 2009, Amnesty International released a statement saying they were withdrawing from any involvement with the concert and its proceeds.[53] Amnesty International later stated that its withdrawal was not due to the boycott but "the lack of support from Israeli and Palestinian NGOs."[54] The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) led the call for the boycott, claiming that Cohen was "intent on whitewashing Israel's colonial apartheid regime by performing in Israel."[55] On 24 September at the Ramat Gan concert, Cohen was highly emotional about the Israeli-Palestinian NGO Bereaved Families for Peace. He mentioned the organization twice, saying "It was a while ago that I first heard of the work of the 'Bereaved Parents for Peace'. That there was this coalition of Palestinian and Israeli families who had lost so much in the conflict and whose depth of suffering had compelled them to reach across the border into the houses of the enemy. Into the houses of those, to locate them who had suffered as much as they had, and then to stand with them in aching confraternity, a witness to an understanding that is beyond peace and that is beyond confrontation. So, this is not about forgiving and forgetting, this is not about laying down one's arms in a time of war, this is not even about peace, although, God willing, it could be a beginning. This is about a response to human grief. A radical, unique and holy, holy, holy response to human suffering. Baruch Hashem, thank God, I bow my head in respect to the nobility of this enterprise."[56] At the end of the show he blessed the crowd by the Priestly Blessing, a Jewish blessing offered by Kohanim. Cohen's surname derives from this Hebrew word for priest, thus identifying him as a Kohen.[57]
The sixth leg of the 2008-2009 world tour went again to US, with fifteen shows in October and November, with the "final" show in San Jose. The final leg included two new songs, "Feels So Good" and "The Darkness". But at that point, Cohen's "World Tour 2010" was already announced with the European dates in March.
The 2009 world tour earned a reported $9.5 million, putting Cohen at number 39 on Billboard magazine's list of the year's top musical "money makers."[58]
Live releases[link]
On 14 September 2010, Sony Music released a live CD/DVD album, Songs from the Road, showcasing Cohen's 2008 and 2009 live performances. The previous year, Cohen's performance at the 1970 Isle of Wight Music Festival was released as a CD/DVD combo. The DVD version included interviews with Kris Kristofferson and others.
2010 tour[link]
Cohen's 2008-2009 world tour was prolonged into 2010. Originally scheduled to start in March, the first dozen of the original European dates were postponed to September and October due to Cohen's lower-back injury.[59] Officially billed as the "World Tour 2010", the tour started on 25 July 2010 in Arena Zagreb, Croatia, where in the week of the show 16 of Cohen's albums simultaneously entered the Croatian Top 40,[60] while Cohen's work was presented by the translation of Book of Mercy, two of Cohen's biographies, and with selection of poems in major literary magazine Quorum, while there was also the translation of Linda Hutcheon's work on Cohen's literary output. In December 2010, the national daily newspaper Vjesnik ranked Cohen's show among the five most important cultural event in Croatia in 2010, in the poll among dozen of intellectuals and writers; it was the only event ranked which was not actually Croatian.[61] The tour continued through August, with stops in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Scandinavia, and Ireland, where on 31 July 2010 Cohen performed at Lissadell House in County Sligo. It was Cohen’s eighth Irish concert in just two years after a hiatus of more than 20 years.[62] On 12 August, Cohen played the 200th show of the tour in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden, where he had already played in October 2008; the show was four hours long.
The Fall leg of the European tour started in early September with an open-air show in Florence, Italy, and continued through Germany, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Austria, where Cohen performed at the famous open-air opera stage of Römersteinbruch bei St. Margarethen im Burgenland, and then continued with dates in France, Poland, Russia (Moscow's State Kremlin Palace), Slovenia and Slovakia.[63] In Slovenia's brand new Arena Stožice, Cohen accepted Croatia's Porin music award for best foreign live video programme, which he won for his Live in London DVD.[64] Cohen's last European show was held in Sibamac Arena, in Bratislava, Slovakia. The shows in late September and October were performed without Sharon Robinson, who left this tour leg due to heavy illness; the setlist omitted songs co-written by her, but old Cohen standards were added instead.
The third leg of the 2010 tour started on 28 October in New Zealand and continued in Australia, including an open-air concert at Hanging Rock near Melbourne. It was the first show ever organised at the site. The tour finished with seven special dates added in Vancouver, Portland, Victoria and Oakland, with two final shows in Las Vegas' The Colosseum at Caesars Palace on 10 and 11 December. The very last concert on 11 December was the 246th show on the world tour which started on 11 May 2008.
The world tour 2010 was covered daily on the Flickr photo blog which was edited by Cohen's road manager, entitled Notes from the Road.
2010s[link]
In August 2011, Cohen completed work on the studio album, Old Ideas, with producer Ed Sanders.[65][66] The album was released on 27 January 2012.[67] The lyric for the song "Going Home" was originally published as a poem in The New Yorker magazine in January 2012, prior to the record's release.[68] The album received uniformly positive reviews from publications like Rolling Stone,[69] the Chicago Tribune,[70] and The Guardian.[71] At a record release party for the album in January 2012, Cohen spoke with The New York Times reporter Jon Pareles who states that "mortality was very much on his mind and in his songs [on this album]." Pareles goes to characterize the album as "an autumnal album, musing on memories and final reckonings, but it also has a gleam in its eye. It grapples once again with topics Mr. Cohen has pondered throughout his career: love, desire, faith, betrayal, redemption. Some of the diction is biblical; some is drily sardonic."[72]
"Hallelujah"[link]
Main article: Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)
"Hallelujah" was first released on Cohen's studio album Various Positions in 1984. While the song initially had limited success it found greater popular acclaim through a cover by John Cale in 1991, which later formed the basis for a cover by Jeff Buckley. In recent years "Hallelujah" has been performed by almost 200 artists in various languages.[73] Statistics from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA); the Canadian Recording Industry Association; the Australian Recording Industry Association; and the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry show that, prior to late 2008, more than five million copies of the song sold in compact-disc format. It has been the subject of a BBC Radio documentary and been featured in the soundtracks of numerous films and television programs.[74]
Themes[link]
Recurring themes in Cohen's work include love, sex, religion, depression, and music itself. He has also engaged with certain political themes, though sometimes ambiguously so. "Suzanne" mixes a wistful type of love song with a religious meditation, themes that are also mixed in "Joan of Arc". "Famous Blue Raincoat" is from the point of view of a man whose marriage has been broken by his wife's infidelity with his close friend, and is written in the form of a letter to that friend. "Everybody Knows" is about sexual relationships during the AIDS crisis of the 1980s in which "the naked man and woman are just a shining artifact of the past."
Cohen is Jewish, and he has drawn from Jewish religious and cultural imagery throughout his career. Examples include "Story of Isaac", and "Who by Fire", the words and melody of which echo the Unetaneh Tokef, an 11th-century liturgical poem recited on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur. Broader Jewish themes sound throughout the album Various Positions. "Hallelujah," which has music as a secondary theme, begins by evoking the biblical King David composing a song that "pleased the Lord" and continues with references to Bathsheba and Samson. The lyrics of "Whither Thou Goest", performed by him and released in his album Live in London, are adapted from the Bible (Ruth 1:16-17, King James Version). "If It Be Your Will" also has a strong air of religious resignation.
Having suffered from depression during much of his life (although less so recently), Cohen has written much (especially in his early work) about depression and suicide. Beautiful Losers and "Seems So Long Ago, Nancy" are about suicide; darkly comic "One of Us Cannot Be Wrong" mentions suicide; "Dress Rehearsal Rag" is about a last-minute decision not to commit suicide. An atmosphere of depression pervades "Please Don't Pass Me By" and "Tonight Will Be Fine." As in the aforementioned "Hallelujah," music itself is the subject of "Tower of Song," "A Singer Must Die," and "Jazz Police."
Themes of political and social justice also recur in Cohen's work, especially in later albums. In "Democracy," he both acknowledges political problems and celebrates the hopes of reformers: "from the wars against disorder/ from the sirens night and day/ from the fires of the homeless/ and the ashes of the gay/ Democracy is coming to the USA." He has made the observation in "Tower of Song" that "the rich have got their channels in the bedrooms of the poor/ And there's a mighty judgment coming." In the title track of The Future he recasts this prophecy on a pacifist note: "I've seen the nations rise and fall/ …/ But love's the only engine of survival." In "Anthem", he promises that "the killers in high places [who] say their prayers out loud/ [are] gonna hear from me."
War is an enduring theme of Cohen's work that—in his earlier songs and early life—he approached ambivalently. Challenged in 1974 over his serious demeanor in concerts and the military salutes he ended them with, Cohen remarked, "I sing serious songs, and I'm serious onstage because I couldn't do it any other way...I don't consider myself a civilian. I consider myself a soldier, and that's the way soldiers salute."[75] In "Field Commander Cohen" he imagines himself as a soldier of sorts, socializing with Fidel Castro in Cuba—where he had actually visited at the height of US-Cuba tensions in 1961, allegedly sporting a Che Guevara-style beard and military fatigues. This song was written immediately following Cohen's front-line stint with the Israeli air force, the "fighting in Egypt" documented in a passage of "Night Comes On." In 1973, Cohen, who had traveled to Jerusalem to sign up on the Israeli side in the Yom Kippur War, had instead been assigned to a USO-style entertainer tour of front-line tank emplacements in the Sinai Desert, coming under fire.
Deeply moved by encounters with Israeli and Arab soldiers, he left the country to write "Lover Lover Lover." This song has been interpreted as a personal renunciation of armed conflict, and ends with the hope his song will serve a listener as "a shield against the enemy." He would later remark, "'Lover, Lover, Lover' was born over there; the whole world has its eyes riveted on this tragic and complex conflict. Then again, I am faithful to certain ideas, inevitably. I hope that those of which I am in favour will gain."[76] Asked which side he supported in the Arab-Israeli conflict, Cohen responded, "I don't want to speak of wars or sides ... Personal process is one thing, it's blood, it's the identification one feels with their roots and their origins. The militarism I practice as a person and a writer is another thing.... I don't wish to speak about war."[77]
His recent politics continue a lifelong predilection for the underdog, the "beautiful loser." Whether recording "The Partisan", a French Resistance song by Anna Marly and Emmanuel d'Astier, or singing his own "The Old Revolution," written from the point of view of a defeated royalist, he has throughout his career expressed in his music sympathy and support for the oppressed. Although Cohen's fascination with war is often as a metaphor for more general cultural and personal issues, as in "New Skin for the Old Ceremony," by this measure his most militant album.
Cohen blends pessimism about political/cultural issues with humour and, especially in his later work, with gentle acceptance. His wit contends with his stark analysis as his songs are often verbally playful and cheerful. In "Tower of Song" the famously raw-voiced Cohen sings ironically that he was "born with the gift of a golden voice." The generally dark "Is This What You Wanted?" contains playful lines "You were the whore and the beast of Babylon/ I was Rin Tin Tin." In concert he often plays around with his lyrics ("If you want a doctor/ I'll examine every inch of you" from "I'm Your Man" sometimes becomes "If you want a Jewish doctor..."). He may introduce one song by using a phrase from another song or poem—for example, introducing "Leaving Green Sleeves" by paraphrasing his own "Queen Victoria," "This is a song for those who are not nourished by modern love."
Cohen has also recorded such love songs as Irving Berlin's "Always" or the more obscure soul number "Be for Real" (originally sung by Marlena Shaw).
Personal life[link]
Romantic relationships[link]
Leonard Cohen lived at Hydra, Greece in 1960 with Marianne C. Stang Jensen Ihlen (born in Norway 1935), and the song "So long Marianne" was written to and about her. Their relationship lasted for most of the 1960s.
Cohen had a relationship beginning in the 1970s with the Los Angeles artist Suzanne Elrod, with whom he has two children: a son, Adam, born in 1972, and a daughter, Lorca, named after poet Federico García Lorca, born in 1974. Adam Cohen began a career as a singer-songwriter in the mid-1990s and fronts a band called Low Millions, while Lorca took the part in her father's tour team during the 2008-2010 world tour as photographer and videographer. She also shot Cohen's video for the song "Because Of" in 2004, while her "Backstage Sketch" was included on Cohen's 2010 DVD Songs from the Road. She has directed and shot video clips for The Webb Sisters and Kamila Thompson. On 2 February 2011, Lorca gave birth to a daughter, Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen in a co-parenting relationship with biological father Rufus Wainwright and his partner, Jorn Weisbrodt.[78]
Cohen has said that "cowardice" and "fear" prevented him from ever actually marrying Elrod.[79][80] Elrod took the cover photograph on Cohen's Live Songs album and is pictured on the cover of the Death of a Ladies' Man album. She is also the "Dark Lady" of Cohen's 1978 book Death of a Lady's Man. Cohen and Elrod split up in 1979.
"Suzanne", one of his best-known songs, refers to Suzanne Verdal, the former wife of his friend, the Québécois sculptor Armand Vaillancourt, rather than Elrod.[81]
In the 1980s, Cohen was in a relationship with the French photographer Dominique Issermann, who shot his first two music videos for the songs "Dance Me To The End Of Love" and "First We Take Manhattan." Today Issermann is most famous for her photo sessions with Carla Bruni[82] and for her fashion photography for magazines like Elle; in 2010 she was the official photographer of Cohen's world tour. Her photographs were used for the covers of his 1993 book Stranger Music and his album More Best of Leonard Cohen and for the inside booklet of Cohen's 1988 record I'm Your Man (which is dedicated to Issermann with words: "All these songs are for you, D. I.").[83]
In the 1990s, Cohen was romantically linked to actress Rebecca De Mornay.[84] De Mornay co-produced Cohen's 1992 album The Future, which is also supposedly dedicated to her with an inscription which quotes Rebecca's coming to the well from the Book of Genesis chapter 24[85] and giving drink to Eliezer's camels, after he prayed for the help; Eliezer ("God is my help" in Hebrew) is Cohen's Hebrew name, and Cohen sometimes referred to himself as "Eliezer Cohen" or even "Jikan Eliezer."[86]
In the 2000s, Cohen has been romantically involved with Anjani Thomas. Together they wrote the album Blue Alert in 2006, produced by Cohen. Thomas co-produced and co-wrote some songs on Cohen's 2004 album Dear Heather and was involved in the recording of Cohen's 2012 record, Old Ideas.
Religious beliefs and practices[link]
Cohen is described as an observant Jew in an article in The New York Times:
Mr. Cohen keeps the Sabbath even while on tour and performed for Israeli troops during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war. So how does he square that faith with his continued practice of Zen? "Allen Ginsberg asked me the same question many years ago," he said. "Well, for one thing, in the tradition of Zen that I've practiced, there is no prayerful worship and there is no affirmation of a deity. So theologically there is no challenge to any Jewish belief."[87]
Cohen has been involved with Buddhism since the 1970s and was ordained a Buddhist monk in 1996; however he is still religiously Jewish: "I'm not looking for a new religion. I'm quite happy with the old one, with Judaism."[88]
In his concert in Ramat Gan, Israel, on 24 September 2009, Cohen spoke Jewish prayers and blessings to the audience in Hebrew. He opened the show with the first sentence of Ma Tovu. At the middle he used Baruch Hashem, and he ended the concert reciting the blessing of Birkat Cohanim.[89]
Since the late 1970s Cohen has been associated with Buddhist monk and teacher Kyozan Joshu Sasaki (a.k.a. Roshi), regularly visiting him at Mount Baldy Zen Center and serving him as personal assistant during Cohen's own reclusion into Mt. Baldy monastery in the 1990s. Roshi appears as regular motif or addressee in Cohen's poetry, especially in the Book of Longing, and also took part in 1997 documentary about Cohen's monastery years, Leonard Cohen: Spring 1996. Cohen's 2001 album Ten New Songs is dedicated to Joshu Sasaki.
Cultural references[link]
Cohen is mentioned in the Nirvana song "Pennyroyal Tea" from the band's 1993 release, In Utero. Kurt Cobain wrote, "Give me a Leonard Cohen afterworld/ So I can sigh eternally." Cohen, after Cobain's suicide, was quoted as saying "I'm sorry I couldn't have spoken to the young man. I see a lot of people at the Zen Centre, who have gone through drugs and found a way out that is not just Sunday school. There are always alternatives, and I might have been able to lay something on him."[90]
Awards, titles and honours[link]
- 1964 the Québec Literary Competition Prize (awarded 1923-70 by the Province of Québec) The Favourite Game (Cohen's first novel)
- 1968 Governor General's Award (English language poetry or drama) for Selected Poems 1956–1968. (Refused)
- 1970 Honorary degree from Dalhousie University
- 1984 The Golden Rose, the main award at the international television festival Rose d'Or in Montreux, for I am a Hotel, made-for-TV short musical film written by Cohen and based on his songs.
- 1985 Canadian Author's Association Literary Award for Poetry for Book of Mercy
- 1986 Genie Award for Best Original Song for "Angel Eyes" from Night Magic (with Lewis Furey)
- 1988 Columbia Records Crystal Globe Award from CBS for I'm Your Man. The award is for artists who sell more than five million copies of an album in foreign territories
- 1989 Nominated for Juno Awards for Canadian Entertainer of the Year and Male Vocalist of the Year
- 1991 Officer of the Order of Canada
- 1991 Induction into the Juno/Canadian Music Hall of Fame
- 1991 Nominated for a Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year.
- 1992 Honorary degree from McGill University, Montreal.
- 1993 Juno Award for Male Vocalist of the Year. The video for Closing Time, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, won for Best Video. He was also nominated as Producer of the Year (with co-producer Leanne Ungar, for "Closing Time").
- 1993 Governor General's Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement.
- 1994 Juno Award for Songwriter of the Year and was nominated for the Juno Award for Album of the Year (for The Future). The video for The Future, directed by Curtis Wehrfritz, was nominated for Juno Award for Best Video.
- 1996 Ordained a Rinzai Buddhist monk.
- 2001 Nagroda Muzyczna Fryderyk, the annual Polish music award, for best foreign album (Ten New Songs).
- 2002 Nominated for Juno Award as Best Songwriter Cohen (with Sharon Robinson) for "Boogie Street", "In My Secret Life", and "You Have Loved Enough").
- 2002 Nominated for the Juno Award for Best Video for "In My Secret Life", directed by Floria Sigismondi. Ten New Songs nominated for Best Pop Album, and he was nominated for Best Artist.
- 2002 SNEP Award Cohen for more than 100,000 copies sold of Ten New Songs in France.
- 2003 Companion of the Order of Canada, Canada's highest civilian honour.[91]
- 2004 Inclusion in Canada Reads 2005 with Beautiful Losers
- 2005 Induction into the Canadian Folk Music Walk of Fame.
- 2006 Induction into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2007 Grammy for Album of the Year as a featured artist on Herbie Hancock's River: The Joni Letters.[92]
- 2008 Induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[93]
- 2008 Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.[94]
- 2009 Long Listed for the Polaris Music Prize for Live in London [95]
- 2009 Nominated for Mojo Honours Lists for Best Live Act category.[96]
- 2009 Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2008 show in Dublin's IMMA's Royal Hospital Kilmainham.
- 2010 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
- 2010 A second Meteor Music Award for Best International Live Performance for his 2009 show in Dublin's O2.
- 2010 Porin Award in Croatia in category of foreign video programme, for his Live in London DVD.[97]
- 2010 Induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.
- 2011 Glenn Gould Prize[98]
- 2011 Prince of Asturias Awards, Literature, Spain
- 2012 Inaugural PEN Award for Song Lyrics of Literary Excellence. Chuck Berry received same award.[99][100]
Discography[link]
Main article: Leonard Cohen discography
Studio albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Songs of Leonard Cohen | 27 December 1967 |
| Songs from a Room | April 1969 |
| Songs of Love and Hate | March 1971 |
| New Skin for the Old Ceremony | August 1974 |
| Death of a Ladies' Man | November 1977 |
| Recent Songs | September 1979 |
| Various Positions | December 1984 |
| I'm Your Man | February 1988 |
| The Future | 24 November 1992 |
| Ten New Songs | 9 October 2001 |
| Dear Heather | 26 October 2004 |
| Old Ideas | 31 January 2012 |
Poetry[link]
- Six Montreal Poets. New York: Folkways Records, 1957.[101]
Tribute albums[link]
| Title | Release date |
|---|---|
| Famous Blue Raincoat | 1987 |
| I'm Your Fan | 1991 |
| Tower of Song | 1995 |
| Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man | 2006 |
| Cohen - The Scandinavian Report | 2009 |
Publications[link]
Collections: poems and songs[link]
- Let Us Compare Mythologies. Montreal: Contact Press [McGill Poetry Series], 1956.[102] reissued 2007
- The Spice-Box of Earth. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1961.[102]
- Flowers for Hitler. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1964.[102]
- Parasites of Heaven. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1966.[102]
- Selected Poems 1956–1968. New York, Toronto: Viking, McClelland & Stewart, 1968.[102]
- The Energy of Slaves. London,Toronto: Cape, McClelland and Stewart, 1972. ISBN 0-7710-2204-2 ISBN 0771022034 New York: Viking, 1973.[102]
- Selected Poetry of Leonard Cohen. Penguin Classics, 1978.[102]
- Death of a Lady's Man. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1978. ISBN 0-7710-2177-1 London, New York: Viking, Penguin, 1979.[102] - reissued 2010
- Book of Mercy.London: Cape, 1984.[102] - reissued 2010
- Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs. London, New York, Toronto: Cape, Pantheon, McClelland & Stewart, 1993.[102] ISBN 0-7710-2230-1
- The Lyrics of Leonard Cohen. London, Omnibus, 1998.[102] ISBN 0-7119-7141-2 2nd edition, 2009.
- God is Alive. Magic is Afoot. Sarah Perkins and Ian Jackson illus. Toronto: Stoddart, 2000.[102] ISBN 0-7737-6180-2
- Book of Longing. London, New York, Toronto: Penguin, Ecco, McClelland & Stewart, 2006.[102] (poetry, prose, drawings) ISBN 978-0-7710-2234-0
- Poems and Songs (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets) 2011
Novels[link]
- The Favorite Game. London, New York, Toronto: Secker & Warburg, Viking P, McClelland & Stewart, 1963.[102] Reissued as The Favourite Game. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1994. ISBN 978-0-7710-9954-0
- Beautiful Losers. New York, Toronto: Viking Press, McClelland & Stewart, 1966. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart [New Canadian Library], 1991. ISBN 978-0-7710-9875-8 McClelland & Stewart [Emblem], 2003.[102] ISBN 978-0-7710-2200-5
Film and television[link]
- Cohen was the subject of the 1965 documentary Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen, directed by Donald Brittain and Don Owen and produced by the National Film Board of Canada. This film, which pre-dates Cohen's career as a songwriter, explores his career as a well-known Canadian poet.[103] Cohen also appeared in Owen's 1967 film The Ernie Game, which was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival.[104]
- Cohen's music also appeared the following year in the 1966 NFB animated short Angel.
- In 1968 Cohen performed on the BBC, both on the Julie Felix Show and in his own special, split into two thirty minute shows. The first clip still exists, while the second is only available as a bootleg CD.[105]
- Cohen makes a cameo appearance performing "The Stranger Song" in the Canadian film The Ernie Game (1968), which is based on the stories of Bernard Cole Spencer.
- Cohen's music was popular among the directors of the New German Cinema, and appeared in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore (1971) and Werner Herzog's Stroszek (1977).
- Cohen's 1970 performance at the Isle of Wight Festival was filmed by Murray Lerner, but remained unreleased until 2009 when it was released as Leonard Cohen Live at the Isle of Wight 1970, and included Lerner's 2009 documentary material.
- Robert Altman's 1971 western McCabe and Mrs. Miller used three Cohen songs on its soundtrack, as well the instrumental parts of The Stranger Song performed by Cohen. Multiple record singles were released during the film's distribution.[106]
- In 1972, Cohen's European tour was filmed by British director Tony Palmer; the re-edited material appeared in 1974 under the title Bird On a Wire and exists only as a bootleg VHS tape. Palmer's authorised and restored film was released in 2010.[107]
- In October 1979, Cohen recorded a show for German TV show RockPop Special, available only as a bootleg. The show is often rebroadcast by the German satellite TV channel 3Sat.[108]
- The Song Of Leonard Cohen, a 1980 documentary by Harry Rasky, featuring Irving Layton, includes highlights from Cohen's 1979 European tour and tracks from the LP Recent Songs.
- In 1983, Cohen wrote and starred in made-for-TV short musical film I am a Hotel, based on his songs. It won the Golden Rose award at the Rose d'Or television festival in Montreux in 1984.
- In 1985, Cohen co-wrote and co-composed Night Magic (starring Carole Laure) with fellow Quebecker, Lewis Furey.
- Cohen is subject of the BBC documentary Songs from the Life of Leonard Cohen, filmed during his 1988 tour.[109]
- Cohen appeared as villain Francois Zolan in the "French Twist" episode of the American television series Miami Vice (season 2, episode 17), originally broadcast on 21 February 1986.
- In 1988, Spanish TV station RTE televised the full version of Cohen's show in San Sebastian, 20 May, later aired in number of European countries and still rerun on the Spanish TV. It remains the only completely televised Cohen show.
- In 1989, Cohen gave his first major performance on US television on Austin City Limits[110] (recorded in November 1988). He performed for the show again in July 1993. Both programs have been often rebroadcast by the PBS.
- "Everybody Knows" and "If It Be Your Will" play prominent parts in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume
- Three of Cohen's songs from his album The Future ("Waiting for the Miracle", "Anthem", and "The Future") are used in Oliver Stone's 1994 film Natural Born Killers. Songs from this album have also appeared in the films Wonder Boys (2000), starring Michael Douglas and The Life of David Gale (2003), starring Kevin Spacey.
- In 1994, Cohen narrated NFB-produced documentary The Tibetan Book of the Dead.
- Cohen's years at the Mt. Baldy Zen Centre were the subject of 1997 French documentary Leonard Cohen: Spring 96 by Armelle Brusq, released on DVD in 2009.
- In 2001, Cohen's song Hallelujah was used on the soundtrack of Shrek, in a version by John Cale.
- The Favourite Game (Le Jeu de l'ange), based on his novel of the same title, was released in Canada in 2003.
- Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man was released in 2006. It features a 2005 tribute concert to Cohen, "Came So Far For Beauty", held at the Sydney Opera House and produced by Hal Willner. The film, directed by Lian Lunson, has appearances by Nick Cave, Beth Orton, Antony of Antony and the Johnsons, Rufus and Martha Wainwright, and a performance of "Tower of Song" by Cohen and U2. The film also features Cohen recalling significant parts of his life and career.
- Cohen is the subject of a two-part documentary, Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1934-1977 (2007) and Leonard Cohen: Under Review 1978-2006 (2008), available separately on DVD.
See also[link]
- Music of Canada
- List of Quebec musicians
- Music of Quebec
- Culture of Quebec
- List of people with depression
References[link]
- ^ de Melo, Jessica (11 December 2009). "Leonard Cohen to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2010 Grammys". Spinner Canada. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nmaflNd4. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
- ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame press release, "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Announces its Inductees for 2008," 13 December 2007. http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement
- ^ The International Whos Who 2004 retrieved 22 April 2012
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (24 May 1985). The Midday Show With Ray Martin. with Ray Martin. ABC. Sydney. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/raymartin1985.php. Retrieved 1 October 2008. "My – my mother was from Lithuania which was a part of Poland and my great-grandfather came over from Poland to Canada.".
- ^ Leonard Cohen Biography : Leonard Cohen was born to a Polish father and a Lithuanian-Jewish mother in Quebec in 1934.
- ^ Williams, P. (n.d.) Leonard Cohen: The Romantic in a Ragpicker's Trade
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nadel, Ira B. Various Position: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Pantheon Books: New York, 1996.
- ^ Adria, Marco, "Chapter and Verse: Leonard Cohen," Music of Our Times: Eight Canadian Singer-Songwriters (Toronto: Lorimer, 1990), p. 28.
- ^ Nadel, Ira Bruce (1996). Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen. Toronto: Random House. p. 51. http://books.google.com/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=passion+without+flesh+leonard+cohen&source=bl&ots=IiIQ4fcaoP&sig=rjJ-dP0y3rzuFCPq6mK9aa8tgkM&hl=en&ei=v91_TpeiDufiiALNrYW6Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ The Leonard Cohen Files
- ^ The Blackening Pages
- ^ Iyer, Pico (22 October 2001). "Listening to Leonard Cohen | Utne Reader". Utne.com. http://www.utne.com/Spirituality/Leonard-Cohen-Interview-at-Buddhist-Monk-Mountain-Retreat.aspx. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Warhol, Andy: Popism. Orlando: Harcourt Press, 1980.
- ^ "• View topic - Please help identify this acetate master". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=1207. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ "Sixties crooner Leonard Cohen makes comeback concert tour". London Evening Standard. 13 March 2008. Archived from the original on 23 February 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5nlWizAPg. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- ^ Louis Black, "First We Take Berlin", Austin Chronicle, 2007, http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=11798
- ^ Pictures of various European records with recording
- ^ de Lisle, T. (2004)Hallelujah: 70 things about Leonard Cohen at 70
- ^ Fitzgerald, J. (2001) Beautiful loser, beautiful comeback. The National Post, 24 March 2001.
- ^ a b Rohter, Larry (24 February 2009). "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/arts/music/25cohe.html. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ WARSAW 1985 by Daniel Wyszogrodzki, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/warsaw85.html
- ^ Covers by Maciej Zembaty, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/cover4.html
- ^ "Tour of 1988 in Europe". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/88.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ News and Future Plans, 1995 http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/news0.html
- ^ A Thousand Kisses Deep, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/kisses.html
- ^ "Anjani Thomas". Leonardcohenfiles.com. 18 May 1999. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/anjani.html. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ The Blackening Pages, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mirror.html
- ^ (n.d.) "blue alert 2006" - Reviews.
- ^ Book of Longing (Song) & Puppets-YouTube (KCRW Demo Version) http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=22253&p=238048
- ^ a b Glaister, Dan (8 October 2005). "Cohen stays calm as $5m disappears". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/oct/08/usa.topstories3. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ a b Macklem, Katherine; Gillis, Charlie; Johnson, Brian D. (22 August 2005). Leonard Cohen Goes Broke. MacLean's. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0012813. Retrieved 19 Sept. 2011, available from The Canadian Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada
- ^ "Leonard Cohen awarded $9 million in civil suit". CTV.ca. 2 March 2006. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060302/leonard_cohen_060302/20060302?hub=Canada. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen 'unlikely' to recover stolen millions: Funds taken by ex-manager going to be hard to recover". NME. 3 March 2006. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/22406. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "Defamation Suit Against Songwriter Cohen Is Dropped (Update2)". Bloomberg News. 17 June 2008. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=aYT7tI_tphK4&refer=canada. Retrieved 4 August 2009.
- ^ Smith, RJ. "Man of the Moment." Poetry
- ^ (2006) "Cohen returns to limelight with bestselling book" CBC Online. Sunday, 14 May 2006.
- ^ Book of Longing - Philip Glass and Leonard Cohen, http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/glassCD.html
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen: TOUR 2008". Leonardcohenforum.com. 13 January 2008. http://leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=10031&sid=522ff761187a6889ff88870fd90c5dcd. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "2008 Tour schedule". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=26&t=10365. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen reveals details of world tour | News". Nme.Com. 11 March 2008. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/35054. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury headliners revealed". BBC News. 8 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/music/newsid_7234000/7234884.stm. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury 2008 - Leonard Cohen". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/glastonbury/2008/artists/leonardcohen/?comment=response. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Glastonbury says 'Hallelujah' to Leonard Cohen". Nme.com. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/37738. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View forum - The Pacific Tour 2009". leonardcohenforum.com. 2009. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewforum.php?f=31. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Swash, Rosie (10 February 2009). "Leonard Cohen donates £90,000 to Australian bushfire victims". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/feb/10/leonard-cohen-australian-bushfire-donation. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen donates concert profits to bushfire relief fund". Herald Sun. 11 February 2009. http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25037004-5012974,00.html. [dead link]
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Dazzles At New York Tour Warm-Up". http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/leonard-cohen-dazzles-at-new-york-tour-warm-1003943330.story. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen OK after fainting on stage". CBC News. 19 September 2009. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2009/09/19/cohen-collapse.html. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen collapses on stage". BBC News. 19 September 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8264447.stm. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Kliger, Rachelle (13 July 2009). "Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off". mideast.jpost.com (Jerusalem Post). http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1246443798463&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen's blessed summer finale". Jerusalem Post. 26 September 2009. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1253820682564&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 26 September 2009.
- ^ "Haaretz on proceeds from Tel Aviv concert". 2 August 2009. http://www.haaretz.com/news/leonard-cohen-s-tel-aviv-concert-sells-out-in-a-day-1.281246. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ^ "Amnesty International and the Leonard Cohen Fund for Reconciliation, Tolerance and Peace" (PDF). Public document. Amnesty International. 17/Aug/2009. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/MDE15/025/2009/en/4f6becdc-e532-4f64-a755-c598a6c16e91/mde150252009en.pdf. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ A concert for tolerance and peace? For shame! by Chris Selley, National Post, 8 September 2009.
- ^ Leonard Cohen's Ramallah gig called off by Rachelle Kliger, Jerusalem Post, 13 July 2009.
- ^ "Cohen laudes the Bereaved Families for Peace". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLGWXsAp7GA. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Cohen blesses crowd with the Priestly Blessing". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wo9WrFRI0xY. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Music's Top 40 Money Makers". Billboard. 26 February 2010. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/money-makers-page-1-1004071200.story. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen postpones European tour after injury". Nme.com. 6 February 2010. http://www.nme.com/news/leonard-cohen/49613. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "Leonard's 16 albums in Croatian Top 40". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=22807. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ Najveci kultruni dogadjaji u Hrvatskoj 2010. godine http://www.vjesnik.hr/pdf/2010/12/28/18A18.PDF (in Croatian)
- ^ "Leonard Cohen at Lissadell House". Lissadellhouse.com. http://www.lissadellhouse.com/cohen.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ by jarkko » 2 November 2009, 7:56 pm (2 November 2009). "Leonard Cohen Tour Dates 2010". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=44&t=19806. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen receives the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=253034#p253034. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Re: Leonard Cohen Talks About First New Album of the Decade, by Jarkko Arjatsalo http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=266822#p266822
- ^ "OLD IDEAS - THE NEW ALBUM - January 31, 2012". Leonardcohenforum.com. 22 August 2011. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?p=282835#p282835. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ Leonard Cohen website
- ^ "Leonard Cohen’s “Going Home”". Culture Desk (The New Yorker). 16 January 2012. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/01/leonard-cohens-going-home-new-song.html. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ By Joe Levy (2012-01-26). "Old Ideas | Album Reviews". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/old-ideas-20120126. Retrieved 2012-05-07.
- ^ Kot, Greg (24 January 2012). "Album review: Leonard Cohen, 'Old Ideas'". Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-24/entertainment/chi-leonard-cohen-album-review-old-ideas-reviewed-20120124_1_leonard-cohen-album-review-12th-studio-album. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Costa, Maddy (26 January 2012). "Leonard Cohen: Old Ideas – review". Culture > Music (London: The Guardian). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/jan/26/leonard-cohen-old-ideas-review?newsfeed=true. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Pareles, Jon (29 January 2012). "Final Reckonings, a Tuneful Fedora and Forgiveness". Music (The New York Times). http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/29/arts/music/leonard-cohen-reckons-with-god-in-old-ideas.html?_r=1. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Arjatsalo, J., Riise, A., & Kurzweil, K. (11 July 2009). A Thousand Covers Deep: Leonard Cohen Covered by Other Artists. The Leonard Cohen Files. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ^ Appleyard, Bryan (9 January 2005)."Hallelujah! — One Haunting Ballad Has Been the Soundtrack to Many Lives Recently. But Why? Bryan Appleyard on Leonard Cohen’s Uber-Song". The Times.
- ^ "1974 Interview from "Leonard Cohen" by Manzano". Webheights.net. 12 October 1974. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/spain1.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ (2001) "Cohen: Lover Lover Lover est né là-bas... Le monde entier a les yeux rivés sur ce conflit tragique et complexe. Alors, je suis fidèle à certaines idées, forcément. J'espère que ceux dont je suis partisan vont gagner.." L'Express, France, 04 octobre 2001
- ^ (1974)[1] 1974 in Barcelona, Spain. Published in 'Leonard Cohen' by Alberto Manzano, published in 1978.
- ^ "For Immediate Release:". News Archive. www.rufuswainwright.com. 02 February 2011. http://www.rufuswainwright.com/news/RW_Archive.aspx#2b042ae6-9780-44dc-8358-c8e038aa81b6:640386. Retrieved 2012-02-20. "Darling daughter Viva Katherine Wainwright Cohen was born on February 2, 2011 in Los Angeles, California to proud parents Lorca Cohen, Rufus Wainwright and Deputy Dad Jorn Weisbrodt."
- ^ "Transcript of Stina Lundberg's Interview in Paris, 2001". Webheights.net. 2001. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/sl2001.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/fridayreview/story/0,12102,1305765,00.html. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ^ "The Story of Suzanne". BBC Radio 4 interview with Suzanne Verdal McCallister (leonardcohenfiles.com). 6 June 1998. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/verdal.html. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ "Dominique Issermann". Carla Bruni-Sarkozy. 1 May 2010. http://www.carlabrunisarkozy.org/en/dominique-issermann/. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1988 for the album, 2012 for the website). "I'm Your Man" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album8.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1 June 1993). "Knowing Rebecca de Mornay Like Only Leonard Cohen Can". Interview magazine. http://www.webheights.net/speakingcohen/priv1.htm. Retrieved 19 November 2010.
- ^ Cohen, Leonard (1992 for the album, 2012 for the website). "The Future" (in English for album notes; website in Croatian). A Record by Leonard Cohen. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/glazba/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=4&album=album9.php. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ The Online Jewish Book Community (JBooks.com) (June 2006). "Book of Longing (Review)". Reviews & Articles. www.leonardcohencroatia.com. http://www.leonardcohencroatia.com/bookoflonging/reviews12.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
- ^ See Larry Rohter, "On the Road, for Reasons Practical and Spiritual." The New York Times, 25 February 2009. For an extended discussion of the Jewish mystical and Buddhist motifs in Cohen's songs and poems, see Elliot R. Wolfson, "New Jerusalem Glowing: Songs and Poems of Leonard Cohen in a Kabbalistic Key," Kabbalah: A Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts 15 (2006): 103-152.
- ^ "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?" The Guardian. 17 September 2004.
- ^ "Cohen using Jewish prayers and blessings in Hebrew in his concert in Israel". Forward.com. http://www.forward.com/articles/115181/. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ de Lisle, Tim (17 September 2004). "Who held a gun to Leonard Cohen's head?". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2004/sep/17/2.
- ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. Order of Canada citation. Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 26 May 2010
- ^ Leopold, Todd (4 February 2008). "Herbie Hancock rides on the 'River'". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/04/herbie.hancock/index.html. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ "Indictees for 2008". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201220931/http://www.rockhall.com/pressroom/2008-inductee-announcement/. Retrieved 11 March 2008.
- ^ "Quarante-neuf personnalités nommées ou promues dans l'Ordre national du Québec" (in French). Government of Quebec. 3 June 2008. http://www.premier-ministre.gouv.qc.ca/salle-de-presse/communiques/2008/juin/2008-06-03-en.shtml. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ "CBC Radio3 Announces Polaris Prize Longlist", 15 June 2009
- ^ MOJO Honours List 2009: Nominees Announced
- ^ "• View topic - Leonard Cohen wins the PORIN Award (Croatia)". Leonardcohenforum.com. http://www.leonardcohenforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=21769&p=229671. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ Glenn Gould Prize. Arts Journal
- ^ "Chuck Berry, Leonard Cohen Get First PEN Songwriting Awards". RollingStone Music. 28 February 2012. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/chuck-berry-leonard-cohen-get-first-pen-songwriting-awards-20120227. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
- ^ Shanahan, Mark; Goldstein, Meredeth (26 February 2012). "Leonard Cohen and Chuck Berry celebrated at the JFK Library". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/Boston/names/2012/02/leonard-cohen-and-chuck-berry-celebrated-the-jfk-library/pme86jnpLDKP4XYIMJi3XN/index.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ "F.R. Scott: Publications," Canadian Poetry Online, UToronto.ca, Web, 7 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Search results: Leonard Cohen, Open Library, Web, 10 May 2011.
- ^ "''Ladies and Gentlemen... Mr. Leonard Cohen''". Nfb.ca. 5 May 2010. http://www.nfb.ca/film/ladies_and_gentlemen_mr_leonard_cohen. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "IMDB.com: Awards for The Ernie Game". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060375/awards. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- ^ "''Leonard Cohen BBC-TV Summer 1968''". Likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com. 31 August 2007. http://likeatimemachinepoweredbybicycles.blogspot.com/2007/08/leonard-cohen-bbc-tv-summer-1968.html. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
- ^ "McCabe and Mrs. Miller". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/mccabe.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen Bird on a Wire DVD". Leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com. 13 May 2010. http://leonardcohenbirdonawiredvd.blogspot.com/. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Rockpop Special". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/rockpop.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Songs from the life of Leonard Cohen". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/bbc-life.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
- ^ "Austin City Limits, 1988 & 1993". Leonardcohenfiles.com. http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/austin.html. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Further reading[link]
- Cohen, Leonard (1993), Stranger Music: Selected Poems and Songs, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-2230-1, http://books.google.ca/books?id=9jHBP53SgjkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Ratcliff, Maurice (1999), The complete guide to the music of Leonard Cohen, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-7508-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=JJseVKmKtqwC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Scobie, Stephen (2000), Intricate preparations: writing Leonard Cohen, ECW Press, ISBN 1-55022-433-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=MASx22brbYMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Nadel, Ira (1997), Various Positions: A Life of Leonard Cohen' (1st ed.), University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-71732-6, http://books.google.ca/books?id=gePAHlZHJJIC&lpg=PP1&dq=Various%20Positions%3A%20A%20Life%20of%20Leonard%20Cohen&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true
- Hofmann, Philipp (2010), Corporeal Cartographies: The Body in the Novels of Leonard Cohen, Lit Publishing House, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/3-643-11035-0|3-643-11035-0]], http://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/3-643-11035-0
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Leonard Cohen |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Leonard Cohen |
- Official website
- The Leonard Cohen Files
- Bird on a Wire (1972) at TCM Movie Morlocks
- Canadian Poetry: Studies/Documents/Reviews, Vol. 33 (Fall/Winter, 1993). The Proceedings of the Leonard Cohen Conference, Red Deer College, 22-24 Oct. 1993.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cohen, Leonard Norman |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Canadian singer-songwriter |
| Date of birth | 21 September 1934 |
| Place of birth | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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Ramat Gan (Hebrew: רָמַת גַּן (audio) (help·info)) is a city in the Tel Aviv District of Israel, located east of Tel Aviv. It is home to one of the world's major diamond exchanges, many high-tech industries, and Israel's tallest building, the Moshe Aviv Tower.
Ramat Gan was established in 1921 as a moshava, a communal farming settlement. At the end of 2009, the population was 145,000. The mayor of Ramat Gan is Zvi Bar.
Ramat Gan was established by the Ir Ganim association in 1921 as a satellite town of Tel Aviv. The first plots of land were purchased between 1914–1918. The settlement was initially a moshava, a Zionist agricultural colony that grew wheat, barley and watermelons. The name of the settlement was changed to Ramat Gan (lit: Garden Heights) in 1923. The settlement continued to operate as a moshava until 1933, although it achieved local council status in 1926. At this time it had 450 residents. In the 1940s, Ramat Gan became a battleground in the country's language war: A Yiddish language printing press in Ramat Gan was blown up by Hebrew-language extremists.
