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![Learn Arabic - The Arabic Alphabet - Video [1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121126072254im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VJb2O2-Afbs/default.jpg "Hello Everyone! My name is Michael. I am an American citizen. I was born in the Midwest and decided to take Arabic classes while in college. After several years of formal/intensive training, I started to really get into the language and became quite fluent. One of my key passions in life is linguistics. I am very excited to share my knowledge of Arabic with you. The language is very beautiful, rich, and multi-dimensional. Arabic is quite difficult to learn, but I am here to help. Just know that it IS POSSIBLE to learn. To learn Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic), it is absolutely essential to first learn the alphabet and understand all additional symbols and diacritics. If you try to learn Arabic without first learning how to write and read Arabic, you will not get very far (although you may learn a few basic phrases and recognize a few basic words). When learning Arabic, especially for English speakers, it is important to get a perspective from a native English speaker. Arabic is a very difficult language to master, but it is possible if you have the proper instruction. My Arabic Alphabet instruction is comprised of five individual videos. Each video has a link at the end of the video, which links to the next. I urge you to")
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Aqaba
Aqaba (Arabic: العقبة, Al-ʻAqabah) is a coastal city in the far south of Jordan, the capital of Aqaba Governorate at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. Aqaba is strategically important to Jordan as it is the country's only seaport. Aqaba is best known today as a diving and beach resort, but industrial activity remains important to the area, and the town is an exporter of phosphate and some shells. Aqaba is also the largest city on the Gulf of Aqaba.
Aqaba has been an inhabited settlement since 4000 BC profiting from its strategic location at the junction of trading routes between Asia, Africa, and Europe. The early settlement was presumably Edomite in ancient times. It was a centre of the Edomites, and then of the Arab Nabataeans, during the first century B.C. who populated the region extensively. The oldest known text in Arabic alphabet is an inscription found in Jabal Ram 50 km east of Aqaba.
The Bible refers to the area in (1 Kings 9:26) "King Solomon also built ships in Ezion-Geber, which is near Ayla in Edom, on the shores of the Red Sea." This verse probably refers to an Iron Age port city on the same ground as modern Aqaba.
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Chad
Chad
i/ˈtʃæd/ (French: Tchad, Arabic: تشاد Tšād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
Chad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerly Fort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest city. Chad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.
Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into the Chadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fell in Chad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa.
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Dhour El Shuwayr
Dhour El Choueir (Arabic: ضهور الشوير) is a mountain town in Lebanon ('dhour' meaning 'summit, top [of a mountain]'). It lies slightly north of the main Beirut Damascus highway. It overlooks the city of Beirut and the Mediterranean sea. It is 30 km from Beirut and 42 km from Beirut International Airport.
It is one of Mount Lebanon's most favored summer resorts. Dhour El-Choueir is important for its August yearly carnival, honoring Lebanon's emigrants.
The Greek Catholic monk Abd Allah Zakhir set up an Arabic language printing press using movable type at the monastery of Saint John at Choueir, the first home made press in Lebanon. He personally cut the type molds and did the founding of the elegant typeface. He created the first true Arabic script type in the Middle East. A prior "Arabic" press at the Maar Quz?hayy Monastery in Lebanon had transliterated the Arabic language using Syriac script. The first book off the Zakhir press was in 1734; this press continued to be used until 1899.
It is the birthplace of Anton Saadeh who founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and of Tanios Bou-Nader Khneisser, the father of the Sword & Shield Folkloric Dance.
wn.com/Dhour_El_Shuwayr -
Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: 
جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Jabal Ramm
Jabal Ram is a mountain in Jordan. Most authorities give its elevation as 1,734 m (5,689 ft) metres above sea level. It was once thought to be the highest point in Jordan, but SRTM data shows that Jabal Umm al Dami is 1,854 m (6,083 ft) metres above sea level and therefore higher.
Coordinates: 29°35′00″N 35°24′00″E / 29.58333°N 35.40000°E / 29.58333; 35.40000
wn.com/Jabal_Ramm -
Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ (
listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Tunisia
Tunisia (USi/tuːˈniːʒə/ two-NEE-zhə or UK /tjuːˈnɪziə/ tew-NIZ-iə; Arabic: تونس Tūnis pronounced [ˈtuːnɪs]), officially the Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهورية التونسية al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 square kilometres (64,000 sq mi), with an estimated population of just under 10.7 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the northeast.
Tunisia is the smallest country in North Africa. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline.
Tunisia has relations with both the European Union—with whom it has an association agreement—and the Arab world. Tunisia is also a member of the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, and the African Union. Tunisia has established close relations with France in particular, through economic cooperation, industrial modernization, and privatisation programs.
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Al-Farahidi
Abu ‘Abd ar-Rahmān al-Khalīl ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī (Arabic: أبو عبد الرحمن الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي; 718 – 786 CE), more commonly known as Al-Farahidi, was one of the earliest Arab lexicographers and philologists. His best known contributions are Kitab al-'Ayn (Arabic: كتاب العين) regarded as the first dictionary of the Arabic language, the current standard for Harakat (vowel marks in Arabic script), and the invention al-'arud (the study of Arabic prosody). He was from southern Arabia (modern day Oman) and later moved to Basra, Iraq.
Sibawayh and Al-Asma'i were among his students.
Kitab al-Ayn (Ayn is the deepest letter in Arabic, al-Ayn also means a water source in the desert), while started by Khalil ibn Ahmad was probably completed by one of his students, Al-Layth ibn Al-Muzaffar. It was titled "The source" because the goal of its author was to clarify those words which were composed the original or source Arabic vocabulary. The dictionary was not arranged alphabetically but rather by phonetics, following the pattern of pronunciation of the Arabic alphabet from the deepest letter of the throat ﻉ (ayn) to the last letter pronounced by the lips, that being م (mìm).
wn.com/Al-Farahidi -
Johannes Gutenberg
Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( /joʊˌhɑːnɨs ˈɡuːtənbɜrɡ/ yoh-HAH-nəs GOO-tən-burɡ; c. 1398 – February 3, 1468) was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period. It played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
Gutenberg was the first European to use movable type printing, in around 1439. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass-producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system which allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy and a hand mould for casting type.
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Khitan large script
The Khitan large script was one of two Khitan writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language. It was used during the 10th-12th centuries by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the large script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a functionally independent writing system known as the Khitan small script. Both Khitan scripts continued to be in use to some extent by the Jurchens for several decades after the fall of the Liao Dynasty, until the Jurchens fully switched to a script of their own. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments, although other fragments sometimes surface.
Abaoji of the Yelü clan, founder of the Khitan, or Liao, Dynasty, introduced the original Khitan script in 920 CE. “Large script”, or “big characters" (大字), as it was referred to in some Chinese sources, was established to keep the record of the new Khitan state. The Khitan script was based on the idea of the Chinese script.
wn.com/Khitan_large_script -
Nabataean
The Nabataeans, also Nabateans (Arabic: الأنباط al-ʾAnbāṭ), were ancient peoples of Jordan, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus (AD 37 – c. 100), gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea. Their loosely-controlled trading network, which centered on strings of oases that they controlled, where agriculture was intensively practiced in limited areas, and on the routes that linked them, had no securely defined boundaries in the surrounding desert. Trajan conquered the Nabataean kingdom, annexing it to the Roman Empire, where their individual culture, easily identified by their characteristic finely-potted painted ceramics, became dispersed in the general Greco-Roman culture and was eventually lost.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Genoese ancestry, and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.
wn.com/Napoleon_Bonaparte -
Old Turkic alphabet
The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk and other early Turkic Khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. It was mostly replaced by the Arabic script after the adoption of Islam in Volga Bulgaria (922) and Transoxania .
The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia, where early 8th century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolay Yadrintsev. These Orkhon inscriptions (Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları) were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. It was later used by the Uyghur Empire. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century. The alphabet was usually written from right to left. Further Turkic Nestorian manuscripts, that have the same "rune-like" duct as the Old Turkic script, have been found especially in the oasis of Turfan and in the fortress of Miran.
wn.com/Old_Turkic_alphabet -
Old Turkic script
The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk and other early Turkic Khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. It was mostly replaced by the Arabic script after the adoption of Islam in Volga Bulgaria (922) and Transoxania .
The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia, where early 8th century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolay Yadrintsev. These Orkhon inscriptions (Turkish: Orhun Yazıtları) were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. It was later used by the Uyghur Empire. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century. The alphabet was usually written from right to left. Further Turkic Nestorian manuscripts, that have the same "rune-like" duct as the Old Turkic script, have been found especially in the oasis of Turfan and in the fortress of Miran.
wn.com/Old_Turkic_script -
Old Uyghur alphabet
The Old Uyghur alphabet was used for writing the Old Uyghur language, a variety of Old Turkic spoken in the Tarim basin, which is an ancestor of the modern Uyghur language. The term "Uyghur" used for this alphabet is misleading because the Uyghurs of Mongolia used the runic Orkhon (Old Turkic) alphabet, and only adopted the language and this script used by the local inhabitants when they migrated into the Tarim Basin after 840. It was an adaptation of the Sogdian alphabet, used for texts with Buddhist, Manichaean and Christian content for 700–800 years in East Turkestan. The last known manuscripts are dated to the 18th century. This was the prototype for the Mongolian and Manchu alphabets.
Like Sogdian writing but to an even greater extent, Old Uyghur writing tended to express with matres lectionis not only the long vowels but also the short ones. In fact, the practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned in Uyghur. Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic abjad, the Uyghur script can be said to have been largely "alphabetized".
wn.com/Old_Uyghur_alphabet -
Runic alphabet
Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets which were used to write various Germanic languages before the adoption of the Latin alphabet and for specialized purposes thereafter. The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark or fuþark (derived from their first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K); the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc or fuþorc (due to sound changes undergone in Old English by the same six letters). Runology is the study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialized branch of Germanic linguistics.
The earliest runic inscriptions date from around AD 150. The characters were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianization by around AD 700 in central Europe and by around AD 1100 in Northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes in Northern Europe. Until the early 20th century runes were used in rural Sweden for decoration purposes in Dalarna and on Runic calendars.
wn.com/Runic_alphabet
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arabic alphabet song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Learn the arabic alphabet song turmusaya education song with all three vowels on each letter
http://wn.com/arabic_alphabet_song
Arabic Alphabet Nasheed
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Arabic Alphabet Nasheed. By MiniMuslims www.minimuslims.com
http://wn.com/Arabic_Alphabet_Nasheed
Muslim Kid School (Arabic Alphabet)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
To those who want to learn Basic Arabic, Watch this video. This video clip is taken from tape "Kumpulan Alif Iqra"
http://wn.com/Muslim_Kid_School_Arabic_Alphabet
Learn Arabic Alphabet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Video uploaded by Madinah Arabic: www.madinaharabic.net This video teaches you how each Arabic letter is written and pronounced along with an illustration of a word using that letter and guides on pronunciation
http://wn.com/Learn_Arabic_Alphabet
Arabic alphabet songs ABC 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Arabic letters song Have fun learning Arabic at Oakwood primary school-Luton, UK Offering the full National curriculum along with Qur'an, Arabic & Islamic Studies ENROLLING NOW for September 2012 NURSERY & all PRIMARY classes (Reception up to year 6) also for weekend Qur'an classes for more information visit our website www.oakwoodprimary.co.uk e-mail us: admin@oakwoodprimary.co.uk or call us on tel: +44 1582 51 88 00 117 Tennyson road, Luton, LU1 3RR, UK
http://wn.com/Arabic_alphabet_songs_ABC_1
LEARN TAJWEED (THE ARABIC ALPHABET)
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- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
The arabic alphabet
http://wn.com/LEARN_TAJWEED_THE_ARABIC_ALPHABET
learn arabic alphabet (nasheed)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:21
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
learn arabic alphabet (nasheed)
http://wn.com/learn_arabic_alphabet_nasheed
The Arabic Alphabet (mouth and muscles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
The Alphabet with mouth and muscles.
http://wn.com/The_Arabic_Alphabet_mouth_and_muscles
Arabic Alphabet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:16
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
arabic alphabet lesson
http://wn.com/Arabic_Alphabet
Learn Arabic Alphabet (Male Voice)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Want to learn Arabic Alphabet? This video will help you learn how to pronounce the Arabic letters easily. The video will show you the Arabic letter along with its English transliteration along with the pronunciation of the letter by a native speaker. After the pronunciation of each letter you'll be given some time to try imitating the native speaker and memorize the shape of the letter. For more information about the Arabic Language you can always visit our site @ www.LearnArabic.me
http://wn.com/Learn_Arabic_Alphabet_Male_Voice
Learn Arabic Alphabet: Teach Children Letter Haa ح Classical Arabic Language Lessons in Cartoon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:44
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
BUY www.Syraj.com. "BEST of Arabic Videos" http Raise Your Children Fluent in Arabic. Essentials for your Arabic Library. Arabic Toddler Dvds, Arabic Songs for Kids, Arabic Picture Books and More.
http://wn.com/Learn_Arabic_Alphabet_Teach_Children_Letter_Haa_ح_Classical_Arabic_Language_Lessons_in_Cartoon
Learn Arabic - The Arabic Alphabet - Video [1]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:50
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Hello Everyone! My name is Michael. I am an American citizen. I was born in the Midwest and decided to take Arabic classes while in college. After several years of formal/intensive training, I started to really get into the language and became quite fluent. One of my key passions in life is linguistics. I am very excited to share my knowledge of Arabic with you. The language is very beautiful, rich, and multi-dimensional. Arabic is quite difficult to learn, but I am here to help. Just know that it IS POSSIBLE to learn. To learn Arabic (Modern Standard Arabic), it is absolutely essential to first learn the alphabet and understand all additional symbols and diacritics. If you try to learn Arabic without first learning how to write and read Arabic, you will not get very far (although you may learn a few basic phrases and recognize a few basic words). When learning Arabic, especially for English speakers, it is important to get a perspective from a native English speaker. Arabic is a very difficult language to master, but it is possible if you have the proper instruction. My Arabic Alphabet instruction is comprised of five individual videos. Each video has a link at the end of the video, which links to the next. I urge you to "Favorite" these videos so that you may reference them as needed. I am here to help, so do not hesitate to ask any questions in the comment section and I will try to get back to you ASAP. Sincerely, Michael Follow me on Twitter: www.twitter.com Visit my ...
http://wn.com/Learn_Arabic_The_Arabic_Alphabet_Video_1_
Learn Arabic the modern, practical way using video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
This is one of the best ways to learn the Arabic Alphabet. Visit www.alpha-zls.com for the full product. Rula Hijazeen
http://wn.com/Learn_Arabic_the_modern,_practical_way_using_video
Learn Arabic Letters of the Alphabet, Alif Ba.tv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
www.alifba.tv www.alifba.tv Watch all of our arabic video learning series on our website free! Visit us now! :) This is a section of the Arabic Software that teaches beginners the arabic letters and associates them with English words We are an Arabic content provider, we publish articles on teaching arabic to young children, teaching Qur'an using modern methods, and developing software and web applications to provide forums for learning and education. Thank you for your support. Donate $2.50 and receive full beginner software - $5 for alifba package For more information please visit www.alifba.tv or email us at info@alifba.tv
http://wn.com/Learn_Arabic_Letters_of_the_Alphabet,_Alif_Batv
Learn the Arabic Alphabet #1 Names of the letters
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
This is the first part of a series dedicated to learning the Arabic Alphabet. This part deals with the names of the letters in Arabic.
http://wn.com/Learn_the_Arabic_Alphabet_1_Names_of_the_letters
Alif Baa Taa (Arabic Alphabet) (http://geocities.com/islamicgames)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
geocities.com ------Sorry email on website no more in use This website has the Arabic Alphabet for download. There are some others for download too. The site might be temporarily unavailable because of download limit has been exceeded, so you have to check back from time to time.
http://wn.com/Alif_Baa_Taa_Arabic_Alphabet_http_geocitiescom_islamicgames
Learn Arabic - Lesson 1 (Part 1) - The Arabic Alphabet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
Learn Arabic grammar, vocabulary, writing and much more at www.arabic-studio.com. This free course, in five lessons, covers the basics of reading and writing the Arabic script. Lesson 1 focuses on correctly pronouncing the letters of the Arabic alphabet.
http://wn.com/Learn_Arabic_Lesson_1_Part_1_The_Arabic_Alphabet
Arabic Alphabet Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:22
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
The Arabic Alphabet with a song. Made for simplylearnarabic.googlepages.com
http://wn.com/Arabic_Alphabet_Song
Learn the Arabic Alphabet Song! Teach Kids Arabic Free! Alef Baa Taa الأبجدية العربية
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Subscribe Now for the Best FREE Arabic Children's Videos! Learn and Teach Modern Standard Arabic * Buy this DVD www.syraj.com * Download this Video sites.fastspring.com * Watch More FREE Arabic Children's Videos www.youtube.com A fun, colorful, entertaining and educational video series to teach your children the Arabic Letters! Our Arabic Alphabet is here! Your children will love learning Arabic with the NEW "My Arabic Alphabet" DVD set. This 2-part DVD set will teach your child the look and sound of each letter and give example of how it appears in the beginning, middle and end of a word. Developed with Arabic teachers and various curriculums, this film is aimed for 3 and above, and provides a gentle introduction to the 28 Arabic alphabet letters. The film is extremely rich in vocabulary and in songs, some old and others new, to make the learning experience as engaging and as rewarding as possible. Language: Modern Standard Arabic / Fusha with Some Colloquial Arabic. DVD Title: My Arabic Alphabet DVDs Parts 1 & 2 Duration: Part 1 - 25 min, Part 2 - 24 min Subtitles: English Ages: Preschool - 7 Years Producer: Little Thinking Minds / www.LittleThinkingMinds.com DVD Region: North American: Region_1_NTSC تعتبر الأبجدية الصوتية للغتنا العربية سهلة التَعَلُّم بمجرد معرفة وتمييز الأصوات! ومن خلال جُزْئَيْ ال DVD ، سيتعلم طفلك شكل وصوت كل حرف من الحروف الأبجدية العربية، وسيشاهد أمثلة على كيفية ظهورها في بداية الكلمة ومنتصفها ونهايتها. ويستهدف هذا الفيلم، الذي تم إعداده مع نخبة ...
http://wn.com/Learn_the_Arabic_Alphabet_Song!_Teach_Kids_Arabic_Free!_Alef_Baa_Taa_الأبجدية_العربية
Arabic Alphabetic Nashid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Arabic Alphabetic Nashid
http://wn.com/Arabic_Alphabetic_Nashid
The Arabic Alphabet Song from Arabian Sinbad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
www.arabiansinbad.com The Arabic Alphabet Song from Arabian Sinbad
http://wn.com/The_Arabic_Alphabet_Song_from_Arabian_Sinbad
Master the Arabic Alphabet: Lesson 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 50:07
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
This is a comprehensive course that will teach one all the fundamentals including writing, reading and pronouncing the Arabic Alphabet. It is highly recommended to purchase a notebook and write your own notes as you progress through these lessons. brought to you by The FIKS
http://wn.com/Master_the_Arabic_Alphabet_Lesson_1
Arabic Alphabet with Pronunciation.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
The Arabic alphabet with Pronunciation
http://wn.com/Arabic_Alphabet_with_Pronunciation
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
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photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
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photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
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photo: AP / Jerome Delay
25 Nov 2012
Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial...(size: 20.0Kb)
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25 Nov 2012
The death toll from a fire in a clothes factory in Bangladesh has leapt to at least 120, officials say. The fire broke out late on Saturday in the nine-floor Tazreen Fashion factory in the Ashulia district on the outskirts of...(size: 1.5Kb)
The Hindu
06 Nov 2012
“There was in India now what didn’t exist 200 years before: a central will, a central intellect, a national idea,” wrote Vidiadhar S. Naipaul in 1990 in India: A Million Mutinies Now, his third book on the land of his forefathers. Sir Vidia’s construction of the Indian nation, his views on certain major episodes in...(size: 9.5Kb)
Irish Times
01 Nov 2012
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STL Today
26 Oct 2012
On any given weekday, in a nondescript storefront on the eastern edge of Minneapolis, dozens of young Somalis gather to get help with homework, learn a little Arabic, or have a snack and learn about their culture. Some parents say the programs at the Essential Learning of Minnesota Institute have been a positive influence on their children, with...(size: 5.1Kb)
Seattle Post
26 Oct 2012
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — On any given weekday, in a nondescript storefront on the eastern edge of Minneapolis, dozens of young Somalis gather to get help with homework, learn a little Arabic, or have a snack and learn about their culture. Some parents say the programs at the Essential Learning of Minnesota Institute have been a positive influence on...(size: 5.1Kb)
Austin American Statesman
26 Oct 2012
On any given weekday, in a nondescript storefront on the eastern edge of Minneapolis, dozens of young Somalis gather to get help with homework, learn a little Arabic, or have a snack and learn about their culture. Some parents say the programs at the Essential Learning of Minnesota Institute have been a positive influence on their children, with...(size: 5.1Kb)
Sacramento Bee
26 Oct 2012
MINNEAPOLIS -- On any given weekday, in a nondescript storefront on the eastern edge of Minneapolis, dozens of young Somalis gather to get help with homework, learn a little Arabic, or have a snack and learn about their culture. Some parents say the programs at the Essential Learning of Minnesota Institute have been a positive influence on their...(size: 5.1Kb)
Star Tribune
26 Oct 2012
MINNEAPOLIS - On any given weekday, in a nondescript storefront on the eastern edge of Minneapolis, dozens of young Somalis gather to get help with homework, learn a little Arabic, or have a snack and learn about their culture. Some parents say the programs at the Essential Learning of Minnesota Institute have been a positive influence on their...(size: 5.4Kb)
Huffington Post
26 Oct 2012
MINNEAPOLIS — On any given weekday, in a nondescript storefront on the eastern edge of Minneapolis, dozens of young Somalis gather to get help with homework, learn a little Arabic, or have a snack and learn about their culture. Some parents say the programs at the Essential Learning of Minnesota Institute have been a positive influence on...(size: 6.9Kb)
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23 Oct 2012
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Shadow Show All-New Stories in Celebration of Ray Bradbury Edited by Sam Weller and Mort Castle (William Morrow; 352 pages; $15.99 paperback) "Shadow Show" arrives soon after the passing of Ray Bradbury, the writer to whom it pays homage. The anthology features 26 stories by the likes of Dan Chaon, Margaret Atwood, Kelly Link and Dave Eggers. Joe...(size: 4.4Kb)
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For other uses, see Arabic script.
| Arabic abjad |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| Type | Abjad |
| Languages | Arabic |
| Time period | 400 AD to the present |
| Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | Arab, 160 |
| Direction | Right-to-left |
| Unicode alias | Arabic |
| Unicode range |
U+0600 to U+06FF |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. | |
| Arabic alphabet | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ا ب ت ث ج ح | |||||
| خ د ذ ر ز س | |||||
| ش ص ض ط ظ ع | |||||
| غ ف ق ك ل | |||||
| م ن ه و ي | |||||
| History · Transliteration Diacritics · Hamza ء Numerals · Numeration |
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| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
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This article contains Arabic text, written from right to left in a cursive style with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined Arabic letters written left-to-right instead of right-to-left or other symbols instead of Arabic script. |
The Arabic alphabet (Arabic: أَبْجَدِيَّة عَرَبِيَّة ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad.
Contents |
Consonants[link]
The Arabic alphabet has 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages, such as Persian, Ottoman, Sindhi, Urdu, Malay or Pashto, Arabi Malayalam, have additional letters, shown below. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms.
Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots (’i‘jām) above or below their central part, called rasm. These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds. For example, the Arabic letters transliterated as b and t have the same basic shape, but b has one dot below, ب, and t has two dots above, ت.
Both printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within a word directly connected to the adjacent letters.
Alphabetical order[link]
There are two main collating sequences for the Arabic alphabet:
- The original ’abjadī order (أَبْجَدِي), used for lettering, derives from the order of the Phoenician alphabet, and is therefore similar to the order of other Phoenician-derived alphabets, such as the Hebrew alphabet. In this order letters are also used as numbers.
- The hijā’ī (هِجَائِي) or ’alifbā’ī (أَلِفْبَائِي) order shown in the table below, used where lists of names and words are sorted, as in phonebooks, classroom lists, and dictionaries, groups letters by similarity of shape.
The ’abjadī order is not a simple historical continuation of the earlier north Semitic alphabetic order, since it has a position corresponding to the Aramaic letter sameḵ/semkat ס, yet no letter of the Arabic alphabet historically derives from that letter. Loss of sameḵ was compensated for by the split of shin ש into two independent Arabic letters, ش (shīn) and ﺱ (sīn) which moved up to take the place of sameḵ.
The most common ’abjadī sequence is:
-
غ ظ ض ذ خ ث ت ش ر ق ص ف ع س ن م ل ك ي ط ح ز و ه د ج ب أ gh ẓ ḍ dh kh th t sh r q ṣ f ‘ s n m l k y ṭ ḥ z w h d j b ’
Note: In this sequence, and all those that follow, the letters are presented in Arabic writing order, i.e., right to left. The Latin script transliterations are also in this order, with each placed under its corresponding letter. Thus, the first letter of the sequence is "أ"(’) at the right, and the last letter in the sequence is "غ"(gh), at the left.
This is commonly vocalized as follows:
- ’abjad hawwaz ḥuṭṭī kalaman sa‘faṣ qarashat thakhadh ḍaẓagh.
Another vocalization is:
- ’abujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman sa‘faṣ qurishat thakhudh ḍaẓugh
Another ’abjadī sequence (probably older, now mainly confined to the Maghreb), is:[2]
-
ش غ ظ ذ خ ث ت س ر ق ض ف ع ص ن م ل ك ي ط ح ز و ه د ج ب أ sh gh ẓ dh kh th t s r q ḍ f ‘ ṣ n m l k y ṭ ḥ z w h d j b ’
which can be vocalized as:
- ’abujadin hawazin ḥuṭiya kalman ṣa‘faḍ qurisat thakhudh ẓaghush
Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the ’abjadī order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer hijā’ī order (with letters partially grouped together by similarity of shape) is used:
-
ي و ه ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب أ y w h n m l k q f gh ‘ ẓ ṭ ḍ ṣ sh s z r dh d kh ḥ j th t b ’
Another kind of hijā’ī order used to be widely used in the Maghreb until recently when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order:[2]
-
ي و ه ش س ق ف غ ع ض ص ن م ل ك ظ ط ز ر ذ د خ ح ج ث ت ب أ y w h sh s q f gh ‘ ḍ ṣ n m l k ẓ ṭ z r dh d kh ḥ j th t b ’
 |
This section relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (July 2011) |
Also another new sequence of the Arabic alphabet was put forward by a Saudi Arabian citizen, named Waleed Ahmad J. Addas who managed to combine all the Arabic letters of the alphabet into one single meaningful couplet and without repeating a single letter. This invention was endorsed by a number of local, regional and international language complexes. It reads as follows:
- ثق تعش ظل هدف حكَمٌ ذو صبرٍ سخيٍ ضَغطَ أَنجز
Letter forms[link]
 |
| Calligraphy |
Unlike cursive writing based on the Latin alphabet, the standard Arabic style is to have a substantially different shape depending on whether it will be connecting with a preceding and/or a succeeding letter, thus all primary letters have conditional forms (allographs), depending on whether they are at the beginning, middle or end of a word, so they may exhibit four distinct forms (initial, medial, final or isolated). However, six letters (و ز ر ذ د ا) have only an isolated or final form, and so force the following letter (if any) to take an initial or isolated form, as if there were a word break. For example, أرارات (Ararat) has only isolated forms, because each letter cannot be connected to its adjacent one.
Some letters look almost the same in all four forms, while others show considerable variation. Generally, the initial and middle forms look similar except that in some letters the middle form starts with a short horizontal line on the right to ensure that it will connect with its preceding letter. The final and isolated forms, are also similar in appearance but the final form will also have a horizontal stroke on the right and, for some letters, a loop or longer line on the left with which to finish the word with a subtle ornamental flourish. In addition, some letter combinations are written as ligatures (special shapes), including lām-’alif.[3]
Table of basic letters[link]
For other uses, see Arabic script.
Notes
- See the article Romanization of Arabic for details on various transliteration schemes; however, Arabic language speakers don't follow a standardized scheme when transcribing names. Also names are regularly transcribed as pronounced locally, not as pronounced in Literary Arabic (if they were of Arabic origin).
- Regarding pronunciation, the phonemic values given are those of the pronunciation of Literary Arabic, the standard which is taught in universities. In practice, pronunciation may vary considerably from region to region, because Literary Arabic isn't anyone's native language. For more details concerning the pronunciation of Arabic, consult the articles Arabic phonology and varieties of Arabic.
- The names of the Arabic letters can be thought of as abstractions of an older version where they were meaningful words in the Proto-Semitic language. Names of Arabic letters may have quite different names popularly, but they are not provided in the article.
- Six letters (و ز ر ذ د ا) don't have a distinct medial form and have to be written with their final form without being connected to the next letter. Their initial form matches the isolated form.
| Name | Translit. | Value (IPA) | Contextual forms | Isolated | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| End | Middle | Beginning | ||||
| ’alif | ’ / ā | various, including /aː/ [a] |
ـا | ـا | ا | ا |
| bā’ | b | /b/ (sometimes /p/ in loanwords)[b] |
ـب | ـبـ | بـ | ب |
| tā’ | t | /t/ | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | ت |
| thā’ | th (also ṯ) | /θ/ | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | ث |
| jīm | j (also ǧ, g) | [d͡ʒ] ~ [ʒ] ~ [ɡ] [c] | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | ج |
| ḥā’ | ḥ | /ħ/ | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | ح |
| khā’ | kh (also ḫ, ḵ) | /x/ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | خ |
| dāl | d | /d/ | ـد | ـد | د | د |
| dhāl | dh (also ḏ) | /ð/ | ـذ | ـذ | ذ | ذ |
| rā’ | r | /r/ | ـر | ـر | ر | ر |
| zayn / zāy | z | /z/ | ـز | ـز | ز | ز |
| sīn | s | /s/ | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | س |
| shīn | sh (also š) | /ʃ/ | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | ش |
| ṣād | ṣ | /sˤ/ | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | ص |
| ḍād | ḍ | /dˤ/ | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | ض |
| ṭā’ | ṭ | /tˤ/ | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | ط |
| ẓā’ | ẓ | [ðˤ] ~ [zˤ] | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | ظ |
| ‘ayn | ‘ | /ʕ/ | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | ع |
| ghayn | gh (also ġ, ḡ) | /ɣ/ (sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] |
ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | غ |
| fā’ | f | /f/ (sometimes /v/ in loanwords)[b] |
ـف | ـفـ | فـ | ف [d] |
| qāf | q | /q/ (sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] |
ـق | ـقـ | قـ | ق [d] |
| kāf | k | /k/ (sometimes /ɡ/ in loanwords)[c] |
ـك | ـكـ | كـ | ك |
| lām | l | /l/ | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | ل |
| mīm | m | /m/ | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | م |
| nūn | n | /n/ | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | ن |
| hā’ | h | /h/ | ـه | ـهـ | هـ | ه |
| wāw | w / ū / aw | /w/, /uː/, /aw/, sometimes /u/, /o/, and /oː/ in loanwords |
ـو | ـو | و | و |
| yā’ | y / ī / ay | /j/, /iː/, /aj/, sometimes /i/, /e/, and /eː/ in loanwords |
ـي | ـيـ | يـ | ي [e] |
- ^a ’Alif can represent many phonemes in Literary Arabic:
- Without diacritics: ا
- initially: a, i /a, i/ or sometimes silent in the definite article ال (a)l-
- medially or finally: ā /aː/.
- ’Alif with hamzah above: أ
- initially: ’a, ’u /ʔa, ʔu/
- medially or finally: ’a /ʔa/.
- ’Alif with hamzah under: إ
- initially: ’i /ʔi/; doesn't appear medially or finally (see hamza).
- ’Alif with maddah:آ
- initially, medially or finally: ’ā /ʔaː/.
- Without diacritics: ا
- ^b /p/ and /v/ can be represented by پ and ڤ/ڥ or if unavailable, ب and ف/ڢ are used, respectively.
- ^c For Arabic language speakers, the phoneme /ɡ/ can be represented using different letters, depending on local dialects. ج is normally used in Egypt, also sometimes Yemen and Oman. ق is used where it represents the [ɡ] in local dialects. ك or غ are used where /ɡ/ doesn't exist in local dialects. Other letters such as گ, ݣ or ڨ may also be used, but are not regarded as standard Arabic letters. Likewise, where ج represents [ɡ], it can be also used for /ʒ/~/d͡ʒ/, or the letter چ can be used in Egypt.
- ^d Fā’ and qāf are traditionally written in northwestern Africa as ڢ and ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ, respectively, while the latter's dot is only added initially or medially.
See also Additional letters below.
Further notes[link]
- The letter ’alif originated in the Phoenician alphabet as a consonant-sign indicating a glottal stop. Today it has lost its function as a consonant, and, together with ya’ and wāw, is a mater lectionis, a consonant sign standing in for a long vowel (see below), or as support for certain diacritics (maddah and hamzah).
- Arabic currently uses a diacritic sign, ﺀ, called hamzah, to denote the glottal stop [ʔ], written alone or with a carrier:
- alone: ء ;
- with a carrier: إ أ (above or under a ’alif), ؤ (above a wāw), ئ (above a dotless yā’ or yā’ hamzah).
In academic work, the hamzah (ء) is transliterated with the modifier letter right half ring (ʾ), while the modifier letter left half ring (ʿ) transliterates the letter ‘ayn (ع), which represents a different sound, not found in English.
- Letters lacking an initial or medial version are never linked to the letter that follows, even within a word. The hamzah has a single form, since it is never linked to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes combined with a wāw, yā’, or ’alif, and in that case the carrier behaves like an ordinary wāw, yā’, or ’alif.
- The shape of the final yā’ is always undotted ى in both print and handwriting in Egypt and Sudan, mainly.
Modified letters[link]
The following are not individual letters, but rather different contextual variants of some of the Arabic letters.
| Conditional forms | Name | Translit. | Phonemic Value (IPA) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | |||
| آ | ـآ | ـآ | آ | ’alif maddah | ’ā | /ʔaː/ |
| ة | ـة | tā’ marbūṭah | h or t / h / ẗ |
/a/, /at/ | ||
| ى | ـى | ’alif maqṣūrah[4] | ā / ỳ | /aː/ | ||
Ligatures[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121126072254/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion with: further examples and context. |
_in_the_word_Allah.svg)
1. alif
2. hamzat waṣl (همزة وصل)
3. lām
4. lām
5. shadda (شدة)
6. dagger alif (ألف خنجرية)
7. hāʾ
The use of ligature in Arabic is common. There is one compulsory ligature, that for lām + ’alif, which exists in two forms. All other ligatures (yā’ + mīm, etc.) are optional.
| Contextual forms | Name | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Final | Medial | Initial | Isolated | |
| ﻼ | ﻻ | lām + ’alif | ||
A more complex ligature that combines as many as seven distinct components is commonly used to represent the word Allāh.
Gemination[link]
Further information: Shadda
Gemination is the doubling of a consonant. Instead of writing the letter twice, Arabic places a W-shaped sign called shaddah, above it. Note that if a vowel occurs between the two consonants the letter will simply be written twice. The diacritic only appears where the consonant at the end of one syllable is identical to the initial consonant of the following syllable. (The generic term for such diacritical signs is ḥarakāt).
| General Unicode |
Name | Transliteration |
|---|---|---|
| 0651 ّ ّ |
shaddah | (consonant doubled) |
Nunation[link]
Main article: Nunation
Nunation (Arabic: تنوين tanwīn) is the addition of a final -n to a noun or adjective. The vowel before it indicates grammatical case. In written Arabic nunation is indicated by doubling the vowel diacritic at the end of the word.
Vowels[link]
Users of Arabic usually write long vowels but omit short ones, so readers must utilize their knowledge of the language in order to supply the missing vowels. However, in the education system and particularly in classes on Arabic grammar these vowels are used since they are crucial to the grammar. An Arabic sentence can have a completely different meaning by a subtle change of the vowels. This is why in an important text such as the Qur’ān the three basic vowel signs (see below) are mandated, like the ḥarakāt and all the other diacritics or other types of marks, for example the cantillation signs.
Short vowels[link]
Further information: Arabic diacritics
In the Arabic handwriting of everyday use, in general publications, and on street signs, short vowels are typically not written. On the other hand, copies of the Qur’ān cannot be endorsed by the religious institutes that review them unless the diacritics are included. Children's books, elementary-school texts, and Arabic-language grammars in general will include diacritics to some degree. These are known as "vocalized" texts.
Short vowels may be written with diacritics placed above or below the consonant that precedes them in the syllable, called ḥarakāt. All Arabic vowels, long and short, follow a consonant; in Arabic, words like "Ali" or "alif", for example, start with a consonant: ‘Aliyy, ’alif.
| Short vowels (fully vocalized text) |
Name | Trans. | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 064E َ ◌ |
fatḥah | a | /a/ |
| 064F ُ ◌ |
ḍammah | u | /u/ |
| 0650 ِ ◌ |
kasrah | i | /i/ |
Long vowels[link]
In the fully vocalized Arabic text found in texts such as Koran, a long ā following a consonant other than a hamzah is written with a short a sign (fatḥah) on the consonant plus an ’alif after it; long ī is written as a sign for short i (kasrah) plus a yā’ ; and long ū as a sign for short u (ḍammah) plus a wāw. Briefly, ᵃa = ā, ⁱy = ī and ᵘw = ū. Long ā following a hamzah may be represented by an ’alif maddah or by a free hamzah followed by an ’alif.
The table below shows vowels placed above or below a dotted circle replacing a primary consonant letter or a shaddah sign. For clarity in the table, the primary letters on the left used to mark these long vowels are shown only in their isolated form. Please note that most consonants do connect to the left with ’alif, wāw and yā’ written then with their medial or final form. Additionally, the letter yā’ in the last row may connect to the letter on its left, and then will use a medial or initial form. Use the table of primary letters to look at their actual glyph and joining types.
| Long vowels (fully vocalised text) |
Name | Trans. | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 064E 0627 َا ◌ |
fatḥah ’alif | ā | /aː/ |
| 064E 0649 َى ◌ |
fatḥah ’alif maqṣūrah | ā / á | /aː/ |
| 064F 0648 ُو ◌ |
ḍammah wāw | ū | /uː/ |
| 0650 064A ِي ◌ |
kasrah yā’ | ī | /iː/ |
In unvocalized text (one in which the short vowels are not marked), the long vowels are represented by the vowel in question: ’alif, ’alif maqṣūrah (or ya’), wāw, or yā’. Long vowels written in the middle of a word of unvocalized text are treated like consonants with a sukūn (see below) in a text that has full diacritics. Here also, the table shows long vowel letters only in isolated form for clarity.
Combinations وا and يا are always pronounced wā and yā respectively, the exception is when وا is the verb ending, where ’alif is silent, resulting in ū.
| Long vowels (unvocalized text) |
Name | Trans. | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0627 ا |
(implied fatḥah) ’alif | ā | /aː/ |
| 0649 ى |
(implied fatḥah) ’alif maqṣūrah | ā / aỳ | /aː/ |
| 0648 و |
(implied ḍammah) wāw | ū / uw | /uː/ |
| 064A ي |
(implied kasrah) yā’ | ī / iy | /iː/ |
In addition, when transliterating names and loanwords, Arabic language speakers write out most or all the vowels as long (ā with ا ’alif, ē and ī with ي ya’, and ō and ū with و wāw), meaning it approaches a true alphabet.
Diphthongs[link]
The diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/ are represented in vocalized text as follows:
| Diphthongs (fully vocalized text) |
Name | Trans. | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 064E 064A َي ◌ |
fatḥah yā’ | ay | /aj/ |
| 064E 0648 َو ◌ |
fatḥah wāw | aw | /aw/ |
Vowel omission[link]
An Arabic syllable can be open (ending with a vowel) or closed (ending with a consonant):
- open: CV [consonant-vowel] (long or short vowel)
- closed: CVC (short vowel only)
In closed syllables, we can indicate that the closing consonant does not carry a vowel by marking it with a diacritic called sukūn ( ْ ) to remove any ambiguity, especially when the text is not vocalized. A normal text is composed only of series of consonants; thus, the word qalb, "heart", is written qlb. The sukūn indicates where not to place a vowel: qlb could, in effect, be read qalab (meaning "he turned around"), but written with a sukūn over the l and the b (قلْبْ), it can only have the form qVlb. This is one step down from full vocalization, where the vowel a would also be indicated by a fatḥah: قَلْبْ.
The Qur’ān is traditionally written in full vocalization. Outside of the Qur’ān, putting a sukūn above a yā’ (representing /iː/), or above a wāw (representing /uː/) is extremely rare, to the point that yā’ with sukūn will be unambiguously read as the diphthong /aj/, and wāw with sukūn will be read /aw/. For example, the letters m-w-s-y-q-ā (موسيقى with an ’alif maqṣūrah at the end of the word) will be read most naturally as the word mūsīqā ("music"). If one were to write a sukūn above the wāw, the yā’ and the ’alif, one would get موْسيْقىْ, which would be read as *mawsayqāy (note however that the final ’alif maqṣūrah, because it is an ’alif, never takes a sukūn). The word, entirely vocalized, would be written as مُوسِيقَى. The Koranic spelling would have no sukūn sign above the final ’alif maqṣūrah, but instead a miniature ’alif above the preceding qāf consonant, which is a valid Unicode character but most Arabic computer fonts cannot in fact display this miniature ’alif as of 2006.
No sukūn is placed on word-final consonants, even if no vowel is pronounced, because fully vocalized texts are always written as if the ’I‘rāb vowels were in fact pronounced. For example, ’Aḥmad zawj sharrīr, meaning “Ahmed is a wicked husband”, for the purposes of Arabic grammar and orthography, is treated as if still pronounced with full ’I‘rāb, i.e. ’Aḥmadu zawjun sharrirun with the complete desinences.
| General Unicode |
Name | Translit. | Phonemic Value (IPA) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0652 ْ ◌ |
sukūn | (no vowel with this consonant letter or diphthong with this long vowel letter) |
∅ |
| 0670 ٰ ◌ |
’alif above | ā | /aː/ |
The sukūn is also used for transliterating words into the Arabic script. The Persian word ماسک (mâsk, from the English word "mask"), for example, might be written with a sukūn above the ﺱ to signify that there is no vowel sound between that letter and the ک.
Additional letters[link]
Regional variations[link]
- ڢ – a Maghrebi variation of the letter ف (fā’) .
- ٯ and ڧ – a Maghrebi variation of standard letter ق (as a rule, dotless in isolated and final positions and dotted in the initial and medial forms ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ).
Additional modified letters, used in non-Arabic languages, or in Arabic for transliterating names, loanwords, spoken dialects only, include:
Sometimes used for writing names, loanwords and dialects[link]
- ڤ – (not to be confused with ڨ) used in Kurdish language when written in Arabic script and sometimes used in Arabic language to represent the sound /v/ when transliterating names and loanwords in Arabic. Also used in writing dialects with that sound.[5] Usually the letter ف (fā’) is used to transliterate /v/. Also used as pa in the Jawi script. The phoneme /v/ in Tunisia and some other regions of Maghreb is rendered using ڥ.
- پ – used to represent the phoneme /p/ in Persian, Urdu, and Kurdish; sometimes used in Arabic language when transliterating names and loanwords, although Arabic mostly substitutes /b/ for /p/ in the transliteration of names and loanwords. So, "7up" can be transcribed as سفن أب or سڤن أﭖ.
- چ – used to represent /t͡ʃ/ ("ch"). It is used in Persian, Urdu, and Kurdish and sometimes used when transliterating names and loanwords in Arabic. In the Iraqi spoken dialect it may be used, especially when referring in the feminine, although it is rarely written, as well as rarely used in the Maghrebi spelling. Nevertheless, Arabic usually substitutes other letters in the transliteration of names and loanwords: normally the combination تش (tā’-shīn) is used to transliterate the /t͡ʃ/, as in "Chad". In Egypt چ is used for /ʒ/ (or /d͡ʒ/, which is approximated to [ʒ]). In Israel, it's used to render /ɡ/ in Arabic language, for example on roadsigns.
- Ca in the Jawi script.
- گ – used to represent /ɡ/. Normally used in Persian, Kurdish, and Urdu.[5] Often names and loanwords with /ɡ/ are transliterated in Arabic with ك (kāf), ق (qāf), غ (ghayn) or ج (jīm), which may or may not change the original sound. In Egypt ج is normally pronounced [ɡ].
- ڨ – a Maghrebi letter, sometimes used for [ɡ] (not to be confused with ڤ). In Tunisia it is sometimes used to represent the phoneme /ɡ/. In final and isolate form it has the form which resembles the letter ق qāf whence it is derived.
- ڜ – a Maghrebi letter for [t͡ʃ].
Used in languages other than Arabic[link]
Main article: Arabic script
Numerals[link]
| Western (Maghreb, Europe) |
Central (Mideast) |
Eastern/Indian (Persian, Urdu) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | ٠ | ۰ |
| 1 | ١ | ۱ |
| 2 | ٢ | ۲ |
| 3 | ٣ | ۳ |
| 4 | ٤ | ۴ |
| 5 | ٥ | ۵ |
| 6 | ٦ | ۶ |
| 7 | ٧ | ۷ |
| 8 | ٨ | ۸ |
| 9 | ٩ | ۹ |
Main articles: Western Arabic numerals and Eastern Arabic numerals
There are two main kinds of numerals used along with Arabic text; Western Arabic numerals and Eastern Arabic numerals. In most of present-day North Africa, the usual Western Arabic numerals are used. Like Western Arabic numerals, in Eastern Arabic numerals, the units are always right-most, and the highest value left-most.
Letters as numerals[link]
Main article: Abjad numerals
In addition, the Arabic alphabet can be used to represent numbers (Abjad numerals). This usage is based on the ’’abjadī order of the alphabet. أ ’alif is 1, ب bā’ is 2, ج jīm is 3, and so on until ي yā’ = 10, ك kāf = 20, ل lām = 30, …, ر rā’ = 200, …, غ ghayn = 1000. This is sometimes used to produce chronograms.
History[link]
Main article: History of the Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabataean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic. The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ramm (50 km east of ‘Aqabah) in Jordan, but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512. However, the epigraphic record is extremely sparse, with only five certainly pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions surviving, though some others may be pre-Islamic. Later, dots were added above and below the letters to differentiate them. (The Aramaic language had fewer phonemes than the Arabic, and some originally distinct Aramaic letters had become indistinguishable in shape, so that in the early writings 15 distinct letter-shapes had to do duty for 28 sounds; cf. the similarly ambiguous Pahlavi alphabet.) The first surviving document that definitely uses these dots is also the first surviving Arabic papyrus (PERF 558), dated April 643, although they did not become obligatory until much later. Important texts like the Qur’ān were and still are frequently memorized, especially in Qur'an memorization, a practice which probably arose partially from a desire to avoid the great ambiguity of the script.
Later still, vowel marks and the hamzah were introduced, beginning some time in the latter half of the seventh century, preceding the first invention of Syriac and Hebrew vocalization. Initially, this was done by a system of red dots, said to have been commissioned by an Umayyad governor of Iraq, Ḥajjaj ibn Yūsuf: a dot above = a, a dot below = i, a dot on the line = u, and doubled dots indicated nunation. However, this was cumbersome and easily confusable with the letter-distinguishing dots, so about 100 years later, the modern system was adopted. The system was finalized around 786 by al-Farāhīdī.
Arabic printing presses[link]
Although Napoleon Bonaparte generally is given the credit with introducing the printing press to Egypt, upon invading it in 1798, and he did indeed bring printing presses and Arabic script presses, to print the French occupation's official newspaper Al-Tanbiyyah (The Courier), the process was started several centuries earlier.
Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1450 was followed up by Gregorio de Gregorii, a Venetian, who in 1514 published an entire prayer book in Arabic script entitled Kitab Salat al-Sawa'i intended for the eastern Christian communities. The script was said to be crude and almost unreadable.[citation needed]
Famed type designer Robert Granjon working for Cardinal Ferdinando de Medici succeeded in designing elegant Arabic typefaces and the Medici press published many Christian prayer and scholarly Arabic texts in the late sixteenth century.
The first Arabic books published using movable type in the Middle East were by the Maronite monks at the Maar Quzhayy Monastery in Mount Lebanon. They transliterated the Arabic language using Syriac script. It took a fellow goldsmith like Gutenberg to design and implement the first true Arabic script movable type printing press in the Middle East. The Greek Orthodox monk Abd Allah Zakhir set up an Arabic language printing press using movable type at the monastery of Saint John at the town of Dhour El Shuwayr in Mount Lebanon, the first homemade press in Lebanon using true Arabic script. He personally cut the type molds and did the founding of the elegant typeface. He created the first true Arabic script type in the Middle East. The first book off the press was in 1734; this press continued to be used until 1899.[9]
Computers and the Arabic alphabet[link]
The Arabic alphabet can be encoded using several character sets, including ISO-8859-6, Windows-1256 and Unicode (see links in Infobox, above), in the latter thanks to the "Arabic segment", entries U+0600 to U+06FF. However, neither of these sets indicate the form each character should take in context. It is left to the rendering engine to select the proper glyph to display for each character.
For compatibility with previous standards, initial, medial, final and isolated forms can be encoded separately in Unicode; however, they can also be inferred from their joining context, using the same encoding. The following table shows this common encoding, in addition to the compatibility encodings for their normally contextual forms (Arabic texts should be encoded today using only the common encoding, but the rendering must then infer the joining types to determine the correct glyph forms, with or without ligation).
Unicode[link]
Main article: Arabic characters in Unicode
As of Unicode 6.1, the following ranges encode Arabic characters:
- Arabic (0600-06FF)
- Arabic Supplement (0750-077F)
- Arabic Extended-A (08A0-08FF)
- Arabic Presentation Forms-A (FB50-FDFF)
- Arabic Presentation Forms-B (FE70-FEFF)
- Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols 1EE00-1EEFF)
The basic Arabic range encodes the standard letters and diacritics, but does not encode contextual forms (U+0621-U+0652 being directly based on ISO 8859-6); and also includes the most common diacritics and Arabic-Indic digits. U+06D6 to U+06ED encode Qur'anic annotation signs such as "end of ayah" ۖ and "start of rub el hizb" ۞. The Arabic Supplement range encodes letter variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages. The Arabic Extended-A range encodes additional Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-A range encodes contextual forms and ligatures of letter variants needed for Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Central Asian languages. The Arabic Presentation Forms-B range encodes spacing forms of Arabic diacritics, and more contextual letter forms. The Arabic Mathematical Alphabetical Symbols block encodes characters used in Arabic mathematical expressions.
See also the notes of the section on modified letters.
Ligatures[link]
Unicode primary range for basic Arabic language alphabet is the U+06xx range. Other ranges are for compatibility to older standards and do contain some ligatures. The only compulsory ligature for fonts and text processing in the basic Arabic language alphabet range U+06xx are ones for lām + ’alif. All other ligatures (yā’ + mīm, etc.) are optional. Example to illustrate it is below. The exact outcome may depend on your browser and font configuration.
- lām + ’alif
- لا
Note: Unicode also has in its Presentation Form B FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one, U+FEFB ARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF ISOLATED FORM:
-
- ﻻ
U+0640ARABIC TATWEEL + lām + ’alif- ـلا
Note: Unicode also has in its Presentation Form B U+FExx range a code for this ligature. If your browser and font are configured correctly for Arabic, the ligature displayed above should be identical to this one:
U+FEFCARABIC LIGATURE LAM WITH ALEF FINAL FORM- ﻼ
Another ligature in the Unicode Presentation Form A range U+FB50 to U+FDxx is the special code for glyph for the ligature Allāh (“God”), U+FDF2 ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM:
-
- ﷲ
This latter ligature code again is a work-around for the shortcomings of most text processors, which are incapable of displaying the correct vowel marks for the word Allāh in Koran. Because Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Koran only, rendering lām + lām + hā’ as the previous ligature is considered faulty:[10] If one of those fonts are installed on a computer (mry_KacstQurn, KacstOne, DejaVu Sans, Scheherazade, Lateef) the right will appear without automatically adding gemination mark and superscript Alef.
- lām + lām + hā’
- لله or لله
- ’alif + lām + lām + hā’
- الله or الله
- ’alif + lām +
U+0651ARABIC SHADDA +U+0670ARABIC LETTER SUPERSCRIPT ALEF + hā’- اللّٰه (DejaVu Sans and KacstOne don't show the added superscript Alef)
An attempt to show them on the faulty fonts without automatically adding the gemination mark and the superscript Alef, is by adding the U+200d (Zero width joiner) after the first or second lām
- (’alif +) lām + lām +
U+200dZERO WIDTH JOINER + hā’- الله لله
Keyboards[link]
Keyboards designed for different nations have different layouts, so that proficiency in one style of keyboard such as Iraq's does not transfer to proficiency in another keyboard such as Saudi Arabia's. Differences can include the location of non-alphabetic characters.
All Arabic keyboards allow typing Roman characters, e.g., for the URL in a web browser. Thus, each Arabic keyboard has both Arabic and Roman characters marked on the keys. Usually the Roman characters of an Arabic keyboard conform to the QWERTY layout, but in North Africa, where French is the most common language typed using the Roman characters, the Arabic keyboards are AZERTY.
When one wants to encode a particular written form of a character, there are extra code points provided in Unicode which can be used to express the exact written form desired. The range Arabic presentation forms A (U+FB50 to U+FDFF) contain ligatures while the range Arabic presentation forms B (U+FE70 to U+FEFF) contains the positional variants. These effects are better achieved in Unicode by using the zero-width joiner and non-joiner, as these presentation forms are deprecated in Unicode, and should generally only be used within the internals of text-rendering software, when using Unicode as an intermediate form for conversion between character encodings, or for backwards compatibility with implementations that rely on the hard-coding of glyph forms.
Finally, the Unicode encoding of Arabic is in logical order, that is, the characters are entered, and stored in computer memory, in the order that they are written and pronounced without worrying about the direction in which they will be displayed on paper or on the screen. Again, it is left to the rendering engine to present the characters in the correct direction, using Unicode's bi-directional text features. In this regard, if the Arabic words on this page are written left to right, it is an indication that the Unicode rendering engine used to display them is out-of-date.[11][12]
There are competing online tools, e.g. Yamli editor, allowing to enter Arabic letters without having Arabic support installed on a PC and without the knowledge of the layout of the Arabic keyboard.[13]
Handwriting recognition[link]
The first software program of its kind in the world that identifies Arabic handwriting in real time has been developed by researchers at Ben-Gurion University.
The prototype enables the user to write Arabic words by hand on an electronic screen, which then analyzes the text and translates it into printed Arabic letters in a thousandth of a second. The error rate is less than three percent, according to Dr. Jihad El-Sana, from BGU's department of computer sciences, who developed the system along with master's degree student Fadi Biadsy.[14]
See also[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arabic alphabet |
- Arabic calligraphy
- Arabic diacritics (pointed vowels and consonants)
- Arabic numerals
- Arabic script about other languages written in Arabic letters.
- Arabic Unicode
- Arabic Chat Alphabet
- ArabTeX – provides Arabic support for TeX and LaTeX
- Rasm (unpointed consonants)
- Romanization of Arabic
- South Arabian alphabet
- Perso-Arabic script
- Additional Arabic Letters
- Arabic language
References[link]
- ^ While there are ways to mark vowels, these are not always employed. Because of this, it is more exactly called an "impure abjad". See Abjad#Impure abjads for a discussion of this nomenclature.
- ^ a b (Arabic) Alyaseer.net ترتيب المداخل والبطاقات في القوائم والفهارس الموضوعية Ordering entries and cards in subject indexes Discussion thread (Accessed 2009-Oct-06)
- ^ Rogers, Henry (2005). Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach. Blackwell Publishing. p. 135.
- ^ See the sub-paragraph about the ʾalif maqṣūrah at aleph in Arabic
- ^ a b Arabic Dialect Tutorial
- ^ File:Basmala kufi.svg - Wikimedia Commons
- ^ a b File:Kufi.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
- ^ File:Qur'an folio 11th century kufic.jpg - Wikimedia Commons
- ^ Arabic and the Art of Printing – A Special Section, by Paul Lunde
- ^ SIL International: This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages
- ^ For more information about encoding Arabic, consult the Unicode manual available at The Unicode website
- ^ See also MULTILINGUAL COMPUTING WITH ARABIC AND ARABIC TRANSLITERATION Arabicizing Windows Applications to Read and Write Arabic & Solutions for the Transliteration Quagmire Faced by Arabic-Script Languages and A PowerPoint Tutorial (with screen shots and an English voice-over) on how to add Arabic to the Windows Operating System.
- ^ Yamli in the News
- ^ Israel 21c
Arabic alphabet coloring pages for kids, find the letters and color.
External links[link]
- An online virtual keyboard to type and edit in arabic.
- Named Entity Recognition – for a discussion of inconsistencies and variations of Arabic written text.
- Arabetics – for a discussion of consistency and uniformization of Arabic written text.
- The Arabic alphabet (writing letters)
- Learn Arabic Letters and Quran Reading
- Open Source fonts for Arabic script
- Arabic at the Open Directory Project
This article contains major sections of text from the very detailed article Arabic alphabet from the French Wikipedia, which has been partially translated into English. Further translation of that page, and its incorporation into the text here, are welcomed.
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http://wn.com/Arabic_alphabet
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Arabisches Alphabet
http://es.wn.com/Alfabeto árabe
http://ru.wn.com/Арабское письмо
http://cs.wn.com/Arabské písmo
http://pt.wn.com/Alfabeto árabe
http://pl.wn.com/Alfabet arabski
http://hi.wn.com/अरबी लिपि
http://it.wn.com/Alfabeto arabo
http://id.wn.com/Abjad Arab
http://nl.wn.com/Arabisch alfabet
http://fr.wn.com/Alphabet arabe
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
