- published: 30 May 2011
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- author: KLMRoyalDutchAirline
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4 KLM
4 KLM is a small village in Gharsana tehsil of Sri Ganganagar district, Rajasthan, India. It is 186 km from district headquarters. It borders on the Bikaner district to the south. Kumhars of Hathusar village are original residents of this village. The major occupations include farming, labour and mining.
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Air Europa
Air Europa Líneas Aéreas, S.A.U. is the third largest airline in Spain after Iberia and Vueling. The airline is headquartered in the Centro Empresarial Globalia in Llucmajor, Majorca, Spain. It also operates from Sweden, Stockholm Arlanda Airport (ARN) and Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport and also tour services between northern and western Europe and holiday resorts in the Canary Islands and Balearic Islands. It also operates domestic scheduled services and long-haul scheduled services to North America and South America. Its main base is Palma de Mallorca Airport, Palma de Mallorca.
The airline is 100% owned by Globalia, a travel and tourism company managed by Juan Jose Hidalgo. Since September 2007 the airline has been a member of the SkyTeam alliance. During the last ten years its operations have gradually shifted ever more to focusing on scheduled flights.
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Alaska
Alaska (
i/əˈlæskə/) is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Alaska is the 4th least populous and the least densely populated of the 50 United States. Approximately half of Alaska's 722,718 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area.
Alaska was purchased from Russia on March 30, 1867, for $7.2 million ($120 million in today's[when?] dollars) at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km²). The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized (or incorporated) territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.
The name "Alaska" (Аляска) was already introduced in the Russian colonial period, when it was used only for the peninsula and is derived from the Aleut alaxsxaq, meaning "the mainland" or, more literally, "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed". It is also known as Alyeska, the "great land", an Aleut word derived from the same root.
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Amstelveen
Amstelveen (help·info) is a suburban municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is part of the metropolitan area of Amsterdam. The municipality of Amstelveen consists of the following villages and/or districts: Amstelveen, Bovenkerk, Westwijk, Bankras-Kostverloren, Groenelaan, Waardhuizen, Randwijk, Elsrijk, Keizer Karelpark, Nes aan de Amstel, Ouderkerk aan de Amstel (partly). The name Amstelveen comes from 'Amstel', a local river, and 'veen', meaning fen, peat, or moor.
KLM has its headquarters in Amstelveen. In addition Amstelveen has the international headquarters of one of the Big Four auditors, KPMG.[citation needed]
During the French occupation between 1810 and 1814, it was the capital of a canton in the French department Zuyderzée, and until 1964 the municipality of Amstelveen was called Nieuwer-Amstel. It is 'technically a large dorp (village), because it was never walled. The symbol adopted for Amstelveen was based on the Amsterdam symbol of three crosses, with one additional cross for distinction. The Thijssepark (in full the Dr Jac. P. Thijssepark), was the first heempark in the Netherlands and is one of sixteen heemparks or heemgroen in Amstelveen. Designed by landscape architect C.P.Broerse; following the ideas of the great Dutch naturalist and conservationist Jac. P. Thijsse, it was developed between 1940 and 1972 and covers an area of 5 hectares, and is situated just south of the Amsterdamse Bos. Amstelveen was chosen as an unlikely host of a match in the 1999 Cricket World Cup, for which the Netherlands had not qualified. South Africa played Kenya in the match. Former Dutch prime minister Jan Peter Balkenende started his political career as member of the council for Amstelveen. As a result of the vicinity of Schiphol (Amsterdam Airport), and its links to Amsterdam, Amstelveen has grown and become a cosmopolitan mix of many cultures living in Amstelveen.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] (
listen)) is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution. Amsterdam has a population of 790,654 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of 2,289,762. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.
Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.
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Anchorage
Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is a unified home rule municipality in the southcentral part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the 64th-largest city and northernmost major city in the United States. With 291,826 residents in 2010 (and 380,821 residents within its Metropolitan Statistical Area, which combines Anchorage with the neighboring Matanuska-Susitna Borough), it is Alaska's largest city and constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population; amongst the 50 states, only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in the state's largest city.
Anchorage has been named All-America City four times, in 1956, 1965, 1984/1985 and 2002, by the National Civic League. It has also been named by Kiplinger as the most tax friendly city in the United States.
Russian presence in south central Alaska was well established in the 19th century. In 1867, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward brokered a deal to purchase Alaska from a debt-ridden Imperial Russia for $7.2 million (about two cents an acre). The deal was lampooned by political rivals as "Seward's folly", "Seward's icebox" and "Walrussia". By 1888, gold was discovered along Turnagain Arm.
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Bangkok
Bangkok is the capital city of and largest urban area in Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp máhǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] ( listen)) or simply Krung Thep ( listen), meaning "city of angels". Bangkok is by far the most densely populated city in Thailand with about 12 million people. Bangkok was a small trading post near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century. It eventually grew in size and became the site of two capital cities: Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782.
Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, Siam (later Thailand) acted as a buffer-zone between the French and British colonial empires. Bangkok itself has gained a reputation as an independent, dynamic and influential city. Bangkok is the political, social and economic centre of Thailand, and one of the leading cities in Southeast Asia.
Due to the 1980s and 1990s Asian investment boom, many multinational corporations make their regional headquarters in Bangkok and the city is a regional force in finance and business. Its increasing influence on global politics, culture, fashion and entertainment underlines its status as an Alpha global city. In 2009, it was the second most expensive city in South-East Asia behind Singapore. The city's many cultural landmarks and attractions in addition to its nightlife venues has made it synonymous with exoticism. Its rapid modernization, reflected in the cityscape and the urban society, has left untouched the historic Grand Palace, Wat Arun, Vimanmek Palace Complex and hundreds of Buddhist temples draw about 10 million international visitors each year, second only to London.
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Bari
Bari listen (help·info) (Bari dialect: Bare; from Latin: Barium) is the capital city of the province of Bari and of the Apulia (or, in Italian, Puglia) region, on the Adriatic Sea, in Italy. It is the second most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy after Naples, and is well known as a port and university city, as well as the city of Saint Nicholas. The city itself has a decreasing population of about 320,000, as of 2009, over 116 km², while the fast-growing urban area counts 653,028 inhabitants over 203 km². The metropolitan area counts 1 million inhabitants.
Bari is made up of four different urban sections. To the north is the closely built old town on the peninsula between two modern harbours, with the splendid Basilica of Saint Nicholas, the Cathedral of San Sabino (1035–1171) and the Swabian Castle built for Frederick II, which is now also a major nightlife district. To the south is the Murat quarter (erected by Joachim Murat), the modern heart of the city, which is laid out on a rectangular grid-plan with a promenade on the sea and the major shopping district (the via Sparano and via Argiro).
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BOAC Flight 777
BOAC Flight 777-A, a scheduled British Overseas Airways Corporation civilian airline flight on 1 June 1943 from Portela Airport in Lisbon, Portugal, to Whitchurch Airport near Bristol, United Kingdom, was attacked by eight German Junkers Ju 88s and crashed into the Bay of Biscay, killing all 17 "souls on board", including several notable passengers, most prominent being actor Leslie Howard.
Theories abound that the aircraft, a Douglas DC-3, was attacked because the Germans believed that British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was aboard. Other theories suggest the DC-3 was targeted because several passengers, including Howard, were British spies. During the Second World War, British and German civilian aircraft operated out of the same facilities at Portela and the incoming and outgoing traffic was watched by Allied and Axis spies. The Lisbon–Whitchurch route frequently carried agents and escaped POWs to Britain.
While aircraft flying the Lisbon–Whitchurch route had been left unmolested at the beginning of the war, and both Allied and Axis powers respected the neutrality of Portugal, the air war over the Bay of Biscay, north of Spain and off the west coast of France, had begun to heat up in 1942, and the Douglas DC-3 lost in this attack had twice survived attacks by Luftwaffe fighters in November 1942 and April 1943.
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Brussels Airport
Brussels Airport (IATA: BRU, ICAO: EBBR) (also called Brussel Nationaal/Bruxelles-National/Brussel-Zaventem (Brussels National)) is an international airport 6 NM (11 km; 6.9 mi) northeast of Brussels, Belgium. The airport is partially in Zaventem and partially in the Diegem area of Machelen, both located in the Flemish Region of Belgium.
Brussels Airport currently consists of 54 contact gates, and a total of 109 gates. It is home to around 260 companies, together directly employing 20,000 people.
In 2005, the airport was awarded Best Airport in Europe by Airports Council International/International Air Transport Association (ACI/IATA), based on a survey conducted with over 100,000 passengers worldwide.
The company operating the airport is known as "The Brussels Airport Company N.V./S.A."; before 19 October 2006, the name was BIAC (Brussels International Airport Company), which was created by Belgian law through a merger of BATC with the ground operations departments of the RLW/RVA. It is currently owned by the Australian group MAp Airports (75%) and the Belgian State (25%).
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Bushehr
Bushehr (Persian: بوشهر; also Romanized as Būshehr, Bouchehr, Buschir, Busehr, and Bushire; also Bandar Bushehr (Persian: بندر بوشهر, also Romanized as Bandar Būshehr and Bandar-e Būshehr; also known as Abuschehr, Abu Shehr, and Bandar Abu Shehr) is the capital city of Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 161,674, in 40,771 families.
Bushehr lies in a vast plain running along the coastal region on the Persian Gulf coast of southwestern Iran. It was the chief seaport of the country and is the administrative centre of its province. Its location is about 1,218 kilometres (757 mi) south of Tehran. The local climate is hot and humid.
The city structures are traditional in style, modest in proportion and cost. Due to its lack of rail connection to the interior of the country and its shallow anchorage, it has lost its position as the primary port of Persia/Iran, to other ports such as Abadan, Khorramshahr, and as of late, to the deep water ports such as Bandar Abbas and Chabahar port complex.
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Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (English /kəˈnɛəri ˈaɪləndz/; Spanish: Islas Canarias [ˈizlas kaˈnaɾjas, ˈihlah kaˈnaɾjas]), also known as the Canaries (Spanish: Canarias), is a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish autonomous community and an outermost region of the European Union. The islands include (from largest to smallest): Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Este and Roque del Oeste. The Canary Islands are legally recognized as a nationality of Spain. Geographically it is a part of the African Continent.[citation needed]
The archipelago's beaches, climate and important natural attractions, especially Teide National Park and Mount Teide (the third tallest volcano in the world measured from its base on the ocean floor), make it a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Lanzarote. The islands have a subtropical climate, with long warm summers and moderately warm winters. Due to their location above the temperature inversion layer, these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For this reason, two professional observatories, Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, have been built on the islands.
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Croydon Airport
Croydon Airport (ICAO: EGCR) was an airport in South London which straddled the boundary between what are now the London boroughs of Croydon and Sutton. It was the main airport for London before it was replaced by Northolt Aerodrome, London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick Airport. The terminal building and entrance lodge are Grade II listed buildings.
Much of the site has been built over, but some of the terminal buildings near Purley Way (the A23) are still visible, clearly identifiable as to their former purpose. The former terminal building is called Airport House, and the former control tower houses a visitors' centre.
A De Havilland Heron (a small propeller-driven British airliner of the 1950s), is displayed outside Airport House on struts flanking the entry path (as of November 2009). The Heron is painted as G-AOXL of Morton Air Services, which was the aircraft that flew the last passenger flight from Croydon on 30 September 1959. A Tiger Moth in RAF training scheme livery is suspended within the preserved booking hall, which functions as a dining room when required. A memorial to those lost in the Battle of Britain stands slightly to the south.
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Curacao
Curaçao (Dutch: Curaçao;Papiamentu: Kòrsou) is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. The Country of Curaçao (Dutch: Land Curaçao, Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), which includes the main island plus the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao"), is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its capital is Willemstad.
Curaçao is the largest and most populous of the three ABC islands (for Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) of the Lesser Antilles, specifically the Leeward Antilles. It has a land area of 444 square kilometres (171 square miles). As of 1 January 2009, it had a population of 141,766.
Prior to 10 October 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, Curaçao was administered as the Island Territory of Curaçao (Dutch: Eilandgebied Curaçao, Papiamentu: Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou), one of five island territories of the former Netherlands Antilles. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code CUW and the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code CW has been assigned to Curaçao.
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Curaçao
Curaçao (Dutch: Curaçao;Papiamentu: Kòrsou) is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. The Country of Curaçao (Dutch: Land Curaçao, Papiamentu: Pais Kòrsou), which includes the main island plus the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao ("Little Curaçao"), is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its capital is Willemstad.
Curaçao is the largest and most populous of the three ABC islands (for Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao) of the Lesser Antilles, specifically the Leeward Antilles. It has a land area of 444 square kilometres (171 square miles). As of 1 January 2009, it had a population of 141,766.
Prior to 10 October 2010, when the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved, Curaçao was administered as the Island Territory of Curaçao (Dutch: Eilandgebied Curaçao, Papiamentu: Teritorio Insular di Kòrsou), one of five island territories of the former Netherlands Antilles. The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code CUW and the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code CW has been assigned to Curaçao.
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Dubai
Dubai (/duːˈbaɪ/ doo-BY; Arabic: دبيّ Dubeii; IPA: [du'beii]) is an emirate within the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A city within the emirate is also named Dubai. The emirate is located south east of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula and has the largest population with the second-largest land territory by area of all the emirates, after Abu Dhabi. Dubai and Abu Dhabi are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature. Dubai City is located on the emirate's northern coastline.
The earliest mention of Dubai is in 1095, and the earliest settlement known as Dubai town dates from 1799. Dubai was formally established in 1833 by Sheikh Maktoum bin Buti al Maktoum when he persuaded 800 members of the Bani Yas tribe, living in what is now part of Saudi Arabia, to follow him to the Dubai Creek by the Al Abu Falasa clan of Bani Yas. It remained under clan control when the United Kingdom assumed the protection of Dubai in 1892. Its geographical location made it an important trading hub and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port.
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Dublin Airport
Dublin Airport, (Irish: Aerfort Bhaile Átha Cliath) (IATA: DUB, ICAO: EIDW), is operated by the Dublin Airport Authority. It is located in Collinstown, in the county of Fingal, Ireland. In 2011, 18.8 million passengers passed through the airport, making it the busiest of the state's airports by total passenger traffic, followed by Cork Airport and Shannon Airport. It also has the greatest traffic levels on the island of Ireland followed by Belfast International Airport, George Best Belfast City Airport, Cork and Shannon.
The airport is located 5.4 NM (10.0 km; 6.2 mi) north of Dublin city in a once-rural area near Swords. It is served by buses and taxis. Plans to connect the airport to Swords and Dublin city centre via a rapid transit line (Metro North), have been postponed by the Government.
Dublin Airport is the headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier (Aer Lingus), Europe's largest low-cost carrier (Ryanair) and Ireland's regional airline (Aer Arann). Ireland's fourth airline, CityJet, operates flights from the airport and its HQ is located in the nearby town of Swords.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Haarlemmermeer
Haarlemmermeer [ˌɦaː.rlɛ.mər.ˈmɪːr] ( listen) is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. It is a polder, consisting of land reclaimed from water, and the name Haarlemmermeer means Haarlem's Lake, still referring to the body of water from which the region was reclaimed in the 19th century.
Its main town is Hoofddorp. It is one of the largest towns (pop. 70,030) in the Netherlands whose name is not used as the name of a municipality. This town, together with the rapidly growing towns of Nieuw-Vennep and Badhoevedorp, forms part of the Randstad agglomeration. The Netherlands' main international airport Schiphol is located in Haarlemmermeer.
The original Haarlemmer Lake is said to have been mostly a peat bog, a relic of a northern arm of the Rhine which passed through the district in Roman times. In 1531 the Haarlemmermeer had an area of 26.0 square kilometres (10.0 sq mi), and near it were three smaller lakes: the Leidsche Meer, the Spiering Meer, and the Oude Meer, with a combined area of about 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi).
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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KLM Flight 4805
The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger aircraft collided on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport (now known as Tenerife North Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. With a total of 583 fatalities, the crash is the deadliest accident in aviation history.
The aircraft involved - KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736 - had been, along with many other aircraft, diverted to Tenerife from Gran Canaria Airport after a bomb exploded there. The threat of a second bomb forced the authorities to close the airport while a search was conducted, resulting in many airplanes being diverted to the smaller Tenerife airport where air traffic controllers were forced to park many of the airplanes on the taxiway, thereby blocking it. Further complicating the situation, while authorities waited to reopen Gran Canaria, a dense fog developed at Tenerife, greatly reducing visibility. When Gran Canaria reopened, the parked aircraft blocking the taxiway at Tenerife required both of the subject 747s to taxi on the only runway in order to get in position for takeoff. Due to the fog, neither aircraft could see the other, nor could the controller in the tower see the runway or the two 747s on it. As the airport did not have ground radar, the only means for the controller to identify the location of each airplane was via voice reports over the radio. As a result of several misunderstandings in the ensuing communication, the KLM flight attempted to take off while the Pan Am flight was still on the runway. The resulting collision destroyed both aircraft, killing all 248 aboard the KLM flight and 335 of 396 aboard the Pan Am flight. Sixty-one people aboard the Pan Am flight, including the pilots and flight engineer, survived the disaster.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Lufthansa
Deutsche Lufthansa AG (FWB: LHA, OTCQX: DLAKY) (German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏt͡ʃə ˈlʊfthanza]) is the flag carrier of Germany and the largest airline in Europe in terms of overall passengers carried and fleet size. The German government had a 35.68% stake in Lufthansa until 1997, but the company is now owned by private investors (88.52%), MGL Gesellschaft für Luftverkehrswerte (10.05%), Deutsche Postbank (1.03%), and Deutsche Bank (0.4%) and has 37,042 employees (as of March 2007). The name of the company is derived from Luft (the German word for "air"), and Hansa (after the Hanseatic League, a powerful medieval trading group).[citation needed]
The airline is the world's fourth-largest airline in terms of overall passengers carried, operating services to 18 domestic destinations and 203 international destinations in 78 countries across Africa, Americas, Asia and Europe. Together with its partners, Lufthansa services around 410 destinations. With over 710 aircraft it has the second-largest passenger airline fleet in the world when combined with its subsidiaries.
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Malta
Maltai/ˈmɒltə/, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.
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Manchester Airport
Manchester Airport (IATA: MAN, ICAO: EGCC), is an international airport at Ringway, Manchester, England. In 2011 it was third busiest airport in the United Kingdom in terms of passenger numbers, and the 23rd busiest airport in Europe. Manchester Airport is the largest outside the London region with over double the passengers of its nearest non-London rival, Edinburgh Airport.
The terminals are 7.5 NM (13.9 km; 8.6 mi) south of Manchester city centre. It officially opened on 25 June 1938 and was initially known as Ringway Airport. During World War II, it was called RAF Ringway and from 1975 until 1986 Manchester International Airport. The airport is owned and managed by the Manchester Airports Group (MAG), a holding company owned by the ten metropolitan borough councils of Greater Manchester, with Manchester City Council owning the largest stake. A Category 10 airport, the airport comprises three terminals, a goods terminal and a railway station. It is the only British airport other than London Heathrow to have two runways over 3,000 metres in length.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] ( listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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Pan Am Flight 1736
The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger aircraft collided on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport (now known as Tenerife North Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. With a total of 583 fatalities, the crash is the deadliest accident in aviation history.
The aircraft involved - KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736 - had been, along with many other aircraft, diverted to Tenerife from Gran Canaria Airport after a bomb exploded there. The threat of a second bomb forced the authorities to close the airport while a search was conducted, resulting in many airplanes being diverted to the smaller Tenerife airport where air traffic controllers were forced to park many of the airplanes on the taxiway, thereby blocking it. Further complicating the situation, while authorities waited to reopen Gran Canaria, a dense fog developed at Tenerife, greatly reducing visibility. When Gran Canaria reopened, the parked aircraft blocking the taxiway at Tenerife required both of the subject 747s to taxi on the only runway in order to get in position for takeoff. Due to the fog, neither aircraft could see the other, nor could the controller in the tower see the runway or the two 747s on it. As the airport did not have ground radar, the only means for the controller to identify the location of each airplane was via voice reports over the radio. As a result of several misunderstandings in the ensuing communication, the KLM flight attempted to take off while the Pan Am flight was still on the runway. The resulting collision destroyed both aircraft, killing all 248 aboard the KLM flight and 335 of 396 aboard the Pan Am flight. Sixty-one people aboard the Pan Am flight, including the pilots and flight engineer, survived the disaster.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Pulkovo Airport
Pulkovo Airport (Russian: Аэропо́рт Пу́лково, Aeroport Pulkovo) (IATA: LED, ICAO: ULLI) is an international airport serving Saint Petersburg, Russia. It consists of two terminals, Pulkovo-1 (serving mostly domestic flights) and Pulkovo-2 (international flights), which are located about 20 km (12 mi) and 17 km (11 mi) south of the city centre, respectively. The airport serves as a hub for Rossiya Airlines (formerly Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise), and as focus city for Nordavia. In 2011 roughly 9.6 million passengers travelled through Pulkovo airport.
Originally it was named Shosseynaya Airport, by the name of a nearby railroad station. Construction began in January 1931, and was completed on June 24, 1932, with the first aircraft arriving at 17:31 that day, after a two-and-a-half hour flight from Moscow carrying passengers and mail.
During the Second World War the airport was the frontline in the Nazi Siege of Leningrad. There were no flights between 1941 and 1944. The nearby Pulkovo hills were occupied by the Nazis and were used by the long-range artillery for daily bombardments of Leningrad. The airport was cleared of the Nazis in January 1944, and resumed cargo and mail flights after the runways were repaired in 1945.
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RAF Mildenhall
RAF Mildenhall (IATA: MHZ, ICAO: EGUN) is a Royal Air Force (RAF) station located at Mildenhall in Suffolk, England. Despite its status as an RAF station, it primarily supports United States Air Force operations and is currently the home of the 100th Air Refueling Wing (100 ARW). As RAF Mildenhall's current "host wing" the 100 ARW supports some 16,000 personnel, three geographically separated units (GSUs) and 15 associated units.
RAF Mildenhall hosts units from four different major USAF commands -- Air Combat Command, Air Force Special Operations Command, Air Mobility Command and United States Air Forces in Europe; as well as units of the United States Navy.
RAF Mildenhall and its sister base RAF Lakenheath are the largest United States Air Force bases in the United Kingdom.
The host unit at Mildenhall is the 100th Air Refueling Wing (100 ARW), which deploys aircraft for and manages the European Tanker Task Force, a rotational force which provides air refueling to US and NATO aircraft in the European Theater. It is the only permanent USAF air refueling wing in the European theater, activated at RAF Mildenhall on 1 February 1992. The wing provides the critical air refueling "bridge" that allows the Expeditionary Air Force to deploy around the globe on a moment's notice.
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Schiphol
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ( /ˈʃɪpɒl/;Dutch: Luchthaven Schiphol, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlʏxtˌɦaːvə(n) ˈsxɪpɦɔl]) (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) is the Netherlands' main international airport, located 20 minutes (4.9 NM (9.1 km; 5.6 mi)) southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer. The airport's official English name, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, reflects the original Dutch word order (Luchthaven Schiphol). The airport used to have the IATA code of SPL, which has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by AMS.
The airport is the primary hub for KLM as well as for Arkefly, Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair and Transavia. The airport also serves as a European hub for Delta Air Lines and as a base for Vueling. Schiphol is considered to be an Airport City.
Schiphol is an important European airport, ranking as Europe’s 4th busiest and the world's 12th busiest by total passenger traffic. It also ranks as the world’s 6th busiest by international passenger traffic and the world’s 17th largest for cargo tonnage.
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Schiphol Airport
Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ( /ˈʃɪpɒl/;Dutch: Luchthaven Schiphol, Dutch pronunciation: [ˈlʏxtˌɦaːvə(n) ˈsxɪpɦɔl]) (IATA: AMS, ICAO: EHAM) is the Netherlands' main international airport, located 20 minutes (4.9 NM (9.1 km; 5.6 mi)) southwest of Amsterdam, in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer. The airport's official English name, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, reflects the original Dutch word order (Luchthaven Schiphol). The airport used to have the IATA code of SPL, which has fallen into disuse and has been replaced by AMS.
The airport is the primary hub for KLM as well as for Arkefly, Corendon Dutch Airlines, Martinair and Transavia. The airport also serves as a European hub for Delta Air Lines and as a base for Vueling. Schiphol is considered to be an Airport City.
Schiphol is an important European airport, ranking as Europe’s 4th busiest and the world's 12th busiest by total passenger traffic. It also ranks as the world’s 6th busiest by international passenger traffic and the world’s 17th largest for cargo tonnage.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Sevenoaks
Coordinates: 51°16′41″N 0°11′15″E / 51.2781°N 0.1874°E / 51.2781; 0.1874
Sevenoaks is a commuter town situated on the London fringe of west Kent, England, 24 miles (38.6 km) south-east of Charing Cross, on one of the principal commuter rail lines from the capital. The town gives its name to the Sevenoaks district, of which it is the principal town, followed by Swanley and Edenbridge.
The presence of Knole House, a large mansion, led to the earlier settlement becoming a village and in the 13th century a market was established.[citation needed] Sevenoaks became part of the modern communications network when one of the earlier turnpikes was opened in the 18th century; the railway was relatively late in reaching it. It has a large commuting population although the nearby Fort Halstead defence installation is a large local employer.
There are several independent educational establishments in the town, including the prestigious Sevenoaks School.
The town's name is derived from the Saxon word "Seouenaca", the name given to a small chapel near seven oak trees in Knole Park around AD 800.[citation needed]
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Shere
Coordinates: 51°13′14″N 0°28′07″W / 51.2206°N 0.4687°W / 51.2206; -0.4687
Shere is a village in the Guildford district of Surrey, England about 6 miles (9.7 km) east of Guildford and 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Dorking, bypassed by the A25. It is a small village with many traditional English features. It has a small central cluster of old village houses, shops including a blacksmith and trekking shop, tea house, art gallery, two pubs and a Norman-era church. Shere has a museum which opens most afternoons at weekends. The Tillingbourne stream runs through the centre of the village.
Shere is also a civil parish, consisting of the villages of Shere, Gomshall, Holmbury St. Mary and Peaslake, the total population is: 3,359.
Shere appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Essira and Essire. It was held by William the Conqueror. Its domesday assets were: 1 church, 2 mills worth 10s, 14 ploughs, 3 acres (12,000 m2) of meadow, woodland worth 50 hogs. It rendered £15.
The church is Norman, most being 12th, 13th and 14th century, of ironstone rubble with sandstone buttresses, restored in 1895 by S. Weatherley. By the north chancel wall there is a 14th century quatrefoil window and squint - belonging to Anchorite Cell. There is 14th century glass in the east window and the chancel fittings were renewed in 1956 by Louis Osman.
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Suvarnabhumi Airport
Suvarnabhumi Airport (Thai: ท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ, pronounced [sù.wān.nā.pʰūːm]) (IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS) (meaning 'Golden Land' in Sanskrit), also known as (New) Bangkok International Airport, is an international airport serving Bangkok, Thailand. It was officially opened for limited domestic flight service on 15 September 2006, and opened for most domestic and all international commercial flights on 28 September 2006. The airport is currently the main hub for Thai Airways International, Bangkok Airways, Orient Thai Airlines, and Thai AirAsia. It also serves as regional gateway and connecting point for various foreign carriers.
The airport is located in Racha Thewa in Bang Phli district, Samut Prakan Province, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of downtown Bangkok. The name Suvarnabhumi was chosen by King Bhumibol Adulyadej and refers to the golden kingdom hypothesised to have been located somewhere in Southeast Asia.
Designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy/Jahn Architects and constructed primarily by ITO JV, the airport has the world's tallest free-standing control tower (132.2 metres / 434 feet), and the world's 4th largest single-building airport terminal (563,000 square metres / 6,060,000 square feet). Suvarnabhumi is the 6th busiest airport in Asia, and the busiest in the country, having handled 47.9 million passengers in 2011, and is also a major air cargo hub, with a total of 96 airlines. On social networks, Suvarnabhumi is the world's 2nd most popular place where Instagram photos were taken in 2011. The airport inherited the airport code BKK from Don Mueang after the older airport ceased international commercial flights. A modern motorway no.7 connects the airport, Bangkok, and the heavily industrial Eastern Seaboard of Thailand, where most of the manufacturing for export takes place.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Sydney Airport
Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport (also known as Kingsford-Smith Airport and Sydney Airport) (IATA: SYD, ICAO: YSSY) (ASX: SYD) is located in the suburb of Mascot in Sydney, Australia. It is the only major airport serving Sydney, and is a primary hub for Qantas, as well as a secondary hub for Virgin Australia and Jetstar Airways. Situated next to Botany Bay, the airport has three runways, colloquially known as the "east–west", "north–south" and "third" runways.
Sydney Airport is one of the oldest continually operated airports in the world, and the busiest airport in Australia, handling 36 million passengers in 2010 and 289,741 aircraft movements in 2009. It was the 27th busiest airport in the world in 2010. The airport is managed by Sydney Airport Corporation Limited (SACL) and the current CEO is Kerrie Mather. Flights from Sydney link with all states and territories of Australia. Currently 47 domestic destinations are served to Sydney direct.
The area that the airport was situated was originally a bullock paddock.Nigel Love, a former wartime pilot, was looking into the possibilities for aviation in Australia. He was interested in establishing the nation's first aircraft manufacturing company, this required him to establish a factory and an aerodrome close to the city. His search for a potential site eventually led him to a real estate office in Sydney which was aware of some land owned by the Kensington Race Club (that was kept as a hedge against losing its government-owned site at Randwick). It had been used by a local abattoir, which was closing down, to graze sheep and cattle. This land appealed to Love, the surface was perfectly flat and was covered with a pasture of buffalo grass. This grass which had been grazed so evenly by the sheep and cattle running on it that it required little to make it serviceable to land aircraft. In addition, the approaches on all four sides had no obstructions, it was bounded by a racecourse, gardens, a river and Botany Bay.
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Taipei
Taipei City (/ˌtaɪˈpeɪ/; [tʰǎipèi]; Chinese: 臺北市 or 台北市; pinyin: Táiběi Shì) is the capital of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Situated at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River; it is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, a port city on the Pacific Ocean. It lies in the two relatively narrow valleys of the Keelung (基隆河) and Xindian (新店溪) rivers, which join to form the Tamsui River along the city's western border. The city proper (Taipei City) is home to an estimated 2,618,772 people. Taipei, New Taipei, and Keelung together form the Taipei metropolitan area with a population of 6,900,273. However, they are administered under different local governing bodies. "Taipei" sometimes refers to the whole metropolitan area, while "Taipei City" refers to the city proper. Taipei City proper is surrounded on all sides by New Taipei.
Taipei is the political, economic, and cultural center of Taiwan. The National Palace Museum which has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts and artworks in the world is located in Taipei. Considered to be a global city, Taipei is part of a major industrial area. Railways, high speed rail, highways, airports, and bus lines connect Taipei with all parts of the island. The city is served by two airports – Taipei Songshan and Taiwan Taoyuan.
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Tenerife disaster
The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger aircraft collided on the runway of Los Rodeos Airport (now known as Tenerife North Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. With a total of 583 fatalities, the crash is the deadliest accident in aviation history.
The aircraft involved - KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736 - had been, along with many other aircraft, diverted to Tenerife from Gran Canaria Airport after a bomb exploded there. The threat of a second bomb forced the authorities to close the airport while a search was conducted, resulting in many airplanes being diverted to the smaller Tenerife airport where air traffic controllers were forced to park many of the airplanes on the taxiway, thereby blocking it. Further complicating the situation, while authorities waited to reopen Gran Canaria, a dense fog developed at Tenerife, greatly reducing visibility. When Gran Canaria reopened, the parked aircraft blocking the taxiway at Tenerife required both of the subject 747s to taxi on the only runway in order to get in position for takeoff. Due to the fog, neither aircraft could see the other, nor could the controller in the tower see the runway or the two 747s on it. As the airport did not have ground radar, the only means for the controller to identify the location of each airplane was via voice reports over the radio. As a result of several misunderstandings in the ensuing communication, the KLM flight attempted to take off while the Pan Am flight was still on the runway. The resulting collision destroyed both aircraft, killing all 248 aboard the KLM flight and 335 of 396 aboard the Pan Am flight. Sixty-one people aboard the Pan Am flight, including the pilots and flight engineer, survived the disaster.
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Tokyo
Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō?, "Eastern Capital") [toːkʲoː], English /ˈtoʊki.oʊ/; officially Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to?), is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of the world. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family. Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu?) and the city of Tokyo (東京市, Tōkyō-shi?).
The Tokyo Metropolitan government administers the 23 special wards of Tokyo (each governed as a city), which cover the area that was the city of Tokyo, as well as 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the special wards is over 8 million people, with the total population of the prefecture exceeding 13 million. The prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 35 million people and the world's largest urban agglomeration economy with a GDP of US$1.479 trillion at purchasing power parity in 2008, ahead of New York City metropolitan area, which ranks second on the list. The city hosts 47 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest amount of any city.
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Toronto
Toronto (/təˈrɒntoʊ/, colloquially /ˈtrɒnoʊ/) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from the Mississaugas of the New Credit. The settlement was later established as the Town of York and proclaimed as the new capital of Upper Canada by its lieutenant-governor, John Graves Simcoe. In 1834, York was incorporated as a city and renamed to its present name. The city was ransacked in the Battle of York during the War of 1812 and damaged in two great fires in 1849 and in 1904. Since its incorporation, Toronto has repeatedly expanded its borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities, most recently in 1998.
With over 2.6 million residents, it is the fifth most populous city in North America. Its metropolitan area has over 5.5 million residents. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which has a population of nearly 9 million people as of 2011. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,583,064, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 6,054,191 in the 2011 Census. Its cosmopolitan and international population reflects its role as an important destination for immigrants to Canada. Toronto is one of the world's most diverse cities by percentage of non-native-born residents, with about 49% of the population born outside Canada. Toronto is also consistently rated as one of the world's most livable cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vietnam Airlines
Vietnam Airlines Company Limited, trading as Vietnam Airlines (Vietnamese: Hãng Hàng không Quốc gia Việt Nam), is the national flag carrier of Vietnam. Founded in 1956 under the name Vietnam Civil Aviation, the airline was established as a state enterprise in April 1989. Vietnam Airlines is headquartered in Long Bien, Hanoi, with hubs at Noi Bai International Airport and Tan Son Nhat International Airport. The airline flies to 46 destinations in 19 countries, excluding codeshared services.
Vietnam Airlines was officially formed in 1996, after bringing together several service companies. The company is overseen by a seven-seat management board, members of which are appointed by the Vietnamese Prime Minister.
With the core activity of the airline being passenger transportation, Vietnam Airlines also earns revenue from catering and the maintenance and overhauling of aircraft through a number of its subsidiaries. The maintenance and overhauling of aircraft is handled by Vietnam Airlines Engineering Company (VAECO), while the former is performed by Noibai Catering Services Join-Stock Company and Vietnam Air Caterer, who cater airlines that use Vietnam Airlines’ hubs. The airline also controls and operates its cargo division, Vietnam Airlines Cargo, using the airline’s luggage hold on its passenger fleet, as well as a number of dedicated aircraft. Vietnam Airlines owns 100% of Vietnam Air Service Company (VASCO) —a regional airline in southern Vietnam—, 70% of the low-cost carrier Jetstar Pacific Airlines, and 49% of the Cambodian national airline Cambodia Angkor Air.
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Waalhaven
The Waalhaven is one of various harbours in the Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands and used to be home to an airport, Vliegveld Waalhaven (Waalhaven Airport). It was the first civilian airport in the Netherlands and was opened in 1920.
Amongst others, the N.V. Koolhoven aircraft factory was located on this airport. This, together with the airport, was destroyed in 1940 by both German and Allied bombardments during the Battle of the Netherlands. After the Second World War, the airport was not rebuilt. An industrial zone now lies on the location of the former airport.
Coordinates: 51°52′34″N 4°26′35″E / 51.876°N 4.443°E / 51.876; 4.443
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Air China
Air China Limited (SEHK: 0753, LSE: AIRC, SSE: 601111) (simplified Chinese: 中国国际航空公司; traditional Chinese: 中國國際航空公司; pinyin: Zhōngguó Guójì Hángkōng Gōngsī; literally "China International Airlines Company", abbreviated 国航) is the flag carrier and one of the major airlines of the People's Republic of China, with its headquarters in Shunyi District, Beijing. The airline's flight operations are based from out of Beijing Capital International Airport and is the world's 10th largest airline by fleet size. The airline ranked behind its main competitors China Southern Airlines and China Eastern Airlines in terms of total passengers carried.
The enterprise logo of Air China consists of an artistic phoenix pattern, the Chinese name of the airline written in calligraphy by former national leader Deng Xiaoping, and “AIR CHINA” in English. The phoenix logo is also the artistic transfiguration of the word “VIP”. Air China is a member of the Star Alliance.
In 2010, Air China carried 60 million domestic and international passengers with an average load factor of 80%. The airline reported a net profit of 12 billion yuan (USD $1.83 billion) in 2010.
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Air Macau
Air Macau Company Limited (simplified Chinese: 澳门航空; traditional Chinese: 澳門航空; pinyin: Àomén Hángkōng) is the flag carrier airline of and headquartered in Macau. The airline operates services to 12 destinations in Mainland China, as well as regional international services, from its hub at Macau International Airport.
The airline was established on 13 September 1994, and began commercial operations on 9 November 1995, with a flight from Macau to Beijing and Shanghai (prior to 1995, there was no air service to Macau other than the helicopter service). One-aircraft service between Beijing, Shanghai and Taipei began on 8 December 1995. The first pure-freighter service was launched on 7 October 2002, between Taipei and Shenzhen via Macau.
Air Macau is owned by China National Aviation Corporation (CNAC) (51%), TAP Portugal (20%), STDM (14%), EVA Air (5%), the government of Macau (5%) and Macau investors (5%) and employs 1,023 staff (at March 2007). Two companies controlled by Macau SAR's Chief Executive Edmund Ho have sold a combined 1.25 percent stake in financially troubled Air Macau to a unit of China flagship carrier Air China, Reuters reported during the week.
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Albert Plesman
Dr. Albert Plesman (7 September 1889 – 31 December 1953) was a Dutch pioneer in aviation and founder of KLM, the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name.
He was born as the son of an egg trader from The Hague. In 1915 he joined the mobilized Dutch airforce as a professional officer, at the time still called the "militaire luchtvaartafdeling" (military aviation department), in Soesterberg. After World War I in which the Netherlands remained neutral, he began with the organization of the ELTA, the "Eerste Luchtvaart Tentoonstelling Amsterdam" (First Aviation Exhibition Amsterdam), held from 1 August till 15 September 1919. For that occasion enormous halls (hangars) where built. Right after the exhibition these were used by Anthony Fokker, for his new company Nederlandse Vliegtuigenfabriek (Dutch Aircraft Factory), subsequently the Fokker airplane factory.
All these activities led to the establishment of the Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM), of which Plesman became director and made it a flourishing company. After the Second World War Plesman was appointed president-director of KLM. After the recovery from the war the company became a renowned airline company under his leadership. Plesman pleaded in vain for a displacement of Schiphol Airport to a location near Burgerveen.
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Cathay Pacific
Cathay Pacific (SEHK: 0293) is the flag carrier of Hong Kong, with its head office and main hub located at Hong Kong International Airport, although the airline's registered office is on the 33rd floor of One Pacific Place. The airline's operations include scheduled passenger and cargo services to 114 destinations in 36 countries worldwide, including codeshares and joint ventures, with a fleet of wide-body aircraft, consisting of Airbus A330, Airbus A340, Boeing 747 and Boeing 777 equipment. The airline also operates fifth freedom flights from Bangkok and Taipei, its focus cities. Its wholly owned subsidiary, Dragonair, operates to 30 destinations in the Asia-Pacific region from its Hong Kong base. In 2009, Cathay Pacific and Dragonair carried nearly 23.2 million passengers and over 1.52 million tonnes of cargo and mail.
The airline was founded on September 24 1946 by American Roy C. Farrell and Australian Sydney H. de Kantzow, with each man putting up HK$1 to register the airline. The airline made the world's first non-stop transpolar flight flying over the North Pole in July 1998, and it also operated the maiden flight to arrive at the new Hong Kong International Airport. The airline celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2006; and as of October 2009[update], its major shareholders are Swire Pacific and Air China. It is reciprocally one of the major shareholders of Air China. Cathay Pacific currently holds the title of the world's third largest airline, measured in terms of market capitalisation, according to the International Air Transport Association. In 2010, Cathay Pacific became the world's largest international cargo airline, along with main hub Hong Kong International Airport as the world's busiest airport in terms of cargo traffic.
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China Cargo Airlines
China Cargo Airlines (Chinese: 中国货运航空有限公司; pinyin: zhōngguó huòyùn hángkōng ǒuxiàn gōngsī) sometimes as abbreviated 中货航, is a cargo airline based in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. It is China's first all-cargo airline operating dedicated freight services using China Eastern Airlines route structure. Its main base is Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, with a hub at Shanghai Pudong International Airport.
The airline was established on 30 July 1998 and started operations in October 1998. It was founded as, and remains, a joint venture between China Eastern Airlines (70%) and China Ocean Shipping (30%). It briefly adopted the title China Eastern Airlines Cargo, and reverted to its original name again after becoming an independent subsidiary in 2004.
Its parent company China Eastern Airlines has reached agreement to inject more capital into the cargo airline. Its stake will fall from 70 percent to just over 51 percent. China Ocean Shipping's share reduced to 17 percent. This allowed Singapore Airlines Cargo to invest up to 16 percent of the cargo airline. In addition, Eva Air also purchased a 16 percent share of the airline.
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Dragonair
Hong Kong Dragon Airlines Limited (T: 港龍航空有限公司, S: 港龙航空有限公司, Cantonese: gong2 lung4 hong4 hung1 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1, Pinyin: Gǎnglóng Hángkōng Yǒuxiàngōngsī), operating as Dragonair, is an international airline and flag carrier headquartered in Hong Kong; with its corporate headquarters, Dragonair House (港龍大厦, 港龙大厦, C: gong2 lung4 daai6 haa6, Pinyin: Gǎnglóng Dàshà), and main hub at Hong Kong International Airport. The airline operates a scheduled passenger network to 33 destinations in 12 countries and territories across Asia, including codeshares. It has an all Airbus fleet of 31 aircraft, consisting of A320s, A321s and A330s. Dragonair is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hong Kong's flag carrier, Cathay Pacific, and is an affiliate member of the Oneworld airline alliance. The airline was founded on 24 May 1985 by Chao Kuang Piu, the airline's present honorary chairman. Its maiden flight departed Hong Kong for Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia after being granted an air operator's certificate (AOC) by the Hong Kong Government in July 1985. In 2009, Dragonair, together with its parent, Cathay Pacific, operated over 56,000 flights, carried nearly 25 million passengers and over 1.52 billion kg of cargo and mail.
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Ernst van der Beugel
Ernst van der Beugel (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɛrnst vɐn dɛr ˈbøːɣəl]) (2 February 1918, Amsterdam – 29 September 2004, The Hague) was a Dutch economist, businessman, diplomat, and politician.
Van der Beugel graduated in economics from the University of Amsterdam in 1941 and received a Ph.D. from Leiden University in 1965 on the dissertation From Marshall plan to Atlantic Partnership (with a foreword of Henry A. Kissinger).
In 1945 he joined the Dutch Ministry of Transport, moving to the Ministry of Economic affairs in 1946. In 1947 he was Secretary to the Dutch national delegation at the first Paris conference on the Marshall Plan. Between 1957 and 1958 he was statesecretary for foreign affairs for the Labour Party in the fourth Cabinet Drees. He took over as permanent secretary of the Bilderberg Group in 1960, upon the death of Józef Retinger. From 1961 to 1963 he was president of Dutch airline KLM. From 1966 to 1984 he was professor of international relations at Leiden University.
His sister was the author and journalist Ina van der Beugel (1914-2003).
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Hainan Airlines
Hainan Airlines Company Limited (HNA) (SSE: 600221) (Chinese: 海南航空公司; Pinyin: Hǎinán Hángkōng Gōngsī) is an airline headquartered in the HNA Development Building in Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China. It is the largest privately-owned air transport company and the fourth-largest airline in terms of fleet size in the People's Republic of China. It operates scheduled domestic and international services on 500 routes from Hainan and nine locations on the mainland, as well as charter services. Its main base is Haikou Meilan International Airport, with a hub at Beijing Capital International Airport and several focus cities.
Hainan Airlines was established in October 1989 as Hainan Province Airlines in Hainan, the largest special economy zone in China. It was then renamed as Hainan Airlines and became China's first joint-stock air-transport enterprise in January 1993 and began scheduled services on 2 May 1993.
Executive-jet operations with a Bombardier Learjet 55 were added in April 1995. In 1998, Hainan Airlines became the first Chinese carrier to own shares in an airport after it purchased 25% stake of Haikou Meilan International Airport.
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Henkes
Peter Henkes (born July 27, 1962) is a former German football player. He was a midfielder.
Henkes was capped 24 times for FSV Salmrohr in season 1986/87 of the 2. Fußball-Bundesliga. He also won the 1989–90 German amateur football championship with FSV Salmrohr.
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Hong Kong Airlines
Hong Kong Airlines Ltd (Chinese: 香港航空有限公司; Mandarin Pinyin: Xiānggǎng Hángkōng Yǒuxiàngōngsī; Jyutping: hoeng1 gong2 hong4 hung1 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1), formerly CR Airways Limited (Chinese: 中富航空有限公司; Mandarin Pinyin: Zhōngfù Hángkōng Yǒuxiàngōngsī; Jyutping: zung1 fu3 hong4 hung1 jau5 haan6 gung1 si1, IATA: N8), is a Hong Kong-based airline, with its main hub and corporate head office at Hong Kong International Airport. The airline operates scheduled regional passenger and cargo services to 10 destinations within the People's Republic of China and Vietnam, including codeshares with its sister airline, Hong Kong Express Airways.
The airline was founded as CR Airways by Robert Yip on 28 March 2001 and began helicopter passenger charter operations with a Sikorsky S-76C+ helicopter. It was Hong Kong's first helicopter operator to receive an Air Operator's Certificate since the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region was established. Mainland Chinese carrier Hainan Airlines and Mr Mung Kin Keung took over the airline in 2006 by acquiring a 45 percent and 55 percent holdings in the airline, respectively. The airline officially changed its name to Hong Kong Airlines Limited on 28 November 2006 and introduced a new logo representing a bauhinia flower, a Hong Kong native flower.
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L. M. van Wijk
Leo M. van Wijk (born 18 October 1946, Amsterdam) is a Dutch executive, and former president and CEO of KLM and vice-chairman of Air France-KLM S.A.
Van Wijk studied at University of Amsterdam, receiving a Masters Degree in Econometrics in 1971. He joined KLM Royal Dutch Airlines on that year, starting with various positions in Automation Services. In 1977 he moved to Cargo Division, being appointed Manager Cargo Handling in March 1979. Successive career moves were Manager Cargo Marketing in 1983, and Vice President KLM Marketing in 1984, Deputy to the Senior Vice President Commercial Services in 1987, and Senior Vice President Corporate Development in 1989.
Van Wijk was also a skilled athlete. He played soccer for AFC Ajax and was in the same teams as Johan Cruyff albeit he never reached the first team. As a baseball player he reached the first team of Ajax who then appeared in the Dutch major league. He made his debut in 1964 in the major league with Ajax against the Haarlem Nicols in the seventh inning and hit a home run. His position was shortstop.[verification needed]
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Nazi war criminals
The following is a list of people suspected of committing war crimes on behalf of Nazi Germany or any of the Axis Powers during World War II. It does not include people from Allied countries who were suspected of treason.
(trials held in Tokyo)
Other trials were held at various locations in the Far East, by the United States, Australia, China, the United Kingdom, and other Allied countries. In all, a total of 920 Japanese military and naval personnel and civilians were executed following World War II.
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Peter Hartman
Peter F. Hartman (born 1949, Curaçao) is a Dutch executive, and president and CEO of KLM and vice-chairman of Air France-KLM.
After graduating from high school in 1967, Hartman studied mechanical engineering in Amsterdam, followed by business economics at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, where he received his master’s degree. Mr. Hartman joined KLM on October 29, 1973 as an employment analyst for the Controller’s Department at Engineering & Maintenance (E&M). In the years that followed he held various positions as controller in the Netherlands and abroad. In 1984, Mr. Hartman was appointed Managing Director Technical Contract Services and in 1987 he was appointed Project Manager, Schiphol 2000. On January 1, 1989, he became Vice President KLM Ground Services, Schiphol. In this capacity he was responsible for all handling processes at Schiphol and at all outstations in KLM’s route network. Mr. Hartman became Senior Vice President Customer Services on October 1, 1990, and in April 1994, he was appointed Executive Vice President Personnel & Organization. On January 1, 1996, Mr. Hartman took up the post of Executive Vice President E&M, followed by his appointment on August 6, 1997 to the KLM Board of Managing Directors as COO and later as Deputy CEO. Mr. Hartman was appointed KLM President & CEO on April 1, 2007.
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Shandong Airlines
Shandong Airlines Co,.Ltd. (Chinese: 山东航空; pinyin: Shāndōng Háng Kōng, nicknamed SDA or 山航 Shānháng) is an airline based in the Shandong Airlines Centre (山东航空大厦 Shāndōng Hángkōng Dàshà) in Jinan, Shandong, China, operating mainly domestic trunk routes from Jinan, Qingdao and Yantai to major cities in China. It is owned by Air China and holds a 10 percent stake in Sichuan Airlines.
Shandong Airlines was established in 12 March 1994 and started operations in September of the same year. In September 1997 it jointly founded the Xinxing Aviation Alliance along with five of China's provincial airlines.[citation needed]
Shandong Airlines operates to the following destinations (as of July 2010):
Shandong Airlines previously served Singapore.
As of November 2011, the Shandong Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft with an average age of 5 years:
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Shanghai Airlines
Shanghai Airlines (Chinese: 上海航空公司) is an airline headquartered in the Jing'an District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines, but its operations remain separate post-merger, retaining its distinct brand and livery.
Shanghai Airline operates domestic and international services. The logo is a white crane on a red vertical tail fin. Its bases are Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.
The airline is a member of SkyTeam alliance along with its parent company China Eastern Airlines.
Shanghai Airlines was established in 1985. It is China's first commercial airline of multidimensional investment funded by the Shanghai municipal government and Shanghai local enterprises. The airline was initially restricted to domestic flights, but has operated international services since 1997.
In late 2002, Shanghai Airlines was successfully listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange, which enabled the airline to fuel its further expansion. In 2006, the airline's cargo subsidiary was founded.
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Shenzhen Airlines
Shenzhen Airlines (Chinese: 深圳航空) is a domestic and international airline headquartered in Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
With a fleet of over 100 Narrowbody aircraft (a mix of A320 series aircraft and various 737 types), Shenzhen Airlines is the fourth largest domestic carrier (after China Southern Airlines, China Eastern and Air China) with around 7% of seat capacity and flights.
The carrier operates a total of 137 domestic airport-pairs involving 58 Chinese airports, plus nine international routes. In 2010, the airline carried 16.5 million passengers, up 9% on the previous year.
On 6 July 2011, Shenzhen Airlines was formally accepted as a future member of Star Alliance. Joining in late 2012 the airline will become the alliance's second member in China following the departure of Shanghai Airlines in 2010.
Shenzhen Airlines is one of the several airlines discovered to have employed a large number of pilots with falsified flight experience and qualifications. The authorities warn they cannot be sure all fake pilots have been rooted out.
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Sichuan Airlines
Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. (Chinese: 四川航空公司) is a regional airline headquartered on the grounds of Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in Chengdu, Sichuan in the People's Republic of China, operating mainly scheduled domestic flights out of Chengdu Airport and Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport. The airline launches its first long-haul overseas route in June 2012 with flights to Vancouver, Canada.
The airline was established on 19 September 1986, with operations starting 14 July 1988 between Chengdu and Wanzhou. In August 2002 it was reorganised and the Sichuan Airlines Group, which is owned by the provincial government, became the major shareholder (40%). The other shareholders are China Southern Airlines (39%), Shandong Airlines (10%), Shanghai Airlines (10%) and Gingko Restaurant (1%). The company has 1,844 employees.[citation needed]
As of November 2011, the Sichuan Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft with an average age of 5.9 years:
A Sichuan Airlines flight in Lhasa Gonggar Airport
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Xiamen Airlines
Xiamen Airlines (Chinese: 厦门航空; pinyin: Xiàmén Hángkōng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: E-mng Hang-khong) is the first privately owned airline in the People's Republic of China. Established on July 25, 1984 and based in Xiamen, it operates scheduled passenger flights out of Xiamen Gaoqi International Airport and, to a lesser extent, Fuzhou Changle International Airport. The Airline is owned by China Southern Airlines (60%) and Xiamen Construction and Development Group (40%).
As of April 2012, Xiamen Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:
As of November 2011, the Xiamen Airlines fleet consists of the following aircraft:
In December 2005, Xiamen Airlines inked an order for 10 Boeing 737-800 aircraft to be equipped with blended winglets, which were delivered between 2006 and 2008. This order was part of a larger 70 plane purchase agreement between CASGC and Boeing, which was signed during a state visit of then US President George W. Bush.
Initially the parent company China Southern Airlines planned to shift three Boeing 787 Dreamliners of an order for 13 to Xiamen Airlines, but this plan was dropped in 2006 in favor of more 737-800s. But on May 2011, Xiamen Airlines has been resumed to order 6 Boeing 787-8.
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KLM - Environmentally Friendly Painting System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
In the Deco Bay of KLM Hangar 14 at Schiphol Oost, KLM Engineering & Maintenance paints our planes with electrostatic spraying equipment. With this painting technique the paint is 'attracted' by the 'earthed' (ie not electrostatically charged) airplane, with considerable attention to safety and the environment. See how it's done or read more about it at blog.klm.com
http://wn.com/KLM_Environmentally_Friendly_Painting_System
In the Deco Bay of KLM Hangar 14 at Schiphol Oost, KLM Engineering & Maintenance paints our planes with electrostatic spraying equipment. With this painting technique the paint is 'attracted' by the 'earthed' (ie not electrostatically charged) airplane, with considerable attention to safety and the environment. See how it's done or read more about it at blog.klm.com
KLM Surprise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:32
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
In the past weeks we have been committing little acts of kindness because we wanted to discover how happiness spreads. Have a look to see what happened.. Also see: surprise.klm.com
http://wn.com/KLM_Surprise
In the past weeks we have been committing little acts of kindness because we wanted to discover how happiness spreads. Have a look to see what happened.. Also see: surprise.klm.com
- published: 08 Dec 2010
- views: 279216
- author: KLMRoyalDutchAirline
B747 KLM 3 TIMES Takeoff live uncut @ AMS Schiphol
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
B747 KLM 3 TIMES Takeoff live uncut @ AMS Schiphol seen on the polderbaan on 3-9-12 from 18:00 hour. IN CLIP PH-BFT 1:05 MIN nl.flightaware.com www.planespotters.net IN CLIP PH-BFM 2:45 MIN nl.flightaware.com www.planespotters.net IN CLIP PH-BFC 4:20 MIN nl.flightaware.com www.planespotters.net
http://wn.com/B747_KLM_3_TIMES_Takeoff_live_uncut_@_AMS_Schiphol
B747 KLM 3 TIMES Takeoff live uncut @ AMS Schiphol seen on the polderbaan on 3-9-12 from 18:00 hour. IN CLIP PH-BFT 1:05 MIN nl.flightaware.com www.planespotters.net IN CLIP PH-BFM 2:45 MIN nl.flightaware.com www.planespotters.net IN CLIP PH-BFC 4:20 MIN nl.flightaware.com www.planespotters.net
- published: 09 Sep 2012
- views: 875
- author: Schipholhotspot
KLM - Motstandskampen mot røykeloven
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Parodi på motstandskampen under krigen. Videoen er noe kuttet for å få den under 10 minutter, ettersom YouTube er gjerrige på diskplassen Trond Kirkvaag, Knut Lystad og Lars Mjøen
http://wn.com/KLM_Motstandskampen_mot_røykeloven
Parodi på motstandskampen under krigen. Videoen er noe kuttet for å få den under 10 minutter, ettersom YouTube er gjerrige på diskplassen Trond Kirkvaag, Knut Lystad og Lars Mjøen
- published: 29 Jul 2007
- views: 145559
- author: schmobot
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines KL835 Singapore to Bali (Denpasar)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:46
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
It was my first time travelling with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and on a new Boeing B777-300ER aircraft. I had a wonderful time onboard and was a very nice start for my holiday in Bali. Oh, pardon my uneasiness on camera, a newbie just trying out my hand at vlogging. Feel free to check out my flight blog @ rvxkaz.tumblr.com or my facebook page: www.facebook.com Also, subscribe to my NEW travel channel: www.youtube.com I do not own the rights to this audio. No Copyright Infringement Intended.
http://wn.com/KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_KL835_Singapore_to_Bali_Denpasar
It was my first time travelling with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and on a new Boeing B777-300ER aircraft. I had a wonderful time onboard and was a very nice start for my holiday in Bali. Oh, pardon my uneasiness on camera, a newbie just trying out my hand at vlogging. Feel free to check out my flight blog @ rvxkaz.tumblr.com or my facebook page: www.facebook.com Also, subscribe to my NEW travel channel: www.youtube.com I do not own the rights to this audio. No Copyright Infringement Intended.
- published: 25 Dec 2009
- views: 79565
- author: RvXKaz
KLM Tile & Inspire: The Making Of
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
An amazing result of a worldwide competition. About 4000 Delft blue portraits on the KLM Tile & Inspire 777-200, inspiring people worldwide. KLM Tile & Inspire: Thank you for inspiring us.
http://wn.com/KLM_Tile_Inspire_The_Making_Of
An amazing result of a worldwide competition. About 4000 Delft blue portraits on the KLM Tile & Inspire 777-200, inspiring people worldwide. KLM Tile & Inspire: Thank you for inspiring us.
- published: 28 Jun 2011
- views: 794269
- author: KLMRoyalDutchAirline
St. Maarten KLM Boeing 747 landing (1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Maho beach St. Maarten. KLM Boeing 747. U must see this crystal clear video and maybe go there on vacation :-) It´s an gorgeous island! Nice people and a beautiful see! The camera is a Panasonic SD-HDC 707, 1080p Full HD with 50 fps
http://wn.com/St_Maarten_KLM_Boeing_747_landing_1080p
Maho beach St. Maarten. KLM Boeing 747. U must see this crystal clear video and maybe go there on vacation :-) It´s an gorgeous island! Nice people and a beautiful see! The camera is a Panasonic SD-HDC 707, 1080p Full HD with 50 fps
- published: 10 Jun 2010
- views: 3995504
- author: Bademeisterization
KLM Boeing 747 hard landing at St Maarten Princess Juliana Int'l (HD1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
The KLM Boeing 747-400 coming in over Maho Beach to Princess Juliana Int'l St Maarten. the landing video was a little short so I also included the Takeoff :) Thanks for Watching and enjoy the video
http://wn.com/KLM_Boeing_747_hard_landing_at_St_Maarten_Princess_Juliana_Int'l_HD1080p
The KLM Boeing 747-400 coming in over Maho Beach to Princess Juliana Int'l St Maarten. the landing video was a little short so I also included the Takeoff :) Thanks for Watching and enjoy the video
- published: 20 Aug 2011
- views: 191712
- author: pilotdynan
KLM Business Class - Amsterdam to Manila.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
KLM flight to Manila in World Business Class. Boeing 777-200. Sudden Blizzard / Snowstorm and other problems! More on my website www.fraser-rush.co.uk
http://wn.com/KLM_Business_Class_Amsterdam_to_Manilawmv
KLM flight to Manila in World Business Class. Boeing 777-200. Sudden Blizzard / Snowstorm and other problems! More on my website www.fraser-rush.co.uk
- published: 29 Feb 2012
- views: 46815
- author: frobishire
Faster Turnaround Time for KLM Cityhoppers Embraer 190
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
KLM Cityhopper reduced the aircraft's ground time from 50 to 35 minutes at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. This enables KLM Cityhopper to offer its customers more frequencies and connections.
http://wn.com/Faster_Turnaround_Time_for_KLM_Cityhoppers_Embraer_190
KLM Cityhopper reduced the aircraft's ground time from 50 to 35 minutes at Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. This enables KLM Cityhopper to offer its customers more frequencies and connections.
- published: 02 Nov 2012
- views: 3133
- author: KLMRoyalDutchAirline
Airbus A380 Contrail as seen from KLM Cockpit Boeing B747-400
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
A huge contrail from an Airbus A380 as seen from cockpit of a Boeing B747 above the South China Sea. We were warned by a HongKong air traffic controller. That's why we were able to film this event. Apologies for shaky camera movements at the end. The Airbus was going too fast to be able to follow it smoothly.
http://wn.com/Airbus_A380_Contrail_as_seen_from_KLM_Cockpit_Boeing_B747-400
A huge contrail from an Airbus A380 as seen from cockpit of a Boeing B747 above the South China Sea. We were warned by a HongKong air traffic controller. That's why we were able to film this event. Apologies for shaky camera movements at the end. The Airbus was going too fast to be able to follow it smoothly.
- published: 15 Aug 2010
- views: 1024793
- author: SuredT
FSX - KLM 90th anniversary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
KLM becomes 90 years officially today, so a reason for a movie, worked 2 weeks on this and the editing was horrible to do, but this is the result. Planes / secenery used: - FlyTampa Dubai - Boeing 747-400 / 747/300 (POSKY) - PMDG MD-11 - Boeing 737-900 / 737-800 (POSKY) (also retrojet) - Wilco 777-200ER / 777-300ER (also Flying blue and Skyteam colors) - CLS Airbus A330-200 - Embraer 190 (AV-SIM) - Fokker 50 (AV-SIM) - Piper Archer II KLM Luchtvaartschool FS2004 - Digital Aviation Fokker 70 / 100 - cloud9 Schiphol KLM was founded on 7 October 1919, making it the oldest carrier in the world still operating under its original name, though the company stopped operating during the Second World War - apart from the operations in the Dutch Antilles in the Caribbean. The first KLM flight was on 17 May 1920, from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. It was flown by an Aircraft Transport and Travel Airco DH.16, callsign G-EALU, piloted by Jerry Shaw. In 1920 KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In 1921 KLM started scheduled services. By 1926 it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, and Malmo; using primarily Fokker F2 & Fokker F.III.[4] KLM was also the first airline to fly to Manchester Airport, using a DC-2 via Doncaster. Intercontinental service to the Netherlands East Indies (today's Republic of Indonesia) started in 1929. This was for several years ...
http://wn.com/FSX_KLM_90th_anniversary
KLM becomes 90 years officially today, so a reason for a movie, worked 2 weeks on this and the editing was horrible to do, but this is the result. Planes / secenery used: - FlyTampa Dubai - Boeing 747-400 / 747/300 (POSKY) - PMDG MD-11 - Boeing 737-900 / 737-800 (POSKY) (also retrojet) - Wilco 777-200ER / 777-300ER (also Flying blue and Skyteam colors) - CLS Airbus A330-200 - Embraer 190 (AV-SIM) - Fokker 50 (AV-SIM) - Piper Archer II KLM Luchtvaartschool FS2004 - Digital Aviation Fokker 70 / 100 - cloud9 Schiphol KLM was founded on 7 October 1919, making it the oldest carrier in the world still operating under its original name, though the company stopped operating during the Second World War - apart from the operations in the Dutch Antilles in the Caribbean. The first KLM flight was on 17 May 1920, from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. It was flown by an Aircraft Transport and Travel Airco DH.16, callsign G-EALU, piloted by Jerry Shaw. In 1920 KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In 1921 KLM started scheduled services. By 1926 it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen, and Malmo; using primarily Fokker F2 & Fokker F.III.[4] KLM was also the first airline to fly to Manchester Airport, using a DC-2 via Doncaster. Intercontinental service to the Netherlands East Indies (today's Republic of Indonesia) started in 1929. This was for several years ...
- published: 07 Oct 2009
- views: 35951
- author: pikemaster92
KLM Boeing B747-400 Landing at New York JFK Cockpit view
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Landing runway 04R at New York JFK airport. View from cockpit taken with Canon Powershot S80.
http://wn.com/KLM_Boeing_B747-400_Landing_at_New_York_JFK_Cockpit_view
Landing runway 04R at New York JFK airport. View from cockpit taken with Canon Powershot S80.
- published: 04 Nov 2007
- views: 3222265
- author: SuredT
KLM Meet & Seat
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
KLM Meet & Seat, a new service to meet interesting passengers on your flight. Find out more about KLM Meet & Seat: Klmf.ly
http://wn.com/KLM_Meet_Seat
KLM Meet & Seat, a new service to meet interesting passengers on your flight. Find out more about KLM Meet & Seat: Klmf.ly
- published: 24 Jan 2012
- views: 356649
- author: KLMRoyalDutchAirline
![AWESOME KLM MD-11 LANDING DURING SUNRISE! [FULL HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121211051404im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/dAs0hy8Rmws/default.jpg "AWESOME KLM MD-11 LANDING DURING SUNRISE! [FULL HD]")
AWESOME KLM MD-11 LANDING DURING SUNRISE! [FULL HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:06
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Note the condensation over the wings just before landing! Awesome! As i said in the video, i will start uploading videos on a different channel from now on. Here is the link once again! www.youtube.com - Subscribe and add me as friend and be sure that you'll never miss any of my latest videos! **YOU CAN NOW FIND ME ON FACEBOOK! Join my group to get the latest updates about upcoming videos and spotting-trips etc!** Copy the link below, or just search for "Aviation Videos by Niclas H" on Facebook! www.facebook.com You must NOT use the sound in this video without asking first. Thanks. Airline: KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines Aircraft: McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Airport: From Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International to Amsterdam Schiphol Date : September 24, 2012 Flight : KL 0672 Seat : 33A Reg : PH-KCG
http://wn.com/AWESOME_KLM_MD-11_LANDING_DURING_SUNRISE!_FULL_HD_
Note the condensation over the wings just before landing! Awesome! As i said in the video, i will start uploading videos on a different channel from now on. Here is the link once again! www.youtube.com - Subscribe and add me as friend and be sure that you'll never miss any of my latest videos! **YOU CAN NOW FIND ME ON FACEBOOK! Join my group to get the latest updates about upcoming videos and spotting-trips etc!** Copy the link below, or just search for "Aviation Videos by Niclas H" on Facebook! www.facebook.com You must NOT use the sound in this video without asking first. Thanks. Airline: KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines Aircraft: McDonnell Douglas MD-11 Airport: From Montreal Pierre Elliott Trudeau International to Amsterdam Schiphol Date : September 24, 2012 Flight : KL 0672 Seat : 33A Reg : PH-KCG
- published: 14 Oct 2012
- views: 1812
- author: hejniclas
KLM Boeing B747-400 Landing St. Maarten Cockpit view
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Landing St.Maarten from cockpit 747. After nosewheel landing camera touched windshield causing crackling noise. For those viewers who made comments (or new viewers who are thinking about making the comment) that this approach is too high and/or too fast or whatever else you might think, here some "free flying lessons" from someone who's flying B747's for 20 years: On an approach on instruments a B747 should cross the runway threshold (= the piano keys) with the main wheels at ± 35 ft above threshold. The 747 is so big that at that point the altitude of the cockpit is 35 ft higher, so the cockpit is at ± 70 ft when main wheels cross the threshold. On a visual approach, as is the case here at St.Maarten, we have to have some more margin. Normally the pilot aims to see the runway threshold disappear under the nose at 80 ft (add 35 ft for cockpit height, so when threshold disappears under the nose, the cockpit is at 115 ft) to have sufficient main wheel clearance. If you look at the video and notice the altitude callouts, you'll see the threshold disappear under the nose at the call 50, so actually I am a bit too low in stead of too high. (In fact I am only too low for a visual approach. If you look at my landing at JFK www.youtube.com you will see that I cross the threshold also at 50 ft, which is normal on an instrument approach. Note: the automatic altitude callouts you hear on this video are Radio Altimeter altitudes. The Radio Alt is zero when the main gear is on the ...
http://wn.com/KLM_Boeing_B747-400_Landing_St_Maarten_Cockpit_view
Landing St.Maarten from cockpit 747. After nosewheel landing camera touched windshield causing crackling noise. For those viewers who made comments (or new viewers who are thinking about making the comment) that this approach is too high and/or too fast or whatever else you might think, here some "free flying lessons" from someone who's flying B747's for 20 years: On an approach on instruments a B747 should cross the runway threshold (= the piano keys) with the main wheels at ± 35 ft above threshold. The 747 is so big that at that point the altitude of the cockpit is 35 ft higher, so the cockpit is at ± 70 ft when main wheels cross the threshold. On a visual approach, as is the case here at St.Maarten, we have to have some more margin. Normally the pilot aims to see the runway threshold disappear under the nose at 80 ft (add 35 ft for cockpit height, so when threshold disappears under the nose, the cockpit is at 115 ft) to have sufficient main wheel clearance. If you look at the video and notice the altitude callouts, you'll see the threshold disappear under the nose at the call 50, so actually I am a bit too low in stead of too high. (In fact I am only too low for a visual approach. If you look at my landing at JFK www.youtube.com you will see that I cross the threshold also at 50 ft, which is normal on an instrument approach. Note: the automatic altitude callouts you hear on this video are Radio Altimeter altitudes. The Radio Alt is zero when the main gear is on the ...
- published: 26 Mar 2007
- views: 4023999
- author: SuredT
Circuit training in a KLM 747 at Shannon Airport in 1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:15
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Made in 1990 by my dear late father during his training at KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. As part of the type qualification on the 747, circuit training was performed at Shannon Airport in Ireland. My father is the one flying in the right hand seat in the second part of the film. The aircraft featured is the 747-206B(PH-BUG, 'Orinoco'). All editing as on the original videotape(VHS). Please enjoy this nostalgia!
http://wn.com/Circuit_training_in_a_KLM_747_at_Shannon_Airport_in_1990
Made in 1990 by my dear late father during his training at KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. As part of the type qualification on the 747, circuit training was performed at Shannon Airport in Ireland. My father is the one flying in the right hand seat in the second part of the film. The aircraft featured is the 747-206B(PH-BUG, 'Orinoco'). All editing as on the original videotape(VHS). Please enjoy this nostalgia!
- published: 10 Jul 2012
- views: 3517
- author: BenElian
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines Boeing 777-300ER Takeoff 【KIX/RJBB】
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 777-306ER PH-BVC
http://wn.com/KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_Boeing_777-300ER_Takeoff_【KIX_RJBB】
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 777-306ER PH-BVC
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 3332
- author: akino33
KLM Live Reply @robbietervoort
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
To show the world KLM's helpful social media service, we've replaced normal Facebook and Twitter typed responses with a living alaphabet made up of 140 KLM employees. This dedicated crew responds to tweets and posts in a unique way, by running around and assembling the answer live before your eyes, within the hour. KLM answers every tweet and post in person. Within the hour. Day and night
http://wn.com/KLM_Live_Reply_@robbietervoort
To show the world KLM's helpful social media service, we've replaced normal Facebook and Twitter typed responses with a living alaphabet made up of 140 KLM employees. This dedicated crew responds to tweets and posts in a unique way, by running around and assembling the answer live before your eyes, within the hour. KLM answers every tweet and post in person. Within the hour. Day and night
- published: 19 Sep 2011
- views: 12235
- author: KLMRoyalDutchAirline
That's why we love KLM...........
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
An aviation video, of KLM. and with Many thanks to Tim de groot. there will be more after this about aviation........ sit back and enjoy the lovely blue...............
http://wn.com/That's_why_we_love_KLM
An aviation video, of KLM. and with Many thanks to Tim de groot. there will be more after this about aviation........ sit back and enjoy the lovely blue...............
- published: 02 Jan 2010
- views: 39870
- author: drummingpilot
KLM - Totaltrim
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Treningsmetoder for hverdagen Trond Kirkvaag, Knut Lystad og Lars Mjøen
http://wn.com/KLM_Totaltrim
Treningsmetoder for hverdagen Trond Kirkvaag, Knut Lystad og Lars Mjøen
- published: 02 Aug 2007
- views: 100567
- author: schmobot
KLM Surprise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
An innovative Social Media campaign from KLM posed the question - can Social Media bring a smile to your customers faces and can it generate new custom?
http://wn.com/KLM_Surprise
An innovative Social Media campaign from KLM posed the question - can Social Media bring a smile to your customers faces and can it generate new custom?
- published: 28 Mar 2011
- views: 5099
- author: TheLiquidID
Amsterdam Sinfonietta plays in KLM 747
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 27 Nov 2012
Amsterdam Sinfonietta gives a spontaneous concert in a delayed KLM 747 at Shanghai Airport.
http://wn.com/Amsterdam_Sinfonietta_plays_in_KLM_747
Amsterdam Sinfonietta gives a spontaneous concert in a delayed KLM 747 at Shanghai Airport.
- published: 03 Sep 2010
- views: 396740
- author: AmsterdamSinfo
photo: AP / Todd Williamson
10 Dec 2012
MÉXICO, D.F., diciembre 9 (EL UNIVERSAL).- La Voz México, programa de talentos de Televisa, confirmó la muerte de la cantante Jenni Rivera, a través de su Twitter. "Que toquen fuerte las bandas, suelten por mí mariposas, apláudanme con sus palmas... http.//twitpic.com/bkmhl0 .Descanse en paz Jenni Rivera" ... Además, anunció un homenaje luctuoso dedicado a la cantante ... Descanse en Paz" ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Jonathan Lovelady
10 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the desert of central Australia still resides a primitive tribe known as the Arunta. This non-technological and stateless group, which mainly depends on hunting and gathering, had suffered several inexplicable deaths ... Therefore, they organized an atinga, or revenge group ... When the guiltless tribe learned of their approach, they sent out a delegation of young women as a token of peace....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Narciso Contreras
10 Dec 2012
December 10, 2012 -- Updated 1327 GMT (2127 HKT). (CNN) -- Syria is raising concern in two letters to the United Nations that the United States may be attempting to frame it for the use of chemical weapons, Syrian state-run media reported Monday. The letters, addressed to U.N ... The move by President Bashar al-Assad's government follows recent reports that Syrian forces appear to have begun preparing chemical weapons for use ... "The U.S ... 1. 2....(size: 11.5Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
09 Dec 2012
Syria's rebel leaders have agreed to come under a united command in a bid to integrate diverse fighting groups and streamline the route for arms essential to their struggle against President Bashar al-Assad. The new body, expected to be announced officially on Sunday, hopes to form the basis of a united rebel front ... "It also aims to get the situation under control once the regime falls." ... 378 Source.. Agencies. Share ... News ... Egypt....(size: 18.6Kb)
CNTV
11 Dec 2012
PARIS, Dec. 10 (Xinhua) -- Europe's leading airline group Air France-KLM on Monday announced that it targeted to reach up to 8 percent in its operating margin over next three years thanks to costs cut and improved services ... In the framework of its Transform 2015 plan, Air-France-KLM planned to trim investment by more 300 million euros (387.77 million U.S ... Air France-KLM to develop Chinese social media products 2012-09-19 ... Xinhua ... Topics ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
The Guardian
11 Dec 2012
Plane is diverted to Heathrow after passenger taken ill, then treated as crime scene when he is pronounced dead. The Boeing 777 flight was en route to Amsterdam from Lima when it was diverted to Heathrow ... The KLM flight, a Boeing 777 that was bound for Amsterdam from the Peruvian capital, Lima, was diverted after what police described as a medical emergency on board ... A spokesperson for KLM said the airline had no comment to make. ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Star Tribune
11 Dec 2012
Air France-KLM to deepen spending cuts. Air France-KLM Group said Monday that it plans to cut capital spending by a further 500 million euros ($645 million) over the next two years as Europe's biggest airline trims investments in a push to pare debt and lift profit margins ... Air France-KLM said in a statement before an investor briefing in Paris....(size: 4.9Kb)
Star Tribune
11 Dec 2012
Singapore Airlines paid 600 million pounds for the Virgin Atlantic stake in 1999, or about $966 million now ... in St. Petersburg, Fla ... Delta, Air France-KLM and their SkyTeam partners are the smallest alliance group at Heathrow, with about 5 percent of takeoff and landing slots ... Air France-KLM Group isn't participating in discussions between Delta and Singapore Airlines, Brigitte Barrand, a spokeswoman, said Monday in an e-mail ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Philadelphia Daily News
11 Dec 2012
JOSHUA FREED , The Associated Press. Posted. Monday, December 10, 2012, 7.30 PM. Delta Air Lines Inc. is close to buying a stake in Virgin Atlantic for between $300 million to $500 million, a person familiar with the negotiations told The Associated Press on Monday ... competitors ... However, on Monday it issued a statement saying, "Air France-KLM is not involved in current negotiations between Delta and Singapore." ... Tweet. email. Previous Story ... ....(size: 9.7Kb)
The Washington Post
11 Dec 2012
Delta Air Lines Inc. is close to buying a stake in Virgin Atlantic for between $300 million to $500 million, a person familiar with the negotiations told The Associated Press on Monday. The person spoke on condition of anonymity because a deal has not been announced. Loading... Recommend ... However, on Monday it issued a statement saying, “Air France-KLM is not involved in current negotiations between Delta and Singapore.” ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
The Independent
11 Dec 2012
Reports had suggested he was looking to strike a deal with Air France-KLM, Delta's European partner, in a transaction which, together with the acquisition of Singapore's stake in Virgin Atlantic, would have given the partners a controlling stake in the airline ... "Rumours have been spread in the press that I am planning to give up control of Virgin Atlantic and, according to Willie Walsh, that our brand will soon disappear....(size: 3.7Kb)
BBC News
11 Dec 2012
Founder of MalariaWorld, a global network for malaria professionals, and chair of the Advisory Board of the Dutch Malaria Foundation Worked in Africa for 11 years Won Ig Nobel Prize in 2006 for showing that mosquitoes attracted to the smell of feet, are also attracted to the smell of Limburger cheese Persuaded airlines KLM and BA to stop selling ultrasound buzzers in 2010 - Finnair and Cathay Pacific followed suit soon after ... Source ... ....(size: 13.4Kb)
Reuters
10 Dec 2012
Reuters
10 Dec 2012
noodls
10 Dec 2012
Air France-KLM SA) ... On the occasion of its Investor Day, Air France-KLM will provide an update on the Transform 2015 plan and confirm its targets of a two billion euro reduction in net debt and a 10% reduction in ex-fuel unit costs at 31st December 2014 versus 31st December 2011 ... * Including temps and on a constant pension charge basis at KLM Air France-KLM contacts....(size: 4.1Kb)
noodls
10 Dec 2012
(Source. Air France-KLM SA). During Winter, Air France revives its tradition of poster designer and launches a new series of menus, to discover and collect on board Business, Premium Economy and Economy classes. Cities by Air France ... The illustrations have all been conceived on the same principle ... Collectible menus. San Francisco, Nice, Berlin, to name but a few....(size: 2.3Kb)
Seattle Times
10 Dec 2012
I traveled to Europe on a code-share flight between Delta Air Lines and KLM. Before I left the United States, I carefully checked the size and weight restrictions for my two bags on both the Delta and KLM websites, because I’m an artist and I needed to take rolls of paper with me ... Although the flight was on KLM, the airport staff worked for Air France. There was no KLM or Delta presence that I could find in that airport....(size: 3.4Kb)
KLM can also refer to Keystroke-Level Model. For the phone company, see KLM Telephone. For the village in India, see 4 KLM. For the golf tournament, see KLM Open. Not to be confused with KLMS and Kernel Loadable Modules (Unix).
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| Founded | 7 October 1919 (92 years ago) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commenced operations | 17 May 1920 | |||
| Hubs | Amsterdam Airport Schiphol | |||
| Frequent-flyer program | Flying Blue | |||
| Airport lounge |
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| Alliance | SkyTeam | |||
| Subsidiaries | ||||
| Fleet size | 116 (+7 orders) incl. cargo excl. subsidiaries |
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| Destinations | 136 (+2 future) excl. cargo incl. subsidiaries |
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| Company slogan | Een reis vol inspiratie ("Journeys of inspiration") | |||
| Parent company | Air France-KLM | |||
| Headquarters | Amstelveen, Netherlands | |||
| Key people | Albert Plesman (Founder) P. F. Hartman (CEO) |
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| Website | www.klm.com | |||
Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V., operating under the name KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Dutch: Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij, pronounced [ˈkɔnɪŋkləkə ˈlʏxtvaːrt maːtsxɑˈpɛi], literally "Royal Aviation Company"; usual English translation: Royal Dutch Airlines), is the flag carrier airline of the Netherlands and is part of Air France-KLM. KLM's headquarters is in Amstelveen near its hub at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. KLM operates worldwide scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 90 destinations.It is the oldest airline in the world still operating under its original name. As of 31 March 2010 (2010 -03-31)[update], it has 31,787 employees.[1]
The merger of KLM with Air France in May 2004 created Air France-KLM, which is incorporated under French law with headquarters at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Both Air France and KLM continue to fly under their distinct brand names. Air France-KLM is part of the SkyTeam alliance.
Contents |
History[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121211051404/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion with: more information about the airlines' history. |
Pre World War II[link]
KLM was founded on 7 October 1919,by Albert Plesman making it the oldest carrier in the world still operating under its original name, though the company stopped operating during the Second World War—apart from the operations in the Dutch Antilles in the Caribbean. The first KLM flight was on 17 May 1920, from Croydon Airport, London to Amsterdam carrying two British journalists and a number of newspapers. It was flown by an Aircraft Transport and Travel Airco DH.16, callsign G-EALU, piloted by Jerry Shaw. In 1920 KLM carried 440 passengers and 22 tons of freight. In 1921 KLM started scheduled services.
By 1926 it was offering flights to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Paris, London, Bremen, Copenhagen and Malmö, using primarily Fokker F2 & Fokker F.III.[2]
Intercontinental service to the Netherlands East Indies (today's Republic of Indonesia) started in 1929. This was for several years the world's longest scheduled air route. The service used Fokker F.VIIb, although the first non-scheduled KLM flight had been in 1924 by Fokker F7 registration H-NACC piloted by Van der Hoop. In 1930 KLM carried 15,143 passengers. The Douglas DC-2 was introduced on the Batavia service in 1934.
The first transatlantic KLM test flight was between Amsterdam and Curaçao in December 1934 using the Fokker F-XVIII "Snip." The first of the airline's Douglas DC-3 aircraft were delivered in 1936 and these replaced the DC-2s on the service via Batavia to Sydney. KLM were the first airline to serve Manchester's new Ringway airport from June 1938. KLM was the only civilian airline to operate the Douglas DC-5, using four examples in the Dutch East and West Indies between May 1940 and late 1941.
The 1940s[link]
When the Germans invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 a number of KLM aircraft (mostly DC-3's and a few DC-2's) were en route to or from the Far East. Five DC-3s and one DC-2 managed to escape to England. During the entire war these KLM planes and KLM crew would fly the infamous Bristol-Lisbon scheduled passenger flights under BOAC registration. The PH-ALI 'Ibis', then registered as G-AGBB, was attacked three times by the Luftwaffe: on 15 November 1942 and 19 April 1943 and finally on 1 June 1943 (fatal to passengers and crew, see BOAC Flight 777). Some KLM aircraft with crew ended up in the Australia-Indonesia region, where they aided in transporting people who were escaping the Japanese aggression in that area.
On 21 May 1946, KLM was the first continental European airline to launch scheduled service to New York.
The 1950s[link]
In 1950 KLM carried 356,069 passengers. On 25 July 1957, the airline introduced its first flight simulator for the Douglas DC-7C - the last KLM aircraft with piston engines - which opened the first trans-polar route from Amsterdam via Anchorage to Tokyo on 1 November 1958. Each crew flying the transpolar route over the Arctic was equipped with a winter survival kit, including a 7.62 mm selective-fire AR-10 carbine for use against polar bears in the event the plane was forced down onto the polar ice.[3]
The 1960s and 1970s[link]
Beginning in September 1959, the airline introduced the four-engined turboprop Lockheed Electra onto some of its European and Middle Eastern routes. In March 1960, KLM introduced the first Douglas DC-8 jet into its fleet. In 1966, KLM introduced the Douglas DC-9 on European and Middle East routes.
The new terminal buildings at Schiphol Airport opened in April 1967 and in 1968, the stretched Douglas DC-8-63 entered service. With 244 seats it was the largest airliner of the time. KLM was the first airline to put the higher gross-weight Boeing 747-200B into service, starting in February 1971, powered by Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, thus beginning the airline's era of widebody jets.
The 1980s and 1990s[link]
In 1980, KLM carried 9,715,069 passengers. In 1983, it reached agreement with Boeing to convert some of its Boeing 747-200s to stretched upper deck configuration. The work started in 1984 at the Boeing factory in Everett, Washington and finished in 1986. The converted aircraft were called Boeing 747-200SUD, which the airline operated in addition to Boeing 747-300s. In June 1989, KLM introduced the Boeing 747-400. Later that year, in July, KLM acquired 20 per cent of Northwest Airlines, starting an alliance between the two airlines. In 1990, KLM carried 16,000,000 passengers. In March 1994, KLM and Northwest Airlines introduced World Business Class on intercontinental routes, and, in July 1995, KLM introduced its Boeing 767-300ER.
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Wikinews has related news: European airlines question flight bans |
The 2000s[link]
In March and June 2002, KLM announced it would renew its intercontinental fleets by replacing the Boeing 767s, Boeing 747-300s and eventually the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 with Boeing 777-200ERs and Airbus A330-200s. Some 747s will be first to retire. The MD-11s will remain in service until 2014. The first Boeing 777 was received on 25 October 2003, entering commercial service on the Amsterdam–Toronto route, while the first Airbus A330-200 was introduced on 25 August 2005 and entered commercial service on the Amsterdam–Washington Dulles route.
In March 2007 KLM started using the Amadeus reservation system, along with partner Kenya Airways.
The 2010s to date[link]
In September 2010 KLM announced that the passenger division of Martinair would be integrated within KLM. All personnel and routes will be transferred to KLM. By November 2011 Martinair will only consist of the cargo division and the maintenance division.
In March 2011 KLM and InselAir International InselAir have reached an agreement for mutual interline cooperation on Insel Air destinations, thus expanding their services to their passengers. As of March 27, 2011, passengers carrying a KLM ticket can now also fly to all Insel Air destinations. Passengers will be transported 'comfortably and quickly' on one ticket and with automatic baggage transfer via InselAirs hubs in Curacao and Saint Maarten. Due to this agreement, KLM passengers can now connect seamlessly and continue their flights to more and to different destinations via InselAir’s flights. Cities include Kingston (Jamaica), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, Port-au-Prince (Haiti) and Las Piedras (Venezuela).
On 11 November 2011, KLM announced that it will no longer operate non-stop flights from Amsterdam to Manila, Philippines from April 2012; the flights to Manila will continue to operate but with a stopover in Hong Kong.[4] The airline ended its nonstop route from Amsterdam to Manila on 24 March 2012 and now operates the route with a stopover in Taipei.[5]
Corporate affairs and identity[link]
Head office[link]
KLM's head office is in Amstelveen,[6][7] on a 16-acre (6.5 ha) site near Schiphol Airport. By 1968 KLM decided that its new head office would be located there and began plans to construct the building, scheduled to be completed at the end of 1970.[8] Previously the airline's head office was on the property of Schiphol Airport in Haarlemmermeer.[9]
Subsidiaries[link]
- KLM Cityhopper (formerly: NLM CityHopper)
- KLM flight academy
- KLM Engineering & Maintenance
- Kenya Airways (26%)
- Martinair
- transavia.com
Former subsidiaries[link]
- KLM Helicopters
- KLM UK was a KLM subsidiary until merged with KLM Cityhopper.
- KLM alps (later known as Air Alps)
- Buzz, the low-cost airline of KLM UK
- KLM exel, a commuter airline.
- KLM Asia, a Taiwanese-registered subsidiary
- De Kroonduif was a KLM subsidiary and the was the national carrier of Netherlands New Guinea between 1955 and 1963
- KLM Interinsulair Bedrijf (KLM-IIB),also a KLM subsidiary and the national carrier of Netherlands East Indies between 1947 to 1949 as a successor of KNILM which was dissolved;later known as Garuda Indonesia upon the recognition of Indonesia's independence by the Dutch government during the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference in 1949.
KLM Asia[link]
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KLM Asia (荷蘭亞洲航空公司 Hanyu Pinyin: Hélán Yàzhōu Hángkōng Gōngsī) is a wholly KLM owned subsidiary, registered in Taiwan, Republic of China. The airline was established in 1995 in order to operate flights to Taipei, without compromising the traffic rights held by KLM for destinations in the People's Republic of China. KLM Asia was one of a number of airline subsidiaries flying under the "Asia" name with the same purpose of flying to Taiwan; these also included Japan Asia Airways (a Japan Airlines subsidiary), Air France Asie, British Asia Airways, Swissair Asia and Australia Asia Airlines (a Qantas subsidiary).
The livery of KLM Asia does not feature Dutch national symbols, such as the flag of the Netherlands, nor does it use KLM's stylised Dutch Crown logo, instead featuring a special KLM Asia logo. KLM Asia has 7 Boeing 747-400 Combi aircraft (included in the KLM fleet as 747-400M) and 1 Boeing 777-200ER. By summer 2012 another 6 Boeing 777-200ER will receive the Asia livery, replacing the 747 on the route.
Merger[link]
On 30 September 2003, Air France and KLM announced that they would in future be known as Air France-KLM. This entity was offered on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on 5 May 2004. The merge with Air France marked the end of the oldest independent airline in the world. The Royal adjective was retained, and KLM's independent identity guaranteed to 2008, after which date its operations may be merged with those of the French company. As of November 2010, KLMs operations continued under its own titles. In the interim, it did not appear that KLM's longstanding joint venture with Northwest Airlines (since merged with Delta Air Lines), would be affected. Both KLM and Northwest joined the SkyTeam alliance in September 2004. Prior to the merger, KLM was listed on the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, New York, and Paris.
Presidents - CEOs[link]
- Albert Plesman (1919 – 1953)
- Fons Aler (1953 – 1961)
- Ernst van der Beugel (1961 – 1963)
- Horatius Albarda (1963 – 1965)
- Gerrit van der Wal (1965 – 1973)
- Sergio Orlandini (1973 – 1987)
- Jan de Soet (1987 – 1991)
- Pieter Bouw (1991 – 1997)
- L. M. van Wijk (1997 – 2007)
- Peter Hartman (2007 – present)
KLM Delft Blue houses[link]
Since 1952, KLM has presented its long-haul first-class passengers with small Delftware, blue-and-white porcelain reproductions of old Dutch canal houses, filled with jenever.[10] In 1993, amidst the change-over from three to two cabins on its long-haul service, these canal houses (in Dutch, "huisjes") were made available to its "WorldBusiness Class" passengers.
Initially, these houses, ranging in size from 5 to 11 cm. (about 2 to 4 inches) were filled with Rynbende jenever (a Dutch liquor and precursor to gin made from juniper berries); once Rynbende (Simon Rynbende & Sons) was acquired by Henkes, the houses were filled with Henkes jenever, and, when that company was acquired by Bols, they became filled with Bols jenever.[11]
The impetus for these houses was a rule aimed at curtailing a previously widespread practice of offering significant incentives to passengers by limiting the value of gifts given by airlines to 75 US cents; however, no limit was placed on the provisions of duty-free liquor, so KLM was able to provide this more-valuable gift, camouflaged as liquor.[12] Prior to giving out these Delft-blue liquor-filled houses, KLM gave Delft-blue tiles as gifts, but these tiles broke the 75 cent limits.
There are 93 different houses as of late 2011, with an additional house added every year on the 7th of October; this being the anniversary of KLM's founding, each numbered and representing the number of years KLM has been in operation. Each year, a new house receives the next sequential number. All houses are reproductions of historic houses in the Netherlands or its overseas dependencies, although the specific location of every archetype of some of the first ten huisjes was not recorded.
In addition to the 93 standard houses, sealed and filled with jenever (with numerous variations on the wording on the bottom or back of the houses in different manufacturing batches and with different jenever manufacturer names), there are variants that are not filled with gin, which are distributed to passengers on certain long-haul flights to Islamic countries who forbid import or export of liquor. In 2006 when, in response to terrorist activities, liquids were banned or restricted on various flights, KLM's trans-Atlantic flights to the United States briefly also offered the same liquor-free huisjes. Until the early 1980s, the houses distributed on those routes were packaged as "ashtrays" with an open chimney and a semi-circular hole cut into the rear of the house, ostensibly for a cigarette.
Additional, larger, special Delftware have periodically been offered to VIPs and honeymoon couples; for most of the 1980s and 1990s, this was a model of the Royal Palace; since 2003, this was the "Waag". These are particularly prized by collectors.
Logo[link]
In addition to its main logo, which was designed in 1961 by F.H.K. Henrion and further revised in 1991 by Chris Ludlow of Henrion, Ludlow & Schmidt,[13] KLM has shown its alliance status in its branding, including the SkyTeam alliance (2004–present) and "Worldwide Reliability" with Northwest Airlines (1993–2002).
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Social networking service[link]
See also: Social networking service
KLM Meet&Seat is a social network service utilized by the airline. It allows passengers to meet others who share their interests before their flight so that seating may be pre-arranged. [14]
Destinations[link]
Main article: KLM destinations
KLM is the only carrier on 66 of the routes it operates. On 43 routes it faces competition from one other airline, whereas on 14 routes it faces competition from two other airlines. Finally, on 3 routes it faces competition from three airlines and competition from four and five other airlines is faced by 1 route each. For many years, KLM flew to Sydney in Australia. However, in March 2001, KLM stopped all services to Sydney.
Fleet[link]
See also: KLM Cityhopper
As of Feb 29th 2012, the KLM fleet consists of the following aircraft with an average age of 9.0 years:[15][16]
| KLM Fleet | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aircraft | In Service | Orders | Passengers | Notes | |||
| C | Y+ | Y | Total | ||||
| Airbus A330-200 | 11 | 1 | 30 | 35 | 178 | 243 | 2013-04 |
| Airbus A330-300 | 3 | 1 | 30 | 40 | 224 | 294 | 2013-01 |
| Boeing 737-700 | 18 | 0 | var. | 0 | var. | 129 | |
| Boeing 737-800 | 23 | 2 | var. | 0 | var. | 171 | 2013-05, 2014-04 |
| Boeing 737-900 | 5 | 0 | var. | 0 | var. | 189 | |
| Boeing 747-400 | 6 | 0 | 42 | 38 | 335 | 415 | |
| Boeing 747-400M | 16 | 0 | 42 | 38 | 195 | 275 | |
| Boeing 777-200ER | 15 | 0 | 35 | 34 | 249 | 318 | |
| Boeing 777-300ER | 5 | 3 | 35 | 40 | 350 | 425 | 2012-06, 2012-07, 2013-05 |
| McDonnell Douglas MD-11 | 10 | 0 | 24 | 34 | 227 | 285 | To be replaced on short term by A330 and 777 on order. [17] |
| KLM Cargo Fleet | |||||||
| Boeing 747-400ERF | 4 | 0 | 112,760 kg | All leased to Martinair Cargo | |||
| Total | 116 | 7 | |||||
KLM is currently in the midst of a major fleet renewal programme. The complete narrow-body fleet has been replaced by next-generation aircraft. In the near future, KLM will start to renew the wide-body fleet. The new Boeing 787-9 and Airbus A350-900 have been ordered by the Air France-KLM group. First deliveries are expected to enter service with KLM in 2016.[18] The Boeing customer code for KLM is 06. The Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft are delivered with Boeing customer code K2, used for Transavia.
Fleet history[link]
Over the years, KLM operated the following aircraft types:[19]
Cabin[link]
KLM offers business class and economy class on all of its aircraft. On longhaul aircraft, a third class called 'economy comfort class' is offered. On shorthaul aircraft, Business Class is called Europe Business Class, while on longhaul aircraft Business Class is called World Business Class.
World Business Class[link]
World Business Class offers a 60-inch (1.5 m) pitch on all longhaul aircraft. All aircraft offer a 176 degree angled lie-flat seat with a 10.4-inch (26 cm) TV monitor with AVOD (Audio Video on Demand), email/text messaging, a privacy canopy, a massage function and laptop power ports. KLM's newest addition to the fleet, the Boeing 777-300ER features the new Business Class seats based on the Business seats of merger partner Air France. All WBC seats offer personal reading lamps, leg/foot rests and personal telephones (at the back of the controller)
Pre-departure facilities include a fully flexible reservation (except WBC Holiday Fare which may have restrictions)[20] check-in desks, lounge access, priority boarding and 125% to 175% Flying Blue miles.[21] Onboard, passengers are given a three course meal with menus, pre-departure beverages and snacks, which are available throughout the flight.
Europe Business Class[link]
Europe Business Class replaced Europe Select on 27 March 2011. It is KLM's new premium product on shorter sectors. It offers lounge access, a 33-inch (84 cm) pitch with more recline, in-seat power output on all Boeing 737-700, -800, -900, newspapers, a meal service on board (hot or cold meals depend on the length of the flight), more personal space (free middle seat), priority boarding, extra baggage allowance, 250% Flying Blue miles and fully flexible booking.
Economy Class[link]
Economy Class offers a 31" pitch on all long haul aircraft except the Airbus A330-200, which offers a 32" pitch.
On short haul European flights on KLM and KLM Cityhopper, aircraft have no in flight entertainment and contains a 31" seatpitch. Passengers flying Economy Class long-haul routes outside of Europe receive a hot meal service (often more than one depending on the flight duration), with real metal cutlery. Passengers flying within Europe in KLM Economy Class receive a snack to suit the time of day. Freshly prepared sandwiches made the day of flight are served on most morning flights. Drinks (including alcohol) are free on KLM for all passengers, with the exception of champagne.[22]
In 2010, KLM has completed the interior refurbishment of its Boeing 747-400 fleet. This update includes AVOD/PTV in Economy Class with a private screen for each seat and inflight information. KLM's Boeing 747-400s and 777-300ERs economy seating are ten-abreast (3-4-3), the 777-200ERs and MD-11s are nine-abreast (3-3-3), while the A330s are eight abreast (2-4-2).
Economy Comfort[link]
Economy Comfort is offered on all intercontinental flights. It provides a greater seat pitch at up to 35", and greater recline, up to 7", than regular economy seats, but the same luggage allowance and in-flight service applies. There is no priority (dis-)embarking, but since the Economy Comfort zone is located in the front of Economy section of the aircraft, KLM does advertise quick disembarkation as an advantage of Economy Comfort.
On intracontinental flights, Economy Comfort is not offered as such. Instead, some seats with extra legroom such as exit-row seats are sold at a premium. This would cost between EUR 20 to 70 per flight.
Both intercontinental and intracontinental seats can be reserved by any passenger holding any economy class ticket. The full Economy Comfort service is free for passengers with a full-fare ticket or members of Flying Blue at the Platinum or higher level. For Flying Blue Silver and SkyTeam Elite Plus members, a discount applies. The seats with extra legroom on intracontinental flights are free for Flying Blue members with Gold or higher status.[23] This service is also available for free for Delta SkyMiles members at the Platinum or higher level if the booking was made with a Delta (DL) flight number.
It should be noted that some aircraft with a flexible European Business Class cabin size (which can be changed using a movable curtain divider), the first few rows also offer a small amount of extra legroom due to their double use as EBC seats. No extra charge applies for these seats.
Codeshare agreements[link]
As of December 2011, KLM has codeshare agreements with the following airlines, beside SkyTeam members:[24]
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Incidents and accidents[link]
For sourcing and full list of accidents from 1943 see:Aviation safety database
This list does not include KLM cityhopper, which had two accidents: NLM CityHopper Flight 431 in 1981 and KLM Cityhopper Flight 433 in 1994.
The most notable accident in which a KLM flight has been involved was the 1977 Tenerife disaster. After this accident KLM flights have not led to fatalities.
Accidents involving fatalities
- On 24 April 1923, Fokker F.III H-NABS departed Lympne for Rotterdam and Amsterdam. The aircraft was not heard of again. It was presumed to have crashed into the sea, killing the pilot and both passengers.[27]
- On 22 August 1927, Fokker F.VIII H-NADU crashed near Sevenoaks, England. One crewmember was killed.[28]
- On 20 December 1934, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AJU "Uiver" crashed at Rutbah Wells, Iraq, killing all occupants. It participated in the Mac Robertson Air Race in October 1934 and won the handicap division. It had returned to the Netherlands in November and the crew were heroes. It was on its first flight after return from the race and was enroute to the Netherlands Indies carrying the Christmas mail.[29]
- On 14 July 1935, KLM Fokker F.XXII PH-AJQ "Kwikstaart" crashed and burned just outside Schiphol, killing four crew and two passengers - 14 other occupants survived.[2]
- On 20 July 1935, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AKG "Gaai" crashed in an Alpine pass in the San Bernardino Pass near Pian San Giacomo, killing all three crew and all ten passengers.[2]
- On 9 December 1936, KLM Douglas DC-2, PH-AKL crashed into a house after taking off from Croydon Airport, London the accident killed 15 out of 17 on board the DC-2 (see 1936 KLM Croydon accident)
- On 28 December 1941, KNILM Douglas DC-3, PK-ALN (formerly KLM PH-ALN) "Nandoe" was destroyed on the ground by Japanese fighters at Medan, North Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, killing all crew members and passengers.
- On 1 June 1943, the BOAC Douglas DC-3 (formerly KLM PH-ALI) "Ibis" was shot down by eight German Junkers Ju-88 fighters over the Gulf of Biskay while on the scheduled route Lisbon-Bristol. All thirteen passengers and four KLM crewmembers perished. For more information see: BOAC Flight 777.
- On 14 November 1946 - A KLM Douglas C-47 crashed at Schiphol Airport, caused by a failed landing in bad weather. All 21 passengers and the 5 crew were killed. One passenger was the Dutch writer Herman de Man.
- On 26 January 1947, KLM Douglas Dakota PH-TCR crashed after takeoff from Copenhagen, killing all 22 onboard, including Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden.[30]
- On 20 October 1948, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TEN "Nijmegen" crashed near Prestwick, Scotland, killing all 40 aboard.
- On 23 June 1949, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TER "Roermond", piloted by Hans Plesman (the son of CEO Albert Plesman) crashed into the sea off Bari, killing 33 occupants.[31]
- On 12 July 1949, KLM Lockheed Constellation PH-TDF "Franeker" crashed into a 674 ft Ghatkopar hill near Bombay, India, killing all 45 aboard. Thirteen of the dead were American news correspondents.[32]
- On 22 March 1952, a KLM Douglas DC-6 PH-TBJ "Koningin Juliana", crashed in Frankfurt, killing 42 of 47 occupants[33]
- On 23 August 1954; a KLM Douglas DC-6B, PH-DFO "Willem Bontekoe", crashed between Shannon and Schiphol in the North Sea, 40 km from IJmuiden - all 21 passengers and crew died.
- On 5 September 1954, Flight 633, a Lockheed Super Constellation, PH-LKY "Triton" ditched in the River Shannon after takeoff from Shannon Airport, Ireland. 28 out of 56 people on board (46 passengers and 10 crew) were killed.
- On 14 July 1957, KLM Super Constellation PH-LKT "Neutron" crashed in the sea near Biak, after takeoff from Mokmer airport at Biak on its way to Manila. The pilot made a low farewell flypass over the island, but the aircraft lost altitude, crashed into the sea and exploded. Nine crew and 49 passengers died; there were 10 survivors. See KLM Flight 844.
- On 14 August 1958, KLM Flight 607-E, a Lockheed Super Constellation, PH-LKM "Hugo de Groot" en route from Amsterdam to New York, via Shannon Airport, crashed into the ocean 180 km off the coast of Co. Galway, Ireland. 91 passengers and 8 crew members perished.
- On 25 October 1968, Douglas C-47A PH-DAA of KLM Aerocarto flew into Tafelberg Mountain, Suriname, following an engine failure whilst on a survey flight. The aircraft collided with the mountain in cloud, killing three of the five people on board.[34]
- On 27 March 1977, Flight 4805, a Boeing 747-206B, PH-BUF, and Pan Am Flight 1736, a Boeing 747-121, N736PA, collided at Tenerife North Airport, Canary Islands, killing 583 people. The incident has the highest number of on-board fatalities of any single accident in aviation history.
Notable incidents without fatalities
- On 17 July 1935, KLM DC-2 PH-AKM "Maraboe" crashed near Bushehr, Iran. All occupants were rescued.[35]
- On 15 November 1942, the escaped KLM DC-3 PH-ALI "Ibis", flying with a Dutch crew under BOAC's flag (G-AGBB) and later destroyed in the downing of Flight 777-A, was attacked by a single Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter, but she was able to limp on to Lisbon where repairs were carried out. The damage sustained by cannon and machine gun fire included the port wing, engine nacelle and fuselage.
- On 19 April 1943, the Ibis was again attacked at coordinates 46 North, 9 West, by a schwarm of six Bf 110 fighters. Captain Koene Dirk Parmentier evaded the attackers by dropping to 50 feet above the ocean and then climbing steeply into the clouds. The "Ibis" again sustained damage to the port aileron, shrapnel to the fuselage and a holed fuel tank. A new wingtip was flown to Lisbon to complete repairs. Despite these attacks, BOAC continued to fly the Lisbon–Whitchurch route.
- On 6 November 1946, KLM Douglas DC-3 PH-TBO crashed near Shere as the flight was on approach to Croydon Airport after a flight from Amsterdam. None of the 20 passengers and crew were killed in the accident.[36][37]
- On 23 March 1952, a KLM Lockheed Constellation, PH-TFF "Venlo", suffered a propeller failure and subsequent engine fire during landing in Bangkok. All 44 passengers and crew escaped shortly before the fire completely consumed the plane. A Thai ground crewman ran into the burning aircraft and returned with an infant who had been left behind.[38]
- On 25 November 1973, KLM Flight 861, a Boeing 747-206B, PH-BUA "Mississippi" was hijacked over Iraq by Palestinian terrorists. The plane took off in Amsterdam and was bound for Tokyo. After 70 hours the plane made its final landing in Dubai. The passengers were released earlier in Malta. Everyone survived the hijack.
- On 15 December 1989, KLM Flight 867, a Boeing 747-400, PH-BFC flew through a volcanic plume causing nearly million worth of damage to the then brand-new aircraft. The plane landed in Anchorage, Alaska, with no reported injuries or fatalities.[39][40]
- On 28 November 2004, KLM Flight 1673, a Boeing 737-400, PH-BTC had a birdstrike upon rotation from Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. The plane continued onwards to Barcelona International Airport, where the nose gear collapsed. No injuries or casualties; the aircraft was written off.
Corporate responsible issues[link]
Alleged support to Nazi war criminals[link]
KLM has been accused of helping Nazi war criminals to escape from Europe at the end of the Second World War. Suspected war criminals were forbidden by the Allies to leave Germany but historical research done by Dutch journalists show that KLM asked the Swiss authorities to allow some former Nazi to cross the borders without proper documents so that they could then escape to South America. [41][42] KLM has always denied that it played such a role.[43]
Philanthropy[link]
KLM started KLM AirCares in 1999. KLM AirCares is a programme that aids underprivileged children in developing countries that KLM flies to.[44]
See also[link]
- List of airports in the Netherlands
- List of companies of the Netherlands
- Transportation in the Netherlands
References[link]
- ^ "About KLM – Facts & Figures". KLM. http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/about-klm/facts-and-figures/index.html. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
- ^ a b c (Dutch) Albert Heijn, ed (1969) KL-50 - logboek van vijftig jaar vliegen. Meijer, Amsterdam.
- ^ Pikula, Sam (Major), The ArmaLite AR-10, Regnum Publications (1998), p. 73
- ^ http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/insideNation.htm?f=2011/november/11/nation2.isx&d=2011/november/11
- ^ http://news.yahoo.com/air-france-klm-cuts-last-direct-manila-eu-014954942.html
- ^ "Contact" KLM Corporate. Retrieved 28 September 2009. "Visiting address Amsterdamseweg 55 1182 GP Amstelveen The Netherlands"
- ^ "Fact Sheet" SkyTeam, June 2010
- ^ "KLM's New Head Office." Flight International. 6 June 1968. 855. Retrieved on 25 October 2010.
- ^ "World Airline Directory." Flight International. 10 April 1969. 578. "Head Office: Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam, Netherlands."
- ^ "See". A Taste of the House of Bols. Lucas Bols, B.V.. http://www.houseofbols.com/atasteof.asp. Retrieved 17 September 2007.
- ^ Rynbende KLM Houses
- ^ Michaels, Daniel (31 May 2008). "The Ultimate Dutch Status Symbol: House-Shaped Booze Bottles; Jet-Setters Hoard, but Avoid Drinking, KLM's Freebies; The Cheese Building". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB121217604543933443-lMyQjAxMDI4MTAyMjEwNzI2Wj.html. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
- ^ "KLM Logo: Design and History". FamousLogos.us. http://www.famouslogos.us/klm-logo. Retrieved 2011-10-12.
- ^ USA today feb 27, 2012 page 6B "Airlines connect social flyers"
- ^ "KLM fleet list". planespotters.net. http://www.planespotters.net/Airline/KLM-Royal-Dutch-Airlines. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "KLM Plane Facts". KLM. http://corporate.klm.com/assets/files/about-klm/fleet_nov10.pdf. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
- ^ http://www.klm.com/corporate/en/newsroom/press-releases/archive-2012/The_Air_France_KLM_Groups_summer_schedule.htmlretirement starting from 2015
- ^ http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/air-france-klm-confirms-order-for-25-787-9s-plus-25-options-366749
- ^ KLM fleet Airfleets. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
- ^ Service Class – Help (Dutch language) KLM - World Business Class Holiday Fare
- ^ Partner Details[dead link] KLM - Flying Blue miles earned depends on booking class
- ^ "Travel Classes". KLM. http://www.klm.com/travel/gb_en/travel_information/on_board/travel_classes/index.htm#3.
- ^ Choose more comfort KLM - Economy Comfort Class
- ^ "KLM Codeshare Agreements". KLM. http://corporate.klm.com/en/about-klm/klm-partners.
- ^ Corporate.klm.com
- ^ "Our airline partners". WestJet. http://www.westjet.com/guest/en/about/airline-partners/index.shtml.
- ^ "Lost Aeroplane. Unavailing Search For Dutch Machine" The Times (London). Saturday, 26 April 1923. Issue 43636, col F, p. 10.
- ^ "The Fokker Disaster". Flight (25 August 1927): p599. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200653.html.
- ^ "Uiver verbrand, inzittenden gedood". De Telegraaf 42 (15920): p. 1. 21 December 1934
- ^ "DC-3 PH-TCR bij start in Copenhagen verongelukt". Aviacrash.nl. http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/ph-tcr.htm. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
- ^ De Tijd (Netherlands) 24 June 1949, cited in Heijn (1969)
- ^ "Constellation "Franeker" stort neer bij Bombay". 15 December 2005. http://www.aviacrash.nl/paginas/franeker.htm. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
- ^ Accident Synopsis: 03221952 AirDisaster.Com Accident Database
- ^ "PH-DAA Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19681025-0. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ De Telegraaf 17 July 1935, cited in Heijn (1969)
- ^ Aviation-safety.net
- ^ BAAA-acro.com
- ^ KLM PH-TFF Bangkok Crash Ralph M. Pettersen's Constellation Survivors Website, March 2006
- ^ Aircraft accident Boeing-747-406 PH-BFC Anchorage, AK Aviation Safety Network
- ^ ANC90FA020[dead link] NTSB
- ^ 'KLM hielp nazi's bij vlucht naar Argentinië’ de Volkskrant, 1 May 2007
- ^ "KLM accused of helping Nazis flee". BBC News. 8 May 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6635677.stm.
- ^ Charter, David (8 May 2007). "Airline accused of helping Nazis to flee". Times Online (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1760116.ece. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ Corporate.klm.com "KLM AirCares" KLM Website. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
External links[link]
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- Air France KLM Finance
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For the airport of the same name, see Princess Juliana International Airport.
| Juliana | |
|---|---|
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| Juliana in 1963 | |
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| Reign | 4 September 1948 – 30 April 1980 |
| Predecessor | Wilhelmina |
| Successor | Beatrix |
| Spouse | Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld |
| Issue | |
| Beatrix of the Netherlands Princess Irene Princess Margriet Princess Christina |
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| Full name | |
| Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina | |
| House | House of Orange-Nassau* |
| Father | Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
| Mother | Wilhelmina of the Netherlands |
| Born | (1909-04-30)30 April 1909 The Hague, Netherlands |
| Died | 20 March 2004(2004-03-20) (aged 94) Baarn, Netherlands |
| Burial | 30 March 2004 Nieuwe Kerk, Delft |
| Religion | Dutch Reformed |
Juliana (Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was the Queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands between 1948 and 1980. She was the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry. She was married to Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, with whom she had four children: Princess Beatrix (born 1938), Princess Irene (born 1939), Princess Margriet (born 1943), Princess Christina (born 1947). During the Second World War she lived in exile with her children in Ottawa, Canada. She became Queen of the Netherlands with her mother's abdication in 1948 and was succeeded by Queen Beatrix after her own abdication in 1980. During her reign both Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) proclaimed in 1945, but recognized in 1949 and Suriname in 1975 became independent from the Netherlands. Her birthday is celebrated annually as Koninginnedag, Queen's Day. Upon her death at the age of 94, she was the longest-lived former ruling monarch in the world. She is commemorated in space, in the name of the asteroid 816 Juliana.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born in The Hague, the daughter of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Juliana spent her childhood at Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn, and at Noordeinde Palace and Huis ten Bosch Palace in The Hague. A small school class was formed at Noordeinde Palace on the advice of the educator Jan Ligthart so that, from the age of six, the Princess could receive her primary education with children of her own age. These children were Baroness Elise Bentinck, Baroness Elisabeth van Hardenbroek and Jonkvrouwe Miek (Mary) de Jonge.
As the Dutch constitution specified that she should be ready to succeed to the throne by the age of eighteen, Princess Juliana's education proceeded at a faster pace than that of most children. After five years of primary education, the Princess received her secondary education (to pre-university level) from private tutors.
On 30 April 1927, Princess Juliana celebrated her eighteenth birthday. Under the constitution, she had officially come of age and was entitled to assume the royal prerogative, if necessary. Two days later her mother installed her in the "Raad van State" ("Council of State").
In the same year, the Princess enrolled as a student at the University of Leiden. In her first years at university, she attended lectures in sociology, jurisprudence, economics, history of religion, parliamentary history and constitutional law. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, international affairs, international law, history, and European law.
Marriage[link]
In the 1930s, Queen Wilhelmina began a search for a suitable husband for her daughter. At the time, the House of Orange was one of the most strictly religious royal families in the world, and it was very difficult to find a Protestant prince who suited their standards. Princes from the United Kingdom and Sweden were "vetted" but either declined or were rejected by the princess.
At the 1936 Winter Olympics in Bavaria, she met Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, a young German aristocrat. Prince Bernhard was a suave young businessman, and though not a playboy, certainly a "man about town" with a dashing lifestyle. But his rank and religion were suitable, and so Princess Juliana's royal engagement was arranged by her mother. Princess Juliana fell deeply in love with her fiancé, a love that was to last a lifetime and that withstood separation during the war and Bernhard's many extramarital affairs and illegitimate children. The astute Queen Wilhelmina left nothing to chance: court lawyers drew up a prenuptial agreement that specified exactly what the German-born prince could and could not do, and what money he would receive from the royal estate. The couple's engagement was announced on 8 September 1936.
The wedding announcement divided a country that mistrusted Germany under Adolf Hitler. Prior to the wedding, on 24 November 1936, Prince Bernhard was granted Dutch citizenship and changed the spelling of his names from German to Dutch. They married in The Hague on 7 January 1937, the date on which Princess Juliana's grandparents, King William III and Queen Emma, had married fifty-eight years earlier. The civil ceremony was held in The Hague Town Hall and the marriage was blessed in the Great Church (St. Jacobskerk), likewise in The Hague. The young couple moved into Soestdijk Palace in Baarn.
Their first child Princess Beatrix was born on 31 January 1938, and their second Princess Irene on 5 August 1939.
Canadian exile[link]
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In the tense European political climate in the shadow of the growing threat of Nazi Germany, Juliana met Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biestefeld at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Bavaria. They were engaged by September that year, and married in the following January.[1]
During the war and German occupation of the Netherlands the prince and princess decided to leave the Netherlands with their two daughters for the United Kingdom, to represent the State of the Netherlands in exile. The princess remained there for a month before taking the children to Ottawa, the capital of Canada, where she resided at Stornoway in the suburb of Rockcliffe Park. Her mother and husband remained in Britain with the Dutch government in exile.[1]
When her third child Margriet was born, the Governor General of Canada, Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, granted Royal Assent to a special law declaring Princess Juliana's rooms at the Ottawa Civic Hospital as extraterritorial so that the infant would have exclusively Dutch, not dual nationality.[2] Had these arrangements not occurred, Princess Margriet would not be in the line of succession. The Canadian government flew the Dutch tricolour flag on parliament's Peace Tower while its carillon rang out with Dutch music at the news of Princess Margriet's birth. Prince Bernhard, who had remained in London with Queen Wilhelmina and members of the exiled Dutch government, was able to visit his family in Canada and be there for Margriet's birth.
Princess Juliana's genuine warmth and the gestures of her Canadian hosts created a lasting bond which was reinforced when Canadian soldiers fought and died by the thousands in 1944 and 1945 to liberate the Netherlands from the Nazis. On 2 May 1945 she returned by a military transport plane with Queen Wilhelmina to the liberated part of the Netherlands, rushing to Breda to set up a temporary Dutch government. Once home she expressed her gratitude to Canada by sending the city of Ottawa 100,000 tulip bulbs. On 24 June 1945 she sailed on the RMS Queen Elizabeth from Gourock, Scotland, to the United States, listing her last permanent residence as London, England. The following year (1946), Juliana donated another 20,500 bulbs, with the request that a portion of these be planted at the grounds of the Ottawa Civic Hospital where she had given birth to Margriet. At the same time, she promised Ottawa an annual gift of tulips during her lifetime to show her lasting appreciation for Canada's war-time hospitality. Each year Ottawa hosts the Canadian Tulip Festival in celebration of this gift.
Return to the Netherlands[link]
On 2 August 1945 Princess Juliana was reunited with her family on Dutch soil. Juliana immediately took part in a post-war relief operation for the people in the northern part of the country, where the Nazi-caused famine (the famine winter of 1944–1945) and their continued torturing and murdering of the previous winter had claimed many victims. She was very active as the president of the Dutch Red Cross and worked closely with the National Reconstruction organization. Her down to earth manner endeared her to her people so much that a majority of the Dutch people would soon want Queen Wilhelmina to abdicate in favour of her daughter. In the spring of 1946 Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard visited the countries that had helped the Netherlands during the occupation.
During her pregnancy with her last child, Marijke Christina, Princess Juliana contracted German measles. The girl was born in 1947 with cataracts in both eyes and was soon diagnosed as almost totally blind in one eye and severely limited in the other. Despite her blindness, Christina, as she was called, was a happy and gifted child with a talent for languages and an ear for music. Over time, and with advances in medical technology, her eyesight did improve such that with thick glasses, she could attend school and even ride a bicycle. However, before that happened, her mother, the Princess, clinging to any thread that offered some hope for a cure, came under the spell of Greet Hofmans, a faith healer with heterodox beliefs, who was considered by "her many detractors" to be a sham.[1]
For several weeks in the autumn of 1947 and again in 1948 the princess acted as regent when, for health reasons, Queen Wilhelmina was unable to perform her duties. The independence of Indonesia, which saw more than 150,000 Dutch troops stationed there as decolonization force, was regarded as an economic disaster for the Netherlands. With the certain loss of the prized colony, the queen announced her intention to abdicate. On 6 September 1948, with the eyes of the world upon her, Princess Juliana, the twelfth member of the House of Orange to rule the Netherlands, was inaugurated as queen in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. On 27 December 1949 at Dam Palace in Amsterdam, Queen Juliana signed the papers that recognised Indonesian sovereignty over the former Dutch colony.
Queen of the Netherlands[link]
Her daughter's blindness and the increasing influence of Hofmans, who had moved into a royal palace, severely affected the queen's marital relationship. Over the next few years, the controversy surrounding the faith healer, at first kept out of the Dutch media, erupted into a national debate over the competency of the queen. The people of the Netherlands watched as their queen often appeared in public dressed like any ordinary Dutch woman. Queen Juliana began riding a bicycle for exercise and fresh air. The queen wanted to be addressed as "Mevrouw" (Dutch for "Mrs.") by her subjects.
Although the bicycle and the down-to-earth manners suggest a simple life style, the Dutch royal court of the 1950s and 1960s was still a splendid affair with chamberlains in magnificent uniforms, gilded state coaches, visits to towns in open carriages and lavish entertaining in the huge palaces. At the same time the queen began visiting the citizens of the nearby towns and, unannounced, would drop in on social institutions and schools. Her refreshingly straightforward manner and talk made her a powerful public speaker. On the international stage, Queen Juliana was particularly interested in the problems of developing countries, the refugee problem, and had a very special interest in child welfare, particularly in the developing countries.
On the night of 31 January 1953, the Netherlands was hit by the most destructive storm in more than five hundred years. Thirty breaches of dunes and dikes occurred and many towns were swept away by twelve-foot tidal waves. More than two thousand people drowned and tens of thousands were trapped by the floodwaters. Dressed in boots and an old coat, Queen Juliana waded through water and slopped through deep mud all over the devastated areas to bring desperate people food and clothing. Showing compassion and concern, reassuring the people, her tireless efforts would permanently endear her to the citizens of the Netherlands.
In 1956, the influence of Miss Hofmans on Juliana's political views would almost bring down the House of Orange in a constitutional crisis that caused the court and the royal family to split in a Bernhard faction set on removing a queen considered religiously fanatic and a threat to NATO, and the queen's pious and pacifist courtiers. The prime minister resolved the crisis. However, Juliana lost out to her powerful husband and his friends. The Hofmans was banished from the court and Juliana's supporters were sacked or pensioned. Prince Bernhard planned to divorce his wife but decided against it when he, as he told an American journalist, "found out that the woman still loved him".
In 1963 Queen Juliana faced another crisis among the Protestant part of her people when her daughter Irene secretly converted to Roman Catholicism and, without government approval, on 29 April 1964 married Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, Duke of Parma, a claimant to the Spanish throne and also a leader in Spain's Carlist party. With memories of the Dutch struggle for independence from Roman Catholic Spain and fascist German oppression still fresh in the minds of the Dutch people, the events leading to the marriage were played out in all the newspapers and a storm of hostility erupted against the monarchy for allowing it to happen — a matter so serious, the queen's abdication became a real possibility. She survived, however, thanks to the underlying devotion she had earned over the years.
But crisis, as a result of marriage, would come again with the announcement in July 1965 of the engagement of Princess Beatrix, heir to the throne, to German diplomat Claus von Amsberg. The future husband of the future queen had been a member of the Nazi Wehrmacht and the Hitler Youth movement. Many angry Dutch citizens demonstrated in the streets, and held rallies and marches against the "traitorous" affair. While this time upset citizens did not call for the queen's abdication because the true object of their wrath, Princess Beatrix, would then be queen, they did start to question the value of having a monarchy at all. After attempting to have the marriage cancelled, Queen Juliana acquiesced and the marriage took place under a continued storm of protest and an almost certain attitude pervaded the country that Princess Beatrix might be the last member of the House of Orange to ever reign in the Netherlands. Despite all these difficult matters, Queen Juliana's personal popularity suffered only temporarily.
The queen was noted for her courtesy and kindness. In May 1959, for example, American ufologist George Adamski received a letter from the lady head of the Dutch Unidentified Flying Objects Society informing him that she had been contacted by Queen Juliana's palace and "that the Queen would like to receive you."[3] Adamski informed a London newspaper about the invitation, which prompted the court and cabinet to request that the queen cancel her meeting with Adamski, but the queen went ahead with the meeting saying that, "A hostess cannot slam the door in the face of her guests."[3] After the meeting, Dutch Aeronautical Association president Cornelis Kolff said, "The Queen showed an extraordinary interest in the whole subject.".[3] The Dutch press put it more straightforward. The Amsterdam newspaper De Volkskrant, referred by the June 1 1959 issue of Time Magazine, said: "The Dutch press could hardly be accused of concealing the facts last week. Once again, Queen Juliana's weakness for the preternatural had landed her back in the headlines: she had invited to the palace a crackpot from California who numbered among his friends men from Mars, Venus and other solar-system suburbs."[4]
An event in April 1967 brought an overnight revitalization of the royal family, when the first male heir to the Dutch throne in 116 years, Willem-Alexander, was born to Princess Beatrix. This time the demonstrations in the street were ones of love and enthusiasm. This joyful occasion was helped along by an ever-improving Dutch economy.
Scandal rocked the royal family again in 1976 when it was revealed that Prince Bernhard had accepted a $1.1 million bribe from U.S. aircraft manufacturer Lockheed Corporation to influence the Dutch government's purchase of fighter aircraft. The Prime Minister of the Netherlands ordered an inquiry into the affair while Prince Bernhard refused to answer reporters' questions, stating: "I am above such things." Rather than calling on the queen to abdicate, the Dutch people were this time fearful that their beloved Juliana might abdicate out of shame or because of a criminal prosecution conducted in her name against her consort.
On 26 August 1976 a censored and toned-down, but devastating report on Prince Bernhard's activities was released to a shocked Dutch public. The prince resigned his various high profile positions as a lieutenant admiral, a general and an inspector general of the armed forces. The prince resigned from his positions in the board of many businesses, charities, the World Wildlife Fund and other institutions. The prince also accepted that he would have to give up wearing his beloved uniforms. In return, the States-General accepted that there was to be no criminal prosecution.
On her Silver Jubilee in 1973, Queen Juliana donated all of the money that had been raised by the National Silver Jubilee Committee to organizations for children in need throughout the world. She donated the gift from the nation which she received on her seventieth birthday to the "International Year of the Child."
She was the 922nd Lady of the Order of the Garter in 1958.
On 30 April 1980, the day of her 71st birthday, Queen Juliana abdicated and her eldest daughter succeeded her as Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Juliana remained active in numerous charitable causes until well into her eighties.
Illness and death[link]
From the mid-1990s, Juliana's health declined and she also suffered the progressive onset of senility. Juliana did not appear in public after this time. At the order of the Royal Family's doctors, Juliana was placed under 24-hour care. Prince Bernhard publicly admitted in a television interview in 2001 that she was no longer able to recognise her family.
Juliana died in her sleep on 20 March 2004, several weeks before her 95th birthday, at Soestdijk Palace in Baarn from complications of pneumonia, exactly 70 years after her grandmother Emma.
She was embalmed (unlike her mother, who chose not to be) and on 30 March 2004 interred beside her mother, Wilhelmina, in the royal vaults under the Nieuwe Kerk in Delft. The memorial service made her ecumenical and often highly personal views on matters of religion public. The late Princess, a vicar told in her sermon, was interested in all religions and in reincarnation.
Juliana's husband, Prince Bernhard, died barely eight months after her, on 1 December 2004, aged 93 and his remains were placed next to hers.
In 2009, an exhibition of portraits of Juliana, and objects from her life, was held at the Het Loo Palace to mark the centenary of her birth. [5]
Titles, Styles, Honours and Arms[link]
| Royal styles of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands |
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| Reference style | Her Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Ma'am |
- 1909 – 1937: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg[6][7]
- 1937 – 1948: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld[6][8]
- 14 October 1947 – 1 December 1947;
14 May 1948 – 30 August 1948: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess Regent[9]
- 14 October 1947 – 1 December 1947;
- 1948 - 1980: Her Majesty Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld[6][10]
- 1980 - 2004: Her Royal Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld[6]
Arms[link]
As a Princess, Juliana bore the following arms: Quarterly, 1 and 3, Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or (the royal arms of dominion of the Netherlands, and thus her mother Queen Wilhelmina), 2 and 4, Or, a Horn azure, langued gules, (the arms of the Principality of Orange) on an inescutcheon or, a Bull's head sable (for her father's House of Mecklenburg). On her accession to the throne in 1948, Juliana adopted the arms of Dominion of the Netherlands. i.e., Azure, billetty Or a lion with a coronet Or armed and langued Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Argent hilted Or and in the sinister paw seven arrows Argent pointed and bound together Or.
Issue[link]
| Name | Birth | Marriage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Spouse | Issue | ||
| Queen Beatrix | 31 January 1938 | 10 March 1966 (widowed in 2002) |
Claus von Amsberg | Prince Willem-Alexander Prince Friso Prince Constantijn |
| Princess Irene | 5 August 1939 | 29 April 1964 (divorced in 1981) |
Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma | Carlos, Duke of Parma Princess Margarita Prince Jaime Princess Carolina |
| Princess Margriet | 19 January 1943 | 10 January 1967 | Pieter van Vollenhoven | Prince Maurits Prince Bernhard Prince Pieter-Christiaan Prince Floris |
| Princess Christina | 18 February 1947 | 28 June 1975 (divorced in 1996) |
Jorge Pérez y Guillermo | Bernardo Guillermo Nicolás Guillermo Juliana Guillermo |
Ancestry[link]
See also: Dutch monarchs family tree
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Prime Ministers during the Queen's reign[link]
- Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
- Willem Drees (1948–1958)
- Louis Beel (1958–1959)
- Jan de Quay (1959–1963)
- Victor Marijnen (1963–1965)
- Jo Cals (1965–1966)
- Jelle Zijlstra (1966–1967)
- Piet de Jong (1967–1971)
- Barend Biesheuvel (1971–1973)
- Joop den Uyl (1973–1977)
- Dries van Agt (1977–1982)
- Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Antilles
- Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez (1949)
- Lindoro Christoffel Kwartsz (1949–1951)
- Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez (1951–1954)
- Efraïn Jonckheer (1954–1968)
- Ciro Domenico Kroon (1968–1969)
- Gerald C. Sprockel (1969)
- Ernesto O. Petronia (1969–1971)
- Ramez Jorge Isa (1971)
- Otto R.A. Beaujon (1971–1973)
- Juancho Evertsz (1973–1977)
- Lucinda da Costa Gomez-Matheeuws (1977)
- Leo A.I. Chance (1977)
- Silvius Gerard Marie Rozendal (1977–1979)
- Miguel A. Pourier (1979)
- Dominico Martina (1979–1984)
- Prime Ministers of Suriname
- Julius Caesar de Miranda (1949–1951)
- Jacques Adam Drielsma (1951–1951)
- Johann Ate Eldert Buiskool (1951–1952)
- Adrian Cornelis Jasper Marous Alberga (1952)
- Archibald Currie (1952–1955)[11]
- Johan Ferrier (1955–1958)
- Severinus Désiré Emanuels (1958–1963)
- Johan Adolf Pengel (1963–1969)
- Arthur J. May (1969)[12]
- Jules Sedney (1969–1973)
- Henck Alphonsus Eugène Arron (1973–1980)[13]
Legacy[link]
- Shortly after her birth, the inhabitants of a small village near Den Helder asked permission from Queen Wilhelmina to name their village after the young princess. They received permission and they named their village Julianadorp.[citation needed]
References[link]
- ^ a b c van der Vat, Dan (22 March 2004). "Queen Juliana of the Netherlands". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/mar/22/guardianobituaries. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
- ^ CBC Digital Archives: "Netherlands' Princess Margriet born in Ottawa"
- ^ a b c "The Queen & the Saucers". Time (magazine). 1 June 1959. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811123,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ^ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,811123,00.html#ixzz1jWNHOYuY
- ^ http://www.paleishetloo.nl/templates/newsitem/page.asp?iPageId=96&iPageParentId=27
- ^ a b c d H.M. (koningin Juliana) Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina (Parlement.nl)
- ^ Decree about the titles and names of the descendants of HM Queen Wilhemina - Website with Legislation concerning the Royal House of the Netherlands (Dutch)
- ^ Decree of granting the title "Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld" to HRH Prince Juliana - Website with Legislation concerning the Royal House of the Netherlands (Dutch)
- ^ Besluit tot uitvoering van artikel 12 der Wet buitengewoon pensioen 1940-1945 (BWBR0002042)
- ^ Wet op het Kroondomein (BWBR0002752)
- ^ Acting Prime Minister from 1952 to 1954.
- ^ Acting Prime Minster
- ^ Suriname became independent in 1975.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Juliana of the Netherlands |
- Juliana van Oranje-Nassau (1909-2004) on Familypedia
- Queen Juliana (1909-2004) at the Dutch Royal House website
- Princess Juliana, Former Dutch Monarch, Is Dead at 94 Obituary The New York Times
|
Juliana of the Netherlands
Cadet branch of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Born: 30 April 1909 Died: 20 March 2004 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Wilhelmina |
Queen of the Netherlands 6 September 1948 – 30 April 1980 |
Succeeded by Beatrix |
| Dutch royalty | ||
| Preceded by William Ernest |
Heir to the Dutch throne as heiress presumptive 1909–1948 |
Succeeded by Princess Beatrix later became Queen Beatrix |
|
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|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Juliana Of The Netherlands |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 30 April 1909 |
| Place of birth | The Hague, Netherlands |
| Date of death | 20 March 2004 |
| Place of death | Baarn, Netherlands |
http://wn.com/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Giuliana dei Paesi Bassi
http://cs.wn.com/Juliána Nizozemská
http://id.wn.com/Juliana dari Belanda
http://es.wn.com/Juliana I de los Países Bajos
http://ru.wn.com/Юлиана (королева Нидерландов)
http://nl.wn.com/Juliana der Nederlanden
http://pt.wn.com/Juliana dos Países Baixos
http://pl.wn.com/Juliana (królowa Holandii)
http://fr.wn.com/Juliana des Pays-Bas
http://de.wn.com/Juliana (Niederlande)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
