- published: 29 Aug 2011
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- Aftershock
- Ambient Vibrations
- Andrija Mohorovičić
- Asteroseismology
- Beno Gutenberg
- Bibcode
- Brian Tucker
- Bruce Bolt
- Chicxulub Crater
- Convection cell
- Core–mantle boundary
- Coriolis effect
- Cryoseism
- Cryosphere
- Dinosaur
- Don L. Anderson
- Doublet earthquake
- Earth
- Earth's interior
- Earthquake
- Earthquake sensitive
- Earthquake swarm
- Elastic waves
- Engineering geology
- Epicenter
- Explosion
- Fault (geology)
- Forensic seismology
- Foreshock
- Frank Press
- Fusakichi Omori
- Geodesy
- Geodynamics
- Geodynamo
- Geological fault
- Geology
- Geophysics
- Geothermal gradient
- Giuseppe Mercalli
- Gravity of Earth
- Harold Jeffreys
- Helioseismology
- Hiroo Kanamori
- Hypocenter
- Impact crater
- Indicted
- Induced polarization
- Induced seismicity
- Inge Lehmann
- Isoseismal map
- John Milne
- John Vidale
- Jon Claerbout
- Joule
- Keiiti Aki
- Kerry Sieh
- Leon Knopoff
- Lianxing Wen
- Linear elasticity
- List of earthquake
- Longitudinal wave
- Love wave
- Lucy Jones
- Magnetotellurics
- Manslaughter
- Mantle convection
- Maurice Ewing
- Meteor
- Microseism
- Mineral physics
- Nature (journal)
- Normal modes
- Nuclear testing
- Oil exploration
- Outer core
- P-wave
- Paleomagnetism
- Paleoseismology
- Paul G. Richards
- Paul Silver
- Petroleum
- PubMed Identifier
- Rarefaction
- Rayleigh wave
- Richard Dixon Oldham
- Robert Mallet
- Rock (geology)
- S-wave
- S-waves
- Salt dome
- Science (journal)
- Seikei Sekiya
- Seismic hazard
- Seismic loading
- Seismic scale
- Seismic source
- Seismic tomography
- Seismic wave
- Seismite
- Seismogram
- Seismograph
- Seismology
- Seismometer
- Seismotectonics
- Shadow zone
- Shear wave splitting
- Shearing (physics)
- Slow earthquake
- Submarine earthquake
- Susan Hough
- Tectonophysics
- Template Earthquakes
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Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade Dinosauria. They first appeared during the Triassic period, approximately 230 million years ago, and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for 135 million years, from the beginning of the Jurassic (about 200 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (65.5 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur groups at the close of the Mesozoic era. The fossil record indicates that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurassic, and consequently they are considered a type of dinosaur in modern classification systems. Some birds survived the extinction event that occurred 65 million years ago, and continue the dinosaur lineage to the present day.
wn.com/Dinosaur
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Adam Dziewonski
Adam Marian Dziewoński (born November 15, 1936 in Lwów, then a part of Poland, currently a part of Ukraine) is a Polish-American geophysicist who has made seminal contributions to the determination of the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior and the nature of earthquakes using seismological methods. He is the Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University.
After having earned a Masters from the University of Warsaw, Poland (1960), and a Doctorate of Technical Sciences from the Academy of Mines and Metallurgy, Cracow, Poland (1965) Dziewonski taught at the University of Texas at Dallas for several years before settling at Harvard.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Dziewonski and his collaborators laid the foundation to the understanding of tectonic plate motions by exploring convection currents in the Earth's mantle with radial maps of seismic property variations, based on measurements of seismic waves. These studies led to the development of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) in collaboration with Don Anderson; PREM establishes an accurate radial model of the Earth for seismic velocities, attenuation, and density.
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Andrija Mohorovičić
Andrija Mohorovičić (Croatian pronunciation: [ǎndrija moxorǒʋitʃitɕ]) (January 23, 1857 – December 18, 1936) was a Croatian meteorologist and seismologist. He is best known for the eponymous Mohorovičić discontinuity and is considered a founder of modern seismology.
Mohorovičić was born in Volosko, Opatija, where his father (also named Andrija), was a blacksmith, making anchors. The younger Andrija also loved the sea and married a captain's daughter, Silvija Vernić. They had four sons.
Mohorovičić obtained his elementary education in his home town, then continued at the gymnasium of neighbouring Rijeka. He received his higher education in mathematics and physics at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prague in 1875, where one of his professors was Ernst Mach. At 15, Mohorovičić knew Italian, English and French. Later he learned German, Latin and Ancient Greek.
He taught first at high school in Zagreb (1879–1880), then at secondary school in Osijek. From 1882, he taught for nine years at the Royal Nautical School in Bakar, near Rijeka. Work started or completed there was important to his later scientific career. From 1893, when he became a corresponding member of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, to 1917-18 he taught in the fields of geophysics and astronomy. In 1898 he became a full member of what was then the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb, where he was a private docent. In 1910 he became titular associate university professor.
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Beno Gutenberg
Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-American seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague and mentor of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude.
Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany, and obtained his doctorate in physics from the University of Göttingen in 1911. His advisor was Emil Wiechert. During the World War I, Gutenberg served in the German army as a meteorologist in support of gas warfare operations. Gutenberg held positions at the University of Strasbourg which he lost when Strasbourg became French in 1918. After some years where he had to sustain himself with managing his father's soap factory, he obtained in 1926 a junior professorship at University of Frankfurt-am-Main, which was poorly paid.
Although he was already, in the 1920s, one of the leading seismologists worldwide and definitely the leading seismologist in Germany, he was then still dependent on the position in his father's factory, yet he continued his research in his spare time. In 1928, the attempt to become the successor of his academic teacher Emil Wiechert in Göttingen failed. There are hints that Gutenberg's Jewish background might have played a role because, already in the 1920s, there were strong antisemitic tendencies in German universities. For similar reasons, he was also not accepted for a professorship in Potsdam to become the successor of Gustav Angenheister.
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Brian Tucker
Brian E. Tucker is a seismologist specialising in disaster prevention.
He holds a Ph.D. in Earth Sciences from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, an M.A. in Public Policy from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and a B.A. in Physics from Pomona College.
Dr. Tucker has devoted his life to realizing a world of self-reliant communities that can continue their economic, political and cultural development unimpeded by natural disasters. For more than sixteen years, Dr. Tucker has created exhibits, organized workshops and symposia around the world, printed multilingual reports and written/edited three books to raise awareness of geologic threats to communities from Tajikistan to Ecuador. Beyond education, he has drafted earthquake mitigation plans and has supported mason training and the retrofitting of schools, leaving a long-term legacy of natural hazard risk reduction in more than twenty countries.
After observing the tragic consequences of an earthquake in Tajikistan, in 1991 Dr. Tucker founded GeoHazards International (GHI), a Palo Alto, Calif.-based nonprofit organization focused on reducing death and injury caused by earthquakes in the world's most vulnerable communities. Dr. Tucker and his team have developed and applied methods that will save lives in developing countries around the world. They work through a global network of people dedicated to reducing the risks of death and injury caused by earthquakes and natural disasters in needy, at-risk countries, by sharing and promoting civil engineering principles and connecting local experts, engineers, scientists and government officials with their counterparts abroad.
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Bruce Bolt
Bruce Bolt (February 15, 1930 – July 21, 2005) was a Professor of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of California, Berkeley. Professor Bolt was a seismologist known as pioneer of engineering seismology. He served for 15 years on the California Seismic Safety Committee leading public debate on earthquake safety in that state, and acted as a consultant on major projects throughout the world. As well, Bolt published a number of popular and technical books on seismology.
Bolt was born in Largs, New South Wales just north of Maitland in 1930. He studied at the University of Sydney obtaining his Bachelors Degree in 1952, Masters Degree in 1955 and a Doctorate in Applied Mathematics in 1959. He also lectured at Sydney University in Mathematics but developed an interest in mathematical modelling of the Earth's interior. He obtained a D. Sc from Sydney University in 1972 while working at Berkeley. After visiting the Lamont Geological Observatory in New York, he visited the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics at Cambridge University where he met Professors Perry Byerly and John Verhoogen of UC Berkeley who invited him there.
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Don L. Anderson
Don Lynn Anderson (born March 5, 1933) is an American geophysicist who has made important contributions to the determination of the large-scale structure of the Earth's interior, especially using seismological methods. He is Eleanor and John R. McMillan Professor emeritus of geophysics at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). In 1998 he was awarded the Crafoord Prize along with Adam Dziewonski.
Born in Frederick, Maryland, Anderson moved to Baltimore when he was six. He graduated from Baltimore Polytechnic Institute then attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute where he earned a B.Sc. in geology/geophysics in 1955. He then worked in industry and for the military before moving to Caltech, where he received a Ph.D. in geophysics and mathematics in 1962. He spent most of his subsequent academic career at Caltech's Seismological Laboratory.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Anderson and his collaborators investigated the relations between the behavior of mantle rock under high pressures and temperatures, phase transformations of mantle minerals, and the generation of earthquakes. Furthermore, they contributed significantly to the understanding of tectonic plate motions by exploring convection currents in the Earth's mantle with seismological methods. Among other, these studies have led to the development of the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) in collaboration with Adam Dziewonski; PREM establishes a consistent radial model of the Earth for several important geophysical parameters (e.g. seismic velocities, attenuation, and density).
wn.com/Don_L._Anderson -
Frank Press
Frank Press (born December 4, 1924) is an American geophysicist.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Press was science advisor to President Jimmy Carter from 1976 to 1980, and president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences from 1981 to 1993. He is the recipient of 30 honorary degrees. Named in his honor are Mount Press, in the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica; and Osedax frankpressi, a species of whalebone-eating marine worm.
Press graduated with a B.S. degree from the City College of New York (1944) and completed his M.A. (1946) and Ph.D. (1949) degrees at Columbia University under Maurice "Doc" Ewing. As one of Ewing's two assistant professors, (with J. Lamar "Joe" Worzel as the other) Press was a founder of Lamont Geological Observatory (now Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory) in Palisades, N.Y. Originally trained as an oceanographer, Press participated in research cruises on the sailing vessels RV Vema and RV Atlantis.
In the early 1950s, Press turned to seismology, co-authoring with Ewing (who contributed only slightly) and Jardetzky a seminal monograph on elastic waves in layered media. In 1957, Press was recruited by Caltech to succeed founder Beno Gutenberg as director of the Seismological Laboratory, a position in which he remained until 1965. The appointment was controversial in that it passed over both Hugo Benioff and Charles Richter, then the laboratory's senior professors, for a much younger outsider.
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Fusakichi Omori
Fusakichi Omori (大森 房吉, Ōmori Fusakichi?, 30 October 1868 – 8 November 1923) was a pioneer Japanese seismologist, second chairman of seismology at the Imperial University of Tokyo and president of the Japanese Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee. Omori is also known for his observation describing the aftershock rate of earthquakes, now known as Omori's law.
Omori studied physics with the initial British foreign advisors serving as professors at the Imperial University of Tokyo, especially John Milne until he left Japan in 1895, as well as Japanese colleagues including Seikei Sekiya who in 1880 became the first professor of seismology at any university in the world at Tokyo Imperial University.
Sekiya and Omori published the first clear record of a destructive earthquake, obtained by their measuring devices at the University. In 1886 Sekiya was made chair of seismology and secretary to the Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee and by the time of his death a decade later, Japan had nearly 1000 seismological recording stations to study seismicity in Japan.
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Harold Jeffreys
Sir Harold Jeffreys, FRS (22 April 1891 – 18 March 1989) was a mathematician, statistician, geophysicist, and astronomer. His seminal book Theory of Probability, which first appeared in 1939, played an important role in the revival of the Bayesian view of probability.
Jeffreys was born in Fatfield, Washington, County Durham, England. He studied at Armstrong College in Newcastle upon Tyne, then part of the University of Durham, and with the University of London External Programme. He then went to St John's College, Cambridge and became a fellow in 1914. At Cambridge University he taught mathematics, then geophysics and finally became the Plumian Professor of Astronomy.
He married another mathematician and physicist, Bertha Swirles (1903–1999), in 1940 and together they wrote Methods of Mathematical Physics.
One of his major contributions was on the Bayesian approach to probability (also see Jeffreys prior), as well as the idea that the Earth's planetary core was liquid. He was knighted in 1953.
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Inge Lehmann
Inge Lehmann FRS (May 13, 1888 – February 21, 1994), was a Danish seismologist who, in 1936, argued that the Earth's core is not one single molten sphere, but that an inner core exists which has physical properties that are different from those of the outer core.
Inge Lehmann was born and grew up in Østerbro, a part of Copenhagen, as daughter of the experimental psychologist Alfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann (1858–1921). She received her school education at a pedagogically progressive high school led by Hanna Adler, an aunt of Niels Bohr. According to Lehmann, her father and Adler were the two most significant influences for her intellectual development. After having finished school, she studied, with some interruptions due to poor health, mathematics at the universities of Copenhagen and Cambridge. After a few years of work in the insurance business she became an assistant to the geodesist Niels Erik Nørlund, who assigned her the task of setting up seismological observatories in Denmark and Greenland. The beginning of her interest in seismology dates back to this time. In 1928 she passed her exam in geodesy and accepted a position as state geodesist and head of the department of seismology at the Geodetical Institute of Denmark, which was led by Nørlund.
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John Milne
For other uses, see John Milne (disambiguation).
John Milne (30 December 1850 – 31 July 1913) was a British geologist and mining engineer who worked on a horizontal seismograph.
Milne was born in Liverpool, England, the only child of John Milne of Milnrow, Rochdale and raised in Rochdale and Milnrow in Lancashire. He was educated at King's College School and the Royal School of Mines.
In the summers of 1873 and 1874, following a recommendation by the Royal School of Mines, Milne was hired by Cyrus Field as a mining engineer to explore Newfoundland and Labrador in search of coal and mineral resources. During this time he also wrote papers on the interaction of ice and rock, and visited Funk Island, writing another paper on the newly extinct Great Auk. In December, 1873 Milne accompanied Dr. Charles Tilstone Beke on an expedition to determine the true location of Mount Sinai in northwest Arabia. He took the opportunity to study the geology of the Sinai Peninsula and passed on a collection of fossils to the British Museum.
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John Vidale
John Emilio Vidale (March 15, 1959 –) is an American-born seismologist who specializes in examining seismograms to explore features within the Earth. He received the American Geophysical Union's James B. Macelwane Medal in 1994.
Vidale was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, studied physics and geology at Yale, and obtained his Ph.D. from Caltech in 1987. He then held research positions at UC Santa Cruz and the USGS, until he joined UCLA in 1995. In 2006, he moved to Seattle to direct the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network at the University of Washington. He was a Gutenberg Fellow at Caltech and a Gilbert Fellow of the USGS. Vidale is a Fellow of AGU and received AGU's Macelwane Medal.
He has studied the relation of Earth tides and earthquakes - finding only the strongest tides noticeably effect the timing of earthquakes, earthquake swarms - finding they are a more general phenomenon than he previously suspected, the inner core - discovering high-frequency seismic waves scattered scattered therein that offer a second line of evidence it is rotating about 0.2 degrees per year, the stronger than expected healing of fault zones after an earthquake, and various details of the seismic structure of the mantle.
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Jon Claerbout
Jon F. Claerbout (born 1937) is currently the Cecil Green Professor Emeritus of Geophysics at Stanford University. He has been a leading geophysicist since the later half of the 20th Century. He pioneered the use of computers in processing and filtering seismic exploration data, eventually developing the field of time series analysis and seismic wave propagation. He is the youngest ever recipient of the Maurice Ewing Medal of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, having received this award in 1992 for lifetime achievement when he was in his early fifties.
Claerbout obtained a BS in physics in 1960, a MS in geophysics in 1963 and a PhD in geophysics in 1967, all from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His BS thesis was titled A rubidium vapor magnetometer. He worked with Stephen M. Simpson, Jr. for his MS thesis, titled Digital filters and applications to seismic detection and discrimination. The publication of this work made many geophysicists, including those in the oil and gas industry, well aware of Claerbout's potential. However, Claerbout found the sparse availability and low quality of earthquake seismic data frustrating and decided to study atmospheric gravity waves during his PhD. His advisor was Theodore R. Madden and the title of his thesis was Electromagnetic Effects of Atmospheric Gravity Waves.
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Keiiti Aki
Keiiti Aki (安芸 敬一, Aki Keiichi?, March 3, 1930 – May 17, 2005) was a Japanese-American professor of Geophysics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), seismologist, author and mentor. He co-authored with Paul G. Richards, "Quantitative Seismology: theory and methods".
Aki was born in Yokohama, Japan. He received his bachelors and doctorate degree from the University of Tokyo and then did post-doctoral research at the California Institute of Technology.
Aki was very active in his field and was the president or chair of many organizations. He was the president of Seismological Section of the AGU, president of the Seismological Society of America, and Chair of the NAS Committee on Seismology. He was instrumental in the creation of the Southern California Earthquake Center, headquartered at the University of Southern California, in 1991.
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Leon Knopoff
Leon Knopoff (July 1, 1925 – January 20, 2011) was a geophysicist and musicologist. He received his education at Caltech, graduating in 1949 with a PhD in physics, and after holding several academic positions, moved to UCLA. He has done fundamental work in the field of theoretical seismology, for which he was honoured in 1979 by the award of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. He is also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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Lucy Jones
Lucile M. Jones is a seismologist and public voice for earthquake science and earthquake safety in California. She has been with the US Geological Survey and a Visiting Research Associate at the Seismological Laboratory of Caltech since 1983. She is currently serving as the Chief Scientist of the USGS Multi-Hazards Demonstration Project for Southern California, developing a new program to integrate hazards science in urban areas with economic analysis and emergency response to increase community resiliency to natural disasters. She is also a Commissioner of the California Seismic Safety Commission (CSSC), which advises the governor and legislature on seismic safety, by appointment of Governor Gray Davis in 2002 and reappointment by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2005 and serves on the California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council. She has received several awards, including the Alquist Award from the California Earthquake Safety Foundation, the Shoemaker Award for Lifetime Achievements in Science Communication from the USGS, and the 2007 Award of Merit from the Los Angeles County Emergency Preparedness Commission.
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Maurice Ewing
William Maurice "Doc" Ewing (May 12, 1906 – May 4, 1974) was an American geophysicist and oceanographer.
Ewing has been described as a pioneering geophysicist who worked on the research of seismic reflection and refraction in ocean basins, ocean bottom photography, submarine sound transmission (including the SOFAR channel), deep sea coring of the ocean bottom, theory and observation of earthquake surface waves, fluidity of the Earth's core, generation and propagation of microseisms, submarine explosion seismology, marine gravity surveys, bathymetry and sedimentation, natural radioactivity of ocean waters and sediments, study of abyssal plains and submarine canyons.
He was born in Lockney, Texas, where he was the eldest child of a large farm family. He won a scholarship to attend Rice University, earning a B.A. with honors in 1926. He completing his graduate studies at the same institution, earning an M.A. in 1927 and being awarded his Ph.D. in 1931. In 1928 he was married to Avarilla Hildenbrand, and the couple had a son.
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Paul Silver
Paul Gordon Silver (November 30, 1948 – August 7, 2009) was an American seismologist. A member of the research staff at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington since 1982, Paul Silver made a series of important contributions to the investigation of seismic anisotropy and to earthquake research by observing the slow redistribution of stress and strain along fault zones.
Paul Silver and his younger daughter Celine died in an automobile accident in North Carolina on August 7, 2009.
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Richard Dixon Oldham
Richard Dixon Oldham FRS (31 July 1858 – 15 July 1936) was a British geologist who made the first clear identification of the separate arrivals of P-waves, S-waves and surface waves on seismograms and the first clear evidence that the Earth has a central core.
Born on 31 July 1858 to Thomas Oldham, a Fellow of the Royal Society and geologist, Oldham was educated at Rugby School and the Royal School of Mines.
In 1879 Oldham became an assistant-superintendent with the Geological Survey of India, working in the Himalayas. He wrote about 40 publications for the Survey on geological subjects including hot springs, the geology of the Son Valley and the structure of the Himalayas and the Ganges plain. His most famous work was in seismology. His report on the 1897 Assam earthquake went far beyond reports of previous earthquakes. It included a description of the Chedrang fault, with uplift up to 35 feet and reported accelerations of the ground that had exceeded the Earth's gravitational acceleration. His most important contribution to seismology was the first clear identification of the separate arrivals of P-waves, S-waves and surface waves on seismograms. Since these observations agreed with theory for elastic waves, they showed that the Earth could be treated as elastic in studies of seismic waves.
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Robert Mallet
Robert Mallet FRS (3 June 1810–5 November 1881), Irish geophysicist, civil engineer, and inventor who distinguished himself in research on earthquakes and is sometimes called the father of seismology.
Mallet was born in Dublin, on 3 June 1810, the son of factory owner John Mallet. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, entering it at the age of 16 and graduating in science and mathematics in 1830 at the age of 20.
Following his graduation, he joined his father's iron foundry business and helped build the firm into one of the most important engineering works in Ireland, supplying ironwork for railway companies, the Fastnet Rock lighthouse, and a swing bridge over the River Shannon at Athlone. He also helped manufacture the characteristic iron railings that surround Trinity College and which bear his family name at the base.
Mallet was elected to the Royal Irish Academy in 1832 at the early age of 22. He also enrolled in the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1835 which helped finance much of his research in seismology.
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Susan Hough
Susan Elizabeth Hough (born 1961) is a seismologist at the United States Geological Survey in Pasadena, California, and scientist in charge of the office. She has served as an editor and contributor for many journals and is a contributing editor to Geotimes Magazine. She is the author of four books, including Earthshaking Science (Princeton).
Hough has also written numerous articles for mainstream publications such as the Los Angeles Times.
Hough graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1982 and is a University of California, San Diego Alumna, earning her Ph.D. in geophysics from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1987.
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Zhang Heng
Zhang Heng (simplified Chinese: 张衡; traditional Chinese: 張衡; pinyin: Zhāng Héng; Wade–Giles: Chang Hêng; AD 78–139) was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, artist, poet, statesman, and literary scholar from Nanyang, Henan. He lived during the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25–220) of China. He was educated in the capital cities of Luoyang and Chang'an, and began his career as a minor civil servant in Nanyang. Eventually, he became Chief Astronomer, Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages, and then Palace Attendant at the imperial court. His uncompromising stances on certain historical and calendrical issues led to Zhang being considered a controversial figure, which prevented him from becoming an official court historian. His political rivalry with the palace eunuchs during the reign of Emperor Shun (r. 125–144) led to his decision to retire from the central court to serve as an administrator of Hejian, in Hebei. He returned home to Nanyang for a short time, before being recalled to serve in the capital once more in 138. He died there a year later, in 139.
wn.com/Zhang_Heng
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3D Seismic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
One of the most powerful geophysical technologies is 3D Seismic. Geophysical companies profile the sea floor and use sound to create images thousands of feet below the subsurface. Watch this video to learn more about the technology.
http://wn.com/3D_Seismic
BGS seismology | A brief introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 24 Aug 2012
Seismologist Dr Brian Baptie gives a short introduction to our earthquake monitoring work from one of the seismology laboratories at the British Geological Survey office in Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/BGS_seismology_|_A_brief_introduction
Earthquake Lecture One: Geological and Seismological Context - 27 July 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 78:15
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Lecture 1 Wednesday 27 July THE CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKES: GEOLOGICAL AND SEISMOLOGICAL CONTEXT FOR WHAT IS HAPPENING BENEATH OUR FEET Presented by Professor Jarg Pettinga and Dr Mark Quigley
http://wn.com/Earthquake_Lecture_One_Geological_and_Seismological_Context_27_July_2011
Stellar Seismology: Listening To A Star's Secrets
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
facebook.com ... CoRoT reveals a magnetic activity cycle in a Sun-like star: Using data captured by the CoRoT satellite, scientists have successfully probed a distant star, using a technique called stellar seismology to monitor the star's acoustic fluctuations. They detected "starspots"-areas of intense magnetic activity on the surface that are similar to sunspots. While scientists had previously observed these magnetic cycles in other stars, this was the first time they discovered such a cycle using stellar seismology. --- Please SUBSCRIBE to Science & Reason: • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com • www.youtube.com --- Distant star's sound waves reveal cycle similar to the Sun's: In a bid to unlock longstanding mysteries of the Sun, including the impacts on Earth of its 11-year cycle, an international team of scientists has successfully probed a distant star. By monitoring the star's sound waves, the team has observed a magnetic cycle analogous to the Sun's solar cycle. The study, conducted by scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and colleagues in France and Spain, is being published as a "Brevia" in Science. Distant star's inner secrets revealed by sound waves. Using data captured by the Convection Rotation and planetary Transits (CoRoT) satellite, scientists have successfully probed a distant star, using a technique called stellar seismology to monitor changes in the star's sound waves. Using that technique, the ...
http://wn.com/Stellar_Seismology_Listening_To_A_Star's_Secrets
Tools for Understanding Seismology in Southern California
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:36
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
The potential impacts of earthquakes on society in southern California have only recently been quantified and with advances in technology the opportunities for understanding them have never been greater. Explore how this amazing new understanding is emerging from Scripps Institution of Oceanography with geophysicist John Orcutt. Series: "Birch Aquarium Presents, The" [2/2001] [Science] [Show ID: 5453]
http://wn.com/Tools_for_Understanding_Seismology_in_Southern_California
Earthquake Engineering and Seismology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 01 Nov 2012
The conference intends to bridge the gap between the developed and the developing countries to address the issues related to Earthquakes. The Kashmir Earthquake of Oct 08, 2005, had brought unprecedented destruction to Kashmir and neighboring regions. In order to prevent any possible secondary hazards derived from the earthquake as well as to propose structural retrofitting and rebuilding methods, National University of Sciences & Technology, NUST, invited representatives from the world including Japan, USA, Turkey and China to visit the NUST. After an extensive investigation into affected regions by the Pakistani and Foreign experts, the Conference on Pakistan Earthquake and near regions will be held in Islamabad, Pakistan organized jointly by the Higher Education Commission and NUST . This conference aims to summarize and further discuss the restoration and rebuilding of infrastructures into the earthquake prone zone in order to better serve the affected regions, in remembrance of those who lost their lives during the disaster. Special discounts and honors apply to paper reviewers, technical track leaders, and keynote speakers disaster management problems and suggest solutions in light of good practices.
http://wn.com/Earthquake_Engineering_and_Seismology
dynamite seismic - loading and shooting - jungles of Aceh Indonesia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 08 Nov 2010
shooters loading a seismic shot with explosives and then the shot being fired South of Bireuen
http://wn.com/dynamite_seismic_loading_and_shooting_jungles_of_Aceh_Indonesia
The Study of Seismology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 29 Mar 2012
NASA Sci Files segment explaining the study of seismology and how seismologists study eartquakes.
http://wn.com/The_Study_of_Seismology
Seismologist: Japan earthquake magnitude 'unusual'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Katie Couric spoke with Dr. Lucy Jones, a seismologist with the US Geological Survey, on Japan's 8.9 magnitude earthquake and tsunami.
http://wn.com/Seismologist_Japan_earthquake_magnitude_'unusual'
UW-Milwaukee Seismologist Explains Japan's Earthquake, Tsunami
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
WISN 12 News' Terry Sater talks with an UW-Milwaukee seismologist about the science behind earthquakes and tsunamis.
http://wn.com/UW-Milwaukee_Seismologist_Explains_Japan's_Earthquake,_Tsunami
Seismologist: Quakes Rattle Southern California
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 25 Sep 2012
Dozens of small to moderate earthquakes rattled Southern California, shaking an area from rural Imperial County to the San Diego coast and north into the Coachella Valley. (Aug. 27)
http://wn.com/Seismologist_Quakes_Rattle_Southern_California
East Coast quake: A seismologist explains
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Chris Wragge talks to seismologist James Gaherty, a Lamont Research Professor, Columbia University about the magnitude 5.8 earthquake that hit the eastern United States - only the second time this century that one this large has occurred on the East Coast.
http://wn.com/East_Coast_quake_A_seismologist_explains
School Seismology Project - short trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 26 Aug 2010
School Seismology Project - a national schools science project www.bgs.ac.uk/schoolseismology Based around a low-cost simple seismometer system, sensitive enough to detect earthquakes on the other side of the world. Training is available for teachers to use this equipment. On average three to four earthquakes will be detected each month. Students will be able to compare their data with data from other schools and professional monitoring stations internationally. There is a range of simple classroom activities to teach basic science concepts using earthquakes and seismology. Recording real data from earthquakes gives students a sense of ownership of the data and provides an immediate link to the relevance of science in society. The project has a built-in requirement to communicate the results of the project in school and the local area. The CPD training for science teachers enhances their geology subject knowledge
http://wn.com/School_Seismology_Project_short_trailer
emsc seismology activities (Earthquakes) for Grand Palais exhibition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
www.emsc-csem.org Movie on the EMSC activities released for the Grand Palais scientific exhibition (Nov. 2008)
http://wn.com/emsc_seismology_activities_Earthquakes_for_Grand_Palais_exhibition
Earthquake : After Swarm of EQs California Seismologist says the Big One is closer (Aug 09, 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:55
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
News Articles: Los Angeles shook by minor earthquakes, but scientists warn of looming disaster rt.com "Double-Quake" Shakes Yorba Linda Area www.msnbc.msn.com Southern California shakes from swarm of small earthquakes, but no damage www.washingtonpost.com California Earthquake Swarm 8/8/2012: '30 Quakes Less than 24 Hours Followed by 4.9 Mag Shaker off Oregon Coast' efg-bnusfoodreserves.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Earthquake_After_Swarm_of_EQs_California_Seismologist_says_the_Big_One_is_closer_Aug_09,_2012
Don Kurtz on Stellar Seismology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:19
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
Don Kurtz, of the University of Central Lancashire, discusses asteroseismology in a lecture entitled Songs of the Stars: The Real Music of the Spheres. He explains how sound waves are helping to locate distant Earth-like planets, study solar storms and explain what happens in the core of stars.
http://wn.com/Don_Kurtz_on_Stellar_Seismology
![[ON THE PHONE] Ishmael Narag, OIC, Seismology Division, PHIVOLCS](http://web.archive.org./web/20121125185049im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/vFaUPltIJ1k/default.jpg "[ON THE PHONE] Ishmael Narag, OIC, Seismology Division, PHIVOLCS")
[ON THE PHONE] Ishmael Narag, OIC, Seismology Division, PHIVOLCS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Updated: 16 Oct 2012
This as tsunami alert is up in certain parts of Visayas and Mindanao after Negros-Cebu quake
http://wn.com/_ON_THE_PHONE_Ishmael_Narag,_OIC,_Seismology_Division,_PHIVOLCS
Mauritius Training Program in Seismology and Tsunami Warning
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:09
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
Visit: gallery.usgs.gov for more information. This is a short documentary about the training program in seismology and tsunami warnings held at the Mauritius Meteorological Services in Vacos, Mauritius, from January 14-18, 2008. The training program is part of the Indian Ocean Tsunami warning System (IOTWS) that was developed to create "tsunami resilient" communities in the Indian Ocean region.
http://wn.com/Mauritius_Training_Program_in_Seismology_and_Tsunami_Warning
Forensic seismologists: Utah mine collapse source of quake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 06 Jan 2011
It is a chicken-or-egg question: On Aug. 6, 2007, Utah's Crandall Canyon coal mine collapsed, killing six miners. At about the same time, seismic stations in Utah recorded a seismic event of magnitude 3.9. The question is which came first: Did a minor earthquake cause the mine to collapse? Or was the collapse itself the seismic event?
http://wn.com/Forensic_seismologists_Utah_mine_collapse_source_of_quake
UK School Seismology: seismometer assembly
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:38
- Updated: 28 May 2012
Paul Denton from the UK school seismology project demonstrates how to assemble the SEP school seismometer www.bgs.ac.uk/schoolseismology SEP = Science Enhancement Programme www.sep.org.uk
http://wn.com/UK_School_Seismology_seismometer_assembly
Seismology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:56
- Updated: 28 Jul 2010
This is Aalima interviewing Seismologist ,and Associate professor of geology at the University of California Riverside, Elizabeth Cochran.
http://wn.com/Seismology
8/19/2011 -- Univ. of San Diego seismologist responds to Dutchsinse FUME video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
heres the article: www.10news.com Fumes AND plumes... they cover it all in this article ! LOL ... another attempt to address my videos by "authorities"..... this time, its my recent video about FUMES in San Diego, and this time its ANOTHER media attempt to dismiss the facts-- smack the message down ! this is getting to be a regular volley back and forth between the USGS and Dutchsinse (USDS). That makes THREE press releases on the official USGS websites, and now a full blown university seismologist teams up with 10news.com in San Diego, to dismiss MY YOUTUBE VIDEO where I lay out the evidence, as "sensationalistic": and "doomsday"...... watch the video here for yourself www.dutchsinse.com and decide if I was being "sensational" .. LOL... each time they try, it becomes MORE of an EPIC FAIL.... USDS = werdup
http://wn.com/8_19_2011_-_Univ_of_San_Diego_seismologist_responds_to_Dutchsinse_FUME_video
Chinese Seismology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 21 Mar 2011
mid term project of digital photo storytelling, University of Houston, 2008
http://wn.com/Chinese_Seismology
photo: AP
23 Nov 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. I was fortunate to have been raised near an American Indian archaeological spot located on the Great Plains. In elementary school, a fellow classmate would periodically bring and show grinding stones, arrow- and spearheads, stone farming implements, and pictures of what the excavated site may have...(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: AP / Mohammed Asad
24 Nov 2012
Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a...(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
23 Nov 2012
Israel and Hamas are seeking to solidify an Egyptian and US-brokered cease-fire halting eight days of aerial assaults that ravaged the Gaza Strip and made Tel Aviv a missile target. Announcing the truce in Cairo last night alongside Egypt's foreign minister, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton promised U.S. assistance in seeking to "improve...(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Egyptian Presidency
23 Nov 2012
Opposition groups in Egypt have called for mass protests on Friday against President Mohammed Mursi's decree that gives him sweeping powers. They have described his move as a "coup against legitimacy" and accused the president of appointing himself Egypt's "new pharaoh". The decree states that the president's decisions cannot be revoked by any...(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Polash Khan
25 Nov 2012
The death toll from a fire in a clothes factory in Bangladesh has leapt to at least 120, officials say. The fire broke out late on Saturday in the nine-floor Tazreen Fashion factory in the Ashulia district on the outskirts of...(size: 1.5Kb)
The Examiner
24 Nov 2012
Related topics EarthquakesHollisterSan Andreas FaultLivingston Headlines Examiner Advertisement A mild earthquake was reported Saturday morning in Central California, the US Geological Survey reported via an email alert. Tentative report is the earthquake was recorded at a magnitude of 3.5 with the epicenter located seven miles northwest of...(size: 6.4Kb)
Sun Star
23 Nov 2012
A 5.0-magnitude earthquake occurred Friday afternoon in Nasugbu, Batangas, said...(size: 0.6Kb)
Journal Online
23 Nov 2012
ALERT level 1 has been raised over Taal Volcano, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology said yesterday. In its latest advisory, Phivolcs said they have recorded an increase in the...(size: 1.3Kb)
Standart News
23 Nov 2012
The Star
22 Nov 2012
Sun Star
22 Nov 2012
CITY OF SAN FERNANDO – Two Light Detection and Ranging (LDR) planes were launched on Wednesday at the Asian Aerospace Center inside Clark Freeport as part of the 3D-geohazard mapping of disaster risk areas in the country. DOST director Alexander Madrid, in Thursday’s 2012 South Luzon...(size: 1.9Kb)
The Times of India
21 Nov 2012
MHOW: An earthquake of low intensity, measuring 3.3 on the Richter scale, jolted Singhot village of Khandwa district Minor tremors were felt at 9.41 am on Tuesday. The village is about 15 kilometres from the district...(size: 1.4Kb)
Gulf News
21 Nov 2012
Al Ain: Gusty winds, rain, and thunderstorms are expected over much of the western and eastern coastal areas as unstable weather continues on Wednesday, a day after thunderstorms and rain hit parts of the country, heralding the start of the winter season. Temperatures on Wednesday will be around 30 degrees Celcius in the coastal areas,...(size: 25.5Kb)
Gulf News
20 Nov 2012
Al Ain: Thunderstorms and rain have hit parts of the country, heralding the start of the winter season. The National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology (NCMS) has issued a warning of strong winds heavy clouds while fishermen have been warned off the seas. The weather lull, which has seen warm temperatures persist in recent weeks, has been broken...(size: 23.9Kb)
Sun Star
19 Nov 2012
PHILIPPINE Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs)–Baguio Engineer Salvador Cesario said the three recent earthquakes felt in the city this month are not destructive quakes. The latest was the 4.0-magnitude quake in Tuba around 9:18 a.m. in November 16...(size: 1.7Kb)
The Examiner
18 Nov 2012
Related topics EarthquakescaliforniaUS Geological SurveyLivingston Headlines Examiner Advertisement A minor earthquake was recorded in the Pacific Ocean off the California shore, the U.S. Geological Survey reported Sunday in an email alert. The earthquake occurred at 10:53 p.m. PT on Saturday and had a magnitude of 3.6. The earthquake was recorded...(size: 6.2Kb)
The Los Angeles Times
16 Nov 2012
A strong earthquake rattled central , causing some residential buildings in to sway like boats on a river. Mayor Marcelo Ebrard, as he does routinely, turned to . "Tenemossismo," Ebrard at 3:23 a.m. Wednesday, translated as, "We have an earthquake," but without any spacing. The mayor diligently continued tweeting the news: no injuries, no major...(size: 29.0Kb)
| Part of a series on earthquakes |
|---|
| Types |
| Foreshock • Aftershock • Blind thrust Doublet • Interplate • Intraplate Megathrust • Remotely triggered • Slow Submarine • Supershear Tsunami • Earthquake swarm |
| Causes |
| Fault movement • Volcanism • Induced seismicity |
| Characteristics |
| Epicenter • Hypocenter • Shadow zone Seismic wave • P-wave • S-wave |
| Measurement |
| Seismic scales • Seismometer Earthquake duration magnitude |
| Prediction |
| Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction Earthquake sensitive |
| Other |
| Shear wave splitting • Adams–Williamson equation Flinn-Engdahl regions • Earthquake engineering Seismite • Seismology |
Seismology (/saɪzˈmɒlədʒi/) is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. The field also includes studies of earthquake effects, such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic, tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes (such as explosions). A related field that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is paleoseismology. A recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram.
Contents |
Types of seismic wave[link]
Main article: Seismic wave
Seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate in solid or fluid materials. They can be divided into body waves that travel through the interior of the materials; surface waves that travel along surfaces or interfaces between materials; and normal modes, a form of standing wave.
Body waves[link]
There are two types of body wave, P-waves and S-waves (both body waves). Pressure waves or Primary waves (P-waves), are longitudinal waves that involve compression and rarefaction (expansion) in the direction that the wave is traveling. P-waves are the fastest waves in solids and are therefore the first waves to appear on a seismogram. S-waves, also called shear or secondary waves, are transverse waves that involve motion perpendicular to the direction of propagation. S-waves appear later than P-waves on a seismogram. Fluids cannot support this perpendicular motion, or shear, so S-waves only travel in solids. P-waves travel in both solids and fluids.[1]
Surface waves[link]
The two main kinds of surface wave are the Rayleigh wave,which has some compressional motion, and the Love wave, which does not. Such waves can be theoretically explained in terms of interacting P- and/or S-waves. Surface waves travel more slowly than P-waves and S-waves, but because they are guided by the surface of the Earth (and their energy is thus trapped near the Earth's surface) they can be much larger in amplitude than body waves, and can be the largest signals seen in earthquake seismograms. They are particularly strongly excited when their source is close to the surface of the Earth, as in a shallow earthquake or explosion.[1]
Normal modes[link]
The above waves are traveling waves. Large earthquakes can also make the Earth "ring" like a bell. This ringing is a mixture of normal modes with discrete frequencies and periods of an hour or longer. Motion caused by a large earthquake can be observed for up to a month after the event.[1] The first observations of normal modes were made in the 1960s as the advent of higher fidelity instruments coincided with two of the largest earthquakes of the 20th century - the 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake and the 1964 Great Alaskan Earthquake. Since then, the normal modes of the Earth have given us some of the strongest constraints on the deep structure of the Earth.
Earthquakes[link]
Main article: Earthquake
One of the first attempts at the scientific study of earthquakes followed the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Other especially notable earthquakes that spurred major developments in the science of seismology include the 1857 Basilicata earthquake, 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, and the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake. An extensive list of famous earthquakes can be found on the List of earthquakes page.
Controlled seismic sources[link]
See also: Reflection seismology
Seismic waves produced by explosions or vibrating controlled sources are one of the primary methods of underground exploration in geophysics (in addition to many different electromagnetic methods such as induced polarization and magnetotellurics). Controlled-source seismology has been used to map salt domes, faults, anticlines and other geologic traps in petroleum-bearing rocks, geological faults, rock types, and long-buried giant meteor craters. For example, the Chicxulub Crater, which was caused by an impact that has been implicated in the extinction of the dinosaurs, was localized to Central America by analyzing ejecta in the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, and then physically proven to exist using seismic maps from oil exploration.[2]
Detection of seismic waves[link]
Seismometers are sensors that sense and record the motion of the Earth arising from elastic waves. Seismometers may be deployed at Earth's surface, in shallow vaults, or in boreholes. A complete instrument package that records seismic signals is called a seismograph. Networks of seismographs continuously record ground motions around the world to facilitate the monitoring and analysis of global earthquakes and other seismic sources. Rapid location of earthquakes makes tsunami warnings possible because seismic waves travel considerably faster than tsunami waves. Seismometers also record signals from non-earthquake sources ranging from explosions (nuclear and chemical), to local noise from wind or anthropogenic activities, to incessant signals generated at the ocean floor and coasts induced by ocean waves (the global microseism), to cryospheric events associated with large icebergs and glaciers. Above-ocean meteor strikes with energies as high as 4.2 × 1013 J (equivalent to that released by an explosion of ten kilotons of TNT) have been recorded by seismographs, as have a number of industrial accidents and terrorist bombs and events (a field of study referred to as forensic seismology). A major long-term motivation for the global seismographic monitoring has been for the detection and study of nuclear testing.
Mapping the earth's interior[link]
Main article: Earth's interior
Because seismic waves commonly propagate efficiently and interact with internal structure, they provide high-resolution noninvasive methods for studying Earth's interior. One of the earliest important discoveries (suggested by Richard Dixon Oldham in 1906 and definitively shown by Harold Jeffreys in 1926) was that the outer core of the earth is liquid. Since S-waves do not pass through liquids, the liquid core causes a "shadow" on the side of the planet opposite of the earthquake where no direct S-waves are observed. In addition, P-waves travel much slower through the outer core than the mantle.
Processing readings from many seismometers using seismic tomography, seismologists have mapped the mantle of the earth to a resolution of several hundred kilometers. This has enabled scientists to identify convection cells and other large-scale features such as Ultra Low Velocity Zones near the core–mantle boundary.[3]
Seismology and society[link]
Earthquake prediction[link]
Main article: Earthquake prediction
Forecasting a probable timing, location, magnitude and other important features of a forthcoming seismic event is called earthquake prediction. Various attempts have been made by seismologists and others to create effective systems for precise earthquake predictions, including the VAN method. Most seismologists do not believe that a system to provide timely warnings for individual earthquakes has yet been developed, and many believe that such a system would be unlikely to give significant warning of impending seismic events. However, more general forecasts routinely predict seismic hazard. Such forecasts estimate the probability of an earthquake of a particular size affecting a particular location within a particular time-span, and they are routinely used in earthquake engineering.
Public controversy over earthquake prediction erupted after Italian authorities indicted six seismologists and one government official for manslaughter in connection with a magnitude 6.3 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy on April 5, 2009. The indictment has been widely perceived[by whom?] as an indictment for failing to predict the earthquake and has drawn condemnation from the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Geophysical Union. The indictment claims that, at a special meeting in L'Aquila the week before the earthquake occurred, scientists and officials were more interested in pacifying the population than providing adequate information about earthquake risk and preparedness.[4]
Tools[link]
Seismological instruments can generate large amounts of data. Systems for processing such data include:
- CUSP (Caltech-USGS Seismic Processing)[5]
- RadExPro seismic software
- SeisComP3[6]
Notable seismologists[link]
See also: Category:Seismologists
- Aki, Keiiti
- Don L. Anderson
- Bolt, Bruce
- Claerbout, Jon
- Dziewonski, Adam Marian
- Ewing, Maurice
- Galitzine, Boris Borisovich
- Gamburtsev, Grigory A.
- Gutenberg, Beno
- Hough, Susan
- Jeffreys, Harold
- Jones, Lucy
- Kanamori, Hiroo
- Keilis-Borok, Vladimir
- Knopoff, Leon
- Lehmann, Inge
- Mallet, Robert
- Mercalli, Giuseppe
- Milne, John
- Mohorovičić, Andrija
- Oldham, Richard Dixon
- Fusakichi Omori
- Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal
- Press, Frank
- Richards, Paul G.
- Richter, Charles Francis
- Sekiya, Seikei
- Sieh, Kerry
- Paul G. Silver
- Tucker, Brian
- Vidale, John
- Wen, Lianxing
- Winthrop, John
- Zhang Heng
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c Gubbins 1990
- ^ Schulte et al. 2010
- ^ Wen & Helmberger 1998
- ^ Hall 2011
- ^ Lee, W. H. K.; S. W. Stewart (1989). "Large-Scale Processing and Analysis of Digital Waveform Data from the USGS Central California Microearthquake Network". Observatory seismology: an anniversary symposium on the occasion of the centennial of the University of California at Berkeley seismographic stations. University of California Press. pp. 86. http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=yLJWcm0HXNIC. Retrieved 2011-10-12. "The CUSP (Caltech-USGS Seismic Processing) System consists of on-line real-time earthquake waveform data acquisition routines, coupled with an off-line set of data reduction, timing, and archiving processes. It is a complete system for processing local earthquake data [...]"
- ^ Akkar, Sinan; Polat, Gülkan; van Eck, Torild, eds. (2010). Earthquake Data in Engineering Seismology: Predictive Models, Data Management and Networks. Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering. 14. Springer. p. 194. ISBN 978-94-007-0151-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=-VRFVONtHPsC. Retrieved 2011-10-19.
References[link]
- Allaby, Ailsa; Allaby, Michael, eds. (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences (Second ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Gubbins, David (1990). Seismology and Plate Tectonics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37141.
- Hall, Stephen S. (2011). "Scientists on trial: At fault?". Nature 477 (7364): 264–269. DOI:10.1038/477264a.
- Kanamori, Hiroo (2003). Earthquake prediction: An overview. International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology. 81B. International Association of Seismology & Physics of the Earth's Interior. pp. 1205–1216. http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/kanamori/HKees03.pdf.
- Lay, Thorne, ed. (2009). Seismological Grand Challenges in Understanding Earth’s Dynamic Systems. Report to the National Science Foundation, IRIS consortium. http://www.iris.edu/hq/lrsps/seis_plan_final.pdf.
- Schulte, Peter; Laia Alegret, Ignacio Arenillas, José A. Arz, Penny J. Barton, Paul R. Bown, Timothy J. Bralower, Gail L. Christeson, Philippe Claeys, Charles S. Cockell, Gareth S. Collins, Alexander Deutsch, Tamara J. Goldin, Kazuhisa Goto, José M. Grajales-Nishimura, Richard A. F. Grieve, Sean P. S. Gulick, Kirk R. Johnson, Wolfgang Kiessling, Christian Koeberl, David A. Kring, Kenneth G. MacLeod, Takafumi Matsui, Jay Melosh, Alessandro Montanari, Joanna V. Morgan, Clive R. Neal, Douglas J. Nichols, Richard D. Norris, Elisabetta Pierazzo, Greg Ravizza, Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra, Wolf Uwe Reimold, Eric Robin, Tobias Salge, Robert P. Speijer, Arthur R. Sweet, Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi, Vivi Vajda, Michael T. Whalen, Pi S. Willumsen (5 March 2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary". Science (AAAS) 327 (5970): 1214–1218. Bibcode 2010Sci...327.1214S. DOI:10.1126/science.1177265. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 20203042. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/5970/1214. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
- Shearer, Peter M. (2009). Introduction to Seismology (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70842-5.
- Stein, Seth; Wysession, Michael (2002). An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes and Earth Structure. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-86542-078-6.
- Wen, Lianxing; Helmberger, Donald V. (1998). "Ultra-Low Velocity Zones Near the Core-Mantle Boundary from Broadband PKP Precursors". Science 279 (5357): 1701–1703. DOI:10.1126/science.279.5357.1701. http://geophysics.geo.sunysb.edu/wen/Reprints/WenHelmberger98Science.pdf.
External links[link]
- European-Mediterranean Seismological Center, real-time earthquake information website.
- Seismological Society of America.
- Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology.
- USGS Earthquake Hazards Program.
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