In heraldry, the field (background) of a shield can be divided into more than one area of different tinctures, usually following the lines of one of the ordinaries and carrying its name (e.g. a shield divided in the shape of a chevron is said to be parted "per chevron"). Shields may be divided this way for differencing (to avoid conflict with otherwise similar coats of arms) or for purposes of marshalling (combining two or more coats of arms into one), or simply for style. The lines that divide a shield may not always be straight, and there is a system of terminology for describing patterned lines, which is also shared with the heraldic ordinaries. French heraldry takes a different approach in many cases from the one described in this article.

Common divisions of the field[link]

Common partitions of the field are:

• parted (or party) per fess (halved horizontally)
• party per pale (halved vertically)
• party per bend (diagonally from upper left to lower right)
• party per bend sinister (diagonally from upper right to lower left)
• party per saltire (diagonally both ways)
• party per cross or quarterly (divided into four quarters)
• party per chevron (after the manner of a chevron)
• party per pall (divided into three parts in a Y shape)

Nowadays, however, the 'party' is often omitted, even in 'official' blazons, e.g. in letters patent and extracts of matriculation.

A field cannot be divided per bordure (as, if this did exist, it would be indistinguishable from the bordure); though a bordure can. Neither can a field (nor any charge) be divided per chief, for similar reasons; though both Canadian and Scottish Public Registers have official records of fields or bordures divided 'per chief'. The earliest such record in the Scottish Public Register is before 1677, "parted per chief azure and gules three skenes argent hefted and pomelled Or Surmounted of as many Woolf-heads couped of the third."^[1] and a bordure per chief is shown in the arms of Roy, Canada.

Although it is alleged^[who?] that per chevron enhanced (with the division occurring higher than it normally would) is called mantled in English,^[2] this is a term of rare application.^{[citation needed]} When the term rompu is applied to a division of the field, the result will take a number of different forms depending on the manner of division. The arms of Lois Hole show Per chevron rompu Or and Vert, the centre section heightened of two points.^{[citation needed]} (Rompu can also sometimes be applied to "common charges".)^{[citation needed]} A field pily, as in the arms of Baron Marks of Broughton, is similar to a field per fess dancetty, except that the teeth are much more exaggerated.^{[citation needed]}

Papal coat of arms of Benedict XVI is Gules chapé ployé Or or "tierced in mantle"

Shields may also be divided into three parts: this is called tierced, as in tierced per pale, azure, argent and gules (though perhaps in English heraldry this is rarely if ever done,^{[citation needed]} and the foregoing shield would be blazoned — as the pale is supposed to be one-third of the width of the field and is always so depicted under these circumstances — per pale azure and gules, a pale argent.^{[citation needed]} but Scottish heraldry does use 'tierced in pale' (e.g. Clackmannan county (now Clackmannanshire) has Or; a saltire gules; a chief tierced in pale vert, argent, vert ...)^[3] A particular type of tiercing, resembling a Y in shape (division lines per bend and bend sinister coming down from the chief, meeting at the fess point, and continuing down per pale), is called per pall (also per pairle). The arms of Pope Benedict XVI is "tierced in mantle" - as described in Vatican information pages, but the usual term in, for example South African heraldry, is chapé ployé (with arched lines, with straigt lines: chapé (mantled)), which may be blazoned with three tinctures or just two - e.g. Okakarara Technical Institute: Gules, chapé Azure, on the partition lines respectively a bend and a bend sinister enhanced, in base a demi-cogwheel, Or, with a fountain issuant. Shields may also be divided into three parts by a combination of two methods of division, such as party per fess, in chief per pale. Another example is in the arms of Clive Cheesman: per pale and per pall.^[4] This is to be distinguished from the essentially unique partition in the arms of the 2nd Weather Group of the United States Air Force, which is "Dexter per chevron ployé and sinister per fess enhanced."^[5]

A shield may also be party per chevron reversed (inverted), which is like party per chevron except upside down. A section formed by two (straight) lines drawn from the corners of the chief to the point in base is called chaussé (shod), with arched or bent (French: ployé) lines it is called chaussé ployé.^{[6] [7]}

Marshalling[link]

The dimidiated arms of Sieradz County in Poland

One common reason for dividing the field in heraldry is for purposes of combining two or more coats of arms to express alliance, inheritance, occupation of an office, etc. This practice, called marshalling, initially took the form of dimidiation, or splicing together two coats of arms split down the middle (or sometimes, though rarely, split across the centre per fess or quarterly) so that half one coat was matched up with the opposite half of the other. As this would sometimes yield confusing or misleading results, the practice was supplanted by impalement, which kept both coats intact and simply squished them into half the space. According to Fox-Davies (1909), the practice of dimidiation was short-lived and had already reached its peak in the early 14th century, while impalement remains in practice to modern times. One important remainder of the practice, however, is that when a coat of arms with a bordure is impaled with another coat, the bordure does not continue down the centre, but stops short where it meets the line of impalement.^[8] Eventually quartering gained usage, and in the height of its popularity during the Victorian era, some coats of arms featured hundreds of "quarterings" (see the Grenville arms at right). More usually, however, a quartered coat of arms consisted of four parts, as the name suggests. The origin and underlying purpose of quartering is to express inheritance by female succession: when a female heir (who has no brothers, or whose brothers have all preceded her in death) dies, her son (only after her death) quarters her arms with those of his father, placing the father's arms in the first (upper left) and fourth (lower right) quarters and his mother's arms in the second (upper right) and third (lower left).^[9]

The second Duke of Buckingham and Chandos claimed 719 quarterings

In the UK heraldries, complex systems of marshalling have developed, and continue to thrive, around heraldic expressions of inheritance. In many cases of marriage, the shield is impaled with the husband's entire coat of arms placed on the dexter side and the wife's entire coat placed on the sinister side; if the wife is an heiress, however, her arms are placed inescutcheon over her husband's (such usage is almost entirely English, Scots marshalling being impaling like any other marriage arms).^[10] If the husband is a knight of any order, however, the ensigns of that order belong only to him and are not shared with his wife. Two separate shields are then employed, the dexter shield bearing the husband's arms within the circle of his knighthood, and the sinister shield bearing the husband's arms impaled with the wife's usually encircled with a meaningless wreath of oak leaves for artistic balance.^[10] A male peer impales the arms of his wife as described above, but including the supporters, coronet and helmet of the peer; if he is also a knight of any order, the two-shield method is used.^[11] If a female peer marries a commoner, however, the husband places her arms inescutcheon, surmounted by a coronet of her rank, over his own, but the supporters of her rank cannot be conferred to him; the wife bears her arms singly on a lozenge with the supporters and coronet of her rank.^[11] Volumes may be written on all the endless heraldic possibilities of this convoluted system of marshalling, but it may suffice here to say that for various purposes, arms may be marshalled by four basic methods: dimidiation by clipping and splicing two coats (usually per pale), impalement by dividing per pale and crowding an entire coat of arms into each half, quartering by dividing the shield into usually four (but potentially innumerable) "quarters", and superimposition by placing one coat of arms inescutcheon over another. It is also worth noting that one common form in German-Nordic heraldry is "quarterly with a heart" (a shield quartered with an inescutcheon overall). This may have stemmed from the continental practice of sovereigns placing their own hereditary arms inescutcheon over the arms of their dominions.^[12]

Coat of arms of Novohrad-Volynskyi

The arms of Novohrad-Volynskyi, Ukraine, show an unusual form of marshalling quarterly with a heart, where one quarter is dimidiated while the others are not.^[13]

• 

  Example of two coats of arms dimidiated

• 

  The same two coats impaled

• 

  Example of the quartering of two coats of arms

• 

  Example of incorporating arms as an escutcheon

Lines of division[link]

Municipal arms of Ylämaa, Finland: Vert, a chief fir twigged argent.

Municipal arms of Mullsjö, Sweden: Azure, a snow crystal argent a chief fir tree topped also argent

Divisions of the field, like the ordinaries, may follow complex line shapes. Most of these "sections" have developed conventional names in English, but modern artists, particularly in Finland, have developed new sections influenced by shapes found in the local flora.^[14] Among the most common of these are wavy, indented, dancetty (like indented but with bigger teeth), invected, engrailed, nebuly, embattled, dovetailed and potenty (pictured below). Notable modern forms include the "fir twig section" (havukoro in Finnish) and "fir tree top section" (kuusikoro in Finnish).^[15] These can be found in the arms of a number of municipalities in Finland, and the latter can also be found in the arms of Mullsjö Municipality in Sweden.^[16]

Wavy	Indented	Engrailed	Invected
Nebuly	Embattled	Dovetailed	Potenty

Other modifications[link]

The arms of Eric of Pomerania are quartered by a cross argent fimbriated gules...

Besides the complex lines discussed above, divisions of the field may also be modified in other ways. Sometimes the division of the field may be fimbriated (lined) or, perhaps less properly, "edged"^[17] of another tincture, or divided by some ordinary or its diminutive. The latter differs from a parted field that then bears the ordinary, in that if the ordinary thus dividing the field is between charges, the charges are not overlapped by the ordinary but the ordinary is between them. A famous example of this is the greater arms of Sweden, which is "quartered by a cross Or..."^[18]

One division of the field (though it is sometimes described as a charge) is restricted to the chief: when the chief is divided by a bow-shaped line, this is called a chapournet or chaperonnet ("little hood").^[19] Rompu, meaning "broken", is often applied to a chevron, where the center is usually broken and enhanced (brought to a sharper point than normal).^[20]

Unusual forms[link]

When the partition lines form four L-shapes, the field is blazoned quarterly en equerre (viz. "framing square", German Winkelmaßschnitt).^[21]

A number of divisions are unique to German heraldry, including per bend... broken in the form of a linden leaf.^{[citation needed]}

The arms of the former Republic of Bophuthatswana were "per fess (at nombril point)" (lower than the regular per fess division; the "nombril point" is halfway between the fess point — the exact middle of the field — and the base point, at the bottom centre of the field).

The arms of the French department of Côtes d'Armor show émanché, which is shown in this case as equivalent to the English per fess dancetty of two full points upwards.

The arms of Mpumalanga Province in South Africa show per bend sinister, inclined in the flanks per fess.

The arms of the White Workers Union in South Africa are blazoned Per chevron inverted extended Argent and Gules, in chief a pile Sable charged with two chevronels respectively Argent and Or.

See also[link]

• Variation of the field

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904). The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory. London: Benjamin Blom. ISBN 0-906223-34-2
• Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. New York: Dodge Pub. Co. ISBN 0-517-26643-1
• Neubecker, Ottfried (1976). Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning. Maidenhead, England: McGraw-Hill Book Co. ISBN 0-07-046308-5
• Townend, Peter (Ed.) (1970). Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 105th edition. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. ISBN 0-85011-034-3
• Woodcock, Thomas and John Martin Robinson (1988). The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. Oxford: University Press. ISBN 0-19-211658-4

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Heraldic divisions

The Field is a play written by John B. Keane, first performed in 1965. It tells the story of the hardened farmer "Bull" McCabe and his love for the land he rents. The play debuted at Dublin's Olympia Theatre in 1965, with Ray McAnally as "The Bull" and Eamon Keane as "The Bird" O'Donnell. The play was published in 1966 by Mercier Press. A new version with some changes was produced in 1987.

A film adaptation was released in 1990, directed by Jim Sheridan with Richard Harris in the lead role.

Plot[link]

The Field is set in a small country village in southwest Ireland.

Rugged individualist bull mcCabe(Harris) has spent many hard years of labour cultivating a small plot of rented land, nurturing it from barren rock into a fertile field. He has always considered the land his own, and dreams of buying it; now it is being put up for auction. The McCabes intimidate most of the townspeople out of bidding in the auction, to the chagrin of auctioneer Mick Flanagan, but Galwayman William Dee arrives from England, where he has lived for many years, with his own plan for the field. An encounter between Dee and the McCabes ends in death and a cover-up.

John based the story on the 1959 murder of Moss Moore, a bachelor farmer living in Reamore, County Kerry. Dan Foley, a neighbour with whom Moore had a long-running dispute, was suspected of the murder, but the charges were denied by Foley's family.^[1]

Film version[link]

Jim Sheridan directed a film, also entitled The Field. Richard Harris received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of the Bull.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• "John B Keane". doolee.com. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
• "The Field". mercierpress.i.e. Retrieved January 26, 2009.

Ted Gunderson
Ted Gunderson in his FBI Office
Born	Theodore L. Gunderson (1928-11-07)November 7, 1928 Colorado Springs, Colorado
Died	July 31, 2011(2011-07-31) (aged 82) Memphis, Tennessee
Cause of death	Cancer
Nationality	USA
Occupation	Retired FBI Senior Special Agent In Charge, private investigator, speaker, author, researcher.
Employer	Federal Bureau of Investigation(ret), private clients
Title	Senior Special Agent in Charge, Los Angeles, Special Agent in Charge, Dallas, TX, Memphis, TN, Washington, D.C. offices, F.B.I.

Theodore L. Gunderson (November 7, 1928 - July 31, 2011^[1]) was a retired American Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agent In Charge and head of the Los Angeles FBI. He was most famous for handling the Marilyn Monroe and John F. Kennedy cases.^[2][3] He was the author of the best selling book How to Locate Anyone Anywhere.^[4]

Early life and FBI[link]

Ted Gunderson was born in Colorado Springs. He graduated from the University of Nebraska in 1950. Gunderson joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation in December 1951 under J. Edgar Hoover. He served in the Mobile, Knoxville, New York City, and Albuquerque offices. He held posts as an Assistant Special Agent-in-Charge in New Haven and Philadelphia. In 1973 he became the head of the Memphis FBI and then the head of the Dallas FBI in 1975.^[5] Ted Gunderson was appointed the head of the Los Angeles FBI in 1977.^[6] In 1979 he was one of a handful interviewed for the job of FBI director, which ultimately went to William H. Webster.^[7]

Post-FBI[link]

After retiring from the FBI, Gunderson set up a private investigation firm, Ted L. Gunderson and Associates, in Santa Monica. In 1980, he became a defense investigator for Green Beret Doctor Jeffrey R. MacDonald, who had been convicted of the 1970 murders of his pregnant wife and two daughters. Gunderson obtained affidavits from Helena Stoeckley confessing to her involvement in the murders.^[8] He also investigated a child molestation trial in Manhattan Beach Califonia. He claimed to find tunnels. In an interview (see link below), Gunderson discusses incidents U.S. government sponsored terrorism and the reasons behind them. He was a member of the Constitution Party. He died on July 31, 2011 from complications from cancer.

The last years of Ted Gunderson's life were spent warning people of what he called Chemtrails and of planetwide Satanic and New World Order conspiracies. Gunderson had identified military bases he said were responsible for dumping unidentified poisons around the world from unmarked aircraft which he indicated killed wildlife and perhaps even humans. Gunderson spent years speaking on this and has made a number of videos. He also claimed, at a 1995 conference in Dallas, that a "slave auction" in which children were sold to men in turbans had been held in Las Vegas, and that four thousand ritual human sacrifices are performed in New York City every year. He also claimed that the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City was done by the United States government.^[9]

References[link]

Links[link]

• http://www.randomcollection.info/gunderson.pdf
• http://www.brasschecktv.com/videos/the-911-files/the-real-meaning-of-terrorism.html

Mike Aulby (born March 25, 1960, in Indianapolis, Indiana) is a left-handed bowler and former member of the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA). He is one of only three PBA bowlers to win both a Rookie of the Year and Player of the Year award. (Tommy Jones and Chris Barnes are the others.)

PBA career[link]

Mike Aulby joined the PBA Tour in 1978 and captured his first title and Rookie of the Year honors in 1979. He would go on to win 18 titles in the 1980s, nine in the 1990s, and one more in 2001, giving him 29 titles in all for 8th place all-time. The victory at the 2001 Silicon Valley Open also made him the first bowler in history to win at least one regular PBA Tour title in four decades. (Dick Weber and Johnny Petraglia have PBA titles in six decades, but each needed PBA Senior Tour wins in the fourth, fifth and sixth decades.) Pete Weber became the second by winning the 2012 U.S. Open.

Mike was named PBA Player of the Year in 1985 and 1995. In 1989, he collected a then-record $298,237 in winnings.

Among Mike's 29 titles are eight major championships. The eight majors place him in a tie with Walter Ray Williams Jr. for 3rd most all-time. Only Earl Anthony (10) and Pete Weber (9) have won more major titles. Aulby is one of only six bowlers to capture the PBA career "Triple Crown" (winning the U.S. Open, PBA National Championship and Tournament of Champions) -- and along with Norm Duke and Billy Hardwick, the only of the six to add the ABC Masters title for a career "Grand Slam."

In the 1993 Wichita Open, Aulby rolled a nationally-televised 300 game to win the title over David Ozio, 300-279.^[1] This marked just the second time a nationally-televised 300 game was rolled in a title match (after Bob Benoit).

Mr. Aulby was known as a true gentleman on tour. "Reserved, thoughtful, and pleasant, he's as polite when he's losing as when he's winning."^[2] This led to him winning the PBA's Steve Nagy Sportsmanship award two times.

Awards and recognition[link]

• PBA Rookie of the Year (1979)
• PBA Player of the Year (1985, 1995)
• Steve Nagy Sportsmanship Award (1994, 1995)
• Best Bowler ESPY (1996)
• Elected to PBA Hall of Fame, 1996
• Elected to USBC Hall of Fame, 2001
• Ranked 6th on the PBA's 2008 list of "50 Greatest Players of the Last 50 Years"

References[link]

1. ^ Feldman, Michelle. "Paying the price for III-timed perfection...The Match I'll Never Forget." Bowling Digest, April, 2003.
2. ^ "Not Fade Away: Mike Aulby, Champion Bowler Interview", Lyle Zikes, Bowling Digest, June, 2001.

• PBA.com, official site of the Professional Bowlers Association

German Fernandez

German Fernandez, after winning the 2009 US Junior Cross Country Championships
Personal information
Born	(1990-11-02) 2 November 1990 (age 21)
Sport
Country	United States
Event(s)	Cross Country, Middle Distance Track and Field
Team	Oklahoma State Cowboys (2008-present)
Achievements and titles
Personal best(s)	1500 m: 3:39.00 Mile: 3:55.02 3000 m: 7:47.97 5000 m: 13:25.46

German Fernandez (born November 2, 1990) is an American collegiate runner from Riverbank, California, known for his performance in high school cross country and track and field. He is most well known for running the CA Cross Country State Meet course record (14:24), as well as running a new American high-school record, 8:34 for two miles, at the 2008 Nike Outdoor Nationals championship. He also holds the World Junior Indoor Mile record at 3:55.02.

He currently attends Oklahoma State University.

High school[link]

Fernandez was coached by Bruce Edwards of Riverbank High School, which competes in Division IV of the Sac-Joaquin Section. Fernandez first drew some attention as a high school freshman in track, when he raced 1600m in 4:22.95.^[1] During his 2005 CIF State championship victory, he clocked the second fastest sophomore time of all divisions, 15:14, on the heralded Woodward Park course. He went through a number of injuries throughout his junior year, giving him a relatively slow season.^[2] Fernandez set a number of course records in California. He won the prestigious Stanford Invitational (5k) with a time of 14:42, gapping the second place runner by 40 seconds.^[3] He won the Sac-Joaquin Section finals race with a time of 15:03, setting the course record and leading his team to win the section title.^[4] This culminated with his performance at the 2007 California CIF state meet where he ran the 5k race in 14:24, breaking the historic course record set by Olympian Marc Davis by 14 seconds.^[5] The performance is seen as one of the most outstanding in the history of high school distance running.^[6]

In 2007, Fernandez took first place at the Foot Locker West Regional, finishing in a time of 14:53.^[7] Fernandez capped his high school cross country career by placing third at the 2007 Foot Locker Cross Country Championships, 19 seconds behind winner Mike Fout of LaPorte, IN.

On February 16, 2008 Fernandez won the USATF Cross Country Junior Nationals at Mission Bay Park in San Diego, California in 24:18. This earned him a berth to the USA squad for the IAAF Junior World Cross Country Championships.^[8][9]

In the 2008 CIF California State Meet at Cerritos College in Norwalk, California, Fernandez ran a 4:00.29 for 1600 meters to break Ryan Hall's state meet record of 4:02.62, and 3 hours later, ran the 3200m in 8:34.23. Fernandez's 8:34.23 (~=8:37.43 for 2 miles) converts slightly slower to the American high school 2-mile (3.2 km) record of 8:36.3. However, his 4:00.29/8:34.23 double for 1600/3200 meters is the fastest distance double in American high school history, beating Rich Kimball's 4:06.6/8:46.5 mile/two-mile double set at the 1974 California state high school championship meet.

Three weeks later, on June 20, 2008, Fernandez surpassed Jeff Nelson's 29-year-old national high school record for the 2-mile (3.2 km) race at Nike Outdoor Nationals, winning with a time of 8:34.40.Fernandez opened his first mile in 4:19.4, and finished with a second mile of 4:15. He also broke Galen Rupp's high school 3000 meter record with a 3000 meter split of 7:59.82.^[10]

College[link]

The top distance recruit in the nation, Fernandez elected to attend Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma to run for Coach Dave Smith. During the Razorback Invitational, Fernandez broke a World Junior Record by running 3:56.5 mile indoors. At the Big 12 Championships, he ran 3:55.02 to further his record and beat the converted collegiate indoor record in the mile.

In outdoor track, he broke Galen Rupp's American Junior Record at 5000 meters at the Payton Jordan Cardinal Invitational, but Chris Derrick finished ahead of German to take the American Junior Record. However, at the 2009 USA Outdoor Track and Field National Championships he placed 5th in the 5000m, beating Derrick's American Junior Record in a time of 13:25.46.

He was the 2009 NCAA Division I champion in the outdoor 1500 meters, winning in 3:39.^[11]

Personal bests[link]

* This is the Junior (under age 20) Indoor World Record and ties the U.S. Collegiate Indoor Record

** Stood as the American High School record until 2011

*** This is the Junior (under age 20) U.S.A. national record

References[link]

External links[link]

• Flotrack Race Videos/Interviews with German Fernandez