- published: 24 Nov 2007
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- author: Hooman Saffarian
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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Amol
Amol (Persian: آمل – [ɒmol];
pronunciation (help·info);[missing stress] also Romanized as Āmol and Amul) is a city in and the capital of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 197,470, in 55,183 families. Amol and the old part of town is the first of the four towns that populate the world in which there is Nzamyh. Amol is a city of strategic accounts from beginning to end.Shia state in the world was first built in Amol. In the 5th century AH, Nizam al-Mulk, in his famous book named "Seer-ul-moluok", recommended creation of modern institutions by the name of Nezamiah with academic status in the big famous cities of Islamic world as Balkh, Baghdad, Damascus, Neishabour, and Bukhara. The name of Amol was also included among them.Most of Allameh the scientific world are born in this city and the cultural capital of the world is Amol.Gold and copper have been expensive and time-old Amol, Amol has been the commercial center Iran.
Amol is located on the Haraz river bank. It is less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the Caspian sea and less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the Alborz mountains. It is 180 kilometres (110 mi) from Tehran, and 60 kilometres (37 mi) east of the provincial capital, Sari.Amol is Best Nature & History Iran. is a city in and the capital of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 197,470, in 55,183 families.
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Ashgabat
Ashgabat (Turkmen: Aşgabat, Persian: اشک آباد, Russian: Ашхабад, also Ashkhabad in transliteration from Russian formerly Poltoratsk between 1919–1927) is the capital and largest city of Turkmenistan, a country in Central Asia. It has a population of 695,300 (2001 census estimate), 2009 estimates around 1 million people in Ashgabat, and is situated between the Kara Kum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. Ashgabat has a primarily Turkmen population, with ethnic minorities of Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. It is 250 km from the second largest city in Iran, Mashhad.
Ashgabat is Aşgabat in Turkmen, Ашхабад (Ashkhabad) in Russian, and اشک آباد (UniPers: Ešq-âbâd) in Persian. From 1919 until 1927, the city was renamed Poltoratsk after a local revolutionary. Before 1991, the city was usually spelled Ashkabad in English, a transliteration of the Russian form, which was itself from the original Persian form. It has also been variously spelled Ashkhabat and Ashgabad.
Root of the name of the city goes back to Arshacid Empire era, and derived from the name of the founder of the Parthian Empire,Arsaces I of Parthia. So it seems the original form of the name was Ashk-Abad, and because of Turkish pronunciation of the name it became like it is today.
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Bahrain
Bahrain ( pronunciation) (Arabic: البحرين, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: بحرين, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.
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Bajestan
Bajestan (Persian: بجستان, also Romanized as Bajestān, Bejestān, Bījestān, and Bījistān) is a city in and the capital of Bajestan County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11,136, in 3,090 families.
The most important products of Bajestan are saffron and pomegranate.
The city has a dry climate with significant difference between day and night temperatures. It is a fast growing city, thus becoming one of the major centres in the south of Razavi Khorasan.
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Bam, Iran
Bam (Persian: بم) is a city in and the capital of Bam County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 73,823, in 19,572 families.
The modern Iranian city of Bam surrounds the Bam citadel. Before the 2003 earthquake the official population count of the city was roughly 43,000. There are various opinions about the date and reasons for the foundation of the citadel. Some people believe[who?] that Bam city was founded during the Parthian Empire. Economically and commercially, Bam occupied a very important place in the region and was famed for its textiles and clothes. Ibn Hawqal (943–977), the Arab traveller and geographer, wrote of Bam in his book Surat-ul-`ard (The Earth-figure):
The ancient citadel of Arg-e Bam has a history dating back around 2,000 years ago, to the Parthian Empire (248 BC–224 AD), but most buildings were built during the Safavid dynasty. The city was largely abandoned due to an Afghan invasion in 1722. Subsequently, after the city had gradually been re-settled, it was abandoned a second time due to an attack by invaders from Shiraz. It was also used for a time as an army barracks.
wn.com/Bam,_Iran -
Bardaskan
Bardaskan (Persian: بردسكن; also Romanized as Badar Askān, Badr Eshkand, Bardāskan, Bardāskand, Bardeshkand, Bardeskan, and Būdraskān) is a city in and the capital of Bardaskan County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23,142, in 5,960 families.
See more photos from Bardaskan by Farhad Abdollahi http://www.panoramio.com/user/3268983/tags/Bardaskan
Bardaskan is located in the Khorasan Razavi province at the margin of the north part of Namak Desert (salt desert).Its area is 8535 sq.km. Altitude of Bardaskan is 985 meter. The weather in the north part of Bardaskan is cold and in the south and central parts changes from semi dry to hot and dry.Annual raining average is 150 mm. Bardaskan`s temperature in the hottest summer day is nearly 45ºc And in the coldest winter night is -5ºc.There in not any permanent river in the Bardaskan but there are several seasonal rivers. Nowadays Bardaskan has 3 towns and 293 villages. Main jobs in Bardaskan are farming and animal husbandry. Staple crops in Bardaskan are wheat, barley, cotton cumin seed, and pistachio, Saffron, pomegranate, fig and grape products. Neighboring cities by the Bardaskan are Sabzevar city (in the North) Khalilabad (in the east) Tabas (in the south) and semnan (in the west).
wn.com/Bardaskan -
Bardaskan County
Bardaskan (Persian: بردسکن) is a county in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. The capital of the province is Mashhad. Bardaskan in sundry times called Baradaskan باردسکن or Berdaskan برداسکن, The history of Bardaskan goes to 14 century AD. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 68,392, in 18,229 families. The county has three districts (bakhsh): Central District, Anabad District, and Shahrabad District. The county has three cities: Bardaskan (the capital), Anabad, and Shahrabad.
Azad University is the only high education center since 2000. Saffron, Pistachio and Fig are main products from the county.
See more photos from Bardaskan by Farhad Abdollahi http://www.panoramio.com/user/3268983/tags/Bardaskan
Bardaskan is located in the Khorasan Razavi province at the margin of the north part of Namak Desert (salt desert).Its area is 8535 sq.km. Altitude of Bardaskan is 985 meter. The weather in the north part of Bardaskan is cold and in the south and central parts changes from semi dry to hot and dry.Annual raining average is 150 mm.Bardaskan`s temperature in the hottest summer day is nearly 45ºc And in the coldest winter night is -5ºc.There in not any permanent river in the Bardaskan but there are several seasonal rivers. Nowadays Bardaskan has 3 towns and 293 villages. Main jobs in Bardaskan are farming and animal husbandry. Staple crops in Bardaskan are wheat, barley, cotton cumin seed, and pistachio, Saffron ,pomegranate, fig and grape products. Neighboring cities by the Bardaskan are Sabzevar city (in the North) Khalil Abad (in the east) Tabas (in the south) and semnan (in the west).
wn.com/Bardaskan_County -
Bukhara
Bukhara (Tajik: Бухоро Bukhoro, Persian: بخارا; Uzbek: Buxoro; Russian: Бухара Bukhara), from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky place"), is the capital of the Bukhara Province (viloyat) of Uzbekistan. The nation's fifth-largest city, it has a population of 263,400 (2009 census estimate). The region around Bukhara has been inhabited for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the Silk Road, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous mosques and madrassas, has been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Ethnic Uzbek may constitute the largest element in Bukhara, with the native Tajiks being as numerous. The city long has had a mixed population including Jews and other ethnic minorities.
Bukhara was known as Bokhara in 19th and early 20th century English publications and as Buhe/Puhe（捕喝） in Tang Chinese.
Persian-speaking Soghdians inhabited the area, and some centuries later the Persian language became dominant among them. Encyclopædia Iranica mentions that the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the Soghdian βuxārak (Place of Good Fortune).
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Chenaran
Chenaran (Persian: چناران; also Romanized as Chenārān, Chanārān, and Chinārān) is a city in and the capital of Chenaran County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 41,735, in 10,179 families.
Chenaran is a touristic city. The city of Chenaran is located under the bridge called Shiny Bridge. It is mostly famous for its touristic objectives. Tourists come to take a look at the city over the famous Shiny Bridge. There are also famous old governors born there,such as Khaje Nezamolmolk e Toosi. The city favors from a mountainous weather plus a rich wildlife.
wn.com/Chenaran -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Ctesiphon
Coordinates: 33°05′37″N 44°34′50″E / 33.09361°N 44.58056°E / 33.09361; 44.58056 Ctesiphon /tɛsɨfɒn/, the imperial capital of the Parthian Arsacids and of the Persian Sassanids, was one of the great cities of ancient Mesopotamia.
The ruins of the city are located on the east bank of the Tigris, across the river from the Hellenistic city of Seleucia. Today, the remains of the city lies in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq, approximately 35 km south of the city of Baghdad.
The Latin name Ctesiphon or Ctesifon derives from Greek Ktēsiphōn (Κτησιφῶν), a Hellenized form of a local name that has been reconstructed as Tosfōn or Tosbōn. In Iranian sources of the Sassanid period it is attested in Manichean Parthian, in Sassanid Middle Persian and in Christian Sogdian as Pahlavi tyspwn, continuing in New Persian as Tisfun (تيسفون). Syriac sources mention it as ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ Qṭēsfōn, and in medieval Arabic texts the name is usually Ṭaysafūn (طيسفون) or Qaṭaysfūn (قطيسفون), in Modern Arabic al-Mada'in (المدائن). "According to Yāqūt [...], quoting Ḥamza, the original form was Ṭūsfūn or Tūsfūn, which was arabicized as Ṭaysafūn." The Armenian name of the city was Tizbon (Տիզբոն). Ctesiphon is first mentioned in the Book of Ezra of the Old Testament as Kasfia/Casphia (a derivative of the ethnic name, Cas, and a cognate of Caspian and Qazvin).
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Derbent
Derbent (Russian: Дербе́нт; Azerbaijani: Dərbənd; Lezgian: Кьвевар; Avar: Дербенд; Lak: Чурул, Churul; Persian: دربند; Judæo-Tat: דארבּאנד/Дэрбэнд/Dərbənd) is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is on the Caspian Sea, north of the Azerbaijani border. It is the southernmost city in Russia, and it is the second most important city of Dagestan. Population: 119,961 (2010 Census preliminary results); 101,031 (2002 Census); 78,371 (1989 Census).
Often identified with the legendary Gates of Alexander, Derbent claims to be the oldest city in Russia (8th century BCE) . Since antiquity the value of the area as the gate to the Caucasus has been understood and Derbent has archaeological structures over 5,000 years old. As a result of this geographic particularity the city developed between two walls, stretching from the mountains to the sea. These fortifications were continuously employed for a millennium and a half, longer than any other extant fortress in the world. Over the years different nations gave the city different names, but all connected to the word 'gate'.
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Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara (Persian: امارت بخارا) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. It is now within the boundaries of Uzbekistan.
The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad. Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara, from their position as ataliq. By the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by Nadir Shah of Persia, it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747 after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the Janid dynasty. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.
wn.com/Emirate_of_Bukhara -
Fresno
Fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh) is a city in central California, United States, the county seat of Fresno County. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 510,365, making it the fifth largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th largest in the nation. Fresno is located in the center of the San Joaquin Valley of Central California, approximately 200 miles (322 km) north of Los Angeles, and 170 miles (274 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento. Metropolitan Fresno has a population of 1,107,416.[citation needed] The name Fresno is the Spanish language word for the ash tree, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.
The original inhabitants of the San Joaquin Valley region were the Yokut people, who engaged in trading with other California tribes of Native Americans including coastal peoples such as the Chumash of the Central California coast, with whom they are thought to have traded plant and animal products.
The County of Fresno was formed in 1856 after the California Gold Rush. It was named for the abundant mountain ash trees lining the San Joaquin River. Fresno is the Spanish word for white ash trees. The county was much larger than it is today as part of Tulare County, comprising its current area plus all of what became Madera County and parts of what are now San Benito, Kings, Inyo, and Mono counties.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (
listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gorgan
Gorgan (Persian: گرگان, also Romanized as Gorgān and Gūrgān; Caspian: Vergen; formerly, Astarabad (Persian: اَستِر آباد, also Romanized as Asterābād), is the capital of Golestan Province, Iran. It lies approximately 400 km (250 mi) to the north east of Tehran, some 30 km (19 mi) away from the Caspian Sea. At the 2006 census, its population was 269,226, in 73,702 families.
Some 150 km (93 mi) east of Gorgan is the Golestan National Park. The city has a regional airport and several universities. Gorgan Airport was opened in September 2005.
The city was named Hyrcania, Hyrcani or Hyrcana in ancient Greek records, which comes from Pahlavi Varkâna -- "Land of the Wolves". Although modern Gorgan is only a city and county (sharing the same name), ancient Hyrcania was the name of a greater region on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea (encompassing all of the present day Golestan province, as well as some eastern parts of the Mazandaran province, and some southern parts of the present day Republic of Turkmenistan). In modern times and until 1937 the city used to be known as Astarabad.
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Gur-e Amir
The Gūr-e Amīr or Guri Amir (Persian: گورِ امیر) is a mausoleum of the Asian conqueror Tamerlane (also known as Timur) in Samarkand, Uzbekistan. It occupies an important place in the history of Persian Architecture as the precursor and model for later great Mughal architecture tombs, including Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and the Taj Mahal in Agra, built by Timur's descendants, the ruling Mughal dynasty of North India. It has been heavily restored.
Gur-e Amir is Persian for "Tomb of the King". This architectural complex with its azure dome contains the tombs of Tamerlane, his sons Shah Rukh and Miran Shah and grandsons Ulugh Beg and Muhammad Sultan. Also honoured with a place in the tomb is Timur's teacher Sayyid Baraka.
The earliest part of the complex was built at the end of the 14th century by the orders of Muhammad Sultan. Now only the foundations of the madrasah and khanaka, the entrance portal and a part of one of four minarets remains.
The construction of the mausoleum itself began in 1403 after the sudden death of Muhammad Sultan, Tamerlane's heir apparent and his beloved grandson, for whom it was intended. Timur had built himself a smaller tomb in Shahrisabz near his Ak-Saray palace. However, when Timur died in 1405 on campaign on his military expedition to China, the passes to Shahrisabz were snowed in, so he was buried here instead. Ulugh Beg, another grandson of Tamerlane, completed the work. During his reign the mausoleum became the family crypt of the Timurid Dynasty.
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Hasan al-Askari
Coordinates: 34°11′55.81″N 43°52′23.97″E / 34.1988361°N 43.873325°E / 34.1988361; 43.873325
Imam Hasan al-‘Askarī (Arabic: الإمام الحسن بن علي العسكري) (Tenth of Rabi' al-thani 232 AH – Eighth of Rabi' al-awwal 260 AH; approximately: 6 December 846 – 4 January 874) was the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. His given name was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad. His title al-Askari derives from the Arabic word Asker which means military.He was given this title mainly because the city he lived in (Samarra) was a military camp. Hasan al-‘Askarī was 22, when his father was killed. The period of his Imāmate, following his father's death, was six years. Hasan Al-‘Askarī died at the age of 28 in the year, 260 Hijra and was buried in Samarra.
Quotations related to Hasan al-‘Askarī at Wikiquote
Hasan al-Askari, whose ancestor was the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, was born in Medina.His father was Imam Ali al-Hadi (a.s.), the tenth Imam of the Shia. He was from the masters of the Ahlul Bayt. His mother was a bondmaid from an-Nawbah. Historians disagreed on her name. Some of them said her name was Saleel which was the most correct according to the previous tradition of Imam al-Hadi (a.s.). Some said she was called Sawsan. Others said her name was Hadithah, and others said Hareebah.
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Herat
Herāt (Persian / Pashto: هرات) is the capital of Herat province in Afghanistan. It is the third largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 397,456 as of 2006. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. The city is linked with Kandahar and Mazar-e-Sharif via highway 1 or the ring road that stretches across the country. It is also linked to the city of Mashad in Iran through the border town of Islam Qala.
Situated in a fertile area, Herāt dates back to the Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Citadel of Alexander and the Mosallah Complex. During the Middle Ages Herāt became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the pearl of Khorasan. It was made independent in 1717 from the Safavid dynasty by the Afghans until 1736 when the Hotaki dynasty was defeated by the Afsharids, which finally became part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. It saw some actions during the 19th century Anglo-Afghan wars. Much of the city has been spared from destructions that occurred in other cities of Afghanistan during the 1978-present wars.
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Herati
Herāt (Persian / Pashto: هرات) is the capital of Herat province in Afghanistan. It is the third largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 397,456 as of 2006. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan. The city is linked with Kandahar and Mazar-e-Sharif via highway 1 or the ring road that stretches across the country. It is also linked to the city of Mashad in Iran through the border town of Islam Qala.
Situated in a fertile area, Herāt dates back to the Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Citadel of Alexander and the Mosallah Complex. During the Middle Ages Herāt became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the pearl of Khorasan. It was made independent in 1717 from the Safavid dynasty by the Afghans until 1736 when the Hotaki dynasty was defeated by the Afsharids, which finally became part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. It saw some actions during the 19th century Anglo-Afghan wars. Much of the city has been spared from destructions that occurred in other cities of Afghanistan during the 1978-present wars.
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Imam Reza shrine
Coordinates: 36°17′16.94″N 59°36′56.66″E / 36.2880389°N 59.6157389°E / 36.2880389; 59.6157389
Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imam Reza, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. It is the largest mosque in the world by dimension and the second largest in capacity. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries, a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.
This complex is the center of tourism in Iran. The shrine itself covers an area of 267,079m2 while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of 331,578m2 - totaling 598,657 m2 (6,443,890 sq ft).
In 818 Imam Reza was murdered by Al-Ma'mun and was buried beside the grave of Harun. After this event this place was called as Mashhad al-Rida (the place of martyrdom of Ali al-Rida). Shias and sunnis started visiting there for pilgrimage of his grave. By the end of the 9th century a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and Bazaars sprang up around it. During more than a millennium it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Isfahan
Isfahan (Persian: اصفهان Esfahān), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609 and is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad. The Isfahan metropolitan area had a population of 3,430,353 in the 2006 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran.
The cities of Zarrinshahr, Fooladshahr and Najafabad, Se-deh , Shahin-shahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan and chiarmahin all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan.
Isfahan is located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty, when it became the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city retains much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets. This led to the Persian proverb "'Esfahān nesf-e jahān ast" (Isfahan is half of the world).
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Joghatai County
Coordinates: 36°38′08″N 57°04′25″E / 36.635659°N 57.073513°E / 36.635659; 57.073513
Joghatai County (Persian: شهرستان جغتای) is a county in Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Joghatai. It was separated from Sabzevar County in September 2008. At the 2006 census, its population was 45,970, in 11,534 families. The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Helali District. The county has one city: Joghatai.
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Kadhimayn
al-Kāżimiyyah (Arabic: الكاظمية al-Kāżimiyyah; alternatively, Arabic: الكاظمين al-Kāżimayn), is a town located in what is now a northern neighbourhood of Baghdad, Iraq about five kilometres from the city center. Al-Kāżimiyyah is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad.
Al-Kāżimayn is regarded as a holy city in Shī‘ah Islām. It received its name (lit. "the Two Kāżims" or "the Two who swallow their anger"), for the two Shī‘ah Imāms buried there: Mūsā al-Kādhim and his grandson and successor Shī‘ah Imām Muhammad at-Taqī. A shrine was first built over their tombs, and subsequently the al-Kadhimiya Mosque.
The area that now constitutes al-Kāżimiyyah was originally the location of a graveyard reserved for members of the Quraish tribe. This land was set aside for this purpose by the Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid.
In its early history, the town was an important center of Shia learning, perhaps the main center, but over time the town declined, and other cities rose to prominence. The location of the city has lent it to numerous plunders, that have resulted in damage to its shrines at different times in history. Among the most damage ever experienced by the town was after the Mongol sack of Baghdad where the shrine of the Shia Imams was burnt down. The area was also an important center of resistance against the British after World War I.
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Kalat, Khorasan
Kalat (Persian: كلات; also Romanized as Kalāt and Kalūt) is a city in and the capital of Kalat County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 6,529, in 1,661 families.
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Karachi
Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13 to 15 million, while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million. Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile). Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world. It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.
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Karbala
Karbala (Arabic: كربلاء; BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also referred to as Karbalā' al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Baghdad. Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate, and has an estimated population of 572,300 people (2003).
The city, best known as the location of the Battle of Karbala (680), is amongst the holiest cities for Shia Muslims after Mecca and Medina. It is home to the Imam Hussein Shrine. Karbala is famous as the site of the martyrdom of Hussein ibn Ali (Imam Hussein), and commemorations are held by millions of Shias annually to remember it. Karbala is considered sacred by all Shias.
There are several theories as to the origin of the name Karbala. One traditional hypothesis is Turkish geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi's belief that the name is an alternate Arabic feminine version of karbalah "soft earth". Another theory is that the name came from the Aramaic root Karb or Qarb; meaning "Near", and Alah; meaning God. Hence, the word 'Karbala' signifies 'Near God'. Alternatively, it has been said to be derived from the Aramaic word Kora, meaning place for making bricks, for the nearby ancient city of Babil, hence Karbabil, which became Karbala by contraction.
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Kashan
Kashan (Persian: کاشان, also Romanized as Kāshān and Kachan) is a city in and the capital of Kashan County, in the province of Isfahan, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 248,789, in 67,464 families.
The etymology of the city name comes from Kasian, the original inhabitants of the city, whose remains are found at Tapeh Sialk dating back 9,000 years; later this changed to Kashian, whence the town name.[citation needed] Between the 12th and the 14th centuries Kashan was an important centre for the production of high quality pottery and tiles. In modern Persian, the word for a tile (kashi) comes from the name of the town.
Archeological discoveries in the Sialk Hillocks which lie 4 km west of Kashan reveal that this region was one of the primary centers of civilization in pre-historic ages. Hence Kashan dates back to the Elamite period of Iran. The Sialk ziggurat still stands today in the suburbs of Kashan after 7000 years.
The artifacts uncovered at Sialk reside in the Louvre in Paris and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Iran's National Museum.
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Kashmar
Kashmar (Persian: کاشمر, also Romanized as Kāshmar; formerly ترشیز Torshīz or سلطانآباد Soltanabad) is a city in and the capital of Kashmar County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Kashmar is located near the river Sish Taraz in the western part of the province, and 217 kilometres (135 mi) south of the province's capital Mashhad, in Iran, from east to Bardaskan, west to Torbat-e Heydarieh, north to Nishapur, south to Gonabad. Until two centuries ago, this city was named Torshiz (ترشیز) and was the birthplace of Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami. At the 2006 census, its population was 81,527, in 21,947 families.
There are two centers of higher education in this city, Payame Nur University (a distant education system), and the Azad University of Kashmar.
The city is a major producer of raisins and has about 40 types of grapes. It is also internationally recognised for exporting saffron, and hand-made Persian rugs.
There are many places of interests in this city like "Aramgah Seyyed morteza" and "Bagh Mazar" and "Aramgahe seyyed mohammade Abed" and "Aramgahe modarres".
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Khanate of Khiva
The Khanate of Khiva (Persian: خانات خیوهUzbek: خیوه خانلیگی) was the name of an Uzbek state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Persian occupation by Nadir Shah between 1740–1746. The Khans were the patrilineal descendants of Shayban (Shiban), the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Centered in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in Khiva City, the country was ruled by the Kungrads, a branch[citation needed] of the Astrakhans, themselves a Genghisid dynasty. It covered present western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before Russian arrival at second half of 19th century.
In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was much reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic. In 1924, the area was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union and today is largely a part of Karakalpakstan and Xorazm Province in Uzbekistan.
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is the federal capital and most populous city in Malaysia. The city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 1.6 million as of 2012.Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, is an urban agglomeration of 7.2 million. It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in the country, in terms of population and economy.
Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia. The city was once home to the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, but they were moved to Putrajaya in early 1999. Some sections of the judiciary still remains in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur. The official residence of the Malaysian King, the Istana Negara, is also situated in Kuala Lumpur. Rated as an alpha world city, Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial and economic centre of Malaysia due to its position as the capital as well as being a key city. Kuala Lumpur was ranked 48th among global cities by Foreign Policy's 2010 Global Cities Index and was ranked 67th among global cities for economic and social innovation by the 2thinknow Innovation Cities Index in 2010.
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Lahore
Lahore (Punjabi: لہور, Urdu: لاہور) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in the country. With a rich history dating back over a millennium, Lahore is a main cultural centre of Pakistan. One of the most densely populated cities in the world, Lahore remains an economic, political, transportation, entertainment, and educational hub.
Lahore successively served as regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th centuries the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh expansion in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. The traditional capital of Punjab for a thousand years, Lahore was the cultural center of the northern Indian subcontinent which extends from the eastern banks of the Indus River to New Delhi. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are tourist attractions. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office, Lahore Museum and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. The Lahore Zoo, thought to be the fourth oldest in the world, is also situated here.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Mashhad
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located 850 kilometres (530 mi) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2,427,316 at the 2006 population census. It was a major oasis along the ancient Silk Road connecting with Merv in the East.
Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza. A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development.
Mashhad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet of Shahnameh, which is considered to be the national epic of Iran.
The city is located at 36.20º North latitude and 59.35º East longitude, in the valley of the Kashaf River near Turkmenistan, between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having cool winters, pleasant springs, mild summers, and beautiful autumns. It is only about 250 km (160 mi) from Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
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Mecca
Mecca ( /ˈmɛkə/; Arabic: مكة, Makkah, pronounced [ˈmækːɐ]) is a city in the Hejaz and the capital of Makkah province in Saudi Arabia. The city is located 70 km (43 mi) inland from Jeddah in a narrow valley at a height of 277 m (909 ft) above sea level. Its resident population in 2012 was 2 million, although visitors more than triple this number every year during Hajj period held in the twelfth Muslim lunar month of Dhu al-Hijjah.
As the birthplace of Muhammad and a site of the composition of the Quran, Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory upon all able Muslims. The Hijaz was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger empires. It was absorbed into Saudi Arabia in 1925. In its modern period, Mecca has seen tremendous expansion in size and infrastructure. Because of this Mecca has lost many thousand years old buildings and archaeological sites. Today, more than 15 million Muslims visit Mecca annually, including several million during the few days of the Hajj. As a result, Mecca has become one of the most cosmopolitan and diverse cities in the Muslim world, although non-Muslims remain prohibited from entering the city.
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Medina
Medina (/mɛˈdiːnə/; Arabic: اَلْمَدِينَة اَلْمَنَوَّرَة, al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah, “the radiant city” (officially), or اَلْمَدِينَة al-Madīnah; also transliterated as Madinah, or madinat al-nabi "the city of the prophet") is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and serves as the capital of the Al Madinah Province. It is the second holiest city in Islam, and the burial place of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Medina is historically significant for being Muhammad's home after the Hijrah. Before the advent of Islam, the city was known as Yathrib, but was personally renamed by Muhammad.
Medina is home to the three oldest mosques in Islam, namely Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque), Quba Mosque (the first mosque in Islam's history), and Masjid al-Qiblatain (the mosque where the qibla was switched to Mecca).
Because of the Saudi government's religious policy and concern that historic sites could become the focus for idolatry, much of Medina's Islamic physical heritage has been destroyed since the beginning of Saudi rule.[citation needed]
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Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
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Najaf
Najaf (Arabic: النجف; BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km (roughly 100 miles) south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2008 is 560,000 people. It is the capital of Najaf Governorate. It is widely considered the third holiest city of Shi'a Islam and the center of Shia political power in Iraq.
Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Alī ibn Abī Tālib also known as "Imām Alī"the First Imam of Shia's , the cousin and son-in-law of the prophet Muhammad whom the Shia consider to be the righteous caliph . The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. It is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. As the burial site of Shia Islam's second most important figure, the Imam Ali Mosque is considered by Shias as the third holiest Islamic site.
The Imam Ali Mosque is housed in a grand structure with a gold gilded dome and many precious objects in the walls. Nearby is the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, reputed to be the largest in the world. It contains the tombs of several prophets and many of the devout from around the world aspire to be buried here, to be raised from the dead with Imām Alī on Judgement Day. Over the centuries, numerous hospices, schools, libraries and Sufi convents were built around the shrine to make the city the centre of Shīʻa learning and theology.
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Nishapur
Nishapur or Nishabur (Persian: نیشاپور, also Romanized as Nīshāpūr, Nīshābūr, and Neyshābūr), is a city in the Razavi Khorasan province in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains, near the regional capital of Mashhad. Nishapur derived its name from its alleged founder, the Sasanian king Shapur.
The region's economy is largely agricultural, based on grain and cotton, and it is also the second industrial city in Khorasan, and it is one of the most prosperous localities in Iran, although somewhat blighted by drug smuggling from nearby Afghanistan. It had a population of 205,972 people according to 2006 census. The main east-west railway line through Iran passes through the town. The region is very prone to earthquakes, with the most recent significant ones occurring in 1986 and 1997.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian تخت جمشید Pārsa, Takht-e Jamshid or Chehel Minar) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire (ca. 550-330 BCE). Persepolis is situated 70 km northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as Takht-e Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid). The earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 515 BCE. To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Pārsa, which means "The City of Persians". Persepolis is a transliteration of the Greek Πέρσης πόλις (Persēs polis: "Persian city").
UNESCO declared the citadel of Persepolis a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 515 BC. André Godard, the French archaeologist who excavated Persepolis in the early 1930s, believed that it was Cyrus the Great (Kūrosh) who chose the site of Persepolis, but that it was Darius the Great (Daryush) who built the terrace and the great palaces.
Darius ordered the construction of the Apadana Palace and the Council Hall (the Tripylon or three-gated hall), the main imperial Treasury and its surroundings. These were completed during the reign of his son, King Xerxes the Great (Khashayar). Further construction of the buildings on the terrace continued until the downfall of the Achaemenid dynasty.
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Qazvin (city)
Qazvin (English pronunciation: /kæzˈviːn/, Persian: قزوین, IPA: [ɢæzˈviːn], also Romanized as Qazvīn, Kazvin, Qazwin, Ghazvin is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 349,821, in 96,420 families.
Located some 165 km northwest of Tehran, in the Qazvin Province, it is at an altitude of about 1800 meters above sea level. The climate is cold but dry, due to its position south of the rugged Alborz range.
The city was a former capital of the Persian Empire. It is a provincial capital today that has been an important cultural center throughout history.
Archeological findings in the Qazvin plain reveal urban agricultural settlements for at least nine millennia. Qazvin geographically connects Tehran, Isfahan, and the Persian Gulf to the Caspian seacoast and Asia Minor, hence its strategic location throughout the ages.
The city today known as Qazvin is thought to have been founded by Shapur II, King of Persia in 250 CE, under the name Shad Shahpur, when he built a fortification there to control regional tensions.
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Robat
Robat (Persian: رباط, also Romanized as Robāţ; also known as Robāţ-e Māhīdasht, Robāţ-e Māhī Dasht, Robaţ ‘Olyā, and Māhīdasht) is a city in and the capital of Mahidasht District, in Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 996, in 248 families.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Samarkand
Coordinates: 39°39′15″N 66°57′35″E / 39.65417°N 66.95972°E / 39.65417; 66.95972
Samarkand (Tajik: Самарқанд; Persian: سمرقند; Uzbek: Samarqand; from Sogdian: "Stone Fort" or "Rock Town") is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Samarqand Province. The city is most noted for its central position on the Silk Road between China and the West, and for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of Timur (Tamerlane) and is the site of his mausoleum (the Gur-e Amir). The Bibi-Khanym Mosque remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. The Registan was the ancient center of the city.
In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures.
The city was known by an abbreviated name of Marakanda when Alexander the Great took it in 332BC. There are various theories of how Marakanda evolved into Samarkanda/Samarkan. One derives the name from the Old Persian asmara, "stone", "rock", and Sogdian kand, "fort", "town". Others less convincingly derive the name from the old Turkic "Semiz-Kent" meaning "Rich City".[citation needed]. Since the name Marakanda was already in existence 2300 years ago and long before anyone had heard of Turks in that region of Transoxiana, this version is likely a folk etymology.
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Samarra
Sāmarrā (Arabic: سامَرّاء) is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad-Din Governorate, 125 kilometers (78 mi) north of Baghdad and, in 2003, had an estimated population of 348,700.
Medieval Islamic writers believed that the name “Samarra” is derived from the Arabic phrase “Sarra man ra’a” (Arabic: سر من رأى), which translates to “A joy for all who see”. Later when the city declined the name changed to “Sa'a man ra’a” (Arabic: ساء من رأى), which translates to “A sadness for all who see”. Eventually the two names merged to its current form Samarra' (Arabic: سامَرّاء).
In 2007, UNESCO named Samarra one of its World Heritage Sites.
The remains of ancient Samarra were first excavated between 1911 and 1914 by the German Archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld. Since 1946, the notebooks, letters, unpublished excavation reports and photographs have been in the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.
Though the present archaeological site covered by mudbrick ruins is vast, the site of Samarra was only lightly occupied in ancient times, apart from the Chalcolithic Samarran Culture (ca 5500–4800 BC) identified at the rich site of Tell Sawwan, where evidence of irrigation—including flax— establishes the presence of a prosperous settled culture with a highly organized social structure. The culture is primarily known by its finely-made pottery decorated against dark-fired backgrounds with stylized figures of animals and birds and geometric designs. This widely-exported type of pottery, one of the first widespread, relatively uniform pottery styles in the Ancient Near East, was first recognized at Samarra. The Samarran Culture was the precursor to the Mesopotamian culture of the Ubaid period.
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Sarakhs
Sarakhs (Persian: سرخس, also Romanized as Serakhs) is a city in and capital of Sarakhs County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. Sarakhs was once a stopping point along the Silk Road, and in its 11th century heyday had many libraries and a famous school of architects. Much of the original city site is now just across the border at Saraghs in Turkmenistan. According to the most recent national census, in 2006, the city's population was 33,571 in 8,066 families.
According to Ferdowsi's Shahnameh the town has existed since the Afrasiab period and was named for its builder, Sarakhs, son of Godarzby Keykavus. Turkmen historians consider the city to have been founded over 2500 years ago. The Mongols plundered and destroyed Sarakhs in 1220, but it was rebuilt in mid 19th century by the order of Nasser-al-Din Shah of the Qajar dynasty. For its first fifty years or so, this resurrected city was thus known as known Nasser's Sarakhs (in Persian:Sarakhs-e Nasseri, Saraxse Nāseri) and was a principally feudal town.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (i/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdīyah[citation needed] or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
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Shiraz
Coordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°E / 29.617; 52.533
Shiraz ( listen (help·info) Persian: شیراز Shīrāz Persian pronunciation: [ʃiːˈrɒːz]) is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province, the city's 2009 population was 1,455,073. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Roodkhaneye Khoshk (Dry river) seasonal river. Shiraz has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than one thousand years.
The earliest reference to the city, as Tiraziš, is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BC. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. Shiraz was the capital of Persia during the Zand dynasty from 1750 until 1781, as well as briefly during the Saffarid period.
Shiraz is known as the city of poets, literature, wine and flowers. The word "shir" in Persian means "lion", but it could also mean "milk". It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens, due to the many gardens and fruit trees that can be seen in the city. Shiraz has had major Jewish and Christian communities. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; pile carpet-weaving and weaving of kilim, called gilim and jajim in the villages and among the tribes. In Shiraz industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries: 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz. Shiraz is home to Iran's first solar power plant. Recently the city's first wind turbine has been installed above Babakoohi mountain near the city.
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Shiraz, Iran
Coordinates: 29°37′N 52°32′E / 29.617°N 52.533°E / 29.617; 52.533
Shiraz ( listen (help·info) Persian: شیراز Shīrāz Persian pronunciation: [ʃiːˈrɒːz]) is the sixth most populous city in Iran and is the capital of Fars Province, the city's 2009 population was 1,455,073. Shiraz is located in the southwest of Iran on the Roodkhaneye Khoshk (Dry river) seasonal river. Shiraz has a moderate climate and has been a regional trade center for more than one thousand years.
The earliest reference to the city, as Tiraziš, is on Elamite clay tablets dated to 2000 BC. In the 13th century, Shiraz became a leading center of the arts and letters, thanks to the encouragement of its ruler and the presence of many Persian scholars and artists. Shiraz was the capital of Persia during the Zand dynasty from 1750 until 1781, as well as briefly during the Saffarid period.
Shiraz is known as the city of poets, literature, wine and flowers. The word "shir" in Persian means "lion", but it could also mean "milk". It is also considered by many Iranians to be the city of gardens, due to the many gardens and fruit trees that can be seen in the city. Shiraz has had major Jewish and Christian communities. The crafts of Shiraz consist of inlaid mosaic work of triangular design; silver-ware; pile carpet-weaving and weaving of kilim, called gilim and jajim in the villages and among the tribes. In Shiraz industries such as cement production, sugar, fertilizers, textile products, wood products, metalwork and rugs dominate. Shirāz also has a major oil refinery and is also a major center for Iran's electronic industries: 53% of Iran's electronic investment has been centered in Shiraz. Shiraz is home to Iran's first solar power plant. Recently the city's first wind turbine has been installed above Babakoohi mountain near the city.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Susa
Coordinates: 32°11′21″N 48°15′28″E / 32.18922°N 48.257785°E / 32.18922; 48.257785
Susa (Persian: شوش Shush [ʃuʃ]; Greek: Σοῦσα [ˈsuːsa]; Syriac: ܫܘܫ Shush; Old Persian Çūšā-; Biblical Hebrew שׁוּשָׁן Shushān) was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires of Iran. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers.
The modern Iranian town of Shush is located at the site of ancient Susa. Shush is the administrative capital of the Shush County of Iran's Khuzestan province. It had a population 64,960 in 2005.
In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records, e.g. in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta it is described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk.
Susa is also mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible by the name Shushan, mainly in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of the 6th century BCE. Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white stone cone, which is neither regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of David. Susa is further mentioned in the Book of Jubilees (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of Shem and his eldest son Elam; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam.
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Tabriz
Tabriz (Persian/Azerbaijani:تبریز) ( pronunciation (help·info)) is the fifth largest city and one of the historical capitals of Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quru River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former capitals, and residence of the crown prince under the Qajar dynasty. The city has proven extremely influential in the country’s recent history. Tabriz is located in a valley to the north of the long ridge of the volcanic cone of Sahand, south of the Eynali mountain. The valley opens out into a plain that slopes gently down to the northern end of Lake Urmia, 60 km to the west. With cold winters and temperate summers the city is considered a summer resort.
The estimated population of the city is around 1,400,000 based on results of the Iranian census bureau. Tabriz is the fourth most populous city in Iran after Tehran, Mashhad, and Esfahan, and is also a major Iranian heavy industrial and manufacturing center. Some of these industries include automobile, machine tools, oil and petrochemical and cement production.
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Tajikistan
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [ˈtɔjikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Cumhuriyi Tocikiston; Persian: جمهوری تاجیکستان Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan; Russian: Республика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It borders Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Gilgit Baltistan as well as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan are separated from Tajikistan by the narrow Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan in the south.
Most of Tajikistan's population belongs to the Persian-speaking Tajik ethnic group, who share language, culture and history with Afghanistan and Iran. Once part of the Samanid Empire, Tajikistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 20th century, known as the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). Mountains cover over 90% of this Central Asian republic.
After independence, Tajikistan suffered from a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium has contributed greatly to this steady improvement.
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Takht-i-Suleiman
For the similarly named locations see Takht-e Suleyman Massif in Iran, Taxte Soleymān in Pakistan, and Sulayman Mountain near Osh, Kyrgyzstan.
Coordinates: 36°36′11″N 47°14′09″E / 36.603171°N 47.235949°E / 36.603171; 47.235949
Taxte Soleymān, (Persian: تخت سلیمان; Taxte Soleymān "Throne of Solomon") is an archaeological site in West Azarbaijan, Iran. It lies midway between Urmia and Hamadan, very near the present-day town of Takab, and 400 km (250 mi) west of Tehran.
The originally fortified site, which is located on a crater rim, was recognized as a World Heritage Site in July 2003. The citadel includes the remains of a Zoroastrian fire temple built during the Sassanid period and partially rebuilt during the Ilkhanid period. This site got this Semitic name after the Arab conquest. This temple housed one the three "Great Fires" or "Royal Fires" that Sassanid rulers humbled themselves before in order to ascend the throne. The fire at Takht-i Soleiman was called ādur Wishnāsp and was dedicated to the arteshtar or warrior class of the Sasanid.
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Tehran
Tehran ( pronunciation (help·info)) (Persian: تهران Tehrān; pronounced [tehˈɾɒːn]), sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, the largest city in Western Asia, one of the largest in Southern Asia, and the 19th-largest city globally.
In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to mass-migration of people from all around Iran. The city is home to many historic mosques, churches, synagogues and Zoroastrian fire temples. Contemporary Tehran is a modern city featuring many structures, of which the Azadi (Freedom) Tower and the Milad Tower have come to be symbols of Tehran itself. In 2008 Tehran was the least expensive capital in the world and the second-least expensive city globally based on the cost-of-living index presenting the best value for money in the world. Globally it stands 19th by city population, 56th by the size of its GDP and 29th by the population of its metropolitan area. Throughout Iran's history, the capital city has been relocated many times, with Tehran being the 32nd national capital of Iran. Persian is the city's native tongue, with roughly 98% of the population able to speak and understand it. The majority of people in Tehran identify themselves as Persians. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Tehran was called Ray (which in the Avesta occurs in the form of Ragha)[citation needed].
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Torbat-e Heydarieh
Torbat-e Heydarieh (Persian: تربت حيدريه, also Romanized as Torbat-e Ḩeydarīyeh, Torbat-e-Heydari, Turbat-i-Haidari, and Turbet-i-Haidari) is a city in and capital of Torbat-e-Heydarieh County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 119,390, in 31,869 families.
The name Torbat in Persian means Burial place, thus the name of the city means Burial Place of Heydar named after Qotboddin Heydar a Sufi mystic whose tomb lies in the heart of the city.
In ancient times this city was known as Zaveh and in the 19th century it was known as Torbat-e Ishaq Khan or Torbat-e Isa Khan after Ishaq Khan Qaraei the powerful chief of Qaraei tribe who ruled as a semi-autonomous governor of Torbat-e Heydarieh and Khaf from 1801-1816. It is located in the center of khorasan provience in Iran. This city is famous for its Zafaran lands. It has the first rank in the world for producing Saffron or Zafaran in Persian.
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Torbat-e Jam
Torbat-e Jam (Persian: تربت جام, also Romanized as Torbat-e Jām; also known as Torbat-e Sheykh Jām and Turbat-i-Shaikh Jam) is a city in and capital of Torbat-e-Jam County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 83,558, in 19,111 families.
Torbat-e Jām is an ancient city. It is about 160 kilometres (99 mi) southwest of Mashhad, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of Taybad, and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) west of the Afghanistan border. There are many ancient places there, like the mazar (tomb) of Sheikh Ahmad Jami and Prince Ghasem Anvar. The county includes many villages, such as Bezd, Mahmoodabad, Nilshahr.
Historic monuments in Torbat-e Jam, Khorasan Razavi province, are under serious threat of destruction.
The head of Torbat-e Jam Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department put the credits allocated for restoration of historic sites in the city at 550 million rials in the current year (started March 21). He noted that from the total amount, 500 million rials would be spent on Robat-e Jam historic site and the rest on Sheikh Ahmad Jami mausoleum—a complex comprising 10 buildings, ISNA reported. Taj-Mohammadi complained that given the number of monuments and the huge workload, the earmarked budget is insufficient. The other major historic sites of this northeastern city which face destruction are Robat-e Sangan, Khajeh Azizollah Mosque, Shah Qassem Anvar Mausoleum, Noor Mosque and Abouzar Bozjani Mausoleum, he warned. Torbat-e Jam is the birth and burial place of the renowned 11th century mystic Sheikh Ahmad Jami. The city is in fact named after the great mystic. Located on the mountains 163 kilometers east of Mashhad, Torbat-e Jam has a desert climate with wild pistachio forests and vast pastures. Torbat-e Jam and its neighboring areas have a rich and beautiful local and mystical music.
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Torghabeh
Torqabeh (Persian: طرقبه, also Romanized as Ţorqabeh, Targhobeh, Ţoroqbeh, and Torqebeh) is a city in and the capital of Torqabeh and Shandiz County, in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 13,158, in 3,668 families.
One of its customary local foods is Dizi. Another common choice of food among the frequent visitors of the town is Shishlik, which is basically grilled lamb and T-bone accompanied by rice.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (i/tɜrkˈmɛnɨstæn/ or i/tɜrkmɛnɨˈstɑːn/; Turkmen: Türkmenistan), formerly also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения), is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, Uzbekistan to the east and northeast, Kazakhstan to the north and northwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010[update] ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the Karakum (Black Sand) Desert.
The Turkmen government operates as a single-party system. Turkmenistan was ruled by President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (called "Türkmenbaşy" — "leader of the Turkmens") until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.
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Tus, Iran
Tus (Persian: توس or طوس) also spelled as Tous, Toos or Tūs, is an ancient city in the Iranian province of Razavi Khorasan. To the ancient Greeks, it was known as Susia (Ancient Greek: Σούσια). It was captured by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE.
On his way to solve the unrest in Khorasan in 808, the Abbasid Caliph Harun Al-Rashid fell ill and died in Tus.
The city was almost entirely destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongol conquest during 1220-1259.
Perhaps the most famous resident was the poet Ferdowsi, author of the Persian epic Shahnameh. His mausoleum, built in 1934 in time for the millennium of his birth, dominates the town.
Some other notable residents of Toos include: Jābir ibn Hayyān, Asadi Tusi, Nizam al-Mulk, Ghazali, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and the prominent Shia scholar Abu Ja'far Tusi.
Media related to Tus, Iran at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 36°27′15″N 59°34′01″E / 36.45417°N 59.56694°E / 36.45417; 59.56694
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani/ʊzˌbɛkɨˈstɑːn/, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzbek: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is the only doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of only two such countries worldwide. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south. Before 1991, it was part of the Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Once part of the Persian Samanid and later Timurid empires, the region was conquered in the early 16th century by Uzbek nomads, who spoke an Eastern Turkic language. Most of Uzbekistan’s population today belong to the Uzbek ethnic group and speak the Uzbek language, one of the family of Turkic languages.
Uzbekistan was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, and in 1924 became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, known as the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR). It became independent on 31 August 1991 (officially, from the following day).
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Yazd
Yazd (pronounced /jæzd/) (Persian: یزد, also Romanized as Yezd) is the capital of Yazd Province in Iran, and a centre of Zoroastrian culture. The city is located 270 km southeast of Isfahan. At the 2006 census, the population was 423,006, in 114,716 families.
Because of generations of adaptations to its desert surroundings, Yazd is an architecturally unique city. It is also known in Iran for the high quality of its handicrafts, especially silk weaving, and its sweet shops.
Yazd with the area of 131,551 km²[citation needed] is situated at an oasis where the Dasht-e Kavir desert and the Dasht-e Lut desert meet, the city is sometimes called "the bride of the Kavir" because of its location, in a valley between Shir Kuh, the tallest mountain in the region at 4075 m. above sea level, and Kharaneq. The city itself is located at 1203 m. above sea-level, and covers 16,000 km².
According to the administrative division rules, the Yazd province is divided into 10 districts, each includes at least one town and a number of villages. These districts are: Abarkuh, Ardakan, Bafq, Khatam, Maybod, Mehriz, Tabas, Sadough, Taft and Yazd.
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Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains (Arabic: جبال زغروس, Aramaic: ܛܘܪ ܙܪܓܣ, Kurdish: زنجیرهچیاکانی زاگرۆس, Lurish: کو یه لی زاگروس, Persian: رشته كوه زاگرس) are the largest mountain range in Iran and Iraq. With a total length of 1,500 km (932 mi), from northwestern Iran, and roughly correlating with Iran's western border, the Zagros range spans the whole length of the western and southwestern Iranian plateau and ends at the Strait of Hormuz. The highest points in the Zagros Mountains are Zard Kuh-bakhtiari and Dena. The Hazaran massif in the Kerman province of Iran forms an eastern outlier of the range, the Jebal Barez reaching into Sistan.
The Zagros fold and thrust belt was formed by collision of two tectonic plates — the Eurasian and Arabian Plates. Recent GPS measurements in Iran have shown that this collision is still active and the resulting deformation is distributed non-uniformly in the country, mainly taken up in the major mountain belts like Alborz and Zagros. A relatively dense GPS network which covered the Zagros in the Iranian part also proves a high rate of deformation within the Zagros. The GPS results show that the current rate of shortening in SE Zagros is ~10 mm/yr and ~5mm/yr in the NW Zagros. The NS strike-slip Kazerun fault divides the Zagros into two distinct zones of deformation. The GPS results also show different shortening directions along the belt, i.e. normal shortening in the South-East and oblique shortening in the NW Zagros.
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Ziarat
Ziarat (Urdu: زیارت) is the capital of Ziarat District, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is located at 30°22'47N 67°43'38E with an altitude of 2543 metres (8346 ft) and is a famous holiday resort of Balochistan and nearly every trip from Karachi to Quetta stops at Ziarat. Ziarat (literally ziarat is an Islamic shrine) was the summer residence of the chief commissioner of Baluchistan, and sanatorium for the European troops at Quetta: 8,850 ft (2,700 m). above the sea and 33 m. by cart-road from the railway. There is a good water supply, and the hills around are well-wooded and picturesque.
Ziarat is also very famous for its juniper forest. Junipers species Juniperus macropoda , Juniperous exceisa polycarpus or Pashthani Juniper are found in Ziarat districts and Zarghoon mount and some other mounted areas of Balochistan known as the second largest Juniper forest in the world, which covers an area of about 247,000 acres (1,000 km2). There are many important species found in this ecosystem including animal and birds, the Chakor partridge, bushes and ground flora which local people use these plants as indigenous treatments for a variety of diseases.The junipers are considered to be the real treasure of Ziarat. There are trees in the valley which are more than 5000 to 7000 years old. In Ziarat a herb called Ephedra sinica is found in abundance from which a chemical called ephedrine is extracted, an important constituent of various medicines, especially cough syrups. When the snow falls in Ziarat's winter the juniper valley is at its most beautiful.Chiltan Adventurers Association Balochistan is raising voice on National & International level as Juniper Defenders for the conservation of this world heritage since 1984.[citation needed]
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Ürümqi
Ürümqi ( /uːˈruːmtʃi/), formerly Tihwa, is the capital of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China, in the northwest of the country.
With a built up population of 2,744,280 as of 2010 census (5 urban districts plus Midong) and 2.3 in urban districts, Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and now serves as a regional transport node and commercial centre.
Although Ürümqi is situated near the northern route of the Silk Road, it is likely to be a relatively young city. According to Chinese scholars, during the 22nd year of Emperor Taizong's reign in the Tang Dynasty, AD 648, the Tang government set up the town of Luntai in the ancient town seat of Urabo, 10 kilometers from the southern suburb of present-day Ürümqi. Ancient Luntai Town was a seat of local government, and collected taxes from the caravans along the northern route of the Silk Road.
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Abolfazl Beyhaqi
Abul-Fazl Bayhaqī (Persian: ابوالفضل بیهقی, Ibn Zeyd ibn Muhammad Abul-Fazl Mohammad ibn Hossein ibn Soleyman Ayyoub Ansari Evesi Khazimi Bayhaqī Shafe'i), was a Persian historian and author.
He wrote the famous work of Persian literature Tarikh-e Mas'oudi ("Masoudian History", also known as "Tārīkh-e Bayhaqī").
Bayhaqi was born in the village Haares-Abad of Bayhaq in Khorasan Province near Sabzevar. He studied various sciences in Neishabur city, and then he was employed as a clerk in the Secretariat of King Mahmud. Abolfazl could show his efficiency there.
In 1039 his master and chief Bu-Nasr Moshkan passed and a few years later King Abd ul-Rashid elected him as the chief of the Royal Secretariat.
After the retirement in 1058, Bayhaqi started the editing of his daily notes and historical data and published them in a book, named it "Tarikh-e Baihaqi".
His book is one of the most creditable sources about the Ghaznavid Empire, and his fluent prose style has made the book considerable in Persian literature too.
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Abu Muslim Khorasani
Abu Muslim Abd Rahman ibn Muslim Khorasani or al-Khurasani (Persian: بهزادان پور ونداد هرمزد Behzādān pour Vandād Hormozd, in Arabic: أبو مسلم عبد الرحمن بن مسلم الخراساني, c. 700 – 755) was an Abbasid general of Persian origin, who led the first major and organized liberal movement against the Umayyad dynasty.
His original name was Behzadan, prior to his father Vandad Hurmoz's conversion to Islam, who adopted the name of 'Moslem' for himself. His birthplace remains obscure, though the oldest historical reference, the 11th century Al-Mahasin al-Isfahan written by Mafzal Ibn-Sa'd Maforukhi Esfahani, claims he was born in the town of Fereidan in the central Iranian province of Isfahan. It is also claimed he was born in the village of Sanjerd or Makhowan near the city of Merv in what is now Turkmenistan.
There was an Arab by the name Sharik ibn Shaikh al-Mahri in Bukhara, who wanted to spread Shia Islam firmly and oppose anyone against him. Soon, he got the support of several local rulers and many local people.
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Abu-Mansur Daqiqi
Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Tusi (935/942-976/980), (Persian: ابو منصور محمد بن احمد دقیقی) sometimes referred to as Daqiqi (also Dakiki, Daghighi, Persian: دقیقی), was an early Persianpoet whom is said to be born in Tus in Iran; or in Balkh, located in modern-day Afghanistan; as well as in Samarqand or Bukhara, both in today's Uzbekistan and Marv in today's Turkmenistan.
Daqiqi supported the nationalistic tendencies in Persian literature and attempted to create an epic history of Iran which is begun by history of Zarathushtra and Gashtasb. Questions have been raised as to whether Daqiqi harbored some Zoroastrian beliefs, or was simply promoting Sassanian cultural trends in the wake of Samanid domination. Nevertheless, he is viewed to have been a Zoroastrian convert to Islam. A large number of couplets by him were included in the epic Shahname (Book of Kings) by the Persian epic poet Ferdowsi. Daqiqi was murdered by his favorite slave.
Some scholars[who?] speculate that Daqiqi wrote more, but the content was too controversial to be included in Shahname and later lost. Other poems by him have survived, published, among others, in Le premier poet Persan by G.Lazard.
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Abusa'id Abolkhayr
Abusa'id Abolkhayr or Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr (Persian: ابوسعید ابوالخیر) (December 7, 967 - January 12, 1049), also known as Sheikh Abusaeid or Abu Sa'eed, was a famous Persian Sufi and poet who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition.
The majority of what is known from his life comes from the book Asrar al-Tawhid (اسرارالتوحید, or "The Mysteries of Unification") written by Mohammad Ibn Monavvar, one of his grandsons, 130 years after his death.
The book, which is an important early Sufi writing in Persian, presents a record of his life in the form of anecdotes from a variety of sources and contains a collection of his words.
During his life his fame spread throughout the Islamic world, even to Spain. He was the first Sufi writer to widely use ordinary love poems as way to express and illuminate mysticism, and as such he played a major role in foundation of Persian Sufi poetry. He spent most of his life in Nishapur.
Abū-Sa'īd was born in the village of Mihne, part of Greater Khorasan, today located near Torbat-e Heydarieh in Khorāsān-e Razavī Province. His father was a herbalist and physician with an interest in Sufism.
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Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī
Abū al-Wafāʾ, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Ismāʿīl ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Būzjānī (10 June 940 – 15 July 998) was a Persianmathematician and astronomer who worked in Baghdad. He made important innovations in spherical trigonometry, and his work on arithmetics for businessmen contains the first instance of using negative numbers in a medieval Islamic text.
He is also credited of compiling tables of sines and tangents at 15' intervals. He also introduced the sec and cosec and studied the interrelations between the six trigonometric lines associated with an arc. His Almagest was widely read by medieval Arabic astronomers in the centuries after his death. He is known to have written several other books that have not survived.
He was born in Buzhgan, (now Torbat-e Jam) in Khorasan (in today's Iran). At age 19, in 959 AD, he moved to Baghdad and remained there for the next forty years, and died there in 998. He was a contemporary of the distinguished scientists Al-Quhi and Al-Sijzi who were in Baghdad at the time and others like Abu Nasr ibn Iraq, Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Kushyar ibn Labban and Al-Biruni. In Baghdad, he received patronage by members of the Buyid court.
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Adil Shah
Adil or Adel Shah Afshar, born ʿAlī-qolī Khan (Modern Persian: عادل شاه افشار) (died 1749) was the Afsharid Shahof Iran from 1747 to 1748, a nephew and successor of Nader Shah, the found of the Afsharid dynasty.
Ali-qoli khan was the eldest son of Nader's brother, Ebrahim Khan. Nader appointed him governor of Mashad in 1737. In the same year he married Princess Ketevan, daughter of the Georgian king Teimuraz II, Nader's ally. In 1740 he was also married to a daughter of Abu'l-Fayz, ruler of recently subdued Bokhara.
From 1743 to 1747, Ali-qoli khan commanded Nader's troops against the Yazidis of Kurdistan, the Karakalpaks and Uzbeks of Khwarazm and in Sistan. He then ran afoul with his uncle over the letter's decision to levy 100,000 tomans on him and Nader's suspiciousness. In April 1747, Ali-qoli khan, in conjunction with the rebels of Sistan, occupied Herat and induced the Kurds into rebellion. Nader, on his march against the insurgents, was murdered by a group of his officers, who offered the crown to Ali-qoli.
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Al-Hurr al-Aamili
Muhammad bin al-Ḥassan b. Ali b. al-Ḥusayn al-ʿĀmili al-Mashghari (Arabic: محمد بن الحسن بن علي بن الحسين العاملي المشغري), commonly known as Al-Ḥurr Al-ʿĀmili (1033/1624 - 1104/1693), was a muhaddith and a prominent Twelver Shi’a scholar. He is best known for his comprehensive hadith compilation known as Wasael ush-Shia (also known as Wasa’il ush-Shi’a) and as the second of the “Three Great Muhammads” in later Shi’a Islamic history.
He was born on Friday, 8th of Raj̲ab 1033AH/26 April 1624 CE in the village of Mashghara in the ʿĀmil mountains of southern Lebanon, a center of shi’i Lebanese Arabs in the region. His early education began with a family of teachers that included his father, his paternal uncle, his maternal grandfather (shaykh ʿAbd Salām b. Muḥammad), and one of his father's maternal uncles (shaykh ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd; at Ḏj̲abʿ). He also studied under Ḥusayn b. Hasan b. Yunus Ẓahīr and Ḥasan b. Zayn al-Dīn ʿĀmili (d.1011/1602), who was the great-grandson of al-Shahid al-Thani, in al-Jaba, a nearby village. Ḥusayn Zahir was the first to give al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmili ijaza, a license to teach and transmit ahadeeth.
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Al-Ma'mun
Abū Jaʿfar Abdullāh al-Māʾmūn ibn Harūn (also spelled Almamon, Al-Maymun and el-Mâmoûn, Arabic ابوجعفر عبدالله المأمون) (September 13, 786 – August 9, 833) (المأمون) was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his brother al-Amin.
Al-Ma'mun was born on September 13, 786 CE to the Abbasid emperor Harun and a Persian woman called Marajil.
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Ali al-Naqi
‘Alī al-Hādī (Arabic: علي الهادي النقي), also known as ‘Alī an-Naqī was the tenth of the Twelve Imams. His full name is ‘Alī ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Alī. The exact date of his birth and death are unknown, but it is generally accepted that he was born between 827–830 CE (2nd Rajab, 212 AH-214 AH) and he died in 868 CE.
‘Alī al-Hādī was born in Medina to the ninth Shī‘ah Imām, Muhammad al-Taqi, (also known as Imam Muhammad al-Jawad), and Lady Sumānah who was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa). His father bestowed upon him the surname Abu'l-Hasan, after the surnames given to his grandfather Imam Ali ar-Ridha and his great grandfather Imam Musa al-Kadhim.
According to Shi'a accounts, after his father's assassination at the will of Al-Mu'tasim, the Abbasid caliph ordered Umar bin al-Faraj to find a teacher in Medina for the young Imam that would preach hatred toward the ahl al-bayt. After finding al-Junaydi to perform the task, the teacher set to work. However, al-Junaydi often reported on the Imam's intelligence. Imam al-Hadi would often provide perspectives on literature that al-Junaydi hadn't thought of, and at his young age he had even developed a comprehensive understanding of the Qu'ran and the revelations within. Al-Junaydi, impressed and astounded by the young boy, concluded that it could only be by divine causes that the Imam could be so knowledgeable, and in doing so he dropped what animosity he had held towards the family of the Prophet.
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Ali al-Rida
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (commonly known as, ‘Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā) (ca. December 29, 765 – August 23, 818) was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
Quotations related to ‘Alī ar-Rizā at Wikiquote
On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH, a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Ja'far as-Sādiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. The mother of Ali al-Ridha was Bibi Najmah, who was considered to be the most notable and distinguished lady in the realm of wisdom and faith. Najmah was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa). She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and like Bibi Hamidah was also a notable Islamic scholar.
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Ali al-Sistani
Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani (Arabic: السيد علي الحسيني السيستاني Persian: سید علی حسینی سیستانی, born August 4, 1930 - Mashhad) is the highest-ranking Twelver Shia marja in Iraq and the leader of the Hawza of Najaf.
Sistani was born in Mashhad, Iran, to a family of religious scholars, who as sadah traced their roots to Al Hejaz. Al Sistani's family immigrated to Iran, at a time when the Ummayads and Abbasids used to kill the descendants of prophet Muhammad. During the Safavid period, Sistani's ancestor Sayyid Mohammad was appointed by Sultan Husayn to the office of Sheikh ul-Islam (Leading Authority of Islam) presiding over the Sistan province, where he then traveled with his children and settled, an event which accounts for the usage of the title "al-Sistani" in Ayatollah Sistani's own name today. Sistani began his religious education as a child, first in Mashhad and continuing later in Qom. In 1951, Sistani traveled to Iraq to study in Najaf under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. Sistani rose to the rank of Mujtahid in 1960. At the unusually young age of thirty-one, Sistani reached the senior level of clerical accomplishment, or Ijtihad, which entitled him to pass his own judgments on religious questions.
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Ali ar-Ridha
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (commonly known as, ‘Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā) (ca. December 29, 765 – August 23, 818) was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
Quotations related to ‘Alī ar-Rizā at Wikiquote
On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH, a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Ja'far as-Sādiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. The mother of Ali al-Ridha was Bibi Najmah, who was considered to be the most notable and distinguished lady in the realm of wisdom and faith. Najmah was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa). She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and like Bibi Hamidah was also a notable Islamic scholar.
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Ali ibn Abi Talib
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب, Transliteration: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, [ʕaliː ibn ʔæbiː t̪ˤɑːlib]; 13thRajab, 24 BH–21stRamaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661). The son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam.Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.
Muslim sources, especially Shia ones, state that since Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca, the holiest place in Islam. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad, but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle, and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation, Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam.
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Amir Reza Khadem
Amir Reza Khadem Azghadi (Persian: امیررضا خادم ازغدی, born February 10, 1970 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler who won Olympic bronze medals in 1992 and 1996. He finished fourth at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and he won the 1991 World Championships, And one bronze medal from 1990 World Championships and the 1992 and 1993 Asian Championships and one silver medal from 1991 Asian Championships and the 1994 Asian Games.
He was trained by his father Mohammad Khadem, and his younger Rasoul Khadem was another world champion of wrestling.
He was also the first professional athlete in Islamic Republic of Iran Parliament, from 2004 to 2008 he was a representative of Tehran.
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Amir Tavakkolian
Amir Tavakkolian (Persian: امیر توکلیان, born 7 September 1971 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler.
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Anousheh Ansari
Anousheh Ansari (Persian: انوشه انصاری; née Raissyan; born September 12, 1966 in Mashhad, Iran) is an engineer and the Iranian-American co-founder and chairwoman of Prodea Systems. Her previous business accomplishments include serving as co-founder and CEO of Telecom Technologies, Inc. (TTI). The Ansari family is also the title sponsor of the Ansari X Prize. On September 18, 2006, a few days after her 40th birthday, she became the first Iranian in space. Ansari was the fourth overall self-funded space tourist, and the first self-funded woman to fly to the International Space Station. Her memoir, My Dream of Stars, co-written with Homer Hickam, was published by Palgrave Macmillan in 2010.
Anousheh Ansari was born in Mashhad, Iran. She and her parents moved to Tehran shortly afterward. Anousheh witnessed the Iranian Revolution in 1979. She immigrated to the United States in 1984 as a teenager. Apart from her native Persian, she is fluent in English and French, and acquired a working knowledge of Russian for her spaceflight experience.
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Anvari
Anvari (1126–1189), full name Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani or Awhad ad-Din 'Ali ibn Mahmud (Persian: اوحد الدین علی ابن محد انوری) was a Persian poet.
He was born in Abivard of (now in Turkmenistan) and died in Khurasanian Balkh, now in Afghanistan, and studied science and literature at the collegiate institute in Toon (now Ferdows, Iran), becoming a famous astronomer as well as a poet.
Anvari's poems were collected in a Deewan, and contains panegyrics, eulogies, satire, and others. His elegy "Tears of Khorasan", translated into English in 1789, is considered to be one of the most beautiful poems in Persian literature. The Cambridge History of Iran calls Anvari "one of the greatest figures in Persian literature". Despite their beauty, his poems often required much help with interpretation, as they were often complex and difficult to understand.
Anvari's panegyric in honour of the Seljuk sultan Sultan Sanjar (1117–1157), ruler of Khorasan, won him royal favour, and allowed him to go on to enjoy the patronage of two of Sanjar's successors. However, when his prophecy of disasters in October 1185 failed, he fell out of favour with the kingship, and was forced into a life of scholarly service, eventually taking his own life in 1189.
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Armenian people
Armenian people or Armenians (Armenian: հայեր, Armenian pronunciation: [hɑˈjɛɾ]) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.
The largest concentration is in Armenia, having a nearly homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian. Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, an estimated total of 3 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry live outside of Armenia. As a result of the Armenian Genocide, a large number of survivors fled to many countries throughout the world, most notably the Russian Empire, the Near East, the United States, France, Iran, Georgia and other parts of Europe (see Armenian diaspora).
Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus's death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew In the early 4th century, the Kingdom of Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a non-Chalcedonian church, which is also the world's oldest national church.
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Asadi Tusi
Abu Mansur Ali ibn Ahmad Asadi Tusi (Persian: ابومنصور علی بن احمد اسدی طوسی) (born: Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan - died: 1072 Tabriz, Iran) is arguably the second most important Persian poet of the Iranian national epics, after Ferdowsi who also happens to come from the same town of Tus. He was a poet, a linguist and copyist of ancient manuscripts.
The information on Asadi's lifetime is scant. During Asadi's time, and for some time after, much of the Khorasan province was under violent attack from various rival Turkic groups. Many native intellectuals left Khorasan as a result of these conflicts, while many of those who remained lived in seclusion. As a result of the violence, Asadi, who lived the first twenty years of his life in Khorasan, left Khorasan for the Iranian province of Azarbaijan and stayed there until his death. He first served as a poet in the court of the Daylamite Abu Nasr Jastan. Later he went to Nakhjavan and in 1065-1066, completed his seminal work, the Garshapnama. He dedicated this work to Abu Dolaf, the ruler of Nakhjavan. Later on, he went to serve at the court of the Shaddadid king Manuchehr who ruled over Ani. His tomb is located in city of Tabriz.
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Azerbaijani people
The Azerbaijanis ( /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːni/; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycanlılar, Азәрбајҹанлылар, آذربایجانلیلار ) or Azarbaijanis are Turkic-speaking people living mainly in northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan, as well as in the neighboring states, Georgia, Russia (Dagestan) and formerly Armenia. Also referred to as Azeris or Azaris (Azərilər, Азәриләр, آذریلر ) or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan türkləri), they also live in a wider area from the Caucasus to the Iranian plateau. The Azerbaijanis are predominantly Shi'a Muslim and have a mixed cultural heritage including Turkic, Iranic and Caucasian elements.
Following the Russo-Persian Wars of 1813 and 1828, the territories of the Qajar Persian Empire in the Caucasus were ceded to the Russian Empire and the treaties of Gulistan in 1813 and Turkmenchay in 1828 finalized the borders between Czarist Russia and Qajar Iran. The formation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918 established the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Despite living on two sides of an international border, the Azeris form a single ethnic group. However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution in Iranian Azerbaijan and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz and Anatolian Turkish (including the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen), all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Colonel Pesian
Colonel Mohammad Taqi-Khan Pessian (1892 - 3 October 1921) (also Colonel Pessian or Pesyan "Pesseyan"), born into an aristocratic family in Tabriz, was a popular military leader of Iran and became a national hero after his assassination. He is also famously known as being the first Iranian to successfully pilot an aircraft.
He was born into a prominent family originating in the Caucasus. His family immigrated to Iran after Persia's defeat to the Russian Empire in the war which ended with the Treaty of Turkomanchai in 1828. Pessian's family possessed strong military traditions, his uncle General Hamzeh Khan Pessian was a commander in the Persian Cossack Brigade, his cousins Heydar Qoli Khan Pessian, father of Iranian author, Talah Pessian, Ali Qoli Khan Pessian, Gholam Reza Khan Pessian and himself served in Gendarmerie.
In Tabriz Mohammad Taqi was educated in Sciences, Persian, Arabic and foreign languages. In 1907 he left for Tehran to continue his education and entered Military College in Germany where he became one of the first Iranians to learn to fly. After 5 years he took up the rank of Second Lieutenant in the Gendarmerie, within two years he was promoted to Captain. After that he held a variety of posts such as Second Commander in a battalion in Qazvin, served in Hamedan and Yazd and also was an instructor and interpreter at Gendarmerie school in Yusef Abad, Tehran. He was promoted to Major when World War I broke out.
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Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara (Persian: امارت بخارا) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the land along the lower Zarafshan River, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarkand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarezm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. It is now within the boundaries of Uzbekistan.
The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad. Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara, from their position as ataliq. By the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by Nadir Shah of Persia, it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747 after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the Janid dynasty. From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.
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Fatimah
Fatimah (Arabic: فاطمة; fāṭimah; pronounced /ˈfɑːtˤɪma/; born c. 605 or 615 – d. 633) was a daughter of Muhammad and Khadijah, wife of Ali and mother of Hasan and Husain, and one of the five members of Ahl al-Bayt. She became the object of great veneration by all Muslims, because she lived closest to her father and supported him in his difficulties and because of historical importance of her husband and her two sons, and that she is the only member of Muhammad's family that gave him descendants, numerously spread through the Islamic world.
She was involved in three significant political actions, each recorded in almost all sources. First, after the conquest of Mecca, she refused her protection to Abu Sufian; Second, after Muhammad's death, she courageously defended Ali’s cause, fiercely opposed the election of Abu Bakr, and had violent disputes with him and particularly with Umar; Third, she laid claim to the property rights of her father and challenged Abu Bakr’s categorical refusal to cede them, particularly Fadak and a share in the produce of Khaybar.
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Ferdowsi
Hakīm Abu'l-Qāsim Ferdowsī Tūsī (Persian: حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی) known as Ferdowsi (فردوسی; also spelled as Firdausi; 940–1020 CE) was a highly revered Persian poet. He was the author of the Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran and related societies.
The Shahnameh was originally composed by Ferdowsi for the princes of the Samanid dynasty, who were responsible for a revival of Persian cultural traditions after the Arab invasion of the seventh century. The Shahnameh chronicles the legendary history of the pre-Islamic kings of Iran from Keyumars to Yazdegerd III. Ferdowsi continued work on the poem after the Samanids were conquered by the Ghaznavids. The new ruler Mahmud of Ghazni, a Turk, may have lacked the interest in Ferdowsi's work shown by the Samanids, resulting in him losing favor with the royal court. In later passages of his poem, Ferdowsi complains about poverty and the ravages of old age. Ferdowsi spent over three decades (from 977 to 1010) working on the Shahnameh, which became one of the most influential works of Persian literature.
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Hadi Khamenei
Hojatoleslam Hadi Khamenei (born 1947) is an influential Iranian reformist politician, mojtahed and linguist. He is a key member of the reformist Association of Combatant Clerics, and a former deputy of the Majlis of Iran representing a district in Tehran.
He is a younger brother of Iran's Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, with whom he disagrees and from whom he is now estranged.
Born to an Iranian Azerbaijani father and Yazd-native mother, Hadi Khamenei grew up in the 1950s, one of eight siblings, spending his free time raising birds and playing sports. He says that his father did not force him into religious studies.
Hadi Khamenei became a leading reformer in the 1990s, putting him at odds with his older brother, whose official position he criticized as having too much power. Hadi Khamenei was an important adviser to reformist President Mohammad Khatami. He was a deputy minister in the 1980s.
Aside from Association of Combatant Clerics, Hadi Khamenei is Secretary-general of the Society of Forces Following the Line of the Imam (Khat-e-Imam).
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Hamed Behdad
Hamed Behdad (Persian: حامد بهداد , born 17 November 1973 in Mashhad, Iran) is an Iranian actor. His first appearance in a movie was in The End of the Game (Akhar-e Baazi).
Behdad finished his high school in Sadjad school in his hometown. Later in the year 2002 he graduated from Islamic Azad University in Tehran with a bachelor's degree in Art and Theatre.
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Hamid Motebassem
Hamid Motebassem (Persian: حمید متبسم) (b. 1958 Mashhad) is a renowned Iranian musician and tar and setar player.
His first teacher was his father. Later he started to study with musicians like Mohammad Reza Lotfi, Hossein Alizadeh and Hushang Zarif. In 1991 Motebassem founded Dastan ensemble which is one of the outstanding ensembles of contemporary Persian music.
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Harun al-Rashid
Hārūn al-Rashīd (Arabic: هارون الرشيد; properly pronounced Hārūn ar-Rashīd; English: Aaron the Upright, Aaron the Just, or Aaron the Rightly Guided) (17 March 763 or February 766 – 24 March 809) was the fifth Arab Abbasid Caliph that encompassed modern Iraq. His birth date remains a point of discussion, though, as various sources give the dates from 763 to 766).
He ruled from 786 to 809, and his time was marked by scientific, cultural and religious prosperity. Art and music Hamd o Na'at also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom").[citation needed]
Since Harun was intellectually, politically and militarily resourceful, his life and the court over which he held sway have been the subject of many tales: some are factual but most are believed to be fictitious. An example of what is known to be factual is the story of the clock that was among various presents that Harun had sent to Charlemagne. The presents were carried by the returning Frankish mission that came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Charlemagne and his retinue deemed the clock to be a conjuration for the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked.[citation needed] Among what is known to be fictional is The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, which contains many stories that are fantasized by Harun's magnificent court and even Harun al-Rashid himself.[citation needed]
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Hasan al-Askari
Coordinates: 34°11′55.81″N 43°52′23.97″E / 34.1988361°N 43.873325°E / 34.1988361; 43.873325
Imam Hasan al-‘Askarī (Arabic: الإمام الحسن بن علي العسكري) (Tenth of Rabi' al-thani 232 AH – Eighth of Rabi' al-awwal 260 AH; approximately: 6 December 846 – 4 January 874) was the eleventh of the Twelve Imams. His given name was Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad. His title al-Askari derives from the Arabic word Asker which means military.He was given this title mainly because the city he lived in (Samarra) was a military camp. Hasan al-‘Askarī was 22, when his father was killed. The period of his Imāmate, following his father's death, was six years. Hasan Al-‘Askarī died at the age of 28 in the year, 260 Hijra and was buried in Samarra.
Quotations related to Hasan al-‘Askarī at Wikiquote
Hasan al-Askari, whose ancestor was the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, was born in Medina.His father was Imam Ali al-Hadi (a.s.), the tenth Imam of the Shia. He was from the masters of the Ahlul Bayt. His mother was a bondmaid from an-Nawbah. Historians disagreed on her name. Some of them said her name was Saleel which was the most correct according to the previous tradition of Imam al-Hadi (a.s.). Some said she was called Sawsan. Others said her name was Hadithah, and others said Hareebah.
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Hassan ibn Ali
Al-Hasan ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib (Arabic: الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب) ( born March 1, 625 CE (Ramadhān 15th, 3 AH) – died 669CE (Safar 7th or 28th, 50 AH) aged 47) is an important figure in Islam, the son of Fatimah the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and of the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib. Hasan is a member of the Ahl al-Bayt and Ahl al-Kisa. He briefly succeeded his father Ali ibn Abi Talib as the righteous Caliph following the latter's death, before retiring to Madinah and entering into an agreement with the first Umayyad ruler, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, who assumed the Caliphate. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims regard Hasan as a martyr.
According to Shia and Sunni sources, Muhammad, upon the birth of his grandson in 3 AH, was ordered by the archangel Gabriel to name him Hasan - a name not used in the pre-Islamic period.Muhammad also honoured his grandson by reciting the Adhān in his right ear, the Iqāmah in his left ear, shaving his head, and sacrificing a ram for the sake of his birth.
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Hazara people
Hazāra (Persian: هزاره) are a Persian-speaking people who mainly live in central Afghanistan and in Pakistan. They are overwhelmingly Shiite Muslims and comprise the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, forming about 9% (according to other sources up to 18%) of the total population. Over half a million Hazaras live in neighbouring Pakistan (mostly in Quetta) and a similar number in Iran.
Babur, the founder of the Mughal reign in India, used the name Hazara in his records during the early 16th century for the first time. He, for the most part, referred to the populace of the mountainous region located west of Kabul, as far as Ghor and Ghazni. The word Hazara most likely derives from the Persian word for Thousand (Persian: هزار - hazār). It may be the translation of the Mongol word ming (or minggan), a military unit of 1000 soldiers at the time Gengis Khan. In the passage of time the term Hazar could have substituted the Mongol word and now stands for the group of people.
The origins of the Hazaras have not been fully reconstructed. At least partial Mongol descent is difficult to rule out, because the Hazaras' physical attributes and parts of their culture and language resemble those of Mongolians. Thus, it is widely accepted that Hazaras have Mongolian ancestry, especially after genetic testing showed Hazaras carried the highest frequency of the Y chromosome attributed to Genghis Khan anywhere. Some Hazara tribes are named after famous Mongol generals, for example the Tulai Khan Hazara who are named after Tolui, the youngest son of Genghis Khan. Theories of Mongol or partially Mongol descent are plausible, given that the Il-Khanate Mongol rulers, beginning with Oljeitu, embraced Shia Islam. Today, the majority of the Hazaras adhere to Shi'ism, whereas Afghanistan's other major ethnic groups are mostly Sunni. However, the Sunni and Ismaili Hazara population, while existent, have not been extensively researched by scholars.
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Heshmat Mohajerani
Heshmat Mohajerani (Persian: حشمت مهاجرانى, born 11 December 1938 in Mashhad) is an Iranian football coach, manager, and former player. He is perhaps the most successful Iranian coach of the Iranian national team. Mohajerani and his brothers formed F.C. Aboomoslem in Mashhad. He is the current Football Academy President of Esteghlal.
Mohajerani flew to Japan to participate in a three-month coaching course, under the auspices of Sir Stanley Rous, President of FIFA, and the management of the famous German coach Dettmar Cramer.
It took a while before Mohajerani was given a coaching job. When he finally did get appointed as a team coach, two years after completing the coaching course, he first heard the news through newspapers.
In 1971, he started his coaching career as the Iran U-23 National Team Coach. During his years as coach, he gave numerous opportunities to youths from cities other than the capital and many of those youths, including Nazari, Barzegari, Ghasempour and Pezeshkar found their way into the Team Melli.
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Homayoun Shajarian
Homayoun Shajarian (Persian: همايون شجريان) (born May 21, 1975) is a renowned Persian classical music vocalist, as well as a Tombak and Kamancheh player.
He was born in Tehran in a music-dedicated family. He is the son of Mohammad Reza Shajarian, the grand master vocalist of Persian traditional music. Upon his father's advice, he began studying knowledge of technique and rhythm under supervision of Nasser Farhangfar, master of the tombak, a Persian hand drum, at the age of five. Afterwards, he also continued learning the tombak under Jamshid Mohebbi's supervision. He commenced learning Persian traditional vocal Avaz at the age of ten, alongside his older sisters under their father’s supervision and gained knowledge of Avaz techniques and voice-producing. Simultaneously, he attended Tehran Conservatory of Music and chose Kamancheh as his professional instrument as well as being tutored by Ardeshir Kamkar. From 1991, he accompanied father in concerts of Ava Music Ensemble in US, Europe and Iran, playing Tombak; and from 1999 on, started accompanying father also on vocals. His first independent work Nassim-e Vasl, composed by Mohammad Javad Zarrabian, was published on his 28th birthday, in 21 May 2003.
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Hossein Badamaki
Hossein Badamaki (Persian: حسین بادامكی, born 13 September 1981) is an Iranian Footballer who currently plays for Persepolis in the Iran Pro League.
He was influential in the IPL 2005/06 season, scoring 10 goals for Aboomoslem. After playing for Aboomoslem for six years, in August 2006 he joined Iranian giants Persepolis.
The 2006/07 was his first season at Persepolis and despite the team not winning any trophies, Badamaki was one of the top players and every time Persepolis' triangle formed by him and teammates Mehrzad Madanchi and Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht played together Persepolis played really well and created a lot of chances.
During the 2007/08 season Badamaki was still one of the starters but his problems with head coach Afshin Ghotbi made him miss some matches but at the end of the season he was put back in the starting line-up and helped Persepolis win the league after 6 years.
The 2008/09 season was indisputably Badamaki's worst season in his career. An injury made him miss over 8 games and when he returned head coach Afshin Ghotbi did not think Badamaki was fit to play. When Ghotbi resigned and Peyrovani took over, Badamaki was put in the starting eleven but he did not play as well and during matches fans started to boo him showing that Ghotbi was right and even when Nelo Vingada became the head coach, Badamaki was put in the reserves but he finally played in the AFC Champions League due to Persepolis missing players to injuries and disciplinary problems.
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Hossein Sabet
Hossein Sabet Baktash (Persian: حسین ثابت , Born in Mashhad) is an Iranian businessman and Persian carpet dealer who owns Sabet International Trading Co.. Sabet has a BSc in engineering and resides in Berlin, Germany.
In 1981 Sabet bought the Berlin newspaper Der Abend.
Sabet International Trading Co. has numerous subsidiaries such as the Sabet Hotels Group, notable for owning many hotels in Kish Island, including the Dariush Grand Hotel and 11 hotels in Europe including many on the Canary Islands. Sabet also owns the Kish Dolphinarium and an amusement park on the island.
Sabet also holds exclusive rights to organize horse race competitions throughout Iran via his company ASB Iranian.
Sabet is also set to build the first solar powered hotel in West Asia on Kish Island, Iran. Koroush Hotel will be 7 star and will cost $520 million dollars and will have 500 rooms, 23 floors in an area of 100,000 square meters. The hotel is set to be complete in October 2009.
Sabet also has a 25% share of Qeshm Air.
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Husayn ibn Ali
Hussein ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: حسين بن علي بن أبي طالب) (3rd Sha'aban 4 AH – 10th Muharram 61 AH; 8 January 626 CE – 10 October 680 CE, also spelled Hussayn) was the son of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (final Rashidun Caliph and first Shia Imam) and Fātimah Zahrā (daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) and the younger brother of Hasan ibn Ali. Husayn is an important figure in Islam as he is a member of the Ahl al-Bayt (the household of Muhammad) and Ahl al-Kisa, as well as being a Shia Imam, and one of The Fourteen Infallibles of Shia Twelvers.
Husayn ibn ‘Alī is exalted by all the Shia as a martyr who fought tyranny as he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph. He rose up to create a regime that would reinstate a "true" Islamic polity as opposed to what he considered the unjust rule of the Umayyads. As a consequence, Husayn was killed and beheaded in the Battle of Karbala in 680 (61AH) by Shimr Ibn Thil-Jawshan. The annual funeral in the memory of him, his family, his children and his As'haab (companions) is called Ashura (tenth day of Muharram) and is a day of mourning for Shia Muslims.
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Imam Reza
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (commonly known as, ‘Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā) (ca. December 29, 765 – August 23, 818) was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
Quotations related to ‘Alī ar-Rizā at Wikiquote
On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH, a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Ja'far as-Sādiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. The mother of Ali al-Ridha was Bibi Najmah, who was considered to be the most notable and distinguished lady in the realm of wisdom and faith. Najmah was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa). She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and like Bibi Hamidah was also a notable Islamic scholar.
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Iran Darroudi
Iran Darroudi (born September 2, 1936) is an Iranian, ethnic Persian khorasani artist.
Darroudi studied at Ecole Superier des Beaux-Arts in Paris, history of art at the École du Louvre in Paris, stained glass at the Royal Academy of Brussels, and television direction and production at the R.C.A. Institute in New York.
Darroudi's first solo exhibition was held in Miami in 1958 at the invitation of the Florida State Art Center. She also took an English language course at Columbia University.
Her first exhibition in Iran was held in April 1960 at the Farhang Hall. She wrote articles on the history of art and art criticism for Kayhan newspaper. In the winter of 1966 in New York, she met and married Parviz Moghaddasi, who was studying television direction. The couple worked at the newly established Iranian television organization as producer and director for six years.
In 1968 she made 55 minute long documentary about the 1968 Venice Biennial. She was appointed as an honorary professor at the Industrial University of Tehran, teaching art history. In 1969 the ITT Corporation commissioned her to paint Iranian Oil. She held successful exhibitions in Paris and at the Atrium Artist Gallery, Geneva, and a month later at Galarie 21, Zurich.
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Iraqi people
The Iraqi people (Arabic: العراقيون ʿIrāqīyūn, Kurdish: گهلی عیراق Îraqîyan, Aramaic: ܥܡܐ ܥܝܪܩܝܐ ʿIrāqāyā) or Mesopotamian people (Arabic: شعب بلاد ما بين النهرين) are the native inhabitants of the country of Iraq, (also known as Mesopotamia), and their related diaspora. From late Assyrian and Babylonian times until the early Islamic era, the Iraqi people spoke Aramaic but also witnessed a minority Arab presence.
Arabic had been a minority language in Iraq since the 8th century BC, it was spoken in Hatra in the 1st and 2nd centuries, and by Iraqi Christians in Al-Hirah from the 3rd century, and from the 8th century following the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia it became the common language of Iraqi Muslims, due to Arabic being the language of the Qur'an and the Caliphate. This change was facilitated by the fact that Arabic being a Semitic language, shared a close resemblance to Iraq's traditional languages of Akkadian and Aramaic. Some of Iraq's Christians and Mandaeans retained dialects of Aramaic, since it remained the liturgical language of their faiths. Kurdish-speaking Iraqis live in the mountainous Zagros region of northeast Iraq to the east of the upper Tigris. The Kurds and Arabs of Mesopotamia have interacted and intermarried for well over a millennium. Modern genetic studies indicate that Iraqi Arabs and Kurds are very closely related. Arabic and Kurdish are Iraq's national languages.
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Ismail I
Ismail I (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as Shāh Ismāʿil (Persian: شاه اسماعیل; full name: Abū l-Muzaffar bin Haydar as-Safavī), was a Shah of Azerbaijan (1501), Shah of Iran (1502) and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. Isma'il started his campaign in Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, an Twelver Shia militant religious order and unified all of Iran by 1509. Born in Ardabil in Northwestern Iran, he reigned as Shah Ismail I of Iran from 1502 to 1524.
Ismail played a key role in the rise of Twelver Islam; he converted Iran from Sunni and Ismaili Shi'i Islam, importing religious authorities from the Levant. In Alevism, Shah Ismail remains revered as a spiritual guide.
Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name Khatā'ī ("Sinner") contributed greatly to the literary development of the Azerbaijani language.
Ismail was born to Martha and Shaykh Haydar on July 17, 1487 in Ardabil. His father, Haydar, was the sheikh of the Safaviyya Sufi order and a direct descendant of its founder, Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334). Ismail was the last in line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyah Sufi order, prior to his ascent to a ruling dynasty. As a boy only a year old, he lost his father, the leader of a growing Qizilbash Shi'i community in Azerbaijan, who died in battle. His mother, Martha, was the daughter of Uzun Hasan by his Pontic Greek wife Theodora, better known as Despina Khatun. Theodora was the daughter of Emperor John IV of Trebizond. (She had married Uzun Hassan in a deal to protect Trebizond from the Ottomans.) Ismail grew up bilingual, speaking Persian and Azeri.
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Ja'far al-Sadiq
Quotations related to Jafar Us-Sadiq at Wikiquote
Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad al-Sādiq (Arabic: جعفر بن محمد الصادق) (702–765 C.E. or 17th Rabī‘ al-Awwal 83 AH – 25th Shawwāl 148 AH) was a descendant of Muhammad and a prominent Muslim jurist. He is revered as an Imam by the adherents of Shi'a Islam and as a renowned Islamic scholar and personality by Sunni Muslims. The Shi'a Muslims consider him to be the sixth Imam or leader and spiritual successor to Muhammad. The internal dispute over who was to succeed Ja'far as Imam led to schism within Shi'a Islam. Al-Sadiq was celebrated among his brothers and peers and stood out among them for his great personal merits. He is highly respected by both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims for his great Islamic scholarship, pious character, and academic contributions.
Although he is perhaps most famous as the founder of Shi'a Islamic fiqh, known as Ja'fari jurisprudence, he had many other accomplishments. He was the teacher of many subsequent Muslim scholars such as the founders of both Sunni and Shi'a Islamic schools of jurisprudence. As well as being considered an Imam of the Shi'a, he is revered by the Naqshbandi Sunni Sufi chain. He was a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist.[citation needed] He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence.
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Jābir ibn Hayyān
Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān (al-Azdi / al-Kufi / al-Tusi / al-Sufi), often known simply as Geber, (Persian: جابر بن حیان)(Arabic: جابر بن حیان) (born c. 721 in Tus, Persia; died c. 815 in Kufa, Iraq) was a prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geographer, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician. Born and educated in Tus, he later traveled to Kufa. Jābir is held to have been the first practical alchemist.
As early as the tenth century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jābir was in dispute in Islamic circles. His name was Latinized as "Geber" in the Christian West and in 13th century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as Pseudo-Geber, produced alchemical and metallurgical writings under the pen-name Geber.
In 987 Ibn al-Nadim compiled the Kitab al-Fihrist which mentions Jabir as a spiritual leader and as a companion to Jafar as-Sadiq (he is not listed among the students of Jafar as-Sadiq but many of the writings of the Jabirian corpus are dedicated to Jafar as-Sadiq). In another reference al-Nadim reports that a group of philosophers claimed Jabir was one of their own members. Another group, reported by al-Nadim, says only The Large Book of Mercy is genuine and that the rest are pseudographical. Their assertions are rejected by al-Nadim. Joining al-Nadim in asserting a real Jabir; Ibn-Wahshiyya ("Jaber ibn Hayyn al-Sufi ...book on poison is a great work..") Rejecting a real Jabir; (the philosopher c.970) Abu Sulayman al-Mantiqi claims the real author is one al-Hasan ibn al-Nakad al-Mawili. 14th century critic of Arabic literature, Jamal al-Din ibn Nubata al-Misri declares all the writings attributed to Jabir doubtful.
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Kashmiri people
The Kashmiri people (Kashmiri: کٲشُر) are a Dardic linguistic group living in or originating from the former Indian state of Kashmir. That former state is presently disputed territory, comprising the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir, the Pakistani-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, and the People's Republic of China-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
According to language research conducted by the International Institute of UCLA, the Kashmiri language is "a Northwestern Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European language family." There is, however, no universally agreed genetic basis for the language. UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the Kashmir Valley, whereas the 2001 census of India recorded 5,362,349 throughout India, and thus excluding speakers in the non-Indian Kashmiri areas.
Horace Hayman Wilson, who died in 1860, noted that the recorded history of Kashmir commences with the Kurukshetra War, which is believed to date variously from 6000BCE to 500BCE.
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Kurdish people
The Kurdish people, or Kurds (Kurdish: کورد Kurd), are an Iranic people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. They speak the Kurdish language, which is a member of the Iranian branch of Indo-European languages. The Kurds number about 30 million, the majority living in the Middle East, with significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey, in Armenia, Georgia, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, Lebanon and, in recent decades, some European countries and the United States. The Kurds are an indigenous ethnic minority in countries where the Kurdistan region is located, although they have enjoyed partial autonomy in Iraqi Kurdistan since 1991. An irredentist movement pushes for the creation of a Kurdish nation state.
The exact origins of the name, "Kurd", are unclear. Reynolds believes that the term Kurd is most likely related to the ancient term Qardu. The common root of Kurd and Qardu is first mentioned in a Sumerian tablet from the third millennium B.C. as the "land of Kar-da." Qardu is etymologically related to the Assyrian term Urartu corresponding to Ararat. According to Asatrian, the most reasonable explanation of this ethnonym is its possible connections with the Cyrtii (Cyrtaei)
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Mahdi Bemani Naeini
Mahdi Bemani Naeini (also spelt Mehdi Bemani, Mehdi Bemani Naeini, Persian: مهدی بمانی نائینی , born November 3, 1968) is an Iranian film director, cinematographer, TV news producer and photographer.
Born into an Iranian middle class family in Mashad on November 3, 1968. For the first time he touched camera at the age of ten when he developed and printed his first photos personally in his home made atelier. Throughout his early teens, Mahdi Bemani made amateur 8 mm movies with his family and friends. His films widely intended and presented in domestic and international film festivals and by the time he was 17, he gained many national and international prizes. He graduated from IYCS, Iranian Young Cinema Society in 1984 where he experienced filmmaking and photography systematically. He holds an M.A. in International Economic Relations.
Before 2008, he worked for several IRIB TV channels in Iran as an independent producer and filmmaker. In 2008, he was assigned by Press TV as Central Asia's news producer in Tajikistan.
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Mahmoud Khayami
Mahmoud Khayami, CBE, KSS, GCFO (born 1930 in Mashhad, Iran) (Persian: محمود خيامی) is an Iranian industrialist and philanthropist, of French nationality.
Khayami had an active role in the company Iran National (now Iran Khodro)or IKCO) (a company founded by his brother, Ahmad Khayami and later joined by Mahmood Khayami), automobile manufacturing and the introduction of the Paykan car to Iran in a partnership with the British Rootes family. He also founded the Bank of Iranian Industries, aimed at bolstering Iranian manufacturing, and the Kourosh Department Stores, the first large chain of retail stores in the country.
Although Khayami has retired, his family is still involved in the automotive industry, primarily in dealership ownership of one of their previous international partners Mercedes-Benz, most notably in Berkshire, England and Southern California where they operate Mercedes-Benz of Anaheim in the city of Anaheim, Orange County.
In later life, Mahmoud Khayami has been active as a philanthropist and collector of fine Persian art, forming the Khayami Collection. He has promoted of inter-religious relations in the UK and internationally with a special emphasis on relations between the Jewish, Christian and Muslim communities. Among his activities have been the hosting at Chatham House (RIIA) of inter-religious conferences. He is involved with the Encyclopædia Iranica project, and chairs the board of editors.
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Manouchehr Eghbal
Dr. Manuchehr Eqbal (1909–1977) (in Persian: منوچهر اقبال) was a Prime Minister of Iran. He was born October 14, 1909, in Mashhad,Iran.
He married a French woman and had three daughters. The eldest Nicole became a nun. The second, Monique married a Swiss surgeon and had a daughter, Muriel. The youngest daughter Maryam Francoise Eghbal, first married Prince Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi, but the marriage ended in divorce and she married Prince Shahriar Shafiq.
He studied at Darolfonoon, and finished advanced studies in medicine in Paris in 1933.
In 1950, he was appointed Chancellor of Tabriz University, followed by Tehran University in 1954. Five years later he became Iran's envoy to UNESCO. He then taught at Sorbonne for a while and became a member of the French Académie Nationale de Médecine.
In politics, he served as Minister of Health in Ahmad Ghavam's cabinet, Minister of Culture in Abdolhosein Hazhir's cabinet, Minister of Transportation in RajabAli Mansur's cabinet, and Interior Minister in Mohammad Sa'ed's cabinet. He was governor of East Azarbaijan province for a while.
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Marshall Manesh
Marshall Manesh (born August 16, 1950) is an Iranian/American actor.
Manesh was born in Mashhad, Iran. He has appeared in the television shows Will & Grace, Entourage, Scrubs, How I Met Your Mother in a recurring role as the Bangladeshi taxi/town car/limo driver Ranjit and he frequently saw the 5 friends, Burn Notice, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Persons Unknown, The X-Files and Prison Break as the Indian prime minister Nandu Banerjie'. He has also acted in the movies True Lies (his debut), Stealing Harvard, The Big Lebowski, "Kazaam", The Poseidon Adventure, and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, as Sri Sumbhajee, one of the Pirate Lords.
His latest role was in Andy Barker, P.I. starring Andy Richter. Manesh also appeared in the 2009 horror film Murder World alongside Scout Taylor-Compton.
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Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
Mehdi Akhavān-Sāles (مهدی اخوان ثالث), or Akhavān-Sāless (1928, Mashhad, Iran — 1990, Tehran, Iran), pen name M. Omid (م. امید, Hope) was a prominent Iranian poet. He is one of the pioneers of Free Verse (New Style Poetry) in Persian language.
Akhavan Sales was born in 1928 in Mashhad, Iran. He gave up an interest in music to appease his father. When the government of prime minister Mohammad Mossadegh was toppled, he was imprisoned along with other political activists. His daughter Laleh, was born while he was in prison.
After his release from prison in 1957, he started to work in radio, and soon after was transferred to Khouzestan to work in TV. Later on, he taught literature on radio and TV and at the university. After the 1979 Iranian Revolution he was granted membership to the Iranian Academy of Artists and Writers. In 1981 he was forced to retire from government service without pay. In 1990, following an invitation from the cultural organization in Germany, he traveled abroad for the first time. Few months after his return, he died at Mehr Hospital in Tehran. He is buried on the grounds of the mausoleum of Ferdowsi in Tus.
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Mitra Hajjar
Mitra Hajjar (In Persian: میترا حجار) (born February 3, 1977 in Mashhad, Iran is an Iranian actress. She is the winner, with an additional two nominations for Best Actress in the Fajr International Film Festival. Her first important role was in Born under Libra (1999, Ahmad Reza Darvish).
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Mohammad Khadem
Mohammad Khadem Azghadi (Persian: محمد خادم ازغدی, born September 7, 1935 in Mashhad) is an Iranian Freestyle wrestler. He is the father of world and olympic champion Rasoul Khadem and Amir Reza Khadem who is also an olympic champion.
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Mohammad Mansouri
Mohammad Mansouri Fahim (Persian: محمد منصوری فهیم, born 26 October 1983 in Tehran, Iran) is an Iranian Football Midfielder who currently plays for Zob Ahan in the Iran Pro League.
He spend several seasons in Aboomoslem and moved to Persepolis in summer 2008 and was alwayed used as a substitute during his first season.
He was called up for Team melli by Amir Ghalenoei in 2007 but never played any match. He also was invited in June 2011 by Carlos Queiroz.
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Mohammad-Ali Abtahi
Hojjat ol-Eslam Seyyed Mohammad Ali Abtahi (Persian: محمدعلی ابطحی; born January 27, 1958) is an Iranian theologian, scholar, pro-democracy activist and chairman of the Institute for Interreligious Dialogue. He is a former Vice President of Iran and a close associate of former President Mohammad Khatami. Abtahi is a member of the central council of Association of Combatant Clerics (Majma'e Rowhaniyoon-e Mobarez), the political grouping to which both Khatami and the 2009 presidential candidate Mehdi Karroubi (the previous Speaker of Majlis of Iran) belong.
Abtahi served in various governmental posts, including the President of Iranian Radio, Vice Minister of International Affairs in the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, and IRIB's representative in Lebanon. In 1997, President of Iran Mohammad Khatami chose Abtahi as his first chief of staff. Abtahi held the position from July 10, 1997, to September 1, 2001.
On September 2, 2001, Abtahi was elevated to the post of the Iranian Vice President for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs. He was the first cabinet member in Iran to write a weblog or have an Orkut account during his membership in the cabinet. He resigned from his post three times after the Iranian Majlis election of 2004, because of "differences in political viewpoints with the parliament's majority", and finally, on October 12, 2004, his resignation was accepted by President Khatami. He was followed by Majead Ansari, a previous representative of Tehran to the Parliament and a fellow member of the Combatant Clerics Society party.
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Mohammad-Taghi Bahar
Mohammad-Taqí Bahār (محمد تقی بهار in Persian) (November 6, 1884, Mashhad, Iran — April 22, 1951, Tehran, Iran), widely known as Malek o-Sho'arā (ملک الشعراء) and Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār (literally: the king of poets), is a renowned Iranian poet and scholar, who was also a politician, journalist, historian and Professor of Literature. Although he was a 20th-century poet, his poems are fairly traditional and strongly nationalistic in character.
Mohammad-Taqí Bahār was born on November 6, 1884 in the Sarshoor District of Mashhad, the capital city of the Khorasan Province in the north-east of Iran. Bahār began his primary education when he was 3, with his father, Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri, as his tutor. Mohammad Kāzem Sabouri was the Poet Laureate of the shrine in Mashad and had the honorific title of Malek o-Sho'arā, The King of Poets.
In addition to his private schooling, Bahār attended one of the traditional schools, Maktab Khāneh, in Mashhad. To enhance his knowledge of the Persian and Arabic, he further attended the classes of Adib Nai'shābouri, a traditional poet and literary scholar who promoted the style of the poets of Khorasan in the early Islamic era, in the tradition of the so-called bāzgasht-e adabī (literary regress). It has been said that Bahār knew by heart a very good portion of the Koran at a very early age. According to Bahār himself, at seven he read Shahnameh and fully grasped the meaning of Ferdowsi's Epic poems.
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Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.
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Muhammad al-Baqir
Quotations related to Muhammad al-Bāqir at Wikiquote
Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Bāqir (Arabic: محمد ابن علي الباقر ) (676-733 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH) was the Fifth Imām to the Twelver Shi‘a and Fourth Imām to the Ismā‘īlī Shī‘a. His father was the previous Imām, ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn, and his mother was Fatimah bint al-Hasan. He is revered by Shi'a Muslims for his religious leadership and highly respected by Sunni Muslims for his knowledge and Islamic scholarship as a leading jurist of Madinah, the City of the Prophet.
Muhammad al-Baqir was born on the 1st of the month of Rajab, 57th Hijra, in the city of Medina.
Because of his resemblance to his great-grandfather he was named Muhammad, because of it that he analyzed the knowledge and made manifest its secrets he became known with the title of al-Baqir.
He was the first Imam whose lineage ascended and reached the Islamic prophet Muhammad both from the paternal and maternal sides.
His life history can be divided into two parts:
Shia historians allege a hadith, that one of the companions of Muhammad, Jabir ibn Abd-Allah Ansari was in the presence of Muhammad. He asked Muhammad about the names of descendants from his daughter Hazrat Fatimah and Ali. Muhammad told him,
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Muhammad al-Mahdi
Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Mahdī (Arabic:محمد بن الحسن المهدي) (born c. July 29, 869 (15 Sha‘bān 255 AH), in Occultation since 941) is believed by Twelver Shī‘a Muslims to be the Mahdī, an ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imām of the Twelve Imams. Twelver Shī‘a believe that al-Mahdī was born in 869 and did not die but rather was hidden by God in 941 (this is referred to as the Occultation) and will later emerge with Isa (Jesus Christ) in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world. He assumed the Imamate at 5 years of age. Some Shi‘īte schools do not consider ibn-al-Hasan to be the Mahdī, although the mainstream sect Twelvers do.
Sunnis believe that the Mahdi has not yet been born, and therefore his exact identity is only known to Allah. Aside from the Mahdi's precise, genealogy, Sunnis accept many of the same hadiths Shias accept about the predictions regarding the Mahdi's emergence, his acts, and his universal Khilafat. Sunnis also have a few more Mahdi hadiths which are not present in Shia collections.
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Musa al-Kadhim
Quotations related to Mūsā al-Kādhim at Wikiquote
Mūsá ibn Ja‘far al-Kāżim / al-Kādhim (Arabic: موسى بن جعفر الكاظم) (November 6, 745 AD - September 1, 799 // Safar 7, 128 AH – Rajab 25, 183 AH) was the seventh of the Twelve Imams. He was the son of the sixth Imam, Ja‘far aṣ-Ṣādiq and his mother was Hamidah Khātūn, a student and former slave of North African descent. His wife Najmah was also a former slave purchased and freed by Hamidah, his mother.[citation needed]
Mūsá al-Kāżim was born during the power struggles between the Umayyad and the Abbasid. Like his father, he was assassinated by the Abbasids. He bore three notable children: the eighth Imām, ‘Alī ar-Riżá, and two daughters, Fāṭimah al-Ma‘sūmah and Hājar Khātūn.
The Festival of Imam Musa al-Kadhim celebrates his life and death.
Mūsá al-Kāżim was born in Abwa between Mecca and Medina. His mother was originally a slave of Berber origin, but after his father purchased her, he freed her and trained her as an Islamic scholar.
Mūsá al-Kāżim became the seventh Shi’ah Imam at the age of 21. According to the Kitab al-Irshad of Sheikh al-Mufid:
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Nader Shah
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}} Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November, 1688 or August 6, 1698 – June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. Because of his military genius, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander. Nader Shah was a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe of northern Persia, which had supplied military power to the Safavid state since the time of Shah Ismail I.
Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Afghans had overthrown the weak Persian Shah Sultan Husayn, and both the Ottomans and the Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become shah himself in 1736. His numerous campaigns throughout the Naderian Wars created a great empire that encompassed what is now part of or including Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, India, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Oman and the Persian Gulf but his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Persian economy.
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Nadir Shah
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}} Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; also known as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November, 1688 or August 6, 1698 – June 19, 1747) ruled as Shah of Iran (1736–47) and was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty. Because of his military genius, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander. Nader Shah was a member of the Turkic Afshar tribe of northern Persia, which had supplied military power to the Safavid state since the time of Shah Ismail I.
Nader rose to power during a period of anarchy in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Afghans had overthrown the weak Persian Shah Sultan Husayn, and both the Ottomans and the Russians had seized Persian territory for themselves. Nader reunited the Persian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become shah himself in 1736. His numerous campaigns throughout the Naderian Wars created a great empire that encompassed what is now part of or including Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, India, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Oman and the Persian Gulf but his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Persian economy.
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Khawaja Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ṭūsī (Persian: محمد بن محمد بن الحسن طوسی) (born 18 February 1201 in Ṭūs, Khorasan – died on 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah district of metropolitan Baghdad), better known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (Persian: نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persianpolymath and prolific writer: an astronomer, biologist, chemist, mathematician, philosopher, physician, physicist, scientist, theologian and Marja Taqleed. He was of the Ismaili-, and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief. The Muslim scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.
Nasir al-Din Tusi was born in the city of Tus in medieval Khorasan (now in north-eastern Iran) in the year 1201 and began his studies at an early age. In Hamadan and Tus he studied the Qur'an, Hadith, Shi'a jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.
He was apparently born into a Shī‘ah family and lost his father at a young age. Fulfilling the wish of his father, the young Muhammad took learning and scholarship very seriously and travelled far and wide to attend the lectures of renowned scholars and acquire the knowledge which guides people to the happiness of the next world. At a young age he moved to Nishapur to study philosophy under Farid al-Din Damad and mathematics under Muhammad Hasib. He met also Farid al-Din al-'Attar, the legendary Sufi master who was later killed by Mongol invaders and attended the lectures of Qutb al-Din al-Misri.
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Nasir Khusraw
Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī [also spelled as Nasir Khusrow and Naser Khosrow] (1004 - 1088 AD (Persian: ناصر خسرو قبادیانی,Tajik: Носири Хусрав) was a Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar, traveler and one of the greatest writers in Persian literature. He was born in Qubadyan, a village in middle-age Bactria in eastern Iranian province of Khorasan, now present-day in modern Tajikistan and died in Yamagan, Central Asia (now in Afghanistan). He is considered one of the great poets and writers in Persian literature. The Safarnama, an account of his travels, is his most famous work.
Nasir Khusraw was born in 1004 AD, in Qubadyan. He was well versed in the branches of the natural sciences, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and astrology, Greek philosophy, and the writings of al-Kindi, al-Farabi and Ibn Sina; and in the interpretation of the Qur'an. He also studied Arabic, Turkish, Greek, the vernacular languages of India and Sindh, and perhaps even Hebrew; and had visited Multan and Lahore, and the splendid Ghaznavid court under Sultan Mahmud, Firdousi's patron. He later chose Merv for his residence, and was the owner of a house and garden there.
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Nizam al-Mulk
Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi Nizam al-Mulk (1018–1092), better known as Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk Tusi (Persian: خواجه نظامالملک طوسی - Khwāğa Nizāmu l'Mulk al-Ṭusī) was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire. He was also for a short time the sole ruler of the Seljuq Empire.
"Nizam al-Mulk" was an honorific which he assumed after achieving prominence. It translates into English as: "good order of the kingdom."
Born in Tus in Persia (modern Iran), and initially serving the Ghaznavid sultans, Nizam al-Mulk became chief administrator of the entire Khorasan province by 1059 C.E.
From 1063, he served the Seljuqs as vizier and remained in that position throughout the reigns of Alp Arslan (1063–1072) and Malik Shah I (1072–1092). He left a great impact on organization of the Seljuq governmental bodies and hence the title Nizam al-Mulk which translates as "the order of state". He was pivotal figure who bridged the political gap between both the Abbasids and the Seljuqs against their various rivals such as the Fatimids and the Buyids.
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Noureddin Zarrinkelk
Noureddin Zarrinkelk (also spelled Zarrin-Kelk, also known as Noori or Nouri, born 1937 in Mashhad) is a renowned Iranian animator, concept artist, editor, graphic designer, illustrator, layout artist, photographer, script writer and sculptor.
He studied pharmacy at Tehran University and holds a PharmD. Then he studied animation film in the Belgium Royal Academy Of Fine Arts (Raoul Servais) from 1969 till 1972.
Zarrinkelk is currently a Professor at the faculty of fine art, Tehran University. Since 1971, he has been Jury member of various international animation festivals and illustration biennials.
Zarrinkelk was elected as the president of ASIFA (Association International du Film d'Animation) by his peers in 2003.
Zarrinkelk is known as the father of animation in Iran.
The art of animation as practised in modern day Iran started in 1950s. Iran's animation owes largely to Noureddin Zarrinkelk. Zarrinkelk was instrumental in founding the Institute for Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults (IIDCYA) in Tehran in collaboration with the late father of Iranian graphics Morteza Momayez and other fellow artists like Farshid Mesghali, Ali Akbar Sadeghi and Arapik Baghdasarian, among others.
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Ovanes Ohanian
Ovanes Ohanian (October 1896 - 1960) was an Armenian-Iranian father of Helen Ohaniance, Orod Ohanians and Paul Ohanians. Was a filmmaker, inventor, founder, doctor, scientist with PHD in medicine, film, science and languages. He established the first film school in the history of Iran. His first film, Abi and Rabi (1930) was Iran's first feature length movie. He founded the first acting school in Iran and the first acting school in India together with the first police school in Iran.[citation needed] He was fluent in 7 languages. Was assassinated in his office in Tehran. The museum in Tehran contains relevant information of his life.
n 1925 a young Armenian-Iranian, Ovanes Ohanian (Oganianse), who studied film in Cinema Akademi Of Moscow, returned to Iran. His goal was to establish a film industry in the country.
Since he found it impossible to initiate any production without professionals in the field, Ohanian decided to begin a film school in Tehran. Within five years he managed to run the first session of the school under the name: "Parvareshgahe Artistiye cinema" (The Cinema Artist Educational Centre). Acting and performance, rather than film production, were the cornerstones of the institution.
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Persian people
The Persian people are part of the Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient Indo-Iranians. The synonymous usage of Iranian and Persian has persisted over the centuries although some modern Western sources use Iranic/Iranian as a wider term that includes the term Persian as well as related Iranian languages and ethnic groups. However, these terms have been used both synonymously as well as in a complementary fashion since ancient times; as the Ancient Iranian peoples such as the Old Persians, Medes, Bactrians, Parthians and Avesta peoples considered themselves to be part of the greater Iranian ethnic stock.
The term Persian translates to "from or of Persis" which is a region north of the Persian Gulf located in Pars, Iran. It was from this region that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid empire, united all other Iranian empires (such as the Medes and the Elamites), and expanded the Persian cultural and social influences by incorporating the Babylonian empire, and the Lydian empire. Although not the first Iranian empire, the Achaemenid empire is the first Persian empire well recognized by Greek and Persian historians for its massive cultural, military and social influences going as far as Athens, Egypt, and Libya.
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Rafi Pitts
Rafi Pitts (born 1967 in Mashad, Iran) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian film director.
Rafi spent his childhood in Tehran, where he lived in a basement flat underneath a post-production studio. He describes himself as having been a 'very bad' child actor, starting in films at the age of eight. He came to England (his father is English) in 1981 during the Iran Iraq war. He graduated in 1991 from Harrow College - Polytechnic of Central London with a BA (Hons) degree in Film and Photography. His first short film, In Exile (1991) was presented the same year at the London International Film Festival. In the 90's Pitts moved to Paris and worked on films by Leos Carax, Jacques Doillon and Jean-Luc Godard.
Educated in France and England, Rafi Pitts belongs to the new wave of Iranian cinema, which received numerous prestigious prizes in the international festival circuit.
In 1996 he had the opportunity to film in Iran and describes himself as having been the first film director (in exile) to do so since the Revolution in 1979. His first feature Season Five (1997) was the first Franco-Iranian coproduction since the Revolution.
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Ramzi Yousef
Ramzi Yousef (Arabic: رمزي يوسف, Ramzī Yūsuf; born May 20, 1967) was one of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and a co-conspirator in the Bojinka plot. In 1995, he was arrested at a guest house in Islamabad, by the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence and United States Diplomatic Security Service, then extradited to the United States.
He was tried in New York City in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York and along with two co-conspirators was convicted of planning the Bojinka plot. Yousef stated: "Yes, I am a terrorist, and proud of it as long as it is against the U.S. government and against Israel, because you are more than terrorists; you are the one who invented terrorism and using it every day. You are butchers, liars and hypocrites." He was sentenced to two life sentences for his part in the World Trade Center bombing and Bojinka plot.
Yousef's uncle is Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a senior al-Qaeda member accused of being the principal architect of the September 11 attacks. He is also in United States custody.[citation needed]
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Rasoul Khadem
Rasul Khadem Azghadi (Persian: رسول خادم ازغدی, born February 17, 1972 in Mashhad) is an Iranian wrestler who has won a Bronze medal in the 1992 Summer Olympics and a gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is also the 1994 and 1995 world champion and the 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995 and 1996 Asian champion. He was trained by his father Mohammad Khadem, and he is the brother of Amir Reza Khadem.
He has been a Tehran City Councillor since 2003 and is close to mayor Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf.
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Reza Attaran
Reza Attaran (born 31 March 1968 in Mashhad) is an Iranian actor and director. He has played in both films and television shows. Attaran won the Best Actor award at the 2008 Gol Aga Comedy Film Festival.
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Reza Enayati
Gholamreza Enayati (Persian: غلامرضا عنايتى , born September 23, 1976 in Mashhad, Iran) is an Iranian football player who currently plays for Mes Kerman in Iran Pro League and former member of Iran national football team. He usually plays the striker position. He is the all time top goalscorer in the Iran Pro League.
Reza Enayati started out his professional career playing for his hometown club F.C. Aboomoslem. He had a number of impressive seasons there, especially the 2001/02 season where he finished as the league's top goalscorer and was called up to the national team.
He remained in F.C. Aboomoslem for the 2002/03 season but the year after and after being linked with a move to Persepolis F.C. he signed with Esteghlal F.C.. He was not able to impress in his first season in Tehran, but in the 2004/05 season he was able to show his talents and was able to finish as the IPL's top goalscorer again with 20 goals. The next season he was just as impressive, scoring 21 goals, finishing as the league's top scorer and helping his club Esteghlal win the championship and also broke the record of scoring in a season in Iran and he is the all time top scorer of Persian Gulf Cup. After World Cup 2006 he signed with the UAE club, Al-Emarat. On March 19, 2007 Enayati extended his contract with UAE League side Al-Emarat in a deal that will keep him there until the end of the 07/08 season.
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Reza Ghoochannejhad
Reza Ghoochannejhad (Persian: رضا قوچاننژاد; born 20 September 1987 in Mashhad) is an Iranian-Dutch footballer who currently plays for Sint-Truiden in the Belgian Pro League.
In April 2006 he made his debut in professional football by the home match against AZ as a replacement for Fernando Derveld. Ghoochannejhad was during the winter season of 2006-07, where he rented from SC Heerenveen based finished their matches in team promise. During an exhibition game at the end of the season he was a serious injury. Rehabilitation followed at the Frisian club. The football year he played out again at SC Heerenveen, but did not for the first team in action. The same was true of the first half of the season 2008-09, but after the winter, the attacker again a Premier League club hired. This time Ghoochannejhad played for FC Emmen.
In the summer of 2009 yielded Ghoochannejhad his contract with Heerenveen in to focus on his studies to focus. In addition, he joined as an amateur with Go Ahead Eagles his second contract with the club. Although Ghoochannejhad Go Ahead in the winter season of 2009/10 was contracting, he decided immediately to go to SC Cambuur, where he signed a contract for 2.5 years. In his first game for Cambuur, on January 22, 2010 against BV Veendam, nine seconds after he scored his first goal for his new team.
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Reza Kianian
Reza Kianian (Persian: رضا کیانیان , born June 19, 1951) is an Iranian actor. In an early age he and his family moved to Mashhad[citation needed]; he,however, moved back to Tehran later to study fine arts at the University of Tehran.
Reza Kianian in 1330/1951 was born in Tehran and in three years with his family moved to Mashhad. He graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts Theatre Tehran University. Since 1345 began acting in theater shows Antigone, petty bourgeois, Simon Masha figures, Mississippi's marriage, souvenir sand years and ... Played. April 89, he played in the show, directed by Professor Attila Bvbvs Pesyani after six years away from the theater back on stage again. He graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts Theatre Tehran University. In addition to his acting in the field of set design and script writers have worked together years ago to design stage "lotus" was winning. In the sixteenth Fajr Film Festival for playing movies Agency glass Actor Award and was second in the thirteenth game in the Fajr Film Festival for film Kimia nominated Best Actor role in the second. In addition, he films a movie theater and movie games, Red Ribbon has provided extraordinary. He played in the film Mandgarsh house on Water Crystal Phoenix Best Actor from the twentieth Fajr International Film Festival won.
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Reza Shah
Rezā Shāh Pahlavi (Persian: رضاشاه پهلوی; pronounced [reˈzɑː ˈʃɑːhe pæhlæˈviː] (March 15, 1878 – July 26, 1944), was the Shah of the Imperial State of Iran from December 15, 1925, until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on September 16, 1941.
In 1925, Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi dynasty. He established a system of government that revitalized the goals of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran where for the first time Iranians were seeking for rulers who do not remain in power for eternity. Known for being quite intelligent despite his lack of formal and academic education, Reza Shah introduced many socio-economic reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration and finances. To his supporters his reign brought "law and order, discipline, central authority, and modern amenities — schools, trains, buses, radios, cinemas, and telephones". However, his attempts at modernisation have been criticised for being "too fast".
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Saeed Jalili
Saeed Jalili, (Persian: سعید جلیلی, born 6 September 1965 in Mashhad ) is an Iranian politician and the present secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council. On October 20, 2007, he replaced Ali Larijani as the secretary of the council and hence chief nuclear negotiator of Iran. He was previously Deputy Foreign Minister for European and American Affairs.
Born 1965 in Mashhad, Jalili has a Ph.D in political science from Imam Sadeq University, the title of his doctoral thesis was "Paradigm of Political Thought of Islam in the Holy Quran". He worked as a university lecturer before becoming a junior government official in 1989, rising to become Director General for Office of Supreme Leader of Iran in 2001 and Deputy Foreign Minister for European and American Affairs and an advisor to the President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005. He speaks Persian, English, and Arabic.
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Seyyed Ali Khamenei
Grand AyatollahSayyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei (Persian: سید علی حسینی خامنه ای, Azerbaijani: سید علی حسینی خامنهای – Seyyid Əli Xameneyi, pronounced [ʔæˈliː hoseiˈniː xɒːmeneˈʔiː] ( listen); born 17 July 1939) is the Supreme Leader of Iran, and a Twelver Shi'a marja. He had also served as the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1981 to 1989. In 2010, Forbes selected him 26th in the list of 'World's Most Powerful People'.
Holding absolute power in his country, he has been described as one of only three people having "important influence" during the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Khamenei was the victim of an attempted assassination in June 1981 that paralyzed his right arm, although so far the biggest challenge to his leadership has been the mass protests following the June 2009 presidential elections during which he strongly supported president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. They have had a falling out since.
Khamenei holds the title of Sayyed, which means that he claims direct patrilineal descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib. Some[which?] of Khamenei's ancestors are from Tafresh in today's Markazi province, and had migrated from their original home in Tafresh to Tabriz. Born in Mashhad, he is second eldest of eight children, and two of his brothers are also clerics. His younger brother, Hadi Khamenei, is a renowned newspaper editor and cleric. Khamenei is Iranian Azeri on his father's side and his mother is a Yazd-native Persian.
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Shadmehr
Shadmehr (Persian: شادمهر; also Romanized as Shādmehr and Shādmir; also known as Shalimar) is a city in and capital of Shadmehr District, in Mahvelat County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,369, in 848 families.
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Shah Abbas I
Shāh ‘Abbās the Great (or Shāh ‘Abbās I) (Persian: شاه عَباس بُزُرگ) (January 27, 1571 – January 19, 1629) was Shah (king) of Iran, and generally considered the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad.
Abbas came to the throne during a troubled time for Iran. Under his weak-willed father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the Qizilbash army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, the Ottoman Empire and the Uzbeks, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. In 1587, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a coup and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. But Abbas was no puppet and soon seized power for himself. He reduced the influence of the Qizilbash in the government and the military and reformed the army, enabling him to fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks and reconquer Iran's lost provinces. He also took back land from the Portuguese and the Mughals. Abbas was a great builder and moved his kingdom's capital from Qazvin to Isfahan. In his later years, the shah became suspicious of his own sons and had them killed or blinded.
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Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tusi (Persian: شیخ توسی), full name: Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi (Persian: ابوجعفر محمد بن حسن توسی), known as Shaykh al-Taʾifah (Arabic: شيخ الطائفة) was a prominent Persian scholar of the Shi'a Twelver Islamic belief.
Abu Jaʿfar Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. ʿAli b. al-Hasan al-Tusi was born in Tus in Iran in the year 385 of the Islamic era.
Al-Shaikh al-Tusi grew up in Tus and began his studies there. In 408 A.H. he left Tus to study in Baghdad. There he first studied under al-Shaikh al-Mufid, who died in 413 A.H. Leadership of the Shi'ite scholars then fell to al-Sharif al-Murtada. The latter remained in this position until his death in 436 A.H. During this time al-Shaikh al-Tusi was closely associated with al-Sharif al-Murtada. His vast scholarship and learning made him a natural successor of al-Sharif al-Murtada as the leading spokesman of Shi'ite Islam. So impressive was his learning that the Abbasid caliph, al-Qadir, attended his lectures and sought to honour him.
In the closing years of al-Shaikh al-Tusi's life the political situation in Baghdad and the domains of the Abbasid caliphate was in turmoil. The Saljuqids fiercely anti-Shiʿite, were gaining commanding power in the centre of the Islamic Empire at the expense of the Buyids who had always seemed tolerant to Shi'ite views. In 447 Tughril-bek the leaders of the Saljuqids entered Baghdad. At this time many of the 'ulama' in Baghdad, both Sunni and Shiʿite were killed. The house of al-Shaikh al-Tusi was burnt down, as were his books and the works he had written in Baghdad, together with important libraries of Shi'ite books. Fanaticism against the Shi'a was great.
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Soleyman III
Soleyman II, was the ruler of Persia from 1749 until 1750. His real name was Mir Sayyed Mohammad Marashi and he was in charge of Holy Shrines in Qom and Mashhad. His mother was the daughter of Safavid shah Suleiman I, and so in 1750 he was enthroned by Alam Khan Arab Khozaima and some Kurdish and Jalayirid chiefs thus taking the throne name of Soleyman II. Shahrokh was blinded but was restored to the throne after only a few months, as Soleyman II was removed and blinded.
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Tajik people
Tajik (Persian: تاجيک, Tājīk; Tajik: Тоҷик) is a general designation for a wide range of Persian-speaking people of Iranic origin, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. There are also smaller communities living in Iran and Pakistan; consisting mainly of refugees from Afghanistan and immigrants from Tajikistan.
In terms of language, culture, and history the Tajiks are closely related to the Persians of Iran.
As a self-designation, the term Tajik, which earlier on had been more or less pejorative, has become acceptable only during the last several decades, particularly as a result of Soviet administration in Central Asia. Alternative names for the Tajiks are Fārsī (Persian), Fārsīwān (Persian-speaker), and Dīhgān (cf. Tajik: Деҳқон, Dehqon, literally "farmer or settled villager", in a wider sense "settled" in contrast to "nomadic").
The Tajiks of China, although known by the name Tajik, speak Eastern Iranian languages and are distinct from Persian Tajiks.
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Taleshi
The Talyshi language is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Historically, the language and its people can be traced through the middle Iranian period back to the ancient Medes. It includes many dialects usually divided into three main clusters: Northern (in Azerbaijan and Iran), Central (Iran) and Southern (Iran). There are a wide variety of estimates for the number of Talyshi speakers with reliable estimates running anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million. Talyshi is partially, but not fully, intelligible with respect to Persian. Talysh is classified as "vulnerable" by UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.
The origin of the name Tolish is not clear but is likely to be quite old. The name of the people appears in early Arabic sources as Al-Taylasân and in Persian as Tâlišân and Tavâliš, which are plural forms of Tâliš. Northern Talysh (in the Republic of Azerbaijan) was historically known as Tâlish-i Guštâsbi. Talysh has always been mentioned with Gilan or Muqan. Hamdallah Mostowfi writing in the 1340s calls the language of Gushtaspi covering the Caspian border region between Gilan to Shirvan is called a Pahlavi language connected to the language of Gilan. Although there are no confirmed records, the language called in Iranian linguistics as Azari can be the antecedent of both Talyshi and Tati. Miller’s (1953) hypothesis that the Âzari of Ardabil, as appears in the quatrains of Shaikh Safi, was a form of Talyshi. That was also confirmed by Henning (1954). In western literature the people and the language are sometimes referred to as Talishi, Taleshi or Tolashi. Generally speaking, the written books and texts concerning Taleshi are rare. However, In the recent decades a scientific and research movement has come about in this old region in poetry, history, literature, etc.
wn.com/Taleshi -
Timur Shah Durrani
Timur Shah Durrani, (Pashto, Persian, Urdu, Arabic: تیمور شاہ درانی ; 1748 – May 18, 1793) was the second ruler of the Durrani Empire from October 16, 1772, until his death in 1793. An ethnic Pashtun, he was the second and eldest son of Ahmad Shah Durrani, he was also the son-in-law of Alamgir II and the brother-in-law of Shah Alam II.
Timur Shah was born in Mashhad in 1748 had a quick rise to power by marrying the daughter of Mughal Emperor Alamgir II. He received Sirhind as a wedding gift and later his father Ahmad Shah Durrani made him governor of Punjab, Kashmir and the Sirhind district, in 1757 when he was only 9 years old. He ruled from Lahore under the regency of his Mughal guide, ally and general Jahan Khan, who administered these territories for approximately one year, from May 1757 until April 1758.
Adina Beg Khan, governor of the Julundur Doab, along with Raghunath Rao leading the Maratha empire, forced Timur Shah and Jahan from Punjab and put in place their own government under Adina Beg Khan.
wn.com/Timur_Shah_Durrani -
Turkmen people
The Turkmen (Turkmen: Türkmen/Түркмен, plural Türkmenler/Түркменлер) are a Turkic people located primarily in the Central Asian states of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, Syria, Iraq and North Caucasus (Stavropol Krai). They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Western Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages family together with Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai, Gagauz and Salar.
Originally, all Turkic tribes that were not part of the Turkic dynastic mythological system (for example, Uigurs, Karluks, Kalaches and a number of other tribes) were designated "Turkmens". Only later did this word come to refer to a specific ethnonym. The etymology of the term derives from Türk plus the Sogdian affix of similarity -myn ,-men, and means "resembling a Türk" or "co-Türk". A prominent Turkic scholar, Mahmud Kashgari, also mentions the etymology Türk manand (like Turks). The language and ethnicity of the Turkmen were much influenced by their migration to the west. Kashgari calls the Karluks Turkmen as well, but the first time the etymology Turkmen was used was by Makdisi in the second half of the 10th-century AD. Like Kashgari, he wrote that the Karluks and Oghuz Turks were called Turkmen. Some modern scholars have proposed that the element -man/-men acts as an intensifier, and have translated the word as "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks". Among Muslim chroniclers such as Ibn Kathir the etymology was attributed to the mass conversion of two hundred thousand households in AH 349 (971 CE), causing them to be named Turk Iman, which is a combination of "Turk" and "Iman" إيمان (faith, belief), meaning "believing Turks", with the term later dropping the hard-to-pronounce hamza.
wn.com/Turkmen_people -
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek, pl. Oʻzbeklar) are a major Turkic-speaking ethnic group in Central Asia. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, and large populations can also be found in Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan, Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Smaller diaspora populations of Uzbeks from Central Asia, mainly from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, are also found in Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, North America, and Western Europe.
The origin of the name Uzbek remains disputed. One view holds that it is eponymously named after Uzbeg Khan. Another states that the name means independent or the lord itself, from Oʻz (self) and Bek/Bey/Beg (from the Turkic root meaning a noble title). However there is another theory that the pronunciation of Uz comes from one of the Oghuz Turks variously known as Uz or Uguz united with the word Bey or Bek to form uguz-bey, meaning "leader of an oguz".
Although Turko-Mongol infiltration into Central Asia had started early, as late as the 13th century AD when Turkic and Mongol armies finally conquered the entire region, the majority of Central Asia's peoples were Iranic peoples such as Sogdians, Bactrians and, more ancient, the Saka–Massagetae tribes. It is generally believed that these ancient Indo-European-speaking peoples were linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups while the sedentary population finally adopted the Persian language, the traditional lingua franca of the eastern Islamic lands. The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an elite dominance process. This process was dramatically boosted during the Mongol conquest when millions were either killed or pushed further south to the Pamir region.
wn.com/Uzbeks -
Zayn al-Abidin
‘Alī ibn Al-Husayn (Arabic: علي بن الحسين ) (approximately 6 January 659 – 20 October 712) known as Zayn al-‘Ābidīn ("Beauty/Best of the Worshippers") was a great-grandson of Muhammad, as well as the fourth Shī‘ah Imām (the third Imām according to Ismā‘ilīs). His mother was Shahrbānū and his father was Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī. His brothers include ‘Alī al-Aṣghar ibn Ḥusayn and ‘Alī al-Akbar ibn Ḥusayn. He is also referred to as Imām al-Sajjad "the Prostrating Imām" and Sayyid as-Sājjadīna wa r-Rāki‘īn "Leader of Those who Prostrate and Bow".
Quotations related to ‘Alī ibn Husayn Zaynul ‘Ābidīn at Wikiquote
‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn was born on 15th Jamadiulawwal or 5th Shabaan 38 AH (654) in Medina. His father, Husayn ibn ‘Alī, was a grandson of Prophet Muhammad. His brothers were Ali Akbar ibn Hussain and Ali Asghar ibn Hussain. His sisters were Sakinah(Fatema Kubra) bint Husayn and Fatema Sugra bint Husayn and Ruqayyah(Sakina 4 years old).
He dedicated his life to learning and became an authority on prophetic traditions and Sharia. He is regarded as the source of the third holiest book in Shī‘ah Islam after the Qur'an and the Nahj al Balagha: the Saḥīfa al-Sadjadiyya, commonly referred to as the Psalms of the Household of Muhammad. ‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn had many supporters such as Sa‘īd ibn Jubayr.
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Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
good memories of Mashhad...
http://wn.com/Mashhad
good memories of Mashhad...
HAve Fun in Mashhad IRAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
A good place to meet local people and have fun with them, in Mashhad and around ; Kang, Turgadeh, Shandiz for lunch. Enjoy travelling for people !
http://wn.com/HAve_Fun_in_Mashhad_IRAN
A good place to meet local people and have fun with them, in Mashhad and around ; Kang, Turgadeh, Shandiz for lunch. Enjoy travelling for people !
- published: 09 Nov 2011
- views: 3608
- author: Francois Asia
Mashhad (Iran) urban Railway
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
All credits for this video go to M.Mobin. Video obtained from: vimeo.com Again, this is NOT my video. If you're the owner of this video and wish to have it removed, plz contact me.
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Iran_urban_Railway
All credits for this video go to M.Mobin. Video obtained from: vimeo.com Again, this is NOT my video. If you're the owner of this video and wish to have it removed, plz contact me.
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 393
- author: goooooooooooooz
A Love named Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/A_Love_named_Mashhad
- published: 04 Jun 2011
- views: 1803
- author: manu6x
Amazing Azan Mashhad Imam Ali-Rida ( أذان مشهد عند الامام علي الرضا (ع
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:17
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Gebetsruf im Schrein des Imam Ali Ar-Rida (as.) in Mashhad - Iran PLEASE like and share the following page: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Amazing_Azan_Mashhad_Imam_Ali-Rida_أذان_مشهد_عند_الامام_علي_الرضا_ع
Gebetsruf im Schrein des Imam Ali Ar-Rida (as.) in Mashhad - Iran PLEASE like and share the following page: www.facebook.com
- published: 18 Aug 2011
- views: 160488
- author: Husayni12
Mashhad (Iran) Documentary - Imam Reza (as)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:27
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
A Documentary about the city Mashhad in Iran and Imam Reza (as) which shrine is in this city.
http://wn.com/Mashhad_Iran_Documentary_Imam_Reza_as
A Documentary about the city Mashhad in Iran and Imam Reza (as) which shrine is in this city.
- published: 29 Dec 2011
- views: 1690
- author: yaali87
Mashhad, Iran, Khayyam Bolvd. Sadjad Shahr
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
boolvar sajjad, sajjad shahr, mashhad, iran
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Khayyam_Bolvd_Sadjad_Shahr
boolvar sajjad, sajjad shahr, mashhad, iran
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 2054
- author: shahinarya
Mashhad, Iran یاد مشهد بخیر یره
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
آهنگ از سی دی قطره ، فریبا هدایتی و بهنام معصو می
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran_یاد_مشهد_بخیر_یره
آهنگ از سی دی قطره ، فریبا هدایتی و بهنام معصو می
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 5867
- author: zeebacefat
Mashhad, Iran, Ahmadabad and Rahnamaie Streets Views From Inside a Taxicab + Radio Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
Mashhad, Iran, Ahmadabad and Rahnamaie Streets Views From Inside a Taxicab + Radio Mashhad.
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran,_Ahmadabad_and_Rahnamaie_Streets_Views_From_Inside_a_Taxicab_+_Radio_Mashhad
Mashhad, Iran, Ahmadabad and Rahnamaie Streets Views From Inside a Taxicab + Radio Mashhad.
- published: 20 May 2009
- views: 11827
- author: shahinarya
MASHAD MASHHAD IRAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد, literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia world. It is located 850 kilometers (500 miles) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2427316 at the 2006 population census.[1] Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza (Ali ibn Musa al-Rida). A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development. Mashad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi t overland trip 1975 Don Pugh Producer
http://wn.com/MASHAD_MASHHAD_IRAN
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد, literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia world. It is located 850 kilometers (500 miles) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2427316 at the 2006 population census.[1] Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza (Ali ibn Musa al-Rida). A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development. Mashad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi t overland trip 1975 Don Pugh Producer
- published: 03 May 2009
- views: 20240
- author: Donald Pugh
Best persian dancer. Mashhad, Iran 07/05/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
This guy is from Zahedan,he danced just for me and tried to teach me persian dance two days before my wedding party.
http://wn.com/Best_persian_dancer_Mashhad,_Iran_07_05_2012
This guy is from Zahedan,he danced just for me and tried to teach me persian dance two days before my wedding party.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 1620
- author: Jacek R.
MASHHAD, IRAN, MALEKABAD BLVD. PARK MELLAT
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
http://wn.com/MASHHAD,_IRAN,_MALEKABAD_BLVD_PARK_MELLAT
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 1687
- author: shahinarya
MASHHAD, IRAN, MALEKABAD BLVD. PARK MELLAT 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
http://wn.com/MASHHAD,_IRAN,_MALEKABAD_BLVD_PARK_MELLAT_2
Malekabad Blvd, Park Blvd., Kosar Zirgozar
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 448
- author: shahinarya
ARSAMES, IRANIAN DEATH METAL band from Mashhad city
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
Song: Homo sapiens Band: Arsames CIty: Mashhad north east of iran PERSIAN Death Metal Band, ARSAMES: Hammering down your head wishing you were be dead suffering infection and violence keeping your mind in silence... See More Hatred strelity conceited delict carnality defiant sacrilege covetous Trait trait trait Trait of homo sapiens trait trait Trait of homo sapiens The cosmos never ends nobody defends the hell must be you tent welcome to your pent open your blinded eyes all your hopes die you cant breath darkness surrounds you by reality Death comes to claim you your brain rotted with pain Internerate velocity immersed in pure insanity come onnnnnnnn noooooooooo Hammering down ur head wishing you were be dead suffering infection and violence keeping your mind in silence Hatred strelity conceited delict carnality defiant sacrilege.................
http://wn.com/ARSAMES,_IRANIAN_DEATH_METAL_band_from_Mashhad_city
Song: Homo sapiens Band: Arsames CIty: Mashhad north east of iran PERSIAN Death Metal Band, ARSAMES: Hammering down your head wishing you were be dead suffering infection and violence keeping your mind in silence... See More Hatred strelity conceited delict carnality defiant sacrilege covetous Trait trait trait Trait of homo sapiens trait trait Trait of homo sapiens The cosmos never ends nobody defends the hell must be you tent welcome to your pent open your blinded eyes all your hopes die you cant breath darkness surrounds you by reality Death comes to claim you your brain rotted with pain Internerate velocity immersed in pure insanity come onnnnnnnn noooooooooo Hammering down ur head wishing you were be dead suffering infection and violence keeping your mind in silence Hatred strelity conceited delict carnality defiant sacrilege.................
- published: 23 Feb 2010
- views: 191598
- author: barzakh
Iranian Plane Accident in Mashhad Iran , over 46 Injured
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:37
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
Taban Air From Abadan, Stopped in Esfahan, continued Flight and got fire in Mashhad Iranian Airplane got Fire.. Iran 4 Bahman 88 Jan. 24, 2010 یکشنبه ۴ بهمن ۱۳۸۸ هواپیمای توپولوف در فرودگاه مشهد آتش گرفت 46 injured after plane crash lands in Iran TEHRAN, Iran—A Russian-made Iranian passenger plane carrying 157 passengers and 13 crew crash landed in northeastern Iran on Sunday injuring at least 46 people, state television reported. The broadcast quoted Iran's civil aviation spokesman, Reza Jafarzadeh, as saying that no one was killed in the accident. He gave no indication of what might have caused the accident. The Taban Air plane caught fire upon landing at Mashhad airport at 7:20 am local time (0350 GMT). The injured have been taken to hospitals in Mashhad, the report added. Jafarzadeh said the Tupolev plane initially took off from Abadan airport in southwestern Iran Saturday evening but landed in Isfahan, central Iran, because of bad weather in Mashhad, its destination. "The plane took off from Isfahan airport at 5:35 am local time Sunday ... Despite bad weather and minimum visibility, the pilot made an emergency landing because a passenger was ill. But the incident then happened during landing," he said. Jafarzadeh said the plane was seriously damaged. State television added that part of the aircraft had burned and the left wing and undercarriage were torn off. Iran has about a dozen Soviet-built Tupolev airliners. Iran has seen numerous crashes in recent years and its ...
http://wn.com/Iranian_Plane_Accident_in_Mashhad_Iran_,_over_46_Injured
Taban Air From Abadan, Stopped in Esfahan, continued Flight and got fire in Mashhad Iranian Airplane got Fire.. Iran 4 Bahman 88 Jan. 24, 2010 یکشنبه ۴ بهمن ۱۳۸۸ هواپیمای توپولوف در فرودگاه مشهد آتش گرفت 46 injured after plane crash lands in Iran TEHRAN, Iran—A Russian-made Iranian passenger plane carrying 157 passengers and 13 crew crash landed in northeastern Iran on Sunday injuring at least 46 people, state television reported. The broadcast quoted Iran's civil aviation spokesman, Reza Jafarzadeh, as saying that no one was killed in the accident. He gave no indication of what might have caused the accident. The Taban Air plane caught fire upon landing at Mashhad airport at 7:20 am local time (0350 GMT). The injured have been taken to hospitals in Mashhad, the report added. Jafarzadeh said the Tupolev plane initially took off from Abadan airport in southwestern Iran Saturday evening but landed in Isfahan, central Iran, because of bad weather in Mashhad, its destination. "The plane took off from Isfahan airport at 5:35 am local time Sunday ... Despite bad weather and minimum visibility, the pilot made an emergency landing because a passenger was ill. But the incident then happened during landing," he said. Jafarzadeh said the plane was seriously damaged. State television added that part of the aircraft had burned and the left wing and undercarriage were torn off. Iran has about a dozen Soviet-built Tupolev airliners. Iran has seen numerous crashes in recent years and its ...
- published: 24 Jan 2010
- views: 14310
- author: TheDictatorOfIran
Namaz e Maghrib at Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (as), Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
Spiritually rich moments of performing Namaz e Maghrib at Haram e Imam Reza (as) / Shrine of Imam Reza (as) in Courtyard Jamia Razavi
http://wn.com/Namaz_e_Maghrib_at_Holy_Shrine_of_Imam_Reza_as,_Mashhad
Spiritually rich moments of performing Namaz e Maghrib at Haram e Imam Reza (as) / Shrine of Imam Reza (as) in Courtyard Jamia Razavi
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 233
- author: kalilanipk
Tabriz ismaiel heydari( mashhad-1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:37
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
isamiel heydari be mashhad miravad!
http://wn.com/Tabriz_ismaiel_heydari_mashhad-1
isamiel heydari be mashhad miravad!
- published: 16 Sep 2007
- views: 41066
- author: Pourya Dastmalchi
Driving through Vakil Abad, Mashhad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 28 Jan 2012
Vakil Abad, mashhad, Iran
http://wn.com/Driving_through_Vakil_Abad,_Mashhad
Vakil Abad, mashhad, Iran
- published: 25 Apr 2009
- views: 4786
- author: r9kw
Tazahorat Mashhad, 24 khordad - 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 21 May 2012
Tazahorat Mashhad, 24 khordad - 2
http://wn.com/Tazahorat_Mashhad,_24_khordad_2
Tazahorat Mashhad, 24 khordad - 2
- published: 13 Jun 2008
- views: 21784
- author: ebic1361
Iran: From Mashhad to Tehran - An iranian train trip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:42
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Impressionen einer iranischen Zugfahrt. Von Mashhad nach Teheran. 1000km Zugfahrt quer durch den Iran. Die Fahrt dauert etwa 10-12 Std., auch deshalb, weil immer wieder pausiert wird an Haltestellen. Die Fahrt ist eher ein Erlebnis statt eilige Fahrt. Tickets sind ab 3€ zu haben:-) Auch ein Expresszug verkehrt zwischen beiden Städten, dass allerdings in 7 Std. Ein Flug kostet zwischen beiden Städten ab 50-60€. Impressions of an Iranian train journey. From Mashhad to Tehran. 1000km train journey across Iran. The trip takes about 10-12 hours, also because the train makes some breaks. Tickets can be get from 3 € :-) An express train is also traveling between two cities. A flight costs 40-60€ and takes only 1 hour. Impressions d'un voyage en train iranienne. De Mashhad à Téhéran. Voyage en train mille kilomètres à travers l'Iran. Le trajet dure environ 10-12 heures, aussi parce que le train fait quelques pauses. Les billets peuvent être obtenir à partir de 3 € :-) Captured with Canon Ixus 225 HS.
http://wn.com/Iran_From_Mashhad_to_Tehran_An_iranian_train_trip
Impressionen einer iranischen Zugfahrt. Von Mashhad nach Teheran. 1000km Zugfahrt quer durch den Iran. Die Fahrt dauert etwa 10-12 Std., auch deshalb, weil immer wieder pausiert wird an Haltestellen. Die Fahrt ist eher ein Erlebnis statt eilige Fahrt. Tickets sind ab 3€ zu haben:-) Auch ein Expresszug verkehrt zwischen beiden Städten, dass allerdings in 7 Std. Ein Flug kostet zwischen beiden Städten ab 50-60€. Impressions of an Iranian train journey. From Mashhad to Tehran. 1000km train journey across Iran. The trip takes about 10-12 hours, also because the train makes some breaks. Tickets can be get from 3 € :-) An express train is also traveling between two cities. A flight costs 40-60€ and takes only 1 hour. Impressions d'un voyage en train iranienne. De Mashhad à Téhéran. Voyage en train mille kilomètres à travers l'Iran. Le trajet dure environ 10-12 heures, aussi parce que le train fait quelques pauses. Les billets peuvent être obtenir à partir de 3 € :-) Captured with Canon Ixus 225 HS.
- published: 27 Apr 2012
- views: 3190
- author: KanalReise
Mashhad, Iran streets from inside a cab + radio Mashhad --Ahmadeabaad to Pastor St.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Mashhad, Iran streets from inside a cab + radio Mashhad --Ahmadeabaad to Pastor St.
http://wn.com/Mashhad,_Iran_streets_from_inside_a_cab_+_radio_Mashhad_--Ahmadeabaad_to_Pastor_St
Mashhad, Iran streets from inside a cab + radio Mashhad --Ahmadeabaad to Pastor St.
- published: 20 May 2009
- views: 1726
- author: shahinarya
Iran :: Mashhad :: Imam Reza Shrine Architecture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Includes Pre-Parsi style and Achaemenid architecture. Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. It is the second largest mosque in the world. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries, a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.
http://wn.com/Iran_Mashhad_Imam_Reza_Shrine_Architecture
Includes Pre-Parsi style and Achaemenid architecture. Imām Reza shrine (Persian: حرم امام رضا) in Mashhad, Iran is a complex which contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. It is the second largest mosque in the world. Also contained within the complex include: the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries, a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.
- published: 28 Apr 2011
- views: 3059
- author: Flo14wer
Iran - From Mashhad to Tehran by train wonderful railroad view - August 2012 (Full HD 1080p)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:03
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
I capture this video at the end waggon of the train. So in the morning, it was after the sun rised, I had this wonderful amazing view while the rest of the passenger went to their cabines for sleeping after a break for muslim prayers. Please watch it in Full HD. This Video is captured with Toshiba Camileo P20.
http://wn.com/Iran_From_Mashhad_to_Tehran_by_train_wonderful_railroad_view_August_2012_Full_HD_1080p
I capture this video at the end waggon of the train. So in the morning, it was after the sun rised, I had this wonderful amazing view while the rest of the passenger went to their cabines for sleeping after a break for muslim prayers. Please watch it in Full HD. This Video is captured with Toshiba Camileo P20.
- published: 04 Sep 2012
- views: 1366
- author: KanalReise
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Osama Faisal
08 Dec 2012
There has been a historic shift in the UN climate talks in Qatar, with the prospect of rich nations having to compensate poor nations for losses due to climate change. The US has fiercely opposed the measure - it says the cost could be unlimited. But after angry tussles throughout the night the principle of Loss and Damage is now in the final negotiating text ... The political stakes are high ... "I will block this ... "I will block this ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
06 Dec 2012
The Egyptian army has deployed tanks and armoured troop carriers outside the presidential palace in Cairo after clashes between supporters and opponents of President Mohammed Morsi left five dead and hundreds injured. But, despite their presence, there are reports of a fresh outbreak of stone-throwing between the two sides. Egypt is seeing growing unrest over a controversial draft constitution ... 'Loud and clear' ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Siasat Daily
08 Dec 2012
Hyderabad, December 08.. Mr ... Mr. Hasan Nooriyan has recently taken charge as Consul General of Iran in Hyderabad. For his first press interview he chose Siasat Daily ... Nooriyan told that he will focus his attention towards trade treaties with Andhra Pradesh Government and will try to connect Hyderabad to any of the cities of Iran; either Mashhad or Isfahan. He will also strive for direct flight from Hyderabad to Mashhad ... Siasat news....(size: 2.7Kb)
The Star
05 Dec 2012
TEHRAN. Residents of Tehran were on Wednesday urged to leave the city, if possible, to escape a stagnant stew of choking air pollution that officials warned had reached "dangerous" levels ... "Each day of holiday in the five biggest cities (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Arak and Karaj) costs the economy" $275 million, a lawmaker, Mohammed Reza Tabesh, told the ISNA news agency ... -AFP. ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Middle East Online
05 Dec 2012
TEHRAN - Residents of Tehran were on Wednesday urged to leave the city, if possible, to escape a stagnant stew of choking air pollution that officials warned had reached "dangerous" levels ... "Each day of holiday in the five biggest cities (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Arak and Karaj) costs the economy" $275 million, a lawmaker, Mohammed Reza Tabesh, told the ISNA news agency ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
Jakarta Globe
04 Dec 2012
Herat, Afghanistan. Ghaus worked in Iran for five years but has nothing to show for it. All he has are memories of being jailed, beaten and sent home to Afghanistan ... Afghanistan and Iran share a language, and cultural and historical links ... The deal was struck ... Over time, drugs seemed the better option,â said Rasool, a grey-bearded man who guarded a construction site in Iranâs second-largest city of Mashhad for 15 years ... Reuters ....(size: 7.0Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
04 Dec 2012
Deep inside an old Tehran political prison, three turns off a dark corridor and through a small gap, lies a bleak cell for solitary confinement ... IN PICTURES – Khamenei. The Iron Ayatollah ... Farhi ... * * * ... IN PICTURES – Khamenei ... Khamenei was born in the shrine city of Mashhad, burial place of Imam Reza, the eighth Shiite imam ... He wanted to leave Mashhad ... In Mashhad, Khamenei joined a literary association and hobnobbed with poets and writers ... ....(size: 27.5Kb)
BBC News
28 Nov 2012
Egyptian state TV channels have shown inconsistency in their coverage of the latest political row surrounding President Mohammed Mursi's decision to issue a decree granting himself extensive powers, despite apparent attempts to shed the view that they might be used as a mere propaganda tool ... For example, the Nile News live evening talk show (Al-Mashhad) on 26 November featured two guests, both of whom defended the move ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
Xinhua
26 Nov 2012
• Syrians began to wonder why Syria could not obtain a ceasefire over the past 20 months ... DAMASCUS, Nov ... DIFFERENT ATTITUDES ... State-run SANA news agency said some armed radical rebels affiliated to the so-called Jabhat al-Nusra front, an al-Qaida- linked group, put up posters on the walls of residential buildings in al-Mashhad area in the northern province of Aleppo, demanding to occupy the residents' houses and asking them to leave ... 分享....(size: 7.5Kb)
Xinhua
25 Nov 2012
DAMASCUS, Nov ... State-run SANA news agency said some armed radical rebels affiliated to the so-called Jabhat al-Nusra front, an al-Qaida- linked group, put up posters on the walls of residential buildings in al-Mashhad area in the northern province of Aleppo, demanding to occupy the residents' houses and asking them to leave ... Mortar attacks were also reported to have taken place in Damascus' suburbs of Qaboun and Esali ... Gen ... Editor ... 分享. ....(size: 2.7Kb)
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
23 Nov 2012
BUENOS AIRES -- Eighteen years have passed since a suicide bomber drove a Renault van loaded with explosives into the headquarters of the Jewish community center here, killing 85 people ... Mr ... Ahmad Vahidi ... Nisman, the prosecutor overseeing the case, has contended that the decision to attack AMIA, as the cultural center is known by its Spanish initials, was made at a 1993 meeting in the Iranian city of Mashhad in Mr ... In addition, Mr ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
The New York Times
23 Nov 2012
BUENOS AIRES — Eighteen years have passed since a suicide bomber drove a Renault van loaded with explosives into the headquarters of the Jewish community center here, killing 85 people ... Connect With Us on Twitter ... Mr ... Nisman, the prosecutor overseeing the case, has contended that the decision to attack AMIA, as the cultural center is known by its Spanish initials, was made at a 1993 meeting in the Iranian city of Mashhad in Mr ... No....(size: 12.4Kb)
IMC
22 Nov 2012
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IMC
22 Nov 2012
Submitted by ciemoidelelis1971 on Thu, 2012-11-22 03.43. http.//or.sakifer.pl/Jlpe.html Mujeres con caballos.com. http.//sne.qrx.acerfaver.pl/Kxon.html How to make an origami clone trooper finger puppet. http.//kra.acerfaver.pl/Fgya.html Jonah falcon picture. http.//kb.adefrat.pl/Uzxo.html Brandi from storage wars sexy pics. http.//hls.adefrat.pl/Nfer.html Jackei guerido cojiendo ... com ... estefan ... q ... http.//bd.nadsole.pl/Wbzc.html Mashhad efaf....(size: 256.0Kb)
IMC
21 Nov 2012
Submitted by sapharmifatnii1980 on Wed, 2012-11-21 13.21. http.//pwmw.one.pl/Litm.html Channel west coast pic of her face to butt. http.//c6m0ix4.one.pl/Qble.html Hentie games. http.//dbv2k.one.pl/Gpok.html Answers to government on e2020. http.//we9u5x.one.pl/Eyso.html Mafia sayings and quotes. http.//m08.one.pl/Izqa.html Futanaria cumshot ... http.//29l9jf.one.pl/Eewa.html Mundarco,com ... to use ... http.//1y23f.one.pl/Ansg.html Dokhtar az mashhad....(size: 256.0Kb)
For other uses, see Mashhad (disambiguation).
| Mashhad مشهد |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Nickname(s): Mashhad | |||
| Motto: City of paradise (Shahre behesht) | |||
 Mashhad
|
|||
| Coordinates: 36°18′N 59°36′E / 36.3°N 59.6°E / 36.3; 59.6Coordinates: 36°18′N 59°36′E / 36.3°N 59.6°E / 36.3; 59.6 | |||
| Country |  Iran |
||
| Province | Razavi Khorasan | ||
| County | Mashhad | ||
| Bakhsh | Central | ||
| Mashhad-Sanabad-Toos | 818 AD (Martyrdom Of Imam Reza) | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor (Ŝahrdār) | Mohammad Pejman | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 458 km2 (177 sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 3,946 km2 (1,524 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 985 m (3,232 ft) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • City | 4,250,350 | ||
| • Population Rank in Iran | 2nd | ||
| Over 20 million pilgrims and tourists per year[1] | |||
| Time zone | IRST (UTC+3:30) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | IRDT (UTC+4:30) | ||
| Website | www.mashhad.ir | ||
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد)[2][3] is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located 850 kilometres (530 mi) east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its population was 2,427,316 at the 2006 population census.[4] It was a major oasis along the ancient Silk Road connecting with Merv in the East.
Now Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza. A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographic development.
Mashhad is also known as the city of Ferdowsi, the Iranian poet of Shahnameh, which is considered to be the national epic of Iran.
Geography and demographics[link]
The city is located at 36.20º North latitude and 59.35º East longitude, in the valley of the Kashaf River near Turkmenistan, between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having cool winters, pleasant springs, mild summers, and beautiful autumns. It is only about 250 km (160 mi) from Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
The city is the administrative centre of Mashhad County (or the shahrestan of Mashhad) as well as the somewhat smaller district (bakhsh) of Mashhad. The city itself, excluding parts of the surrounding bakhsh and shahrestan, is divided into 13 smaller administrative units, with a total population of almost 2,5 million.[4]
Mashhad consists mainly of people of Iranian descent (primarily Persian, Tajik, Hazara, Kurdish and Turkmen ethnic groups). Among the non-Iranians, there are sizable population of Afghanistani, Iraqi, Pakistani,as well as small population of Kuwaiti, Bahraini and (Chechen and Dagestani from Russia). In the 19th century and early 20th century, Mashhad was home to a sizable population of Azerbaijani, Armenian, Dagestani, Taleshi, Russian, Bokharan, Khivan, Afghan, Herati, Mervi, Kashmiri, and Indian.
There are also over 20 million pilgrims who visit the city every year.[1]
History[link]
At the beginning of the 9th century (3rd century AH) Mashhad was a small village called Sanabad situated 24 km away from Tus. There was a summer palace of "Hamid ibn Qahtabi", the governor of Khorasan. In 808 when Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid caliph, was passing through there to settle down the insurrection of "Rafi ibn Leith" in Transoxania, he became ill and died. He was buried under the palace of Hamid ibn Qahtabi. Several years later in 818 Imam Ali al-Reza was martyred by Al-Ma'mun and was buried beside the grave of Harun.[5]
After this event this place was called as Mashhad al-Rida (the place of martyrdom of Ali al-Rida). Shias started visiting there for pilgrimage of his grave. By the end of the 9th century a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and Bazaars sprang up around it. During more than a millennium it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.[6]
It was not considered a great city until Mongol raids in 1220 which caused the destruction of many large cities in the Greater Khorasan territories, leaving Mashhad relatively intact. Thus the survivors of the massacres migrated to Mashhad.[7] When the famous world traveller Ibn Battuta visited the town in 1333, he reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles.[1]
Later on, during the Shahrokh era, it became one of the main cities of the Timurid dynasty. In 1418 his wife Goharshad funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine, which is known as Goharshad Mosque.[7] The mosque remains relatively intact to this date, its great size an indicator to the status the city held in the 15th century.
Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty, conquered Mashhad after the death of Husayn Bayqarah and the decline of the Timurid dynasty. Mashhad was later captured by the Uzbeks during the reign of Shah Abbas I, only to be retaken by the Shah Abbas in the year of 1597 after a long and severe struggle, defeating the Uzbeks in a great battle near Herat as well as managing to drive them beyond the Oxus River.
Shah Abbas I wanted to encourage Iranians to go to Mashhad for pilgrimage, he himself is known to have walked from Isfahan to Mashhad. During the Safavid era Mashhad gained even more religious recognition, becoming the most important city of the Greater Khorasan as several Madrasah and other structures were built beside the shrine of the Imam Reza.
Besides its religious significance, Mashhad has played an important political role as well. It saw its greatest glory under Nadir Shah, ruler of Iran from 1736 to 1747 and also a great benefactor of the shrine of the Imam Reza, making the city his capital. It remained the capital of the Afsharid dynasty until Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar conquered the then larger region of Khorasan in 1796. In 1749 Ahmad Shah Durrani (The Duranni Pashtun Empire) took possession of Herat, which was ruled by Nadir Shah's grandson, Shah Rukh. Herat fell to Ahmad after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict, Afterwards Mashhad(in present-day Iran) was taken by the The Durrani Empire as well.
In 1912, the sanctuary of the Imam Reza was bombed by the Russian forces, causing widespread and persisting resentment in the Shiite Muslim world.
1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion[link]
Main article: Imam Reza shrine rebellion
In 1935 a backlash against the modernizing, anti-religious policies of Reza Shah erupted in the Mashed shrine. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's heretical innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanted slogans such as "The Shah is a new Yezid." For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine and the standoff was ended when troops from Azerbaijan arrived and broke into the shrine,[8] killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between Shi'ite clergy and the Shah.[9]
1994 Imam Reza shrine bombing[link]
On June 20, 1994, an explosion from a bomb occurred in a prayer hall of the shrine of the Imam Reza[10] The bomb that killed at least 25 people on June 20 in Mashhad exploded at Ashura.[11] Ramzi Yousef, one of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, was found to be behind the plot.[12] However, official state media blamed Mehdi Nahvi, a supposed member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MKO) in order to prevent sectarian violence.
Climate[link]
Mashhad features a steppe climate (Köppen BSk) with hot summers and cool winters. The city only sees about 250 mm of precipitation per year, some of which occasionally falls in the form of snow. Mashhad also has wetter and drier periods with the bulk of the annual precipitation falling between the months of December and May. Summers are typically hot and dry, with high temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F). Winters are typically cool to cold and somewhat damper, with overnight lows routinely dropping below freezing. Mashhad enjoys on average just under 2900 hours of sunshine per year.
| Climate data for Mashhad | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24 (75) |
26 (79) |
32 (90) |
35.4 (95.7) |
39.2 (102.6) |
41.6 (106.9) |
43.8 (110.8) |
42.4 (108.3) |
42 (108) |
35.8 (96.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
43.8 (110.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7.2 (45.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
33 (91) |
28.9 (84.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.8 (25.2) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
8.2 (46.8) |
12.2 (54.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.2 (61.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27 (−17) |
−28 (−18) |
−13 (9) |
−7 (19) |
−1 (30) |
4 (39) |
10 (50) |
5 (41) |
−1 (30) |
−8 (18) |
−16 (3) |
−25 (−13) |
−28 (−18) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 33 (1.3) |
35.2 (1.386) |
55.6 (2.189) |
46.3 (1.823) |
27.6 (1.087) |
4.2 (0.165) |
1.1 (0.043) |
0.8 (0.031) |
1.7 (0.067) |
8.6 (0.339) |
15.4 (0.606) |
24.7 (0.972) |
254.2 (10.008) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 149.1 | 147.3 | 161.2 | 198.6 | 279.2 | 341.7 | 366.1 | 358.7 | 304.5 | 247.4 | 187.5 | 151.1 | 2,892.4 |
| Source: [13] | |||||||||||||
Religion[link]
See also: Imam Reza shrine
Today the holy shrine and its museum holds one of the most extensive cultural and artistic treasuries of Iran, in particular manuscript books and paintings. Several important theological schools are associated with the shrine of the Eighth Imam.
The second largest holy city in the world, Mashhad attracts more than 20 million tourists and pilgrims every year, many of whom come to pay homage to the Imam Reza shrine (the eighth Shi'ite Imam). It has been a magnet for travellers since medieval times.[1] Thus, even as those who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca receive the title of Haji, those who make the pilgrimage to Mashhad—and especially to the Imam Reza shrine – are known as Mashtee, a term employed also of its inhabitants. It is thought that over 20 million Muslims a year make the pilgrimage to Mashhad.
Culture[link]
Long a center of secular and religious learning, Mashhad has been a center for the arts and for the sciences. The Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, named after the great Iranian poet, is located here. The Madrassa of Ayatollah Al-Khoei, originally built in the seventeenth century and recently replaced with modern facilities, is the city's foremost traditional centre for religious learning. The Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, founded in 1984, stands at the centre of town, within the shrine complex. The prestige of traditional religious education at Mashhad attracts students, known as talaban, or "Molah" internationally.
Mashhad is also home to one of the oldest libraries of the Middle-East called the Central Library of Astan-e Quds Razavi with a history of over six centuries. The Astan-e Quds Razavi Museum, which is part of the Astan-e Quds Razavi Complex, is home to over 70,000 rare manuscripts from various historical eras. There are some six million historical documents in the foundation's central library.
In 1569 (977 H), 'Imad al-Din Mas'ud Shirazi, a physician at the Mashhad hospital, wrote the earliest Islamic treatise on syphilis, one influenced by European medical thought. Kashmar rug is a type of Persian rug indigenous to this region.
Main sites[link]
File:TousMuseum.JPG
Tous Museum
Apart from Imam Reza shrine there is a number of large parks, the tombs of historical celebrities in nearby Tus and Nishapur, the tomb of Nadir Shah and Kooh Sangi park and Mellat Park that have modern attractions for children such as the tallest Ferris wheel or fanfar (چرخ و فلک) in Iran[citation needed] and Koohestan Park-e-Shadi Complex that includes a zoo, where many wild animals are kept and which attracts many visitors to Mashhad. It is also home to the Mashhad Airbase (formerly Imam Reza airbase), jointly a military installation housing Mirage aircraft, and a civilian international airport.
Some points of interest lie outside the city: the tomb of Khajeh Morad, along the road to Tehran; the tomb of Khajeh Rabi' located 6 kilometers north of the city where there are some inscriptions by the renowned Safavid calligrapher Reza Abbasi; and the tomb of Khajeh Abasalt, a distance of 20 kilometers from Mashhad along the road to Neishabur. (The three were all disciples of Imam Reza).
Among the other sights are the tomb of the poet Ferdowsi in Tus, 24 kilometers distance, and the summer resorts at Torghabeh, Torogh, Akhlamad, Zoshk, and Shandiz.
The Shah Public Bath, built during the Safavid era in 1648, is an outstanding example of the architecture of that period. It was recently restored, and is to be turned into a museum.
Gallery[link]
Pictures[link]
-
Imam Reza Shrine
-
Proma Hypermarket
-
Kian Center
-
Mashhad is the major trade center of saffron in Iran.
-
Many beautiful handicraft products are sold in Shandiz and Torghabeh.
-
IranianHandicrafts.JPG
Some Iranian Handicrafts (metalwork) in Torghabeh
-
Haruniyeh Dome in Tous
-
Malek's House in Mashhad
-
St. Mesrop Church in Mashhad
-
NadirShahAfshar.JPG
Nader Shah Museum in Mashhad
-
Tous Museum near Mashhad
-
Shandiz a tourist town near Mashhad
-
ImamRezaHospital.JPG
Imam Reza Hospital (formerly Shah Reza Hospital)
-
Homa Hotel
-
Mashhad's countryside
Transportation[link]
Airport[link]
Mashhad is served by the Mashhad International Airport which handles domestic flights to Iranian cities and international flights, mostly to neighboring, Arab countries.
Metro[link]
Main article: Mashhad Light Rail
The Mashhad Urban Railway Corporation (MURCO) is constructing a metro system for the city of Mashhad which includes four lines with 77 km length . The first phase (line) of the metro has been exploited in 21 Feb 2011 with 19 km length and 22 stations[14] and will be connected to Mashhad International Airport. The second line with 14 km length and 12 stations is under construction and is projected to be finished by 2014.[15]
Rail[link]
Mashhad is connected to three major rail lines: Tehran-Mashhad, Mashhad-Bafgh (running south), and Mashhad-Sarakhs at the border with Turkmenistan. Some freight trains continue from Sarakhs towards Uzbekistan and to Kazakhstan, but have to change bogies because of the difference in Rail gauge. A rail line is being constructed off the Mashhad-Bafgh line to connect Mashhad to Herat in Afghanistan, but has not yet been completed and one is planned to connect to the Gorgan railhead and the port of Bandar Torkaman on the Caspian Sea to the west. Passenger rail services are provided by Raja Passenger Trains Company and all trains are operated by R.A.I., Rah-Ahan (Railway) of Iran, the national railway company.
Colleges and universities[link]
Universities
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Khavaran Institute of Higher Education
- Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
- Mashhad Institute Of Technology(MIT)
- Payame Noor University of Mashhad
- Sadjad Institute of Higher Education
- Khayyam University of Mashhad
- Imam Reza University
- Razavi University of Islamic Sciences
Colleges
- Salman Institute of Higher Education
- Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Mashhad Branch (Jahad Daneshgahi of Mashhad)
- Toos Institute of Higher Education
- Shahid Beheshti Teacher Training College
- Shahid Khorshidi Teacher training College
- Asrar Institute of Higher Education
- Samen Institute of Higher Education
- Khayyam Institute of Higher Education
- Alzahra Girls Technical College of Mashhad
- Bahar Institute of Higher Education
- Binalood Institute of Higher Education
- Eqbal Lahoori Institute of Higher Education
- Institute of Applied and Practical Sciences, Khorasan Razavi
Major sport teams[link]
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FC Aboomoslem |
|
Soccer | Samen Stadium and Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Payam Mashhad F.C. |
|
Soccer | Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Siah Jamegan Khorasan F.C. |
|
Soccer | Samen Stadium and Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) |
|
|
| Elmo Adab Mashhad FSC |
|
Futsal | |||
| Rahahan Khorasan W.C. |
|
Freestyle wrestling | Mohammad Ali Sahraei Hall[16] | ||
| Ferdowsi Club | Beach soccer | ||||
| Mojhaye Abi | Swimming | Takhti Stadium (Mashhad) | |||
| Persepolis Khorasan[17] |
|
Volleyball | Shahid Beheshti Sport Complex | ||
| Basketball Khorasan Razavi |
|
Basketball | Mehran Hall |
Mashhad as capital of Persia and Independent Khorasan[link]
The following Shahanshahs had Mashhad as their capital:
Kianid Dynasty
- Malek Mahmoud Sistani 1722–1726
Autonomous Government of Khorasan
Famous people from Mashhad and Tus[link]
- Religious and political figures
- Shaykh Tusi, 385–460 A.H.; prominent Persian scholar of the Shi'a Twelver Islamic belief
- Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, born February 1201 in Tūs, Khorasan – 26 June 1274 in al-Kāżimiyyah near Baghdad; Persian of the Ismaili and subsequently Twelver Shī‘ah Islamic belief
- Seyyed Ali Khamenei, born 17 July 1939; former president and current supreme leader of Iran
- Sheikh Ali Tehrani, brother-in-law of Seyyed Ali Khamenei, currently living in Iran Iraq. He is one of the oppositions of current Iranian government.
- Nizam al-Mulk, 1018 – 14 October 1092; celebrated Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire
- Al-Hurr al-Aamili, Shia scholar and muhaddith
- Al-Ghazali, 1058–1111; Islamic theologian, jurist, philosopher, cosmologist, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin
- Timur Shah Durrani, Emir of Afghanistan 1772-1793
- Ali al-Sistani, born approximately August 4, 1930; Twelver Shi'a marja residing in Iraq since 1951
- Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani, 1839–1911; Twelver Shi'a Marja, Persian (Iranian) politician, philosopher, reformer
- Hossein Vahid Khorasani, born in 1924; Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja
- Mohammad-Ali Abtahi, born January 27, 1958; former Vice President of Iran and a close associate of former reformist President Mohammad Khatami
- Abu Muslim Khorasani, c. 700–755; Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani, Abbasid general of Persian origin
- Manouchehr Eghbal, October 14, 1909 – November 25, 1977, a Prime Minister of Iran
- Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty), August 20, 1377 – March 12, 1447; ruler of the eastern portion of the empire established by the Central Asian warlord Timur (Tamerlane)
- Goharshad, Persian noble and wife of Shāh Rukh, the emperor of the Timurid Dynasty of Herāt
- Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, born August 23, 1961 in Torghabeh, near Mashhad; the current Mayor of Tehran, Iran
- Hassan Rahimpour Azghadi, Conservative political strategist and popular television personality in the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Hadi Khamenei, b. 1947; mid-ranking cleric who is a member of the reformist Association of Combatant Clerics
- Seyed Hassan Firuzabadi, current major general, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Saeed Jalili, born 1965 in Mashhad; Iranian politician and the present secretary of Iran's Supreme National Security Council
- Writers and scientists
- Ferdowsi, 935–1020 in Tus; a Persian poet
- Abu-Mansur Daqiqi, 935/942–976/980
- Abolfazl Beyhaqi, 995–1077; a Persian historian and author
- Nasir Khusraw, 1004–1088; Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar and traveler
- Abusa'id Abolkhayr, December 7, 967 – January 12, 1049 / Muharram ul Haram 1, 357 – Sha'aban 4, 440 AH; famous Persian Sufi who contributed extensively to the evolution of Sufi tradition
- Anvari, 1126–1189, one of the greatest Persian poets
- Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, 1928, Mashhad, Iran – 1990, Tehran, Iran; a Persian poet
- Mohammad-Taghi Bahar, November 6, 1884, Mashhad, Iran – April 22, 1951; Tehran, Iran
- Asadi Tusi, born in Tus, Iranian province of Khorasan, died 1072 Tabriz, Iran; Persian poet of Iranian national epics
- Emad Khorasani
- Gholam Hosein Yousefi
- Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, 900–971; Persian astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan
- Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī, 10 June 940 – 1 July 998; Persian mathematician and astronomer
- Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī, 1135–1213; Persian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages)
- Jābir ibn Hayyān, c. 721 in Tus–c. 815 in Kufa; prominent polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geologist, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician
- Artists
- Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, born September 23, 1940 in Mashhad, Iran; internationally and critically acclaimed Persian traditional singer, composer and Master (Ostad) of Persian music
- Homayoun Shajarian, Mohammad-Reza Shajarian's son, born May 21, 1975; renowned Persian classical music vocalist, as well as a Tombak and Kamancheh player
- Kayvan Saket, born in 1960 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian composer, Radif-preserver, researcher, teacher, and excellent Tar and Setar instrumentalist and improvisor
- Noureddin Zarrinkelk, born 1937 in Mashhad, Iran; renowned Iranian animator, concept artist, editor, graphic designer, illustrator, layout artist, photographer, script writer and sculptor
- Reza Kianian, born July 17, 1951 in Mashhad, Iran, Iranian actor
- Hamid Motebassem, born 1958 in Mashhad, Iranian musician and tar and setar player
- Reza Attaran, born 31 March 1968 in Mashhad; Iranian actor and director
- Hamed Behdad, born 17 November 1973 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian actor
- Marshall Manesh, born 16 August 1950 in Mashad; Iranian-American actor
- Mahdi Bemani Naeini, born November 3, 1968; Iranian film director, cinematographer, TV cameraman and photographer
- Rafi Pitts, born 1967 in Mashhad, Iran; internationally acclaimed Iranian film director
- Javad Jalali, born 30 May 1977 in Mashhah, Iranian Photographer and Cinematographer
- Iran Darroudi, born September 2, 1936 in Mashhad; Iranian artist
- Mohsen Namjoo, born 1976 in Torbat-e-Jaam; Iranian singer-songwriter, author, musician, and setar player
- Mitra Hajjar, born February 4, 1977; Iranian actress
- Ovanes Ohanian, ?–1961 Tehran; Armenian-Iranian filmmaker who established the first film school in Iran
- Valy,[18] Afghan Singer
- Scientists
- Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī, 10 June 940 – 1 July 998; Persian mathematician and astronomer
- Anousheh Ansari, born 12 September 1966; the Iranian-American co-founder and chairman of Prodea Systems, Inc and a spaceflight participant with the Russian space program
- Sports figures
- Heshmat Mohajerani, born January, 1936 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian football coach, manager, and former player
- Khodadad Azizi, born June 22, 1971 in Mashhad, Iran; retired professional football striker
- Alireza Vahedi Nikbakht, born June 30, 1980 in Mashhad; Iranian professional football player
- Hossein Badamaki, Iranian professional football player
- Mohammad Mansouri, Iranian professional football player
- Reza Enayati, Iranian professional football player
- Reza Ghoochannejhad, Iranian-Dutch professional football player
- Mohsen Ghahramani, Iranain football refree
- Mohsen Torki, Iranian football refree
- Seyed Ali Akbarian, known as "father of Iran's mountaineering". Notorious for having ate human flesh while stranded on a hike in Zagros Mountains. Currently owns a Kabob restaurant in Westwood
- Amir Reza Khadem, born February 10, 1970 in Mashhad
- Rasoul Khadem, born February 17, 1972 in Mashhad
- Mohammad Khadem
- Amir Tavakkolian
- Abbas Golmakani, World's wrestling champion during the 1950s
- Others
- Ali Akbar Fayyaz, a renowned historian of early Islam and literary critic, founder of the School of Letters and Humanities at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mahmoud Khayami, born 1930 in Mashhad, Iran; Iranian born industrialist and philanthropist, of French nationality
- Hossein Sabet, Iranian businessman and Persian carpet dealer who owns Sabet International Trading Co.
- Hesam Kolahan, World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
Sister cities[link]
Milan, Italy
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (October 2006)[19]
Karachi, Pakistan[20]- Lahore, Pakistan[21]
Fresno, United States
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Ürümqi, China
Consulates[link]
Active[link]
Former[link]
United Kingdom: British Consulate-General (1889–1947)[22]
Russia: Russian Consulate-General (1889–1917)
USSR: Soviet Consulate-General (1917–1979?)
See also[link]
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b c d "Sacred Sites: Mashhad, Iran". sacredsites.com. http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/iran/mashad.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-13.
- ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936 P.127
- ^ The shiites: a short history, Heinz Halm, P.26
- ^ a b Statistical Centre of Iran, 2006 Population and Housing Census, Administrative units of Razavi Khorasan and their populations. (excel-file, in Persian). Retrieved 2008-07-05.[dead link]
- ^ Zabeth (1999) pp. 12–13.
- ^ Zabeth (1999) pp. 13–16.
- ^ a b Zabeth (1999) pp. 14–15.
- ^ Ervand, History of Modern Iran, (2008), p.94
- ^ Bakhash, Shaul, Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c1984, p.22
- ^ "ABC Evening News for Monday, Jun 20, 1994". Tvnews.vanderbilt.edu. 1994-06-20. http://tvnews.vanderbilt.edu/program.pl?ID=154427. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ^ "Explosive circles: Iran. (Mashhad bombing)". Highbeam.com. 1994-06-25. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16070232.html. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
- ^ "Context of 'Mid-1994: Ramzi Yousef Works Closely with Al-Qaeda Leaders". Historycommons.org. http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=amid94yousefradio. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
- ^ http://www.irimo.ir/farsi/drought/synopH/Mashhad.txt
- ^ . Fars News Agency. 21 February 2011. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8912020113. Retrieved 29 July 2011 (in Persian).
- ^ . Fars News Agency. 5 July 2011. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=9004141078. Retrieved 29 July 2011 (in Persian).
- ^ "هیات کشتی استان خراسان رضوی". Razavisport.ir. http://www.razavisport.ir/news/show_detail.asp?id=668. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ http://www.afghanstarz.com/apps/photos/album?albumid=3578259
- ^ "Mashad-Kuala Lumpur Become Sister cities". FARS News Agency. 2006-10-14. http://kuala-lumpur-news.newslib.com/story/453-3234431/. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ "Karachi and Mashhad Declared Sister Cities". Daily Times. 2012-05-12. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012\05\12\story_12-5-2012_pg12_1.
- ^ "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. 2007-03-02. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2007_pg7_43. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
- ^ Onley, James. The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 15. ISBN 0-19-922810-8.
References[link]
- Zabeth, Hyder Reza (1999). Landmarks of Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran: Islamic Research Foundation. ISBN 964-444-221-0.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mashhad |
- Municipality of Mashhad Official website (in Persian)
- Astan Quds Razavi
- e-Mashhad Mashhad Portal Official website (in Persian)
- Imam Reza Network
- http://www.razavi.ir/
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 ʿAlī al-Riḍā Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam |
|
|---|---|
A modern depiction by a Shi'a artist |
|
| Rank | 8th Twelver Imām |
| Name | Ali ibn Musa ibn Jafar |
| Kunya | Abū al-Hasan[1] |
| Birth | 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 153AH ≈ 29 December 765 C.E. |
| Death | 28th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23 August 818 C.E. |
| Birthplace | Madīnah[1] |
| Buried | Imām Rizā Mosque, Mashhad |
| Life Duration | Before Imamate: 35 years (148 – 183 AH) Imamate: 20 years (183 – 203 AH) - 17 years in Madīnah - 3 years in Khorasan |
| Titles | |
| Spouse(s) | Sabīkah a.k.a. Khayzurān[1] |
| Father | Mūsā al-Kādhim |
| Mother | Ummul Banīn Najmah[1] |
| Children | Muhammad at-Taqi (successor) |
|
al-Sajjad · al-Baqir · al-Sadiq |
|
‘Alī ibn Mūsā al-Riḍā (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (commonly known as, ‘Alī al-Riḍā, Ali Rezā, or Ali Rizā) (ca. December 29, 765 – August 23, 818)[1] was the seventh descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the eighth of the Twelve Imams, according to Shia sect of Islam. His given name was ‘Alī ibn Mūsā ibn Ja‘far.
Quotations related to ‘Alī ar-Rizā at Wikiquote
Contents |
Birth and family life[link]
File:Imam Reza 3 1 1 1.jpg
Shrine of Imam Ali Ridha in Mashhad, Iran
On the eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH, a son was born in the house of Imam Musa al-Kadhim (the seventh Imam of Islam) in Medina, who took over the position of the Imamate, after his father. He was named Ali and titled al-Ridha. He was born one month after the death of his grandfather, Ja'far as-Sādiq. Like his father and grandfather, his education came at the hands of his father. The mother of Ali al-Ridha was Bibi Najmah, who was considered to be the most notable and distinguished lady in the realm of wisdom and faith. Najmah was originally a Berber (from the Maghreb i.e. Northwest Africa).[3] She was purchased and freed by Bibi Hamidah Khatun, wife of Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, and like Bibi Hamidah was also a notable Islamic scholar.
Right from his childhood, Ali al-Ridha accompanied his father, Imam Musa al-Kazim, who repeatedly used to tell his friends, "Ali al-Ridha shall be the Imam after me." As such, Makhzumi says one day Musa al-Kadhim summoned and gathered us and said, "I invited you to be witnesses that this child (Ali al-Ridha) is my executor and successor."
Since an extreme choking atmosphere and pressure prevailed in the period of Musa al-Kazim, he added, "What I said must remain (restricted) up to you and do not reproduce it to anybody unless you know he is one of our friends and companions."
Ali al-Ridha's father was martyred in 799, when Ali al-Ridha was 35, and he was given the responsibility of the Imamate. However, his Imamate was rejected by the Waqifite Shia. Ali al-Ridha was not looked upon favorably by Hārūn Rashīd, and the people of Medina were disallowed from visiting Ali al-Ridha and learning from him. Harun attempted to kill him but was unsuccessful.
His prayers[link]
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Ali al-Ridha's morality narrated by Shaykh Saduq[link]
Ali al-Ridha is considered an infallible Imam according to Shia Islam. Below are some historical notes about him.
Shaykh Saduq narrates through the words of Ibrahim ibn Abbas[4] that, "I never saw Ali al-Ridha committing excess over anyone in talking and interrupting anybody's speech before its coming to the end. He did not stretch his legs in the presence of others. When the meal table was laid he invited the servants to it, and took his meals with them. After taking rest in the nights he got up and made himself busy with the prayers to Allah. Similar to his fore fathers he carried food to the houses of the afflicted ones at the mid of nights."
Muhammad ibn Abi Ibad says about Ali al-Ridha, "He used mats of palm date leaves, straws and marsh reed in the summer season, and woolen carpets in the winter."
He led a simple life in his home, but when he went out he used to decorate himself and put on new and clean dress. He respected and honored the guests to the extent that one night a lamp of the house went out of order, the guest got to his feet to put it right. Ali al-Ridha made him sit and he set the lamp right, and said, "We do not employ our guests (exploit) upon work."
Yasir, the servant of Ali al-Ridha says, Ali Ridha said to us, "Whenever you are busy taking your meal, if I call you, do not get up till you have finished up eating." Another friend of Ali al-Ridha says, "One day a stranger came Ali al-Ridha's house and said, I am one of your friends and I am also not a poor man but my money has finished up and I do not have the expenses to return. You give me an amount and when I return to my city I will give it out as alms on your behalf." Ali al-Rida got up and went to another room, brought an amount of two hundred dirhams and gave it to him from behind the door and said, "Take this and go and it is not necessary to give it away as alms on my behalf."
They asked Ali al-Ridha, "Why did you do it this way that he may not see you."
He said, "So that he does not catch my sight and get ashamed (embarrassed)."
Sulaiman, one of the friends of Ali al-Ridha says, "I went along with the Ali Ridha to the house. The labors were busy at work. There was a stranger among them whom Ali al-Ridha did not recognize." He said, "Who is this man?" They said we have brought him from outside, so that he may help us. He said, "Have you concluded an agreement with him and fixed his wages?" They said, "No, he is a good man, whatever we pay him he accepts it and does not utter a word."
Ali al-Ridha was angry and annoyed and said, "I have always told you that when you employ someone for a job first of all fix his wages. Because, when his wages are fixed and you give more than that to him, he will become happy. But if you do not fix his wages and give him three times the amount, he thinks you have not given him the correct wages."
Ali al-Ridha admonishes his brother[link]
File:Imam reza2 2 1 1.jpg
Imam Ali Riza's Shrine, Iran
Once Ali al-Ridha was summoned to Khurasan and he forcibly accepted the special conditions of the succession of al-Ma'mun, al-Ma'mun summoned his brother, Zayd, who had revolted and brought about a riot in Medina to his court in Khurasan. Al-Ma'mun kept him free as a regard and honor to Ali al-Ridha and overlooked his punishment.
One day, when Ali al-Ridha was delivering a speech in a grand assembly, he heard Zayd praising himself before the people, saying I am so and so. Ali al-Ridha asked him saying, "Oh Zayd, have you trusted upon the words of the grocers of Kufa and are conveying them to the people? What kind of things are you talking about? The sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatimah Zahra are worthy and outstanding only when they obey the command of Allah, and keep themselves away from sin and blunder. You think you are like Musa al-Kadhim, Ali ibn Husayn, and other Imams? Whereas, they took pains and bore hardships on the way to Allah and prayed to Allah day and night. Do you think you will gain without pain? Be aware, that if a person out of us the Ahl al-Bayt performs a good deed, he gets twice the reward. Because not only he performed good deeds like others but also that he has maintained the honor of Muhammad. If he practices something bad and does a sin, he has performed two sins. One is that he performed a bad act like the rest of the people and the other one is that he has negated the honor of Muhammad."
Oh brother! The one who obeys Allah is from us the Ahl al-Bayt and the one who is a sinner is not ours. Allah said about the son of Noah who cut the spiritual bondage with his father, "He is not out of your lineage; if he was out of your lineage, I would have (saved) and granted him salvation."
Connection to Sufism[link]
Maruf Karkhi who was converted to Islam through Ali ar-Ridha is one of the foremost figures in the golden chain of most Sufi orders. He was a devoted student of Ali ar-Ridha and is an important figure for Sufism and Shi'ism.
Death[link]
Ali al-Ridha did not outlive al-Ma'mun, and died on May 26, 818, in Persia while accompanying al-Ma'mun at Tus. He was poisoned by al-Ma'mun using grapes. Ali al-Ridha is buried within Imam Ridha Mosque, in Mashhad, Iran.
After the death of Hārūn Rashīd, Hārūn's two sons began fighting for control of the Abbāsid Empire. One son, Al-Amin, had an Arab mother and thus had the support of Arabs, while his half-brother Al-Ma'mun had a Persian mother and the support of Persia. Al-Ma'mun believed that Persia was sympathetic to the Hashemites and asked for Ali al-Ridha to meet him in Persia. Ali al-Ridha left his only son, Muħammad at-Taqī, and his wife and set out for Merv.
After defeating his brother, al-Ma'mun named Ali al-Ridha his successor. He hoped to win Shī'a support through this move, but the passage of caliphate would occur only if Ali al-Rida outlived al-Ma'mun (as with all promises of succession). Al-Ma'mun even changed the black Abbāsid flags to green, the traditional color of the house of Alī ibn Abī-Tālib, the first Shī'a imam.
On the night of his death Ali al-Ridha saw his grandfather Muhammad[which?] in the dream saying, "Come to us tomorrow, what we have for you is better than the condition you are in."
Harthama says, Ali al-Ridha got up in the mid of the night and called me so that I be present before him. I put on my dress and went to Ali al-Ridha. He said to me, "al-Ma'mun has decided to poison me through grapes tomorrow. Be aware, after my martyrdom he wishes to give me a bath. Tell him to refrain from it. If you do that Allah will not give you chance and respite (any-longer). At that time my son will arrive from Medina and give me a bath and coffin, without anyone seeing it or getting informed.
Then, they will carry me to the tomb of Hārūn al-Rashīd. Al-Ma'mun wants to bury me behind him. But howsoever they work on the earth the pickaxe; they will fail to dig the soil. At that time tell al-Ma'mun to dig the earth in front of the grave so that a ready-made grave will appear. At that instance a white water boils out of the head-side (grave) and rises up. Small fish appear in that. Then a big fish appears which eats up the small fish. Thereafter, the water will settle down. After that lay me in the grave. Do not put the soil on my grave since; it will be filled up by itself. Oh Harthama, do what I have said and do not allow things to happen against what I told you, otherwise, Allah will torment you (people)."
At last al-Ma'mun poisoned Ali al-Ridha through grapes in Tus, on the way back from Merv to Baghdad. Ali al-Ridha came to the house and said to his old friend Aba Salat, "Collect the carpets of the house and do not allow anyone to enter the house, as this is the time when my soul departs (dying) I want to die on the earth like my grandfather Husayn ibn Ali."
Before the death of Ali ar-Ridha, al-Ma’mun stood next to his pillow (head side). Ali Rida opened his eyes and said to him, "have a good conduct with my son Muhammad al-Taqi for his death and yours are close to each other and do not have much distance in between."
The body of Ali al-Ridha was buried in Mashhad. This occurred when Ali Ridha was 55 years of age.
Following the death of Ali al-Ridha a revolt took place in Khorasan. Al-Ma’mun wept and beat upon his head to show that he was a mourner. Despite this, A wave of despises and noise awn against al-Ma’mun. So that he did not allow the funeral to be carried out for a day and a night. Because, he was afraid that the disturbance may expand and the angry hostile and flared up masses may annihilate all the set ups and organizations. This is the reason why he sent a few men among the people to exhibit and shows the death of Ali al-Ridha as a natural one and tells them that al-Ma’mun did not have a hand in it. But for all he did, he could not get himself acquitted off and prove his innocence. At last, day-by-day he became more and more worthless and despicable in the eyes of the people, until he died in a very bad shape.[5]
Imam Ridha Mosque[link]
Main article: Imam Reza Shrine
See also: List of largest mosques
Today the Imam Riza Mosque in Mashhad occupies a total area of 598,657 m2 (6,443,890 sq ft) – the shrine area occupies 267,079m2 while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of 331,578m2.[6] Thus making it the largest mosque in the world, having an area larger than Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Nabawi (which have areas of 356,800 m2[7] and 400,500 m2[citation needed] respectively).
The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets, and 3 fountains. From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as Bast (Sanctuary), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas.
The Bast hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (Riwaq) which surround the burial chamber of Ali al-Ridha. Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar mosque.
Timeline[link]
|
Clan of the Banu Quraish
Born: 11th Dhul Qi‘dah 148 AH ≈ 29th December 765 CE Died: 17th Safar 203 AH ≈ 23rd August 818 CE |
||
| Shī‘a Islam titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Musa al-Kazim |
8th Imam of Twelver Shi'a Islam 799–818 |
Succeeded by Muhammad at-Taqī |
See also[link]
- Ali al-Hadi
- Hajar Khatoon Mosque
- Hasan al-Askari
- Hasan ibn Ali
- Muhammad al-Baqir
- Muhammad al-Mahdi
- Musa al-Kazim
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles. Qum: Ansariyan Publications. 2004. pp. 137.
- ^ al-Qummi, Shaykh Abbas (1998). "2". The Last Journey, Translation of Manazile Akherah. Aejazali Turabhusain Bhujwala. Qum: Imam Ali Foundation. pp. 62–64.
- ^ Slavery in the History of Islam: Slaves' Children – Imams and Caliphs
- ^ Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha
- ^ The Meadows of Gold
- ^ "The Glory of the Islamic World". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1073. Retrieved 2009-05-25.
- ^ Great Mosque of al-Haram at ArchNet
External links[link]
- Ali al-Riza an article by Encyclopædia Iranica
- [1] About Imam Reza
- 'Ali ar-Riza an article of Encyclopædia Britannica online
- The Eighth Imām
- The life of Imām ʻAlī ibn-Mūsā ar-Riđā by Bāqir Sharīf al-Qarashī.
- Imam Ali ar-Rida
- Imam Ali ar-Rida : Official Site of Astane Quds
- Imam Ali Reza on Baabeilm.com
- A Glance at the Biography of Emam Reza
- Ali ibn Musa Rida biography and Hadith
- Imam Ali Reza (p) Holy Shrine in Mashad – Live Broadcast
- Ali ar-Ridha at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | al-Ridha, Ali |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Imam |
| Date of birth | 765 |
| Place of birth | Madīnah |
| Date of death | 818 |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
