- published: 01 Jul 2008
- views: 3989
- author: tianji4517
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- Anqiu
- Axe
- Bincheng District
- Binzhou
- Bixi (tortoise)
- Boshan District
- Boxing County
- Cangshan County
- Cao County
- Changdao County
- Changle County
- Changqing District
- Changyi, Shandong
- Chengwu County
- Chengyang District
- China Danxia
- China Standard Time
- Chinese Civil War
- Chinese language
- Chongqing
- Color theory
- Confucius
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- Cupressaceae
- Dacheng Hall
- Daiyue District
- Dazu Rock Carvings
- Decheng District
- Dengfeng
- Dezhou
- Dingtao County
- Donggang District
- Dongming County
- Dongping County
- Dongying
- Dongying District
- Drum Tower
- Duke of Qufu
- Duke Yansheng
- East China
- Fangzi District
- Fei County
- Feicheng
- Forbidden City
- Fujian Tulou
- Fushan District
- Gangcheng District
- Gaomi
- Gaoqing County
- Gaozu of Han
- Great Wall of China
- Guangrao County
- Haiyang
- Han Dynasty
- Hangzhou
- Hanting District
- Hekou District
- Heze
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- Juancheng County
- Junan County
- Jurchen people
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- Kaiping Diaolou
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- Kilometre
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- Licang District
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- Linshu County
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Anhui
Coordinates: 31°50′N 117°0′E / 31.833°N 117°E / 31.833; 117
Anhui (Chinese: 安徽; pinyin: Ānhuī; Wade–Giles: An-hui, Mandarin pronunciation: [ánxwéi]) is a province in the People's Republic of China. Located in eastern China across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River, it borders Jiangsu to the east, Zhejiang to the southeast, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei to the southwest, Henan to the northwest, and Shandong for a tiny section in the north. The capital of the province is Hefei.
The name "Anhui" derives from the names of two cities in south Anhui, Anqing and Huizhou (now Huangshan City). The abbreviation for Anhui is "皖" (Wǎn), because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan river in the province.
The province of Anhui was formed in the seventeenth century. Before then, there was no coherent concept of "Anhui". Northern Anhui was firmly a part of the North China Plain in terms of culture, together with modern-day Henan province. Central Anhui constituted most of the fertile and densely-populated Huai He River watershed. Southern Anhui, along the Yangtze, was closer to Hubei and southern Jiangsu provinces in culture. Finally, the hills of southeastern Anhui formed a unique and distinct cultural sphere of its own.
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Anqiu
Anqiu (安丘 ; pinyin: Ānqiū) is a city-prefecture of Weifang in the Chinese province of Shandong.
The population in 1999 was 1,096,469.
Part of the Great Wall of Qi begins here, and is listed on the People's Republic of China's list of historical artifacts.
Coordinates: 36°21′43″N 119°06′25″E / 36.3619°N 119.107°E / 36.3619; 119.107
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Bincheng District
Bincheng (滨城区; pinyin: Bīnchéng Qū) is a district of Binzhou in the Chinese province of Shandong.
Taishan has an area of 1042 km² and around 610,000 inhabitants (2003). It is the centre and administrative capital of Binzhou.
Coordinates: 37°23′13″N 118°01′12″E / 37.38694°N 118.02°E / 37.38694; 118.02
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Binzhou
Binzhou (simplified Chinese: 滨州; traditional Chinese: 濱州; pinyin: Bīnzhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Sitting on the northern bank of the Yellow River with two arms extended to the southern bank, Binzhou borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southwest, Dezhou to the west, Zibo to the south, Dongying to the east, and the province of Hebei to the north. The city also has a short coastline bordering the Bohai Bay.
Humans have been living in the area around Binzhou since the Neolithic era. It was called “Pugu country” in the Shang Dynasty, and was a county in the Qin Dynasty. It was first called Binzhou in era of the Five Dynasties because it borders the Bohai Sea. Nowadays, it has more than 3.7 million inhabitants. The major Industries are based on oil, chemicals and textiles.
The prefecture-level city of Binzhou administers 7 county-level divisions, including 1 district and 6 counties.
Prior to 1983, both Binzhou and neighboring Dongying were not considered large or developed enough to be incorporated into cities. Instead, they formed a "di qu" (literally, a "region") managed by the provincial government. BinZhou used to be named Huimin Prefecture (惠民地区) before it was renamed to BinZhou Prefecture in 1984 and promoted to a prefecture-level city in 1992.
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Boshan District
Boshan District (博山区) is located in the middle of Shandong province in China.
BoShan is called a district in Zibo City, but actually BoShan is a small city on its own with a population of about 400,000 people. It is about 30 kilometers south from the urban center of Zibo City, Zhang Dian.
Downtown BoShan has a wide central avenue which is divided by a park-like river with walkways, stone bridges and gazebos. A modern expressway bypassed the downtown area, and that has attracted development to the outskirts of the city.
BoShan's major industries are ceramics, industrial pumps, vacuum pumps, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. They advertise themselves as being the Pump Capital of China.
In the early 20th century, BoShan was the administrative capital of the area. But BoShan is in the mountains while Zhang Dian is in a flat valley. Zhang Dian is on a main rail corridor, while BoShan was just a spur. So Zhang Dian replaced BoShan as a commercial and administrative center.
ShanDong was a German protectorate in the early 20th Century, and in BoShan you can see traces of German influence. Some of the major non-Chinese companies in town are German. Siemens is one of the largest companies in town, but that German company sold their BoShan factory to an American company in 2005. The train station looks like a Bavarian building. And the town still has a few small restaurants who brew their own beer, German style.
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Boxing County
Boxing County (Chinese: 博兴; pinyin: Bóxīng) is a county of Binzhou, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.
Coordinates: 37°10′41″N 118°13′34″E / 37.1781°N 118.226°E / 37.1781; 118.226
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Cangshan County
Cangshan County (simplified Chinese: 苍山县; traditional Chinese: 蒼山縣; pinyin: Cāngshān Xiàn) is a county of southern Shandong, bordering Jiangsu province to the south. It is under the administration of Linyi City.
The population was 1,137,651 in 1999.
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Cao County
Cao County (simplified Chinese: 曹县; traditional Chinese: 曹縣; pinyin: Cáo Xiàn), or Caoxian is a county of southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Henan province to the west. It is under the administration of Heze City.
The population of the county was 1,394,034 in 1999.
Bo, one of the capitals of the Shang dynasty, lay in what is now Cao.
Prior to the Boxer rebellion, Cao was an area noted for its lawlessnes, and during the Qing dynasty, when local garrisons were weakened due to the First Sino-Japanese War, a militia known as the Dadaohui ("Great World Company") was set up, which operated until 1895, and may have inspired some of the Boxer rebellion.
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Changdao County
The Changdao County (Chinese: 长岛县; pinyin: Chángdǎo Xiàn) is a county in Yantai, Shandong, China. It consists of a chain of islands, Changshan Islands (长山列岛), in the Bohai Sea, north of Penglai, Shandong Province. They are known for their sandy beaches and picturesque limestone cliffs. The total land area is only 56 square km, but the coastline is 146 km long.
Ten of the islands are occupied, and there are twenty-two uninhabited islands, some little more than sand spits. There is one large town, Touji Town (砣矶镇), population 8,495; and seven smaller towns with forty villages, with a total population in the county of 52,000.
The major occupation is marine farming, producing products such as sea cucumbers, abalone, sea urchins, bivalves, kelp, scallops, and even fish. Tourism is also important; many of the villages sport resort hotels.
The islands are regularly served by both a passenger and vehicle Roll On, Roll Off ferry from Penglai. There is a small military airport on the largest island, Changdao Island.
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Changle County
Changle County is under the administration of Weifang, in Shandong Province. The ancient Kingdom of Beihai (北海) was located to the west of present day Changle County.
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Changqing District
Changqing (Chinese: 长清区; pinyin: Chángqīng Qū) is a district of the Chinese province of Shandong. It is administered by the sub provincial city of Jinan. It has an area of 1,178 km² and has 530,000 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°26′57″N 116°44′42″E / 36.4492°N 116.745°E / 36.4492; 116.745
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Chengwu County
Chengwu County (simplified Chinese: 成武县; traditional Chinese: 成武縣; pinyin: Chéngwǔ Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Heze City.
The population in 1999 was 622,871.
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Chengyang District
Chengyang (城阳区) is a district of Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China. It has an area of 553.2 square kilometres (213.6 sq mi) and around 447,000 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°18′25″N 120°23′49″E / 36.30694°N 120.39694°E / 36.30694; 120.39694
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Chongqing
Chongqing (simplified Chinese: 重庆; traditional Chinese: 重慶; Chinese Postal Map Romanization: Chungking) is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality in inland China.
The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the sub-provincial city administration that was part of Sichuan province. As of November 2010, the municipality had a population of 28,846,200, although the urbanized area is estimated to have a population of only 6 or 7 million. Chongqing is the largest direct-controlled municipality, and comprises 19 districts, 15 counties, and 4 autonomous counties.
The official abbreviation, 渝 (Yú), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997. Chongqing was also a municipality of the Republic of China administration, serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Its abbreviated name is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds the Yangtze River.
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Daiyue District
Daiyue (岱岳区; Pinyin: Dàiyuè Qū) is a district of Tai'an in the Chinese province of Shandong.
Taishan has an area of 1750km² and around 960,000 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°11′32″N 117°02′29″E / 36.19222°N 117.04139°E / 36.19222; 117.04139
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Dazu Rock Carvings
The Dazu Rock Carvings (Chinese: 大足石刻; pinyin: Dàzú Shíkè) are a series of Chinese religious sculptures and carvings, dating back as far as the 7th century AD, depicting and influenced by Buddhist, Confucian and Taoist beliefs. Listed as a World Heritage Site, the Dazu Rock Carvings are made up of 75 protected sites containing some 50,000 statues, with over 100,000 Chinese characters forming inscriptions and epigraphs. The sites are located in Chongqing Municipality within the steep hillsides throughout Dazu County, located about 60 kilometers west of the urban area of Chongqing. The highlights of the rock grotto are found on Mount Baoding and Mount Beishan.
The carvings were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1999, citing "…their aesthetic quality, their rich diversity of subject matter, both secular and religious, and the light that they shed on everyday life in China during this period. They provide outstanding evidence of the harmonious synthesis of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism."
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Decheng District
Decheng (德城区) is a district of the Chinese province of Shandong. It is administered by the subprovincial town of Dezhou.
It has an area of 539 km² and around 570,000 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 37°27′N 116°18′E / 37.45°N 116.3°E / 37.45; 116.3
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Dengfeng
Dengfeng (Chinese: 登封; pinyin: Dēngfēng; Postal map spelling: Tengfeng) is a county-level city in Zhengzhou, Henan province. In ancient times, it was known as Yangcheng (simplified Chinese: 阳城; traditional Chinese: 陽城; pinyin: Yángchéng).
Dengfeng has an area of 1220 square kilometers and a population of 630,000.
Dengfeng is located at the foot of the Mount Song, one of the most sacred mountains in China. The city is one of the most renowned spiritual centres of China, home to various religious institutions and temples, such as the Taoist Zhongyue Temple, the Buddhist Shaolin Temple, as well as the Confucian Songyang Academy, hence its poetic expression derived from Chinese literature as the spiritual "centre of heaven and earth".
The first Xia Dynasty capital Yangcheng was built west of Gaocheng Township on the Yin River under the sacred Mount Song.
The famous Shaolin Monastery, traditional origin of Zen, is located in Dengfeng.
In 2010, UNESCO inscribed several of the most renowned sites across Dengfeng onto its World Heritage List under the title "Historic Monuments of Dengfeng in "The Centre of Heaven and Earth"." The World Heritage Site includes several historic gates, temples (including the renowned Shaolin Temple), a Confucian academy and the Gaocheng Observatory:
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Dezhou
Dezhou (Chinese: 德州; pinyin: Dézhōu) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southeast, Liaocheng to the southwest, Binzhou to the northeast, and the province of Hebei to the north.
The municipality of Dezhou comprises thirteen county-level sub divisions:
Cities (县级市 xianji shi) administered by Dezhou are:
Counties (县 xian) administered by Dezhou are:
Dezhou lies on the main rail route from Beijing to Shanghai,which is known as Jinghu Railway. Dezhou has always been an important transport hub since ancient times(especially after Ming Dynasty), when its reputation of "Junction of Nine Arteries"(九达天衢）and "Portal of Capital City"(神京门户）gradually developed. Except for the two railways(the other is Shide Railway leading to Shijiazhuang), National Highway 104, NH105 and a few provincial roads cross the city as well. The Yellow River and the Grand Canal (China) run through it.
Dezhou's biggest historical attraction is the tomb of Sultan Paduka Pahala of Sulu (Philippines), who died in Dezhou on his return journey from a visit to the Yongle Emperor in 1417. The tomb is well preserved and has been declared a national heritage site. Descendants of the sultan's Muslim followers still live in Dezhou today, and are classified as the Hui minority.
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Dingtao County
Dingtao County (Chinese: 定陶县) is a county under the jurisdiction of Heze in Shandong province, China. It has a very long history. Its name originated during the Warring States Period from Fan Li, a famous chancellor in the Yue kingdom. The name means "where Fan Li lives." When Fan Li succeeded in helping his king avenge and create a powerful kingdom, he came to Dingtao to develop it commercially along with legendary beauty Xi Shi. Under Fan Li's management, Dingtao became very wealthy. Due to its special geographic location, it was called the core of the world.
Coordinates: 35°08′33″N 115°35′28″E / 35.1425°N 115.59111°E / 35.1425; 115.59111
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Donggang District
Donggang District (Chinese: 东港区; pinyin: Dōnggǎng Qū) is the main urban district of Rizhao in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 1.507 km² and around 865,000 inhabitants (according to the 2010 census). All the main government agencies of the city, as well as the Port of Rizhao, are locared in Donggang.
Coordinates: 37°26′43″N 116°27′18″E / 37.44528°N 116.455°E / 37.44528; 116.455
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Dongming County
Dongming County (simplified Chinese: 东明县; traditional Chinese: 東明縣; pinyin: Dōngmíng Xiàn) is the westernmost county of Shandong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Henan province to the west. It lies on the east (right) bank of the Yellow River.
The population in 1999 was 677,563. The literal meaning of Dongming is "Clear east".
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Dongping County
Coordinates: 35°54′30″N 116°18′00″E / 35.90833°N 116.3°E / 35.90833; 116.3
Dongping County (simplified Chinese: 东平县; traditional Chinese: 東平縣; pinyin: Dōngpíng Xiàn) is a county in the Southwestern part of Taian Prefecture of Shandong Province, China.
In 2007 a remarkable series of well-preserved frescoes dating to the Western Han Period (206 BC - 25 AD) was discovered in a tomb as construction workers were excavating for a planned shopping mall. The frescoes show, among other things, one of the earliest pictorial representations of Confucius meeting Laozi.
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Dongying
Dongying (simplified Chinese: 东营; traditional Chinese: 東營; pinyin: Dōngyíng), a prefecture-level city, lies on the northern coast of Shandong province in eastern China. Located around the mouth of the Yellow River, Dongying borders Binzhou to the west, Zibo to the southwest, and Weifang to the south. The city's 350-km coastline borders Laizhou Bay and Bohai Bay to the east and north respectively.
The prefecture-level city of Dongying administers 5 county-level divisions, including 2 districts and 3 counties:
These are further divided into 43 township-level divisions, including 23 towns, 13 townships and 7 subdistricts.
The city was established in 1983, as a base for developing the Yellow River Delta and China's second largest oilfield, Shengli Field. The oilfield was discovered in 1964 near a small village called Dongying, which gave its name to the city.
Dongying is located on the banks of the Yellow River Delta. It has an area of 7,923 km².
A large part of the city's economy revolves around petroleum and the nearby Shengli Oil Field.
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Dongying District
Dongying (东营区) is a district of Dongying in the Chinese province of Shandong. Dongying has an area of 1,155 km² and aroung 570,000 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 37°23′16″N 118°35′49″E / 37.38778°N 118.59694°E / 37.38778; 118.59694
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Fangzi District
Fangzi (坊子区) is a district of Weifang in the Chinese province of Shandong. Weicheng has an area of 345.55 km² and around 239,500 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°39′22″N 119°09′58″E / 36.65611°N 119.16611°E / 36.65611; 119.16611
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Fei County
Coordinates: 35°16′00″N 117°58′00″E / 35.2666667°N 117.9666667°E / 35.2666667; 117.9666667
Fei County falls under the jurisdiction of Linyi, Shandong Province.
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Feicheng
Feicheng (肥城 ; pinyin: Féichéng) is a city of Tai'an in the Chinese province of Shandong.
The population in 1999 was 960,232.
Part of the Great Wall of Qi starts here, and is listed on the People's Republic of China's list of cultural artifacts.
Coordinates: 36°11′10″N 116°46′19″E / 36.18611°N 116.77194°E / 36.18611; 116.77194
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Forbidden City
Coordinates: 39°54′53″N 116°23′26″E / 39.91472°N 116.39056°E / 39.91472; 116.39056
The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost 500 years, it served as the home of emperors and their households, as well as the ceremonial and political center of Chinese government.
Built in 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 buildings and covers 720,000 m2 (7,800,000 sq ft). The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.
Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War.
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Fujian Tulou
Fujian Tulou (simplified Chinese: 福建土楼; traditional Chinese: 福建土樓; pinyin: Fújiàn Tǔlóu, "Fujian earthen structures") is a type of Chinese rural dwellings of the Hakka and Minnan (Fulao) people in the mountainous areas in southeastern Fujian, China. They were mostly built between the 12th and the 20th centuries.
A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified earth building, most commonly rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing rammed earth walls between three and five stories high and housing up to 80 families. Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city.
The fortified outer structures are formed by compacting earth, mixed with stone, bamboo, wood and other readily available materials, to form walls up to 6 feet (1.8 m) thick. Branches, strips of wood and bamboo chips are often laid in the wall as additional reinforcement. The result is a well-lit, well-ventilated, windproof and earthquake-proof building that is warm in winter and cool in summer. Tulous usually have only one main gate, guarded by 4–5-inch-thick (100–130 mm) wooden doors reinforced with an outer shell of iron plate. The top level of these earth buildings has gun holes for defensive purposes.
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Fushan District
Fushan (福山区) is a district of Yantai in the Chinese province of Shandong, near the shore of the Yellow Sea.
To the East is Zhifu District and Laishan District, to the southeast Muping District, to the southwest Qixia City, to the northwest Penglai City, and to the north, the Yantai Economic and Technological Development Zone.
The District of Fushan was mentioned in the Jackie Chan action film Police Story 3.
Coordinates: 37°30′00″N 121°16′12″E / 37.5°N 121.27°E / 37.5; 121.27
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Gangcheng District
Gangcheng (钢城区; pinyin: Gāngchéng Qū) is a district of Laiwu in the Chinese province of Shandong.
Taishan has an area of 336 km² and around 240,000 inhabitants (2003). It is the centre and administrative capital of Tai'an.
Coordinates: 36°03′29″N 117°45′27″E / 36.05806°N 117.7575°E / 36.05806; 117.7575
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Gaomi
Gaomi (Chinese: 高密; Pinyin: Gāomì) is a county-level city of the People's Republic of China province of Shandong under Weifang (潍坊). It is the hometown of writer Mo Yan, who has set some of his stories in the region.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 36°23′N 119°45′E / 36.383°N 119.75°E / 36.383; 119.75
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Gaoqing County
Gaoqing County (simplified Chinese: 高青县; traditional Chinese: 高青縣; pinyin: Gāoqīng Xiàn) is a county of northern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is the northernmost division of Zibo City.
The population in 1999 was 355405.
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Great Wall of China
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China in part to protect the Chinese Empire or its prototypical states against intrusions by various nomadic groups or military incursions by various warlike peoples or forces. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC; these, later joined together and made bigger, stronger, and unified are now collectively referred to as the Great Wall. Especially famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains. Since then, the Great Wall has on and off been rebuilt, maintained, enhanced; the majority of the existing wall was reconstructed during the Ming Dynasty.
Other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the Silk Road, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration. Furthermore, the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers, troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire, and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor.
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Guangrao County
Guangrao County (simplified Chinese: 广饶县; traditional Chinese: 廣饒縣; pinyin: Guǎngráo Xiàn) is a county of Dongying City in north-central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The southernmsot division of Dongying City, it lies halfway between the downtowns of Zibo and Dongying.
The population in 1999 was 470,198.
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Haiyang
Haiyang (simplified Chinese: 海阳; traditional Chinese: 海陽; pinyin: Hǎiyáng), a coastal city in the peninsula province of Shandong in eastern China, is strategically located in the center of the prime tourist trio of Qingdao, Yantai, and Weihai.
Haiyang's claim to fame comes from its extensive sea beaches, national forest parks, wetland reserves, as well as its beautiful beach and yachting opportunities. On December 2, 2006 the Olympic Council of Asia in Doha announced the selection of Haiyang as the host city for 2012 Asian Beach Games.
Haiyang, on the coastline of the western Pacific Ocean, is a county-tier city under the 3-tier administrative system of China. Haiyang has an estimated population of 690,000 and spans over 1,886 square meters along the biggest Chinese peninsula, facing South Korea and Japan across the Yellow Sea.
The city, known for its newly discovered primitive beauty, is a for prime destination for beach sports with its 230 kilometer coastline, and climatically and typographically is quite similar to Scotland. In the past decade, this city has quickly become one of top summer resorts and vacation paradises in China, and in northeast Asia at large.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Hangzhou
Hangzhou (Chinese: 杭州; Hangzhou dialect: ɦaŋ tsei; Mandarin pinyin: Hángzhōu Mandarin pronunciation: [xɑ̌ŋtʂóʊ] (
listen)), formerly transliterated as Hangchow, is the capital and largest city of Zhejiang Province in Eastern China. It is governed as a sub-provincial city. As of 2010, the entire administrative division ("shì", 杭州市) or prefecture had a registered population of 8.7 million people. The built up area of the Hangzhou municipality had a resident population of 6.242 million in 2010 (urban and suburban districts), of which 3.56 million lived in the six urban core districts.
A core city of the Yangtze River Delta, Hangzhou has a position on the Hangzhou Bay 180 kilometres (110 mi) southwest of Shanghai that gives it economic power. It has been one of the most renowned and prosperous cities of China for much of the last 1,000 years, due in part to its beautiful natural scenery. The city's West Lake is its best-known attraction.
The celebrated Neolithic culture of Hemudu inhabited Yuyao, an area (now a city) 100 kilometers south-east of Hangzhou, as far back as seven thousand years ago when rice was first cultivated in southeastern China. The area immediately surrounding the modern city of Hangzhou was inhabited five thousand years ago by the Liangzhu culture, so named for the small town of Liangzhu not far to the northwest of Hangzhou where the ancient jade carving civilization was first discovered.
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Hanting District
Hanting (寒亭区 ; pinyin: Hántíng Qū) is a district of Weifang in the Chinese province of Shandong.
Coordinates: 36°46′11″N 119°12′33″E / 36.76972°N 119.20917°E / 36.76972; 119.20917
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Hekou District
Hekou (河口区 ; pinyin: Hékǒu Qū) is a district of Dongying in the Chinese province of Shandong. Dongying has 230,000 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 37°54′55″N 118°37′42″E / 37.91528°N 118.62833°E / 37.91528; 118.62833
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Heze
Heze (simplified Chinese: 菏泽; traditional Chinese: 菏澤; pinyin: Hézé) is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. The westernmost prefecture-level city in Shandong, it borders Jining to the east and the provinces of Henan and Anhui to the west and south respectively. The old name of Heze was Caozhou (曹州; Cáozhōu) and now a part of the city bears this name. The first character in the city's name is sometimes incorrectly written as "荷" instead.
In August 1949 Heze was detached from Shandong and given to the experimental province of Pingyuan. It returned to Shandong just over three years later.
In April 1953 Heze and Jining shared out the counties of Huxi, which is no more.
Heze has a monsoon-influenced climate that lies between the humid subtropical and humid continental zones (Köppen Cwa/Dwa), with four well-defined seasons. Conditions are warm and nearly rainless in spring, hot and humid in summer, crisp in autumn and cold and dry in winter. The mean annual temperature is 13.7 °C (56.7 °F), with monthly 24-hour averages ranging from −0.9 °C (30.4 °F) in January to 26.8 °C (80.2 °F) in July. Rainfall mainly occurs in summer; snow occasionally falls during winter, though heavy falls are very rare.
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Huancui District
Huancui (simplified Chinese: 环翠; traditional Chinese: 環翠; pinyin: Huáncuì) is a county-level district in Weihai, Shandong province, in eastern China.
Coordinates: 37°23′00″N 122°07′12″E / 37.3833333°N 122.12°E / 37.3833333; 122.12
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Huangdao District
Huangdao District (Chinese: 黄岛区) is a district in Qingdao, Shandong, China. It is situated on the west bank of Jiaozhou Bay. It is identical to Qingdao Economic and Technological Development Zone (QETDZ) (Chinese: 青岛经济技术开发区) which was launched in 1985 after the zone was merged with Huangdao District and set up the Free Trade Zone in 1992.
The pillar industries engaged in the zone include electronics, household electric appliances, building materials, petrochemicals, machinery and pharmaceuticals. It is connected via the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge.
Coordinates: 35°57′36″N 120°12′00″E / 35.96°N 120.2°E / 35.96; 120.2
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Huantai County
Huantai County (simplified Chinese: 桓台县; traditional Chinese: 桓台縣; pinyin: Huántái Xiàn) is a county of Zibo City in north-central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is located 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of downtown Zibo.
The population in 1999 was 482,683.
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Huimin County
Huimin County (simplified Chinese: 惠民县; traditional Chinese: 惠民縣; pinyin: Huìmín Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Binzhou City.
The population in 1999 was 620,335.
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Jiaonan
Jiaonan (胶南) is a county-level city of Qingdao sub-provincial city, Shandong Province, China.
Coordinates: 35°51′33″N 119°50′41″E / 35.859152777778°N 119.84475833333°E / 35.859152777778; 119.84475833333
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Jiaxiang County
Jiaxiang County (simplified Chinese: 嘉祥县; traditional Chinese: 嘉祥縣; pinyin: Jiāxiáng Xiàn) is a county of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Jining City.
The population was 834,161 in 2009.
The cultural heritage site of the Carved Stones in the Tombs of Wu Family in Jiaxiang City is in this county. In 1961, it was added to the list of national historical and cultural monuments.
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Jimo
Jimo (Chinese: 即墨市; pinyin: Jímò Shì) is a county-level city in Shandong province, China, located north of Qingdao.
Jimo is located in the southwest of the Shandong Peninsula, bordered by the Yellow Sea on the east and Mount Lao on the south.
Jimo has a moderate monsoon climate. The yearly average temperature is about 12 °C (54 °F), and average annual precipitation is 708 millimetres (27.9 in).
Jimo was established in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, at which time it was the second largest settlement in Shandong. The Siege of Jimo in 279 BC, otherwise unremarkable, is remembered for the ruse that ended it. Tian Dan was a general of the State of Qi who had just lost 70 cities to the Yan. When Jimo, their penultimate city, was under fire, he collected more than 1,000 oxen, tied sharp daggers to their ears, tied straw to their tails, and dressed them in colourful cloth to make them look like dragons. At dead of night the Qi set the tails alight and drove the oxen towards the enemy camp. The panicking enemy soldiers were wiped out, and the Qi regained all the lost cities.
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Jinan
Coordinates: 36°40′N 116°59′E / 36.667°N 116.983°E / 36.667; 116.983
Jinan (Chinese: 济南; pinyin: Jǐnán; Mandarin pronunciation: [t͡ɕi˧˩nan˧˥];) is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in the history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilisation and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city, which holds sub-provincial administrative status, is located in north-western Shandong about 400 kilometres (250 mi) south of the national capital of Beijing, it borders Liaocheng to the southwest, Dezhou to the northwest, Binzhou to the northeast, Zibo to the east, Laiwu to the southeast, and Tai'an to the south.
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Jining
Jining (simplified Chinese: 济宁; traditional Chinese: 濟寧; pinyin: Jǐníng) is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Heze to the southwest, Zaozhuang to the southeast, Tai'an to the northeast, and the provinces of Henan and Jiangsu to the northwest and south respectively. Jining, which is located right to the north of the Lake Nanyang (Chinese: 南阳湖; pinyin: Nányáng Hú), is today the northernmost city reachable by navigation on the Grand Canal of China.
The prefecture-level city of Jining administers 12 county-level divisions, including 2 district, 3 county-level cities and 7 counties.
Jining is situated in a coal mining area in the southwest of Shandong. Jining is an industrial city. Jining has a coal-fired power station, the Jining Power Plant. The city is served by Jining Airport.
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Jinxiang County
Jinxiang County (simplified Chinese: 金乡县; traditional Chinese: 金鄉縣; pinyin: Jīnxiāng Xiàn; literally "gold hometown" is a county of southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangsu province to the southeast. It is under the administration of Jining City.
The population was 601,369 in 1999.
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Jiyang County
Jiyang County (simplified Chinese: 济阳县; traditional Chinese: 濟陽縣; pinyin: Jǐyáng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is administered by the provincial capital of Jinan.
The population was 520,095 in 1999.
Jiyang has a very strong public transportation
1. A big Bus Station
2. Five small Bus Station
3. Some taxi
4. Bicycle
1. Elementary School
2. Middle School
3. High School
1. Watermelon
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Jokhang
The Jokhang, (Tibetan: ཇོ་ཁང།, Wylie: Jo-khang, ZYPY: Qokang; Chinese: 大昭寺; pinyin: Dàzhāosì), also called the Qokang Monastery, Jokang, Jokhang Temple, Jokhang Monastery or Zuglagkang (Tibetan: གཙུག་ལག་ཁང༌།, Wylie: gtsug-lag-khang, ZYPY: Zuglagkang; also Tsuklakang), is located on Barkhor Square in Lhasa. For most Tibetans it is the most sacred and important temple in Tibet. It is in some regards pan-sectarian, but is presently controlled by the Gelug school. The temple's architectural style is a mixture of Indian vihara design, Chinese Tang Dynasty design, and Nepalese design.
It was founded during the reign of king Songsten Gampo. According to tradition, the temple was built for the two brides of the king, Princess Wencheng of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Princess Bhrikuti of Nepal. Both wives are said to have brought important Buddhist statues and images from China and Nepal to Tibet as part of their dowries, and they were housed here. Many Nepalese artists worked to construct this temple.
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Ju County
Ju County (Chinese: 莒县; Pinyin: Jǔ Xiàn) is a county of Rizhao City, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China.Ju County has a population of nearly 1.1016 million.The total area of 1952 square kilometers.
Coordinates: 35°34′36.90″N 118°50′01.02″E / 35.576917°N 118.8336167°E / 35.576917; 118.8336167
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Juancheng County
Coordinates: 35°34′00″N 115°30′00″E / 35.5666667°N 115.5°E / 35.5666667; 115.5
Juancheng County falls under the jurisdiction of Heze, Shandong Province.
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Junan County
Junan County (simplified Chinese: 莒南县; traditional Chinese: 莒南縣; pinyin: Jǔnán Xiàn) is a county of southern Shandong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangsu province to the south. It is under the administration of Linyi City.
The population was 986,661 in 1999.
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Juye County
Juye (巨野) is a county in western Shandong province which is under the administration of Heze municipality. The county is 1,303 square km in area and has a population of approximately 910,000.
Juye originally belonged to Huxi prefecture.
Juye was the site of the so-called "Juye Incident" on November 1, 1897, which provided the German government an excuse to occupy Jiaozhou Bay.
From 1949 to 1952 Huxi prefecture (Juye and the other county-level parts) was under the provincial administration of Pingyuan.
In April 1953 Huxi was dismantled and its parts shared out. Juye then came into its present municipal region of Heze.
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Kaiping Diaolou
The Kaiping Diaolou (simplified Chinese: 开平碉楼; traditional Chinese: 開平碉樓; pinyin: kāipíngdiāolóu, watchtowers) are fortified multi-storey towers, generally made of reinforced concrete. These towers are located mainly in Kaiping County, Guangdong province, China. Kaiping together with its neighbouring counties of Enping, Taishan and Xinhui are collectively known as the "Four counties" (it was from the four counties that many of the Chinese labourers to North America, Australia, and Southeast Asia originated from).
The first towers were built during the early Qing Dynasty, reaching a peak in the 1920s and 1930s, when there were more than three thousand of these structures. Today, approximately 1,833 diaolou remain standing in Kaiping, and approximately 500 in Taishan. Although the diaolou served mainly as protection against forays by bandits, a few of them also served as living quarters.
Kaiping has traditionally been a region of major emigration abroad, and a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese. As a result, many diaolou incorporate architectural features from China and from the West.
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Kenli County
Kenli County (simplified Chinese: 垦利县; traditional Chinese: 墾利縣; pinyin: Kěnlì Xiàn) is a county of northern Shandong province, People's Republic of China, situated on the southern (right) bank of the Yellow River. It is under the administration of Dongying City, 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the southeast.
The population in 1999 was 211,444.
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Kilometre
The kilometre (American spelling: kilometer; SI symbol: km) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one thousand metres (kilo- being the SI prefix for 1000). It is now the measurement unit used officially for expressing distances between geographical places on land in most of the world; notable exceptions are the United States and the United Kingdom where the statute mile is the official unit used.
k (pronounced kay) is occasionally used in some English-speaking countries as an alternative for the word kilometre in everyday writing and speech. A slang term for the kilometre in the U.S. military is klick.
There are two common pronunciations for the word:
The former pronunciation follows the general pattern in English whereby SI units of measurement are pronounced with the stress on the first syllable, and the pronunciation of the actual base unit does not change irresepective of the prefix. It is generally preferred by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).
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Kuiwen District
Kuiwen (奎文区) is a district of Weifang in the Chinese province of Shandong. Weicheng has an area of 71 km² and around 339,000 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°42′26″N 119°07′31″E / 36.70722°N 119.12528°E / 36.70722; 119.12528
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Laicheng District
Laicheng (莱城区; Pinyin : Láichéng Qū) is a district of Laiwu in the Chinese province of Shandong.
Taishan has an area of 1,910 km² and around one million inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°09′01″N 117°35′37″E / 36.15028°N 117.59361°E / 36.15028; 117.59361
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Laishan District
Laishan (莱山区) is a district of Yantai in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 258 km² and around 181,200 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 37°30′49″N 121°26′39″E / 37.51361°N 121.44417°E / 37.51361; 121.44417
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Laiwu
Laiwu (simplified Chinese: 莱芜; traditional Chinese: 萊蕪; pinyin: Láiwú) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. The smallest prefecture-level city in the province, it borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the north, Zibo to the east and Tai'an to the southwest.
The prefecture-level city of Laiwu administers 2 county-level divisions, both of which are districts.
These are further divided into 19 township-level divisions, including 14 towns, 1 townships and 4 subdistricts.
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Laixi
Laixi (simplified Chinese: 莱西; traditional Chinese: 萊西; pinyin: Láixī) is a county-level city of Qingdao sub-provincial city, Shandong Province, China.
Coordinates: 36°52′N 120°32′E / 36.867°N 120.533°E / 36.867; 120.533
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Laiyang
Laiyang city (Chinese: 莱阳) is a city between Yantai and Qingdao, located at the middle of Shandong peninsula, China. Majority of its population (70%) are farmers and it is famous for Laiyang Pear. As of 2000, it has a population of about one million.
Coordinates: 36°58′33″N 120°42′49″E / 36.97583°N 120.71361°E / 36.97583; 120.71361
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Laizhou
Laizhou (莱州) is a county-level city in Yantai Prefecture, Shandong Province, China. As of 2008, Laizhou had a total population of 902,000, out of which 188,000 are urban residents.
Coordinates: 37°10′45″N 119°56′00″E / 37.17917°N 119.9333333°E / 37.17917; 119.9333333
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Laoshan District
Laoshan District (崂山区) is an administrative division of Qingdao. Its area is 389 km².
Laoshan District (崂山区) is an administrative division of Qingdao. Its area is 389 km².
Laoshan District is located in the south of Shandong Peninsula, facing the Yellow Sea in the east and south. It covers 389.34square kilometer with 103.7km coastline.
The district belongs to north temperature zone monsoon climate with moderate temperature all the year. There is neither intense heat in summer nor severe cold in winter. Most of the district is highland with the average altitude of 55m and surface water of 3m. There is abundant high quality ground water. It is easy to prevent flood in rainy season.
The atmosphere quality in district is on second grade, the atmosphere environment is good. Both the surface water and the underground water quality accord with the drinking water standard.
Laoshan District has a population of 191,400. With three national class areas inside, namely the Hi-tech Industry Development Zone, Shilaoren National Tour Resort and Laoshan Scenic Spot, Laoshan is now sparing no effort to build itself into a district featured with "5-center and 4-type". The 5-center refers to the Center of Hi-tech Industrial Development, The Center of Tourism and Holiday Resort, the Center of High Education, the Center of Commerce and Business and the Center of Festivals and Exhibitions, and the 4-type new area means economically-efficient, population-densed, tourism-adaptable and environment-friendly.In 2005, GDP of Laoshan District reached RMB19.698 billion, 17.6% up than last year.
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Leshan Giant Buddha
The Leshan Giant Buddha (simplified Chinese: 乐山大佛; traditional Chinese: 樂山大佛; pinyin: Lèshān Dàfó) was built during the Tang Dynasty (618–907AD). It is carved out of a cliff face that lies at the confluence of the Minjiang, Dadu and Qingyi rivers in the southern part of Sichuan province in China, near the city of Leshan. The stone sculpture faces Mount Emei, with the rivers flowing below his feet. It is the largest carved stone Buddha in the world and it is by far the tallest pre-modern statue in the world.
The Mount Emei Scenic Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996. It was not damaged by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.
Construction was started in 713, led by a Chinese monk named Haitong. He hoped that the Buddha would calm the turbulent waters that plagued the shipping vessels traveling down the river. When funding for the project was threatened, he is said to have gouged out his own eyes to show his piety and sincerity. After his death, however, the construction was stuck due to insufficient funding. About 70 years later, a jiedushi decided to sponsor the project and the construction was completed by Haitong's disciples in 803.
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Liangshan County
Liangshan County (Chinese: 梁山县; pinyin: Liángshān Xiàn) is a county in Shandong province, China. Within its administrative territory is the famous Mount Liang (same name as the city). The area is the setting for the classic novel the Water Margin.
Coordinates: 35°48′45″N 116°06′10″E / 35.8125°N 116.10278°E / 35.8125; 116.10278
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Licang District
Licang (李沧区) is a district (区) of Qingdao in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 95.52 km² and around 280,800 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°10′08″N 120°25′31″E / 36.16889°N 120.42528°E / 36.16889; 120.42528
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Lijin County
Lijin County (simplified Chinese: 利津县; traditional Chinese: 利津縣; pinyin: Lìjīn Xiàn) is a county of Shandong province, People's Republic of China, situated on the northwestern (left) bank of the Yellow River. It is under the administration of Dongying City.
The population in 1999 was 289 593.
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Ling County
Coordinates: 37°20′N 116°34′E / 37.333°N 116.567°E / 37.333; 116.567
Ling County is a district of Dezhou, Shandong, China.
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Linqu County
Linqu County (Chinese: 临朐县; pinyin: Línqú Xiàn) is a county located in the southwest of Weifang and the middle of Shandong Peninsula, Shandong Province, China. It covers an area of 1,834 square kilometers and governs 937 villages which were grouped into eight townships and two subdistricts . Linqu has a population of 0.85 million.
With a long history of over 2000 years since its establishment in the West Han Dynasty, Linqu is well known for its beautiful sceneries and rich cultures, such as traditional operas, brush paintings and calligraphy, rare rock arts, Mount Yi National Forest Park, Shanwang National Geography Park, Old Dragon Spring and Shimenfang Park. Its over 210 archeology sites include Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture relics.
Coordinates: 36°30′44″N 118°32′32″E / 36.51222°N 118.54222°E / 36.51222; 118.54222
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Linshu County
Linshu County (simplified Chinese: 临沭县; traditional Chinese: 臨沭縣; pinyin: Línshù Xiàn) is a county of southern Shandong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangsu province to the south and east. It is under the administration of Linyi City.
The population was 612,853 in 1999.
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Linyi
Linyi (simplified Chinese: 临沂; traditional Chinese: 臨沂; pinyin: Línyí) is a prefecture-level city in the south of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. As of 2011, Linyi is the largest prefecture-level city in Shandong, both by area and population, Linyi borders Rizhao to the east, Weifang to the northeast, Zibo to the north, Tai'an to the northwest, Jining to the west, Zaozhuang to the southwest, and the province of Jiangsu to the south. The city Linyi (临沂) literally means "close by Yi river".
The city recently expanded along the Yi river to Nanfang, under slogan "Grand Linyi, New Linyi". Multiple recreational parks were built, along with new school campuses etc. The development is a consequence of a series of governmental projects, including relocate the city government, which is expected to stimulate the economy.
The population is 10,039,400 by the 2010 census, of which 1,876,770 live in Lanshan District, Luozhuang District and Hedong District.
The prefecture-level city of Linyi administers 12 county-level divisions, including 3 districts and 9 counties.
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Linzi District
The Linzi District (simplified Chinese: 临淄区; pinyin: Línzī Qū) is part of Zibo, a prefecture-level city central Shandong province, China.
Linzi was the capital of ancient State of Qi during the Zhou Dynasty.
There are many petro-chemical refineries in this area, some which are located in hills to the south of the commercial district. The area also includes agricultural land.
Linzi is one of the most highly developed industrial districts in north China with the highest GDP in Shandong Province.
Coordinates: 36°49′N 118°18′E / 36.817°N 118.3°E / 36.817; 118.3
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Lixia District
Lixia (Chinese: 历下区; pinyin: Lìxià Qū) is a suburban district of the province of Shandong, China. It is administered by the subprovincial town of Jinan. It has an area of 100.89 km² and, in 2003, had 583,500 inhabitants.
Coordinates: 36°38′56″N 117°09′03″E / 36.64889°N 117.15083°E / 36.64889; 117.15083
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Longmen Grottoes
The Longmen Grottoes (simplified Chinese: 龙门石窟; traditional Chinese: 龍門石窟; pinyin: lóngmén shíkū; lit. Dragon's Gate Grottoes) or Longmen Caves are one of the finest examples of Chinese Buddhist art. Housing tens of thousands of statues of Buddha and his disciples, they are located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of present day Luòyáng in Hénán province, Peoples Republic of China. The images, many once painted, were carved into caves excavated from the limestone cliffs of the Xiangshan and Longmenshan mountains, running east and west. The Yi River flows northward between them and the area used to be called Yique ("The Gate of the Yi River"). The alternative name of "Dragon's Gate Grottoes" derives from the resemblance of the two hills that check the flow of the Yi River to the typical "Chinese gate towers" that once marked the entrance to Luoyang from the south.
There are as many as 100,000 statues within the 1,400 caves, ranging from an 1 inch (25 mm) to 57 feet (17 m) in height. The area also contains nearly 2,500 stelae and inscriptions, whence the name “Forest of Ancient Stelae", as well as over sixty Buddhist pagodas. Situated in a scenic natural environment, the caves were dug from a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) stretch of cliff running along both banks of the river. 30% date from the Northern Wei Dynasty and 60% from the Tang, caves from other periods accounting for less than 10% of the total. Starting with the Northern Wei Dynasty in 493 AD, patrons and donors included emperors, Wu Zetian of the Second Zhou Dynasty, members of the royal family, other rich families, generals, and religious groups.
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Luozhuang District
Luozhuang (罗庄区) is a district of Linyi in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 370.37-370.6 km² and around 420,000 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 35°00′00″N 118°17′06″E / 35°N 118.285°E / 35; 118.285
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Mengyin County
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Mengyin County (simplified Chinese: 蒙阴县; traditional Chinese: 蒙陰縣; pinyin: Méngyīn Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Linyi City.
The population was 524,565 in 1999.
Mengyin is a county of Linyin,not Yantai
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Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
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Mogao Caves
The Mogao Caves or Mogao Grottoes (Chinese: 莫高窟; pinyin: Mògāo kū), also known as the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (Chinese: 千佛洞; pinyin: qiān fó dòng), form a system of 492 temples 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis strategically located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China. The caves may also be known as the Dunhuang Caves, however, this term also include other Buddhist cave sites in the Dunhuang area, such as the Western Thousand Buddha Caves, and the Yulin Caves farther away. The caves contain some of the finest examples of Buddhist art spanning a period of 1,000 years. The first caves were dug out 366 AD as places of Buddhist meditation and worship. The Mogao Caves are the best known of the Chinese Buddhist grottoes and, along with Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Grottoes, are one of the three famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China.
Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BC. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism.
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Mount Lu
Mount Lu (simplified Chinese: 庐山; traditional Chinese: 廬山; pinyin: Lúshān, Gan: Lu-san), also known as "Kuanglu" (匡庐) in ancient times, is situated in the northern part of Jiangxi (江西) province in southeastern China, and is one of the most renowned mountains in the country. The oval-shaped mountains are about 25 km long and 10 km wide, and neighbors Jiujiang city (九江市) and Yangtze River (长江) to the north, Nanchang city (南昌) to the south, and Poyang Lake (鄱阳湖) to the east. Its highest point is Dahanyang Peak (大汉阳峰), reaching 1,474 m above sea level, and is one of the hundreds of steep peaks that towers above a sea of clouds that encompass the mountains for almost 200 days out of the year. Mount Lu is known for its grandeur, steepness, and beauty, and is part of Lushan National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996, and a prominent tourist attraction, especially during the summer months when the weather is cooler.
Popular attractions in Mount Lu include the Immortal Caverns (仙人洞), Meilu Outhouse (美庐别墅), Five Old Man Peaks (五老峰), White Deer Cavern Academy (白鹿洞书院), Three Tiled Springs (三叠泉), Luling Lake (芦林湖), Lushan Hot Springs (庐山温泉), Botanical Gardens (植物园), the Bamboo Temple (竹山寺), Guanyin Bridge (观音桥), Peach Blossom Garden (桃花源), and many more.
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Mount Qingcheng
Mount Qingcheng (Chinese: 青城山; pinyin: Qīngchéng Shān) is a mountain in Dujiangyan, Sichuan, China. It is amongst the most important centres of Taoism (Daoism) in China. In Taoism mythology, it was the site of the Yellow Emperor's studies with Ning Fengzhi. As a centre of the Daoist religion it became host to many temples. The mountain has 36 peaks.
Waterfalls at Mount Qingcheng
An old town, Qin An at the foot of Mount Qingcheng
Coordinates: 31°00′07″N 103°36′18″E / 31.002°N 103.605°E / 31.002; 103.605
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Mount Sanqing
The Mount Sanqing (Chinese: 三清山; pinyin: Sānqīng Shān; literally "San Qing Mountain") is a renowned Taoist Mountain located 50 miles (80 km) north from Yushan, Jiangxi Province of the China with an outstanding scenery. San Qing literally mean 'three districts' in Mandarin as the San Qing Mountatin is made up of three main summits: the "Yujing Mountain", "Yushui Mountain" and "Yuhua Mountain".
A Chinese phrase “三峰峻拔、如三清列坐其巅” (“Three steep peaks, like the Three Pure Ones sit the summits”) explains why it was named San Qing. Amongst the three hills, the Yujing hill (1817 meters above sea level) is the highest.
The San Qing Mountain had been classified as a national park (Guojiaji Fengjing Mingshengqu 国家级风景名胜区, National Park of China). It is a famous honeypot in mainland China as well as a shelter for animals and plants. It contains about 1000 species of flora and 800 types of fauna. The total area of the San Qing Mountain is 2200 km². It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008.
Map of the site
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Mudan District
Mudan (牡丹区; pinyin: Mǔdān Qū) is a district of Heze in the Chinese province of Shandong. The district is the administrative centre of Heze.
Coordinates: 35°15′09″N 115°25′04″E / 35.2525°N 115.41778°E / 35.2525; 115.41778
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Mukden Palace
The Mukden Palace (simplified Chinese: 盛京宫殿; traditional Chinese: 盛京宮殿; pinyin: Shèngjīng Gōngdiàn) or Shenyang Gugong (simplified Chinese: 沈阳故宫; traditional Chinese: 瀋陽故宮; pinyin: Shěnyáng Gùgōng), also known as the Shenyang Imperial Palace, is the former imperial palace of the early Qing Dynasty of China.
It was built in 1625 and the first three Qing emperors lived there from 1625 to 1644. It is located in the center of the city of Mukden, Manchuria (Shenyang, China).
Early construction began in 1625 by Nurhaci. By 1631, additional structures were added under Emperor Huang Taiji.
The Mukden Palace was built to resemble the Forbidden City in Beijing. However, the palace also exhibits hints of Manchurian and Tibetan styles.
After the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty in 1644 in Beijing, the Mukden palace lost its status as the official residence of the Emperor. Instead, the Mukden Palace became a regional palace.
In 1780, Emperor Qianlong further expanded the palace. Successive Qing dynasty emperors usually stayed at Mukden Palace for some time each year.
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Muping District
Muping District (Chinese: 牟平区; pinyin: Mùpíng Qū) is a district administered by the prefecture-level city of Yantai, Shandong province, People's Republic of China.
Coordinates: 37°23′00″N 121°36′00″E / 37.3833°N 121.6°E / 37.3833; 121.6
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Ningyang County
Ningyang (Chinese: 宁阳县; Pinyin: Níngyáng Xiàn) is a county in Tai'an, Shandong Province, China.
Coordinates: 35°45′47″N 116°48′00″E / 35.76306°N 116.8°E / 35.76306; 116.8
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Norbulingka
Norbulingka (Tibetan: ནོར་བུ་གླིང་ཀ་; Wylie: Nor-bu-gling-ka; simplified Chinese: 罗布林卡; traditional Chinese: 羅布林卡; literally "The Jewelled Park") is a palace and surrounding park in Lhasa, Tibet, built from 1755. It served as the traditional summer residence of the successive Dalai Lamas from the 1780s up until the 14th Dalai Lama's exile in 1959. Part of the "Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace", Norbulingka is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and was added as an extension of this Historic Ensemble in 2001. It was built by the 7th Dalai Lama and served both as administrative centre and religious centre. It is a unique representation of Tibetan palace architecture.
Norbulingka Palace is situated in the west side of Lhasa, a short distance to the southwest of Potala Palace. Norbulingka covers an area of around 36 hectares (89 acres) and considered to be the largest man made garden in Tibet.
Norbulingka park is considered the premier park of all such horticultural parks in similar ethnic settings in Tibet. During the summer and autumn months, the parks in Tibet, including the Norbulinga, become hubs of entertainment with dancing, singing, music and festivities. The park is where the annual Sho Dun or 'Yoghurt Festival' is held.
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Old Town of Lijiang
The Old Town of Lijiang (simplified Chinese: 丽江古城; traditional Chinese: 麗江古城; pinyin: Lìjiāng Gǔchéng) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Lijiang City, Yunnan, China.
The town has a history going back more than 800 years and was once a confluence for trade along the old tea horse road. The Lijiang old town is famous for its orderly system of waterways and bridges. The old town of Lijiang differs from other ancient Chinese cities in architecture, history and the culture of its traditional residents the Nakhi people, therefore people there are called 胖金哥 and 胖金妹 (male and female respectively).
Lijiang old town (including Dayan, Baisha and Shuhe) was registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List on December 4, 1997. Since then, the local government has taken more responsibility for the development and protection of the old city. Lijiang's tourism also boomed, and travellers from around the world flooded in; although many locals fear that due to much of the development, the old town of Lijiang will lose its appeal.
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Peking Man
Peking Man (Chinese: 北京猿人; pinyin: Běijīng Yuánrén), Homo erectus pekinensis, is an example of Homo erectus. A group of fossil specimens was discovered in 1923–27 during excavations at Zhoukoudian (Chou K'ou-tien) near Beijing (written 'Peking' before the adoption of the Pinyin romanization system), China. More recently, the finds have been dated from roughly 750,000 years ago, although a new 26Al/10Be dating suggests they may be as much as 680,000–780,000 years old.
Between 1929 and 1937, 15 partial craniums, 11 lower jaws, many teeth, some skeletal bones and large numbers of stone tools were discovered in the Lower Cave at Locality 1 of the Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian, near Beijing, in China. Their age is estimated to be between 500,000 and 300,000 years old. (A number of fossils of modern humans were also discovered in the Upper Cave at the same site in 1933.) The most complete fossils, all of which were braincases or skullcaps, are:
Most of the study on these fossils was done by Davidson Black until his death in 1934. Franz Weidenreich replaced him and studied the fossils until leaving China in 1941. The original fossils disappeared in 1941 while being shipped to the United States for safety during World War II, but excellent casts and descriptions remain.
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Pingdu
Pingdu (Chinese: 平度; pinyin: Píngdù) is a county-level city of Qingdao sub-provincial city, Shandong Province, China.
It is located in the centre of the Shandong Peninsula. It has an area of 3,166 km2 (1,222 sq. mi.) and a population of 1,340,000 people.
Coordinates: 36°47′00″N 119°57′20″E / 36.7833333°N 119.95556°E / 36.7833333; 119.95556
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Pingyao County
Pingyao (Chinese: 平遥; pinyin: Píngyáo) is a county in central Shanxi province, People's Republic of China. It lies about 715 kilometres (444 mi) from Beijing and 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the provincial capital, Taiyuan. During the Qing Dynasty, Pingyao was a financial center of China. Its history dates back 2,700 years, and is one of the best preserved ancient cities in the known world. It is still inhabited by 50,000 residents and is renowned for its well-preserved ancient city wall, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Pingyao still retains its city layout from the Ming and Qing dynasties, conforming to a typical bagua pattern. More than 300 sites in or near the city have ancient ruins. Preserved Ming- and Qing-style residences number close to 4,000. The streets and storefronts still largely retain their historical appearance.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the county belonged to the kingdom of Jin. It was part of the kingdom of Zhao in the Warring States Period. In the Qin Dynasty, it was known as Pingtao. During the Han Dynasty, it was known as Zhongdu county. In 1986, the People's Republic of China designated Pingyao as one of the Chinese Historic and Cultural Cities. It became a World Heritage Site in 1997, including the outlying Zhenguo Temple and Shuanglin Temple.
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Pingyi County
Pingyi County (Chinese: 平邑县; Pinyin: Píngyì Xiàn) is a county under charge of Linyi City, Shandong Province of China. It has a land area of 1,824.79 square kilometers and a population of 980,000 in 2001. Its special local products are honeysuckle and granite. The second highest mountain in Shandong, Mount Meng, is located in Bianqiao Town.
Pingyi Consists of 14 towns and 2 townships.
Coordinates: 35°30′22″N 117°38′24″E / 35.50611°N 117.64°E / 35.50611; 117.64
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Pingyin County
Pingyin County (Chinese: 平阴县; pinyin: Píngyīn Xiàn) is under the administration of Jinan, in Shandong Province. The ancient Kingdom of Jibei (濟北) was located to the northeast of present day Pingyin County.
Pingyin has an area of 827 square kilometers and a population of 360,000.
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Potala Palace
The Potala Palace (Tibetan: པོ་ཏ་ལ, Wylie: Po ta la, ZYPY: Bodala; simplified Chinese: 布达拉宫; traditional Chinese: 布達拉宮; pinyin: Bùdálā Gōng) is located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of Chenresig or Avalokitesvara. The Potala Palace was the chief residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, during the 1959 Tibetan uprising.
Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (d. 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress, called the White or Red Palace, on the site built by Songtsen Gampo in 637. Today, the Potala Palace is a museum.
The building measures 400 metres east-west and 350 metres north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging 3 m. thick, and 5 m. (more than 16 ft) thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes. Thirteen stories of buildings – containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues – soar 117 metres (384 ft) on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than 300 m (about 1,000 ft) in total above the valley floor.
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Puning Temple
The Puning Temple (Chinese: 普宁寺; pinyin: Pǔníng Sì; literally "Temple of Universal Peace") of Chengde, Hebei province, China (commonly called the Big Buddha Temple) is a Qing Dynasty era Buddhist temple complex built in 1755, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735-1796 AD) to show the Qing's respect to the ethnic minorities. It is located near the Chengde Mountain Resort, and alongside the equally famed Putuo Zongcheng Temple, it is one of the "Eight Outer Temples" of Chengde. Much how the Putuo Zongcheng Temple was modeled after the Tibetan Potala Palace, the Puning Temple was modeled after the Samye Monastery, the sacred Lamaist site in Tibet. The front temple was constructed in the Chinese style, although the temple complex follows both Chinese and Tibetan architectural styles. The Puning Temple also houses the world's tallest wooden sculpture of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (22.28-meter-high and 110-ton), hence the Puning Temple is often nicknamed the "Big Buddha Temple". The complex features temple halls, pavilions, drum towers and bell towers.
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Qihe County
Qihe County (simplified Chinese: 齐河县; traditional Chinese: 齊河縣; pinyin: Qíhé Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is administered by Dezhou City.
The population was 595,473 in 1999.
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Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a single and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zicheng's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.
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Qingdao
Qingdao (help·info) (Chinese: 青岛; pinyin: Qīngdǎo; Mandarin pronunciation: [tɕʰíŋtɑ̀ʊ̯]; German: Tsingtau) also known in the West by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city with a population of over 8.715 million (2010 census) in eastern Shandong province, Eastern China. Its built up area, made of 7 urban districts plus Jimo city, is home to about 4,346,000 inhabitants in 2010.
It borders Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest. The character 青 (qīng) in Chinese means "green" or "lush", while the character 岛 (dǎo) means "island". Qingdao is administered at the sub-provincial level.
Lying across the Shandong Peninsula while looking out to the Yellow Sea, Qingdao is a major seaport, naval base, and industrial centre. It is also the site of the Tsingtao Brewery. The world's longest sea bridge, the Qingdao Haiwan Bridge, links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district, straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas. In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city.
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Qingyun County
Qingyun County (simplified Chinese: 庆云县; traditional Chinese: 慶雲縣; pinyin: Qìngyún Xiàn) is a county of north-northwestShandong province, People's Republic of China. It is administered by Dezhou.
The population was 289,986 in 1999.
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Qingzhou
Coordinates: 36°41′48″N 118°28′47″E / 36.69667°N 118.47972°E / 36.69667; 118.47972
Qingzhou (Chinese: 青州; Pinyin: Qīngzhōu), formerly Yidu County (益都县), is a county-level city, which is located in the west of Weifang City, Shandong Province, China. Qingzhou is a dynamic industry city, and also grows a great number of farm products. The local government holds an open policy of introduction of foreign capital, and has established strong business relationships with more than fifty countries and regions.
Qingzhou is a timehonored city, and its name initially appeared in a geography book called Classic of History chapter Yu Gong (禹贡) composed in the Warring States Period(403BC － 221 BC). Nonetheless, the history of this centuries old city can date back to the ancient times (twenty two centuries ago) when it was one part of the Dongyi area.
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Qufu
Qufu (Chinese: 曲阜; pinyin: Qūfù; Wade–Giles: Ch'ü1-fu4) is a city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is located at 35° 36′ northern latitude and 117° 02′ east, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) south of the provincial capital Jinan and 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of the prefecture seat at Jining. Qufu has an urban population of about 60,000, the entire administrative region has about 650,000 inhabitants.
Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, who is traditionally believed to have been born at the nearby Mount Ni. The city contains numerous historic palaces, temples and cemeteries. The three most famous cultural sites of the city, collectively known as San Kong (三孔), i.e. "The Three Confucian [sites]", are the Temple of Confucius (Chinese: 孔庙; pinyin: Kǒngmiào), the Cemetery of Confucius (Chinese: 孔林; pinyin: Kǒnglín), and the Kong Family Mansion (Chinese: 孔府; pinyin: Kǒngfǔ). Together, these three sites have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.
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Rencheng District
Rencheng (任城区) is a district of Jining in the Chinese province of Shandong. Rencheng has an area of 881 km² and around 630,000 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 35°24′24″N 116°36′00″E / 35.40667°N 116.6°E / 35.40667; 116.6
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Rizhao
Rizhao (Chinese: 日照; pinyin: Rìzhào; Wade–Giles: Jih-Chao) is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is situated on the coastline along the Yellow Sea, borders Qingdao to the northeast, Weifang to the north, Linyi to the west and southwest, and faces Korea and Japan across the Yellow Sea to the east. Rizhao is a major seaport and is approximately 620 km north of Shanghai, 170 km southwest of Qingdao, and 120 km north of Lianyungang. The Rizhao seaport's primary business is loading and unloading iron ore and coal. Other products passing through the seaport include cement, nickel, bauxite, and the like. Rizhao City means City of Sunshine in Chinese. The city is known for its sustainability, and it mandates solar-water heaters in all new buildings. Rizhao city was recognized by the United Nations as one of the most habitable cities in the world in 2009.
The city population stands at 2,801,100 as of the 2010 census. Out of those, a little over 865,000 people live in the urban area of Donggang district.
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Shandong
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E / 36.4°N 118.4°E / 36.4; 118.4
Shandong (help·info) (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: Shan1-tung1) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of 3.94 trillion CNY in 2010).
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Shanghe County
Shanghe County (simplified Chinese: 商河县; traditional Chinese: 商河縣; pinyin: Shānghé Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Jinan, the provincial capital.
The population was 579,928 in 1999.
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Shanting District
Shanting District is a district of Zaozhuang in the Chinese province of Shandong.
Coordinates: 35°06′00″N 117°27′43″E / 35.1°N 117.46194°E / 35.1; 117.46194
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Shaohao Tomb
Coordinates: 35°36′39″N 117°01′59″E / 35.610802°N 117.033°E / 35.610802; 117.033
The Shaohao Tomb (Chinese: 少昊陵; pinyin: Shǎohào Líng) is a pyramid shaped monument located in the north-east of Jiuxian Village, on the eastern outskirts of the city of Qufu in Shandong Province, China. The monument honors Shaohao, the son of the first mythical Chinese emperor (the Yellow Emperor) and one of the mythical five emperors himself. The monument is unique in China because of its pyramid-shaped stone construction. It consists of a tomb mount that has been covered with stone slabs during the reign of the Song Dynasty emperor Huizong in 1111 CE. The entire pyramid is 28.5 meters wide and 8.73 meters high. On its flat top stands a small pavilion that houses a statue of Shao Hao. The tomb stands inside a compound with many old trees, chiefly thujas planted on the orders of the emperor Qianlong, who visited the site in 1748.
The rather unusual design of this monument has long attracted visitors' notice. As Rev. A. Williamson, who visited the site in 1865, wrote:
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Shibei District
Shibei (市北区: "North City") is a district (区) of Qingdao in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 28.63 km² and around 474,529 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°05′15″N 120°22′30″E / 36.0875°N 120.375°E / 36.0875; 120.375
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Shinan District
Shinan District (Chinese: 市南; pinyin: shìnán "South City") is a district (区) of Qingdao in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 30.01 square kilometres (7,420 acres; 11.59 sq mi) and had approximately 527,000 inhabitants as of 2007. Shinan is located in coastal hilled terrain, and has a temperate monsoon climate. Common features include moderate temperatures, moist air, abundant rainfall, and four distinct seasons. It is notable for its early 20th century German architecture, unusual in Chinese cities.
In the mid-19th century the European powers forcibly opened China to foreign trade. Germany acquired the Jiaozhou Bay concession from China in 1898, and substantially developed a fishing village they spelled "Tsingtao" (simplified Chinese: 青岛; traditional Chinese: 青島; pinyin: Qīngdǎo). The area built by the Germans falls into the part of Qingdao known today as Shinan District.
Shinan is a center for political, business and finance activities, and is home to investment from an increasing number of Fortune 500 companies. To facilitate urban planning, it is divided into a number of areas, including a port and logistics area, tourism area, software/IT area, high-end retail area and financial area.
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Shou Qiu
Coordinates: 35°36′18″N 117°1′55″E / 35.605°N 117.03194°E / 35.605; 117.03194
Shou Qiu (Chinese: 寿丘; pinyin: Shòu Qiū; literally "Longevity Hill") is a historical site on the eastern outskirts of the city of Qufu in Shandong Province, China. According to the legend, Shou Qiu is the birthplace of the Yellow Emperor.
The site features two giant turtle-borne steles with a small lake between them. The western stele is known as the "Qing Shou" Stele (Chinese: 庆寿碑; pinyin: Qìng Shòu Bēi; literally "Celebrate Longevity Stele"); the eastern stele as the "Wan Ren Chou" Stele (Chinese: 万人愁碑; pinyin: Wàn Rén Chóu Bēi; literally "Sorrow of Ten Thousand Stele"), supposedly because it took so many people to move it. The site's memorial to the Yellow Emperor was built in 1012 CE, during the Xuanhe era of the Huizong Emperor of the Song Dynasty. The steles were also carved on site during the time, but were left lying on the ground unfinished, because the Song Dynasty lost control of the area to the invading Jurchens. After suffering further damage during the Cultural Revolution, the steles were restored in 1992. Missing fragments that could not be located had to be replaced; some say that this resulted in some changes of the giant tortoises' appearance: according to a knowledgeable local guide, "the older claws were sharper and showed more strength. The newer replicas are flabby and lack character."
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Shouguang
Shouguang (Chinese: 寿光) is a county level city located in Weifang Prefecture-level city, Shandong Province, China. It is a relatively large city with nearly one million people residing within the municipality and its surrounding towns and villages.
The city is located approximately thirty minutes east of Zibo, thirty to forty minutes west of downtown Weifang, three hours west of Qingdao and one and a half an hour east of Jinan. From Shouguang, and driving at legal highway speeds, one could reach Beijing in approximately seven hours.
Shouguang is flourishing and boasts a modern downtown area and a new six lane highway leading from the Jiqing Expressway (Jinan to Qingdao) into the heart of the city. The local government is currently focused on developing the city's service, industry and technology sectors as well as maintaining Shouguang's reputation as China's "Home of Vegetables" (蔬菜之乡 pinyin: shucai zhixiang).
The city hosts a vegetable fair every year around May 1st, and artists use fruits, nuts, vegetables, flowers and potted plants to create numerous sculptures and murals. The artwork is displayed at the city's convention center and ten large plant exhibition halls. CPC General secretary, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited the city as well as the adjacent village of San Yuan Zhu in 2005 and praised the farmers for the development of their new cultivation techniques. The visit and the efforts of the village head and farmers were featured on national news programs. San Yuan Wang has since erected a large sign displaying Hu and other visiting dignitaries just inside its main village gate in order to celebrate the event.
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Sifang District
Sifang (四方区) is a district (区) of Qingdao in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 34.55 km² and around 383,700 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°06′25″N 120°21′33″E / 36.10694°N 120.35917°E / 36.10694; 120.35917
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Sishui County
Sishui County (simplified Chinese: 泗水县; traditional Chinese: 泗水縣; pinyin: Sìshuǐ Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Jining City.
The population was 590,326 in 1999.
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Summer Palace
Coordinates: 39°59′51.00″N 116°16′8.04″E / 39.9975°N 116.2689°E / 39.9975; 116.2689
The Summer Palace (simplified Chinese: 颐和园; traditional Chinese: 頤和園; pinyin: Yíhé Yuán; literally "Gardens of Nurtured Harmony") is a palace in Beijing, China. The Summer Palace is mainly dominated by Longevity Hill (60 meters high) and the Kunming Lake. It covers an expanse of 2.9 square kilometers, three quarters of which is water.
Longevity Hill is about 60 meters (196.9 feet) high and houses many buildings positioned in sequence. The front hill is rich in the splendid halls and pavilions, while the back hill, in sharp contrast, is quiet with natural beauty
The central Kunming Lake covering 2.2 square kilometers was entirely man made and the excavated soil was used to build Longevity Hill. In the Summer Palace, one finds a variety of palaces, gardens, and other classical-style architectural structures.
In December 1998, UNESCO included the Summer Palace on its World Heritage List. It declared the Summer Palace "a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design. The natural landscape of hills and open water is combined with artificial features such as pavilions, halls, palaces, temples and bridges to form a harmonious ensemble of outstanding aesthetic value." It is a popular tourist destination but also serves as a recreational park.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (
i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Tancheng County
Tancheng County (Chinese: 郯城县; pinyin: Tánchéng Xiàn) is a county of Linyi, Shandong province, People's Republic of China.
Tancheng is located on the southern edge of the province of Shandong, about 90 kilometres (by road) south of Linyi and 400 kilometres south east of Jinan, the capital city of Shandong province.
The population in 2001 was 970,000. The land area of the county is about 1,306.58 square kilometres. It is a developing city in a rural area.
Tancheng in the 17th century is the setting for Jonathan Spence's microhistory, The Death of Woman Wang.
Xu Ling, compiler of the famous poetry anthology New Songs from the Jade Terrace, was born in what is now Tancheng County.
Coordinates: 34°39′03.60″N 118°13′19.20″E / 34.651°N 118.222°E / 34.651; 118.222
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Temple of Heaven
The Temple of Heaven, literally the Altar of Heaven (simplified Chinese: 天坛; traditional Chinese: 天壇; pinyin: Tiāntán; Manchu: Abkai mukdehun) is a complex of religious buildings situated in the southeastern part of central Beijing. The complex was visited by the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good harvest. It has been regarded as a Taoist temple, although Chinese Heaven worship, especially by the reigning monarch of the day, pre-dates Taoism.
The temple complex was constructed from 1406 to 1420 during the reign of the Yongle Emperor, who was also responsible for the construction of the Forbidden City in Beijing. The complex was extended and renamed Temple of Heaven during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor in the 16th century. The Jiajing Emperor also built three other prominent temples in Beijing, the Temple of Sun (日壇)in the east, the Temple of Earth (地壇)in the north, and the Temple of Moon (月壇)in the west . The Temple of Heaven was renovated in the 18th century under the Qianlong Emperor. Due to the deterioration of state budget, this became the last large-scale renovation of the temple complex in the imperial time.
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Temple of Yan Hui
Coordinates: 35°36′3″N 116°59′19″E / 35.60083°N 116.98861°E / 35.60083; 116.98861
The Temple of Yan Hui, more commonly known as simply the Temple of Yan or the Yan Temple (Chinese: 颜庙; pinyin: Yán miào), is a temple in Qufu, China, dedicated to the memory of Yan Hui (521 BC - 490 BC), the favorite disciple of Confucius.
The temple is located within the historic walled city of Qufu, the hometown of Confucius and of Yan Hui himself, in China's Shandong Province. The temple is just south of the northern gates of the city wall, and is few blocks to the north of the Temple of Confucius (which is located north of the city wall's southern gates).
The temple's premises are a rectangle, 254.50 m long (from the north to the south) and 109.80 m wide (from the east to the west). According to local historians, there 148 architectural and sculptural objects (halls, pavilions, gates, steles) on the temple's premises, as well as 369 valuable old trees.
A gateway
The sanctuary (Hall of Fusheng)
"Yan Zi Miao" Stele (right), Year 24 of the Dading era (1184), and a Wanli 39 (1611) stele (left)
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Tengzhou
Tengzhou (simplified Chinese: 滕州; traditional Chinese: 滕州; pinyin: Téngzhōu) is a county-level city of Zaozhuang, Shandong province of the People's Republic of China, and is the site of the feudal vassal State of Teng during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The Mayor of Tengzhou is Du Yongguang. The Secretary of CPC Tengzhou Committee is Niu Qizhong.
The County-level city of Tengzhou administers 21 township-level divisions.
Coordinates: 35°05′N 117°09′E / 35.083°N 117.15°E / 35.083; 117.15
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Terracotta Army
The Terracotta Army or the "Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses", is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China. It is a form of funerary art buried with the emperor in 210–209 BC and whose purpose was to protect the emperor in his afterlife, and to make sure that he had people to rule over.
The figures, dating from 3rd century BC, were discovered in 1974 by some local farmers in Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi province, near the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (Chinese: 秦始皇陵; pinyin: Qín Shǐhuáng Ling).
The figures vary in height according to their roles, with the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, chariots and horses. Current estimates are that in the three pits containing the Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits. Other terracotta non-military figures were also found in other pits and they include officials, acrobats, strongmen and musicians.
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Tianqiao District
Tianqiao (Chinese: 天桥区; pinyin: Tiānqiáo Qū) is a district of the Chinese province of Shandong. It is administered by the subprovincial town of Jinan. It has an area of 249.05 km² and has 485,773 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 36°40′41″N 116°59′13″E / 36.678°N 116.987°E / 36.678; 116.987
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Weifang
Weifang (simplified Chinese: 潍坊; traditional Chinese: 濰坊; pinyin: Wéifāng) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north.
Weifang is a historical city with well known figures. Emperor Shun of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period, the politician Yan Ying (晏婴) of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Confucian scholar Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the agriculturist Jia Simiao of the Northern Wei Dynasty were all from Weifang. Kong Rong, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo, Zheng Banqiao, et al. have worked in Weifang historically. In more recent years, revolutionists, writers and artists, such as Wang Jinmei, Chen Shaomin, Wang Yuanjian, Wang Tongzhao, Zang Kejia are well known in China.
Weifang also has numerous historical relics and other tourist sites, such as Shihu Garden (from the Late Ming and early Qing Dynasty), Fangong Pavilion (from the Song Dynasty), fossil sites (including dinosaur fossils, in Shanwang, Linqu), Mount Yi National Forest Park, Mount Qingyun and the Old Dragon Spring. Painted New Year woodcuts from Yangjiabu are also well known.
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Weihai
Weihai (Chinese: 威海; pinyin: Wēihǎi) is a city in eastern Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city of the province and a major seaport. Between 1898 and 1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison (traditional Chinese: 威海衛; simplified Chinese: 威海卫; pinyin: Wēihǎi Wèi), and sometimes as Port Edward. Weihai was not developed in the way that Hong Kong, the other British colony in the region, was developed, because Shandong Province of which Weihaiwei was part of, was inside Germany's sphere of influence and had only been obtained as a counterbalance to the Russian presence at Port Arthur 130 kilometres across the sea in Manchuria. It was largely used as a naval station and a sanatorium. Weihai borders Yantai to the west and the Yellow Sea to the east.
Its population is 2,804,800 at the 2010 census. 591,982 live in the built up area (Huancui urban district). One can notice that Rongcheng, a county level city, has a built up area with 1,006,795 inhabitants.
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Wendeng
Wendeng (Chinese: 文登; pinyin: Wéndēng) is a county-level city in Weihai prefecture-level city, Shandong province, in North eastern China. Wendeng is primarily an industrial based city, with a large minority of citizens working as farmers.
Coordinates: 37°12′N 122°03′E / 37.2°N 122.05°E / 37.2; 122.05
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Wenshang County
Wenshang County (simplified Chinese: 汶上县; traditional Chinese: 汶上縣; pinyin: Wénshàng Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Jining City.
The population was 725,971 in 1999.
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West Lake
West Lake or Xī Hú (Chinese: 西湖; literally "West Lake") is a famous fresh water lake located in the historic area of Hangzhou, the capital of Zhejiang province in eastern China. The lake is divided by the causeways of Sū Dī (苏提 / 蘇堤), Bái Dī (白堤), and Yánggōng Dī (杨公堤 / 楊公堤). There are numerous temples, pagodas, gardens, and artificial islands within the lake.
West Lake has influenced poets and painters throughout the ages for its natural beauty and historical relics, and it has been among the most important sources of inspiration for Chinese garden designers, as evidenced by the impact it had on various Chinese classical gardens. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2011, and was described as having "influenced garden design in the rest of China as well as Japan and Korea over the centuries" and as reflecting "an idealized fusion between humans and nature."
There are dozens of lakes called West Lake worldwide, but "West Lake" usually refers to the Hangzhou West Lake, which is located in the western area of Hangzhou City. It is surrounded by mountains on three sides. The average depth of West Lake is 3 meters, and the capacity is about 14,290,000 cubic meters. The lake is divided by Gu Shan, Bai, Su and Yanggong Causeways into five areas. Ordered by their areas, they are Outer West Lake (外西湖), West Inner Lake (西里湖, or 后西湖, or 后湖), North Inner Lake (北里湖 or 里西湖), Little South Lake (小南湖 or 南湖) and Yue Lake (岳湖). "Outer West Lake" is the largest. "Gu Shan" or Gu Hill is the largest natural island in the lake. Su & Bai Causeways run across the lake. Three small man-made islands, "Xiao Ying Zhou" (小瀛洲), "Hu Xin Ting" (湖心亭), and "Ruan Gong Dun" (阮公墩) lie in the center of Outer West Lake. Thus, the basic layout is "one hill, two causeways, three islands, and five lakes"
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Wucheng County
Wucheng County (simplified Chinese: 武城县; traditional Chinese: 武城縣; pinyin: Wǔchéng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hebei province to the northwest. It is administered by Dezhou City.
The population was 365,217 in 1999.
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Wudang Mountains
The Wudang Mountains (simplified Chinese: 武当山; traditional Chinese: 武當山; pinyin: Wǔdāng Shān, pronounced [ùtɑ́ŋ ʂán]), also known as Wu Tang Shan or simply Wudang, are a small mountain range in the northwestern part of Hubei Province of People's Republic of China, just to the south of the city of Shiyan.
On Chinese maps, the name "Wudangshan" (武当山) is applied both to the entire mountain range (which runs east-west along the southern edge of the Hanshui River valley, crossing several county-level divisions of Shiyan Prefecture-level city), and to the small group of peaks located within Wudangshan Jiedao of the Danjiangkou County-level City of the Shiyan Prefecture-level city. It is the latter specific area which is known as a Taoist center.
Modern maps show the elevation of the highest of the peaks in the Wudang Shan "proper" as 1612 meters; however, the entire Wudangshan range has somewhat higher elevations elsewhere.
Some consider the Wudang Mountains to be a "branch" of the Daba Mountains range, which is a major mountain system of the western Hubei, Shaanxi, Chongqing and Sichuan.
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Wudi County
Wudi County (simplified Chinese: 无棣县; traditional Chinese: 無棣縣; pinyin: Wúdì Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Binzhou City.
The population in 1999 was 424,456.
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Wulian County
Wulian County (Chinese: 五莲县; Pinyin: Wǔlián Xiàn) is a county under charge of Rizhao City, Shandong Province of China. It has a land area of 1,443 square kilometers, and a population of 520,000 in 2001.
wulian mountain
Coordinates: 35°45′00.01″N 119°12′29.96″E / 35.7500028°N 119.2083222°E / 35.7500028; 119.2083222
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Wuyi Mountains
The Wuyi Mountains (Chinese: 武夷山; pinyin: Wǔyí Shān; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bú-î-soaⁿ) are a mountain range located in the prefecture of Nanping, in the northern border of Fujian province with Jiangxi province, China. The mountains cover an area of 60 km². In 1999, Mount Wuyi entered UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites, both natural and cultural. It is the most outstanding biodiversity conservation zone of Southeast China.
The Wuyi Mountains are located between Wuyishan City, Nanping prefecture in Fujian province and Wuyishan Town, at Shangrao city in Jiangxi province. The area is connected to the road network by provincial road number S303. The world heritage site has an area of 999.75 square kilometres within an additional buffer zone of 278.88 km².
Numerous types of tea are produced around Mount Wuyi; it is the origin of Da Hong Pao tea and Lapsang souchong, further described in Wuyi tea.
The region is part of the Cathayshan fold system and has experienced high volcanic activity and the formation of large fault structures, which were subsequently subject to erosion by water and weathering. The landscape is characterized by winding river valleys flanked by columnar or dome-shaped cliffs as well as cave systems. Peaks in the western portion of the Wuyi Mountains typically consist of volcanic or plutonic rocks, whereas peaks and hills in the eastern area are made up of red sandstone with very steep slopes but flat tops. The Nine-bend River (Jiuqu Xi), about 60 kilometers in length, meanders in a deep gorge among these hills. The highest peak in the area is Mount Huanggang at 2,158 metres (7,080 ft) on the border of Fujian and Jiangxi, making it the highest point of both provinces; the lowest altitudes are around 200 metres (660 ft).
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Xiajin County
Xiajin County (Chinese: 夏津县) is a county in Dezhou, Shandong Province. Its total size is 882 km2, and its population is roughly 500,000. Its economy is mostly agricultural, including cotton, wheat, and corn.
Coordinates: 36°56′53″N 116°00′00″E / 36.94806°N 116°E / 36.94806; 116
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Xidi
Xidi (Chinese: 西递; pinyin: Xīdì, also Xi'di, or Xi Di, literally West Post), is a village in southern Anhui province (Yi County), in China, which was declared a part of the "Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui" World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000, along with the village of Hongcun.
First built during the Huangyou era (1049–1053) of Song Dynasty Emperor Renzong, the village was originally called Xichuan (West River), owing to the various water courses flowing through it.
The rise of the village was closely tied to the fortunes of the Hu family. By 1465 CE, during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), family members had started in business as merchants, leading to construction of major private buildings and a public infrastructure. By the middle of the 17th century, the influence wielded by members of the Hu family expanded from commerce into politics. The prosperity of Xidi peaked in the 18th and 19th centuries, at which time the village comprised about 600 residences.
The street pattern of Xidi is dominated by a main road which runs in an east-west direction and is flanked by two parallel streets. These major streets are joint by many narrow alleyways. Small open spaces are confined to areas immediately in front of the main public buildings, such as the "Hall of Respect", the "Hall of Reminiscence", and the "Memorial Archway of the Governor".
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Xintai
Coordinates: 35°54′36″N 117°46′48″E / 35.91°N 117.78°E / 35.91; 117.78
Xintai (Chinese: 新泰; pinyin: Xīntài) is a county-level city administered under Tai'an prefecture-level city, in the Shandong province of eastern China. It is located about 50km to the southeast of the city of Tai'an.
Xintai lies in the north temperate zone with a monsoon climate. The average annual temperatures is 13℃。
The population is 1,334,549 in 1999.
Xintai is known in history as a site of the capital Xiangguo (襄國) of the Jie Huns's (Ch. Xiongnu 匈奴) Former Zhao state and its descendent states during the period of Sixteen States of five northern tribes.
In August 2007, the Shandong coal mine flood killed 181 miners.
Xintai is an important area of production of foods, vegetables and petroleum. There are about 1,600 million tons of coal deposits, other mineral deposits include quartz, limestone and clay. The industrial structure of Xintai is centered around energy, building materials, machines and chemical engineering. There are more than 1,000 corporations of industry and mining.
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Xuecheng District
Xuecheng (薛城区) is a district of Zaozhuang in the Chinese province of Shandong. It has an area of 506.72 km² and around 405,285 inhabitants (2003).
Coordinates: 34°46′28″N 117°15′05″E / 34.77444°N 117.25139°E / 34.77444; 117.25139
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Xumi Fushou Temple
The Xumi Fushou Temple (Chinese: 须弥福寿之庙; pinyin: Xūmí fúshòu zhīmiào; literally "Temple of Happiness and Longevity of the Sumeru Mountain") is one of the Eight Outer Temples in Chengde in the Chinese province of Hebei. The Buddhist temple is located in the north of the park complex of the Chengde Mountain Resort to the east of Putuo Zongcheng Temple on the north side of a slightly upward slope hill. The temple covers an area of 37,900 square meters.
The temple was first designed in 1780 to celebrate the 70th Birthday of Emperor Qianlong and built for Penchen Lama the VI who came to Chengde from Tibet to convey his congratulations, and is a fusion of Chinese and Tibetan architectural style.
Its main building, the Great Red Terrace (Dahongtai 大红台), has three storeys and was built above three-storeys foundation. The Miaogaozhuangyan Hall (妙高庄严殿) where the Penchen Lama preached is the center of the temple. The Jixiangfaxi Hall (吉样法喜殿) with a roof made of gold plated copper tiles was the home of Penchen Lama. Other buildings are the seven-story octagonal Liuli-Wanshou pagoda (琉璃万寿塔 "Glazed Tile Pagoda of Longevity") and a glazed tile paifang (琉璃牌坊). In the stele pavilion of the temple is a four-language memorial plaque with stone engraving in Manchu, Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan script, with an inscription in memory of the events.
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Yantai
Yantai (Chinese: 烟台; pinyin: Yāntái) is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located on the southern coast of the Bohai Sea and the eastern coast of the Laizhou Bay, Yantai borders the cities of Qingdao and Weihai to the southwest and east respectively.
The largest fishing seaport in Shandong and a robust economic center today, Yantai used to be known to the West as Chefoo, a misnomer which refers, in Chinese, solely to Zhifu Island, which is historically governed by Yantai.
The contemporary name of Yantai came from the watchtowers constructed on Mount Qi in 1398, during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor, founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty (yan—smoke; tai—tower). The towers served to raise alarms against invasions of Japanese pirates.
The prefecture-level city of Yantai administers 12 county-level divisions, including 4 districts, 7 county-level cities, 1 county and one development zone.
These are further divided into 148 township-level divisions, including 94 towns, 6 townships and 48 subdistricts.
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Yanzhou
Yanzhou (simplified Chinese: 兖州; traditional Chinese: 兗州; pinyin: Yǎnzhōu) is a county-level city of Jining, in the southwest of Shandong province, People's Republic of China.
The County-level city of Yanzhou administers 10 township-level divisions.
Yanzhou Coal Mining Company is headquartered in Yanzhou.
Yanzhou has a monsoon-influenced, four-season climate that lies in the transition between the humid subtropical (Köppen Cwa) and humid continental (Köppen Dwa) regimes. Winters are cold and dry while summers are hot and humid. Monthly daily average temperatures range from −1.3 °C (29.7 °F) in January to 26.8 °C (80.2 °F), while the annual mean temperature is 13.6 °C (56.5 °F). More than 70% of the annual precipitation occurs from June to September, with barely any occurring in the winter months.
Coordinates: 35°33′N 116°49′E / 35.55°N 116.817°E / 35.55; 116.817
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Yinan County
Yinan (沂南县; pinyin: Yínán Xiàn) is a county of Linyi in the Chinese province of Shandong.
The population was 896,467 in 1999.
Towns:
The only township is Mamuchi Township (马牧池乡)
Coordinates: 35°32′57″N 118°28′01″E / 35.54917°N 118.46694°E / 35.54917; 118.46694
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Yinxu
Yinxu (Chinese: 殷墟; pinyin: Yīnxū; literally "Yin Ruins"; IPA: [ínɕý]) is the ruins of Yin, the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty. The capital served 255 years for 12 kings in 8 generations.
Rediscovered in 1899, it is one of the oldest and largest archeological sites in China and is one of the historical capitals of China and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located in the very north of Henan province, close to the borders with Hebei and Shanxi, in the modern city of Anyang, and is open to the public.
It is famous as the original source of oracle bones and oracle bone script, the earliest recorded form of Chinese writing.
At the beginning of the 14th century BC King Pangeng of the Shang Dynasty moved his capital from Yān (present day Qufu in Shandong Province), to a village that had existed since 5,000 BCE on the banks of the Huan River. This new city was known as Yin (殷), and from that point on the dynasty that founded it would also be known as the Yin Dynasty. The name "Yin" is an ancient term referring to "vibrant music-making".
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Yishui County
Yishui County (simplified Chinese: 沂水县; traditional Chinese: 沂水縣; pinyin: Yíshuǐ Xiàn) is a county of south-central Shandong province, People's Republic of China, located in the foothills region of the province. It is under the administration of Linyi City.
The population was 1,115,927 in 1999.
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Yiyuan County
Jiangyin (Chinese: 沂源; pinyin: yí'yuán; Wade-Giles: iyüan) is a county in China's Shandong province who located in the deep Tai-yi Mountains. Under the jurisdiciton of Zibo City, Yiyuan is the southest county within Zibo. It has population of 0.5537 million in 2003, of which 104,200 lives in the county town . Located in the middle of Shandong Province, Yiyuan has the name of “ Roof of Shandong” because of its highest altitude among all counties within the province.
Yiyuan is located in the northern of PRC, in the middle of Shandong Province, approximately 100 kilometers away from Jinan and Zibo, 170 kilometers away from Qingdao.The county town located beside one of the most famous rivers in shandong- the Yi River, also where the connty got its name(Yiyuan means the beginning of the Yi River in Chinese).
Yiyuan County has a complete Mountain topography. Mountains that has a name amount to 1,983, among which the highest one, the Lu Mountain, has an altitude of 1,108 meters. The land covered with forest in this county propotioned to 51.3%, who has helped the County Town to win the honor of "National Garden County-level City" as well as The National Model Prize for Residential Environment.
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Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (Chinese: 元朝, p Yuán Cháo; Mongolian: Их Юань улс) was the branch of Mongol Borjigin dynasty established by Kublai Khan. Although the Mongols had ruled northern China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm – the Great Yuan Empire (t 大元帝國, s 大元帝国, p Dà Yuán Dìguó) – was by this point isolated from the other khanates and controlled only most of present-day China and its surrounding areas including modern Mongolia. It was the first non-Han dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its remnants in Mongolia were known as the Northern Yuan.
The Yuan is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and as an imperial Chinese dynasty. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song Dynasty and preceding the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu.
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Yuncheng County
Yuncheng County (simplified Chinese: 郓城; traditional Chinese: 鄆城; pinyin: Yùnchéng) is a county in southwest of Shandong province, China. It borders Liangshan County and Jiaxiang County to the east, Juancheng to the west and Juye and Heze to the south.
Coordinates: 35°36′11″N 115°56′24″E / 35.603°N 115.94°E / 35.603; 115.94
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Yungang Grottoes
The Yungang Grottoes (simplified Chinese: 云冈石窟; traditional Chinese: 雲崗石窟; pinyin: Yúngāng Shíkū; Wuzhoushan Grottoes in ancient time) are ancient Chinese Buddhist temple grottoes near the city of Datong in the province of Shanxi. They are excellent examples of rock-cut architecture and one of the three most famous ancient Buddhist sculptural sites of China. The others are Longmen and Mogao.
The site is located about 16 km south-west of the city of Datong, in the valley of the Shi Li river at the base of the Wuzhou Shan mountains. They are an outstanding example of the Chinese stone carvings from the 5th and 6th centuries. All together the site is composed of 252 grottoes with more than 51,000 Buddha statues and statuettes. In 2001, the Yungang Grottoes were made a UNESCO World Heritage Site The Yungang Grottoes is considered by UNESCO a "masterpiece of early Chinese Buddhist cave art... [and] ...represent the successful fusion of Buddhist religious symbolic art from south and central Asia with Chinese cultural traditions, starting in the 5th century CE under Imperial auspices." It is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.
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Yutai County
Coordinates: 35°00′N 116°39′E / 35°N 116.65°E / 35; 116.65
Yutai County is a district of Jining, Shandong, China.
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Zaozhuang
Zaozhuang (simplified Chinese: 枣庄; traditional Chinese: 棗莊; pinyin: Zǎozhuāng) is a prefecture-level city in the south of Shandong province in Eastern China. The second smallest prefecture-level city in the province, it borders Jining to the west and north, Linyi to the east, and the province of Jiangsu to the south.
Its population is 3,729,300 at the 2010 census whom 868,445 in the built up area made of Shizhong[disambiguation needed
] and Yicheng districts.
The prefecture-level city of Zaozhuang administers 6 county-level divisions, including 5 districts and 1 county-level city.
These are further divided into 62 township-level divisions, including 44 towns, 2 townships and 16 subdistricts.
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Zhangdian District
Zhangdian (Chinese: 张店; pinyin: Zhāngdiàn) is the central city district of Zibo city, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
It contains the administrative offices of Zibo central government, and has major rail and bus stations. The outer area is highly industrialized. The central area is a mixture of high rise office buildings, newly constructed condos, government offices and large shopping malls/plazas. The CBD is located around the central park in Zhangdian.
Zhangdian, the central part of Zibo, is, compared to other parts of China, a relatively small city; however, like many other parts of China, there is a large amount of apartment building construction. If you can tell the value of the city by the value of the apartments, then an average apartment in Zichuan (a district of Zibo) is about 1,000 RMB per square metre, whereas in Qingdao (Shandong's main seaport city) is about 6,000 RMB per square metre, and in Zhangdian it's between 2,000 to 3,000 per square metre, thus showing that it is beginning to feel the pressure of inflation.
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Zhangqiu
Zhangqiu (Chinese: 章丘; pinyin: Zhāngqīu) is a county-level city under the administration of Jinan, the capital of China's Shandong Province.
Originally called Zhangqiu County with Mingshui (明水) as its capital, Zhangqiu City was established in August 1992. Located in central Shandong province, Zhangqiu is 50 kilometers to the east of Jinan, the capital of Shandong province. It is 120 kilometers north from Mount Tai and the Yellow River is the north border of Zhangqiu. Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport is situated at Yaoqiang Village of Zhangqiu. The city has an area of 1855 square kilometers, 20 towns, 908 villages and the population is 1.004 million by 2008.
Zhangqiu is the hometown of the famous poet Li Qingzhao in the Song Dynasty, and home to Longshan Culture that existed around 2900~2100 BC. Longshan Culture is known for its black ceramics and the earliest features to late characterize the Shang civilization, scapulimancy and hangtu construction (see Chengziya Archaeological Site).
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Zhanhua County
Zhanhua County (simplified Chinese: 沾化县; traditional Chinese: 沾化縣; pinyin: Zhānhuà Xiàn) is a county of northern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Binzhou City.
The population in 1999 was 381,416.
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Zhoucun District
Zhoucun district (simplified Chinese: 周村区; pinyin: Zhōucūn Qū) is a town and district of agricultural land inside Zibo city. Its main industry is textiles and furniture manufacture. The centre of the commercial district has a recently rebuilt and refurbished area with traditional buildings.
Some of the filming for Zhang Yimou's film To Live was done in the district.
Coordinates: 36°48′14″N 117°52′05″E / 36.80389°N 117.86806°E / 36.80389; 117.86806
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Zhoukoudian
Zhoukoudian or Choukoutien (Chinese: 周口店; pinyin: Zhōukǒudiàn, IPA: [tʂóʊkʰòʊtjɛ̂n]) is a cave system in Beijing, China. It has yielded many archaeological discoveries, including one of the first specimens of Homo erectus, dubbed Peking Man, and a fine assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris. Peking Man lived in this cave approximately 750,000 to 200,000 years ago.
The Peking Man Site was discovered by Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1921 and was first excavated by Otto Zdansky in 1921 and 1923 unearthing two human teeth. These were later identified by Davidson Black as belonging to a previously unknown species and extensive excavations followed.
Fissures in the limestone containing middle Pleistocene deposits have yielded the remains of about 45 individuals as well as animal remains and stone flake and chopping tools. The oldest are some 750,000 years old.
During the Upper Palaeolithic, the site was re-occupied and remains of Homo sapiens and its stone and bone tools have also been recovered from the Upper Cave.
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Zhucheng
Zhucheng (simplified Chinese: 诸城; traditional Chinese: 諸城; pinyin: Zhūchéng) is a county-level city in the southeast of Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Weifang City and has a population of 1.06 million.
Zhucheng was originally known as Langya (琅琊). It was from here that Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent Xu Fu sailing towards Japan in 210 BC, in pursuit of the elixir of youth.
The Song Dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan was born in Zhucheng (which was then named Dongwu). It was also the birthplace of Mao Zedong's last wife and leader of the Gang of Four, Jiang Qing. Zhao Shucong (赵树丛), vice-governor of Anhui province, is a native of Zhucheng.. Besides them, many well-known celebrities were also from this place, including Zhao Tingzhi (趙挺之), Zhao Mingcheng (趙明誠) in Song Dynasty, Wan Zhener (萬貞兒, also known as 萬貴妃, a famous concubine to Hongzhi Emperor) in Ming Dynasty, Liu Tongxun (劉統勳), Liu Yong (劉墉), Dou Guangnai (窦光鼐) in Qing Dynasty, etc.
In 2005, Zhucheng had a total output value of RMB 20.8 billion and an average annual growth rate of 16%. Zhucheng is projected to continue its 16% annual growth rate and attain a total output value of RMB 43.6 billion by 2010.
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Zibo
Zibo (Chinese: 淄博; pinyin: Zībó) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the west, Laiwu and Tai'an to the southwest, Linyi to the south, Weifang to the east, Dongying to the northeast, and Binzhou the north.
Located in the middle part of Shandong Province, Zibo is an important transportation hub. Zibo governs 5 districts (Zhangdian, Zichuan, Boshan, Zhoucun and Linzi) and each of these districts has a distinct downtown area of their own. The T-shaped city has a total area of 5,938 square kilometers-three counties (Huantai, Gaoqing and Yiyuan) included ; the total population of the city is 4.53 million at the 2010 census, of which nearly 3 million are in the city proper.
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Zichuan District
The Zichuan District (simplified Chinese:淄川区; pinyin: Zīchuān Qū) is one of eight divisions within the city of Zibo in the Chinese province of Shandong. As the largest district of Zibo, it is composed of a central urban zone of over 23 square kilometers and 17 towns that administer vast rural areas up to nearly 1,000 square kilometers. Initially founded in Han Dynasty, which dates back to 1,800 years ago, Zichuan has become an important industrial center not only in Zibo but also in Shandong.
Downtown Zichuan that is widely recognized by the local residents as Zichuan City, which is not administrative a real city though, got its reputation as a city because of its downtown area is distinctive. The downtown area has an estimated population of 20,000 while the total population of Zichuan District is over 670,000. South in Zichuan are twisting mountains which belong to part of the range of Shandong Hills, while north Zichuan are definitely plains where are more densely populated. As hometown to world famous absurd fiction writer Pu Songling, who wrote one of his most famous book "Liaozhaizhiyi", Zichuan attracts thousands of tourists both abroad and domestic to pay a visit here every year.
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Zoucheng
Zoucheng (Chinese: 邹城市; pinyin: Zōuchéng Shì) is a county-level city in the south of Shandong province in China. Historically, the name Zouxian, in a variety of transcriptions, was used for the city as well.
Zoucheng is located about 20km south of the city of Qufu, and like Qufu, is administratively under the prefecture-level city of Jining.
The philosopher Mencius was born in Zoucheng, and there are four famous sites in the city relating to Mencius, including the Mencius Temple (simplified Chinese: 孟庙; traditional Chinese: 孟廟; pinyin: Mèng Miào), the Mencius Family Mansion (Chinese: 孟府; pinyin: Mèng Fǔ), the Mencius Forest (Chinese: 孟林; pinyin: Mèng Lín, 35°28′42.27″N 117°2′56.11″E / 35.4784083°N 117.0489194°E / 35.4784083; 117.0489194), and Mencius' Mother's Forest (Chinese: 孟母林; pinyin: Mèng Mǔ Lín, 35°29′29.97″N 116°58′49.09″E / 35.4916583°N 116.9803028°E / 35.4916583; 116.9803028).
The Mencius Temple, which covers an area of more than 4 hectares (9.9 acres) on the south side of town, has five courtyards and sixty-four halls and rooms. It was built in 1037. The Mencius Mansion, where his descendants lived, is adjacent to the temple, and has 116 halls and rooms.
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Zouping County
Zouping County (simplified Chinese: 邹平县; traditional Chinese: 鄒平縣; pinyin: Zōupíng Xiàn) is a county of Shandong province, People's Republic of China, located on the northern edge of the mountainous central portion of the province. It is under the administration of Binzhou City, but is only 28 kilometres (17 mi) west of downtown Zibo.
The population in 1999 was 684,079.
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Color theory
In the visual arts, color theory is a body of practical guidance to color mixing and the visual impacts of specific color combination. There are also definitions (or categories) of colors based on the color wheel: primary color, secondary color and tertiary color. Although color theory principles first appeared in the writings of Leone Battista Alberti (c.1435) and the notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (c.1490), a tradition of "colory theory" began in the 18th century, initially within a partisan controversy around Isaac Newton's theory of color (Opticks, 1704) and the nature of so-called primary colors. From there it developed as an independent artistic tradition with only superficial reference to colorimetry and vision science.
The foundations of pre-20th-century color theory were built around "pure" or ideal colors, characterized by sensory experiences rather than attributes of the physical world. This has led to a number of inaccuracies in traditional color theory principles that are not always remedied in modern formulations.[citation needed]
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Confucius
Confucius (551–479 BC) was a Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history.
The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity. His followers competed successfully with many other schools during the Hundred Schools of Thought era only to be suppressed in favor of the Legalists during the Qin Dynasty. Following the victory of Han over Chu after the collapse of Qin, Confucius's thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism.
Confucius is traditionally credited with having authored or edited many of the Chinese classic texts including all of the Five Classics, but modern scholars are cautious of attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself. Aphorisms concerning his teachings were compiled in the Analects, but only many years after his death.
Confucius's principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong family loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and in traditional interpretations of husbands by their wives), and family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known principle "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself", an early version of the Golden Rule.
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Hui people
The Hui people (Chinese: 回族; pinyin: Huízú, Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو / حواري) are a predominantly Muslim ethnic group in China. Hui people are found throughout the country, though they are concentrated mainly in the provinces of Ningxia, Qinghai, and Gansu. According to a 2000 census, China is home to approximately 9.8 million Hui people, the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam, though some practice other religions. Although many Hui people are ethnically similar to Han Chinese, the group has retained some Persian and Central Asian features, their ethnicity and culture having been shaped profoundly by their position along the Silk Road trading route.
In the People's Republic of China, the Hui people are one of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups. Under this definition, the Hui people are defined to include all historically Muslim communities in People's Republic of China that are not included in China's other ethnic groups. Since China's Muslims speaking various Turkic, Mongolic, or Iranian languages are all included into those other groups (e.g., Uyghurs, Dongxiang, or Tajiks) the "officially recognized" Hui ethnic group consists predominantly of Chinese speakers. In fact, the "Hui nationality" is unique among China's officially recognized ethnic minorities in that it does not have any particular non-Chinese language associated with it.
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James Legge
James Legge (Chinese: 理雅各; December 20, 1815 – November 29, 1897) was a noted Scottish sinologist, a Scottish Congregationalist, representative of the London Missionary Society in Malacca and Hong Kong (1840–1873), and first professor of Chinese at Oxford University (1876–1897). In association with Max Müller he prepared the monumental Sacred Books of the East series, published in 50 volumes between 1879 and 1891.
James Legge was born at Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and then Kings College, Aberdeen. After studying at the Highbury Theological College, London, he went in 1839 as a missionary to China, but remained at Malacca three years, in charge of the Anglo-Chinese College there. The College was subsequently moved to Hong Kong, where Legge lived for nearly thirty years. A Chinese Christian, Keuh Agong accompanied Legge when he moved in 1844. He returned home to Huntly, Aberdeenshire, in 1846–7, taking with him three Chinese students. Legge and the students were received by Queen Victoria before his return to Hong Kong.
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Jiajing Emperor
The Jiajing (or Chia-ching) Emperor (嘉靖 IPA: [tɕjɑ́tɕîŋ]; 16 September 1507–23 January 1567) was the 11th Ming Dynasty Emperor of China who ruled from 1521 to 1567. Born Zhu Houcong, he was the former Zhengde Emperor's cousin. His father, Zhu Youyuan (1476–1519), the Prince of Xing, was the fourth son of the Cheng-hua emperor (1465–1487) and the eldest son of three sons born to the emperor's concubine, Lady Shao.
His era name means "Admirable tranquility".
As the nephew of the Hongzhi Emperor, Zhu Houcong was not brought up to succeed to the throne. However, the throne became vacant in 1521 with the sudden death of the Hongzhi Emperor's son, Emperor Zhengde, who did not leave an heir. The 14 year old Zhu Houcong was chosen to become emperor, and so relocated from his father's fief (near today's Zhongxiang, in Hubei Province) to Beijing.
As the Jiajing Emperor, Zhu Houcong had his parents posthumously elevated to an "honorary" imperial rank, and had an imperial-style Xianling Mausoleum built for them near Zhongxiang.
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Jurchen people
The Jurchens (Jurchen language:
jušen) were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria (present-day Northeast China) until the 17th century, when they adopted the name Manchu. They established the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) (Ancun gurun in ancient Jurchen and Aisin gurun in Standard Manchu) between 1115 and 1122, which lasted until 1234 with the arrival of the Mongols.
The form Jurchen dates back to at least the beginning of the tenth century AD, when the Balhae kingdom was destroyed by the Khitans. However, cognate ethnonyms like Sushen or Jichen (稷真) have been recorded in pre-Christian Era geographical works like the Shan Hai Jing and Book of Wei. It comes from the Jurchen word jušen, the original meaning of which is unclear. The standard English version of the name, "Jurchen," is an Anglicized transliteration of the Mongolian equivalent of the Jurchen term jušen (Mongolian: Jürchin, plural is Jürchid), and may arrived in the West via Mongolian texts. A less common English transliteration is "Jurched".
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Mencius
Mencius (Chinese: 孟子; pinyin: Mèng Zǐ; Wade–Giles: Meng Tzu; Zhuyin Fuhao: ㄇㄥˋ ㄗˇ, most accepted dates: 372 – 289 BCE; other possible dates: 385 – 303/302 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.
Mencius, also known by his birth name Meng Ke or Ko, was born in the State of Zou, now forming the territory of the county-level city of Zoucheng (originally Zouxian), Shandong province, only thirty kilometres (eighteen miles) south of Qufu, Confucius' birthplace.
He was an itinerant Chinese philosopher and sage, and one of the principal interpreters of Confucianism. Supposedly, he was a pupil of Confucius' grandson, Zisi. Like Confucius, according to legend, he travelled China for forty years to offer advice to rulers for reform. During the Warring States Period (403–221 BCE), Mencius served as an official and scholar at the Jixia Academy in the State of Qi (1046 BCE to 221 BCE) from 319 to 312 BCE. He expressed his filial devotion when he took an absence of three years from his official duties for Qi to mourn his mother's death. Disappointed at his failure to effect changes in his contemporary world, he retired from public life.
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Mukden Palace
The Mukden Palace (simplified Chinese: 盛京宫殿; traditional Chinese: 盛京宮殿; pinyin: Shèngjīng Gōngdiàn) or Shenyang Gugong (simplified Chinese: 沈阳故宫; traditional Chinese: 瀋陽故宮; pinyin: Shěnyáng Gùgōng), also known as the Shenyang Imperial Palace, is the former imperial palace of the early Qing Dynasty of China.
It was built in 1625 and the first three Qing emperors lived there from 1625 to 1644. It is located in the center of the city of Mukden, Manchuria (Shenyang, China).
Early construction began in 1625 by Nurhaci. By 1631, additional structures were added under Emperor Huang Taiji.
The Mukden Palace was built to resemble the Forbidden City in Beijing. However, the palace also exhibits hints of Manchurian and Tibetan styles.
After the Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty in 1644 in Beijing, the Mukden palace lost its status as the official residence of the Emperor. Instead, the Mukden Palace became a regional palace.
In 1780, Emperor Qianlong further expanded the palace. Successive Qing dynasty emperors usually stayed at Mukden Palace for some time each year.
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Shaohao
Shaohao (少昊), also known as Shao Hao, Jin Tian or Xuanxiao, was a Chinese emperor in 2600 BC. According to some traditions (for example the Classic of History), he was, in some versions, one of the Five Emperors.
Legend says that his mother, a weaver goddess, was a beautiful fairy named Huange who fell in love with the planet Venus while drifting along the Milky Way. The two enjoyed many intimate nights together on her raft and they created a son. She soon gave birth to Shaohao, who grew up to be a handsome young man with a lot of potential. His great uncle, Huang Di, was so impressed with him that he named him God of the Western Heavens.
The myth says that Shaohao created a kingdom in the five mountains of the Eastern Paradise that was inhabited by different types of birds. As the ruler of this bureaucratic land, he captured the identity of a vulture. Other birds worked below him, such as a phoenix as his Lord Chancellor, a hawk that delegated the law, and a pigeon that was in charge of education. He chose the four seasons of the year to watch over the remaining birds.
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Yellow Emperor
The Yellow Emperor or Huangdi1 is a legendary Chinese sovereign and culture hero, included among the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Tradition holds that he reigned from 2697–2597 or 2696–2598 BC. His cult became prominent in the late Warring States and early Han period, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, a patron of esoteric arts, a cosmic ruler, and a lord of the underworld. Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations, he is regarded as the initiator of Chinese civilization and said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chinese.
The great Chinese historian Sima Qian – and much Chinese historiography following him – considered the Yellow Emperor to be a more historical figure than earlier legendary figures such as Fu Xi, Nüwa, and the Yan emperor. His Records of the Grand Historian begins with the Yellow Emperor, while passing over the others.
Throughout most of Chinese history, the Yellow Emperor and the other ancient sages were considered to be real historical figures. Their historicity started to be questioned in the 1920s by historians like Gu Jiegang, one of the founders of the Doubting Antiquity School in China. In their attempts to prove that the earliest figures of Chinese history were mythological, Gu and his followers argued that these ancient sages were originally gods who were later depicted as humans by the rationalist intellectuals of the Warring States period.Yang Kuan, a member of the same historiographical current, noted that only in the late Warring States had the Yellow Emperor started to be described as the first ruler of China. Yang thus argued that Huangdi was a late transformation of Shangdi, the supreme god of the Shang pantheon.
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Zhengde Emperor
The Zhengde Emperor (正德 [tʂə̂ŋtɤ̌]) (26 October 1491 – 20 April 1521) was emperor of China between 1505-1521 in the mid Ming Dynasty. Born Zhu Houzhao, he was the Hongzhi Emperor's eldest son. His era name means "Right virtue" or "Rectification of virtue".
Zhengde was created crown prince at a very early age and because his father did not take up any other concubines, Zhengde did not have to contend with other princes for the throne. (His younger brother died in infancy.) Zhengde was thoroughly educated in Confucian literature and he excelled in his studies. Many of Emperor Hongzhi's ministers expected that Zhengde would become a benevolent and brilliant emperor like his father, but this was not to be.
Zhengde ascended the throne and was married to the Empress at the age of 14. Unlike his father, Zhengde was not interested in ruling or his Empress and disregarded all state affairs. His actions have been considered reckless, foolish or pointless. There are many instances where he showed a lack of responsibility.
wn.com/Zhengde_Emperor -
Zhengtong Emperor
Zhu Qizhen ( 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464) was the last emperor of the early Ming Dynasty and first emperor in the middle Ming Dynasty. He ruled as the Zhengtong Emperor (正統 IPA: [tʂɤ̂ŋtʰʊ̀ŋ]) from 1435 to 1449, and as the Tianshun Emperor (天順) from 1457 to 1464. His first era name means "Right governance" and the second one means "Obedient to Heaven".
Zhu Qizhen was the son of the Xuande Emperor Zhu Zhanji and his second wife, Empress Sun. At the beginning of Zhengtong's reign, the Ming Dynasty was prosperous and at the height of its power as a result of Xuande Emperor's able administration. Zhengtong's accession at the age of eight made him the first child emperor of the dynasty hence Zhengtong was easily influenced by others, especially the eunuch Wang Zhen. Zhengtong completely relied on Wang for advice and guidance.
At the age of 22, in 1449, he was imprisoned by the Mongols when, advised by Wang Zhen, he personally directed and lost the Battle of Tumu Fortress against the Mongols under Esen taishi (d.1455). His capture by the enemy force shook the Ming dynasty to its core and the ensuing crisis almost caused the dynasty to collapse had it not been for the capable governing of a prominent minister named Yu Qian. Although Zhengtong was a prisoner of the Mongols, he became a good friend to both Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha (1416–1453) and his grand preceptor (taishi) Esen. Meanwhile, to calm the crisis at home, his younger brother Zhu Qiyu was installed as the Jingtai Emperor. This reduced Zhengtong's imperial status and he was granted the title of "grand emperor".
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Temple of Confucius, Qufu, Shangdong, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:05
- Updated: 22 Jun 2012
Temples to Confucius were built as a landmark for all of China. Among them, the Temple in Qufu is the most famous and the largest.
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu,_Shangdong,_China
Temples to Confucius were built as a landmark for all of China. Among them, the Temple in Qufu is the most famous and the largest.
Chinese City : birds' eye view of Qufu, China 《飞越齐鲁2012——航拍曲阜·济宁》
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, who is traditionally believed to have been born at the nearby Mount Ni. The city contains numerous historic palaces, temples and cemeteries. The three most famous cultural sites of the city, collectively known as San Kong (三孔), ie "The Three Confucian [sites]", are the Temple of Confucius , the Cemetery of Confucius , and the Kong Family Mansion . Together, these three sites have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.
http://wn.com/Chinese_City_birds'_eye_view_of_Qufu,_China_《飞越齐鲁2012——航拍曲阜·济宁》
Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, who is traditionally believed to have been born at the nearby Mount Ni. The city contains numerous historic palaces, temples and cemeteries. The three most famous cultural sites of the city, collectively known as San Kong (三孔), ie "The Three Confucian [sites]", are the Temple of Confucius , the Cemetery of Confucius , and the Kong Family Mansion . Together, these three sites have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.
- published: 01 Jun 2012
- views: 228
- author: 576395856
Cemetery of Confucius, Qufu, Shandong, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
The Cemetery of Confucius is a graveyard for Confucius and his descendents. It is the biggest and most enduring clan cemetery in the world.
http://wn.com/Cemetery_of_Confucius,_Qufu,_Shandong,_China
The Cemetery of Confucius is a graveyard for Confucius and his descendents. It is the biggest and most enduring clan cemetery in the world.
- published: 01 Jul 2008
- views: 2016
- author: tianji4517
Chineese Brick Factory near Qufu China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 20 Oct 2012
This is a quick overview of how a brick factory works. the brick factory was in the Liu Jia Chun near Qufu China.
http://wn.com/Chineese_Brick_Factory_near_Qufu_China
This is a quick overview of how a brick factory works. the brick factory was in the Liu Jia Chun near Qufu China.
- published: 10 Jan 2010
- views: 2771
- author: WorldExplorer01
QUFU 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 30 Mar 2012
Quick Update for You 1 Yeah So I really think you will love the movie!
http://wn.com/QUFU_1
Quick Update for You 1 Yeah So I really think you will love the movie!
- published: 25 Nov 2008
- views: 256
- author: superdupermac13
Sanda Competition , Qufu , China Chinese Kickboxing Jakobs first match
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:12
- Updated: 02 Jun 2012
Jakob from Germany , his very first Sanda Match in Qufu China July 2011
http://wn.com/Sanda_Competition_,_Qufu_,_China_Chinese_Kickboxing_Jakobs_first_match
Jakob from Germany , his very first Sanda Match in Qufu China July 2011
- published: 22 Aug 2011
- views: 732
- author: shatilaBass
Kong Family Mansion, Qufu, Shandong, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Updated: 22 Aug 2010
East of the Temple of Confucius, is the Kong Family Mansion. Kong is the family surname of Confucius and his descendants. Dynasties came and went but the First Family under Heaven has lasted the longest.
http://wn.com/Kong_Family_Mansion,_Qufu,_Shandong,_China
East of the Temple of Confucius, is the Kong Family Mansion. Kong is the family surname of Confucius and his descendants. Dynasties came and went but the First Family under Heaven has lasted the longest.
- published: 01 Jul 2008
- views: 939
- author: tianji4517
Kieran grading at Shaolin Kung Fu School , Qufu, China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Updated: 18 Jun 2012
2011
http://wn.com/Kieran_grading_at_Shaolin_Kung_Fu_School_,_Qufu,_China
Qufu (曲阜) - Confucius Temple (孔庙)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Qufu is the hometown of one of China's most famous historical figures - Confucius. The legendary poet, teacher, philosopher, and politician grew up here, and his influence is clear everywhere you look. Explore the temple that bears his name in this video. Blog post - blogs.transparent.com
http://wn.com/Qufu_曲阜_Confucius_Temple_孔庙
Qufu is the hometown of one of China's most famous historical figures - Confucius. The legendary poet, teacher, philosopher, and politician grew up here, and his influence is clear everywhere you look. Explore the temple that bears his name in this video. Blog post - blogs.transparent.com
- published: 18 Aug 2012
- views: 187
- author: TransparentChinese
Confucius Draws Tourists to Chinese City of Qufu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 09 Dec 2011
The teachings of Confucius guided Chinese society for more than 2000 years. Confucius fell out favor under communism, but there is renewed interest in his thought in modern China. Mike O'Sullivan reports from Qufu, China, that residents of that city, the hometown of Confucius, hope to benefit from the revival.
http://wn.com/Confucius_Draws_Tourists_to_Chinese_City_of_Qufu
The teachings of Confucius guided Chinese society for more than 2000 years. Confucius fell out favor under communism, but there is renewed interest in his thought in modern China. Mike O'Sullivan reports from Qufu, China, that residents of that city, the hometown of Confucius, hope to benefit from the revival.
- published: 20 Nov 2008
- views: 440
- author: VOAvideo
qufu on way to Confucian Forest with honourable descendant
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 18 Feb 2010
qufu on way to Confucian Forest with honourable descendant of confucius
http://wn.com/qufu_on_way_to_Confucian_Forest_with_honourable_descendant
qufu on way to Confucian Forest with honourable descendant of confucius
- published: 10 Jun 2007
- views: 334
- author: klvnGnt
Qufu (曲阜) - Confucian Mansion and Cemetery
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
In addition to the massive Confucius Temple, the hometown of the Great Sage also includes the Confucian Mansion and Cemetery. See where the descendants of Master Kong lived and worked, and where thousands of them are buried in a grand forest in this short video tour.
http://wn.com/Qufu_曲阜_Confucian_Mansion_and_Cemetery
In addition to the massive Confucius Temple, the hometown of the Great Sage also includes the Confucian Mansion and Cemetery. See where the descendants of Master Kong lived and worked, and where thousands of them are buried in a grand forest in this short video tour.
- published: 05 Sep 2012
- views: 119
- author: TransparentChinese
Brushes of Qufu Fuxinghe writing workshop pt 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 26 Aug 2010
Qufu Fuxinghe writing brush workshop located in the Confucius hometown and was established during Guangxu Period of the Qing Dynasty. It has come down through five generations and has a long history of more than 100 years old. In old times past, we made brushes for the Kong Mansion. The Confucius posterity offering our brushes up to the emperor. Lots of famous scholars and calligrapher have given their invaluable impressions to our shop, such as Shen Peng (Chairman of Chinese Calligraphers Association), Liu Yi, Kuang Yaming, Jiang Weisong; Wei Tianchi; Mai Huasan; Fan Zeng; Lu Yanshao; Chen Gengqiao; Wang Bomin and Kong Demao(Confucius77 lineal generation). As we can attest , there is a very complex course from selecting materials to a completed brush. Based on an exacting and inherited ancestral technique, we are committed to a strict standard for every part of the crafting procedure. We have formed our own characteristic standards: Choice materials, exquisite craftwork, excellent quality and a very sound reputation to our credit.
http://wn.com/Brushes_of_Qufu_Fuxinghe_writing_workshop_pt_2
Qufu Fuxinghe writing brush workshop located in the Confucius hometown and was established during Guangxu Period of the Qing Dynasty. It has come down through five generations and has a long history of more than 100 years old. In old times past, we made brushes for the Kong Mansion. The Confucius posterity offering our brushes up to the emperor. Lots of famous scholars and calligrapher have given their invaluable impressions to our shop, such as Shen Peng (Chairman of Chinese Calligraphers Association), Liu Yi, Kuang Yaming, Jiang Weisong; Wei Tianchi; Mai Huasan; Fan Zeng; Lu Yanshao; Chen Gengqiao; Wang Bomin and Kong Demao(Confucius77 lineal generation). As we can attest , there is a very complex course from selecting materials to a completed brush. Based on an exacting and inherited ancestral technique, we are committed to a strict standard for every part of the crafting procedure. We have formed our own characteristic standards: Choice materials, exquisite craftwork, excellent quality and a very sound reputation to our credit.
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 321
- author: aBRUSHforCONFUCIUS
Brushes of Qufu Fuxinghe Brush workshop pt.1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 09 Jul 2010
Qufu Fuxinghe writing brush workshop located in the Confucius hometown and was established during Guangxu Period of the Qing Dynasty. It has come down through five generations and has a long history of more than 100 years old. In old times past, we made brushes for the Kong Mansion. The Confucius posterity offering our brushes up to the emperor. Lots of famous scholars and calligrapher have lgiven their invaluable impressions to our shop, such as Shen Peng (Chairman of Chinese Calligraphers Association), Liu Yi, Kuang Yaming, Jiang Weisong; Wei Tianchi; Mai Huasan; Fan Zeng; Lu Yanshao; Chen Gengqiao; Wang Bomin and Kong Demao(Confucius77 lineal generation). As we can attest , there is a very complex course from selecting materials to a completed brush. Based on an exacting and inherited ancestral technique, we are committed to a strict standard for every part of the crafting procedure. We have formed our own characteristic standards: Choice materials, exquisite craftwork, excellent quality and a very sound reputation to our credit.
http://wn.com/Brushes_of_Qufu_Fuxinghe_Brush_workshop_pt1
Qufu Fuxinghe writing brush workshop located in the Confucius hometown and was established during Guangxu Period of the Qing Dynasty. It has come down through five generations and has a long history of more than 100 years old. In old times past, we made brushes for the Kong Mansion. The Confucius posterity offering our brushes up to the emperor. Lots of famous scholars and calligrapher have lgiven their invaluable impressions to our shop, such as Shen Peng (Chairman of Chinese Calligraphers Association), Liu Yi, Kuang Yaming, Jiang Weisong; Wei Tianchi; Mai Huasan; Fan Zeng; Lu Yanshao; Chen Gengqiao; Wang Bomin and Kong Demao(Confucius77 lineal generation). As we can attest , there is a very complex course from selecting materials to a completed brush. Based on an exacting and inherited ancestral technique, we are committed to a strict standard for every part of the crafting procedure. We have formed our own characteristic standards: Choice materials, exquisite craftwork, excellent quality and a very sound reputation to our credit.
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 163
- author: aBRUSHforCONFUCIUS
Night Market In Qufu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 22 Aug 2010
Video of street vendors in Qufu
http://wn.com/Night_Market_In_Qufu
China video 6 Fri 4 22 11 Qufu Elem Sch Pt 3 program
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Updated: 02 May 2011
http://wn.com/China_video_6_Fri_4_22_11_Qufu_Elem_Sch_Pt_3_program
Confucian Forest Cemetery in Qufu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 25 Aug 2010
Confucian Forest Cemetery in Qufu
http://wn.com/Confucian_Forest_Cemetery_in_Qufu
Qufu Drifting
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
You come across the strangest things in China, including random cars drifting in parking lots.
http://wn.com/Qufu_Drifting
You come across the strangest things in China, including random cars drifting in parking lots.
- published: 11 May 2010
- views: 58
- author: Gabrielle Olexa
Qingdao and Qufu Small.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
This is the place that I went to right after south Korea. Qingdao is a portside city with German influence and Qufu is the home place of Confucius
http://wn.com/Qingdao_and_Qufu_Smallmpg
This is the place that I went to right after south Korea. Qingdao is a portside city with German influence and Qufu is the home place of Confucius
- published: 05 Feb 2010
- views: 143
- author: Kent Owen
"Qufu, China" Modernnomad67's photos around Qufu, China (hongdao road qufu hotel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 16 Feb 2012
Preview of Modernnomad67's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
http://wn.com/Qufu,_China_Modernnomad67's_photos_around_Qufu,_China_hongdao_road_qufu_hotel
Preview of Modernnomad67's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
- published: 02 Mar 2011
- views: 101
- author: TripAdvisorTRIPWOW2
"Confucius Says....Go To Qufu City My Son" Eddakath's photos around Qufu, China (kaifeng to qufu)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 28 Feb 2012
Preview of Eddakath's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
http://wn.com/Confucius_SaysGo_To_Qufu_City_My_Son_Eddakath's_photos_around_Qufu,_China_kaifeng_to_qufu
Preview of Eddakath's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
- published: 01 Apr 2011
- views: 92
- author: TripAdvisorTRIPWOW4
street qufu china
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:30
- Updated: 21 Aug 2010
qufu street china
http://wn.com/street_qufu_china
"Tai'an, Mt Taishan and Qufu" Mark.wilson's photos around Taishan, China (church in tai'an china)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 05 Feb 2012
Preview of Mark.wilson's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
http://wn.com/Tai'an,_Mt_Taishan_and_Qufu_Markwilson's_photos_around_Taishan,_China_church_in_tai'an_china
Preview of Mark.wilson's blog at TravelPod. Read the full blog here: www.travelpod.com This blog preview was made by TravelPod using the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Learn more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
- published: 04 Dec 2010
- views: 218
- author: TripAdvisorTRIPWOWu
photo: Creative Commons / Axou
24 Dec 2012
Steve Jobs was controversial in life, and now his high-tech mega-yacht is associated with a controversy long after his death. The former Apple CEO's ship was impounded in Amsterdam in the middle of a financial battle over a disputed bill. Phillippe Starck, a French product designer and architect, has alleged that Jobs' heirs owe him 3 million euros for his work on Venus, the 256-foot yacht Jobs commissioned before his death ... ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Giorgione
24 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. A deadly silence immediately followed after a bullet penetrated the calf's skull. Against my wishes, Vic had decided against either amputating its leg or contacting a veterinarian-something he reasoned would have been too expensive. The unfortunate calf had slid down into a ravine where its hind leg, which was mangled and torn, became wrapped in barbed wire ... But it was more than a bellow ... 9....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Musadeq Sadeq
24 Dec 2012
KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — An Afghan policewoman shot and killed an American adviser outside the police headquarters in Kabul on Monday, the latest in a rising tide of insider attacks by Afghans against their foreign allies, senior Afghan officials said. The woman, identified as Afghan police Sgt ... The woman was taken into Afghan custody shortly after the attack ... As many Afghans, the policewoman uses only one name ... Air Force Lt. Col ... Gen ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Hasan Jamali
26 Dec 2012
The six Gulf states have sharpened their tone against their neighbour Iran, demanding an immediate halt to its "interference" in their internal affairs while urging action to halt mass killings and violations of international law in Syria ... The council said they "reject and denounce" Iran's "continued interference" in their internal affairs that increase regional tension and threaten security and stability ... 419 Source.. Agencies. Share ... ....(size: 18.7Kb)
DNA India
19 Dec 2012
QUFU, China, Dec. 19, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Sunwin Stevia International, Inc., "Sunwin Stevia" (OTC QB. SUWN), one of the top global providers of high quality stevia extracts including Rebaudioside A 98, announced today that it sees Health Canada's approval for the use of stevia in food and beverages on November 30, 2012 opening a new large market for Sunwin Stevia ... Ms ... About Sunwin Stevia International, Inc ... (OTCQB ... Contact. ... U.S....(size: 5.4Kb)
PR Newswire
19 Dec 2012
Google. QUFU, China, Dec. 19, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Sunwin Stevia International, Inc., "Sunwin Stevia" (OTC QB. SUWN), one of the top global providers of high quality stevia extracts including Rebaudioside A 98, announced today that it sees Health Canada's approval for the use of stevia in food and beverages on November 30, 2012 opening a new large market for Sunwin Stevia ... Ms ... About Sunwin Stevia International, Inc ... U.S ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
DNA India
17 Dec 2012
The Company Expects Sales to reach $18 million in Fiscal 2014 with $2 million in Net Operating Income. QUFU, China, Dec. 17, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Sunwin Stevia International, Inc., "Sunwin Stevia" (OTC QB ... as well as increased use in the U.S. will lead to an improving environment in calendar 2013 and beyond ... More than 40 countries have either approved stevia for use in food products or are in the final stages of approval ... (OTCQB ... Contact. ... ....(size: 6.5Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
(Source. Southwestern University). Art history professor Allison Miller looks at food and charcoal remains from a recently excavated Han dynasty pot found in a tomb in Zhangqiu, Shandong, China, with Li Fang, director of the Zhangqiu city museum. (Photo courtesy of Allison Miller) ... This rock-cut tomb near Qufu, Shandong Province, is one of more than 40 such rock-cut tombs from the Han dynasty that Allison Miller has been studying ... (noodl....(size: 5.2Kb)
Seeking Alpha
11 Dec 2012
Sunwin Stevia International (SUWN.OB), based in Qufu, China, a vertically-integrated manufacturer of stevia products and traditional Chinese medicines, announced the installation of new high-tech production lines to expand its stevia production capacity to 1,300 metric tons, including 500 metric tons of high-grade stevioside Rebaudioside A (Reb A), ......(size: 12.2Kb)
Irish Times
08 Dec 2012
CLIFFORD COONAN in Beijing. Do the institutes promote propaganda or are they instilling appreciation of rich culture that was quashed? ... The goal is to achieve harmony, with everyone knowing their place within the broader social order ... Red Guards destroyed Confucius’s family home, his family’s grave plot and a temple in his honour in his eastern hometown of Qufu, destroying more than 6,000 priceless relics ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
noodls
27 Nov 2012
QUFU, CHINA - November 26, 2012 - Sunwin Stevia International, Inc. "Sunwin" (OTC.QB.SUWN) one of the top global providers of high quality stevia extracts including Rebaudioside A 98, announced today that it has begun to market six of its proprietary formulations developed in conjunction with WILD Flavors, Inc. to food manufacturers in China ... About Sunwin Stevia International, Inc. Sunwin Stevia International, Inc ... Safe Harbor Statement....(size: 5.6Kb)
DNA India
26 Nov 2012
QUFU, China, Nov. 26, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Sunwin Stevia International, Inc. "Sunwin" (OTC.QB.SUWN) one of the top global providers of high quality stevia extracts including Rebaudioside A 98, announced today that it has begun to market six of its proprietary formulations developed in conjunction with WILD Flavors, Inc. to food manufacturers in China. ... About Sunwin Stevia International, Inc. Sunwin Stevia International, Inc ... Contact..  ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
PR Newswire
26 Nov 2012
Google. QUFU, , Nov. 26, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Sunwin Stevia International, Inc. "Sunwin" (OTC.QB.SUWN) one of the top global providers of high quality stevia extracts including Rebaudioside A 98, announced today that it has begun to market six of its proprietary formulations developed in conjunction with WILD Flavors, Inc. to food manufacturers in China. ... About Sunwin Stevia International, Inc ... Safe Harbor Statement ... Contact. ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)
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25 Nov 2012
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| Qufu 曲阜 |
|
|---|---|
| — County-level city — | |
| 曲阜市 | |
 |
|
 Qufu
|
|
| Coordinates: 35°36′N 117°02′E / 35.6°N 117.033°E / 35.6; 117.033Coordinates: 35°36′N 117°02′E / 35.6°N 117.033°E / 35.6; 117.033 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shandong |
| Prefecture-level city | Jining |
| Township-level divisions | |
| Elevation | 65 m (214 ft) |
| Time zone | China Standard (UTC+8) |
Qufu (Chinese: 曲阜; pinyin: Qūfù; Wade–Giles: Ch'ü1-fu4) is a city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is located at 35° 36′ northern latitude and 117° 02′ east, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) south of the provincial capital Jinan and 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of the prefecture seat at Jining. Qufu has an urban population of about 60,000, the entire administrative region has about 650,000 inhabitants.
Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, who is traditionally believed to have been born at the nearby Mount Ni. The city contains numerous historic palaces, temples and cemeteries. The three most famous cultural sites of the city, collectively known as San Kong (三孔), i.e. "The Three Confucian [sites]", are the Temple of Confucius (Chinese: 孔庙; pinyin: Kǒngmiào), the Cemetery of Confucius (Chinese: 孔林; pinyin: Kǒnglín), and the Kong Family Mansion (Chinese: 孔府; pinyin: Kǒngfǔ). Together, these three sites have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name Qufu literally means "winding hill", and refers to a mile-long hill that was part of the city during its time as capital of the state of Lu.[1]
History[link]
| Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu * | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Country |  People's Republic of China |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | i, iv, vi |
| Reference | 704 |
| Region ** | Asia-Pacific |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 1994 (18th Session) |
| * Name as inscribed on World Heritage List ** Region as classified by UNESCO |
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Qufu served as the capital of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. The city wall of the Lu capital surrounded not only the area of today's (Ming-era) walled city, but also a significant territory to the east and north of it.
During the Tang Dynasty and the early days of the Song Dynasty the city was centered around the present-day Temple of Duke Zhou, at the northeastern corner of today's walled city. At 1012, Qufu was renamed to Xianyuan County (仙源县), and relocated to the new site, some 4 km east of today's walled city, next to the supposed birthplace of the legendary Yellow Emperor and the tomb of his son Shaohao. A temple in honor of the Yellow Emperor was built there; all that remains today are two giant stelae (the Shou Qiu site).[2]
After the conquest of the northern China by the Jurchens, the new Jin Dynasty renamed Xianyuan back to Qufu (in 1142), but the city stayed at its Song location. It was not until the reign of the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming Dynasty (1522) that the present-day city wall was built. The site of the city in 1012-1522 is now Jiuxian Village (旧县村).[2]
In 1948, Qufu played a minor role in the Yanzhou Campaign of the Chinese Civil War.
The artifacts of the historical sites at Qufu suffered extensive damage during the Cultural Revolution when about 200 staff members and students of Beijing Normal University led by Tan Houlan (谭厚兰, 1937–1982), one of the five most powerful student leaders of the Cultural Revolution, came to Qufu and destroyed more than 6000 artifacts in November 1966.[3][4][5]
Before the wide adoption of Pinyin, the name of the city (often viewed as a county seat, i.e. Qufu xian) was transcribed in English in a variety of ways, such as Ch'ü-fou-hien,[6] Kio-feu-hien,[7] Kio-fou-hien,[7] Kiu-fu,[8] Kiuh Fow, Keuhfow, Kufow, and Chufou.[9]
Geography[link]
The small historical center of Qufu is surrounded by the restored Ming-era city wall and rivers/moats. The Drum Tower (Gulou) is in the center of the walled city; the Temple of Confucius (Kong Miao), Confucius Mansion (Kong Fu) and the Temple of Yan Hui (Yan Miao) occupy large sections of the land within the wall.[10]
The Confucius Cemetery (Kong Lin) is located 1.3 km to the north of the walled city. The modern downtown is located south of the walled city. There is also a mosque and a thriving Muslim neighborhood and market that is located just outside the west gate of the walled city.
The Qufu train station and major industrial areas are on the east side, a few kilometers east of the historical city. The Shaohao Tomb (Chinese: 少昊陵; pinyin: Shǎohào Líng) and Shou Qiu historical site (Chinese: 寿丘; pinyin: Shòu Qiū, the purported birthplace of the legendary Yellow Emperor, are on the eastern outskirts of the modern Qufu as well, near Jiuxian village.
Temple of Confucius (Kong Miao)[link]
Main article: Temple of Confucius, Qufu
Within two years after the death of Confucius, his former house in Qufu was already consecrated as a temple by the Prince of Lu. In 205 BC, Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to offer sacrifices to the memory of Confucius in Qufu. He set an example for many emperors and high officials to follow. Later, emperors would visit Qufu after their enthronement or on important occasions such as a successful war. In total, 12 different emperors paid 20 personal visits to Qufu to worship Confucius. About 100 others sent their deputies for 196 official visits. The original three-room house of Confucius was removed from the temple complex during a rebuilding undertaken in 611 AD. In 1012 and in 1094, during the Song Dynasty, the temple was extended into a design with three sections and four courtyards, around which eventually more than 400 rooms were arranged. Fire and vandalism destroyed the temple in 1214, during the Jin Dynasty. It was restored to its former extent by the year 1302 during the Yuan Dynasty. Shortly thereafter, in 1331, the temple was framed in an enclosure wall modelled on the Imperial palace. After another devastation by fire in 1499, the temple was finally restored to its present scale. In 1724, yet another fire destroyed the main hall and the sculptures it contained. The subsequent restoration was completed in 1730. The replacement sculptures were destroyed during the cultural revolution in 1966. In total, the Temple of Confucius has undergone 15 major renovations, 31 large repairs, and numerous small building measures.
The temple complex is the second largest historical building complex in China (after the Forbidden City), it covers an area of 16,000 square metres and has a total of 460 rooms. Because the last major redesign following the fire in 1499 took place shortly after the building of the Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty, the architecture of the Temple of Confucius resembles that of the Forbidden City in many ways. The main part of the temple consists of 9 courtyards arranged on a central axis, which is oriented in the north-south direction and is 1.3 km in length. The first three courtyards have small gates and are planted with tall pine trees, they serve an introductory function. The first (southernmost) gate is named "Lingxing Gate" after a star in the Great Bear constellation, the name suggests that Confucius is a star from heaven. The buildings in the remaining courtyards form the heart of the complex. They are impressive structures with yellow roof-tiles (otherwise reserved for the emperor) and red-painted walls, they are surrounded by dark-green pine trees to create a color contrast with complementary colors. The main buildings are the Stele Pavilions (e.g., Jin and Yuan Dynasties, 1115–1368), the Kuiwen Hall (built in 1018, restored in 1504 during the Ming Dynasty and in 1985), the Xing Tan Pavilion (simplified Chinese: 杏坛; traditional Chinese: 杏壇; pinyin: Xìng Tán, Apricot Platform), the De Mu Tian Di Arch, the Dacheng Hall (built in the Qing Dynasty), and the Hall of Confucius' Wife. The Dacheng Hall (Chinese: 大成殿; pinyin: Dàchéng diàn, Great Perfection Hall) is the architectural center of the present day complex. The hall covers an area of 54 by 34 m and stands slightly less than 32 m tall.
It is supported by 28 richly decorated pillars, each 6 m high and 0.8 m in diameter and carved in one piece out of local rock. The 10 columns on the front side of the hall are decorated with coiled dragons. It is said that these columns were covered during visits by the emperor in order not to arouse his envy. Dacheng Hall served as the principal place for offering sacrifices to the memory of Confucius. In the center of the courtyard in front of Dacheng Hall stands the "Apricot Platform", which commemorates Confucius teaching his students under an apricot tree. Each year at Qufu and at many other Confucian temples a ceremony is held on September 28 to commemorate Confucius' birthday. (see external links below)
Cemetery of Confucius (Kong Lin)[link]
Main article: Cemetery of Confucius
The Cemetery of Confucius (孔林; pinyin: Kǒng Lín) lies to the north of the town of Qufu. The oldest graves found in this location date back to the Zhou Dynasty. The original tomb erected here in memory of Confucius on the bank of the Sishui River had the shape of an axe. In addition, it had a brick platform for sacrifices. The present-day tomb is a cone-shaped hill. Tombs for the descendants of Confucius and additional stela to commemorate him were soon added around Confucius' tomb.
Since Confucius' descendants were conferred noble titles and were given imperial princesses as wives, many of the tombs in the cemetery show the status symbols of noblemen. Tombstones came in use during the Han Dynasty, today, there are about 3,600 tombstones dating from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties still standing in the cemetery.
In 1331 construction work began on the wall and gate of the cemetery. In total, the cemetery has undergone 13 renovations and extensions. Eventually, by the late 18th century, the perimeter wall reached a length of 7.5 km, enclosing an area of 3.6 square kilometers. In this space, the tombs of more than 100,000 descendants of Confucius, who have been buried there over a period of about 2000 years, can be found. The oldest graves date back to the Zhou Dynasty, the most recent of which belong to descendants in the 76th and 78th generation.
The corpse of the duke of Qufu in the 76th was removed from its grave and hung naked from a tree in front of the palace during the desecration of the cemetery in the cultural revolution.[11]
More than 10,000 mature trees give the cemetery a forest-like appearance. A road runs from the north gate of Qufu to the exterior gate of the cemetery in a straight line. It is 1266 m in length and lined by cypresses and pine trees. Along this road lies the Yan Temple, dedicated to Confucius' favorite student.
Kong Family Mansion (Kong Fu)[link]
The direct descendants of Confucius lived in the Kong family Mansion (孔府; pinyin: Kǒng Fǔ) located to the east of the temple. They were in charge of tending to the temple and cemetery. In particular, they were in charge of conducting elaborate religious ceremonies on occasions such as plantings, harvests, honoring the dead, and birthdays. The Kong family was in control of the largest private rural estate in China. The first mansion was built in 1038 during the Song dynasty and was originally connected directly to the temple. During a rebuilding in 1377 directed by the first Ming dynasty Emperor, it was moved a short distance away from the temple. In 1503, it was expanded into three rows of buildings with 560 rooms and - like the Confucius Temple - 9 courtyards. The mansion underwent a complete renovation in 1838 only to perish in a fire 47 years later in 1887. It was rebuilt two years later; the cost of both 19th century renovations was covered by the Emperor. Today, the mansion comprises 152 buildings with 480 rooms, which cover an area of 12,470 square metres (134,200 sq ft). Its tallest structure is the 4-story refuge tower (Chinese: 避难楼; pinyin: Bìnán Lóu) that was designed as a shelter during an attack but was never used. The family mansion was inhabited by descendants of Confucius until 1937, when Confucius' descendant in the 76th and 77th generations fled to Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War and later during the Chinese Civil War to Taiwan, where the head of the family still resides.
The layout of the mansion is traditionally Chinese, it separates official rooms in the front from the residential quarters in the rear. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of the buildings according to the seniority, gender, and status of their inhabitants reflects the Confucian principle of order and hierarchy: The most senior descendant of Confucius took up residence in the central of the three main buildings; his younger brother occupied the Yi Gun hall to the east.
The Five Strange objects are one of the main attractions of the Confucian Mansion
- The strange couplet
- The strange picture
- The strange beast
- The strange tree
- The strange monument
Each of these has a particularly unusual feature about them.
Gallery[link]
- The Temple of Confucius
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Confuciustemplequfu.png
Plan of the Temple of Confucius
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Dragon pillar in front of Dacheng Hall (Temple of Confucius)
- The Temple of Yan Hui
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A gateway
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The sanctuary
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Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 9 of Zhizheng era (1349)
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Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 6 of Zhengtong era (1441)
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Stele in memory of rebuilding the temple, Year 4 of Zhengde era (1509)
- The Cemetery of Confucius
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Spirit way of Kong Yanjin
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Spirit way of Kong Zhengan
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Bixi of Kong Hongtai
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"Lost" crown of a Ming-era stele
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A cemetery landscape
- Other sights
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Drum tower - the center of the walled city
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The Temple of Duke Zhou
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Cemetery of Mencius's parents
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Qufu Mosque
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Qufu cinema
See also[link]
- Mount Ni, traditionally believed to be the site of the birth of Confucius
- Zoucheng, hometown of Mencius
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Qufu |
- Qufu travel guide from Wikitravel
- UNESCO World Heritage Listing
- CCTV
- Qufu Normal University
- Asian Historical Architecture: Qufu
- qufu.pomosa.com: Extensive photos from 2004
- Panoramic photo of Confucius Temple
- Photographs of a Confucian Temple ceremony
- Confucian website
- A photo tour of Qufu from 2008
Notes[link]
- ^ Zhongguo gujin diming dacidian 中国古今地名大词典 [Dictionary of Chinese Place-names Ancient and Modern] (Shanghai: Shanghai cishu chubanshe, 2005), 1154.
- ^ a b Bo Chonglan et al (2002), p. 109
- ^ "Cultural revolution in Current Events". Weekly Reader Corp.. September 29, 2006. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-153095655.html. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
- ^ Wang Liang, "The Confucius Temple Tragedy of the Cultural Revolution," in Thomas A. Wilson, ed., On Sacred Grounds, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002)
- ^ Sang Ye and Geremie R. Barmé (2009): The Fate of the Confucius Temple, the Kong Mansion and Kong Cemetery, China Heritage Quarterly, No. 20, December 2009
- ^ Armstrong, Alexander (1896), In a mule litter to the tomb of Confucius, J. Nisbet, http://books.google.com/books?id=2b9FAAAAIAAJ
- ^ a b Legge, James (1867). Confucius and the Chinese classics. pp. 384, 388. http://books.google.com/books?id=9xthAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA384. - Rev. A. Williamson's account of his visit to Qufu in 1865
- ^ Markham (1870), "Journey through Shantung", The journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London (J. Murray) 40: 223, http://books.google.com/books?id=9kM9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223
- ^ Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott, eds. (1918), The New international encyclopædia, Volume 13 (2 ed.), Dodd, Mead and company, p. 276, http://books.google.com/books?id=fmwNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA276
- ^ See e.g. the map (Fig. 3.1.2.2) in: Schinz, Alfred (1996), The magic square: cities in ancient China, Edition Axel Menges, p. 116, ISBN 3-930698-02-1, http://books.google.com/books?id=qhcRYkz-I3YC&pg=PA116
- ^ Jeni Hung (April 5, 2003). "Children of confucius". The Spectator. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200304/ai_n9228762. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
References[link]
- 傅崇兰 (Bo Chonglan); 孟祥才 (Meng Xiangcai); 曲英杰 (Qu Yingjie); 吴承照 (Wu Chengzhao) (2002), 曲阜庙城与中国儒学 (Qufu's temples and walled cities and China's Confucianism), Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5004-3527-4
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Wiki Summary
Qufu (Chinese: 曲阜; pinyin: Qūfù; Wade–Giles: Ch'ü1-fu4) is a city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It is located at 35° 36′ northern latitude and 117° 02′ east, about 130 kilometres (81 mi) south of the provincial capital Jinan and 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of the prefecture seat at Jining. Qufu has an urban population of about 60,000, the entire administrative region has about 650,000 inhabitants.
Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, who is traditionally believed to have been born at the nearby Mount Ni. The city contains numerous historic palaces, temples and cemeteries. The three most famous cultural sites of the city, collectively known as San Kong (三孔), i.e. "The Three Confucian [sites]", are the Temple of Confucius (Chinese: 孔庙; pinyin: Kǒngmiào), the Cemetery of Confucius (Chinese: 孔林; pinyin: Kǒnglín), and the Kong Family Mansion (Chinese: 孔府; pinyin: Kǒngfǔ). Together, these three sites have been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.
