Drug overdose
Classification and external resources
Activated carbon is a commonly used agent for decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract in overdoses.
ICD-10	T36-T50
ICD-9	960-979
MeSH	D015537

The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended^[1] or generally practiced.^[2] An overdose may result in a toxic state or death.^[2]

Classification[link]

The word "overdose" implies that there is a common safe dosage and usage for the drug; therefore, the term is commonly only applied to drugs, not poisons, though even certain poisons are harmless at a low enough dosage.

Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally to commit suicide or as self-harm, but many drug overdoses are accidental, the result of intentional or unintentional misuse of medication. Intentional misuse leading to overdose can include using prescribed or unprescribed drugs in excessive quantities in an attempt to produce euphoria.

Usage of illicit drugs of unexpected purity, in large quantities, or after a period of drug abstinence can also induce overdose. Cocaine users who inject intravenously can easily overdose accidentally, as the margin between a pleasurable drug sensation and an overdose is small.^[3]

Unintentional misuse can include errors in dosage caused by failure to read or understand product labels. Accidental overdoses may also be the result of over-prescription, failure to recognize a drug's active ingredient, or unwitting ingestion by children^[4] A common unintentional overdose in young children involves multi-vitamins containing iron. Iron is a component of the hemoglobin molecule in blood, used to transport oxygen to living cells. When taken in small amounts, iron allows the body to replenish hemoglobin, but in large amounts it causes severe pH imbalances in the body. If this overdose is not treated with chelation therapy, it can lead to death or permanent coma.

The term 'overdose' is often misused as a descriptor for adverse drug reactions or negative drug interactions due to mixing multiple drugs simultaneously.

Signs and symptoms[link]

Signs and symptoms of an overdose varies depending on the drug or toxin exposure. The symptoms can often be divided into differing toxidromes. This can help one determine what class of drug or toxin is causing the difficulties.

Symptoms of opioid overdoses include slow breathing, heart rate and pulse.^[6] Opioid overdoses can also cause pinpoint pupils, and blue lips and nails due to low levels of oxygen in the blood. A person experiencing an opioid overdose might also have muscle spasms, seizures and decreased consciousness. A person experiencing an opiate overdose usually will not wake up even if their name is called or if they are shaken vigorously.

Causes[link]

The drugs or toxins which are most frequently involved in overdose and death (grouped by ICD-10):

Diagnosis[link]

Determination of the substance which has been taken may often be determined by asking the person. However, if they will not, or cannot, due to an altered level of consciousness, provide this information, a search of the home or questioning of friends and family may be helpful.

Examination for toxidromes, drug testing, or laboratory test may be helpful. Other laboratory test such as glucose, urea and electrolytes, paracetamol levels and salicylate levels are typically done. Negative drug-drug interactions have sometimes been misdiagnosed as an acute drug overdose, occasionally leading to the assumption of suicide.^[7]

Prevention[link]

The distribution of naloxone to injection drug users and other opioid drug users decreases the risk of death from overdose.^[8] CDC estimates that US programs for drug users and their caregivers prescribing take-home doses of naloxone and training on its utilization are estimated to have reversed 10,000 opioid overdose deaths.^[9][10] Healthcare institution-based naloxone prescription programs have also helped reduce rates of opioid overdose in the US state of North Carolina, and have been replicated in the US military.^[11][12] Nevertheless, scale-up of healthcare-based opioid overdose interventions is limited by providers’ insufficient knowledge and negative attitudes towards prescribing take-home naloxone to prevent opioid overdose.^[13] Programs training police and fire personnel in opioid overdose response using naloxone have also shown promise in the US.^[14][15]

Management[link]

Stabilization of the ABCs are the initial treatment of an overdose. Ventilation is considered when there is a low respiratory rate or when blood gases show the person to be hypoxic. Monitoring of the patient should continue before and throughout the treatment process, with particular attention to temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, blood pressure, urine output, electrocardiography (ECG) and O₂ saturation.^[16] Poison control centers and Medical toxicologists are available in many areas to provide guidance in overdoses to both physicians and the general public.

Antidotes[link]

Specific antidotes are available for certain overdoses--for example, Naloxone is the antidote for opiates such as heroin or morphine. Charcoal is frequently recommended if available within one hour of the ingestion and the ingestion is significant.^[17] Gastric lavage, syrup of ipecac, and whole bowel irrigation are rarely used.^[17]

Epidemiology[link]

The National Center for Health Statistics report that 19,250 people died of accidental poisoning in the U.S. in the year 2004 (8 deaths per 100,000 population).^[18]

In 2008 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, Medical Epidemiologist Dr. Leonard J. Paulozzi^[19] of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in 2005 (the most recent year for which data was available) more than 22,000 American lives were lost due to overdoses, and the number is growing rapidly. Dr. Paulozzi also testified that all available evidence suggests that unintentional overdose deaths are related to the increasing use of prescription drugs, especially opioid painkillers.^[20]

See also[link]

• List of drug-related deaths
• Water intoxication

References[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

Look up overdose in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Fact sheets on illicit drugs, overdose prevention, detox and harm reduction strategies.

v t e Recreational drug use Major recreational drugs Opioids Buprenorphine (Subutex · Suboxone) Codeine Dextropropoxyphene (Darvon · Darvocet) Diamorphine (heroin) \ Morphine (Opium) Hydrocodone Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Methadone Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Oxycodone Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Ethanol (Alcoholic beverages) GHB Kava Nonbenzodiazepines Stimulants Amphetamine Arecoline (Areca) Betel Caffeine (Coffee Tea) Cathinone (Khat) Cocaine (Coca) Ephedrine (Ephedra) Mephedrone Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Nicotine (Tobacco) Theobromine (Cocoa) Entactogens MDA MDMA (Ecstasy) Hallucinogens Psychedelics Bufotenin Psychoactive toads Vilca Yopo DMT (Ayahuasca) LSA LSD-25 Mescaline Peruvian Torch Peyote San Pedro Psilocybin \ Psilocin (Psilocybin mushrooms) Dissociatives DXM Inhalants Nitrous oxide alkyl nitrites – poppers, such as amyl nitrite Ketamine MXE Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) PCP Salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum) Deliriants Atropine and Scopolamine Datura Deadly Nightshade Henbane Mandrake Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Cannabinoids JWH-018 THC (Cannabis Hashish Hash oil) Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Drug culture Cannabis 420 Cannabis cultivation Cannabis smoking Legal history of cannabis in the United States Legality of cannabis Marijuana Policy Project Medical cannabis NORML Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Stoner film Psychedelic Art Drug Experience Literature Music Other Club drug Counterculture of the 1960s Dance party Drug paraphernalia Drug tourism Entheogen Hippie Party and play Poly drug use Rave Self-medication Sex and drugs Problems with drug use Abuse Dependence Prevention Opioid replacement therapy Rehabilitation Responsible use Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Illegal drug trade Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Date-rape drug Passive smoking (of tobacco or other substances) Legality of drug use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs 1971 Psychotropic Substances 1988 Drug Trafficking Cannabis reform at the international level State level Drug policy Decriminalization Prohibition Supply reduction Policy reform Demand reduction Drug Policy Alliance Harm reduction Law Enforcement Against Prohibition Liberalization Students for Sensible Drug Policy Transform Drug Policy Foundation Drug policy by country Australia Canada Germany India Netherlands Portugal Sweden Switzerland Soviet Union United States Just Say No Office of National Drug Control Policy School district drug policies California Colorado Maryland Virginia Other Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Hard and soft drugs Illegal drug trade in Colombia Mexican Drug War Narc Opium production in Afghanistan Politics of drug abuse War on Drugs Zero tolerance Lists of countries by... Alcohol consumption Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Cigarette consumption Cocaine use Opiates use

Tila Tequila
Tila Tequila attending the Mosci fashion show at Club AREA, West Hollywood, California on October 24, 2008
Background information
Birth name	Tila Nguyen[1]
Also known as	Tila Tequila
Born	(1981-10-24) October 24, 1981 (age 30) Singapore
Origin	Houston, Texas, United States
Genres	R&B, pop rap, hip hop, pop rock, electropop
Occupations	glamour model, singer, rapper, porn actress
Years active	2001–present
Website	misstila.com

Tila Nguyen (born October 24, 1981), better known by her stage names Tila Tequila and Miss Tila,^[2] is an American model and television personality. She is known for her appearances in the men's magazines Stuff, Maxim, Penthouse, her role as host of the Fuse TV show featuring performance striptease, Pants-Off Dance-Off and her position as the most popular artist on MySpace (according to page views) circa April 2006, along with Jeffree Star.^[3] She was raised in Houston, Texas, and now lives in Los Angeles, California. Her MTV reality show A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila aired for two seasons.

Early life and education[link]

Nguyen was born in Singapore, where her family emigrated from Vietnam after the Vietnam War.^[4][5] Her mother is of half French descent, while her father is full Vietnamese. Her siblings are Daniel and Terri.^[6] When she was one year old, the family relocated to a neighborhood in Houston, Texas and were eventually admitted to a gated community run by a strict Buddhist temple.^[7] The family left the community when Nguyen was eight.^[8]

While in middle school, Nguyen became a tomboy and was eventually sent to a boarding school for six months for her combative behavior before transferring to another school.^[8] While in high school, she used her sister's identification card to enter nightclubs, where she began taking drugs^[8] and joined a gang. In her memoir, she would later explain that she felt "confused" and "lost" from various personal family and environmental issues and lost her virginity at 15. She turned to writing poems in an attempt to release powerful emotions, and friends outside the gang briefly helped turn her life around. At age 16, Nguyen ran to Queens, New York for several months.^[7] While still 16, she experienced a drive-by shooting in Houston. She reports having become pregnant and suffering a miscarriage the following year.^[9]

Nguyen graduated from Alief Hastings High School in 2000. She has cited the violent adolescence she had in Texas as her reason for becoming a model and moving to California in 2001.^[10] In a March 2003 interview, she revealed that she has taken some college classes but does not have a degree, stating, "I didn't want to go to college for an actual degree because there's nothing out there I like besides doing something that involves the entertainment industry."^[11]

Career[link]

Modeling and acting[link]

Nguyen's career began at the age of 18 when she was discovered at the Sharpstown Mall by a Playboy scout and was offered a chance to model nude for the magazine. She did a test shoot,^[11] then eventually moved to Southern California and was featured as Playboy’s Cyber Girl of the week on April 22, 2002, and soon thereafter she became the first Asian Cyber Girl of the Month.^[12] A few more pictorials for the magazine followed.^[4]

Nguyen at a car show in December 2005

Nguyen gained further popularity through the import racing scene. She has been featured on the cover of Import Tuner magazine, at car shows such as Hot Import Nights, and in the video game Street Racing Syndicate.^[11][13] She was also the most frequent host on the first season of Fuse TV's dance show, Pants-Off Dance-Off, on which a group of contestants strip to music videos.^[4]

Nguyen was featured on the cover of the April 2006 issue of Stuff magazine; in the interview, she claimed that her nickname "Tila Tequila" came about when she experimented with alcohol at the age of thirteen.^[14] She appeared on the August 2006 Maxim UK cover, was named #88 in their Hot 100 List,^[15] and also appeared in the December 2007 issue.^[16] She was ranked #100 on the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2008.^[17]

Nguyen made an appearance as one of the 12 strangers in the first game on the April 6, 2007 episode of NBC's game show Identity. On March 4, 2007 she made a cameo appearance on the show "War At Home."^[18] She also appeared as a Hooters Girl in the 2007 film I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry.

Nguyen has been featured on the front page of magazines such as Penthouse, King, Blender, and most recently Steppin' Out^[19]

Nguyen has provided her voice to shows such as Robot Chicken and The Cleveland Show.^[20]

Reality television[link]

In May 2007, Nguyen began filming for a reality show which first aired on MTV on October 9, 2007, as A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila. The program is a bisexual-themed dating show where 16 straight men and 16 lesbian women compete for Nguyen's affections, the twist being that the contestants were not aware of her bisexuality^[7] until the end of the first episode. The ten-episode series is produced by SallyAnn Salsano and MTV.^[21]

Nguyen in October 2007

The show led to a heated online debate between Nguyen and conservative Christians after an article appeared on The Christian Post on September 13, 2007.^[22] After seeing the article, Nguyen wrote an impassioned response in her blog on September 28, 2007, criticizing churches for "bashing" the gay community while thanking God for saving her life.^[4][23]

The show premiered for a second season in April 2008 and became a popular gossip subject in Asian media, such as AsianWeek.^[24] The season finale premiered July 8, 2008, the winner being Kristy Morgan who declined her "shot at love". A new season of the series was announced. However, bisexual twin women were the bachelorettes.^[25]

Before A Shot at Love, Nguyen was a contestant on VH1's Surviving Nugent, a reality TV show where participants performed compromising tasks and stunts for rock star Ted Nugent.^[26]

Online business ventures[link]

In July 2001, Nguyen started the website TilasHotSpot.com,^[27] which later began redirecting to MissTila.com. Originally the site featured information, quotes, blog, and pictorials^[28] requiring adult verification and a monthly fee.^[29] Later, the site was revamped to feature all-ages content and information to promote her career, business ventures, personal information, and a premium membership section including videos, non-nude picture galleries, blogs, and chat sessions.^[30] In 2008 the site was transformed into a social network.^[31]

During 2005, Nguyen launched TilaFashion.com,^[32] a site featuring her custom line of clothing for men and women.^[33] In 2006, Nguyen created a website entitled "Tila Zone,"^[34] which features content to use on Myspace and other social networking websites including layouts, widgets, and clipart.^[35]

In December 2009, Nguyen partnered with Joe Francis to launch the since-defunct dating site TilasHotSpotDating.com.^[36] The site is for people ages 18 and up. The site includes a free membership with basic access to the site, and paid membership which includes access to other areas of the site. Nguyen has taken part in webcam chats on the site.^[37]

In 2010, Nguyen launched a celebrity blog site, MissTilaOMG.com.

Music[link]

Nguyen at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards

At age 20, Nguyen acted on her interest in rock music and started looking for bands willing to let her join. She eventually assembled a band called Beyond Betty Jean, for which she was singer and songwriter. Following the breakup of Beyond Betty Jean, Nguyen started working in recording studios to sharpen her vocal skills and wrote music.^[12] Later, she became the lead singer of a band called Jealousy, which released a few songs online before breaking up. Around this time, she began to employ the stage name of "Tila Tequila".

In April 2006 during the taping of an interview with MTV's Total Request Live VJs, will.i.am announced that Nguyen had been signed to the Will.I.Am music group, a record label under A&M Records. Despite this major-label signing, Nguyen independently released her first single "I Love U" through iTunes on February 27, 2007, justifying the independent release through her desire to become famous by herself.^[5] She also shot a music video for the song.

In March 2007, Washington-based record label The Saturday Team released an EP called Sex, by Tila Tequila.^[5] On July 27, 2007, Italian website MusicBlob reported that The Saturday Team and distributor Icon Music Entertainment Services sued Nguyen over breaching her contract related to the album.^[38] However, Nguyen claimed in a MySpace bulletin^[38] that the EP was not authorized for release by her, and was removed from most retailers. The Saturday Team won a legal case, making Sex available for digital purchase.

On October 9, 2007, Nguyen released her second official single, "Stripper Friends".^[39] A video premiered via Yahoo! Music on February 26, 2008 and was released to iTunes on March 4, 2008. The single failed to chart. In April 2008, the single "Paralyze" and its accompanying music video were released via Yahoo! Music and iTunes.^[40]

On April 7, 2009 the "I Love U Remixes" EP was released to digital music retailers.

In April 2010, Nguyen officially released "I Fucked The DJ", along with an edited version entitled "I Love My DJ", through iTunes. The songs were released under the name "Miss Tila".

In May 2010, Nguyen released an EP to iTunes entitled "Welcome to the Darkside". The EP includes a cover of Depeche Mode's song "Blue Dress" and Yoko Ono's song "Walking on Thin Ice". Tila began a tour supporting the new EP in 2010, and at one of her tour stops in August 2010, Nguyen appeared at the Gathering of the Juggalos, a music festival founded by hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. She was repeatedly pelted with rocks and bottles among other objects, and she vowed to take legal action against the organizers and promoters for the event.^[41][42]

Book[link]

On December 2, 2008, Nguyen released a self-help book, Hooking Up with Tila Tequila: A Guide to Love, Fame, Happiness, Success, and Being the Life of the Party (ISBN 9781439101537).^[43][44]

Record label and management firm[link]

Nguyen has started her own record label called "Tila Tequila Records", and signed Raz-B of B2K.^[45] Apart from her record label, Nguyen has also started a management firm called "Little Miss Trendsetter Management LLC".^[46]

Personal life[link]

On September 6, 2009, Nguyen was allegedly choked and restrained by former boyfriend Shawne Merriman, who was later arrested.^[47][48] San Diego district attorney Bonnie Dumanis decided not to charge Merriman after her office spent three days reviewing reports from the San Diego County Sheriff's Department.^[49] On November 17, 2009, Nguyen sued Merriman for $1.5 million.^[50] Several weeks later, Merriman countersued, alleging intentional interference with contract, unfair competition, and trademark infringement.^[51] She declined to respond to his more recent actions, and a default judgment was entered in his favor for $2 million.^[52]

In November 2009, Nguyen announced on Twitter that she is a lesbian, rather than bisexual, as she had previously proclaimed herself to be.^[53]

On December 9, 2009, Nguyen stated she was engaged to heiress Casey Johnson and was photographed with a diamond ring.^[54] On January 4, 2010, Johnson, who had long suffered from Type I Diabetes, was found dead. On February 4, 2010, the Los Angeles Coroner's Office announced that Johnson "died from diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening condition caused by a lack of insulin and high blood sugar". She was reported to have neglected to take her medication, and died naturally.^[55]

In 2011 Vivid Entertainment released a video of Nguyen engaging in sexual acts with pornographic actresses Kristina Rose and Charlie Laine.^[56] Nguyen claims that the video was made for personal use and she did not consent to its release.^[57]

On March 7, 2012, it was reported that Nguyen has agreed to check into rehab after having reportedly "almost died" from an attempted suicide by overdosing on pills. The incident caused her to be hospitalized from a brain aneurysm.^[58][59] Nguyen completed her rehab treatment on April 5, 2012.^[60] Upon completing her treatment, Nguyen opened up about her near-death experience to US Weekly stating "I can remember feeling like the bones were popping out the side of my head [because] the pain was so bad. I took some medications and tried to go for a nap, but when I woke up I was vomiting. I really thought I was going to die."^[61]

Discography[link]

EPs[link]

• Sex (2007)
• Welcome to the Dark Side (2010)

Singles[link]

• "I Love U" (2007)
• "Stripper Friends" (2007)
• "Paralyze" (2008)
• "I Fucked the DJ (I Love My DJ)" (2010)
• "You Can Dance" (2011)

Filmography[link]

Films[link]

• I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry as a Hooters Girl (2007)
• Tila Tequila: Uncorked

Television[link]

• A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila as herself (2007)
• A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila as herself (2008)
• The War at Home as herself (episode: The White Shadow)
• Robot Chicken as herself (episode: Help Me!)
• MADtv as herself (episode: #1412) (2009)
• The Cleveland Show as herself (episode: The Brown Knight)
• $h*! My Dad Says as Ting Ting (episode: Ed Goes to Court)

Books[link]

• Tila Tequila with Sarah Tomlinson, Hooking Up With Tila Tequila: A Guide to Love, Fame, Happiness, Success, and Being the Life of the Party, Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group, December 2008 (ISBN 9781439101537)

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Find more about Tila Tequila on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons

• Official website
• Tila Tequila on Twitter
• Tila Tequila on Facebook
• Tila Tequila's channel on YouTube
• Tila Tequila's channel on Ustream
• Tila Tequila on Myspace
• Tila Tequila at the Internet Movie Database
• Tila Tequila at the Internet Adult Film Database
• Tila Tequila at the Adult Film Database

Sylvester Stallone
Sylvester Stallone at the San Diego Comic-Con International on July 22, 2010
Born	Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone[1] (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 65) New York City, New York, U.S.
Alma mater	University of Miami
Occupation	Actor, director, screenwriter
Years active	1970–present
Spouse	Sasha Czack (m. 1974–1985) «start: (1974)–end+1: (1986)»"Marriage: Sasha Czack to Sylvester Stallone" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Sylvester_Stallone) Brigitte Nielsen (m. 1985–1987) «start: (1985)–end+1: (1988)»"Marriage: Brigitte Nielsen to Sylvester Stallone" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Sylvester_Stallone) Jennifer Flavin (m. 1997) «start: (1997)»"Marriage: Jennifer Flavin to Sylvester Stallone" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Sylvester_Stallone)
Children	Sage, Seargeoh, Sophia, Sistine, Scarlet
Parents	Frank Stallone Sr. Jackie Stallone
Relatives	Frank Stallone (brother)
Website
http://www.sylvesterstallone.com

Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone (/stəˈloʊn/; born July 6, 1946), commonly known as Sylvester Stallone, and nicknamed Sly Stallone,^[2] is an American actor, filmmaker, screenwriter, film director and occasional painter.^[3] Stallone is known for his machismo and Hollywood action roles. Two of the notable characters he has portrayed are boxer Rocky Balboa and soldier John Rambo. The Rocky and Rambo franchises, along with several other films, strengthened his reputation as an actor and his box office earnings.

Stallone's film Rocky was inducted into the National Film Registry as well as having its film props placed in the Smithsonian Museum. Stallone's use of the front entrance to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Rocky series led the area to be nicknamed the Rocky Steps. Philadelphia has a statue of his Rocky character placed permanently near the museum, on the right side before the steps. It was announced on December 7, 2010 that Stallone was voted into boxing's Hall of Fame.^[4]

Early life[link]

Sylvester Stallone was born Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone^[1][5] in New York City, the elder son of Frank Stallone, Sr., a hairdresser, and Jackie Stallone (born Jacqueline Labofish), an astrologer, former dancer, and promoter of women's wrestling. His younger brother is actor and musician Frank Stallone. Stallone's father was born in Gioia del Colle, Apulia, Italy, and emigrated to the United States as a child.^[6] Stallone's mother is of half Russian Jewish and half French descent.^[7][8]

Complications his mother suffered during labor forced her obstetricians to use two pairs of forceps during his birth; misuse of these accidentally severed a nerve and caused paralysis in parts of Stallone's face.^[9][10] As a result, the lower left side of his face is paralyzed - including parts of his lip, tongue, and chin - an accident which has given Stallone his snarling look and slightly slurred speech.^[10] Stallone was baptized and raised Catholic.^[11] He spent his first five years in Hell's Kitchen, bouncing between foster homes while his parents endured a troubled marriage.^{[citation needed]} His father, a beautician, moved the family to Washington, D.C., where he opened a beauty school. His mother opened a women's gymnasium called Barbella's in 1954.^[12] His parents divorced when he was nine, and he eventually lived with his mother.^[10] He attended Notre Dame Academy and Lincoln High School in Philadelphia.^[13] He attended Charlotte Hall Military Academy prior to attending Miami Dade College.^[14]