The Kannada people, or Kanarese (masculine Kannadiga, feminine Kannadati) are the people who natively speak the Kannada language.[2] Kannadigas are mainly located in the state of Karnataka in India and in the neighboring states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and Maharashtra. The English plural is Kanarese, Kannadas, or Kannadigas.
Kannadigas are people who speak Kannada, its variants or its various dialects as their native language.[3] Various districts of Karnataka have mixed variations of dialects like Dharwad Kannada,[3] Sankethi, Naddvara Kannada, Havigannada, Bengaluru Kannada,[3] Are Bhashe, Mysooru Kannada, Kundagannada,[3] etc. Janapadas[4] of Soliga, Badaga and other tribes of Karnataka having rich contribution to Kannada literature have their own style. Many Kannadigas have emigrated to countries like United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Apart from native speakers, Kannada is also spoken by Tuluvas, Konkani, Kodavas of Karnataka and Telugu and Tamil settlers in the state.
Sala fighting the tiger, the symbol of
Hoysala Empire
Settlement in Karnataka is found to be existent at least from 2nd millennium BC as explored in Brahmagiri archaeological site near Chitradurga district, central Karnataka. Chandravalli exploration has revealed interaction of Roman and Chinese travelers around 2nd and 3rd century BC.[5]
Kannadigas have built powerful empires and kingdoms with Kannada as the official language.[6] The language was once popular from Kaveri to Godavari as mentioned in Kavirajamarga of 850 CE.[7] Archaeological evidences prove Kannada inscriptions found as far north as Madhya Pradesh (Inscription of Krishna III) and Bihar.[8] The great Karnataka Expansion provides insights to various kingdoms of northern India whose originators were from Kannada country.[9]
The major empires and kingdoms, their regal capital and most distinguished kings were:
Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of Kannada language, culture and polity were, Chutus of Banavasi (feudatory to Satavahana Empire),[10][11] Tuluva Dynasty of Canara,[12] Rattas of Saundatti (Belgaum),[12] Guttas of Guttal (Dharwad region),[13] Banas of Kolar,[14] Nolambas of Nolambavadi,[15][16] Vaidumbas,[17][18] Chengalvas,[12] Kongalvas,[12] Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (Banavasi province), Yalahanka Nadaprabhu,[19] Sindas of Yelburga (Bijapur-Gulbarga),[13] Kadambas of Hangal.[20]
In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were:
In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region, based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well.
The Karnatak Kshatriyas of Bihar,[8][23] the Chalukyas of Gujarat,[24][25] the Chalukyas of Vengi (Eastern Chalukya),[24][26][27] the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri,[28][29][30][31] the Rashtrakuta family ruling from Berar (modern Amravati district, Maharashtra),[32] and the Rashtrakutas branch of Gujarat (Lata branch),[33][34] are some possible examples.
Channakeshava Temple at
Beluru
Sculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars of Hampi, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[35] the ekashila (monolithic) statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India,[36] the Yelu Sutthina Kote of Chitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or be it the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing - the inner garbhagrihas.[37] The temples of Karnataka had in them many shaili or varieties to credit. Majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.
55 ft monolithic statue of Gommateshvara
Bahubali dated 978-993 AD.
Some of the places of interest are:
Pioneer sculptors include:
Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:
Dasa Sahitya is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his avatars. Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada and sahitya is literature. Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers of Bhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[46]
The Haridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[46][47] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the didactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[48] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, called naadopasana. The Lord is described as Samagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[49]
The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as Devaranamas. Compositions like Krishna Nee Begane Baaro, Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana, Tamboori Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.
Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:
One of the oldest forms of music in the region is Karnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha which has evolved over ages. Both Hindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas. Bhavageete and Sugama Sangeetha are some innovations. Other forms of music include Gamaka,[51] Joogera Pada and Lavani.[52] Yakshagana is also considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[53]
Contemporary musical thespians are:
Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot of gadhya or literature is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the Kings and their rule. These are called Naataka or plays having wide ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets - Bayalata (ಬಯಲಾಟ).[57] As its etymology indicates, bayalu means open-air field and ata means theater. In southern Karnataka, both the eastern and western varieties of Yakshagana are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north several other distinct genres are also included under the name.[58]
Harikathe which covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.[59] It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions or vratha in front of temples on auspicious days like Dasara and Maha Shivaratri.[60] Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Of late, late-night Harikathe sessions are being organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[61]
Jaanapada artists at Government sponsored
Jaanapadha Jaatre
Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the Nrityagram foundation in Bengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical Woodstock of India.[62] First held in the year 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[63] Similarly, Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ) is a congregation of art performances at different places of the city which was initiated fairly recently and is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with Corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[64] In 2006, the Government of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating Jaanapada Jaatre (ಜಾನಪದ ಜಾತ್ರೆ) which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends in Lalbagh and other parts of the city.[65]
Some famous theatrical, cinematic and television personalities like T P Kailasam, Gubbi Veeranna, C. Honappa Bhagavathar, G V Iyer, Dr. Rajkumar, V. Shantaram, Puttanna Kanagal, Kalpana, B. S. Ranga, B V Karanth, Girish Kasaravalli, Shankar Nag, T.S. Nagabharana, T N Seetharam have contributed for its richness.
The mystic and spirited reliving of various legends of epics are the major depictions in various dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry being the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can also be found limitedly in the regions inhabited by Soligas, of which Pinasee is a traditional dance form.[66] Other tribal dance forms are from the forests of Kodagu and Western Ghats.
Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:
The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals. Kusthi, Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.
The Mysore Odeyars arrange kaalaga or fights like Vajra Mushti during Dasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, Kabaddi, are popular sports.[67]
Yogasana, Praanayama and health related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best Yoga practitioners can be found here. Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.
Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.
- Agriculture: Upon Onset of Monsoon or Sowing or Harvest there are festivals celebrated like Chaandramana Ugaadi (marking of new year), Makara Sankranthi and Huttari.
- Monsoon: Dasara /Navarathri, Ayudha Puja
- Puraana: Maha Shivarathri, Varamahalakshmi Vrata, Bheemana Amavasye, Swarna Gowri Vratha, Ganesha Chaturthi, Naagara Panchami, Ratha Sapthami, Krishna Janmashtami, Rama Navami, Vijaya Dashami, Vaikunta Ekadashi, Naraka Chaturdashi, Bali Padyami and others.
In countryside, a dana jaathre (livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and a ratha or theru (chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is also arranged for the visitors.
North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionary Shishunala Sharif and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.
Christmas is celebrated at large in Bengaluru and Mangalooru which host some of the oldest churches and educational institutions of the country. Buddha, Mahaveera, Shankara, Basavanna and Gandhi are remembered on their birth anniversaries.
The Cuisine of Karnataka includes many vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the state of Maharashtra to its north.
Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadiga homes include Bisi Bele Bath, Jolada Rotti, Ragi Rotti, Akki Rotti, Saaru, Huli, Davanagere Benne Dosa, Ragi mudde, Chitranna (lemon rice) and Uppittu. The famous Masala Dosa traces its origin to Udupi cuisine.[68] Plain and rave Idli, Mysore Masala Dosa and Maddur Vade are very popular in South Karnataka. Kadabu, a kind of rice dumplings, is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such as Sakaleshpura, Mudigere, Somwarapete, etc. and is consumed along with huchellu (black sesame) chutney.
Among sweets, Mysore Pak, Dharwad Pedha, Chiroti, Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab, Hurnaholige, Karadanta, Shenga Holige and Sajka have origins in the Malnad region. Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour. Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnataka uppinakai (pickles) too are very distinct from the rest like Mavina kotthu (fine mango pickles), Nimbekai uppinakai (lemon pickles), Tenga Mavina uppinakai (entire mango pickle), gajri uppinkai (carrot pickle) and menshinikai uppinakai (chilli pickle).
Kannadiga male costumes mainly include Panchey (often tied as Kachche) or Lungi (wrapping style depends on the region) and a shirt. During the era of Kingdoms, the crowns available mainly were Mysuru Peta and Dharwad Peta. Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in countryside. Many use Khadi in their clothing till date of which politicians are prominent ones. Karnataka also has the only village in the country which produces authentic Indian national flags according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards at Hubli.[69]
Female costumes include Seere of which Ilakal Seerey and Mysore Silk (Government owned) are famous. Seere also has different variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka and Karavali. Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear the Davani (Half saree).
Urban male costumes comprises a trouser, shirt and sandals while that of females include churidar and moderate heeled sandals. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place. Kasuti is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought after art on dress and costumes.
Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[70] the excellence of Kannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards[71] and fifty-one Sahitya Akademi awards.
Pampa, Ranna and Ponna are considered as three jewels of Halegannada. Janna was another notable poet of this genre.
Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Allama Prabhu, Madhvacharya, Vidyaranya, Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumara Vyasa, Sarvajna, Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa, Shishunala Shareefa, Raghavendra Swami etc. were pioneers of Nadugannada. All these have been inviolved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature . They all had a characteristic naamankita - insignia - which would denote a power equalling a God in popular comparison. The literature saw the Vachana -said, Tattva -thatness, Sharana -saviour (of God), and Dasa -slave (to God) padas (short poetries) - reach the common man's ignorance into great depths leading to Siddhanta- philosophies.
Kuvempu, D. V. Gundappa, Da Ra Bendre, B. M. Srikantaiah, Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, Shivaram Karanth, V K Gokak, U R Ananthamurthy, P. Lankesh, Girish Karnad, G S Shivarudrappa, Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar, Pu thi Narasimhachar, Chennavira Kanavi, Gopalakrishna Adiga, TaRaSu, A N Krishna Rao, Govinda Pai, S.L. Bhyrappa, Poornachandra Tejaswi, Thriveni, K. S. Nissar Ahmed, K.S. Narasimhaswamy, Chandrashekhara Kambara, Siddhaiah Puranik, G.P. Rajarathnam, T P Kailasam, Anupama Niranjana, M. K. Indira, Dodda Rangegowda etc. are popular literary figures. This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theatre fields. The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with 8 Jnanpith awards.[72] Kannada Thantramsha or software is developed under Kuvempu University. There is also a sizable Open-source community based in Bengaluru.
Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are
Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 by German missionary Hermann Mögling.[74]
List of newspapers:
Some of the greatest serving spiritual leaders include:
Some of the distinguished scientists are
Karnataka is one of the few states which even being leading contributor for GDP of the country[76] and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protected Wildlife of Karnataka. The Kannadiga culture protects and balances Kaadu and Naadu as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects of Soliga, Badaga, Jenu Kuruba, Hakki Pikki, Lambani and other inhabitants of forests. also see Appiko Chaluvali
Some noted environmentalists include
The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the ages of Ramayana. There are also literary evidences for the region of Mysore called as Mahisha Mandala after demon named Mahishasura. Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to place.
One of the most prominently popular and acknowledged Jaanapada song is Dharani mandala madhyadolage which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a country called Karnata
Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multi cultural state with almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot emigration as well due to which multi-ethnic diaspora can be seen . As the Kingdoms provided a safe centres for development of all cultures we can see a huge diversities from region to region. Even the language and dialects varies from place to place. The language has evolved distinctly in both the backyard(folk/basic/prakrutha) and frontyard (refined and related to Samskrutha/Sankrit) of the culture.[citation needed] It can be said that the major works of Sanskrit have originated and continues to evolve here.[citation needed] Shringeri, Udupi are some of nerve centres. One of the leading examples include a village near Shivamogga where people speak only Sanskrit till date. Bengaluru has almost all language speakers of India.
One of the most acknowledged concept is to be a Vishwa Maanava or universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human . It is the we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free. The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self respect to people by owning them and their culture.[citation needed] Two Tibetan colonies for refugees from Tibet are formed, one near Mundgod and one near Kushalanagara for protecting them from Chinese atrocities. Karnataka has also sheltered flood victims of North Eastern India like Assam and provided them jobs. One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name (more found in Mangalore) or even a Muslim Christian name. Hindu is normally considered a misnomer for Sanathana.
Karnataka and parts of Maharashtra are the only two states which have diversity of including both Malenadu Nithyaharidwarna -evergreen ghats and Bayaluseeme which have different ways of living in the same state.[citation needed] Not only this but it acts as a gateway to North and South Indian cultures. It may come as a surprise that Karnataka is next only to Rajasthan in India when it comes to area under arid land but still Southern Karnataka is referred to as Gandhada Gudi - temple of sandalwood found in its protected forests.[citation needed]
After the Odeyar era who already had established democracy by naming elected representative called Saamantha in southern regions as early as 19th century, the 1947 partition brought a centre into being under democracy and Karnataka accepted a bicameral legislature. But this was a functionally a failure as there always has been a tug of war from centre and states to an extent that from 1990s to 2010 there have always been different political parties operating at centre and state. North Karnataka had other problems of getting independence more from Nizams. So there were two different spheres. Lack of will and coordination and constant fights have been hallmark of politics which has prevented a regional party/media from arising in the land. Kerala being a neighbour where hugely successful communist ideology in bringing up literacy levels has also a backing here and a few naxalite outfits do function in Karnataka. Also functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in the Kaveri River Water Dispute issue. The failure extended to bureaucracy and Karnataka reached the position of being fourth most corrupt state of India[77] due to political and bureaucratic lobby due to which Lokayukta (see N. Venkatachala) was formed but could not get the required powers to deal with the powerful. In the field of press and journalism P. Lankesh and S. Gurumurthy[78] are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations.
The Dravidian leader and social reformer Periyar, was a descendant of migrant commanders from the Mysore region. Periyar E. V. Ramasamy single handedly changed the essence of Tamil Nadu and Indian politics to a very great extent. The present Tamil Nadu politics has descended from Periyar and his movement.[citation needed] In one of his speeches,he is quoted as saying "Many people say I am not a Tamilian myself. They are saying this because my mother tongue is Kannada. Many think that I am a Telugu Naidu. I am a Kannadiga of the Balijawar caste."[79]
M. P. Veerendra Kumar, a similar Kannadiga in Kerala is a multi faceted personality having a prominent hand in making Mathrubhumi a leading Malayalam journal, besides being an active politician and a noted new genre Malayalam Litterateur.
Horanadu Kannadigas (or Non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin who is born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka. N R Narayana Murthy, speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the State are respected everywhere.[80] Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara (Singapore),[81] Dehali Kannadiga (New Delhi), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha (Mumbai),[82] Mallige Kannada Balaga (Mauritius),[83] North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) and Association of Kannada Kootas of America (AKKA) in the USA have promoted cultural involvement[84] through events such as Kannadotsava.
During the period of British rule, state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with the princely state of Mysore, Nizam's Hyderabad, the Bombay Presidency, the Madras Presidency and the territory of Kodagu being the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of the Wodeyar kings of Mysore. In addition the proposed state had 6 neighbours Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and all had Kannadigas in them.
What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay Presidency where Marathi was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where Urdu ruled.
It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called the Ekikarana or 'Unification' movement. India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on Karnataka Ekikarana movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met in Kasargod and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas. The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Committee brought unbounded joy to the entire Kannadiga population that now was merged under the state of Mysore. Along with all the joy, came the acute disappointment at the non inclusion of certain parts in the Mysore state. The biggest disappointment lay in the non inclusion of Kasargod in the newly formed state. The irony also lay in the fact that Kasargod was one of the bastions from which the Ekikarana movement had launched its agitation. This is an issue that continues to rankle those who fought for the unification of Karnataka. Some like literary giant and nonagenarian Kayyara Kiyyanna Rai who was part of the movement since its earliest days still continues to fight for Kasargod's merger with Karnataka albeit peacefully. Belgaum border dispute is another controversial issue which has led to huge turmoil in border of Karnataka and Maharashtra. On 1 November 1973, under Devaraj Urs as Chief Minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.
Some of the active Kannada pro organisations include
The Kannada ethnic flag is a banner with two horizontal stripes, yellow on top and red on the bottom.[85] The flag although neither officially declared nor represents any legendary empire but something which is accepted in recent times unofficially representing a symbol of welfare as turmeric (ಅರಿಶಿಣ) and kumkum (ಕುಂಕುಮ).
- ^ Census 2001: Talen per staat
- ^ Encyclopedia of World Cultures - Canarese, Kannadiga
- ^ a b c d Dravidian languages - Encyclopædia Britannica by K. Zvelevil
- ^ 'Janapada Utsav' Depicting Karnataka Culture held
- ^ Chandravalli
- ^ Amaresh Dutta, pp141-142
- ^ Sastri (1955), pp355-356
- ^ a b Thapar (2003), p433
- ^ Kamath (2001), p84, p90
- ^ Moraes (1931), p4
- ^ Purava HaleGannada or Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Christian era, the Satavahana and Kadamba eras (Wilks in Rice, B.L. (1897), p490
- ^ a b c d e f g Narasimhacharya (1988), p68
- ^ a b Cousens (1996), p15
- ^ Mahalingam in Adiga (2006), p130
- ^ Adiga (2006), p134
- ^ Their territory included modern Tumkur, Chitradurga, Kolar, Bellary and Bangalore districts - Chopra et al. (2003), part1, p163
- ^ Adiga (2006), p142
- ^ They were an Andhra dynasty who ruled over Kurnool, Cuddappah in the 10th century. There inscriptions are in Telugu and Kannada - Chopra et al. (2003), part1, p163
- ^ Also known as the Kempegowda family, builders of modern Bangalore-Kamath (2001), p240-241
- ^ Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas exist, one with the Kannada inscription Saarvadhari and other with Nakara. They are preserved in the Royal Asiatic Society and Indian Historical Research Institute, Mumbai - Moraes (1931), p385
- ^ Kamath (2001), p143-144
- ^ The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate. This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada - Moraes (1931), p384
- ^ Kamath (2001), p8
- ^ a b Altekar in Kamath (2001), p73
- ^ Altekar 1934, p21–22
- ^ Keay (2000), p170
- ^ The Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock who later encouraged Telugu—Dr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad. "APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas". Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh. Tata Consultancy Services. http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
- ^ Shrinivas Ritti and A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001, p137
- ^ Seuna coins carry Kannada legends from the beginning of their rule (O.P. Varma in Kamath 2001, p137)
- ^ Masica, Colin P. (1991). "Subsequent Spread of Indo-Aryan". The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-521-29944-6. http://www.books.google.com/books?visbn=0521299446&id=Itp2twGR6tsC&pg=RA1-PA45&lpg=RA1-PA45&ots=U0gTw3t3Ke&dq=yadavas+kannada&sig=1XTDt5DPA9UDr0cgmDK7Z4WmSLg.
- ^ Majority of the Seuna inscriptions are in Kannada and during the formation of the kingdom, the Nasik-Ahamadnagar region (Seuna Desa) was a Kannada territory (Kamath 2001, p137)
- ^ A Kannada dynasty may have been created in Berar under the rule of Badami Chalukyas (Altekar 1934, p21–22)
- ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas signed even their Sanskrit records in Kannada because that was the language of the place of their origin (D.R. Bhandarkar in Kamath 2001, p73)
- ^ The Gujarat Rashtrakutas would not have signed their inscriptions in Kannada language in far away Gujarat unless they were Kannadigas (Altekar 1934, pp21–22 )
- ^ a b "Group of Monuments at Hampi/Hampei". World Heritage. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/241. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
- ^ "And India's 7 wonders". The Times of India. August 5, 2007. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2256323.cms.
- ^ Manohar Sajnani (2001). Encyclopedia of Tourism: Resources in India: v. 2. Gyan Publishing House. p. 159. ISBN 81-7835-017-3, 9788178350172. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nxtnsT8CdZ4C&pg=PA159&dq=chitradurga+fort&ei=KyA1SsSGMYLGlQTX9NigBQ. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
- ^ The Chalukyan magnificence
- ^ "Badami Cave Temple". http://temples.south-india-tour-package.com/karnataka-temples/badami-cave-temple.html. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
- ^ The Hindu - Aihole Temple relocation
- ^ "Message with Long Life: Indian Inscriptions". Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/archaeology/inscriptions/inscriptions.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ Basavakalyan getting facelift
- ^ Templenet - Kalyani Chalukyan temples
- ^ Medieval Indian Literature, A Anthology (1997) by Shiva Prakash H.S., edited by Ayyappapanicker, Sahitya Akademi ISBN= 8126003650, pages 198–200
- ^ "Veteran Indian singer Gangubai Hangal dies". Associated Press. Google News. 2009-07-21. http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gZ7NaC2MJksFCPlP08RjkZmPBOvAD99IMG500. Retrieved 2009-07-21.
- ^ a b Haridasa Contribution to Kannada Literature
- ^ Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
- ^ Sharma, B.N.K (1981,2000) [1961]. History of Dvaita school of Vedanta and its Literature. Bombay: Motilal Banarasidass. ISBN 81-208-1575-0.
- ^ History of Karnataka - The Haridasa Movement
- ^ The Hindu Online, 2005-02-10
- ^ Ornamentation in South Indian Music and the Violin By Gordon N. Swift
- ^ Thielemann, Selina (2000). The Music of South Asia. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Corp.. p. 521. ISBN 978-81-7648-057-4. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=jqgHAQAAMAAJ&q=Lavani+Maharashtra+Tamil+Nadu&dq=Lavani+Maharashtra+Tamil+Nadu&hl=en&ei=NGZTTcamF4HmrAePkPGyCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA.
- ^ YAKSHAGANA - The music of celestial beings
- ^ "Bharat Ratna for Vocalist Pandit Bhimsen Joshi". Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/04ratna.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ^ "Padma Awards". Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India). http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Hangal&award=All. Retrieved 2009-05-16.
- ^ About C. Aswath
- ^ Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1992). History of Indian theatre, Volume 2. Abhinav Publications. p. 311. ISBN 81-7017-278-0, 9788170172789. http://books.google.com/books?id=6ZrjC24PuDQC&lpg=RA2-PA311&ots=nRnHXNhi4h&dq=Bayalata%2C%20Indian%20open%20air%20theatre&pg=RA2-PA311#v=onepage&q=Bayalata,%20Indian%20open%20air%20theatre&f=false.
- ^ Karnataka Folk Theatre - Imitation of the Divine
- ^ The Hindu - Harikatha sapthaha from today
- ^ 20,000 devotees to get together for Shivratri
- ^ Auckland Kannadigas enjoyed Harikathe on the occasion of 'Dasara'
- ^ "Vasanthahabba from Feb 2". Online Edition of The Times of India, dated 2004-01-29 (The Times Internet Ltd). 2002-01-29. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1690458442.cms. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ^ Kavita Mandana. "A spring in their step". Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2004-01-17. The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan172004/metro1.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ^ About Bengaluru Habba
- ^ - The Hindu - Jaanapada Jaatre
- ^ Soliga welcome planned for Kalam
- ^ Details regarding Dasara Wrestling competition held in Mysore is provided by Shankar Bennur. "Dasara wrestling to offer ‘thunder’ bouts". Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2005-09-30. 2005, The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd. http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/Sep302005/district1752292005929.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
- ^ a b Raja M - The dosa, like most other south Indian culinary exports, is often linked to Udipi, a small temple town in the state of Karnataka. "India's new offering to curry Western flavor". Asia Times, June 24, 2004. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA24Df05.html. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
- ^ Karnataka Khadi Gramodyog Samyukta Sangh (Federation), Hubli
- ^ Deccan Herald - The living bard
- ^ ಡಾ. ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಖರ ಕಂಬಾರರಿಗೆ ಜ್ಞಾನಪೀಠ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ
- ^ Hindu - Jnanpith for Kambar
- ^ "Government establishes Beary Academy". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 25 August 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/25/stories/2007082552750400.htm.
- ^ Hermann Mögling's contribution to the Kannada literature is mentioned by Shrinivas Havanur. "Herr Kannada". Online Edition of The Deccan Herald 2004-01-18. 1999 The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.. http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jan172004/metro1.asp. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
- ^ Science centres planned at taluk and district levels
- ^ GDP contribution
- ^ Bureaucratic Corruption
- ^ S Gurumurthy of The New Indian Express[dead link]
- ^ Periyar E.V.R's speeches, Dravidar Kazhakam publication, 1990, Chennai
- ^ NRN opens heart to Kannadigas
- ^ Singara - Kannada Sangha (Singapore)
- ^ Karnataka Sangha Mumbai
- ^ Mallige Kannada Balaga: Spreading Fragrance of Karnataka in Mauritius
- ^ AKKA to host world Kannada meet in US from Sept 2
- ^ Kannada ethnic flag:
- ^ http://www.pustakshakti.com/pr01.htm
- John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0
- Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
- Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 0-14-302989-4
- Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
- K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), ISBN 0-19-560686-8
- R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
- Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030, Orient Longman, Chennai, ISBN 81-250-2912-5
- George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 ISBN 81-206-0595-0
- Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazatteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
- Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New Delhi ISBN 81-219-0153-7
- Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Distrcits, Archeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
