Harar

Tuesday, 27 November 2012

Ethiopia : Harar 2012 main street and food

International Harari Day 2012 Opening in Harar

A Return to Ethiopia, The Historical Walled City of Harar

Musical preparation for the 17th Harari day part 1

Mansour Abdulmajid ON Harari Day 2012 Opining ceremony music Performance

Touring Historical Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

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Adama
Adama (Oromo Adaamaa or Hadaamaa, Ge'ez ኣዳማ ādāmā), better known as Nazret or Nazreth (ናዝሬት nāzrēt), is a city in central Ethiopia and the previous capital of the Oromia Region. Adama forms a Special Zone of Oromia and is surrounded by Misraq Shewa Zone. It's located at 8°33′N 39°16′E / 8.55°N 39.27°E / 8.55; 39.27 at an elevation of 1712 meters, 99 km southeast of Addis Ababa. The city sits between the base of an escarpment to the west, and the Great Rift Valley to the east.
Adama is a busy transportation center. The city is situated along the road that connects Addis Ababa with Dire Dawa. A large number of trucks use this same route to travel to and from the seaports of Djibouti and Asseb (though the latter is not currently used by Ethiopia, following the Eritrean-Ethiopian War). Additionally, the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad runs through Adama.
Adama University (formerly Adama Technical Teachers College) is located in Adama. Adama Stadium is the home of Adama City FC, a member of the Ethiopian Football Federation league.

wn.com/Adama
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa (sometimes spelled Addis Abeba, the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority) is the capital city of Ethiopia. (In Ethiopian languages: Amharic, Addis Abäba [ad�?i�?s aβəβa] "new flower"; Oromo, Finfinne;Ge'ez ኣዲ�?� ኣበባ) It is the largest city in Ethiopia, with a population of 3,384,569 according to the 2007 population census.
As a chartered city (ras gez astedader), Addis Ababa has the status of both a city and a state. It is where the African Union and its predecessor the OAU are based. It also hosts the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and numerous other continental and international organizations. Addis Ababa is therefore often referred to as "the political capital of Africa", due to its historical, diplomatic and political significance for the continent. The city is populated by people from different regions of Ethiopia – the country has as many as 80 nationalities speaking 80 languages and belonging to a wide variety of religious communities. It is home to Addis Ababa University. The Federation of African Societies of Chemistry (FASC) and Horn of Africa Press Institute (HAPI) are also headquartered in Addis Ababa.

wn.com/Addis_Ababa
Aden
Aden (/ˈɑːdɛn/ AH-den; Arabic: عدن ʻAdan‎) is a seaport city in South Yemen, located by the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some 170 kilometres east of Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately a million people. Aden's ancient, natural harbour lies in the crater of a dormant volcano which now forms a peninsula, joined to the mainland by a low isthmus. This harbour, Front Bay, was first used by the ancient Kingdom of Awsan between the 5th and 7th centuries BCE. The modern harbour is on the other side of the peninsula.
Aden consists of a number of distinct sub-centers: Crater, the original port city; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, known as "Steamer Point" in the colonial period; and the resorts of Gold Mohur. Khormaksar, located on the isthmus that connects Aden proper with the mainland, includes the city's diplomatic missions, the main offices of Aden University, and Aden International Airport (the former British Royal Air Force station RAF Khormaksar), Yemen's second biggest airport. On the mainland are the sub-centres of Sheikh Othman, a former oasis area; Al-Mansura, a town planned by the British; and Madinat ash-Sha'b (formerly Madinat al-Itihad), the site designated as the capital of the South Arabian Federation and now home to a large power/desalinization facility and additional faculties of Aden University.

wn.com/Aden
Adigrat
Adigrat is a city in the Tigray Region (or kilil) of Ethiopia. Located in the Misraqawi Zone at longitude and latitude 14°16′N 39°27′E / 14.267°N 39.45°E / 14.267; 39.45Coordinates: 14°16′N 39°27′E / 14.267°N 39.45°E / 14.267; 39.45 with an elevation of 2457 meters above sea level, below a high ridge to the west, Adigrat is the last important Ethiopian city south of the border with Eritrea, and is considered to be a strategically important gateway to Eritrea and the Red Sea. It is also the administrative center of Ganta Afeshum woreda.
The largest pharmaceutical manufacturing plant in Ethiopia, Addis Pharmaceuticals Factory SC, is located in Adigrat. Opened in 1992, the plant has an annual production capacity of 1.2 billion tables, 19 billion ampoules, 10 million vials, 500,000 capsules, 4 million ointment tubes and 9.6 million bottles of syrup. Addis Pharmaceuticals is one of the 13 companies owned and managed by the Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT).
Adigrat, the capital of the Agame district, has an interesting aristocratic history. In town are the remnants of two castles from the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of Princes"), one (pictured) owned by Dej Desta, the other by the Ras Sebhat Aregawi. Other sites of interest:

wn.com/Adigrat
Adwa
Adwa (also spelled Adowa, Aduwa, or Adua in Italian) is a market town in northern Ethiopia, and best known as the community closest to the decisive Battle of Adowa fought in 1896 with Italian troops. Notably, Ethiopian soldiers won the battle, thus being the only African nation to thwart European colonialism. Located in the Mehakelegnaw Zone of the Tigray Region, Adwa has a longitude and latitude of 14°10′N 38°54′E / 14.167°N 38.9°E / 14.167; 38.9Coordinates: 14°10′N 38°54′E / 14.167°N 38.9°E / 14.167; 38.9, and an elevation of 1907 meters.
Adwa is home to several notable churches: Adwa Awraja Fird Bet, Adwa Gebri'el Bet (built by Dejazmach Wolde Gebriel), Adwa Maryam Bet (built by Ras Anda Haymanot), Adwa Medhane `Alem Bete (built by Ras Sabagadis), Adwa Nigiste Saba Huletenya Dereja Timhirt Bet, and Adwa Selasse Bet. Near Adwa is Abba Garima Monastery, founded in the sixth century by one of the Nine Saints and known for its tenth century gospels. Also nearby is the village of Fremona, which had been the base of the 16th century Jesuits sent to convert Ethiopia to Catholicism.

wn.com/Adwa
Ambo, Ethiopia
Ambo (also known as Hagere Hiwot) is a spa town and separate woreda in central Ethiopia. Located in the Mirab (West) Shewa Zone of the Oromia Region, west of Addis Ababa, this town has a latitude and longitude of 8°59′N 37°51′E / 8.983°N 37.85°E / 8.983; 37.85 and an elevation of 2101 meters.
Ambo is known for its mineral water, which is bottled outside of town; it is reportedly the most popular brand in Ethiopia. Nearby attractions include Mount Wenchi to the south with its crater lake, and the Guder and Huluka Falls. Ambo is also the location of a research station of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research; initiated in 1977, this station hosts research in protecting major crops in Ethiopia. The town's market day is Saturday.
After Lij Iyasu was captured, he was held for a while at Ambo, before being transferred to house arrest at Fiche. In the early 1930s, Mahtama Selassie Walda Mesqal, who had studied agriculture in France and Spain, started an agricultural station near the town. By 1933, Ambo had started to be a recreation place with the construction of some bath cabins with cisterns of concrete, and a couple of European-type hotels, as well as simple villas for the Emperor and important persons.

wn.com/Ambo,_Ethiopia
Asella
Asella also Asela is a town and separate woreda in central Ethiopia. Located in the Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region about 175 kilometers from Addis Ababa, this city has a latitude and longitude of 7°57′N 39°7′E / 7.95°N 39.117°E / 7.95; 39.117, with an elevation of 2430 meters. Asella hosts an airport (IATA code ALK). Asella was the capital of Arsi Province until that province was demoted to a Zone of Oromia with the adoption of the 1995 Constitution. It retains some administrative functions as the seat of the present Arsi Zone.
The 2007 national census reported a total population for Asella of 67,269, of whom 33,826 were men and 33,443 were women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 67.43% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 22.65% of the population were Muslim, and 8.75% of the population were Protestant.
The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 47,391 of whom 21,993 were males and 25,398 were females.

wn.com/Asella
Awash River
The Awash (sometimes spelled Hawash; Afar We'ayot) is a major river of Ethiopia. Its course is entirely contained within the boundaries of Ethiopia, and empties into a chain of interconnected lakes that begin with Lake Gargori and end with Lake Abbe (or Abhe Bad) on the border with Djibouti, some 100 kilometers (60 or 70 miles) from the head of the Gulf of Tadjoura. It is the principal stream of an endorheic drainage basin covering parts of the Amhara, Oromia and Somali Regions, as well as the southern half of the Afar Region.
The Awash rises south of Mount Warqe, west of Addis Ababa in the woreda of Ejerie, close to the town of Addis Alem, Mirab (West) Shewa Zone, Oromia. Thence the Awash flows south to loop around Mount Zuqualla in an easterly then northeasterly direction, passing the Awash National Park, and joined on its left bank by its chief affluent, the Germama (or Kasam) River, before turning northeast at approximately 11° N 40° 30' E as far north as 12° before turning completely east to reach lake Gargori.

wn.com/Awash_River
Axum
Axum or Aksum is a city in northern Ethiopia which was the original capital of the eponymous kingdom of Axum. Population 56,500 (2010). Axum was a naval and trading power that ruled the region from ca. 400 BC into the 10th century. The kingdom was also arbitrarily identified as Abyssinia, Ethiopia, and India in medieval writings.
Located in the Mehakelegnaw Zone of the Tigray Region near the base of the Adwa mountains, Axum has an elevation of 2,131 meters. It is the administrative center of La'ilay Maychew woreda.
Aksum is served by an airport (ICAO code HAAX, IATA AXU).
Due to their historical value, in 1980 UNESCO added Aksum's archaeological sites to its list of World Heritage Sites.
Axum was the center of the marine trading power known as the Aksumite Kingdom, which predated the earliest mentions in Roman era writings. Around 356, its ruler was converted to Christianity by Frumentius. Later, under the reign of Kaleb, Axum was a quasi-ally of Byzantium against the Persian Empire. The historical record is unclear, primary sources limited mainly to ancient church records.

wn.com/Axum
Bahir Dar
Bahir Dar (Amharic: ባሕር ዳር "sea shore") is a city in north western Ethiopia. It is the capital of the Amhara Region (kilil).
Administratively, Bahir Dar is considered a Special Zone, placing it midway between Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa which are organized as chartered cities (astedader akabibi, equivalent to a kilil), and cities like Debre Marqos and Dessie, which are organized as woredas.
Bahir Dar is one of the leading tourist destinations in Ethiopia, with a variety of attractions in the nearby Lake Tana and Blue Nile river. The city is distinctly known for its wide avenues lined with palm trees and a variety of colorful flowers. It is also considered^{[by whom?]} as one of the most beautiful, well planned, and safest cities by many standards,^{[citation needed]} and in 2002 it was awarded UNESCO Cities for Peace Prize for managing to address the challenges of rapid urbanization.
Bahir Dar is situated on the southern shore of Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile (or Abay), in what was previously the Gojjam province. The city is located approximately 578 km north-northwest of Addis Ababa, having a latitude and longitude of 11°36′N 37°23′E / 11.6°N 37.383°E / 11.6; 37.383Coordinates: 11°36′N 37°23′E / 11.6°N 37.383°E / 11.6; 37.383 and an elevation of 1840 meters above sea level.

wn.com/Bahir_Dar
Debre Berhan
Debre Berhan (also spelled Debre Birhan) is a city and woreda in central Ethiopia. Located in the Semien Shewa Zone of the Amhara Region, about 120 kilometers north east of Addis Ababa on the paved highway to Dessie, the town has a latitude and longitude of 9°41′N 39°32′E / 9.683°N 39.533°E / 9.683; 39.533Coordinates: 9°41′N 39°32′E / 9.683°N 39.533°E / 9.683; 39.533 and an elevation of 2,840 meters. It was an early capital of Ethiopia and afterwards, with Ankober and Angolalla, was one of the capitals of the kingdom of Shewa.
The gravel road between Debre Berhan and Ankober, 42 kilometers in length, was overhauled in May 2009.
Debre Berhan was founded by Emperor Zara Yaqob, in response to a miraculous light that was seen in the sky at the time. Believing this was a sign from God showing his approval for the death by stoning of a group of heretics 38 days before, the emperor ordered a church built on the site, and later constructed an extensive palace nearby, and a second church, dedicated to Saint Cyriacus. Zara Yaqob spent 12 of the last 14 years of his life in Debre Berhan.

wn.com/Debre_Berhan
Debre Marqos
Debre Marqos (also called Mankorar) is a city and woreda in east-central Ethiopia. Located in the Misraq Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region, it has a latitude and longitude of 10°20′N 37°43′E / 10.333°N 37.717°E / 10.333; 37.717Coordinates: 10°20′N 37°43′E / 10.333°N 37.717°E / 10.333; 37.717, and an elevation of 2,446 meters. The city is named Debre Marqos after its principal church, which was constructed in 1869 and dedicated to St. Mark. Until the reorganization of the provinces that followed the adoption of the 1995 constitution, this city served as the capital of the province of Gojjam.
Debre Marqos is served by an airport (ICAO code HADM, IATA DBM) with an unpaved runway.
The palace of Negus Tekle Haymanot was remodeled in 1926 by his son Ras Hailu Tekle Haymanot, in the style of European buildings after his tour of Europe in the party of Ras Tefari. By 1935, the town had postal, telegraph, and telephone service.
The Italians arrived in Debre Marqos 20 May 1936. Through an interpreter, Achille Starace, who had arrived by plane, told the surprised local inhabitants that he had come free them from their oppressors. Debre Marqos was later isolated, and practically besieged by a revolt in 1938. General Ugo Cavallero, with sixty thousand men and supported by airplanes and tanks, had crushed the revolt by the end of May. A major Italian fortification was located in the city during the existence of Italian East Africa, and captured by the British Gideon Force and Ethiopian Arbegnoch (or Resistance Fighters) 3 April 1941 during the East African Campaign.

wn.com/Debre_Marqos
Debre Tabor
Debre Tabor (also called Samara) is a town and a woreda in north-central Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, about 100 kilometers southeast of Gondar and 50 kilometers east of Lake Tana, this historic town has a latitude and longitude of 11°51′N 38°1′E / 11.85°N 38.017°E / 11.85; 38.017 with an elevation of 2706 meters above sea level. The town is named for the Biblical Mount Tabor ("Debre Tabor" in Amharic means "Mount Tabor"). The presence of at least 48 springs in the area contributed to the development of Debre Tabor.
Debre Tabor is served by an airport (ICAO code HADT, IATA DBT).
Debre Tabor was the capital of Ethiopia under two Emperors: Tewodros II, before he moved the capital to Magdala; and Yohannes IV. As a result, in the 19th century the population of this town varied depending on whether the emperor was in residence. If he was present, the population could reach 30,000 as it did under Emperor Yohannes; if he was not, it would be around 5,000 people.

wn.com/Debre_Tabor
Debre Zeyit
Debre Zeyit (also transliterated Debre Zeit; Ge'ez ደብረ ዘይት; Amharic "Mount of Olives") is a town and separate woreda of Ethiopia, lying south east of Addis Ababa. Since the late 1990s it has been officially known by the Oromo name, Bishoftu, which was its name until 1955. The town is located in the Misraq Shewa Zone of the Oromia Region, and has a latitude and longitude of 8°45′N 38°59′E / 8.75°N 38.983°E / 8.75; 38.983 with an elevation of 1,920 metres (6,300 ft).
Nearby points of interest include Mount Yerer, Green Crater Lake and Lake Hora Kiloli.
It is a resort town, known for five crater lakes: Lake Bishoftu, Lake Hora (a base for watersports, many water birds and an annual festival), Lake Bishoftu Guda, Lake Koriftu and the seasonal Lake Cheleklaka. Debre Zeyit is also home to the Ethiopian Air Force and the Harar Meda Airport (ICAO HAHM, IATA QHR), as well as a station on the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway.
It has had telephone service since 1954. The Gafat Armament Engineering Complex is located here. According to the Nordic Africa Institute website, other major businesses in Debre Zeyit include the Ada Flour and Pasta Factory, the Pasqua Giuseppe PLC, the Salmida Leather Products Manufacturing, Ratson (Women Youth Children Development Programme), and Winrock International Ethiopia. The Debre Zeyt Research Center, founded in 1953, is run by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, specializing in agricultural research, which includes acting as the national center for research to improve the yield of teff, lentils, chickpeas, and poultry. In 2007 Debre Zeyit became the new home of Meserete Kristos College, a Christian college owned by the Meserete Kristos Church.

wn.com/Debre_Zeyit
Degehabur
Degehabur (Somali: Dhagaxbuur) is a town in the eastern part of Ethiopia known as the Ogaden. Located in the Degehabur Zone of the Somali Region on the Jerer River, it sits at 1044 meters above sea level. The town is the administrative center of Degehabur woreda.
Local landmarks include the Church of St. George, and the white mosque of Degehabur, which Anthony Mockler described as "the most important in the Ogaden." The NGO Doctors without Borders operates a clinic in Degehabur. The upgrade of the 165-kilometer road between Degahabur and the Regional capital, Jijiga, to an all-weather asphalt road was announced to be almost complete 31 October 2007, with the remaining 40 kilometers awaiting completion. Construction of an 106-kilometer asphalt road between Degehabur and the town of Shekosh was underway by March 2009. Local inhabitants constitute half of the 1,100 workers employed by the project.
During the nineteenth century, Degehabur was an important stopping point for caravans crossing the Haud for Hargeisa and Berbera, but when Major H.G.C. Swayne travelled through the area in 1893, he found it abandoned and uses it as an example of the destruction caused by "the insecurity resulting from inter-tribal feuds." According to Swayne, at the time of his visit "there were formerly many square miles of jowdri cultivation, which have been abandoned within the last few years, and now there is only left an immense area of stubble and the ruins of the village. Dagahbur used to be a thriving settlement of one thousand five hundred inhabitants ... now not a hut is left." In the 1920s Degehabur started to recover. It was said that there were some two hundred villages within the distance of a day's travel and that these used the market at Degehabur. By 1931 there were motorable roads in five directions out from the town. Wealthy inhabitants had started erecting two-story buildings.

wn.com/Degehabur
Dembidolo
Dembidolo (or Dembi Dolo; formerly Sayo) is a market town and separate woreda in southwestern Ethiopia. It's the capital of Kelem Welega Zone of the Oromia Region. This town has a latitude and longitude of 8°32′N 34°48′E / 8.533°N 34.8°E / 8.533; 34.8 with an elevation between 1701 and 1827 meters above sea level.
Dembidolo is known for goldsmith work and for tej production. The town also possesses an airport (ICAO code HADD, IATA DEM).
Originally known as Sayo, after the semi-autonomous kingdom that had ruled in this area in the years after 1900, by 1920 this town served as the seat of the governors of this part of southwestern Ethiopia until the Italian conquest.Richard Pankhurst notes that during this period Dembidolo was "a great commercial centre for coffee, where by the 1930's perhaps 500,000 kilos of beans, besides large quantities of wax and skins, were exported every year to the Sudan." Emperor Iyasu V visited Dembidolo around 1912, and was welcomed by Dejazmach Jote.
By 1958 Dembidolo became one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as First Class Township. That same year, the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia opened a branch in the town.

wn.com/Dembidolo
Dessie
Dessie (also spelled Dese or Dessye, Italian: Dessiè) is a city and a woreda in north-central Ethiopia. Located on the Addis Ababa - Asmara highway in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, this city has a latitude and longitude of 11°8′N 39°38′E / 11.133°N 39.633°E / 11.133; 39.633 with an elevation between 2,470 and 2,550 metres above sea level.
Dessie has postal service (a post office was established in the 1920s), and telephone service from at least as early as 1954. The city has had electrical power since at least 1963 when a new diesel-powered electric power station with a power line to Kombolcha was completed, at a cost of Eth$ 110,000. Intercity bus service is provided by the Selam Bus Line Share Company. Dessie shares Combolcha Airport (ICAO code HADC, IATA DSE) with neighbouring Kombolcha.
Dessie is home to a museum, in the former home of Dejazmach Yoseph Biru. It also has a zawiya of the Qadiriyya order of Islam, which was the first Sufi order to be introduced into north-east Africa.

wn.com/Dessie
Dila, Ethiopia
Dilla is a market town in southern Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Gedeo Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR), and located on the main road from Addis Ababa to Nairobi, this town has a longitude and latitude of 6°24′30″N 38°18′30″E / 6.40833°N 38.30833°E / 6.40833; 38.30833Coordinates: 6°24′30″N 38°18′30″E / 6.40833°N 38.30833°E / 6.40833; 38.30833 with an elevation of 1570 meters above sea level.
Until the completion in the early 1970s of the tarmac road to the Kenya border, Dilla had been located at the southern end of the all-weather road from Addis Ababa and thus became the major transfer and marketing point for coffee grown farther south, particularly of the much-prized Yirga Cheffe varietal (see coffee varietals). It remains a major center of the coffee trade.
According to the SNNPR's Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, as of 2003^[update] Dilla's amenities include digital telephone access, postal service, 24-hour electrical service, numerous banks, and a hospital. Dilla is the site of the Dilla College of Teachers' Education, which was founded in 1996 and was part of Debub University. The college become a full flagged University since 2007 and composed of more than 30 programs to Masters and bachelor degree,. A number of archeologically significant stelae fields are in the surrounding area, the most notable groups being those at Tutu Fella and Tutiti.

wn.com/Dila,_Ethiopia
Dire Dawa
Dire Dawa is one of two chartered cities (astedader akabibi) in Ethiopia (the other being the capital, Addis Ababa). This chartered city is divided administratively into two woredas, the city proper and the non-urban woreda of Gurgura.
Dire Dawa lies in the eastern part of the nation, on the Dechatu River, at the foot of a ring of cliffs that has been described as "somewhat like a cluster of tea-leaves in the bottom of a slop-basin." With a latitude and longitude of 9°36′N 41°52′E / 9.6°N 41.867°E / 9.6; 41.867Coordinates: 9°36′N 41°52′E / 9.6°N 41.867°E / 9.6; 41.867, this city is the second largest in Ethiopia.
The city is an industrial centre, home to several markets and the Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport. Haramaya University is 40 kilometers away from the city.
Dire Dawa was founded in 1902 after the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway reached the area. The railroad could not reach the city of Harar at its higher elevation, so Dire Dawa was built nearby. This led to Dire Dawa becoming an important center of trade between the port of Djibouti and the capital city, Addis Ababa. (Dire Dawa is home to several market centers; the biggest being Taiwan along with Qefira which is located on the flood plain. Near Dire Dawa and what is now Kebele 01, trading happened in the town called Melka Jebdu and in fact, it has been the gateway for most of the goods sold in places such as Taiwan.).

wn.com/Dire_Dawa
Egypt
Egypt ⁱ/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

wn.com/Egypt
Ethiopia
Ethiopia ( /ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/) (Ge'ez: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā), officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km². Ethiopia is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With its capital at Addis Ababa, it is also the most populous landlocked nation in the world.
Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history, and the Ethiopian dynasty traces its roots to the 2nd century BC. Ethiopia is also one of the oldest sites of human existence known to scientists today, having yielded some of humanity's oldest traces. It may be the region from which Homo sapiens first set out for the Middle East and points beyond. Alongside Rome, Persia, China and India, the Ethiopian Aksum Empire was considered one of the great world powers of the 3rd century. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia was the only African country beside Liberia that retained its sovereignty as a recognized independent country, and was one of only four African members of the League of Nations. After a brief period of Italian occupation, Ethiopia became a charter member of the United Nations. When other African nations received their independence following World War II, many of them adopted the colors of Ethiopia's flag, and Addis Ababa became the location of several international organizations focused on Africa.

wn.com/Ethiopia
Ethiopian highlands
The Ethiopian Highlands are a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia, Eritrea (which is sometimes referred to as the Eritrean Highlands), and northern Somalia in the Horn of Africa. The Ethiopian Highlands form the largest continuous area of its altitude in the whole continent, with little of its surface falling below 1500 m (4,921 ft), while the summits reach heights of up to 4550 m (14,928 ft). It is sometimes called the Roof of Africa for its height and large area.
The Highlands are divided into northwestern and southeastern portions by the Main Ethiopian Rift, which contains a number of salt lakes. The northwestern portion, which covers the Tigray and Amhara Regions, includes the Semien Mountains, part of which has been designated a national park. Its highest peak, Ras Dashan (4550 m), is the highest peak in Ethiopia. Lake Tana, the source of the Blue Nile, also lies in the northwestern portion of the Ethiopian Highlands.
The southeastern portion's highest peaks are located in the Bale Zone of Ethiopia's Oromia Region. The Bale Mountains, also designated a national park, are nearly as high those of Semien, with peaks over 4000 m, such as Tullu Demtu (4337 m and the second-highest peak in Ethiopia) and Batu (4307 m).

wn.com/Ethiopian_highlands
Fasil Ghebbi
Fasil Ghebbi is a fortress-enclosure located in Gondar, Ethiopia. It served as the home of Ethiopia's emperors in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its unique architecture shows diverse influences including Nubian, Arab, and Baroque styles. The site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.
This complex of buildings includes Fasilides castle, Iyasu's Palace, Dawit's Hall, a banqueting hall, stables, Mentewab's Castle, a chancellery, library and three churches: Asasame Qeddus Mikael, Elfin Giyorgis and Gemjabet Mariyam.
The origins of the Fasil Ghebbi can be found in the old tradition of the Ethiopian Emperors to travel around their possessions, living off the produce of the peasants and dwelling in tents. Reflecting this connection, this precinct was frequently referred to as a katama ("camp" or "fortified settlement"), or makkababya the same name applied to the imperial camp in the Royal Chronicle of Baeda Maryam.
Emperor Fasilides broke with this tradition of progressing through the territories, and founded the city of Gondar as his capital; its relative permanence makes the city historically important. Within the capital, he commanded the construction of an imposing edifice, the Fasil Gemb or Fasilides castle. The area around the Fasil Gemb was delineated by a wall with numerous gates. Subsequent Emperors built their own structures, many of which survive either in whole or part today. Visiting the Fasil Ghebbi in the late 1950s, Thomas Pakenham observed that "dotted among the palaces are what remains of the pavilions and kiosks of the imperial city".

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Gambela, Ethiopia
Gambela (Amharic: ጋምቤላ^?) is a city in Ethiopia and the capital of the Gambela Region or kilil. Located in Administrative Zone 1, at the confluence of the Baro River and its tributary the Jajjaba, the city has a latitude and longitude of 8°15′N 34°35′E / 8.25°N 34.583°E / 8.25; 34.583Coordinates: 8°15′N 34°35′E / 8.25°N 34.583°E / 8.25; 34.583 and an elevation of 526 meters.
Gambela is important because bridges over both the Baro and the Jajjaba are located in that city. The Anuak and Nuer inhabitants of Gambela each have their own market. The town also boasts an airport (ICAO code HAGM, IATA GMB) and is near the Gambela National Park.
Gambela was founded because of its location on the Baro, a tributary of the Nile, which was seen by both the British and Ethiopia as an excellent highway for exporting coffee and other goods from the fertile Ethiopian Highlands to Sudan and Egypt. Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia granted Britain use of a port along the Baro May 15, 1902, and in 1907 the port and a customs station were founded at Gambela. A shipping service run by Sudanese Railways Corporation linked Khartoum with Gambela, a distance of 1,366 kilometers. According to Richard Pankhurst, by the mid-1930s boats sailed twice a month during the rainy season, taking seven days downstream and eleven upstream.

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Goba
Goba is a town and separate woreda in south-central Ethiopia. Located in the Bale Zone of the Oromia Region approximately 446 km southeast of Addis Ababa, this city has a latitude and longitude of 7°0′N 39°59′E / 7°N 39.983°E / 7; 39.983 and an elevation of 2,743 meters above sea level.
The town is known for its Wednesday market and for honey, basketry and cotton shawl making; Bale National Park is 10 km to the southwest. A few kilometers outside of Goba are the remains of an old rock church. Goba shares Robe Airport (ICAO code HAGB, IATA GOB) with neighbouring Robe.
Arnold Weinholt Hodson visited Goba while he was the British resident in southern Ethiopia (1914-1923), briefly describing it as a "large garrison town."
Goba was the capital of the former Bale Province, until the province was abolished with the adoption of the new constitution in 1995. A telephone line connected Goba to Addis Ababa at least as early as 1936. During the Bale revolt, rebels attacked the capital twice between November 1965 and March 1966. In 1970 the town had the only high school in Bale Province; that year the school had 682 students, of whom 86 were Muslims in a province where Islam claimed over 90 per cent of the population. As Gebru Tareke grimly concludes, "Between February 1970, when the revolt ended, and February 1974, when the imperial regime collapsed, precious little had changed in Bale, as indeed in the rest of Ethiopia."

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Gode
Gode (Amharic: ጎዴ^?; Somali: Godey) is a city in the Ethiopian part of the Ogaden. Located in the Gode Zone of the Somali Region, the city has a latitude and longitude of 5°57′N 43°27′E / 5.95°N 43.45°E / 5.95; 43.45. Gode was the capital of the Somali Region from late 1992, to appease the powerful Ogaden clan, until early 1994 when it was moved to Jijiga, which had a better infrastructure and access to communications facilities.
Gode hosts an airport (IATA code GDE), with regular flights by Ethiopian Airlines. A bridge over the Shebelle River was constructed in 1968 next to this city.
Before the start of the Ogaden War, Gode was garrisoned by the 5th Brigade of the 4th Division, distributed around the town in five military camps. Gode's capture near the end of July 1977 by the Western Somali Liberation Front allowed the Somali side to consolidate their hold on the Ogaden, and concentrate their forces on an advance that led to the capture of Jijiga. Although Gode remained in Somali hands at the end of the Ogaden War, Ethiopian units under Brigadier-General Demisse Bulto, commander of the First Revolutionary Army, recovered Gode as part of Operation Lash by November 1980, and used the city as one of its three bases to successfully clear the rest of eastern Ethiopia of foreign Somali troops by 3 December.

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Gondar
Gondar or Gonder (Ge'ez: ጎንደር Gōnder, older ጐንደር Gʷandar, modern pronunciation Gʷender) is a city in Ethiopia, which was once the old imperial capital and capital of the historic Begemder Province. As a result, the old province of Begemder is sometimes referred to as Gondar. Located in the Semien Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, Gondar is north of Tana Lake on the Lesser Angereb River and southwest of the Simien Mountains. The city has a latitude and longitude of 12°36′N 37°28′E / 12.6°N 37.467°E / 12.6; 37.467 with an elevation of 2133 meters above sea level. The city is nicknamed "The Camelot of Africa" due to the presence of a group of royal castles.
Until the 16th century, the Solomonic Emperors of Ethiopia usually had no fixed capital, instead living in tents in temporary royal camps as they moved around their realms while their family, bodyguard and retinue devoured surplus crops and cut down nearby trees for firewood. One exception to this rule was Debre Berhan, founded by Zara Yaqob in 1456; Tegulet in Shewa was also essentially the capital during the first century of Solomonic rule.

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Harar
Harar (var. Gey, Hārer, Harer; Harari, Adari is an eastern city in Ethiopia, formerly the capital of Harergey and now the capital of the modern Harari ethno-political division (or kilil) of Ethiopia. The city is located on a hilltop, in the eastern extension of the Ethiopian highlands about five hundred kilometers from Addis Ababa with an elevation of 1885 meters.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Harar has an estimated total population of 122,000, of whom 60,000 were males and 62,000 were females. According to the census of 1994, on which this estimate is based, the city has a population of 76,378.
For centuries, Harar has been a major commercial centre, linked by the trade routes with the rest of Ethiopia, the entire Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and, through its ports, the outside world.
Harar Jugol has been included in the World Heritage List in 2006 by UNESCO in recognition of its cultural heritage. According to UNESCO, it is "considered 'the fourth holy city' of Islam" with 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century, and 102 shrines.

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Hararghe
Hararghe (Harari: Harargey, Oromo: Harargee, Somali: Xararge) was a province in the eastern part of Ethiopia, with its capital in Harar. Including Ethiopia's part of the Ogaden, Haraghe was bounded on the south by Sidamo, southwest by Arsi, west by Shewa, northwest by Wollo, northeast by French Somaliland, and on the east by Somalia.
Hararghe came into existence as a result of Proclamation 1943/1, which created 12 taklai ghizats from the existing 42 provinces of varying sizes. A comparison of the two maps in Margary Perham, The Government of Ethiopia shows that Hararghe was created by combining the Aussa Sultanate, the lands of the Issa, and the Ogaden, with the 1935 provinces of Chercher and Harar. In 1960, the province south of the Shebelle River was made into its own province, Bale. With the adoption of the new constitution in 1995, Hararghe was divided between the Oromia, Harari and Somali Regions, forming a large part of the latter.
Coordinates: 8°N 43°E / 8°N 43°E / 8; 43

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Harari Region
Harari (Amharic:ሐረሪ) or officially, Harari People's National Regional State (Amharic:የሐረሪ ሕዝብ ክልል) is one of the nine ethnic divisions (kililoch) of Ethiopia, covering the homeland of the Harari people. Formerly named Region 13, its capital is Harar.
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), Harari has a total population of 183,415, of whom 92,316 were men and 91,099 women. This region is the only one in Ethiopia where the majority of its population lives in urban area: 99,368 or 54.18% of the population are urban inhabitants. With an estimated area of 311.25 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 589.05 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 46,169 households were counted, which results in an average for the Region of 3.9 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.4 and rural households 4.6 people. Ethnic groups in the region include the Oromo (56.41%), Amhara (22.77%), Harari (8.65%), Gurage (4.34%), Somali (3.87%), Tigray (1.53%), and Argobba (1.26%). Languages spoke include Oromiffa (56.84%), Amharic (27.53%), Harari (7.33%), Somali (3.70%), and Gurage (2.91%). The religion with the most believers in the region is Muslim with 68.99%, 27.1% are Ethiopian Orthodox, 3.4% Protestant, 0.3% Catholic, and 0.2% followers of other religions.

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Hargeisa
Hargeisa (Somali: Hargaysa, Arabic: هرجيسا‎) is a the second-largest city in Somalia, located in the Woqooyi Galbeed region. Hargeisa is the capital of Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia. It was the colonial capital of the British Somaliland protectorate from 1941 to 1960, when it gained independence as the State of Somaliland and united with Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic.
The city is situated in a valley in the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, and sits at an elevation of 4,377 feet (1,334 m). Home to rock art from the Neolithic period, Hargeisa is also a commercial hub for precious stone-cutting, construction, retail services and importing/exporting, among other activities.
Numerous cave paintings from the Neolithic period are found in the Laas Gaal complex, on the outskirts of Hargeisa. During November and December 2002, an archaeological survey was carried out in the area by a French team of researchers. The expedition's objective was to search for rock shelters and caves containing stratified archaeological infills capable of documenting the period when production economy appeared in this part of Somalia (circa 5,000 and 2,000 BCE). During the course of the survey, the French archaeological team discovered the Laas Gaal rock art, encompassing an area of ten rock alcoves (caves). In an excellent state of preservation, the paintings show human figures with their hands raised and facing long-horned, humpless cattle.

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Harrar Bira Stadium
Harrar Bira Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Harar, Ethiopia. It is mostly used for football matches and serves as the home stadium of Harrar Beer Botling FC. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 people.
Coordinates: 9°19′N 42°7′E / 9.317°N 42.117°E / 9.317; 42.117

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Jijiga
Jijiga (Somali: Jigjiga) is a city in eastern Ethiopia and the capital of the Somali Region (or kilil) of that country. Located in the Jijiga Zone approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of Harar and 60 km (37 mi) west of the border with Somalia, this city has a latitude and longitude of 9°21′N 42°48′E / 9.35°N 42.8°E / 9.35; 42.8 with an elevation of 1,609 meters above sea level.
The city is located on the main road between Harar and the Somali city of Hargeisa, and is known for incense production. It has enjoyed postal service since 1923, and had telephone service by 1956. An asphalt and concrete road 170 kilometers in length connecting Jijiga with Degehabur was completed 14 November 2008 at a cost of over 230 million Birr. Jijiga is served by Jijiga Airport (IATA: JIJ, ICAO: HAJJ).
Jijiga was a city of Hararghe province, but with the adoption of the 1995 Ethiopian constitution, it became the capital of the Somali Region.
Jijiga was mentioned by W.C. Barker in 1842 as one of the mahalla or halting-places of the caravan route between Zeila and Harar.

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Jimma
Jimma (Oromo: Jimma, Amharic: ጂማ^?), also spelled Jima, is the largest city in southwestern Ethiopia. It's a special zone of the Oromia Region and is surrounded by Jimma Zone. It has a latitude and longitude of 7°40′N 36°50′E / 7.667°N 36.833°E / 7.667; 36.833. The town was the capital of Kaffa Province until the province was dissolved. Prior to the 2007 census, Jimma was reorganized administratively as a special Zone.
Herbert S. Lewis states that in the early 1960s it was "the greatest market in all of southwestern Ethiopia. On a good day in the dry season it attracts up to thirty thousand people."
Jimma's northern suburb of Jiren was the capital of a large Oromo kingdom until the late 19th century. Originally named Hirmata, the city owed its importance in the 19th century to being located on the caravan route between Shewa and the Kingdom of Kaffa, as well as being only six miles from the palace of the king of Jimma. According to Donald Levine, in the early 19th century the market attracted thousands of people from neighboring regions: "Amhara from Gojjam and Shoa, Oromo from all the Gibe Kingdoms and numerous representatives of the Lacustrine and Omotic groups, including Timbaro, Qabena, Kefa, Janjero, Welamo, Konta and several others".

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Kebri Dahar
Kebri Dahar (Somali: Qabridahare) is a town in the eastern part of Ethiopia known as the Ogaden. Located in the Korahe Zone of the Somali Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of 6°44′N 44°16′E / 6.733°N 44.267°E / 6.733; 44.267Coordinates: 6°44′N 44°16′E / 6.733°N 44.267°E / 6.733; 44.267 and an elevation of 493 meters above sea level. Kebri Dahar is served by Kabri Dar Airport (ICAO code HAKD, IATA: ABK).
The earliest mention of Kebri Dahar is in 1931, when it was described as "a soldier's camp" that suffered from malaria; although the settlement was 500 meters above the river, the scrub between the two had not been cleared and provided the mosquitos sufficient cover to reach their victims. According to Margery Perham, prior to the Italo-Abyssinian War, the Italians established a garrison at Kebri Dahar.
A hospital for the town was under construction in 1958, when Emperor Haile Selassie inspected it during a tour of the Ogaden. In 1966 a road was built connecting Kebri Dahar and the new town of Gode. The Ethiopian Road Authority announced a construction project to connect Kebri Dahar with neighboring towns. One road, to include 113.5 kilometers of paved road and five bridges will connect Kebri Dahar with Shekosh, while a second, which will include the creation of 95 kilometers of paved road and construction of six large and medium bridges, will connect the town to Danan.

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Kingdom of Aksum
The Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire and Abyssinia, was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, existing from approximately 100–940 AD. It grew from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period ca. 4th century BC to achieve prominence by the 1st century AD, and was a major player in the commerce between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own currency, the state established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.
Under Ezana (fl 320–360), Aksum became the first major empire to convert to Christianity, and was named by Mani (216–276) as one of the four great powers of his time along with Persia, Rome, and China. In the 7th century the Muslims, who originated in Mecca, sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to Aksum (Abyssinia), a journey famous in Islamic history as the First Hijra. Aksum's ancient capital is found in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.^{[citation needed]}.

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Kombolcha
Kombolcha is a city and woreda in north-central Ethiopia. Located in the Debub Wollo Zone of the Amhara Region, it has a latitude and longitude of 11°5′N 39°44′E / 11.083°N 39.733°E / 11.083; 39.733 with an elevation between 1842 and 1915 meters above sea level. Some guide books describe Kombolcha as the twin city of Dessie which lies some 13 km to the Northwest.
This city shares Combolcha Airport (ICAO code HADC, IATA DSE) with neighbouring Dessie. It is also home to Kombolcha Steel products, a metalworking factory that is part of MIDROC, a conglomerate owned by businessman Sheikh Mohammed Al Amoudi. Another industry in this town is the Kombolcha Textile Factory (KTF), which announced 9 March 2009 that it was beginning a 190 million Birr modernization project to improve the quality of its projects. At the time of the announcement, the KTF exported its goods to Italy, Sweden, Belgium and China.
Tadesse Tamrat records that archeologists discovered "some remains of Christian settlements", dated to the late first millennium of the current era.

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Lalibela, Ethiopia
Lalibela is a town in northern Ethiopia, known for its monolithic churches. Lalibela is one of Ethiopia's holiest cities, second only to Aksum, and is a center of pilgrimage for much of the country. Unlike Aksum, the population of Lalibela is almost completely Ethiopian Orthodox Christian. The layout and names of the major buildings in Lalibela are widely accepted, especially by the local clergy, to be a symbolic representation of Jerusalem. This has led some experts to date the current form of its famous churches to the years following the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by the Muslim soldier Saladin.
Located in the Semien Wollo Zone of the Amhara ethnic division, or kilil at 2,500 meters above sea level, Lalibela has a latitude and longitude of 12°02′N 39°02′E / 12.033°N 39.033°E / 12.033; 39.033Coordinates: 12°02′N 39°02′E / 12.033°N 39.033°E / 12.033; 39.033. It is one of two towns in Bugna woreda.
During the reign of Saint Gebre Mesqel Lalibela (a member of the Zagwe Dynasty, who ruled Ethiopia in the late 12th century and early 13th century) the current town of Lalibela was known as Roha. The saintly king was given this name due to a swarm of bees said to have surrounded him at his birth, which his mother took as a sign of his future reign as Emperor of Ethiopia. The names of several places in the modern town and the general layout of the monolithic churches themselves are said to mimic names and patterns observed by Lalibela during the time he spent in Jerusalem and the Holy Land as a youth.

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Mek'ele
Mekele (Tigrinya: መቐለ^?, Amharic: መቀሌ^?, Italian: Macallè), also transliterated as Mekelle, is a city in northern Ethiopia and the capital of the Tigray Region. It is located some 650 kilometers north of the capital, Addis Ababa, at latitude and longitude 13°29′N 39°28′E / 13.483°N 39.467°E / 13.483; 39.467Coordinates: 13°29′N 39°28′E / 13.483°N 39.467°E / 13.483; 39.467 with an elevation of 2084 meters above sea level. Administratively, Mek'ele is considered a Special Zone, which is divided into two woredas; this places Mek'ele midway between Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa which are organized as chartered cities (astedader akabibi, equivalent to a kilil), and cities like Axum and Adigrat, which are organized as woredas.
Mek'ele is one of Ethiopia's principal economic and educational centers. Intercity bus service is provided by the Selam Bus Line Share Company. A new international standard airport, Alula Aba Nega Airport (ICAO code HAMK, IATA MQX), was recently opened. Local industry includes Mesfin Industrial Engineering, a steel fabrication and manufacturing factory, and Messebo Cement Factory, northern Ethiopia's principal cement production facility; both are companies owned and managed by the Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT). In May 2000, Mekelle University was created by the merger of Mekelle Business College and Mekelle University College.

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Misraq Hararghe Zone
Misraq Hararghe (or "East Hararghe") is one of the Zones of the Ethiopian Region of Oromia. Misraq Hararge takes its name from the former province of Hararghe. Misraq Hararge is bordered on the southwest by the Shebelle River which separates it from Bale, on the west by Mirab Hararghe, on the north by Dire Dawa and on the north and east by the Somali Region. The Harari Region is an enclave inside this zone.
Towns and cities in Misraq Harerge include Alemaya, Babille and Fugnan Bira. Its highest point is Gara Muleta. Local landmarks include the Harar Wildlife Sanctuary and Haramaya University.
The Central Statistical Agency (CSA) reported that 3,654.00 tons of coffee were produced in Misraq Hararghe in the year ending in 2005, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 3.17% of the Region's output and 1.6% of Ethiopia's total output.
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this Zone has a total population of 2,723,850, an increase of 48.79% over the 1994 census, of whom 1,383,198 are men and 1,340,652 women; with an area of 17,935.40 square kilometers, Misraq Hararghe has a population density of 151.87. While 216,943 or 8.27% are urban inhabitants, a further 30,215 or 1.11% are pastoralists. A total of 580,735 households were counted in this Zone, which results in an average of 4.69 persons to a household, and 560,223 housing units. The two largest ethnic groups reported were the Oromo (96.43%) and the Amhara (2.26%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.31% of the population. Oromiffa was spoken as a first language by 94.6%, Somali was spoken by 2.92% and Amharic by 2.06%; the remaining 0.42% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were Muslim, with 96.51% of the population having reported they practiced that belief, while 3.12% of the population professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.

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Negele Arsi
Negele Arsi (or Arsi Negele) is a town in southeastern Ethiopia. Located in the Mirab Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region on the paved highway north of Shashamane, this town has a longitude and latitude of 7°21′N 38°42′E / 7.35°N 38.7°E / 7.35; 38.7 and an elevation of 2043 meters above sea level. It is the administrative center of Arsi Negele woreda.
Negele Arsi has had electrical power since the 1950s, as well as telephone and postal service by 1967. The town's economic catchment extends beyond the woreda, attracting peasants from Shashamene woreda who trade cereal and potatoes for cattle and seeds at the weekly market, which is held each Monday.
Prince Sahle Selassie was a very substantial landowner around Negele Arsi. By the early 1970s, half of Arsi Negele wereda was owned by his descendants. The town was used as a mobilization point for units of the regular army during 1971, from whence they responded to the disorders that followed evictions when landowners mechanised farms.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Negele Arsi has an estimated total population of 42,054, of whom 21,120 are men and 20,934 are women. According to the 1994 national census, the town had a population of 23,512, of whom 11,425 were men and 12,058 were women.

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Negele Boran
Negele Borana (or Neghelle) is a town and separate woreda in southern Ethiopia. Located in the Guji Zone of the Oromia Region on the road connecting Addis Ababa to Dolo Odo, it has a latitude and longitude of 5°20′N 39°35′E / 5.333°N 39.583°E / 5.333; 39.583Coordinates: 5°20′N 39°35′E / 5.333°N 39.583°E / 5.333; 39.583 with an altitude of about 1,475 meters above sea level. Negele Borana's principal importance is that a barrack revolt in this town is considered the first incident of the Ethiopian Revolution.
The town is reported to have telephone service, a post office and electricity, as well as at least one primary and one secondary school, but no financial institutions. The electrical power was introduced by a branch of the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority (EELPA), and in January 1961 a diesel-driven 120 kW electric power plant for the town was completed. A 2004 report states that Negele Borana is supplied with electricity by the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (the successor utility to the EELPA) from the national grid. There is also an airport (ICAO code HANG IATA EGL). Negele Military Base, an important installation of the Ethiopian Army, is located to the northeast.

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Nekemte
Nekemte ("Naqamtee" in Afan Oromo language; also called Lekemt) is a market town and separate woreda in western Ethiopia. Located in the Misraq Welega Zone of the Oromia Region (or kilil), Nekemte has a latitude and longitude of 9°5′N 36°33′E / 9.083°N 36.55°E / 9.083; 36.55 and an elevation of 2,088 meters.
Nekemte was the capital of the former Welega Province, and is home to a museum of Wollega Oromo culture. It is a burial place of Onesimos Nesib, a famous Oromo who translated the Bible to Oromo Language for the first time, in collaboration with Aster Ganno. It is also the seat of an Apostolic Vicariate of the Roman Catholic Church. Nekemte is host city to the newly built Wollega University as of 2007. It is served by an airport (ICAO code HANK, IATA NEK).
Nekemte is at the center of the road network for south-western Ethiopia. The first major road dates to the early 1930s, with a road that extended from the capital Addis Ababa west through Addis Alem, although the road was passable only by lorries for the 255 kilometers between Addis Alem and Nekemte. A road connecting Nekemte to Gimbi, 110 kilometers in length, was part of the first stage of the Third Highway Program in 1963. Postal service for this city has been present as early as 1923. A branch of the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority began providing electricity to the city by 1960. By 1957, phone service extended to the city.

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Omo River
The Omo River is an important river of southern Ethiopia. Its course is entirely contained within the boundaries of Ethiopia, and empties into Lake Turkana on the border with Kenya. It is the principal stream of an endorheic drainage basin; the part that the Omo drains includes part of the western Oromia Region and the middle of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region.
During his second expedition (1895–1897), Vittorio Bottego was the first European explorer to follow the course of the lower Omo River to its confluence with Lake Turkana.
This river rises in the Shewan highlands and is a perennial river. Its course is generally to the south, however with a major bend to the west at about 7° N 37° 30' E to about 36° E where it turns south until 5° 30' N where it makes a large S- bend then resumes its southerly course to Lake Turkana. According to materials published by the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency, the Omo River is 760 kilometers long.
In its course the Omo has a total fall of about 6000 ft (2,000 m), from an elevation of 7600 ft at its source to 1600 ft at lake-level, and is consequently a very rapid stream, being broken by the Kokobi and other falls, and navigable only for a short distance above where it empties into Lake Turkana, one of the lakes of the East African Rift. The Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia describes it as a popular site for white-water rafting in September and October, when the river is still high from the rainy season. Its most important tributary is the Gibe River; smaller tributaries include the Wabi, Denchya, Gojeb, Mui and Usno rivers.

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Shashamane
Shashamane (or Shashemene, ሻሸመኔ) is a town and a separate woreda in central Ethiopia. It is located in the Mirab Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region. The city lies on the Trans-African Highway 4 Cairo-Cape Town, about 150 miles (240 km) from the capital of Addis Ababa. It has a latitude of 7° 12' north and a longitude of 38° 36' east.
The 2007 national census reported a total population for this town of 100,454, of whom 50,654 were men and 49,800 were women. A plurality of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 43.44% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 31.15% of the population said they were Muslim, 23.53% of the population were Protestant, and 1.3% were Catholic.
The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 52,080 of whom 25,426 were males and 26,654 were females.
The resort of Wondo Genet lies near Shashamane, as does the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary.
In 1948 Emperor Haile Selassie I donated 500 acres (2.0 km²) of his private land to allow members of the Rastafari movement, Ethiopian World Federation (EWF) officers and members and other settlers from Jamaica and other parts of the Caribbean to go to Africa. The return would be under the auspices of the EWF, founded in 1937 by the Emperor's special emissary to Black America, Melaku E. Bayen. The official letter confirming the "land grant" of 1948 was submitted to the members and executives of the Ethiopian World Federation in 1955 . Following up on this, the first West Indian family and Federation members from Montserrat were Mr. James Piper and his wife Helen who arrived that same year as the first land grant administrators, returning to make a permanent settlement in 1955 on behalf of the Federation.

wn.com/Shashamane
Shewa
Shewa (Ge'ez ሽዋ šawā, modern šewā also spelled Shoa) is a historical region of Ethiopia, formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire. The Ethiopian modern capital Addis Ababa is located at its center.
The nucleus of Shewa is part of the mountainous plateau in what is currently the central area of Ethiopia, but prior to the Zemene Mesafint and after the loss of Bale with the invasion of Ahmed Al-Ghazi, Shewa was part of Ethiopia's southeasternmost frontier. Shewa was as defensible as any highland, and its government traced an administrative continuity with this earlier period despite the loss of neighboring lands to the Ethiopian Empire. At times, it was a safe haven; at other times, it was isolated from the rest of Ethiopia by hostile peoples.
The towns of Debre Berhan, Antsokia, Ankober, Entoto and, after Shewa became a province of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa have all served as the capital of Shewa at various times. Most of northern Shewa, made up of the districts of Menz, Tegulet, Yifat, Menjar, Bulga is populated mostly by Christian Amharas and Oromos, while southern and eastern Shewa have large Oromo and Muslim populations. The important monastery of Debre Libanos, founded by Saint Tekle Haymanot, is located in the district of Selale in northern Shewa (the modern woreda of Yaya Gulelena Debre Liban in the Semien Shewa Zone).

wn.com/Shewa
Sodo
Sodo or Wolaita Sodo is a town in south-central Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Wolaita Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, Sodo has a latitude and longitude of 6°54′N 37°45′E / 6.9°N 37.75°E / 6.9; 37.75 with an elevation between 1600 and 2100 meters above sea level. It is also the administrative center of Sodo Zuria woreda.
Sodo is served by an airport (IATA: SXU, ICAO: HASD). A 166 kilometers long road connecting Sodo with Chida, whose construction had started in 1994, was completed by early 1999. Featuring an 80 meter Bailey bridge across the Omo river and five other bridges, this road cost cost 255 million Birr, and reduced the distance between the Regional capital at Awassa and Mizan Teferi to 400 kilometers. According to the SNNPR's Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, as of 2003^[update] Sodo's amenities include digital and mobile telephone access, postal service, 24-hour electrical service, two banks, and a hospital. Sodo is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Sodo-Hosaena.

wn.com/Sodo
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.

wn.com/United_Kingdom
Weldiya
Weldiya (also spelled Woldia or Woldiya) is a hillside market town, capital of the Semien Wollo Zone, and woreda in northern Ethiopia. Located north of Dessie and southeast of Lalibela in the Amhara Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of 11°50′N 39°36′E / 11.833°N 39.6°E / 11.833; 39.6 and an elevation of 2112 meters above sea level.
A notable landmark is the church Weldiya Gebri'el. Travertine for use in building has been worked on a minor scale nearby.
When the missionary Johann Ludwig Krapf passed through Weldiya in April 1842, it was the headquarters of Dejazmach Faris Aligas and his brother Birru. They were absent at the time of Krapf's visit, raiding the territories of Imam Liban of the Were Himano.
As early as 1890, Weldiya was the administrative center of Yejju Province. Its Tuesday market was well known for its mules. Weldiya was attacked in 1948 by the Yejju Oromo as part of the "Woyane Rebellion." Revolting after their appeals over their loss of land, they seized the prison in Weldiya and freed the prisoners. Despite this success, the revolt was eventually put down. On 16-17 November 1988 Weldiya was subjected to an aerial attack by the Derg, but no deaths were reported.

wn.com/Weldiya
Wukro
Wukro (also transliterated Ugoro; formerly known as Dongolo) is a town in northern Ethiopia. Located in the Misraqawi (Eastern) zone of the Tigray region on the Asmara-Addis Ababa highway, it is the administrative center of the district named after the town.
The rock-hewn churches around Wukro are the town's most distinctive landmarks; in the early 20th century the town's name was changed from "Dongolo" to the Tigrigna word for a structure carved from the living rock, Wukro.
Local industry includes Sheba Tannery, which is capable of processing 6,000 hides a day. Opened in 2004, the tannery is one of the 13 companies owned and managed by the Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT).
Kuwaiti Prime Minister Sheikh Nasser Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah announced in July 2009, during a 3-day visit to Ethiopia, that his country would provide a $63 million loan to Ethiopia, part of which would be used to build a road between Wukro and Zalambessa near the Eritrean-Ethiopian border.
Francisco Álvares was the first European recorded to have visited Wukro, when in 1521 he stayed at the royal inn or Betenegush. His account also includes a description of Maryam Wukro church "made in a rock, hewn and wrought with the pickaxe, with three aisles and their supports made of the rock itself." The next important European visit was in 1868 when Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Napier passed through the village on his way to Magdela where he defeated the Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II. During their march through Wukro, members of the British army saw one of the Tigrayan rock-hewn churches, most likely Wukro Chirkos, and were afterwards thought to be the first Europeans to see these unusual structures; another notable landmark is the more recent church Wukro Giyorgis Bete.

wn.com/Wukro
Ziway
Ziway or Zway is a town and separate woreda in central Ethiopia. It is located on the road connecting Addis Ababa to Nairobi in the Misraq Shewa Zone of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, Ziway has a latitude and longitude of 7°56′N 38°43′E / 7.933°N 38.717°E / 7.933; 38.717 with an elevation of 1643 meters above sea level.
Adjacent to Lake Ziway, the economy of the town is based on fishing and horticulture. Ziway is also home to a prison and a caustic soda factory.
The 2007 national census reported a total population for Ziway of 43,660, of whom 22,956 were men and 20,704 were women. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 51.04% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 24.69% of the population were Muslimpracticed traditional beliefs, and 22.07% of the population were Protestant. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 20,056 of whom 10,323 were males and 9,733 were females.

wn.com/Ziway

Abdullah al-Harari
Abdullah al-Harari (1910 – September 2, 2008) was a scholar of Islamic jurisprudence who lived and taught in Beirut, Lebanon. He was born in Harar, Ethiopia. He started the Ahbash or Habashi movement, also known as the Association of Islamic Charitable Projects (AICP). Al-Harari was one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy. Al-Harari was also a professor at Al-Azhar University Lebanese branch.
He died of natural causes on September 2, 2008, aged 98.

wn.com/Abdullah_al-Harari
Afar people
The Afar (Afar: Qafár, Feera: ዐፋር ʿāfār, Arabic: عفار‎, Amharic: አፋር^? āfār), also known as the Danakil, are an ethnic group in the Horn of Africa. They primarily live in the Afar Region of Ethiopia and in northern Djibouti, although some also inhabit the southern point of Eritrea. Afars speak the Afar language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
Afar society has traditionally been organized into independent kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan.
The earliest surviving written mention of the Afar is from the 13th century Arab writer Ibn Sa'id, who reported that they lived in the area around the port of Suakin, as far south as Mandeb, near Zeila. They are mentioned intermittently in Ethiopian records, first as helping Emperor Amda Seyon in a campaign beyond the Awash River, then over a century later when they assisted Emperor Baeda Maryam when he campaigned against their neighbors the Dobe'a.
Along with the closely related Somali and other adjacent Afro-Asiatic-speaking Muslim peoples, the Afar are also associated with the medieval Adal Sultanate that controlled large parts of the northern Horn of Africa. During its existence, Adal had relations and engaged in trade with other polities in Northeast Africa, the Near East, Europe and South Asia. Many of the historic cities in the Horn region, such as Maduna, Abasa, Berbera, Zeila and Harar, flourished with courtyard houses, mosques, shrines, walled enclosures and cisterns during the kingdom's Golden Age.

wn.com/Afar_people
Arthur Rimbaud
Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (/ræmˈboʊ/ or /ˈræmboʊ/; French pronunciation: [aʁtyʁ ʁɛ̃bo]; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet. Born in Charleville, Ardennes, he produced his best known works while still in his late teens—Victor Hugo described him at the time as "an infant Shakespeare"—and he gave up creative writing altogether before the age of 20. As part of the decadent movement, Rimbaud influenced modern literature, music and art. He was known to have been a libertine and a restless soul, travelling extensively on three continents before his death from cancer just after his 37th birthday.
Arthur Rimbaud was born into the provincial middle class of Charleville (now part of Charleville-Mézières) in the Ardennes département in northeastern France. He was the second child of a career soldier, Frédéric Rimbaud, and his wife Marie-Catherine-Vitalie Cuif. His father, a Burgundian of Provençal extraction, rose from a simple recruit to the rank of captain, and spent the greater part of his army years in foreign service. Captain Rimbaud fought in the conquest of Algeria and was awarded the Légion d'honneur. The Cuif family was a solidly established Ardennais family, but they were plagued by unstable and bohemian characters; two of Arthur Rimbaud's uncles from his mother's side were alcoholics.

wn.com/Arthur_Rimbaud
Dila, Ethiopia
Dilla is a market town in southern Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Gedeo Zone in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR), and located on the main road from Addis Ababa to Nairobi, this town has a longitude and latitude of 6°24′30″N 38°18′30″E / 6.40833°N 38.30833°E / 6.40833; 38.30833Coordinates: 6°24′30″N 38°18′30″E / 6.40833°N 38.30833°E / 6.40833; 38.30833 with an elevation of 1570 meters above sea level.
Until the completion in the early 1970s of the tarmac road to the Kenya border, Dilla had been located at the southern end of the all-weather road from Addis Ababa and thus became the major transfer and marketing point for coffee grown farther south, particularly of the much-prized Yirga Cheffe varietal (see coffee varietals). It remains a major center of the coffee trade.
According to the SNNPR's Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, as of 2003^[update] Dilla's amenities include digital telephone access, postal service, 24-hour electrical service, numerous banks, and a hospital. Dilla is the site of the Dilla College of Teachers' Education, which was founded in 1996 and was part of Debub University. The college become a full flagged University since 2007 and composed of more than 30 programs to Masters and bachelor degree,. A number of archeologically significant stelae fields are in the surrounding area, the most notable groups being those at Tutu Fella and Tutiti.

wn.com/Dila,_Ethiopia
Harari people
The Harari people, also called Geyusu ("People of the City"), are a Semitic-speaking ethnic group in the Horn of Africa. They traditionally inhabit Harar in the Harari Region of eastern Ethiopia.
Studies have shown Hararis are said to be connected with the ancient Harla tribe. Revelations of this was made by observing the similarities of the architecture and technology used in Harar city and ancient Harla sites. Although proof of language is currently unavailable, data suggests that Hararis were spread outside the city walls, occupying large regions from Karkaar mountains, and Middle Awash as well as the eastern region of Jijiga. To this day the region between Harar and Dire Dawa is still called Harla. The oromo migration is said to have assimilated the Harla-Harari population evidence of this was that blocks of semetic speakers were spread from Gurageland, islands of Lake Zway and the city of Harar. Before the major Adal-Ethiopian conflict it can be assumed that a Harari-Harla semetic group existed in vast regions across present day Ethiopia and Somalia.

wn.com/Harari_people
Menelik II
Emperor Menelik II GCB, GCMG, (Ge'ez ምኒልክ) baptized as Sahle Maryam (17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), was Negus of Shewa (1866–89), then Nəgusä Nägäst of Ethiopia from 1889 to his death. At the height of his internal power and external prestige, the process of territorial expansion and creation of the modern empire-state had been completed by 1898. Ethiopia was transformed under Nəgusä Nägäst Menelik: the major signposts of modernization were put in place. Externally, his victory over the Italians had earned him great fame: following Adwa, recognition of Ethiopia’s independence by external powers was expressed in terms of diplomatic representation at the court of Menelik and delineation of Ethiopia’s boundaries with the adjacent colonies. Menelik II is considered an African icon and one of the most powerful black people in history.
Abeto Menelik (Sahle Maryam) was born in Angolela, near Debre Birhan, Shewa. He was the son of Negus Haile Melekot of Shewa and WoizeroIjigayehu. Woizero Ijigayehu was a lady in the household of Haile Melekot's grandmother, the formidable Woizero Zenebework, widow of Merid Azmatch Wossen Seged, and mother of King Sahle Selassie of Shewa. Most sources indicate that while no marriage took place between Haile Melekot and Woizero Ijigayehu, Sahle Selassie ordered his grandson legitimized.

wn.com/Menelik_II
Nur ibn Mujahid
Nur ibn Mujahid ibn ‘Ali ibn ‘Abdullah al Dhuhi Suha (Somali: Nuur ibn Muujahiid, Arabic: نور بن مجاهد‎) (literally, "Light"; died 1567), of the Ahl Suhawyan division of the Marehan branch of the Somali Darod clan, was Emir of Harar in the 16th century. Marrying the widow of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (also known as Ahmed Gurey and Ahmad Gragn), he also succeeded Imam Ahmad as leader of the Muslim forces fighting Christian Ethiopia.
Considered the patron saint of Harar, Mujahid was called the Sahib al-Fath at-Thani, or "Master of the Second Conquest". When Imam Ahmad, who had led the Muslim conquest of the Ethiopian highlands, was killed in 1543, the Muslim forces fell back in confusion to Harar. Nur, the dead leader’s sister’s son, married Ahmad Gragn’s firebrand widow, Bati del Wambara, and undertook to renew the fortunes of the Muslim city, which had been sacked in 1550. Promoted to Emir around 1550-51, he spent the next two years reorganizing his forces, and constructing the wall which still surrounds the city.

wn.com/Nur_ibn_Mujahid
Oromo people
The Oromo (Oromo: Oromoo, "The Powerful"; Ge'ez: ኦሮሞ, ’Oromo) are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnicity in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census. Their native language is Oromo (also called Afaan Oromoo and Oromiffa), which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
Oromos are the largest Cushitic-speaking group of people living in Northeast and East Africa. Available information suggests that they have existed as a community in the Horn of Africa for several millenia (Prouty et al., 1981). Bates (1979) contends that the Oromo "were a very ancient race, the indigenous stock, perhaps, on which most other peoples in this part of eastern Africa have been grafted".
While further research is needed to precisely comprehend their origins, the Oromo are believed to have originally adhered to a pastoralist/nomadic and/or semi-agriculturalist lifestyle. Many historians agree that some Oromo clans (Bale) have lived in the southern tip of present-day Ethiopia for over a millennium. They suggest that a great Oromo migration brought most Oromos to present-day central and western Ethiopia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Historical maps of the ancient Aksum/Abyssinia empire and Adal/Somali empires indicate that Oromo people are newcomers to most of modern-day central Ethiopia.

wn.com/Oromo_people
Sodo
Sodo or Wolaita Sodo is a town in south-central Ethiopia. The administrative center of the Wolaita Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region, Sodo has a latitude and longitude of 6°54′N 37°45′E / 6.9°N 37.75°E / 6.9; 37.75 with an elevation between 1600 and 2100 meters above sea level. It is also the administrative center of Sodo Zuria woreda.
Sodo is served by an airport (IATA: SXU, ICAO: HASD). A 166 kilometers long road connecting Sodo with Chida, whose construction had started in 1994, was completed by early 1999. Featuring an 80 meter Bailey bridge across the Omo river and five other bridges, this road cost cost 255 million Birr, and reduced the distance between the Regional capital at Awassa and Mizan Teferi to 400 kilometers. According to the SNNPR's Bureau of Finance and Economic Development, as of 2003^[update] Sodo's amenities include digital and mobile telephone access, postal service, 24-hour electrical service, two banks, and a hospital. Sodo is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Vicariate of Sodo-Hosaena.

wn.com/Sodo
Somali people
Somalis (Somali: Soomaaliyeed, Arabic: الصوماليون‎) are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Ethnic Somalis number around 15-17 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (more than 10 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Yemen (a little under 1 million), Kenya (900,000), Djibouti (464,600), and an unknown but large number live in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.
Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name "Somali" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.

wn.com/Somali_people
Tiya
Tiya is a town in southern Ethiopia. Located in the Gurage Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region south of Addis Ababa, the town has a latitude and longitude of 8°26′N 38°37′E / 8.433°N 38.617°E / 8.433; 38.617Coordinates: 8°26′N 38°37′E / 8.433°N 38.617°E / 8.433; 38.617.
Tiya is best known for its adjacent archeological site, which is distinguished by 36 standing stones or stelae, "32 of which are engraved with enigmatic symbols, notably swords," marking a large, prehistoric burial complex. A German ethnographic expedition had visited the site in April 1935, and had found at one hour's journey to the south of the caravan camp the stone monoliths with sword symbol, which had been seen earlier by Neuville and Père Azaïs. The archeological site was designated a World Heritage Site in 1980.
Other points of interest near Tiya include Melka Awash, the Hera Shetan crater lake, and Agesoke a place where very tall naturally ordered stoneblocks could be seen.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Tiya has an estimated total population of 3,363 of whom 1,615 are men and 1,748 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 1,856 of whom 894 were males and 962 were females. Tiya is one of three towns in Soddo woreda.

wn.com/Tiya

Ethiopia : Harar 2012 main street and food

( Playlist Ethiopia ) www.youtube.com...

published: 14 May 2012

author: OOOTravelReserchOOO

International Harari Day 2012 Opening in Harar

International Harari Day 2012 Opening in Harar...

published: 07 Jul 2012

author: HararWorld

Ethiopia 2012 : Harar to Dire Dawa

It took 2 houres by mini bus. ( Playlist Ethiopia ) www.youtube.com...

published: 21 Feb 2012

author: OOOTravelReserchOOO

Matwaladziyu Tasti Ayam - Harari Zikri

Mawlid Celebration in Harar - Harari Zikr ashirgar.com zidiinbari.info...

published: 22 Apr 2012

author: Isra229

Hyena Show in Harari City, Ethiopia

In the city of Harari for can find an unusual show for tourist every night; a local puts m...

published: 25 Sep 2011

author: Eshete Bekele

harar

One day at Harar , Ethiopia 2009...

published: 23 May 2009

author: domibischops

A Return to Ethiopia, The Historical Walled City of Harar

www.TravelsWithSheila.com Harar is one of the import impressive Ethiopian historic destina...

published: 05 Jan 2012

author: travelswithsheila

Musical preparation for the 17th Harari day part 1

www.HarariYouth.com...

published: 22 May 2012

author: Hamroz OMR

Mansour Abdulmajid ON Harari Day 2012 Opining ceremony music Performance

Watch your favorite artist's music videos, see Harari performances and search for new Hara...

published: 18 Aug 2012

author: IndoHosting Dini

Touring Historical Harar, Eastern Ethiopia

www.TravelsWithSheila.com The first bank in Harar has been turned into a typical Adare hom...

published: 05 Jan 2012

author: travelswithsheila

Mewlud by Harari ASHIRS Dire Dawa, 2012

video by www.HarariYouth.com...

published: 24 Oct 2012

author: Hamroz OMR

Sheikh Abdullahi Al-Harari

Sheikh Abdullah Al-Harariy Harari Harar al harari Sheikh al harari Harari zikr...

published: 10 May 2012

author: Isra229

Meeting (Toronto) about the upcoming event July 4 in Harar.

www.HarariYouth.com...

published: 23 Mar 2012

author: Hamroz OMR

HARARI GIRLS (California Gurls Harari Remix)

A Harari take on Katy Perry's California Girls. Harari Day 2011 at the Eisemann Center, Ri...

published: 07 Jul 2011

author: xfalsetruth06x

Red Bull Dosenangeln Uni Lüneburg

Studenten, die müde vom lernen aus der Bib kommen, wird neue Energie eingeflöst...

published: 01 Aug 2012

author: harare

Harare, Zimbabwe

Driving into downtown Harare. Compared to a couple of years ago (when prices would double ...

published: 30 Sep 2010

author: Alan Perlman

SETTLEMENT HARARE

‘Settlement’ is a performance created in two or three weeks with a group of professional a...

published: 21 Sep 2012

author: SOIT / Hans Van den Broeck

Harar Ethiopia

published: 05 Mar 2011

author: Alex Nazerian

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
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photo: AP / Jerome Delay

An internally displaced Congolese child heats water at the Mugunga camp outside the eastern Congolese town of Goma, Saturday Nov. 24, 2012.

DR Congo president holds talks with rebels

Al Jazeera

25 Nov 2012

Joseph Kabila, president of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has held direct talks with the leader of the M23 rebels in Uganda, hours after a regional summit called on them to end their offensive in the east of the country. Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, the political leader of the eastern DR Congo rebel group, said on Sunday he had an initial meeting with Kabila after the summit in the Ugandan capital, Kampala, ended on Saturday....(size: 20.0Kb)

photo: AP / Henry Griffin

File - John Kerry, 27, testifies about the war in Vietnam before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in Washington, April 22, 1971. Sen. Kerry, D-Mass., 63, became a prominent critic of the war after he came home as a decorated veteran.

Will Kerry Preserve U.S. Freedom and an Authentic Defense?

WorldNews.com

26 Nov 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling "In our opinion and from our experience," declared John Kerry in 1971, "there is nothing in South Vietnam which could happen that realistically threatens the United States of America. And to attempt to justify the loss of one American life in Vietnam, Cambodia or Laos by linking such loss to the preservation of freedom..is to us the height of criminal hypocrisy..." ... The U.S....(size: 6.4Kb)

photo: AP / Polash Khan

Bangladeshis and firefighters battle a fire at a garment factory in the Savar neighborhood in Dhaka, Bangladesh, late Saturday, Nov. 24, 2012.

Bangladesh clothes factory fire kills 'at least 120'

BBC News

25 Nov 2012

The death toll from a fire in a clothes factory in Bangladesh has leapt to at least 120, officials say. The fire broke out late on Saturday in the nine-floor Tazreen Fashion factory in the Ashulia district on the outskirts of the capital Dhaka . ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)

photo: AP

Thousands of Turks demonstrate to condemn terrorism and Kurdish rebels in Ankara, Turkey, Sunday, Sept. 2, 2012. Mostly nationalist Turks shouted: "We don't want The PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party) at the parliament."

Turkey confronts a resurgent Kurdish threat

The Independent

26 Nov 2012

This town of 19,000 nestled in an idyllic mountain pass of impossibly green pastures and golden autumn trees is on the front lines of Turkey's rapidly escalating guerrilla war. In a struggle for autonomy as well as independent language and education rights, the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has waged a low-grade conflict in Turkey for decades. ... 4 just as a Turkish army tank rolled by. ... "The violence is getting worse....(size: 8.8Kb)

photo: AP / Mohammed Asad

Egyptian protesters opposed to president Mohammed Morsi chant slogans in Tahrir Square in Cairo, Egypt, Friday, Nov. 23, 2012.

Egypt’s Morsi Promises Democracy as Protests Rage

Jakarta Globe

24 Nov 2012

Cairo. President Mohamed Morsi insisted on Friday that Egypt is on the path to “freedom and democracy” after granting himself sweeping powers, which sparked clashes between his supporters and foes and raised concerns abroad. “Political stability, social stability and economic stability are what I want and that is what I am working for,” he told a gathering of fellow Islamists outside the presidential palace. ... “We need stability....(size: 4.8Kb)

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Harare City Council Criticised for Spending $350,000 On Two Vehicles

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

[SW Radio]Residents in Harare have ......(size: 0.2Kb)

Wife Collapses As Hubby Is Jailed Two Years

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

[The Herald]A Harare woman yesterday collapsed at the ......(size: 0.3Kb)

U.S.$80 000 Gold Deal Goes Awry

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

[The Herald]A HARARE man who allegedly swindled his Israeli friend of US$80 ......(size: 0.4Kb)

Female condom for empowerment

The Himalayan

27 Nov 2012

Women and AIDS Support Network (WASN) information manager Evince Mugumbate said her organisation will launch the female condom in rural Gokwe, about 300 km west of Harare, to promote higher usage of the product in the fight against HIV....(size: 4.0Kb)

Judgment Day Gig Fever Grips Fans

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

[The Herald]The much anticipated dancehall ......(size: 0.2Kb)

SA Gospel Singer Lundi Deported

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

[The Herald]SOUTH African gospel singer Lundi Tyamara who was ......(size: 0.3Kb)

Macheso Unleashes New Dance Routine

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

The new dance is part of tantalising festive package unveiled by the "Madhawu" ......(size: 0.4Kb)

Kunonga Faction Resists Eviction in Some Parishes

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

[SW Radio]Anglican clergy and parishioners who ......(size: 0.2Kb)

Manager Awards Self Unauthorised U.S. $19 000

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

... before Harare magistrate Ms Anita Tshuma....(size: 0.2Kb)

Tokwana Primary Wins Jikinya Dance Festival

All Africa

27 Nov 2012

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Harar ሓረር
Harar enclosed within the city wall, Jugol
Harar Location within Ethiopia
Coordinates: 9°19′N 42°7′E / 9.317°N 42.117°E / 9.317; 42.117
Country	Ethiopia
Region	Harari
Zone	Misraq Hararghe
Government
• President	Murad Abdulhadi
Elevation	1,885 m (6,184 ft)
Population (2008)
• Total	147,306
Time zone	EAT (UTC+3)

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name: Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town
Type:	Cultural
Criteria:	ii, iii, iv, v
Designated:	2006 (30th session)
Reference #:	1189
State Party:	Ethiopia
Region:	Africa

Harar (var. Gey, Hārer, Harer; Harari, Adari is an eastern city in Ethiopia, formerly the capital of Harergey and now the capital of the modern Harari ethno-political division (or kilil) of Ethiopia. The city is located on a hilltop, in the eastern extension of the Ethiopian highlands about five hundred kilometers from Addis Ababa with an elevation of 1885 meters.

Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Harar has an estimated total population of 122,000, of whom 60,000 were males and 62,000 were females.^[1] According to the census of 1994, on which this estimate is based, the city has a population of 76,378.

For centuries, Harar has been a major commercial centre, linked by the trade routes with the rest of Ethiopia, the entire Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and, through its ports, the outside world.

Harar Jugol has been included in the World Heritage List in 2006 by UNESCO in recognition of its cultural heritage.^[2] According to UNESCO, it is "considered 'the fourth holy city' of Islam" with 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th century, and 102 shrines.^[3]^[4]

Harar is also famous for its distinctive, natural processed coffees which bear the same name.

1 History
2 People
3 Attractions
4 Notable people from Harar
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
8 External links

History [link]

File:HararRoadToMarket.jpg

A scene on the road to the market in Harar, dating between 1900-1920

Called Gey ("the City") by its inhabitants, Harar was founded between the 7th and the 11th century (according to different sources)^{[citation needed]} and emerged as the center of Islamic culture and religion in the Horn of Africa.

According to the Fath Madinat Harar, an unpublished history of the city in the 13th century, the cleric Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, along with several other religious leaders, came from the Arabian Peninsula to settle in Harar circa 612H (1216 AD). Sheikh Ar-Rida is regarded as the saint of Harar,^[5] as well as the common ancestor of the Somali Sheekhaal clan and the affiliated Harari people.

During the Middle Ages, Harar was part of the Adal Sultanate, becoming its capital in 1520 under Sultan Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad. The sixteenth century was the city's Golden Age. The local culture flourished, and many poets lived and wrote there. It also became known for coffee, weaving, basketry and bookbinding.

From Harar, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, also known as "Gurey" and "Gragn" (both meaning "the Left-handed"), launched a war of conquest in the sixteenth century that extended the polity's territory and threatened the existence of the neighboring Christian Ethiopian Empire. His successor, Emir Nur ibn Mujahid, built a protective wall around the city.^[6] Four meters in height high with five gates, this structure, called Jugol, is still intact and is a symbol of the town to the inhabitants.

Wooden balconies on the streets of Harar.

The rulers of Harar also struck its own currency, the earliest possible issues bearing a date that may be read as AH 615 (= AD 1218/19); but definitely by AD 1789 the first coins were issued, and more were issued into the nineteenth century.^[7]

Following the death of Emir Nur, Harar began a steady decline in wealth and power. A later ruler, Imam Muhammed Jasa, a kinsman of Ahmad Gragn, yielded to the pressures of increasing Oromo raids and in 1577 abandoned the city, relocating to Aussa and making his brother ruler of Harar. The new base not only failed to provide more security from the Oromos, it attracted the hostile attention of the neighboring Afars who raided caravans travelling between Harar and the coast. The Imams of Aussa declined over the next century while Harar regained its independence under `Ali ibn Da`ud, the founder of a dynasty that ruled the city from 1647 until 1875, when it was conquered by Egypt.^[8]

During the period of Egyptian rule (1875-1884), Arthur Rimbaud lived in the city as the local factor of several different commercial companies based in Aden; he returned in 1888 to resume trading in coffee, musk and skins until illness forced him to return to France. A house said to have been his residence is now a museum.^[9] Ten years later, Harar regained its independence, but this lasted only two years until 6 January 1887 when the Battle of Chelenqo led to Harar's incorporation into the Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia's growing Empire based in Shewa.

Harar lost some of its commercial importance with the creation of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway, initially intended to run via the city but diverted north of the mountains between Harar and the Awash River to save money. As a result of this, Dire Dawa was founded in 1902 as New Harar.

Harar was captured by Italian troops under Marshall Rudolfo Graziani during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War on 8 May 1937. The 1st battalion of the Nigeria Regiment, advancing from Jijiga by way of the Marda Pass, captured the city for the allies 29 March 1941.^[10] Following the conclusion of the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement in 1944, the government of the United Kingdom were granted permission to establish a consulate in Harar, although the British refused to reciprocate by allowing an Ethiopian one at Hargeisa. After numerous reports of British activities in the Haud that violated the London Agreement of 1954, the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs ordered the consulate closed March 1960.^[11]

In 1995, the city and its environs became an Ethiopian region (or kilil) in its own right. A pipeline to carry water to the city from Dire Dawa is currently under construction.

According to Sir Richard Burton Harar is the birthplace of the khat plant.^[12] The original domesticated coffee plant is also said to have been from Harar. ^[13]

People [link]

Old man in Harar.

The inhabitants of Harar represent several different Afro-Asiatic-speaking ethnic groups, both Muslim and Christian, including the Oromo, Somali, Amhara, Gurage and Tigray. The Harari, who refer to themselves as Gey 'Usu ("People of the City") are a Semitic-speaking people once thought to be descended from an Aksumite military outpost. Their language, Harari, constitutes a Semitic pocket in a predominantly Cushitic-speaking region. Originally written in the Arabic script, the Harari language has recently converted to the Ge'ez alphabet.

Attractions [link]

Harar mosque

The old town is home to 110 mosques and many more shrines, centered on Feres Magala square. Notable buildings include Medhane Alem Cathedral, the house of Ras Mekonnen, the house of Arthur Rimbaud, and the sixteenth century Jami Mosque. Harrar Bira Stadium is the home stadium for the Harrar Beer Bottling FC. One can also visit the market.

Feeding hyenas

A long-standing tradition of feeding meat to spotted hyenas also evolved during the 1960s into an impressive night show for tourists.^[14]

Other places of interest include the highest amba overlooking the city, the Kondudo or "W" mountain, which hosts an ancient population of feral horses. A 2008 scientific mission has unleashed efforts for their conservation, as the animals are greatly endangered.^[15]

The Harar Brewery was established in 1984. Its beers can be sampled at the brewery social club adjacent to the brewery in Harar.^[16]^[17]

Intercity bus service is provided by the Selam Bus Line Share Company.

Notable people from Harar [link]

Main article: List of emirs of Harar

Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, Muslim Cleric
Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Leader of Adal Sultanate
Nur ibn Mujahid, Emir of Harar
'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, Last Emir of Harar
Abdullah al-Harari, Leader of Ahbash Movement

Notes [link]

^ CSA 2005 National Statistics, Table B.4
^ Panda sanctuary, tequila area join UN World Heritage sites
^ "Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town". World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1189. Retrieved 6 August 2009. "It is considered 'the fourth holy city' of Islam, having been founded by a holy missionary from the Arabic Peninsula."
^ "Five new heritage sites in Africa". BBC. July 13, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5176110.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-18. "Harar Jugol, seen as the fourth holiest city of Islam, includes 82 mosques, three of which date from the 10th Century, and 102 shrines."
^ Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N, Volume 3, (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 2007), pp.111 & 319.
^ Dr. Enirco Cerulli, Documenti arabi per la storia dell’Ethiopia, Memoria della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Vol. 4, No. 2, Rome, 1931
^ Richard Pankhurst, An Introduction to the Economic History of Ethiopia (London: Lalibela House, 1961), p. 267.
^ Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), pp. 375-377
^ Munro-Hay, Ethiopia, the unknown land: a cultural and historical guide (London: I.B. Tauris, 2002), p. 184
^ Anthony Mockler, Haile Selassie's War (New York: Olive Branch, 2003), pp. 145, 367f
^ John Spencer, Ethiopia at Bay: A personal account of the Haile Selassie years (Algonac: Reference Publications, 1984), pp. 282-287
^ Libermn, Mark (2003). "LANGUAGE RELATIONSHIPS: FAMILIES, GRAFTS, PRISONS". Basic Reference (pittsburgh, USA: University Pennsylvania Academics) 28: 217–229. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000217.html. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ Wild, Anthony (2003). "Coffe: A dark history". Basic Reference (USA: Fourth Estate) 28: 217–229. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Z7-zAAAAIAAJ&q=this+strongly+suggests+that+the+original+domesticated+cultivated+coffee+plant+came+from+harar&dq=this+strongly+suggests+that+the+original+domesticated+cultivated+coffee+plant+came+from+harar&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MnzAT8LaAab16AGX1PncCg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ The hyena man of Harar
^ Wild horses exist in Ethiopia, but face danger of extinction: Exploratory Team
^ http://www.norway.org.et/News_and_events/etiopia/brewery/
^ http://www.ethiopianrestaurant.com/harrar_brewery.html

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Harar

v t e World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia

Aksum · Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region · Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town · Lower Valley of the Awash · Lower Valley of the Omo · Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela · Simien National Park · Tiya

v t e Cities of Ethiopia

Adama (Nazret) Addis Ababa Adigrat Adwa Ambo Arba Minch Asella Awasa Axum Bahir Dar Debre Berhan Debre Marqos Debre Tabor Debre Zeyit Degehabur Dembidolo Dessie Dila Dire Dawa Gambela Goba Gode Gondar Harar Irgalem Jijiga Jimma Kebri Dahar Kombolcha Mek'ele Negele Arsi Negele Boran Nekemte Shashamane Sodo Weldiya Wukro Ziway

Coordinates: 9°18′40″N 42°07′40″E / 9.31111°N 42.12778°E / 9.31111; 42.12778

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Contents

History [link]

People [link]

Attractions [link]

Notable people from Harar [link]

See also [link]

Notes [link]

Further reading [link]

External links [link]

http://wn.com/Harar

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Harar

http://cs.wn.com/Harar

http://es.wn.com/Harar Jugol

http://ru.wn.com/Харэр

http://nl.wn.com/Harar

http://pt.wn.com/Harar

http://pl.wn.com/Harer

http://fr.wn.com/Harar

http://de.wn.com/Harar

http://hi.wn.com/हरार