Google Maps (formerly Google Local) is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit,[1] and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API.[2] It offers street maps, a route planner for traveling by foot, car, bike (beta), kayak,[3] or public transport and an urban business locator for numerous countries around the world. Google Maps satellite images are not updated in real time; they are several months or years old.
Google Maps uses a close variant of the Mercator projection, so it cannot show areas around the poles. A related product is Google Earth, a stand-alone program which offers more globe-viewing features, including showing polar areas.
Google Maps provides high-resolution aerial or satellite images for most urban areas all over the world. Various governments have complained about the potential for terrorists to use the satellite images in planning attacks.[4][dead link] Google has blurred some areas for security (mostly in the United States),[5] including the U.S. Naval Observatory area (where the official residence of the Vice President is located), and previously[6] the United States Capitol and the White House. Other well-known government installations, including Area 51 in the Nevada desert, are visible. Not all areas on satellite images are covered in the same resolution; less populated areas usually get less detail. Some areas may be obscured by patches of clouds.[7][8] With the introduction of an easily pannable and searchable mapping and satellite imagery tool, Google's mapping engine prompted a surge of interest in satellite imagery. Sites were established which feature satellite images of interesting natural and man-made landmarks, including such novelties as "large type" writing visible in the imagery, as well as famous stadia and unique geological formations. Although Google uses the word satellite, most of the high-resolution imagery of cities is aerial photography taken from aircraft flying at 800–1500 feet rather than from satellites; while most of the rest of the imagery is in fact from satellites.[9]
Although the aerial views images are undated, they occasionally coincide with known events. For example, as of Oct. 8, 2011, the aerial view of the Hollywood region of Los Angeles shows the street-closures and temporary structures related to the 2011 Academy Awards ceremony.
Contiguous regions on Google Maps
Google Maps provides a route planner under "Get Directions". Up to four modes of transportation are available depending on the area: driving, public transit (see the Google Transit section below), walking, and bicycling. In some areas, cross-border routes are available, whereas others are limited to routes within a given country or region. Driving directions are covered as follows:
- Most countries of mainland Eurasia and Africa are covered contiguously, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Canary Islands, Madeira and Sri Lanka. No directions are available for Bosnia and Herzegovina, North and South Korea, Lesotho and Oman; while China, Cyprus, Egypt, Hong Kong, Israel (including parts of the West Bank), Jordan, Lebanon, Macau and Malta have directions available without connection to other states.
- All countries of mainland North and Central America are covered contiguously.
- All countries of mainland South America are covered. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay are treated contiguously, whereas Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela are not connected to other states.
- All inhabited countries and territories in the Caribbean are covered, except for Saint Kitts and Nevis and Trinidad and Tobago, though in general there are no connections between islands.
- Additionally, American Samoa, Australia, the Azores, Brunei, Cape Verde, The Comoros, The Cook Islands, the Faroe Islands, The Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Iceland, Japan, Madagascar, the Maldives, Mauritius, Mayotte, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, the Philippines, Réunion, São Tomé and Príncipe, the Seychelles, Samoa, Taiwan, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna are covered as stand-alone regions, as are Nuuk in Greenland, parts of Indonesia (Bali, Borneo, Java, Lombok, Madura, Sulawesi and Sumatra), Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysia, Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands, parts of Papua New Guinea, parts of Solomon Islands and Socotra in Yemen.
In addition, only directions with public transit are provided in South Korea.
Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively. As the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the side panel and map; the page is not reloaded. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin (composed of several partially transparent PNGs) on top of the map images.
A hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data transfer rather than XML, for performance reasons. These techniques both fall under the broad Ajax umbrella.
In October 2011, Google announced MapsGL, a WebGL version of Maps with better renderings and smoother transitions.[10]
As Google Maps is coded almost entirely in JavaScript and XML, some end users have reverse-engineered the tool and produced client-side scripts and server-side hooks which allowed a user or website to introduce expanded or customized features into the Google Maps interface.
Using the core engine and the map/satellite images hosted by Google, such tools can introduce custom location icons, location coordinates and metadata, and even custom map image sources into the Google Maps interface. The script-insertion tool Greasemonkey provides a large number of client-side scripts to customize Google Maps data.
Combinations with photo sharing websites, such as Flickr, are used to create "memory maps".[clarification needed What are memory maps?] Using copies of the Keyhole satellite photos, users have taken advantage of image annotation features to provide personal histories and information regarding particular points of the area.
After the success of reverse-engineered mashups such as chicagocrime.org and housingmaps.com, Google launched the Google Maps API in June 2005[11] to allow developers to integrate Google Maps into their websites. It is a free service, and currently[update] does not contain ads, but Google states in their terms of use that they reserve the right to display ads in the future.[12]
By using the Google Maps API, it is possible to embed Google Maps site into an external website, on to which site specific data can be overlaid. Although initially only a JavaScript API, the Maps API has since expanded to include an API for Adobe Flash applications, a service for retrieving static map images, and web services for performing geocoding, generating driving directions, and obtaining elevation profiles. Over 350,000[13] web sites use the Google Maps API, making it the most heavily used web application development API.[14]
The Google Maps API is free for commercial use providing that the site on which it is being used is publicly accessible and does not charge for access, and is not generating more than 25 000 map accesses a day.[15][16] Sites that do not meet these requirements can purchase Google Maps API Premier.[17]
The success of the Google Maps API has spawned a number of competing alternatives, including the Yahoo! Maps API, Bing Maps Platform, MapQuest Development Platform, and OpenLayers.
In September 2011, Google announced it would discontinue a number of its products, including Google Maps API for Flash.[18]
In 2006, Google introduced a Java application called Google Maps for Mobile, intended to run on any Java-based phone or mobile device. Many of the web-based site's features are provided in the application.[19]
On November 28, 2007, Google Maps for Mobile 2.0 was released. It introduced a GPS-like location service that does not require a GPS receiver. The "my location" feature works by utilizing the GPS location of the mobile device, if it is available. This information is supplemented by the software determining the nearest wireless networks and cell sites. The software then looks up the location of the cell site using a database of known wireless networks and cell sites. The Cell-site location method is used by triangulating the different signal strengths from different cell transmitters and then using their location property (retrieved from the online cell site database) to aid My Location in determining the user's current location. Wireless network location method is calculated by discovering the nearby WiFi hotspots and using their location property (retrieved from the online WiFi database, in the same way as the cell site database) to further discover the user's location. The order in which these take precedence is:
- GPS-based services
- WLAN-, WiFi-based services
- Cell transmitter-based services
The software plots the streets in blue that are available with a yellow icon and a green circle around the estimated range of the cell site based on the transmitter's rated power (among other variables). The estimate is refined using the strength of the cell phone signal to estimate how close to the cell site the mobile device is.
As of December 15, 2008 (2008 -12-15)[update], this service is available for the following platforms:[20]
On November 4, 2009, Google Maps Navigation was released in conjunction with Google Android OS 2.0 Eclair on the Motorola Droid, adding voice commands, traffic reports, and street view support.[21] The initial release was limited to the United States.[22] The service was launched in the UK on 20 April 2010 and in large parts of continental Europe on June 9, 2010 (including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland).[23]
In March 2011, Google Vice President of Location Service, Marissa Mayer announced that Google provides map services to 150 millions users.[24]
Cell phones are being increasingly used for navigation assistance. Google Maps Navigation for Android 2.0 is free.
Features provided in the application:
- Search in plain English
- Search by voice
- Traffic view
- Search along route
- Satellite view
- Street View
- Car dock mode
Google Maps Navigation is free. A potential drawback of Google Maps for Android is that maps are not included in the application file. An internet connection is required to get maps and related information from Google Maps, just like with iPhone’s Google Maps application.[25] This drawback is mitigated by an automatic map caching feature which temporarily stores recently viewed areas. There is also a 'Download Map Area' feature in the Labs section of Google Maps. The 'Download Map Area' feature enables the user to download the road map and landmark data for an area of 10 square miles (26 km2) around any point. The user can do this action multiple times to cover as much area as desired. Google suggests that users can make use of this feature to download the map of a foreign city before traveling to visit it, so that once the user arrives in the city, they can refer to the pre-downloaded road map without needing to use expensive international roaming data. However, the downloaded map area only includes the basic road map and its landmark labels. Google notes that even after you download a map area, "you still need a data connection to see satellite view and 3D buildings, search for Places and get directions."[26]
In Google Maps, URL parameters are sometimes data-driven in their limits and the user interface presented by the web may or may not reflect those limits. In particular, the zoom level (denoted by the z parameter) supported varies. In less populated regions, the supported zoom levels might stop at around 18. In earlier versions of the API, specifying these higher values might result in no image being displayed. In Western cities, the supported zoom level generally stops at about 20. In some isolated cases, the data supports up to 23 or greater, as in these elephants or this view of people at a well in Chad, Africa. Different versions of the API and web interfaces may or may not fully support these higher levels.
As of October 2010, the Google map viewer updates its zoom bar to allow the user to zoom all the way when centered over areas that support higher zoom levels.
Google Maps first started as a C++ program designed by two Danish brothers Lars and Jens Rasmussen at the Sydney-based company Where 2 Technologies. It was first designed to be separately downloaded by users but the company later pitched the idea for a purely Web-based product to Google management, changing the method of distribution.[27] In October 2004 the company was acquired by Google Inc[28] where it transformed into the web application Google Maps. The application was first announced on the Google Blog on February 8, 2005,[29] and was located at Google. It originally only supported users of Internet Explorer and Mozilla web browsers, but support for Opera and Safari was added on February 25, 2005, but currently[when?] Opera is removed from the system requirements list. As of December 2010[update] Internet Explorer 7.0+, Firefox 3.6+, Safari 3.1+, and Google Chrome are supported.[30] It was in beta for six months before becoming part of Google Local on October 6, 2005.
In April 2005, Google created Google Ride Finder using Google Maps. In June 2005, Google released the Google Maps API. In July 2005, Google began Google Maps and Google Local services for Japan, including road maps. On July 22, 2005, Google released "Hybrid View". Together with this change, the satellite image data was converted from plate carrée to Mercator projection, which makes for a less distorted image in the temperate climes latitudes. In July 2005, in honor of the thirty-sixth anniversary of the Apollo Moon landing, Google Moon was launched. In September 2005, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Google Maps quickly updated its satellite imagery of New Orleans to allow users to view the extent of the flooding in various parts of that city. (Oddly, in March 2007, imagery showing hurricane damage was replaced with images from before the storm; this replacement was not made on Google Earth, which still uses post-Katrina imagery).[31][32]
From January 2006, Google Maps featured road maps for the United States, Puerto Rico, Canada, the United Kingdom, Japan, and certain cities in the Republic of Ireland. Coverage of the area around Turin was added in time for the 2006 Winter Olympics. On January 23, 2006, Google Maps was updated to use the same satellite image database as Google Earth. On March 12, 2006, Google Mars[33] was launched, which features a draggable map and satellite imagery of the planet Mars. In April 2006, Google Local was merged into the main Google Maps site. On April 3, 2006, version 2 of the Maps API was released.[34][dead link] On June 11, 2006, Google added geocoding capabilities to the API, satisfying the most developer-requested feature for this service.[35] On June 14, 2006, Google Maps for Enterprise was officially launched.[36] As a commercial service, it features intranet and advertisement-free implementations. In July 2006 Google started including Google Maps business listings in the form of Local OneBoxes in the main Google search results.[37] On December 9 Google integrates the PlusBox in the main search results.[38] On December 19 Google added a feature that lets you add multiple destinations to your driving directions.[39] Beginning in February 2007, buildings and subway stops are displayed in Google Maps "map view" for parts of New York City, Washington, D.C., London, San Francisco, and some other cities.[40]
On January 29, 2007 Local Universal results were upgraded and more data included in the main Google results page.[41] On February 28, 2007, Google Traffic info was officially launched to automatically include real-time traffic flow conditions to the maps of 30 major cities of the United States.[42] On March 8, 2007, the Local Business Center was upgraded.[43] On May 16, 2007 Google rolled out Universal search results, including more Map information on the main Google results page.[44] On May 18, 2007 Google added neighborhood search capabilities.[45] On May 29, 2007, Google driving directions support was added to the Google Maps API.[46] On May 29, 2007, Street View was added, giving a ground-level 360-degree view of streets in some major cities in United States.[47] On June 19, 2007, reviews were allowed to be added directly to businesses on Google Maps.[48] On June 28, 2007, draggable driving directions were introduced.[49] On July 31, 2007, support for the hCard microformat was announced.[50] Unfortunately, the implementation is broken.[citation needed] On August 21, 2007, Google announced a simple way to embed Google Maps into other websites.[51] On September 13, 2007, 54 new countries were added to Google Maps in Latin America and Asia.[52] On October 3, 2007, Google Transit was integrated into Google Maps making public transportation routing possible on Google Maps.[53] On October 27, 2007, Google Maps started mapping the geoweb and showing the results in Google Maps.[54] On October 27, 2007, Google Maps added a searchable interface for coupons in the business listings.[55] On November 27, 2007, "Terrain" view showing basic topographic features was added. The button for "Hybrid" view was removed, and replaced with a "Show labels" checkbox under the "Satellite" button to switch between "Hybrid" and "Satellite" views.[citation needed]
On January 22, 2008, Google expanded the Local Onebox from 3 business listings to 10.[56] On February 20, 2008, Google Maps allowed searches to be refined by User Rating & neighborhoods.[57] On March 18, 2008, Google allowed end users to edit business listings and add new places.[58] On March 19, 2008, Google added unlimited category options in the Local Business Center.[59] On April 2, 2008, Google added contour lines to the Terrain view.[60] In April 2008, a button to view recent Saved Locations was added to the right of the search field.[citation needed] In May 2008, a "More" button was added alongside the "Map", "Satellite", and "Terrain" buttons, permitting access to geographically related photos on Panoramio and articles on Wikipedia.[citation needed] On May 15, 2008, Google Maps was ported to Flash and ActionScript 3 as a foundation for richer internet applications.[citation needed] On July 15, 2008, walking directions were added.[61] On August 4, 2008, Street View launched in Japan and Australia.[61] On August 5, 2008, the user interface was redesigned.[61] On August 29, 2008, Google signed a deal under which GeoEye would supply them with imagery from a satellite,[62] and introduced the Map Maker tool, which allows any user to improve the map data seen by all.[61] On September 9, 2008, a reverse business lookup feature was added.[61] On September 23, 2008, information for the New York City Metropolitan Transit Authority was added.[61] On October 7, 2008, GeoEye-1 took its first image, a bird's-eye view of Kutztown University in Pennsylvania.[63] On October 26, 2008, reverse geocoding was added to the Maps API.[61] On November 11, 2008, Street View in Spain, Italy, and France was introduced.[61] On November 23, 2008, AIR support for the Maps API for Flash was added.[61] On November 25, 2008, a new user interface for Street View was introduced.[61] On November 27, 2008, maps, local business information, and local trends for China were introduced.[61] On December 9, 2008, 2x Street View coverage was introduced.[61]
In May, 2009, a new Google Maps logo was introduced.[64] In early October 2009, Google replaced Tele Atlas as their primary supplier of geospatial data in the U.S. version of Maps and use their own data.[65] In October 2009, the railroads were redone, featuring a slightly new look and updated, removing older lines.[citation needed] Also in the same month, maps in several areas were changed to include paper streets and other odd roads that don't exist, as well as lot lines showing up on the map interface.[citation needed]
On February 11, 2010, Google Maps Labs was added. On March 11, 2010, Street View in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Macau, and more locations in Japan were launched. On May 25, 2010, public transportation routing for Denmark was added by integrating with Rejseplanen.dk.[66]
On April 8, Google announced they would begin charging for API usage by commercial sites over a limit.[67] They also introduced a premium licensed service.
On April 19, 2011, Map Maker was added to U.S. Google Maps. Google made its Map Maker feature available in the U.S., allowing any viewer to edit and add changes to Google Maps. This was done since Open Street Map updating was so successful. Basically Google can get local map updates almost in real time compared to waiting for digital map data companies which only release expensive updates monthly. Google saves money by first having workers in India do the checking, and second, having the general public do the edits they once paid a premium dollar for. And the added plus is the data is copyrighted and owned by Google once checked and added to their GIS database.
On January 31, 2012, Google was found guilty of abusing the dominant position of its Google Maps application and ordered by a court to pay a fine and damages to Bottin Cartographes, a French mapping company.[68]
On May 30, 2012, Google Places was replaced by Google+ Local, which now integrates directly with the Google+ service to allow users to post photos and reviews of locations directly to its page on the service. Additionally, Google+ Local and Maps also now feature detailed reviews and ratings from Zagat, who was acquired by Google in September 2011.[69]
Google Ditu (谷歌地图 lit. "Google Maps") was released to the public on February 9, 2007, and replaced the old Google Bendi (谷歌本地 lit. "Google Local"). This is the Chinese localized version of Google Maps and Google Local services.
In order to be compliant with the requirements of Chinese law, Google had to remove or modify some Google Maps features in Google Ditu:
- Google Ditu does not allow overlay of user-generated content from Panoramio, YouTube, Wikipedia and webcams.
- Google Ditu shows the disputed border areas between China and India as being part of China, while on Google Maps those disputed areas are shown inside dotted lines.
Main article:
Google MoonIn honor of the 36th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing on July 20, 1969, Google took public domain imagery of the Moon, integrated it into the Google Maps interface, and created a tool called Google Moon.[70] By default this tool, with a reduced set of features, also displays the points of landing of all Apollo spacecraft to land on the Moon. It also included an easter egg, displaying a Swiss cheese design at the highest zoom level, which Google has since removed.[citation needed] A recent collaborative project between NASA Ames Research Center and Google is integrating and improving the data that is used for Google Moon. This is the Planetary Content[71] Project. Google Moon was linked from a special commemorative version of the Google logo displayed at the top of the main Google search page for July 20, 2005 (UTC).[72]
Main article:
Google MarsGoogle Mars provides a visible imagery view, like Google Moon, as well as infrared imagery and shaded relief (elevation) of the planet Mars. Users can toggle between the elevation, visible, and infrared data, in the same manner as switching between map, satellite, and hybrid modes of Google Maps. In collaboration with NASA scientists at the Mars Space Flight Facility located at Arizona State University, Google has provided the public with data collected from two NASA Mars missions, Mars Global Surveyor and 2001 Mars Odyssey.[73]
Now, with Google Earth 5 it is possible to access new improved Google Mars data at a much higher resolution, as well as being able to view the terrain in 3D, and viewing panoramas from various Mars landers in a similar way to Google Street View.
On August 27, 2007, Google introduced Google Sky, an online space mapping tool that allows users to pan through a map of the visible universe, using photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Google launched an experimental Google Maps-based tool called Ride Finder, tapping into in-car GPS units for a selection of participating taxi and limousine services. The tool displays the current location of all supported vehicles of the participating services in major U.S. cities, including Chicago and San Francisco, on a Google Maps street map. As of 2009[update] the tool seems to be discontinued. Not to be confused with carpooling.
In December 2005, Google launched public transport route planner Google Transit on Google Labs, a 20% project of Chris Harrelson and Avichal Garg.[74] Google Transit launched initially with support for Portland, Oregon, and now includes hundreds of cities in the United States, Canada, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, India (Pune & Delhi,NCR), and New Zealand. The service calculates route, transit time and cost, and can compare the trip to one using a car. In October 2007 Google Transit graduated from Google Labs and became fully integrated into Google Maps.[75]
The coverage of Google Transit is publicly available. It is spread worldwide, in hundreds of cities and sometimes in entire countries such as China, Japan, Switzerland. The coverage of major cities in the United States and in Canada is almost exhaustive.
In some areas, such as the United Kingdom, Google Transit covers only part of the transit agencies.
In other areas, Google Transit does not provide public transit directions, but still provides the Transit Layer which overlays the schematic of the transit lines on the map. Notable examples include Paris, Berlin, Mexico City and many other capitals around the world.
On March 10, 2010, Google added the possibility to search for biking directions on Google Maps. Optimal routes are calculated from traffic, elevation change, bike paths, bike lanes, and preferred roads for biking. An optional layer also shows different types of biking paths, from bike-only trails to preferred roads. This service is available in the US[76][77] and Canada,[78] and is in beta testing in some other countries such as Singapore.
In April 2007, My Maps was a new feature added to Google's local search maps. My Maps lets users and businesses create their own map by positioning markers, polylines and polygons onto a map. The interface is a straightforward overlay on the map. A set of eighty-four pre-designed markers is available, ranging from bars and restaurants to webcam and earthquake symbols. Polyline and Polygon color, width and opacity are selectable. Maps modified using My Maps can be saved for later viewing and made public or marked as unlisted, in which case a user will need the saved URL with a 42 character unique ID.
Each element added to a My Map has an editable tag. This tag can contain text, rich text or HTML. Embeddable video and other content can be included within the HTML tag.
Upon the launch of My Maps there was no facility to embed the created maps into a webpage or blog. A few independent websites have now produced tools to let users embed maps and add further functionality to their maps.[79] This has been resolved with version 2.78.[citation needed]
On May 25, 2007, Google released Street View, a new feature of Google Maps which provides 360° panoramic street-level views of various U.S. cities. On this date, the feature only included five cities, but has since expanded to thousands of locations around the world.
Google Street View is currently available in parts of the following countries and regions:
* Museum views only.
In August 2008, Australia was added to the Street View feature with nearly all Australian highways, roads and streets having the feature. In addition in that month Japan was added and the Tour de France route was added on July 2 of that year. In December 2008, New Zealand was added to street view. The United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand are the only countries to date with almost all roads and highways featured.
July 2009, Google begins mapping college campuses and surrounding paths and trails. Mexico's main cities and tourist points are added to Street View.
Street View garnered much controversy after its release because of privacy concerns about the uncensored nature of the panoramic photographs.[80][81] Since then, Google has begun blurring faces through automatic face detection.[82]
In December 2009 Google released Aerial View, consisting of angled aerial imagery, offering a "bird's eye view" of cities. The first cities available were San Jose and San Diego. This feature was available only to developers via the Google Maps API.[83] In February 2010 it was introduced as an experimental feature in Google Maps Labs.[84]
In July 2010 Aerial View was made available in Google Maps in select cities in the United States and worldwide.[85]
The complete list of cities available (as of March 2012) is:[86]
| Country |
Cities |
 Argentina |
Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Mendoza, Rosario |
 Australia |
Adelaide |
 Austria |
Graz, Innsbruck, Linz, Steyr, Wiener Neustadt |
 Brazil |
Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Porto Alegre |
 Canada |
Ottawa |
 Chile |
Santiago, Valparaíso |
 Czech Republic |
Brno, Frýdek-Místek, Hradec Králové, Karlovy Vary, Liberec, Most, Olomouc, Pardubice, Plzeň, Prague, Teplitz, Ústí nad Labem, Zlín |
 Germany |
Augsburg, Dortmund, Friedberg[disambiguation needed  ], Mannheim, Speyer, Stuttgart, Ulm, Wachtberg, Weinheim |
 Hungary |
Budapest |
 Italy |
Cagliari, Rome, Venice, Naples |
 Slovakia |
Bratislava |
 South Africa |
Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Nelspruit, Polokwane, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria, Rustenburg Surrounding Area |
 Spain |
Alicante, Aranjuez, Badajoz, Bailén, Baiona, Cáceres, Ciudad Real, Córdoba, Cuenca, Elche, Girona, Huesca, Jaen, Las Rozas de Madrid, Logroño, Manresa, Merida, Pamplona, Salamanca, San Sebastián, Santander, Segovia, Seville, Torrelavega, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Zamora |
 Switzerland |
Basel, Geneva, Lausanne, Montreux, Nyon, Rolle |
 United Kingdom |
Leeds |
 United States |
Albuquerque, NM, Atlanta, GA, Auburn, CA, Augusta, GA, Austin, TX, Bakersfield, CA, Baton Rouge, LA, Benton, AR, Birmingham, AL, Boise, ID, Boston, MA, Boulder City, NV, Boulder, CO, Buffalo, NY, Caldwell County, TX, Canton, OH, Cape Coral, FL, Charleston, SC, Charlotte, NC, Chattanooga, TN, Cleveland, OH, Columbia, SC, Contra Costa County, CA, Davenport, IA, Decatur, AL, Denver, CO, Des Moines, IA, Detroit, MI, Escondido, CA, Fayetteville, AR, Fort Myers, FL, Fresno, CA, Galt, CA, Grand Rapids, MI, Greenville, SC, Honolulu, HI, Houston, TX, Huntsville, AL, Jackson, MS, Kansas City, KS, Lake Arrowhead, CA, Lake Forest, CA, Lake Tahoe, CA, Lakeland, FL, Lakewood, WA, Las Vegas, NV, Lawrence, KS, Lee's Summit, MO, Little Rock, AR, Long Beach, CA, Lubbock, TX, Memphis, TN, Midland, TX, Milwaukee, WI, Minneapolis, MN, Mobile, AL, Modesto, CA, Montgomery, AL, Nashville, TN, New Orleans, LA, Norfolk, VA, Oakland, CA Area, Ogden, UT, Oklahoma City, OK, Olathe, KS, Ontario, CA, Orlando, FL, Oxnard, CA, Palm Springs, CA, Pensacola, FL, Petaluma, CA, Phoenix, AZ, Placerville, CA, Pleasanton, TX, Plymouth, MN, Port Charlotte, FL, Portland, OR, Racine, WI, Raleigh, NC, Reno, NV, Richmond, VA, Sacramento, CA Area, Salem, OR, Salinas, CA, Salt Lake City, UT, San Antonio, TX, San Diego, CA Area, San Jose, CA Area, San Luis Obispo, CA, Santa Clara, CA Area, Santa Cruz, CA Area, Santa Rosa, CA, Sarasota, FL, Sausalito, CA, Seattle, WA, Shawnee, KS, Shreveport, LA, South Hill, WA, Spokane, WA, Springfield, MO, St Louis, MO, St Paul, MN, St Petersburg, FL, Stockton, CA, Tacoma, WA, Torrance, CA, Tucson, AZ, Tulsa, OK, Vacaville, CA, Van Nuys, CA, Virginia Beach, VA, Waco, TX, Yuma, AZ |
Google Latitude is a feature from Google that lets users share their physical locations with other people. This service is based on Google Maps, specifically on mobile devices. There's an iGoogle widget for Desktops and Laptops as well.[87] Some concerns have been expressed about the privacy issues raised by the use of the service.[88]
Google Flu Shot Finder allows users in the United States to identify locations where both the pandemic H1N1/09 virus and seasonal flu vaccines are available near a given address or ZIP code.
Monopoly City Streets was a live worldwide version of the game Monopoly using Google Maps as the game board. It was created by Google and Hasbro. The game has since ended.[89]
Google maps links to the geo-tags placed in Wikipedia articles. It also links to photos with GPS tags from Panoramio.[citation needed]
Globe Genie displays Google Street View imagery associated with a random location. Users can share notable locations with a public mapping function based on Google Maps.
Isochrone maps can be generated using the Google Maps API.[90]
The Google Maps terms and conditions[91] state that usage of material from Google Maps is regulated by Google Terms of Service[92] and some additional restrictions. Google has either purchased local map data from established companies, or has entered into lease agreements to use copyrighted map data. The owner of the copyright is listed at the bottom of zoomed maps. For example street maps in Japan are leased from Zenrin. Street maps in China are leased from Mapabc. Russian street maps are leased from Geocentre Consulting and Tele Atlas. Data is unavailable for North Korea, so the country is blank, though the companion project Google Map Maker shows some information.
In areas where Google Map Maker is available, for example, much of Asia, Africa, Latin America and East Europe as well as the United States, anyone who logs into their Google account can directly improve the map by fixing incorrect driving directions, adding biking trails, or adding a missing hospital. General map errors in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Switzerland, and the United States can be reported using the Report a Problem link in Google Maps and will be updated by Google.[93] For areas where Google uses Tele Atlas data, map errors can be reported using Tele Atlas map insight.[94]
If imagery is missing, outdated, misaligned, or generally incorrect, you can notify Google through their contact request form. People can also choose to receive email notification of when imagery gets updated in their area using the Follow Your World application.
Google Maps has difficulty processing zip code data when dealing with cross-boundary situations. For example, users are unable to obtain a route from Hong Kong to Shenzhen via Shatoujiao, because Google Maps does not display and plan the road map of two overlapping places.[95]
Sometimes the names of geographical locations are inaccurate. An example of this type of error may be found in Google Maps Laona, Wisconsin. In this instance Google Maps identifies one of the town's two major lakes as "Dawson Lake";[96] the USGS, State of Wisconsin, and local government maps all identify that map feature as "Scattered Rice Lake".[97] Another example is Samoa, labeled with "Western Samoa", accurate only as recently as 1997.
In 2011, Google Maps mislabeled the entire length of U.S. Route 30 from Astoria, Oregon to Atlantic City, New Jersey as being concurrent with Quebec Route 366.[98]
Google collates business listings from multiple on-line and off-line sources. To reduce duplication in the index, Google's algorithm combines listings automatically based on address, phone number, or geocode,[99] but sometimes information for separate businesses will be inadvertently merged with each other, resulting in listings inaccurately incorporating elements from multiple businesses.[100]
Google has also recruited volunteers to check and correct ground truth data.[101]
Google Maps can easily be manipulated by businesses which aren't physically located in the area they record a listing. There are cases of people abusing Google Places to overtake their competition where they place a number of unverified listings on online directory sites knowing the information will roll across to Google (duplicate sites). The people that update these listings do not use a registered business name. Keywords and location details are placed on their Google Places business title which overtake credible business listings. In Australia in particular, genuine companies and businesses are noticing a disturbing trend of fake business listings in a variety of industries.[102]
Street map overlays, in some areas, may not match up precisely with the corresponding satellite images. The street data may be entirely erroneous, or simply out of date: "The biggest challenge is the currency of data, the authenticity of data," said Google Earth representative Brian McClendon. As a result, in March 2008 Google added a feature to edit the locations of houses and businesses.[103][104]
Restrictions have been placed on Google Maps through the apparent censoring of locations deemed potential security threats. In some cases the area of redaction is for specific buildings, but in other cases, such as Washington, D.C.,[105] the restriction is to use outdated imagery. These locations are fully listed on Satellite map images with missing or unclear data.
There are some differences in frontier alignments between Google Ditu and Google Maps. On Google Maps, sections of the Chinese border with India and Pakistan are shown with dotted lines, indicating areas or frontiers in dispute. However, Google Ditu shows the Chinese frontier strictly according to Chinese claims with no dotted lines indicating the border with India and Pakistan. For example, the South Tibet region claimed by China but administered by India as a large part of Arunachal Pradesh is shown inside the Chinese frontier by Google Ditu, with Indian highways ending abruptly at the Chinese claim line. Google Ditu also shows Taiwan and the South China Sea Islands as part of China. As of May 2009[update], Google Ditu's street map coverage of Taiwan also omits major state organs, such as the Presidential Palace, the five Yuans, and the Supreme Court.
There are some differences between ditu.google.cn and ditu.google.com. For example, the former does not feature My Maps. On the other hand, while the former displays virtually all text in Chinese, the latter displays most text (user-selectable real text as well as those on map) in English. This behavior of displaying English text is not consistent but intermittent – sometimes it is in English, sometimes it is in Chinese. The criteria for choosing which language is displayed are not known publicly.
The Wikipedia option of Google Maps has introduced interesting errors by incorporating incorrect or wildly misleading data:
In October 2010, Nicaraguan military commander Edén Pastora stationed Nicaraguan troops on the Isla Calero (in the delta of the San Juan River), justifying his action on the border delineation given by Google Maps. Bing Maps depicts the island to be on the Costa Rican side of the border. Google has since updated its data which it found to be incorrect.[106]
Google Maps is based on a close variant of the Mercator projection.[107] If the earth were perfectly spherical, the projection would be the same as the Mercator. Google Maps uses the formulæ for the spherical Mercator, but the coordinates of features on Google Maps are the GPS coordinates based on the WGS 84 datum. The difference between a sphere and the WGS 84 ellipsoid causes the resultant projection not to be precisely conformal. The discrepancy is imperceptible at the global scale but causes maps of local areas to deviate slightly from true ellipsoidal Mercator maps at the same scale.
Assuming that Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \,dE
and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \,dN
are the components of infinitesmal local ENU coordinates, their breadth and length projected on the map are described as follows:
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \begin{align} & dx = a_\text{map} \left(\frac{a}{\sqrt{1-e^2 \sin^2 \varphi }}\right)^{-1} \sec \varphi \, dE ,\\ & dy = a_\text{map} \left(\frac{a(1- e^2)}{\left(1-e^2 \sin^2 \varphi\right)^{3/2}}\right)^{-1} \sec \varphi \, dN , \end{align}
where Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \,\varphi
is geodetic latitude, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \,e
is the first eccentricity of the ellipsoid of the Earth, Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \,a
is the semi-major axis of the Earth, and Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \,a_\text{map}
is that at the scale of the map as drawn (see "Geodetic system" and "Mercator projection"). Google Maps uses[108]
- Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): a_\text{map} = \frac{256 \times 2^{zoomLevel}}{2 \pi} \ \text{pixels} .
Because the Mercator projects the poles at infinity, Google Maps cannot show the poles. Instead it cuts off coverage at 85° north and south. This is not considered a limitation, given the purpose of the service.
- deCarta Maps – deCarta is the leading independent enabler of location-based services. A white-label alternative to all the brand name maps.
- Bing Maps – Microsoft's mapping service with road maps and aerial/satellite imagery
- Géoportail – a French rival offering detailed aerial photographs of French territories
- historicerials.com - Shows classic aerial photography data.
- MapQuest
- Multimap.com – acquired by Microsoft, and now merged in to Bing Maps.
- NearMap - Australia specific aerial photography, regularly updated.
- OpenStreetMap – a royalty free, editable map of the world
- Nokia Maps – a service offered by Nokia that allows synchronizing with user's mobile phones
- Pictometry International – a birdseye imagery provider which can be integrated into all mapping programs
- Seat Pagine Gialle – an Italian competitor offering detailed satellite pictures of Italian territories and navigable street level panoramas of Rome (similar to Street View)
- Terralink International
- ViaMichelin
- Waze
- Yahoo! Maps
- ABmaps
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