- published: 13 Feb 2009
- views: 29991
- author: Spalancati
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Acatic
- Acatlán de Juárez
- Aeromexico
- Ahualulco de Mercado
- Air Canada
- Air Transat
- Alaska Airlines
- Alejandro Colunga
- Alfred Geist
- Amacueca
- Amatitán
- Ameca River
- Ameca, Jalisco
- American Airlines
- Anjelica Huston
- Antonio Escobedo
- Arandas, Jalisco
- Atengo
- Atenguillo
- Atotonilco El Alto
- Atoyac, Jalisco
- Autlán, Jalisco
- Ava Gardner
- Ayotlán
- Ayutla, Jalisco
- Bahía de Banderas
- Balneario
- Birria
- Bolaños
- Brizuela, Jalisco
- Cabo Corrientes
- Canada
- Cancún
- Carnival Splendor
- Casimiro Castillo
- Cañadas de Obregón
- Chapala, Jalisco
- Cihuatlán, Jalisco
- Cloris Leachman
- Cocula, Jalisco
- Colotlán
- Conchas Chinas
- Continental Airlines
- Cristero War
- Cruise ship
- Cuautla, Jalisco
- Cuquío
- Daniel Bernhardt
- Danny Huston
- Day of the Dead
- Daylight saving time
- DC-3
- Deborah Kerr
- Degollado
- Demonym
- Disney Wonder
- Día de Muertos
- Ejido
- Ejutla, Jalisco
- El Arenal, Jalisco
- El Grullo
- El Limón, Jalisco
- El Salto, Jalisco
- El Tuito
- Elizabeth Taylor
- Encarnación de Díaz
- Etzatlán
- Fideicomiso
- Gay bar
- Gay club
- Gay men
- Gay-friendly
- Governor of Jalisco
- Guachinango, Jalisco
- Guadalajara, Jalisco
- Guerrero
- Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
- Harvey Keitel
- Harvey Korman
- Herbie
- Herbie Goes Bananas
- Hernán Cortés
- Hostotipaquillo
- Hotel
- Huejuquilla El Alto
- Huejúcar
- Humidity
- Hurricane Kenna
- Ignacio Vallarta
- Iguana
- Iguana meat
- Interjet
- Ixtapa
- Ixtlahuacán del Río
- Jalisco
- Jalostotitlán
- Jamay (municipality)
- Jellyfish
- Jesús María, Jalisco
- Jocotepec
- John Huston
- John McTiernan
- Juanacatlán
- Juchitlán
- La Huerta, Jalisco
- Lagos de Moreno
- Latin America
- Lesbian
- LGBT tourism
- Limitless (film)
- Los Angeles
- Los Posadas
- Magnicharters
- Manila Galleon
- Manuel Lepe Macedo
- Mascota
- Mazamitla
- Meditation
- Mexican Navy
- Mexican Peso
- Mexico
- Mexico City
- Mexticacan
- Mezquitic
- Michoacán
- Mismaloya
- Mixtlán
- Nayarit
- New Age
- New York City
- Northwest Airlines
- Nuevo Vallarta
- Ocotlán, Jalisco
- Ojuelos de Jalisco
- Poinsettias
- Poncitlán
- Portal Mexico
- Poverty
- Predator (film)
- Puerto Vallarta
- Píhuamo
- Quitupan
- Ramiz Barquet
- Resort
- Richard Burton
- Richard Nixon
- Robert James Waller
- San Blas, Nayarit
- San Francisco
- San Gabriel, Jalisco
- San Julián, Jalisco
- San Marcos, Jalisco
- San Miguel el Alto
- Sayula, Jalisco
- Scott Glenn
- Seattle
- Sergio Bustamante
- Snowbird (people)
- Spanish language
- Spring Break
- States of Mexico
- Tagetes erecta
- Tala, Jalisco
- Talk Puerto Vallarta
- Talpa de Allende
- Tamazula de Gordiano
- Tapalpa
- Tecalitlán
- Tecolotlán
- Template Jalisco
- Tenamaxtlán
- Tennessee Williams
- Teocaltiche
- Tepatitlán, Jalisco
- Tequila, Jalisco
- Teuchitlán
- Time in Mexico
- Time zone
- Tizapan El Alto
- Tlajomulco de Zuñiga
- Tlaquepaque
- Tolimán, Jalisco
- Tomatlán
- Tonalá, Jalisco
- Tonaya
- Tonila
- Totatiche
- Tototlán
- Tuxcacuesco
- Tuxcueca
- Tuxpan, Jalisco
- U.S. Navy
- United Airlines
- United States
- Unión de San Antonio
- Unión de Tula
- US Airways
- UTC-5
- UTC-6
- Valle de Juárez
- Villa Corona
- Villa Purificación
- VivaAerobus
- Volaris
- Volkswagen Beetle
- Wattle and daub
- WestJet
- WP IPA for Spanish
- WP NPOVD
- Zacoalco de Torres
- Zapopan, Jalisco
- Zapotiltic
- Zapotlanejo
- Zapotlán del Rey
- Zapotlán el Grande
- Zihuatanejo
-
Acapulco
Acapulco (officially known as Acapulco de Juárez) is a city, municipality and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 300 kilometres (190 mi) southwest from Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semi-circular bay and has been a port since the early colonial period of Mexico’s history. It is a port of call for shipping and cruising lines running between Panama and San Francisco, California, United States. The city of Acapulco is the largest in the state, far larger than the state capital Chilpancingo. Acapulco is also Mexico's largest beach and balneario resorted city.
The city is best known as one of Mexico’s oldest and most well-known beach resorts, which came into prominence by the 1950s as a getaway for Hollywood stars and millionaires. Acapulco is still famous for its nightlife and still attracts many vacationers, although most are now from Mexico itself. The resort area is divided into two: The north end of the bay is the "traditional" area, where the famous in the mid 20th century vacationed and the south end is dominated by newer luxury high rise hotels.
wn.com/Acapulco -
Acatic
Acatic is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 362.39 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 18,551.
wn.com/Acatic -
Acatlán de Juárez
Acatlán de Juárez is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 166.68 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 22,540.
The first settlers in the region were members of a tribe that was established in Cocula, They were defeated by the Purepecha in 1509.
In the year of 1550 the area for the first time attained the first level of a municipality, under the power of the viceroy of the New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza. During his rule he encountered discontent with people in Zacoalco de Torres, Ahualulco and Ameca. In the first half of the 17th century the Augustinians built a temple dedicated to Santa Ana, known today as the " Parroquia de Santa Ana".
In 1825 the area fell under the canton of Sayula. In 1858, Benito Juárez, in his journey through these lands, stayed at the inn in the town of Acatlán de Juárez, owned by Miguel Gomez. During his short stay, he was killed at the hands of the conservatives, and died saving the pastor of the place, Meliton Gutierrez Vargas. On March 22 of 1906, by decree 1158, the name of the earlier village changed its name from Santa Ana Acatlan to Acaltán de Juarez, and acquired the title of a town.
wn.com/Acatlán_de_Juárez -
Ahualulco de Mercado
Ahualulco de Mercado is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 134.22 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 21,465.
wn.com/Ahualulco_de_Mercado -
Amacueca
Amacueca is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 131.79 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,506.
wn.com/Amacueca -
Amatitán
Amatitán (population 20,000[citation needed]) is the head of a municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco, and is home to one of the world's largest tequila distilleries.
Located 35 km north of Mexico's second-largest city, Guadalajara, Amatitán is believed by many to be the birthplace of tequila.[citation needed] It is the location of “La Hacienda de San José del Refugio”, a distillery which makes “Tequila Herradura” and “Tequila Jimador” and is the main source of employment for the residents of the town and surrounding communities.
The Town of Amatitan is the administrative center for the "Municipio de Amatitan" which also includes the surrounding communities of Santiaguito, Villa de Cuerambaro, Chome, La Mata, La Conchilla, El Amarrilo, Agua Fria, Santa Rosa and several other smaller settlements.
Amatitan can be visited from Guadalajara by taking the Tequila Express, a train which runs on Saturdays from Guadalajara to Amatitan, there tourists are offered tours of the local distilleries and the nearby city of Tequila, located 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) north of Amatitan, (tickets are 850 pesos, available through the local Chamber of Commerce and TicketMaster locations). Amatitan can also be reached from Guadalajara by car driving north on Mexican Federal Highway 15, it is a drive of about 45 minutes and the road is kept in fairly good shape.
wn.com/Amatitán -
Ameca River
The Río Ameca is a river of some 230 km in length in western Mexico. It rises in the Bosque de la Primavera in Jalisco, 23 km to the west of state capital Guadalajara; flows through the city of Ameca; and then forms the boundary between Jalisco and Nayarit on its way to the Pacific Ocean, where it drains into the Bahía de Banderas near Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. Its main tributaries are the Ahuacatlán and Amatlán de Cañas.
Coordinates: 20°40′21″N 105°16′52″W / 20.6725°N 105.281°W / 20.6725; -105.281
wn.com/Ameca_River -
Ameca, Jalisco
Ameca (Nahuatl: Amecatl "string of water") is a city and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 685.73 km². The city is bisected by the Ameca River which drains to the Pacific Ocean near Puerto Vallarta.
The city is also the seat and largest city of the federal sub-division Región Valles, which compromises the municipalities situated on the central valleys of Jalisco.
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 57,340; and the city had a population of 36,156.
In the early 16th century Ameca was the center of the small kingdom of Ameca. This state was conquered by the Spanish in 1524. It was part of the alcaldia mayor of Autlan, New Spain during the Spanish colonial period.
The Hayward, California based restaurant chain La Piñata produces a line of tequilas at their distillery in the Ameca region.
http://www.ameca.mx/web/especial/index
http://www.ameca.gob.mx/
wn.com/Ameca,_Jalisco -
Arandas, Jalisco
Arandas is a municipio (municipality) of the Mexican state of Jalisco, located in the 'Los Altos ' region in the eastern part of the state. Arandas is also the name of the municipality's main township and the center of the municipal government. It is approximately 2 hours east of Guadalajara. The city is named after the French city of Arandas, or Spanish name is Aranda.
The population of the town of Arandas was 46,099 as of the census of 2005. The town's main plaza is named Plaza Hidalgo after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, father of Mexico's war of independence. The municipality's population as of the census of 2005 was 80,193 and its area was 1,238.02 km² (478 sq mi); however, both of these figures have been significantly reduced since 2007 with the creation of the municipality of San Ignacio Cerro Gordo from the western part of what was formerly part of the Arandas municipality. San Ignacio Cerro Gordo was the second-largest community in the municipality before the split, with a population of 9,485 inhabitants, but the largest remaining community besides the city of Arandas is Santa María del Valle, with a population of 3,902 inhabitants.
wn.com/Arandas,_Jalisco -
Atengo
Atengo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of .
wn.com/Atengo -
Atenguillo
Atenguillo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 662.55 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 4107.
wn.com/Atenguillo -
Atotonilco El Alto
Atotonilco El Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 638.15 km².
Atotonilco (pronounced ah-toe-toe-NEAL-co) means Atotonilco (Náhuatl: "place of the hot waters") El Alto means The High for honor Cristero War. Many people who fight with government for anti-christ, thousands killed in war over hill by Atotonilco El Alto.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 51,798.
The first foundation of the town occurred in 1528, by the monarch Purepecha Tzintzincha Caltzonzin. The conquest of this region was conducted in June 1530 by Nuño de Guzmán. The conquest of this region was conducted in June 1530 by Nuño de Guzmán. His first gift was encomendero Martin del Campo and its Evangelization in charge of Franciscan Friars. Atotonilco in 1551 was given in the commends conquistador Andrés de Villanueva. Atotonilco in 1551 was given in encomienda to conquistador Andrés de Villanueva. In November 1824, the State Congress, provided that the people of Atotonilco hereafter have title of town and also became the head of department and including Arandas Ayo el Chico. In November 1824, Congress of State, ruled that the village of Atotonilco hereafter have title of town and also became the head of department and including Arandas and Ayotlán. Subsequently, May 15, 1868 to be governor of Jalisco Antonio Gómez Cuervo, which ruled that the population of the High Atotonilco becomes city category conserved to date. Subsequently, the 15th of May 1868 to be governor of Jalisco Antonio Gómez Cuervo, which ruled that the population of the city becomes High Atotonilco category conserved to date.
wn.com/Atotonilco_El_Alto -
Atoyac, Jalisco
Atoyac is a city in the Mexican state of Jalisco. It serves as the administrative centre for the municipality of the same name.
Its name derives from the Nahuatl Atoya-k, which means to "Place near the river". About 36,000 thousand years ago this region was covered by the waters that formed an immense lake.
The municipality of Atoyac is located in the southern region of the state of Jalisco, between coordinates 19°52'20" to 20°07'35" North and 103°20'40" to 103°36'05" West, at a height of 1,350 meters above sea level.
It limits the north with the municipality of Zacoalco de Torres and Teocuitatlán de Corona, the south with Sayula and Gómez Farías; to the east with Teocuitatlán de Corona and Concepción de Buenos Aires and to the west with Amacueca and Techaluta de Montenegro.
The municipal territory of Atoyac has a surface of 235.81 km². Atoyac has parties every single February in celebration of its saint "el senor de la salud" the health saint. This celebration is one the biggest in the region. Everyone who lives there goes to the downtown called "La Plaza" to celebrate. In the plaza they sell food and antiques. The plaza also has games where one can win prizes.
wn.com/Atoyac,_Jalisco -
Autlán, Jalisco
Autlán de Navarro is a city and its surrounding municipality of the same name in the Costa Sur region of the southwestern part of the state of Jalisco in Mexico. At the Mexican census of 2005, the city had a population of 53,269 inhabitants. The municipality has a surface area of 962.9 km² (371.78 sq mi). The mayor is Fernando Morán Guzmán (2010-2012).
The name comes from the Nahuatl language, Aotli (water way, water channel or water ditch) and Tlan (place of or near) and means "next to the water ditch."
wn.com/Autlán,_Jalisco -
Ayotlán
Ayotlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 518.57 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 35,150.
Ayotlán comes from "Ayotl" (its former name) and means "place of turtles" or "instead of calabashes.
In 1583 the Spaniards called it "and Ayo el Chico" to distinguish it from large town that was near San Pedro Piedra Gorda, in the now state of Guanajuato. In the year 620 and 623 came the Aztecs found the place already populated by indigenous groups. About 10 km south of the town is a hill called "Old Town" which was the first seat of the population. Before the conquest had approximately 15,000 Indians living scattered throughout the Valley Coin. Manor depended Coin, whose capital was Tototlan. Worshiped "Ixtlacateolt", highly revered deity in the contours of Lake Chapala. The natives had erected shrines or "cues" on the hill of the Villas.
Olidsent by Hernán Cortés in the conquest of Michoacán in 1521, and registered as a resident grabbed the Ayotl natural. Valley Coin was given instructed to Juan de Villaseñor the Elder, who ruled 9 years. When Nuño de Guzmán arrived in the population, the 16 February 1530, ignored the rights of Villaseñor. Ayotl was then under the jurisdiction of the Nueva Galicia. The people of Ayotl participated in the war Miztán in 1541 then was encomendero Verdugo Fco. They burned the church and their houses and went back to Peñoles Coin. The number of natives amounted to 12,000 rebels. On October 26 the same year, personally Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza besieged El Penol with a powerful army and gave them so fierce battle that nearly ended with them.
wn.com/Ayotlán -
Ayutla, Jalisco
Ayutla is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 884.62 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 12,221 .
wn.com/Ayutla,_Jalisco -
Bahía de Banderas
Bahía de Banderas (Bay of Flags) is both a bay and a municipality in the Mexican state of Nayarit.
The bay, site of the tourist destination Puerto Vallarta, is bounded on the north by Punta Mita and on the south by Cape Corrientes. It straddles the states of Jalisco and Nayarit. At approximately 100km long, it is not the largest bay in Mexico, despite what many locals claim. The municipality had a population of 83,739 in 2005 (59,808 in 2000) in a total area of 773.3 km². The municipal seat is Valle de Banderas with a population of 5,057 in 2005. Other towns are San Juan de Abajo (8,159), Bucerías (5,711), San José del Valle (5,188), San Vicente (3,543) and Jarretaderas (3,426). The municipality was created in 1989.
In the north the municipality borders Compostela, in the east with the state of Jalisco, in the south with the Pacific Ocean and the state of Jalisco, and in the west with the Pacific Ocean.
The economy is based on tourism, fishing and agriculture. The main crops are corn (maize), beans, sorghum, tobacco, rice, watermelon and mango. Exotic fruits like papaya, litchi and guanábana are also grown. Most of the planted area is irrigated. There are several packing houses for papaya and other fruits.
wn.com/Bahía_de_Banderas -
Bolaños
The municipality of Bolaños is located in the north of the Mexican state of Jalisco.
The municipality shares its border on the north with the municipalities of Mezquitic and Villa Guerrero and to the southeast with the municipality of Chimaltitán. To the south, it shares a border with the municipality of San Martín de Bolaños and to the southwest, it shares a border with the state of Nayarit.
Bolaños is surrounded with mountains and semi-desert and due to its topographical position in the canyon, Bolaños is often very hot. Bolaños is frequently one of the hottest spots in Mexico during the summer months, April–June with maximum temperature as high as 55 celsius and in nighttime it can drop to only 7 celsius. In the winter it can drop as low as -27 celsius and in daytime high as 27 celsius.
The population of Bolaños totaled 5,019 inhabitants according to the 2005 census. Of these, 826 lived in the municipal seat and the remainder lived in other communities within the municipality. The community with the largest population within the municipality is not the municipal seat, but rather Tuxpán de Bolaños which is an autonomous Wixárika (Huichol) village with a population of 944 inhabitants. The municipality suffers one of the highest poverty rates in the state of Jalisco. More than 48 percent of its inhabitants spoke an indigenous language according to the census. Most of these would be speakers of Huichol who inhabit one of the numerous indigenous communities within the borders of the municipality, including Tuxpán de Bolaños.
wn.com/Bolaños -
Brizuela, Jalisco
Atemajac de Brizuela is a small town in the southeast sierra of Jalisco, Mexico, 64 km southwest of Guadalajara, between Highways 80 and 401. Its population as of 1990 was 3,790.
The town received some notice in July 2008 in the nationally syndicated American comic strip Gil Thorp as the place to which Milford High baseball player - and illegal immigrant - Elmer Vargas is deported.
Coordinates: 20°11′N 103°42′W / 20.183°N 103.7°W / 20.183; -103.7
wn.com/Brizuela,_Jalisco -
Cabo Corrientes
Coordinates: 20°24′32″N 105°41′40″W / 20.40889°N 105.69444°W / 20.40889; -105.69444
Cabo Corrientes is a cape on the Pacific coast of the Mexican state of Jalisco. It marks the southernmost point of the Bahía de Banderas, upon which the port and resort city of Puerto Vallarta stands. The municipality in which the cape lies is also called Cabo Corrientes.
Cabo Corrientes is a prominent navigational landmark, featured on the earliest cartography of the region. Cruising sailors often refer to it as Mexico's Point Conception.
wn.com/Cabo_Corrientes -
Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
wn.com/Canada -
Cancún
Cancún (Spanish pronunciation: [kaŋˈkun]) is a city in south-eastern Mexico, located on the north-east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. It is a world-renowned tourist destination, as well as being the seat of the Benito Juárez municipality. The city is located off of the Caribbean Sea, and is one of the eastern-most points in Mexico. Cancún is located near/in Mexico's Caribbean coast resort band known as the Riviera Maya.
There are two possible translations of Cancún, based on the Mayan pronunciation. The first translation is "nest of snakes or pot." The second version and less accepted is "place of the golden snake"[citation needed].
The shield of the municipality of Benito Juárez, who represents the city of Cancun, was designed by the artist vital Jesús Carmichael Jiménez (Elio Carmichael). It is divided into three parts: The color blue symbolizes the Caribbean Sea, the yellow the sand and the red the sun with its rays.
As documented in the earliest colonial sources, the island of Cancún was originally known to its Maya inhabitants as Nizuc (Yucatec Maya [niʔ suʔuk]) meaning either "promontory" or "point of grass". In the years after the Conquest, much of the population died off or left as a result of disease, warfare, piracy, and famines, leaving only small settlements on Isla Mujeres and Cozumel Island.[citation needed]
wn.com/Cancún -
Casimiro Castillo
Casimiro Castillo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 455.13 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 18,913.
wn.com/Casimiro_Castillo -
Cañadas de Obregón
Cañadas de Obregón is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 471.62 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3,978.
wn.com/Cañadas_de_Obregón -
Chapala, Jalisco
Chapala is a city and municipality in the central Mexican state of Jalisco, located on the north shore of Lake Chapala, Mexico's largest freshwater lake. According to the 2005 census, its population is 43,345 for the municipality.
Chapala is 28 miles (45 km) south-southeast of Guadalajara, on Mexico Highway 44. It is located at 20°20' North, 103°10' West.
Although there are several theories as to the origin of the city's name, the most likely is that it comes from Chapalac, the name of the last chief of the Nahuatl-speaking indigenous people of the region. Chapala became an official municipality on September 10, 1864, by decree of the Jalisco State Congress.
In the late 1940s the famous American writer Tennessee Williams settled in Chapala for a while to work in the play called The Poker Night, which later became A Streetcar Named Desire. As Williams explains in his essay "The Catastrophe of Success," Chapala offered him an ideal place to work, "a remote place among strangers where there is good swimming."
wn.com/Chapala,_Jalisco -
Cihuatlán, Jalisco
Cihuatlán is a coastal municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Its main city is also named Cihuatlán. It existed when the Spanish first seized Mexico from the Aztecs and was fittingly allowed to retain its name, which in the nahuat language means place of women.
The word Cihuatlán is compounded of two words of nahuatl origin, a language spoken in Central Mexico since the seventh century AD and the language of the Aztecs: Zihua, woman, and Tlán place; therefore Cihuatlán means place of women.
The town was founded on the Marabasco river, and at the time of the Spanish conquest its population was about 500 women and only 20 men.[attribution needed] The first Spanish expedition to the Jalisco coastal zone was led by Gonzalo de Sandoval and in a message from Hernán Cortés to the King of Spain, dated 1528, it is mentioned that the Province of Cihuatlán was, indeed, a 'place of women'. It also had valuables such as gold and pearls.
By decree of the President of the Republic of Mexico, on December 16, 1825, the harbour Barra de Navidad was rebuilt in order to accommodate local and foreign trade.[attribution needed]
wn.com/Cihuatlán,_Jalisco -
Cocula, Jalisco
Cocula (Nahuatl: Cocollán "ondulated place") is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is located 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Guadalajara, on Mexico Highway 80. It sits at an elevation of 4,460 ft (1,350 m). According to the 2010 census, the population of the municipality was 26,174 with 14,548 inhabitants living in city. Other importants towns in the municipality are Cofradía de la Luz, La Sauceda, and Santa Teresa.
The Cocula region is primarily an agricultural land, growing anything from corn, agave, sorghum, chickpeas, alfalfa and mangoes. To a lesser degree, some livestock are also raised, in particular pigs, poultry, goats, and cattle. Cocula City is also the head of the local commerce, with a wide range of specialized retailers from food, clothing, shoes, to construction materials, and is also the primary center for general services such as banks, hospitals, car repair shops and other services within the region.
Cocula was called originally Cocollán or Cocolán, which has been interpreted to mean "ondulated place." Around the 12th century, some families of the Coca tribe who inhabited the Kingdom of Tonalá were forced to flee the area due to hostility towards them. A group guided by Huehuetztlatzin founded Cocollán in today's Acatlan de Juarez area.
wn.com/Cocula,_Jalisco -
Colotlán
The municipality of Colotlán is located in the northern extremity of the Mexican state of Jalisco. The municipality covers an area of approximately 505 square kilometers. Colotlán is located at 22°12′N 103°18′W / 22.2°N 103.3°W / 22.2; -103.3. It stands at 1,550 meters above sea level.
Colotlán is bordered on the northeast by the municipality of Santa María de los Ángeles, on the northwest and southeast by the state of Zacatecas and to the southwest by the municipality of Totatiche.
The population of the municipality of Colotlán in 2000 totaled 14,266. Of these, 12,283 lived in the municipal seat of Colotlán and the remaining lived in surrounding rural areas. The main villages in the Municipailty (known in the region as "Ranchos") are: El Refugio, El Saucillo De Los Pérez, El Carrizal, El Epazote, Los Aguajes, Agua Gorda.
Colotlán had a total of 6,008 economically active individuals in 2000. The manufacturing sector employs the largest percentage of this population (30.6 percent) followed by the wholesale and retail sectors (13.6 percent) and agriculture and ranching (12.0 percent).
wn.com/Colotlán -
Cuquío
Cuquío is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 580.96 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19,176.
wn.com/Cuquío -
Degollado
Degollado is a small city and Municipality in the eastern highlands of the Mexican State of Jalisco.
Coordinates: 20°28′N 102°09′W / 20.467°N 102.15°W / 20.467; -102.15
wn.com/Degollado -
Ejutla, Jalisco
Ejutla (Spanish pronunciation: [eˈxutla]) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 472.21 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 1888.
wn.com/Ejutla,_Jalisco -
El Arenal, Jalisco
El Arenal is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 181.81 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 13,574.
wn.com/El_Arenal,_Jalisco -
El Grullo
El Grullo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 157.2 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 21,825.
wn.com/El_Grullo -
El Limón, Jalisco
El Limón is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 130.57 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,646.
[1]==References==
wn.com/El_Limón,_Jalisco -
El Salto, Jalisco
El Salto is a city, and the surrounding municipality of the same name, in the central region of the Mexican state of Jalisco.
The municipality covers a surface of area of 41.50 km² with a population of 111,436. It is surrounded, in a clockwise direction from the north, by the municipalities of Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, Juanacatlán, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. It was created on 22 December 1943, with its escision from the municipality of Juanacatlán.
wn.com/El_Salto,_Jalisco -
Encarnación de Díaz
Encarnación de Díaz is a town and municipality located in the far northeast of the state of Jalisco in north central Mexico. It is located in a natural pass that connects the Los Altos region of Jalisco to points north, and from pre Hispanic times until the 20th century, it was a major thoroughfare for north-south travel. The town began as a way station along a road built through this pass in the 17th century, formally becoming a town in 1760. It began to function as a municipality in the latter 19th century, but this status was not confirmed until the early 20th. Transport, along with numerous prosperous haciendas supported the economy of the area until early 20th century, when travel patterns and the Mexican Revolution spurred its decline. In the 1920s, it was a center of rebellion during the Cristero War, and the town contains Mexico’s only museum exclusively dedicated to this episode in history. It also contains a museum dedicated to various naturally occurring mummies which have been found in the municipal cemetery.
wn.com/Encarnación_de_Díaz -
Etzatlán
Etzatlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 306.27 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 17,564.
wn.com/Etzatlán -
Guachinango, Jalisco
Guachinango (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwatʃiˈnaŋɡo]) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 483.19 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 4,138.
Coordinates: 20°34′01″N 104°22′01″W / 20.567°N 104.367°W / 20.567; -104.367
wn.com/Guachinango,_Jalisco -
Guadalajara, Jalisco
Guadalajara (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa]) is the capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is located in the central region of Jalisco in the western-pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,564,514 it is Mexico's second most populous municipality. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported population of 4,328,584 in 2009, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico City. The municipality is the second most densely populated area in Mexico; the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in State of Mexico.
The city's economy is based on industry, especially information technology with a large number of international firms having manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metro Area. Other, more traditional industries, such as shoes, textiles and food processing are also important contributing factors. Guadalajara is the cultural center of Mexico, considered by most to be the home of Mariachi music and host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the International Film Festival of Guadalajara and the Guadalajara International Book Fair and a number of globally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds. It is also home to the Chivas football/soccer team, one of the two most popular in Mexico. This city was named American Capital of Culture in 2005. Guadalajara hosted the 2011 Pan American Games and is currently bidding to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
wn.com/Guadalajara,_Jalisco -
Guerrero
Guerrero (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡeˈreɾo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Guerrero), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 81 municipalities and its capital city is Chilpancingo.
It is located in Southwestern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Michoacán to the north and west, México and Morelos to the north, Puebla to the northeast and Oaxaca to the east.
The state was named after Vicente Guerrero, one of the most prominent leaders in the Mexican War of Independence and the second President of Mexico. It is the only Mexican state named after a president. The modern entity did not exist until 1849, when it was carved out of territories from the states of Mexico, Puebla and Michoacán.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Acapulco, Petatlan, Ciudad Altamirano, Taxco, Iguala, Ixtapa, Zihuatanejo, and Santo Domingo. Today, it is home to a number of indigenous communities, including the Nahuas, Mixtecs and Amuzgos. It is also home to communities of Afro-Mexicans in the Costa Chica region.
wn.com/Guerrero -
Hostotipaquillo
Hostotipaquillo is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 697.94 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 8,228.
wn.com/Hostotipaquillo -
Huejuquilla El Alto
Huejuquilla El Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 717.26 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 7,926.
wn.com/Huejuquilla_El_Alto -
Huejúcar
Huejúcar is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 550.23 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,236.
The name Huejúcar means "Place of Willows" in Nahuatl.
It' right next to Santa Maria de Los Angeles, and Tepetongo
wn.com/Huejúcar -
Ixtapa
Ixtapa is a beach resort in the municipality of Zihuatanejo de Azueta, in the Mexican state of Guerrero. It is located 5 km (3.1 mi) to the northwest of the municipal seat, Zihuatanejo, and some 245 km (152 mi) northwest of Acapulco.
In the 2005 INEGI Census, the population of Ixtapa was 6,406.
Ixtapa is a government-planned tourist resort that was begun in the early 1970s and constructed on what was once a coconut plantation and mangrove estuary.
In 1968, the Bank of Mexico created a special fund for the creation of new tourist destinations on the country's coastlines. The first two such destinations were Cancún, in the state of Quintana Roo, and Ixtapa, next to the town of Zihuatanejo. The development of Ixtapa was supported by a loan from the World Bank.
The master plan for Ixtapa was developed by architects Enrique and Agustín Landa Verdugo, who also participated in the choice of the site. Their project defined the tourist destination's street layout and zoning. The project is organized in super-blocks with irregular shapes, with the high-speed streets separating these blocks, and cul-de-sacs within them. A couple of architects were selected to build this city, some are still residents of this town. Architects like Miguel Ángel Rojas and Concepción Rivera live and work in this town. The famous Mexican Telenovela 'Marimar' was filmed here in 1994.
wn.com/Ixtapa -
Ixtlahuacán del Río
Ixtlahuacán del Rio is a town and municipality in the center of the Mexican state of Jalisco, a little less than 50 kilometers from state capital Guadalajara. It stands at 1,655 meters above sea level; the climate is semi-arid, with a mild winter and an average annual temperature of 19 degrees Celsius (66 degrees Fahrenheit).
Ixtlahuacán is a word of Nahuatl origin; the name means "flat place". It was founded by Toltecs approximately A.D. 610; it is hard to be certain of the exact date of founding, because none of the groups who inhabited the region — Tecuexes, Tepehuanes, Coanes, Cazcanos, and Zacatecos — had a written language in this period.
Coordinates: 20°52′N 103°15′W / 20.867°N 103.25°W / 20.867; -103.25
wn.com/Ixtlahuacán_del_Río -
Jalisco
Jalisco (Spanish pronunciation: [xaˈlisko]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is located in Western Mexico and divided in 125 municipalities and its capital city is Guadalajara. It is one of the more important states in Mexico because of its natural resources as well as its history. Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, tequila, jaripeo, etc. Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant indigenous populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly retirees from the United States and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas.
wn.com/Jalisco -
Jalostotitlán
The municipality of Jalostotitlán and its municipal seat of the same name are located in the Los Altos region of the Mexican state of Jalisco.
The municipality shares its border on the north with the municipaly of Teocaltiche, the east with the municipality of San Juan de los Lagos, to the south with the municipality of San Miguel El Alto, to the southwest with the municipality of Valle de Guadalupe, and to the west with the municipality of Cañadas de Obregón.
The city is located in a mid-section of the country, with semi-desert, arid lands to the north and more fertile lands to the south. Winters are relatively cold and summers are hot and rainy. The municipality also includes the towns of San Nicolás de las Flores, Teocaltitán de Guadalupe, San Gaspar de los Reyes and Mitic. The center of town are the churches that originate from the 16th century, when the city was first founded.
"Jalostotitlán" means "Land Of Sandy Caves" in Nahuatl.
The population of the municipality of Jalostotitlán totaled 53,256 inhabitants according to the 2000 census. Of these, 20,201 reside in the municipal seat. Similar to the rest of the Los Altos region, Jalostotitlán did not retain a large indigenous population. Only two-tenths of one percent of inhabitants speak an indigenous language according to the census.
wn.com/Jalostotitlán -
Jamay (municipality)
The municipality and town of Jamay is located in the eastern portion of Jalisco, Mexico, at coordinates 20°17.4′N 102°42.6′W / 20.29°N 102.71°W / 20.29; -102.71, at a height of 1530 meters above sea level. The municipality extends from 20° 25' to 20° 13' N, and from 102° 38' to 102° 44' W.
It covers 174.49 km², representing 0.14% of the total surface area of the state. The municipality of Jamay adjoins to the north with the municipalities of Ocotlán and La Barca; to the east with the municipality of La Barca; to the south with the municipality of La Barca, the state of Michoacán and the municipality of Ocotlán; to the west with the municipality of Ocotlán and Lake Chapala.
The municipality has 17 towns, including Jamay (the municipal seat), San Miguel de la Paz, San Agustín, Maltaraña and Los Capulines.
Jamay is famous for a monument located in the center of the main square in memory of Pope Pius IX. Jamay is one of the Largest growing municipalities in Jalisco. Hosting peagants every independence day in September. Holding major sporting events, and even having the movie "El Vengador de la loba" be shot on site.
wn.com/Jamay_(municipality) -
Jesús María, Jalisco
Jesús María is a town in the region of Los Altos of the Mexican state of Jalisco, approximately 2 hours east of Guadalajara. The population of Jesús María is 17,884 as of 2005.
The official name of Jesús María Municipality has its origin in the colonial age that is why in its respective name there is no reference to any pre-Hispanic word
The city was founded in 1530 by Spaniard Nuño de Guzmán who worked under Hernán Cortés. The town used to be part of the Spanish Empire (New Spain) before the Revolution, part of Nueva Galicia. In 1776 it was named Barranca de Viudas, after three Spanish women who founded the town. The region before that was populated by different tribes, The Toltecs (623 to 626) Chichimecas (800-1150)the Huicholes and finally the Aztecs in 1164 till the Spanish Conquest.
The indigenous population in Jesus Maria as of 2005 is .03%. Most are in colonial terms Criollos (Mexican born Spaniards) or Mestizos (Amerindian and European Spanish).
Most of its economy depends on Agriculture. 90% of it is Corn, the rest are Beans, Wheat, Pumpkin, sabila and Agave for Tequila production. Stockbreeding is used for exports to Guadalajara and 51% is used for internal consumption and sale. Industry- There is some Factories for Candy, Tequila, Shoe Making and Clothes. Tourism- Templo Parroquial is a popular landmark constructed between 1835 and 1840. It is 30 meters high and has an unusual squared look to it. During the Months of December and January for the "Las Fiestas Patronales" thousands of people from all over Mexico and the United States return to celebrate in honor of "La Sagrada Familia"
wn.com/Jesús_María,_Jalisco -
Jocotepec
Jocotepec (Spanish pronunciation: [xokoteˈpek]) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 384.36 km². As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 37,972.
Perhaps as early as 100 BC, nomadic bands of Indians passed through the Lake Chapala Valley. Some moved on, others settled on the shore. Jocotepec, once Xuxutepeque, a small fishing village at the western end of the Lake, became a permanent home for the Nahua Indians in 1361. They built a temple to their god, Iztlacateotl, and practiced human sacrifice. The village became a trading and ceremonial site for the surrounding mountain area.
"Xuxutepeque was the name given Jocotepec by its first Nahua settlers. (The last of the nomadic bands to settle in this area were the Purepecha-Tarascans.) It became a permanent home for the Nahuas in 1361. Xuxutepeque later became "Xilotepec", meaning "Hill of ear of Corn". Finally, with the arrival of the Spaniards, led by Jacob Tepec, the settlement's name became "Jocotepec" and was interpreted as meaning "Hill of Guavas". (Guavas are a small bitter-sweet tasting fruit.) The meaning of Jocotepec is thus derived: Xoco-tepe-K, meaning Xoco (acid); Tepetl (hill); and K (place)."
wn.com/Jocotepec -
Juanacatlán
Juanacatlán (Spanish pronunciation: [xwanakaˈtlan]) is a town and municipio (municipality) in the central region of the Mexican state of Jalisco.
Juanacatlán gets its name from the Xoconoxtle word "Xonacatlan", which means place abundant in onions or onion place (from "Xonaca" for onions and "Tlan" for place).
The hieroglyph of Juanacatlán includes the symbol of the Tlaxcala, representing the battles and the places where the Tlaxcaltecans went with the Nuño de Guzmán expedition, after the conquest of Mexico.
The seal of Juanacatlán is based on the region's economic activities and history, and is divided into four parts:
The leaves that surround the seal are identical to those in the seal of Jalisco, whose people Juanacatlán joins as a national entity. The seal was approved by H. Cabildo de Juanacatlán in 1993. Its creation was the responsibility of the teacher María de Lourdes Torres Alaniz, from the Municipality of Juanacatlán.
Although "place of onions" has been claimed to be a necessarily inappropriate translation of the indigenous name (as the onions were brought by the conquistadors), the origin of the name was in fact a different, native, plant- a type of jicama or cebollita as is commonly known in the region. The Jalisco writer Juan José Arreola translates the name as "place of the good onions".
wn.com/Juanacatlán -
Juchitlán
Juchitlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 403.88 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,282.
wn.com/Juchitlán -
La Huerta, Jalisco
La Huerta is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 1,749.71 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 55811.
wn.com/La_Huerta,_Jalisco -
Lagos de Moreno
Lagos de Moreno (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈlaɣos ðe moˈɾeno]) is a city and its surrounding municipal area of the same name, located in the extreme northeastern part of the state of Jalisco in Mexico. At the 2010 census the city had a population of 153,817 inhabitants, making it the 6th largest city in the state of Jalisco.
The city serves as the municipal seat of the municipality, which has an area of 2,648.22 km² (1,022.48 sq mi) and a population of 153,817 inhabitants, and includes many other outlying small communities, the largest of which are Paso de Cuarenta (San Miguel de Cuarenta) and Los Azulitos.
Lagos de Moreno is called by Mexicans, with some hyperbole, the "Athens of Jalisco" because of the numerous writers and poets who were born there[citation needed].
Important industries include food processing, including milk and dairy products, vegetable oils, and meats, manufacture of footwear and agricultural machinery.
The city was founded on March 31, 1563 by Captain General and Grand Major of the Teocaltiche Valley, Hernando de Martell a.k.a. Hernán Gallegos, and named Villa de Santa Maria de los Lagos.
wn.com/Lagos_de_Moreno -
Los Angeles
Los Angeles (
i/lɒs ˈændʒələs/ loss-AN-jə-ləs; Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], which is written Los Ángeles; British pronounciation /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez) with a population at the 2010 United States Census of 3,792,621, is the most populous city in the state of California, and the second most populous in the United States, after New York City. It has an area of 468.67 square miles (1,213.8 km2), and is located in Southern California. Often known by its initials L.A., the city is the focal point of the larger Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area and Greater Los Angeles Area region, which contain 12,828,837 and nearly 18 million people respectively as of 2010, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world and the second largest in the United States. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the United States, while the entire Los Angeles area itself has been recognized as the most diverse of the nation's largest cities. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos".
wn.com/Los_Angeles -
Mascota
Mascota is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 1,591.63 km². The municipality has smaller villages such as "Tecuani" & "La plata" both around a couple miles away. Mascota is surrounded by roads and pine covered mountains making it a usual stop on the road to "Talpa De Allende" or Puerto Vallarta.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 14,045.
wn.com/Mascota -
Mazamitla
Mazamitla (La Capital de la Montaña) is a town and municipality of the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is located 124 km south of Guadalajara in the Southeast Region and is a popular resort destination for travelers from Guadalajara. Its name comes from the Nahuatl and means "place where arrows to hunt deer are made"; its area is 177.18 km2. According to Count II Population and Housing, the municipality has 11671 inhabitants who are devoted mainly to the tertiary sector. For its natural beauty it is considered by the federal Secretariat of Tourism as a Pueblo Mágico.
The name comes from the Nahuatl language and is the union of the words "Mazatl" (deer), "Mitl" (arrow) and "tlan" (place). Its meaning has been interpreted in different ways:
Mazamitla was founded by the Aztecs in 1165. It belonged to the manor of Tzapotlán and paid tribute to the chieftain of Tamazollan. In 1481 the area was invaded by P'urhépecha to seize the Laguna de Sayula. They held dominance for only a few years until they were defeated at the end of the Salitre War in 1510.
wn.com/Mazamitla -
Mexico
Mexico (
i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] (
listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
wn.com/Mexico -
Mexico City
Mexico City ( /ˈmɛksɨkoʊ ˈsɪti/; Spanish: Ciudad de México [sjuˈðað ðe ˈmexiko], also known as México D.F., or simply D.F.) is the Federal District (Distrito Federal), capital of Mexico and seat of the federal powers of the Mexican Union. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the country's largest city as well as its most important political, cultural, educational and financial center.
As an "alpha" global city Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in North America. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen boroughs.
The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was around 8.84 million people, and has a land area of 1,485 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments, the Mexico City metropolitan area population is 21.2 million people, making it the largest metropolitan area in the western hemisphere and the fifth largest agglomeration in the world.
wn.com/Mexico_City -
Mexticacan
Mexticacán is a town and municipality in the Southern Region of the Mexican state of Jalisco. Mexticacán comes from the Nahuatl and means "place where the temple for the worship of the moon."
A large number of Mexticacán's former inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of earthenware clay and when they did not have enough work for the day. This is the explanation of his name "Men who work in the moonlight." The place was already populated with the arrival of the Spaniards. Its first settlers were Tecuexe, which placed their villages at the foot of the mountains, where they were real strengths to fend off the Chichimecas. By the early seventh century was a sweeping immigration throughout the region and particularly in villages Tecuexe; Caxcan peregrinante home nahuatlaca fought bravely against the bellicose Tecuexe against Zacatecas, huachichiles and others without rest or respite, continued to widen the field many of their conquests founding populations, including Mexticacán. Before the conquest this place was the cacicazgo of Mexticacán.
wn.com/Mexticacan -
Mezquitic
Mezquitic is a town and municipality in the north of the state of Jalisco, Mexico.
It is bordered to the north east and west by the state of Zacatecas. It also shares its northern border with the municipality of Huejuquilla el Alto and it shares its southern border with the municipalities of Villa Guerrero and Bolaños.
The municipality includes a number of autonomously governed Wixárika (Huichol) communities, including San Andrés Cohamiata.
Coordinates: 22°39′00″N 103°34′59″W / 22.650°N 103.583°W / 22.650; -103.583
wn.com/Mezquitic -
Michoacán
Michoacán, formally Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish pronunciation: [mitʃoaˈkan ðe oˈkampo]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Michoacán de Ocampo (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Michoacán de Ocampo), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 113 municipalities and its capital city is Morelia (formerly called Valladolid). The city was named after José María Morelos, hero of the Mexican War of Independence.
Michoacán is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the northwest, Guanajuato and Querétaro to the north, México to the east, Guerrero to the southeast. To the southwest, Michoacán has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl: Michhuahkan from michhuah (“possessor of fish”) and -kan (place of) and means "place of the fishermen" referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro. In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of the P'urhépecha (Tarascan) Empire, which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter. After the Spanish conquest, the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and several of its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence. Today, the state is still home to a large population of P'urhépecha people as well as Otomi and Nahua. The economy is based on agriculture, fishing, mining and some industry. The major tourism draw for the state is the Lake Pátzcuaro-Tzintzuntzan-Quiroga area, which was the center of the P'urhépecha empire.
wn.com/Michoacán -
Mismaloya
Mismaloya comes from Nahuatl: [michmaloyan] "place where they grab fish with their hands" and is a small village, located on the coast of the Bahía de Banderas in the Mexican state of Jalisco [Xalixco] "on the surface of the sand". Mismaloya lies on Highway 200, south of Puerto Vallarta.
Mismaloya is most famous as the site where the 1963 film The Night of the Iguana was filmed. The set and crew quarters rise up the hill on the south side of the Mismaloya cove. Sadly, the set is only ruins now, and the once-famous John Huston Cafe is an empty shell on top of the hill. Huston once wrote that he was the only person who cared for the place. The movie made Puerto Vallarta famous, but the set has been forgotten. On the other side of Highway 200 from Playa Mismaloya is El Eden, a jungle setting where parts of the movie Predator were filmed.
The beach at Playa Mismaloya is located in a lovely cove, with a full view of Los Arcos sea rocks - a great place to snorkel and scuba dive. There are boats which tourists can hire, and the beach is home to several restaurants and trinket peddlers, as well as the hotel Barcelo, a Beautiful Zoo and the La Jolla De Mismaloya Condominiums.
wn.com/Mismaloya -
Mixtlán
Mixtlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 418.52 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3279.
http://iglesiacasadelrey.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=67
wn.com/Mixtlán -
Nayarit
Nayarit (Spanish pronunciation: [naʝaˈɾit]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Nayarit (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Nayarit), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, make up the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 20 municipalities and its capital city is Tepic.
It is located in Western Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Sinaloa to the northwest, Durango to the north, Zacatecas to the northeast and Jalisco to the south. To the west, Nayarit has a significant share of coastline on the Pacific Ocean.
Besides the mainland, the islands Marias, Isabel, Tres Marietas and Farallón La Peña in the Pacific Ocean are part of its territory.
Nayarit covers 27,815 square kilometers (10,739 sq mi), making it one of the smaller states of Mexico. Nayarit is located between latitude lines 23°05' north and 20°36' south and longitude lines 103°43' east and 105°46' west. Its terrain is broken up by the western ends of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. Its highest mountains are: San Juan, Sanguangüey, El Ceboruco, Cumbre de Pajaritos and Picachos. Nayarit has two volcanoes, Ceboruco and Sangangüey. In the northeast are broad, tropical plains watered by the Río Grande de Santiago, a continuation of the Lerma River. The main state rivers are the Río Grande de Santiago, San Pedro, Acaponeta, Ameca and Las Cañas. The last two also form natural boundaries with the states of Jalisco and Sinaloa, respectively. Nayarit also has several lagoons such as pito the Santa María del Oro, San Pedro Lagunillas and Agua Brava.
wn.com/Nayarit -
Ocotlán, Jalisco
Ocotlán is a city and municipality in Jalisco, Mexico. Its industry includes furniture production.
The toponym Ocotlán means: "near the pines" or "place of the ocote (pines)". Ocote is from the Náhuatl ocōtl, Pinus montezumae, a species of pine, .
Ocotlán was founded in 1530. Two main cathedrals line the plaza. One is the church named La Purisima ("The Most Pure"), which is one of the oldest buildings in Jalisco. The altar is dipped in gold. The other cathedral, more recent than La Purisima, was built in the late 1800s and dedicated to Nuestro Señor de Misericordia (Our Merciful Lord), which honors a vision of Christ seen after an extremely destructive earthquake.
The current municipal president is Lic. Absalón García Ochoa, from the National Action Party.
On October 2, 1847, a large and powerful earthquake destroyed most of the city, including the original church. The following day, a Sunday, when the faithful were attending a Mass outside of the destroyed church, a vision of the crucifix was claimed to have been seen.
wn.com/Ocotlán,_Jalisco -
Ojuelos de Jalisco
Ojuelos de Jalisco is a colonial town and municipality in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. The town's 1990 population was 7,265, although by the year 2000 it had increased to 9,338. It sits at the junction of Mexico Highways 51, 70, and 80. The town was founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro Casillas de Avila in 1569, as a fortification to protect travelers against the Chichimecas warriors.
The fortification of Ojuelos was one of the seven ones built at the request of the Vice King Martín Enriquez de Almanza in the important route Mexico-Zacatecas. The decision to build the seven fortifications was made by Enriquez de Almanza in response to deadly attacks made by Chichimecas commanded by their legendary leader Maxorro.
Ojuelos has a significant historical value, since its fortification is the only one which has survived to present day. Currently, it houses the offices of the City Hall and a Library, but still it keeps its original design.
Among other touristic attractions, Ojuelos also has a plaza, El Parian, which is surrounded by 102 Gothic arches. El Parian was designed at the end of the XIX Century by Luis G. Maciel.
wn.com/Ojuelos_de_Jalisco -
Poncitlán
Poncitlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 672.31 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 43,817.
Poncitlán means "place of cilacayotes", "next to the shore chilares" or "place of God Ponze."
wn.com/Poncitlán -
Puerto Vallarta
Puerto Vallarta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweɾto baˈʝaɾta]) is a Mexican balneario resort city situated on the Pacific Ocean's Bahía de Banderas. The 2010 census reported Puerto Vallarta's population as 255,725 making it the sixth-largest city in the state of Jalisco. The City of Puerto Vallarta is the government seat of the Municipality of Puerto Vallarta which comprises the city as well as population centers outside of the city extending from Boca de Tomatlán to the Nayarit border (the Ameca River).
The city is located at 20°40′N 105°16′W / 20.667°N 105.267°W / 20.667; -105.267. The municipality has an area of 502.19 square miles (1,300.7 km2). To the North it borders the SW part of the state of Nayarit. To the east it borders the municipality of Mascota and San Sebastián del Oeste, and to the South it borders the municipalities of Talpa de Allende and Cabo Corriente.
Puerto Vallarta is named after Ignacio Vallarta, a former governor of Jalisco. In Spanish, Puerto Vallarta is often shortened to "Vallarta", while English speakers call the city P.V. for short. The city occasionally is spelled or pronounced as Porto Vallarta. In internet shorthand the city is often referred to as PVR, after the International Air Transport Association airport code for its Gustavo Diaz Ordaz international airport.
wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta -
Píhuamo
Pihuamo is a town and municipality located in the state of Jalisco in Mexico.
Coordinates: 18°57′00″N 103°10′01″W / 18.950°N 103.167°W / 18.950; -103.167
wn.com/Píhuamo -
Quitupan
Quitupan is a town and municipality located in the southeastern region of the Mexican state of Jalisco. The name Quitupan comes from the word "Quitoa" or "Quitla," which means "place where declarations or treaties come from" or "place that is located above".
The formal indigenous foundation of the town precisely coincides with the establishment of a peace treaty between Tarascos (Spanish Soldiers) and natives, which occurred ten years before the arrival of the conqueror Hernán Cortés. A census taken in 1580 noted 30 integrated families.
The town was conquered by Alonso de Avalos, who nevertheless recognized the chieftainship of the original inhabitants. In 1522, Cortés dispatched one of his generals, Cristóbal de Olid to conquer Quitupan and surrounding areas. In 1530, Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán arrived to conduct a census of the native inhabitants and to impose a new order. The Evangelization of Quitupan was led by the Franciscans - in 1530, Friar Martin de Jesus began to preach, joined in 1532 by Friars Juan de Padilla and Miguel de Bologna. Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza then visited the area, under his appointment by King Charles I of Spain to pacify the various indigenous people of New Spain and to unify the territory, which was partially divided among competing conquistadors.
wn.com/Quitupan -
San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
wn.com/San_Francisco -
San Gabriel, Jalisco
San Gabriel (formerly Venustiano Carranza) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico 141km from the capital of Guadalajara. The municipality covers an area of 449.01 km². It was the birthplace of Mexican actor José Mojica, with the main street carrying his name. It's municipalities include Jiquilpan and other surrounding towns. The municipal president, Chabelo Ramos of the Party of the Democratic Revolution, currently holds power. The towns economy is mostly agricultural/commercial, but services, as is in the rest of Mexico are rapidly becoming part of the mainstream economy. Tourism remains domestic as about 10-15% of the towns resident born from 1955-1970 have moved to the United States of America or Canada at a period in time since 1986. The towns geographical location places it in visible sight of Colima (volcano), and within an hour to two hours drive from neighboring state, Colima.
As of 2011, the municipality had a total population of 14,939.
wn.com/San_Gabriel,_Jalisco -
San Julián, Jalisco
San Julián is a city and municipality of about 26,000 people in the Altos region of the Mexican state of Jalisco. San Julian is a town and people of the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Located northeast of Jalisco, in the Southern Highlands Region. Its land area is 268.44 km 2 and is located within the coordinates. According to Count II of Population and Housing, is mainly engaged in the tertiary and secondary. San Julian is known for having very beautiful women and many handsome men. Nearly the whole population is of the Roman Catholic Religion. This devoutness of the religion lead to the first armed uprising against the government which was called San Julian and regiment was commanded by General Miguel Hernández. This uprising was the very beginning of the cristero's war. A consequence of this was martyred Saint Julio Alvarez Mendoza who was tortured to death. The torture included acts such as walking on hot rocks after have the skin from the bottom of his foot cut off.
During this fun and exciting time of La Candelaria also known as "Las Fiestas" one can go out to the Carnival, the Certamen, Dances, Rodeos, el Teatro del Pueblo (The Town's Theater Group), and some years, even at the Circus. The carnival which they have now located right outside of the southern part of the town last approximately two weeks. This includes multiple food stands, games with prizes, and the variety of entertaining rides. Of course one of the main reasons that the young population of San Julian goes to the carnival is to throw confetti at each other.
wn.com/San_Julián,_Jalisco -
San Marcos, Jalisco
San Marcos is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 292.85 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3,533.
wn.com/San_Marcos,_Jalisco -
San Miguel el Alto
San Miguel el Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 580 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 40,000.
The municipality includes the town of San José de los Reynoso.
The town was the setting and filming location for the 1957 film, Los chiflados del rock and roll, starring Luis Aguilar.
wn.com/San_Miguel_el_Alto -
Sayula, Jalisco
Sayula is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco, approximately 100 kilometers south of Guadalajara. It is surrounded by smaller towns, such as Usmajac, San Andres, El Reparo, and Amacueca.
Sayula is the birthplace of influential Mexican novelist and short story writer Juan Rulfo. According to the official page of Juan Rulfo, he was born in Apulco, Jalisco, which is close to San Gabriel, Jalisco, and his birth was registered in Sayula, Jalisco. (1917: Nacimiento de Juan Rulfo, el 16 de mayo. Él sostuvo haber venido al mundo en Apulco, localidad cercana a San Gabriel, Jalisco. Es registrado en la ciudad de Sayula, Jalisco.)
Sayula is a traditional Mexican town. Its population is approximately 45,755 . It has a "plaza" that holds many festivities. During the holidays, some of its downtown streets are closed to hold a great market (mercado) full of various merchandise to sell and buy. Sayula's downtown church is one that excites the admiration of visitors.
Sayula is also known for its exquisite cajeta (thick syrup). It is one of its many attributes, among many others such as, a gorgeous cathedral and chapels. Sayula holds many festivities such as the well known Carnaval (carnival) where we can witness some exotic traditions of dances and customs.
wn.com/Sayula,_Jalisco -
Seattle
Seattle (pronounced /siːˈætɫ̩/ ( listen) see-AT-əl or /siːˈæɾɫ̩/) is the county seat of King County, in the U.S. state of Washington. With 608,660 residents as of the 2010 Census, Seattle is the largest city in the Northwestern United States. The Seattle metropolitan area of about 3.4 million inhabitants is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the country. The city is a major coastal seaport situated on a narrow isthmus between Puget Sound (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington, about 114 miles (183 km) south of the Canada–United States border. In 2010, Seattle was the sixth busiest port in the United States, serving as a major gateway for trade with Asia.
The Seattle area had been inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent white settlers.Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived at Alki Point on November 13, 1851. The settlement was moved to its current site and renamed "Seattle" in 1853, after Chief Seattle of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.
wn.com/Seattle -
Tala, Jalisco
Tala is a village and a municipality in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. It is a small town that has grown over the years.
Coordinates: 20°40′N 103°42′W / 20.667°N 103.7°W / 20.667; -103.7
wn.com/Tala,_Jalisco -
Talpa de Allende
Talpa de Allende is a city and municipality in Jalisco state, Mexico. It is located at around 20°22′50″N 104°49′20″W / 20.38056°N 104.82222°W / 20.38056; -104.82222Coordinates: 20°22′50″N 104°49′20″W / 20.38056°N 104.82222°W / 20.38056; -104.82222, in the elevation of about 1,200 m. Surrounded by pine covered mountains, Talpa de Allende, another silver mining town, founded by the Spanish in 1599.
wn.com/Talpa_de_Allende -
Tamazula de Gordiano
Tamazula de Gordiano (locally: [tamaˈsula ðe ɣoɾˈðjano], also known as Tamazula) is a city in the Mexican state of Jalisco. The word "tamazula" comes from the Nahuatl word tamazullan, which means "place or lagoon of toads."
Tamazula is the seat of the municipality of the same name (Tamazula de Gordiano). The municipality is a territorial extension of 1324.48 km². It is divided into municipal delegations:
""
C. Angel Barbosa Madriz President of the Municipality
DR. Luis Eduardo Contreras Casillas Secretary
L.A. Marisol Antillón Cuevas Syndic
Gregorio García Barajas Abel Contreras Magaña Martha Beatriz Valderrama Cisneros Fermín Betancourt Ramírez José Antonio Ramírez Amezcua Fernando Vaca Torres Mirna Guzmán Mendoza Juan Ignacio Herrera Del Toro
Tamazula recently gained city status after the 2010 census reported that the city had 37,986 residents. A vast majority of the city's residents are employed at the Ingenio Azucarero de Tamazula, S.A. de C.V. where sugar cane from the surrounding vicinities within the municipality is turned into sugar and alcohol.
wn.com/Tamazula_de_Gordiano -
Tapalpa
Tapalpa is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 442.15 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 16,057.
Tapalpa is a mountain town surrounded by mature pine trees. The area is famous for the "Piedras Bolas" large (20 feet high) rocks found just outside the town limits. The area is a popular weekend destination for residents of nearby Guadalajara. There are many excellent outdoor restaurants that specialize in grilled meats.
wn.com/Tapalpa -
Tecalitlán
Guadalajara is a city and municipality in the central Mexican state of Jalisco, located just to the south of Ciudad Guzmán. According to the 1990 census, its population was 13,265.
One of Tecalitlán's major industries was the growing of sugar cane. This industry ended about ten years ago. Nowadays the economy comes from agriculture and the raising of animals such as cattle, pigs, chickens, and goat. A lot of the money that comes to the town comes from people that have migrated to the United States to work and send money to their families back home.
Tecalitlán is at the heart of the region where mariachi music was developed, and in fact the most famous exponent of that genre, Vargas de Tecalitlán, was founded there in the 1890s (though now resident in Mexico City). There is a museum of this mariachi in Tecalitlan. Tecalitlan has a lot of traditions, like the fiestas de diciembre which celebrate religion and the love toward virgen of Guadalupe. People in this town are very friendly. A very interesting tradition kept until now, is that every Sunday after mass, people are used to going to the center of the town (jardin) and spend their afternoon socializing with other people of the town. In this Jardin, girls walk one way and boys on the other way so they face each other. There is the cerro de la cruz, a mountain were there is a cross that people go to visit and offer sacrifices.
wn.com/Tecalitlán -
Tecolotlán
Tecolotlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 795.55 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 14,984.
La preza del Pochote, El carril, El malecon, El punto, La perla and Sierra de Quila.
The name of Tecolotlán derives from the words "tecolote" (owl) and "tlan" (town), meaning "town of owls". The current coats of arms, formally approved of by the municipal council on 27 April 1999 ordinary, designed by Ernesto Garcia de Alba Cruz, has a figure of an owl on it with outstretched wings representing the municipality. At the base of the shield is the name of the municipality and its founding date of 1524 when conquistador Francisco Cortes conquered the area of San Buenaventura. The area was places under the command of his trustees Pedro Gómez and Martín Monje.
The evangelization of the natives took place between 1525 and 1526. In 1825, Tecolotlán was composed of the people of Xuchitl and Ayotitlan and farms and ranches of San Juan Buenavista, Quila, Tenextitlán, Agua Caliente, Santa Maria, San Jose and Santa Rita. In 1599, the convent of San Agustin de Tecolotlán was founded.
wn.com/Tecolotlán -
Tenamaxtlán
Tenamaxtlán is a municipio (municipality) and town in the state of Jalisco, Mexico. It has renown for the huge festivities that are held every December for a period of two weeks.[citation needed] It is famous for its bull fights during the holidays.
Tenamaxtlán was founded about 480-500 years ago. The current mayor of the town is Juan Carlos Nuno Garcia.
Coordinates: 20°13′N 104°10′W / 20.217°N 104.167°W / 20.217; -104.167
wn.com/Tenamaxtlán -
Teocaltiche
Teocaltiche (Nahuatl: Teocaltillitzin "place near the temple") is a city and municipality in the central-western Mexican state of Jalisco. Teocaltiche is located in the northeastern highlands region of Jalisco, commonly referred to in Spanish as "Los Altos de Jalisco". The grasshopper or "chapulin" is a popular icon for the city.
The city is also known for its tourism, for example, the "Hospital de los Indios" (or alternately "la Capilla") is a chapel in the city centre and the oldest standing building of Teocaltiche, built approximately in the year 1546 by the Spanish conquistadors. Teocaltiche is one of the oldest settlements with Hispanic influence from the time of the Spanish conquest. The territory was conquered by Cristóbal de Oñate and Manuel de Ibarra in March of 1530 on the order of Nuño de Guzmán.
Main manufacture of the region is agricultural products and livestock. The Teocaltiche river supports fishing for the needs of the local markets. The farmers raise horses, cows, sheep, pigs, poultry, and goats. Agriculture includes the production of onions, corn, oats, beans, and alfalfa. There are also many artisans that sell hand-crafted goods.
wn.com/Teocaltiche -
Tepatitlán, Jalisco
Tepatitlán de Morelos is a city and municipality founded in 1883, in the central Mexican state of Jalisco. It is located in the area known as Los Altos de Jalisco (Highlands of Jalisco), about 70 km east of state capital Guadalajara. Its surrounding municipality of the same name had an area of 1,532.78 km² (591.81 sq mi). Its most distinctive feature is the Fine Baroque Cathedral, pictured below, although it has many other attractive locations. Some of the most important ones are:
The nickname of the city is "Tepa". It is also the largest producer of eggs in Mexico, the largest pork producer in the state, and the primary milk basin in the country, as well as a large producer of tequila. The fleur-de-lys can be seen in a number of public spaces and buildings, including the Santuario de Guadalupe and the internationally famous Santuario del Señor de la Misericordia, which houses an oak-carved crucifix that, according to the legend, was found by a poor farmer on the Cerro Gordo in 1835; every year from the 25 to the 30 of April, the city hosts the Feria Tepabril which celebrates the Señor de la Misericordia.
wn.com/Tepatitlán,_Jalisco -
Tequila, Jalisco
Santiago de Tequila (Spanish pronunciation: [teˈkila], Nahuatl: Tequillan, Tecuila "place of tribute") is a town and municipality located in the state of Jalisco about 60 km from the city of Guadalajara. Tequila is best known as being the birthplace of the drink that bears its name, “tequila,” which is made from the blue agave plant, native to this area. The heart of the plant contains sugars and had been used by native peoples here to make a fermented drink. After the Spanish arrived, they took this fermented beverage and distilled it, producing the tequila known today. The popularity of the drink and the history behind it has made town and the area surrounding it a World Heritage Site. It was also named a "Pueblo Mágico" (Magical Town) in 2003 by the Mexican federal government. Tequila has also been famous for being the prime setting in the successful Televisa telenovela Destilando Amor, starring Angélica Rivera and Eduardo Yáñez.
The name comes from an ancient language called pedik and mean drink of life. The coat of arms of the municipality was officially adopted on 31 December 1983 by the municipal council. It contain the Latin phrase ALMA LAETA NOBILIS, meaning “great and noble soul.” Its representative symbols include the tower of the main church in the town of Tequila, the chimneys of the distilleries, the agave plant and Tequila Mountain.
wn.com/Tequila,_Jalisco -
Teuchitlán
Teuchitlán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 285.53 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 8,361.
Tour's & Travel Visit Our Official Web Site:[1]
wn.com/Teuchitlán -
Tizapan El Alto
Tizapan El Alto is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 273.32 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19076.
wn.com/Tizapan_El_Alto -
Tlajomulco de Zuñiga
Tlajomulco de Zúñiga (Spanish pronunciation: [tlaxoˈmulko ðe ˈzuɲiɣa]) is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico in the state of Jalisco. It forms part of the Guadalajara metropolitan area and lies to the southeast of it. The municipality covers an area of 636.93 km².
As of 2010[update], the municipality had a total population of 416,626.
The name is interpreted from náhuatl as "Land in the Corner."
As it is part of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Tlajomulco has an industrial base and is a large commercial area. This is also where the Guadalajara International Airport is located.
The municipality has the distinction of being the only one in Mexico with five cities (localities) of over 25,000 inhabitants. It is also the only one with 10, and with 11, of over 10,000 inhabitants. (Tijuana Municipality, Baja California and Chalco Municipality, State of Mexico both have nine.) The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:
The name Tlajomulco comes from the náhuatl tlalli (land), xomulli (corner) and co (place), which is interpreted as: "Land in the corner".
wn.com/Tlajomulco_de_Zuñiga -
Tlaquepaque
Tlaquepaque (Spanish pronunciation: [tlakeˈpake]), historically San Pedro or Georgetown, is a city and the surrounding municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco. During the 20th century it was absorbed by the outward spread of the state capital and is now a neighbourhood of the Guadalajara conurbation, lying only a few kilometres from the city centre. The city had a 2005 census population of 542,051, while the municipality had a population of 563,006. The municipality's area is 270.88 km2 (104.59 sq mi) and lies adjacent to the south side of Guadalajara. Its largest community besides Tlaquepaque is the town of Santa Anita, at the municipality's southwestern corner.
The name Tlaquepaque derives from Nahuatl and means "place above clay land". The area is famous for its pottery and blown glass.
Tlaquepaque features El Parián, a large plaza flanked by columned arcades and surrounded by restaurants and bars. The main square in the city centre is known as El Jardín Hidalgo ("Hidalgo Garden"), named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the "Father of Mexican Independence." A larger-than-life statue of Hidalgo dominates the square. Other main features include the two important churches, El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Solitude) and San Pedro (Saint Peter), and the Benito Juárez market.
wn.com/Tlaquepaque -
Tolimán, Jalisco
Tolimán is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 460 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 8,756.
wn.com/Tolimán,_Jalisco -
Tomatlán
Tomatlán "Tomato land" or "place of tomato" from Nahuatl, is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 153 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 35,044 people.
wn.com/Tomatlán -
Tonaya
Tonaya is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 463.67 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5557.
wn.com/Tonaya -
Tonila
Tonila is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico.
wn.com/Tonila -
Totatiche
The municipality and town of Totatiche is located in the northern extreme of the state of Jalisco, Mexico between 21°48’30” and 22°06’00” latitude north and 103°20’00” and 103°34’00” longitude east at a height of 1,751 meters (5,745 ft) above sea level. The municipality is bordered on the north and southeast by the state of Zacatecas. On the northeast, it shares its border with the municipality of Colotlán and on the west it is bordered by the municipalities of Villa Guerrero and Chimaltitán.
The municipality covers an area of 542.98 square kilometers (209.65 sq mi). Its hydrology is defined by the Bolaños river, which demarcates its northern border with Zacatecas and the Cartagenas River which crosses the municipality and flows into the latter. There are five dams in the municipality: Candelaria, Magallanes, Temastián, La Boquilla and Agua Zarca and smaller ones in Romita, San Francisco, and Totolco.
The population of the municipality of Totatiche was 4,217 inhabitants in 2005, of which 1,287 lived in the municipal seat Totatiche. In 2000, there were 1,372 economically active individuals. Of these, the largest percentage (37.2%) were employed in ranching and agriculture, followed by the manufacturing sector (12.9%), commerce (10.9%) and construction (10.7%).
wn.com/Totatiche -
Tototlán
Tototlán is a town and municipality in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 292.85 km². Notable people from Tototlán, Jalisco: Omar Esparza (plays for C.D Guadalajara), Javier Hernandez Gutierrez (retired soccer player, father of Javier Hernandez Balcazar "El Chicharito").
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 19,710.
wn.com/Tototlán -
Tuxcacuesco
Tuxcacuesco is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 257.46 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 3770.
Tuxcacuesco was a separate state prior to the Spanish incursion. It was conquered by the Spanish in 1523. During the colonial period it was part of the province of Amula.
Tuxcacuesco has a thriving population of platypus's. There are more platypus's than people, this is a similarity that only new zealand shares(however rather than platypus, New Zealand has more sheep than people). In the year 2003 the local post office ran out of milk. It is near Tonaya Jalisco which tierra del Mexcal and close to El Grullo.
wn.com/Tuxcacuesco -
Tuxcueca
Tuxcueca is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 298.94 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5765.
wn.com/Tuxcueca -
Tuxpan, Jalisco
Tuxpan is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco . The name "Tuxpan" comes from the Nahuatl word tochpan, a word used to describe where rabbits live. Some others translate as a location above the river.
Tuxpan is located in the southern part of the state of Jalisco, between coordinates 19 13 "11 'north latitude between 103 18" 17' with average height of 1,900 m above sea level. The average annual temperature is 21 C, the maximum average of 30 C and the minimum of 13 C. Within the terrain of the hill town highlights of Cihuapilli with 1724 masl. The Tuxpan River (known locally as Tizate) crosses the town.
According to historical records of local monographs, Tuxpan was founded by the Toltec pilgrimage in the year 642 of our era. Later in the year 1529, the Spanish came to the population under the commands of Francisco Cortes of Buenaventura, nephew of Hernan Cortes. However, the Franciscan friars founded the village in 1536, noting the trace and built a convent in that year under the award of San Juan Bautista. Later, an eight-sided cross was built with a based quadrangular. It is currently the oldest colonial monument of Jalisco.
wn.com/Tuxpan,_Jalisco -
United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
wn.com/United_States -
Unión de San Antonio
Unión de San Antonio is a city and municipality located in the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is named after Saint Anthony of Padua since the first church built there was in his honor. As of 2005, the municipality had a population of 15,484. It is located about 32 km (20 mi) west of León, Guanajuato. The main local industry is agriculture, including maize, wheat, beans, and livestock.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century it was known as Hacienda of Saint Anthony of the Adobes and later Villa of Union.
Coordinates: 21°07′41″N 102°00′22″W / 21.128°N 102.006°W / 21.128; -102.006
wn.com/Unión_de_San_Antonio -
Unión de Tula
Unión de Tula is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 323.34 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 13,133.
wn.com/Unión_de_Tula -
Valle de Juárez
Valle de Juárez is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 91.38 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 5,218.
wn.com/Valle_de_Juárez -
Villa Corona
Villa Corona is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 179.37 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 15,196.
wn.com/Villa_Corona -
Villa Purificación
Villa Purificación is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 1937.61 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 10,975.
wn.com/Villa_Purificación -
Zacoalco de Torres
Zacoalco de Torres is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 491.27 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 25,529.
To the east lies the largest lake in Mexico, Lago de Chapala.
wn.com/Zacoalco_de_Torres -
Zapotiltic
Zapotiltic is a municipality and town in Jalisco, Mexico.
Zapotiltic come from the náhuatl words, "Tzápotl" (zapote) y "tlíitic" (black); that means: "place of the black zapotes". This name was adopted due to the abundance of this fruit on the area in the past.
Park y reservs
wn.com/Zapotiltic -
Zapotlanejo
Coordinates: 20°37′22″N 103°4′8″W / 20.62278°N 103.06889°W / 20.62278; -103.06889
Zapotlanejo is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco.
According to the 2005 census, there were 55,827 inhabitants in the municipality. The municipality has a territorial extension of 643.02 km2.
Zapotlanejo is a hybrid word, half Nahuatl and half Spanish. The Nahuatl word "tzapotlán" (place of abundant toads) is composed of two morphemes: "zapotl" (toad) and "tlan" (place). In addition, the name of the municipality includes the Spanish ending indicating locality "ejo."
The town of Zapotlán was previously known as Zapotlán de los Tecuexes, alluding to the name of its pre-Hispanic inhabitants, the Tecuexes, who established themselves in the area about 1218.
Spanish settlement in the area began around 1523. The area's Spanish settlers were subject to continuous attacks by Chichimec forces during the early colonial period.
The municipality's famous Bridge of Calderón was constructed during the government of Francisco Calderón Romero (1670–1672). The bridge was the site of the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón in 1811, which was a key battle in the Mexican War of Independence.
wn.com/Zapotlanejo -
Zapotlán del Rey
Zapotlán del Rey is a town and municipality, in Jalisco in central-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 320.90 km².
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 16,274.
wn.com/Zapotlán_del_Rey -
Zapotlán el Grande
Zapotlán el Grande (also known as Guzmán, and Ciudad Guzmán) is a municipality in the Mexican state of Jalisco. There are several meaninings given to the root name of the "Zapotlán el Grande" "TzapoTl is the name given to all the round fruits from the general region. Another well known fact among the locals it states The full name Zapotlán means my round fruits in the ancient language. round sweet fruits not exactly zapotes as most people believe; however it means Guavas, Tunas, Tejocotes, Cherries found in this region and still found in the low wet valleys. A new theory of the name is Tzapot which ends with Tzapotlan and it refers to the goddess of medicine named Tzaputlatena.
In 1971 the figure shown below became part of the city of Zapotlán el Grande, shown as a tree with three branches, with round fruits at the end of each branch and at the trunk a pair of teeth simulating a human mouth. This oil painting was embraced by the city officials under the administration of Lic. Genaro Alvarez Lopez, who ordered this work of art to be displayed in the city hall. This work of art eventually became a representation of the city indicating its strong ties with its ancestors of Zapotlán el Grande; also known as Ciudad Guzmán or plainly just Guzmán.
wn.com/Zapotlán_el_Grande -
Zihuatanejo
Zihuatanejo (locally: [siwataˈneho]) or Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo, is the fourth-largest city in the Mexican state of Guerrero. Politically the city belongs to the municipality of Zihuatanejo de Azueta in the western part of Guerrero, but both are commonly referred to as Zihuatanejo. It is on the Pacific Coast, about 240 km (150 miles) northwest of Acapulco, and belongs to a section of the Mexican Pacific Coast known as the Costa Grande. This town has been developed as a tourist attraction along with the modern tourist resort of Ixtapa, 5 km away. However, Zihuatanejo has kept its traditional town feel. The town is located on a well-protected bay which is popular with private boat owners during the winter months.
There are two possible origins for the name Zihuatanejo. The first would be from P'urhépecha language meaning “water of the yellow mountain” and the second would be from Nahuatl (Cihuatlán) meaning "place of women." Cihuatlán or "place of women" refers to the western paradise of the Nahuatl universe, the home of the “goddess women.” According to tradition, these women arose in the afternoon to lead the sun at dusk to the realm of the dead, Mictlan, to give a dim light to the dead. "De Azueta" is in honor of José Azueta who died fighting a U.S. incursion into the country in Veracruz in 1914.
wn.com/Zihuatanejo
-
Alejandro Colunga
Alejandro Colunga Marín is a Mexican artist, painter and sculptor.
He was born in Guadalajara on 1948-12-11 and studied architecture between 1967 and 1971 and music and hospitality in 1971–1973 at Conservatorio del Estado de Jalisco. Colunga's painting and sculpting abilities were self-taught. He has also extensively studied, anthropology, and languages.
His work is characterized by the intensity of his vision and his passionate expressionism and gained international recognition as part of a talented generation of visionaries.
His universe of imagination and his original working in the Latin American tradition of surrealism and fantasy makes him unique. He has participated in many exhibitions, individually and collectively since 1968, in the United States, Mexico, Europe and South America.Some of his works of art form part of important private collections as well as museum collections.He works on ambitious sculptural projects in various countries as an example He has done One well-known series of eight sculptures of his, La Rotonda del Mar, is a collection of bronze chairs that were created for Puerto Vallarta's boardwalk (malecon). And some huge sculptures at the Nassau County Museum in Long Island New york
wn.com/Alejandro_Colunga -
Anjelica Huston
Anjelica Huston /ˈhjuːstən/ (born July 8, 1951) is an American actress. Huston became the third generation of her family to win an Academy Award, for her performance in 1985's Prizzi's Honor, joining her father, director John Huston, and grandfather, actor Walter Huston. She later was nominated in 1989 and 1990 for her acting in Enemies, a Love Story and The Grifters respectively. Among her roles, she starred as Morticia Addams in The Addams Family (1991) and Addams Family Values (1993), receiving Golden Globe nominations for both. Huston also played the Grand High Witch in the children's movie Witches, TheThe Witches in 1990 and is, more recently, known for her frequent collaborations with director Wes Anderson. She currently stars on the NBC musical drama, Smash.
Anjelica Huston was born in Santa Monica, California, and is the daughter of director and actor John Huston and Italian–American prima ballerina Enrica 'Ricki' (née Soma), from New York. Huston spent most of her childhood in Ireland and England. She grew up in Saint Clerans House near Craughwell, County Galway. In 1969, she began taking a few small roles in her father's movies. In that same year, her mother, who was 39 years old, died in a car accident, and Huston relocated to the US, where she modeled for several years. While she modeled, she worked with photographers such as Richard Avedon and Bob Richardson.
wn.com/Anjelica_Huston -
Ava Gardner
Ava Lavinia Gardner (December 24, 1922 – January 25, 1990) was an American actress.
She was signed to a contract by MGM Studios in 1941 and appeared mainly in small roles until she drew attention with her performance in The Killers (1946). She became one of Hollywood's leading actresses, considered one of the most beautiful women of her day. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her work in Mogambo (1953).
She appeared in several high-profile films from the 1950s to 1970s, including The Hucksters (1947), Show Boat (1951), The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952), The Barefoot Contessa (1954), Bhowani Junction (1956), On the Beach (1959), Seven Days in May (1964), The Night of the Iguana (1964), The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972), Earthquake (1974), and The Cassandra Crossing (1976). Gardner continued to act regularly until 1986, four years before her death from pneumonia, at age 67, in 1990.
She is listed 25th among the American Film Institute's Greatest female stars.
wn.com/Ava_Gardner -
Cloris Leachman
Cloris Leachman (born April 30, 1926) is an American actress of stage, film and television. She has won eight Primetime Emmy Awards—more than any other performer—and one Daytime Emmy Award. She co-starred in the 1971 film The Last Picture Show. Leachman's longest running role was the nosy, self-centered and manipulative landlady Phyllis Lindstrom on the 1970s TV series Mary Tyler Moore, and later on the spinoff series, Phyllis. She also appeared in three Mel Brooks films, including Young Frankenstein. She had a regular role on the last two seasons of The Facts of Life portraying the character Beverly Ann Stickle. In recent years, she had a recurring role as Lois's mother Ida Gorski on Malcolm in the Middle. She also starred in the roast of Bob Saget in 2008. Leachman was a contestant on Season 7 (2008) of Dancing with the Stars, paired with Corky Ballas. At the age of 82, she was the oldest contestant to dance on the series.
Leachman was the grand marshal for the 2009 New Year's Day Tournament of Roses Parade and Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena, California. She presided over the 120th parade, the theme being "Hats Off to Entertainment", and the 95th Rose Bowl game. Leachman plays a supporting role in Raising Hope, a sitcom that premiered in the fall of 2010 on Fox. She will star with Tara Reid in The Fields, and with Colin Firth and Cameron Diaz in Gambit, a remake of a 1966 film.
wn.com/Cloris_Leachman -
Cristero War
The Cristero War (1926-29) also known as the La Cristiada was an uprising and counter-revolution against the Mexican government. The rebellion was set off by the persecution of Roman Catholics and a ban on their public religious practices. More specifically, the strict enforcement of the anti-clerical provisions by atheist and former President of Mexico Plutarco Elias Calles through the Mexican Constitution of 1917 along with the further expansion of anti-clerical laws exacerbated the conflicts. The rebellion is particularly known for the women and children who assisted the rebels in smuggling guns and ammunition in secret and certain priests who were tortured and murdered in public, as later canonized by Pope John Paul II.
After a period of peaceful resistance by select citizens, a number of skirmishes took place in 1926 while the formal violent rebellions began on 2 January 1927, with the rebels who called themselves Cristeros, invoking the name of Jesus Christ under the title of "Cristo Rey" or Christ the King. The rebellion eventually ended by diplomatic means brokered by the United States Ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Whitney Morrow, with the assistance of the Knights of Columbus.
wn.com/Cristero_War -
Daniel Bernhardt
Daniel Bernhardt, born 31 August 1965, is a Swiss actor, model and martial artist. Bernhardt made his acting debut in the leading role in Bloodsport II: The Next Kumite (1996). He also appeared in two of its sequels. He also starred in Future War (1997), which was lampooned in an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000. In the 2000s, he has appeared as Agent Johnson in The Matrix Reloaded (2003) and with Chuck Norris in The Cutter (2005).
wn.com/Daniel_Bernhardt -
Danny Huston
Daniel S. "Danny" Huston (born May 14, 1962) is an American actor and director.
Huston was born in Rome, Italy. He hails from the illustrious Huston acting and filmmaking dynasty. He is the son of legendary director John Huston, half-brother of actress Anjelica Huston and screenwriter Tony Huston, uncle of actor Jack Huston, stepbrother of writer and editor Allegra Huston, and grandson of Academy Award-winning actor Walter Huston. His mother, Zoe Sallis, was an actress and author whose ancestry was Indian and English. Huston was conceived as a result of an affair between Sallis and John Huston.
His father, John Huston, produced Danny's first feature as a director, Mr. North, an adaptation of Thornton Wilder's last novel, Theophilus North. In 1995's Leaving Las Vegas, he moved in front of the camera and has since acted in over 20 films. He gave his breakthrough acting performance in the independent film Ivans Xtc. The Bernard Rose feature was nominated for several Independent Spirit Awards in 2003, including Best Male Performance for Huston’s portrayal of Hollywood talent agent Ivan Beckman. Huston has worked nonstop as an actor ever since.
wn.com/Danny_Huston -
Deborah Kerr
Deborah Kerr, CBE (30 September 1921 - 16 October 2007) was a Scottish film and television actress. She won the Sarah Siddons Award for her Chicago performance as Laura Reynolds in Tea and Sympathy, a role which she originated on Broadway, a Golden Globe Award for the motion picture The King and I, and was a three-time winner of the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. She was also the recipient of honorary Academy, BAFTA and Cannes Film Festival awards.
She was nominated six times for Academy Award for Best Actress but never won. In 1994, however, she was awarded the Academy Honorary Award, cited by the Academy as "an artist of impeccable grace and beauty, a dedicated actress whose motion picture career has always stood for perfection, discipline and elegance". Her films include The King and I, An Affair to Remember, From Here to Eternity, Quo Vadis, The Innocents, Black Narcissus, Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison, The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp and Separate Tables.
Kerr was born Deborah Jane Kerr-Trimmer in a private nursing home (hospital) in Glasgow, the only daughter of Kathleen Rose (née Smale) and Capt. Arthur Charles Kerr-Trimmer, a World War I veteran pilot who later became a naval architect and civil engineer. Directly after her birth she spent the first three years of her life in the nearby town of Helensburgh, where her parents lived with Deborah's grandparents in a house on West King Street. Kerr had a younger brother, Edward (a.k.a. Teddy), who became a journalist and died in a "road-rage" incident in 2004.
wn.com/Deborah_Kerr -
Elizabeth Taylor
Dame Elizabeth Rosemond "Liz" Taylor, DBE (February 27, 1932 – March 23, 2011) was a British-American actress. From her early years as a child star with MGM, she became one of the great screen actresses of Hollywood's Golden Age. As one of the world's most famous film stars, Taylor was recognized for her acting ability and for her glamorous lifestyle, beauty and distinctive violet eyes.
National Velvet (1944) was Taylor's first success, and she starred in Father of the Bride (1950), A Place in the Sun (1951), Giant (1956), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), and Suddenly, Last Summer (1959). She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for BUtterfield 8 (1960), played the title role in Cleopatra (1963), and married her co-star Richard Burton. They appeared together in 11 films, including Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), for which Taylor won a second Academy Award. From the mid-1970s, she appeared less frequently in film, and made occasional appearances in television and theatre.
Her much publicized personal life included eight marriages and several life-threatening illnesses. From the mid-1980s, Taylor championed HIV and AIDS programs; she co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985, and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1993. She received the Presidential Citizens Medal, the Legion of Honour, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award and a Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute, who named her seventh on their list of the "Greatest American Screen Legends". Taylor died of congestive heart failure in March 2011 at the age of 79, having suffered many years of ill health.
wn.com/Elizabeth_Taylor -
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños (12 March 1911 – 15 July 1979) served as the President of Mexico from 1964 to 1970.
Díaz Ordaz was born in San Andrés Chalchícomula (nowadays Ciudad Serdán, Puebla). His father, Ramón Díaz Ordaz Redonet, worked as an accountant, while his mother, Sabina Bolaños Cacho de Díaz Ordaz, worked as a school teacher. Díaz Ordaz graduated from the University of Puebla on 8 February 1937 with a law degree. He became a professor at the university and served as vice rector from 1940–1941. In 1943 he became a federal deputy for the first district of the state of Puebla, and served as a senator for the same state from 1946–1952. He served as the Secretary of Government in the cabinet of president Adolfo López Mateos from 1958–1964. On 1 December 1963, he became the candidate for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The 1965 yearbook of Encyclopædia Britannica declared that despite facing only token opposition, Díaz Ordaz campaigned as if he were the underdog. He won the presidential election on 8 September 1964.
wn.com/Gustavo_Díaz_Ordaz -
Harvey Keitel
Harvey Keitel (born May 13, 1939) is an American actor. Some of his most notable starring roles were in Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets and Taxi Driver, Ridley Scott's The Duellists and Thelma & Louise, Ettore Scola's That Night in Varennes, Quentin Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction, and From Dusk Till Dawn, Jane Campion's The Piano, Abel Ferrara's Bad Lieutenant, James Mangold's Cop Land, Nicolas Roeg's Bad Timing, and Theo Angelopoulos's Ulysses' Gaze. He recently played Detective Lieutenant Gene Hunt on the American adaptation of Life on Mars.
Keitel (/kaɪˈtɛl/ ky-TEL) was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, the son of Miriam (née Klein) and Harry Keitel, Jewish immigrants from Romania and Poland. His parents owned and ran a luncheonette and his father also worked as a hat maker.
Keitel grew up in the Brighton Beach section of Brooklyn, with his sister, Renee, and brother, Jerry. He attended Abraham Lincoln High School. At the age of sixteen, he decided to join the United States Marine Corps, a decision that took him to Lebanon, during Operation Blue Bat. After his return to the United States, he was a court reporter for several years and was able to support himself before beginning his acting career.
wn.com/Harvey_Keitel -
Hernán Cortés
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (Spanish pronunciation: [erˈnaŋ korˈtes de monˈroj i piˈθaro]; 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Born in Medellín, Spain, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue a livelihood in the New World. He went to Hispaniola and later to Cuba, where he received an encomienda and, for a short time, became alcalde (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, an expedition which he partly funded. His enmity with the Governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some indigenous peoples against others. He also used a native woman, Doña Marina, as an interpreter; she would later bear Cortés a son. When the Governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements. Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the Aztec Empire, Cortés was awarded the title of Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca, while the more prestigious title of Viceroy was given to a high-ranking nobleman, Antonio de Mendoza. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died peacefully but embittered, six years later.
wn.com/Hernán_Cortés -
Ignacio Vallarta
Ignacio Luis Vallarta (9 October 1830, Guadalajara, Jalisco – 31 December 1893, Mexico, D.F.) was a Mexican jurist and governor of the Mexican state of Jalisco (1872–1876). His baptismal name was José Luis Miguel Ignacio Vallarta Ogazón.
Vallarta graduated from the University of Guadalajara with a law degree in 1854 and started to practice law the following year. He quickly became involved in the political struggle in Jalisco between liberalism, represented by Jalisco Governor Santos Degollado, and traditionalism, represented by Bishop Pedro Espinosa of Guadalajara. In 1856, Vallarta became private secretary of Governor Degollado. Vallarta and Degollado participated in the Constitutional Congress of 1856-57 as delegates for Jalisco.
Vallarta fought in the Reform War on the side of Benito Juárez, attending the convention that drafted the 1857 Constitution of Mexico. He was also an ally of Juarez during the French Intervention in Mexico, and went into exile in the U.S.A. from 1864 until 1866.
wn.com/Ignacio_Vallarta -
John Huston
John Marcellus Huston (August 5, 1906 – August 28, 1987) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor. He wrote the screenplay for most of the 37 feature films he directed, many of which are today considered classics: The Maltese Falcon (1941), The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), Key Largo (1948), The Asphalt Jungle (1950), The African Queen (1951), Moulin Rouge (1952), The Misfits (1961), and The Man Who Would Be King (1975). During his 46-year career, Huston received 15 Oscar nominations, winning twice, and directed both his father, Walter Huston, and daughter, Anjelica Huston, to Oscar wins in different films.
Huston was known to direct with the vision of an artist, having studied and worked as a fine art painter in Paris in his early years. He continued to explore the visual aspects of his films throughout his career: sketching each scene on paper beforehand, then carefully framing his characters during the shooting. In addition, while most directors rely on post-production editing to shape their final work, Huston instead created his films while they were being shot, making his films both more economical and more cerebral, with little editing needed.
wn.com/John_Huston -
Richard Burton
Richard Burton, CBE (10 November 1925 – 5 August 1984) was a Welsh actor. He was nominated seven times for an Academy Award, six of which were for Best Actor in a Leading Role (without ever winning), and was a recipient of BAFTA, Golden Globe and Tony Awards for Best Actor. Although never trained as an actor, Burton was, at one time, the highest-paid actor in Hollywood. He remains closely associated in the public consciousness with his second wife, actress Elizabeth Taylor; the couple's turbulent relationship was rarely out of the news.
Richard Burton was born Richard Walter Jenkins in the village of Pontrhydyfen, Neath Port Talbot, Wales. He grew up in a working class, Welsh-speaking household, the twelfth of thirteen children. His father, Richard Walter Jenkins, was a short, robust coal miner, a "twelve-pints-a-day man" who sometimes went off on drinking and gambling sprees for weeks. Burton later claimed, by family telling, that "He looked very much like me...That is, he was pockmarked, devious, and smiled a great deal when he was in trouble. He was, also, a man of extraordinary eloquence, tremendous passion, great violence."
wn.com/Richard_Burton -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Robert James Waller
Robert James Waller (b. August 1, 1939, Rockford, Iowa) is an American author, also known for his work as a photographer and musician.
Waller received his B.A. ('62) and M.A. ('64) from University of Northern Iowa (then known as Iowa State Teachers College). He received his Ph.D. in business from the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University Bloomington in 1968.
Later that year he returned to UNI and began teaching management and economics, and in 1977 became a full professor. He became dean of the College of Business in 1980 and retired from that position in 1986. He made a "seven figure" donation to Indiana University.
Several of his books have been on the New York Times bestseller list including 1992's The Bridges of Madison County which was the top best-seller in 1993. Both that novel and his 1995 novel, Puerto Vallarta Squeeze, have been made into motion pictures. Waller currently resides in Texas.
wn.com/Robert_James_Waller -
Scott Glenn
Theodore Scott Glenn (born January 26, 1941) is an American actor. His roles have included Wes Hightower in Urban Cowboy (1980), astronaut Alan Shepard in The Right Stuff (1983), Emmett in Silverado (1985), Commander Bart Mancuso in The Hunt for Red October (1990), Jack Crawford in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Roger in Training Day (2001), Ezra Kramer in The Bourne Ultimatum (2007), and The Wise Man in Sucker Punch (2011).
Glenn was born Theodore Scott Glenn in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Elizabeth, a homemaker, and Theodore Glenn, a business executive. He grew up in Pittsburgh and has Irish and Native American ancestry. During his childhood he was regularly ill, and for a year was bed-ridden. Through intense training programs he recovered from his illnesses, also overcoming a limp. After graduating from a Pittsburgh high school, Glenn entered The College of William and Mary where he majored in English. He then joined the Marine Corps for three years and worked roughly five months as a reporter for the Kenosha Evening News. He then tried to become an author, but found he could not write good dialogue. To learn the art of dialogue, he began taking acting classes.
wn.com/Scott_Glenn -
Sergio Bustamante
Sergio Bustamante is a Mexican Artist and sculptor. Though born in Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico, Sergio Bustamante has lived in the Guadalajara area since early childhood. In his youth, he studied architecture at the University of Guadalajara, but abandoned this pursuit when his talents and interests drew him to the fine arts and crafts.
He began with paintings and paper mache figures, inaugurating the first exhibit of his works at the Galeria Misracha in Mexico City in 1966. In the early 1970s, he traveled to Amsterdam, where he further developed his talents. After his return to Guadalajara, he established in 1975, along with other artists, the "Family Workshop Studio" in Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico.
While Bustamante's works initially focused on painting and paper mache, his talents led, in the mid-1970s, to the creation of sculptures in wood and bronze, many reflecting animal themes. 1979 marked the inauguration of innovative furniture designs in wood and glass with bronze accents, currently available in distinctive patterns and motifs. The creation of ceramic sculptures in the mid-1980s provided avenues for the use of color and form in ways not previously explored. In 1992, the initiation of an extensive line of exquisite jewelry in bronze, gold and silver, many set with precious and semi-precious stones and, again, often reflecting animal themes, marked a new and expansive direction for his creations. In this same year, a new series of paper mache sculptures was introduced. In the new millennium, Bustamante continues to explore new paths for the further expression of his imaginative and gifted talents.
wn.com/Sergio_Bustamante -
Tennessee Williams
Thomas Lanier "Tennessee" Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983) was an American writer who worked principally as a playwright in the American theater. He also wrote short stories, novels, poetry, essays, screenplays and a volume of memoirs. His professional career lasted from the mid 1930s until his death in 1983, and saw the creation of many plays that are regarded as classics of the American stage. Williams adapted much of his best known work for the cinema.
Williams received virtually all of the top theatrical awards for his works of drama, including several New York Drama Critics' Circle awards, a Tony Award for best play for The Rose Tattoo (1951) and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for A Streetcar Named Desire (1948) and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955). In 1980 he was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter and is today acknowledged as one of the most accomplished playwrights in the history of English speaking theater.
Theater scholar Charlotte Canning, of the University of Texas at Austin where Williams' archives are located, has said, "There is no more influential 20th-century American playwright than Tennessee Williams... He inspired future generations of writers as diverse as Suzan-Lori Parks, Tony Kushner, David Mamet and John Waters, and his plays remain among the most produced in the world."
wn.com/Tennessee_Williams
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
PUERTO VALLARTA TOURISM PROMOTIONAL VIDEO MEXICO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/PUERTO_VALLARTA_TOURISM_PROMOTIONAL_VIDEO_MEXICO
Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
A quick overview of this resort town
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta,_Mexico
A quick overview of this resort town
- published: 28 Dec 2008
- views: 42762
- author: ChuckOnTour2
Marietas Islands Puerto Vallarta Mexico's hidden Beach.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Protected from the intrusion of the world outside, the hidden beach of Marieta Islands, Puerto Vallarta is a world of its own. Located just a few miles off the coast of Mexico, close to Bandera bay, Marieta Islands are archipelagos that were formed as a result of volcanic activity. The islands have remained almost secluded ever since. It was only recently that recreational aspect of the place was discovered following development of an extremely exclusive marine ecosystem that makes this place just as unique as thrilling. The marine environment of hidden beach Marieta Island, Puerta Vallarta has developed over several years, sans any disturbance from humans or outside nature. As a result, the marine life here is intriguing and holds a huge potential for people who love just this kind of sport. Marieta Islands are one of the best sports for snorkeling and scuba diving owing to the virgin nature of the place, along with its diversity. The water along the hidden beach Marieta Island, Puerto Vallarta is a crystal clear blue mass of pure bliss. Of the marine wildlife available to view in the place, Humpback whale, sea turtles and dolphins are just a few of the most magnificent examples.Travelers can also enjoy a powerboat trip to the hidden beach, Marieta Island, Puerto Vallarta taking in the scenery along the way. The hidden beach, Marieta Islands, Puerto Vallarta is an intriguing site in its own accord. The beach remains cut off from rest of the ...
http://wn.com/Marietas_Islands_Puerto_Vallarta_Mexico's_hidden_Beach
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Protected from the intrusion of the world outside, the hidden beach of Marieta Islands, Puerto Vallarta is a world of its own. Located just a few miles off the coast of Mexico, close to Bandera bay, Marieta Islands are archipelagos that were formed as a result of volcanic activity. The islands have remained almost secluded ever since. It was only recently that recreational aspect of the place was discovered following development of an extremely exclusive marine ecosystem that makes this place just as unique as thrilling. The marine environment of hidden beach Marieta Island, Puerta Vallarta has developed over several years, sans any disturbance from humans or outside nature. As a result, the marine life here is intriguing and holds a huge potential for people who love just this kind of sport. Marieta Islands are one of the best sports for snorkeling and scuba diving owing to the virgin nature of the place, along with its diversity. The water along the hidden beach Marieta Island, Puerto Vallarta is a crystal clear blue mass of pure bliss. Of the marine wildlife available to view in the place, Humpback whale, sea turtles and dolphins are just a few of the most magnificent examples.Travelers can also enjoy a powerboat trip to the hidden beach, Marieta Island, Puerto Vallarta taking in the scenery along the way. The hidden beach, Marieta Islands, Puerto Vallarta is an intriguing site in its own accord. The beach remains cut off from rest of the ...
- published: 24 Sep 2012
- views: 232220
- author: wedidyourhomework
Day 1: Welcome to Puerto Vallarta!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:23
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
Follow my sister and me as we go on our first vacation together! Thanks for watching and don't forget to like the video for more :) Let's Tweet! twitter.com Follow me on Pose: secure.pose.com Instagram: Griiicelda email: Griiicelda@gmail.com
http://wn.com/Day_1_Welcome_to_Puerto_Vallarta!
Follow my sister and me as we go on our first vacation together! Thanks for watching and don't forget to like the video for more :) Let's Tweet! twitter.com Follow me on Pose: secure.pose.com Instagram: Griiicelda email: Griiicelda@gmail.com
- published: 28 Jun 2012
- views: 2909
- author: griiicelda
Travelling with Justin in Puerto Vallarta - Lonely Planet Travel Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 14 Nov 2012
Travelling with kids is not easy. But seeing the world through the eyes of a child has given us a whole new perspective. You can never predict how your child will turn out but hopefully Justin will follow in our footsteps and become world travellers. Produced by Travel on Productions for Lonelyplanet.tv
http://wn.com/Travelling_with_Justin_in_Puerto_Vallarta_Lonely_Planet_Travel_Video
Travelling with kids is not easy. But seeing the world through the eyes of a child has given us a whole new perspective. You can never predict how your child will turn out but hopefully Justin will follow in our footsteps and become world travellers. Produced by Travel on Productions for Lonelyplanet.tv
- published: 03 Apr 2009
- views: 34374
- author: LonelyPlanet
Puerto Vallarta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Pictures of puerto and nuevo vallarta and bucerias.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta
Pictures of puerto and nuevo vallarta and bucerias.
- published: 29 Nov 2007
- views: 74644
- author: thcormier
Wild Side Travel: Puerto Vallarta Spring Break 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
www.wildsidetravel.com https Want to see what Spring Break is like in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico? Let Wild Side Travel introduce you to a spring break trip like no other. World class night clubs, VIP bottle service, pool parties all in the friendliest city in the world, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico! This video sums up the 2011 Spring Break season!
http://wn.com/Wild_Side_Travel_Puerto_Vallarta_Spring_Break_2011
www.wildsidetravel.com https Want to see what Spring Break is like in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico? Let Wild Side Travel introduce you to a spring break trip like no other. World class night clubs, VIP bottle service, pool parties all in the friendliest city in the world, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico! This video sums up the 2011 Spring Break season!
- published: 08 Jul 2011
- views: 56089
- author: Robin Heckathorn
Puerto Vallarta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:23
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Puerto Vallarta
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta
Puerto Vallarta
- published: 23 Feb 2007
- views: 77354
- author: Orely060783
Puerto Vallarta New Malecon Tourism Mexico by PromovisionPV.com Video Production
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Puerto Vallarta New Malecon Tourism Mexico by PromovisionPV.com Video Production www.promovisionpv.com 2012
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_New_Malecon_Tourism_Mexico_by_PromovisionPVcom_Video_Production
Puerto Vallarta New Malecon Tourism Mexico by PromovisionPV.com Video Production www.promovisionpv.com 2012
- published: 06 Jan 2012
- views: 33501
- author: promovision
Spring Break 2012 PUERTO VALLARTA MEXICO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
DE LO MEJOR Y CHICAS HERMOSAS.
http://wn.com/Spring_Break_2012_PUERTO_VALLARTA_MEXICO
DE LO MEJOR Y CHICAS HERMOSAS.
- published: 28 Nov 2011
- views: 2035751
- author: JHONNY LANDEROS JAUREGUI
Puerto Vallarta Mexico 2012 2013 Restaurants, Tours, and many more things to do in PV.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Puerto Vallarta's proximity to the Bay of Banderas, the agricultural valley of the Ameca River, and the important mining centers in the Sierra have given the town a more interesting past than most Mexican tourist destinations spring break 2012. Puerto Vallarta was a thriving Mexican village long before it became an international tourist destination. Tourism was a major economic activity because of the climate, scenery, tropical beaches, and rich cultural history. For a sense of the extent even of the city's modern history, note that Puerto Vallarta and Seattle were founded in the same year 1851.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_Mexico_2012_2013_Restaurants,_Tours,_and_many_more_things_to_do_in_PV
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Puerto Vallarta's proximity to the Bay of Banderas, the agricultural valley of the Ameca River, and the important mining centers in the Sierra have given the town a more interesting past than most Mexican tourist destinations spring break 2012. Puerto Vallarta was a thriving Mexican village long before it became an international tourist destination. Tourism was a major economic activity because of the climate, scenery, tropical beaches, and rich cultural history. For a sense of the extent even of the city's modern history, note that Puerto Vallarta and Seattle were founded in the same year 1851.
- published: 08 Apr 2011
- views: 39516
- author: wedidyourhomework
Puerto Vallarta Mexico
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:28
- Updated: 18 May 2012
Follow the models from their luxurious accommodations to their sultry photo shoots. They take an awe inspiring canopy tour, whizzing over the treetops on a thin wire. The girls relax in deserted San Sebastian, then go on a sailing expedition. The adventure continues as they swim and play with sea lions and dolphins. All of this plus footage of the models' sizzling photo shoots on Bikini Destinations: Puerto Vallarta. Established as one of the world's most popular shows featuring beautiful women, top bikini models travel to spectacular distant locales for dramatic photo shoots. High definition cameras are rolling on every detail as the girls do what they do best: look stunning on camera and enjoy the sweet nectar of life.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_Mexico
Follow the models from their luxurious accommodations to their sultry photo shoots. They take an awe inspiring canopy tour, whizzing over the treetops on a thin wire. The girls relax in deserted San Sebastian, then go on a sailing expedition. The adventure continues as they swim and play with sea lions and dolphins. All of this plus footage of the models' sizzling photo shoots on Bikini Destinations: Puerto Vallarta. Established as one of the world's most popular shows featuring beautiful women, top bikini models travel to spectacular distant locales for dramatic photo shoots. High definition cameras are rolling on every detail as the girls do what they do best: look stunning on camera and enjoy the sweet nectar of life.
- published: 08 Jan 2010
- views: 5031
- author: TravelVideoStore
Puerto Vallarta Mismaloya Beach. Playa Mismaloya part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Things to do in Puerto Vallarta Mismaloya is a small village, located on the coast of the Bahía de Banderas in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Mismaloya lies on Highway 200, south of Puerto Vallarta.Mismaloya is most famous as the site where the 1963 film The Night of the Iguana was filmed. The set and crew quarters rise up the hill on the south side of the Mismaloya cove. Sadly, the set is only ruins now, and the once-famous John Huston Cafe is an empty shell on top of the hill. Huston once wrote that he was the only person who cared for the place. The movie made Puerto Vallarta famous, but the set has been forgotten. On the other side of Highway 200 from Playa Mismaloya is El Eden, a jungle setting where parts of the movie Predator were filmed.The beach at Playa Mismaloya is located in a lovely cove, with a full view of Los Arcos sea rocks - a great place to snorkel and scuba dive. There are boats which tourists can hire, and the beach is home to several restaurants and trinket peddlers, as well as the hotel Barcelo, a Beautiful Zoo and the La Jolla De Mismaloya Condominiums.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_Mismaloya_Beach_Playa_Mismaloya_part_1
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Things to do in Puerto Vallarta Mismaloya is a small village, located on the coast of the Bahía de Banderas in the Mexican state of Jalisco. Mismaloya lies on Highway 200, south of Puerto Vallarta.Mismaloya is most famous as the site where the 1963 film The Night of the Iguana was filmed. The set and crew quarters rise up the hill on the south side of the Mismaloya cove. Sadly, the set is only ruins now, and the once-famous John Huston Cafe is an empty shell on top of the hill. Huston once wrote that he was the only person who cared for the place. The movie made Puerto Vallarta famous, but the set has been forgotten. On the other side of Highway 200 from Playa Mismaloya is El Eden, a jungle setting where parts of the movie Predator were filmed.The beach at Playa Mismaloya is located in a lovely cove, with a full view of Los Arcos sea rocks - a great place to snorkel and scuba dive. There are boats which tourists can hire, and the beach is home to several restaurants and trinket peddlers, as well as the hotel Barcelo, a Beautiful Zoo and the La Jolla De Mismaloya Condominiums.
- published: 13 Oct 2011
- views: 9514
- author: wedidyourhomework
Puerto Vallarta - Mexico's Traditional Vacation Paradise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
The beaches of Puerto Vallarta have been sought after ever since Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton chose the area to stage their famous romance in 1963. The neighborhood has expanded to include nearby beaches. Beach life, art and Mexican culture continue to be authentically celebrated.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_Mexico's_Traditional_Vacation_Paradise
The beaches of Puerto Vallarta have been sought after ever since Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton chose the area to stage their famous romance in 1963. The neighborhood has expanded to include nearby beaches. Beach life, art and Mexican culture continue to be authentically celebrated.
- published: 10 Aug 2010
- views: 16414
- author: Bea Broda
Puerto Vallarta tours Bahia Alegre Bay cruise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:13
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
www.puertovallartadaytours.com www.bahiaalegre.com. All aboard Santamarias Trimaran and head out on one of Puerto Vallarta's famous bay cruises! This is an excellent way to spend your day cruising along the Banderas Bay and stopping at a few remote beaches you can only reach by boat. On the Bahia Alegre bay cruise you can enjoy everything from a wide variety of drinks, dancing, sightseeing, snorkeling, kayaking, and horse backing riding (horses are $15.00 extra), all on the same tour. As we depart from Marina Vallarta we will cruise along the Banderas Bay where you can enjoy the panoramic views of Puerto Vallarta nestled into the Sierra Madre Mountains. Don't forget to keep a look out for Dolphins playing in the waves. The first stop we'll make is Los Arcos, an underwater national marine park and a great snorkeling location. The second stop is Las Animas, located on the south coast of Vallarta. Here you can relax, enjoy a Mexican lunch, have a few drinks, soak up the sun, play in the sand and go for a swim. You can also enjoy kayaking which is included in the tour. Third stop is Quimixto a small vishing village. For those who are a little more adventurous, you'll have the opportunity to horseback ride through the mountains and visit the hidden waterfall. The horses are so well trained that you can even ride with a baby! From here we will head back to port and enjoy music, dancing and games along the way! Departs from Main Terminal Marina in Puerto Vallarta. THIS TOUR IS ...
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_tours_Bahia_Alegre_Bay_cruise
www.puertovallartadaytours.com www.bahiaalegre.com. All aboard Santamarias Trimaran and head out on one of Puerto Vallarta's famous bay cruises! This is an excellent way to spend your day cruising along the Banderas Bay and stopping at a few remote beaches you can only reach by boat. On the Bahia Alegre bay cruise you can enjoy everything from a wide variety of drinks, dancing, sightseeing, snorkeling, kayaking, and horse backing riding (horses are $15.00 extra), all on the same tour. As we depart from Marina Vallarta we will cruise along the Banderas Bay where you can enjoy the panoramic views of Puerto Vallarta nestled into the Sierra Madre Mountains. Don't forget to keep a look out for Dolphins playing in the waves. The first stop we'll make is Los Arcos, an underwater national marine park and a great snorkeling location. The second stop is Las Animas, located on the south coast of Vallarta. Here you can relax, enjoy a Mexican lunch, have a few drinks, soak up the sun, play in the sand and go for a swim. You can also enjoy kayaking which is included in the tour. Third stop is Quimixto a small vishing village. For those who are a little more adventurous, you'll have the opportunity to horseback ride through the mountains and visit the hidden waterfall. The horses are so well trained that you can even ride with a baby! From here we will head back to port and enjoy music, dancing and games along the way! Departs from Main Terminal Marina in Puerto Vallarta. THIS TOUR IS ...
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 25484
- author: wedidyourhomework
Puerto Vallarta #1 Dog loving city in Mexico! And the Safest!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Puerto Vallarta is filling up with more and more baby boomers every year. And with over 55000 people tunring 55 everyday in the United States and Canada people want to know if Puerto Vallarta Mexico is a dog loving town. So here's your answer!
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_1_Dog_loving_city_in_Mexico!_And_the_Safest!
www.puertovallartadaytours.com Puerto Vallarta is filling up with more and more baby boomers every year. And with over 55000 people tunring 55 everyday in the United States and Canada people want to know if Puerto Vallarta Mexico is a dog loving town. So here's your answer!
- published: 02 Apr 2012
- views: 26368
- author: wedidyourhomework
Puerto Vallarta - Old Town & beautiful! - Mexico
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Busy streets as people join the preccesion for Our Lady of Guadalupe Church, shops with great prices and a wide veriety of goods. Beautiful Puerto Vallarta in the Riviera Nayarit, Mexico.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_Old_Town_beautiful!_Mexico
Busy streets as people join the preccesion for Our Lady of Guadalupe Church, shops with great prices and a wide veriety of goods. Beautiful Puerto Vallarta in the Riviera Nayarit, Mexico.
- published: 23 Dec 2009
- views: 57215
- author: JCVdude
Puerto Vallarta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
www.puertovallartadaytours.com pegasochartering.com.mx www.casaisabelpv.com In Puerto Vallarta, you will find yourself mesmerised by the presence and the influence of nature. Puerto Vallarta is nestled between the Sierra Madre Mountains (Spanish for "mother mountain range") covered in jungle and the Bahia de Banderas (Bay of Flags.) Here you will find the second largest bay in the world dotted with untouched sandy beaches. Hundreds of bird species migrate to Puerto Vallarta every winter, thus coexisting with the local exotic birds. Another natural phenomenon occurring in the winter is the return of the humpback whales. "A trip to Puerto Vallarta is nothing without sampling the local cuisine!" There is a joke that the citizens here require a special nutritional supplement in order to thrive, and that would be Vitamin T, contained in tamales, tortas, tostadas, tortillas, tequila and — first among equals — their tacos. Take your taste buds to a fiesta and experience Mexican food in its purest form. You can enjoy unbelievable views from the restaurants in Puerto Vallarta as you savour your meal. "Puerto Vallarta has some of the most interesting and exciting activities to offer." A parasailing tour will give you a bird's-eye view of this magnificent city and its surroundings. A short hike or horseback ride will take you to a picturesque waterfall; a zip-line tour will get your heart racing and your adrenaline pumping and a cold beverage will compliment the best sunset you have ...
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta
www.puertovallartadaytours.com pegasochartering.com.mx www.casaisabelpv.com In Puerto Vallarta, you will find yourself mesmerised by the presence and the influence of nature. Puerto Vallarta is nestled between the Sierra Madre Mountains (Spanish for "mother mountain range") covered in jungle and the Bahia de Banderas (Bay of Flags.) Here you will find the second largest bay in the world dotted with untouched sandy beaches. Hundreds of bird species migrate to Puerto Vallarta every winter, thus coexisting with the local exotic birds. Another natural phenomenon occurring in the winter is the return of the humpback whales. "A trip to Puerto Vallarta is nothing without sampling the local cuisine!" There is a joke that the citizens here require a special nutritional supplement in order to thrive, and that would be Vitamin T, contained in tamales, tortas, tostadas, tortillas, tequila and — first among equals — their tacos. Take your taste buds to a fiesta and experience Mexican food in its purest form. You can enjoy unbelievable views from the restaurants in Puerto Vallarta as you savour your meal. "Puerto Vallarta has some of the most interesting and exciting activities to offer." A parasailing tour will give you a bird's-eye view of this magnificent city and its surroundings. A short hike or horseback ride will take you to a picturesque waterfall; a zip-line tour will get your heart racing and your adrenaline pumping and a cold beverage will compliment the best sunset you have ...
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 41475
- author: wedidyourhomework
Puerto Vallarta - Mexico
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Puerto Vallarta - Mexico There are great deals to many all inclusive resorts this summer. This video is taken at Palladium Vallarta, Riviera Nayarit.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_Mexico
Puerto Vallarta - Mexico There are great deals to many all inclusive resorts this summer. This video is taken at Palladium Vallarta, Riviera Nayarit.
- published: 11 Jun 2011
- views: 2535
- author: JCVdude
Puerto Vallarta The Safest Place to be.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 04 Nov 2012
There are many rumors around the world about the safety in Mexico. This is a real testimonial form real people in real vacations enjoying now the spring break in the best destination... Puerto Vallarta.
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta_The_Safest_Place_to_be
There are many rumors around the world about the safety in Mexico. This is a real testimonial form real people in real vacations enjoying now the spring break in the best destination... Puerto Vallarta.
- published: 18 Mar 2009
- views: 62831
- author: FideturPVR
Puerto Vallarta, Mexico - Where the Movie Stars live!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:12
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
A walking tour of Puerto Vallarta high above Banderas Bay start on narrow cobble stone street, colorful flowers hanging from window, beautiful architecture and vehicles wit license plates from British Columbia, Alberta and California. Beautiful and safe but challenging if you have walking issues. This the beautiful Puerto Vallarta in the Riviera Nayarit, Mexico
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta,_Mexico_Where_the_Movie_Stars_live!
A walking tour of Puerto Vallarta high above Banderas Bay start on narrow cobble stone street, colorful flowers hanging from window, beautiful architecture and vehicles wit license plates from British Columbia, Alberta and California. Beautiful and safe but challenging if you have walking issues. This the beautiful Puerto Vallarta in the Riviera Nayarit, Mexico
- published: 23 Dec 2009
- views: 20462
- author: JCVdude
Krystal Puerto Vallarta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
Welcome to the Krystal Puerto Vallarta! The Krystal Puerto Vallarta (www.kivc.com) resorts are amongst the best known and loved in Mexico. All of our resorts are ocean front and well situated in the heart of their respective destinations Cancun, Puerto Vallarta and Ixtapa, Mexico. The atmosphere at the Krystal is pure Mexican charm. You will find new surprises around every corner, from cobble stone streets to the many fountains and lush palm trees ensuring that your Mexican vacation will be a memorable one. They have fabulous pools with aqueducts, bridges and swim up bars as well as Jacuzzis and plenty of on-site entertainment. Fine dining? Their restaurants are considered amongst the best in town! If nightlife is what you're after, Christine's and Bulldogs are the most popular nightclubs in their destinations. There are also a wide variety of unit sizes, many with their own private pool! Full hotel services are available to all guests. If water sports are more your thing, don't worry, there are plenty available at the Krystal. Feeling adventurous? The concierge can help you choose from a wide array of land and sea tours with special discounts for guests. Come and enjoy the best Mexico has to offer at the Krystal resorts, "the atmosphere here is wonderful, relaxing and refreshing". We went down there to test the Canon EOS 7d, which went very well!
http://wn.com/Krystal_Puerto_Vallarta
Welcome to the Krystal Puerto Vallarta! The Krystal Puerto Vallarta (www.kivc.com) resorts are amongst the best known and loved in Mexico. All of our resorts are ocean front and well situated in the heart of their respective destinations Cancun, Puerto Vallarta and Ixtapa, Mexico. The atmosphere at the Krystal is pure Mexican charm. You will find new surprises around every corner, from cobble stone streets to the many fountains and lush palm trees ensuring that your Mexican vacation will be a memorable one. They have fabulous pools with aqueducts, bridges and swim up bars as well as Jacuzzis and plenty of on-site entertainment. Fine dining? Their restaurants are considered amongst the best in town! If nightlife is what you're after, Christine's and Bulldogs are the most popular nightclubs in their destinations. There are also a wide variety of unit sizes, many with their own private pool! Full hotel services are available to all guests. If water sports are more your thing, don't worry, there are plenty available at the Krystal. Feeling adventurous? The concierge can help you choose from a wide array of land and sea tours with special discounts for guests. Come and enjoy the best Mexico has to offer at the Krystal resorts, "the atmosphere here is wonderful, relaxing and refreshing". We went down there to test the Canon EOS 7d, which went very well!
- published: 27 May 2010
- views: 14505
- author: William Byers
Palladium Resort Puerto Vallarta Mexico
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
I read that there were large waves coming in from the Pacific, but I didn't know that there would be surfers around. The resort offers lessons and equipment (all-inclusive) there is rip tide outside the marked swimming area, but there is a lifeguard on duty. It's no different than skiing out of bounds or back country snowmobiling.There were lots of kids, and Cindy playing in the waves. For me the resort and scenery far exceeded my expectations. This is Palladium Vallarta Resort & Spa in the Riviera Nayarit!
http://wn.com/Palladium_Resort_Puerto_Vallarta_Mexico
I read that there were large waves coming in from the Pacific, but I didn't know that there would be surfers around. The resort offers lessons and equipment (all-inclusive) there is rip tide outside the marked swimming area, but there is a lifeguard on duty. It's no different than skiing out of bounds or back country snowmobiling.There were lots of kids, and Cindy playing in the waves. For me the resort and scenery far exceeded my expectations. This is Palladium Vallarta Resort & Spa in the Riviera Nayarit!
- published: 15 Dec 2009
- views: 26326
- author: JCVdude
photo: UN / Shareef Sarhan
02 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Guest Writer Gilad Atzmon. Israel suffered a humiliating defeat at The UN recently. The nations of the world stood up and said NO to the Jewish state - NO to Israeli occupation, NO to Israeli human rights abuse, NO to Jewish racism. In effect, they stood up and confessed to serious Zio-fatigue ... This is a very good news indeed. But interestingly, this united opposition to Israel is not in response to Israeli strength ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Bassem Tellawi
04 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON (AP) â President Barack Obama warned Syria on Monday that the use of chemical weapons would be "totally unacceptable" and that the country's leaders would be held accountable ... Obama stopped short of detailing those consequences....(size: 6.7Kb)
photo: AP / Anja Niedringhaus
03 Dec 2012
UNITED NATIONS. UN leader Ban Ki-moon warned Sunday that if Israel implemented its latest plan for new settlements it would deal an “almost fatal blow” to any prospects for peace with the Palestinians. Israel’s announcement about the 3,000 Jewish settler homes, whose planned location was not revealed, came in the wake of a historic vote by the United Nations General Assembly to upgrade Palestine’s diplomatic status ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: AP / Patrick Semansky
02 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Much like the United States, the Vikings were a paradoxical and duplicitous civilization. Not only were they highly skilled shipbuilders and tremendous explorers, not to mention their expertise in the fishing, farming and trading industries, but they helped establish and contribute to the nation-states of France, England, Ireland, Germany, Russia, and Iceland ... This came to mind when Pfc....(size: 5.5Kb)
photo: AP / Sang Tan, File
03 Dec 2012
DUBAI, United Arab Emirates — A major U.S. delegation is in Dubai to lead opposition to possible new Internet regulations at a U.N. conference ... and Microsoft Corp. ....(size: 0.9Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
05 Dec 2012
Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta and the Riviera Nayarit are also exempt from warnings that affect other areas of their respective states ... While Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta are considered safe, the warning advises against traveling in regions of Jalisco state that border Michoacan and Zacatecas, and being cautious when traveling at night outside of cities in other parts of the state....(size: 8.4Kb)
New Testimonials on Dr. Jose Castenada’s Website Boast Success for up and Coming Weight Loss Surgeon
San Francisco Chronicle04 Dec 2012
But with Dr ... Dr ... He practices at state-of-the-art medical facilities in Puerto Vallarta – a Pacific beach resort city – and Guadalajara. In Puerto Vallarta, the Premiere by CMQ Hospitals serves patients with the most modern technologies available ... “Dr ... “I traveled from Atlanta, Georgia to Puerto Vallarta last March – all 380 lbs ... Obesity Solutions is based out of the Puerto de Hierro Medical Center, a privately owned and operated hospital....(size: 3.4Kb)
noodls
02 Dec 2012
WALMART DE MEXICO REPORTS NOVEMBER 2009 SALES. FREE TRANSLATION, NOT TO THE LETTER. Mexico City, December 4, 2009 Wal-Mart de Mexico, S.A.B. de C.V. (WALMEX) announces to its shareholders as well as to the public in general that during the month of November 2009, sales were $23,706 million pesos ... Sales Growth 2009. Calendar Retail Calendar (Saturday-Friday) Number of Weeks ... in Mexico City; Tampico, Tamaulipas, and Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco....(size: 5.8Kb)
Kypost
01 Dec 2012
Kentucky and Louisville aren't just playing for Bluegrass State bragging rights. Both the No. 9 Wildcats and No. 6 Cardinals have conference and national championship aspirations. It is the first time they will square off with both ranked in the top 10 ... Since losing to No ... 15 ... 13 ... ... That's fine ... Louisville opened the season with the win over Texas A&M; and won the Hardwood Tournament of Hope title last week in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
The Examiner
30 Nov 2012
If you aren't visiting relatives this holiday season and are looking to get out somewhere fun and international, here are my top places for places to visit.. 5. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. Thinking of Brazil conjures up images of sun, sand and samba and Rio is at the heart of all the versatility and energy that this nation encompasses ... 4 ... 3 ... Punta de Mita (popularly called “Punta Mita”) is a little village ten miles north of Puerto Vallarta ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
The Examiner
29 Nov 2012
IHG Priority Club Rewards members who stay two consecutive nights at any of 17 Holiday Inn Resort locations through Feb. 28, 2013, will get a free night at a resort for a future stay. You must register for the promotion at the link below prior to your stay ... Participating hotels. ... - Holiday Inn Resort Puerto Vallarta ... LINK ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
The Examiner
29 Nov 2012
For people who are dreaming more of sun-drenched tropical escapes than white Christmases, there’s a posh, tropical, sun soaked hideaway, where celebrities, superstars and well-heeled Angelenos flee during the holidays ... The offer is good for stays between Dec. 19, 2012, and Jan ... Las Alamandas is an exclusive retreat, located on the Cosatalegre south of Puerto Vallarta, offering the highest level of personalized service ... For reservations ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
The Charlotte Observer
29 Nov 2012
GAME NOTES. The St. John's Red Storm welcome the South Carolina Gamecocks to Queens on Thursday for a non-conference clash at Carnesecca Arena, as part of the Big East/SEC Challenge. Steve Lavin is back on the bench and the Red Storm are off to a solid start, with wins in four of their first six games ... St ... The Gamecocks were able to claim the tournament title in Puerto Vallarta with a 12-point win over UALR ... St ... What St ... St ... Fact Stats....(size: 3.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
29 Nov 2012
... Alberta & Central British Columbia, Shenandoah Valley, Poconos, Williamsburg, Virginia Beach, Maryland Coast, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Cape Cod, Quebec, Orlando, Colorado, Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe, Lake Havasu, Arizona, the Rockies, the Carolinas, Mazatlan, Cabo San Lucas, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, China, Ireland, and Egypt, and Bali....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Dallas Morning News
28 Nov 2012
Huffington Post
28 Nov 2012
Not so bad ... <a href=""http.//masterbaitonline.com/"" target="_hplink">Master Bait and Tackle</a> on Florida's Gulf coast isn't the only bait shop to play on the "master bait"/"masterbate" homophone; <a href=""http.//www.masterbaitersfishing.com/"" target="_hplink">Master Baiter's Sportfishing & Tackle</a> in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico does too ... Ugh ... ....(size: 9.5Kb)
The Miami Herald
27 Nov 2012
As a frequent traveler to Mexico, I'm often asked about the safety issues due to the amount of violence and dramatic imagery shown in U.S. news. The truth is that anywhere you travel, anything can happen ... Of Mexico's 31 states and one federal district, 14 have no travel warnings, according to the U.S ... And many Americans don't seem deterred anyway ... 11 and Puerto Vallarta at No ... (Puerto Vallarta is in a state with a partial travel warning.)....(size: 3.7Kb)
The Examiner
27 Nov 2012
Interior view of the Desert Passage mall at the Aladdin in Las VegasNew York New York hotel and casino viewed from The Strip, Las Vegas, NevadaView of the strip, from atop StratosphereView towards the main temple in Tulum, MexicoView of Puerto Vallarta, MexicoTulum ( Quintana Roo ) Beach - Stairs to the ruinsLooking over Tautuku Bay towards the ......(size: 4.2Kb)
| Puerto Vallarta | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||
|
|||
| Nickname(s): P.V. | |||
 |
|||
 Puerto Vallarta
|
|||
| Coordinates: 20°40′N 105°16′W / 20.667°N 105.267°W / 20.667; -105.267Coordinates: 20°40′N 105°16′W / 20.667°N 105.267°W / 20.667; -105.267 | |||
| Country |  Mexico |
||
| State |  Jalisco |
||
| Municipality | Puerto Vallarta | ||
| Founded | 1851 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Lic. Salvador González (PRI) | ||
| Area | |||
| • Municipality | 1,300.7 km2 (502.19 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 7 m (23 ft) | ||
| Population (2010) | |||
| • Total | 255,725 | ||
| • Municipality | 255,725 | ||
| • Demonym | Vallartense | ||
| Time zone | CST (UTC-6) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) | ||
| Postal code | 48300 | ||
| Area code(s) | 322 | ||
| Website | www.puertovallarta.gob.mx | ||
Puerto Vallarta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweɾto baˈʝaɾta]) is a Mexican balneario resort city situated on the Pacific Ocean's Bahía de Banderas. The 2010 census reported Puerto Vallarta's population as 255,725[1] making it the sixth-largest city in the state of Jalisco. The City of Puerto Vallarta is the government seat of the Municipality of Puerto Vallarta which comprises the city as well as population centers outside of the city extending from Boca de Tomatlán to the Nayarit border (the Ameca River).
The city is located at 20°40′N 105°16′W / 20.667°N 105.267°W / 20.667; -105.267. The municipality has an area of 502.19 square miles (1,300.7 km2). To the North it borders the SW part of the state of Nayarit. To the east it borders the municipality of Mascota and San Sebastián del Oeste, and to the South it borders the municipalities of Talpa de Allende and Cabo Corriente.[2]
Puerto Vallarta is named after Ignacio Vallarta, a former governor of Jalisco. In Spanish, Puerto Vallarta is often shortened to "Vallarta", while English speakers call the city P.V. for short. The city occasionally is spelled or pronounced as Porto Vallarta. In internet shorthand the city is often referred to as PVR, after the International Air Transport Association airport code for its Gustavo Diaz Ordaz international airport.
History[link]
Puerto Vallarta's proximity to the Bay of Banderas, the agricultural valley of the Ameca River, and the important mining centers in the Sierra have given the town a more interesting past than most Mexican tourist destinations. Puerto Vallarta was a thriving Mexican village long before it became an international tourist destination. Tourism was a major economic activity because of the climate, scenery, tropical beaches, and rich cultural history. For a sense of the extent even of the city's modern history, note that Puerto Vallarta and Seattle were founded in the same year 1851.
Pre-Hispanic times to the 19th century[link]
Few details are known about the history of the area prior to the 19th century. There is archaeological evidence of continuous human habitation from 580 BC, and there is archeological evidence (from sites near Ixtapa and in Col. Lázaro Cardenas)[3] that the area belonged to the Aztatlán culture which dominated Jalisco, Nayarit and Michoacán from approx. 900-1200 AD. The limited evidence and relative lack of interest in occidental Mexican archeology have limited the current knowledge about pre-historic life in the area.[4]
Spanish missionary and conquistador documents chronicle skirmishes between the Spanish colonizers and the local peoples. In 1524, for example, a large battle between Hernán Cortés and an army of 10,000 to 20,000 Indians resulted in Cortés taking control of much of the Ameca valley. The valley was then named Banderas (flags) after the colorful standards carried by the natives.
Also the area appears on maps and in sailing logs as a bay of refuge for the Manila Galleon trade as well as for other coastal seafarers. As such it figures in some accounts of pirate operations and smuggling and pirate contravention efforts by the viceregal government. During the 17th and 18th centuries the Banderas Valley and its beaches along the Bay of Banderas served as supply points for ships seeking refuge in the bay. The area also served as a point where smuggled goods could be sent on to the Sierra towns near Mascota, evading the customs operations at San Blas, Nayarit.
El Carrizal and Las Peñas - 19th century[link]
During the 19th century the history of Puerto Vallarta, then called El Carrizal or Las Peñas, was linked to the history of the Sierra towns of San Sebastian del Oeste, Talpa de Allende and Mascota. While today these towns are considered quaint tourist destinations, during much of the 18th century, Mascota was Jalisco's second largest town, after Guadalajara. Mascota and its neighboring towns located in the high plateaus of the Sierra, developed as agricultural towns to support the growing mining operations in the Sierra.
During the 18th century, as Mascota grew, Puerto Vallarta grew with it, transforming itself from a small fishing and pearl-diving village into a small beach-landing port serving the Sierra towns. At the time the main port serving Jalisco was located at San Blas, but the inconvenient overland route from San Blas to the Sierra towns made Puerto Vallarta a more convenient alternative for smaller shipments, not to mention smuggling operations which evaded the tax collectors at San Blas. Puerto Vallarta also became a vacation destination for residents of the Sierra Towns, and by the mid 19th century, the town already had its regularly returning population of vacationers. Most of the early settlers in Puerto Vallarta were families who had left the Sierra towns for one reason or another.
1859 saw an important turning point for the small village, then known as Las Peñas. That year the Union en Cuale mining company took possession of land extending from Los Arcos to the Pitillal river and extending back up into the Sierra for miles. The Union en Cuale company was owned in part by the Camarena brothers of Guadalajara who had developed a small trade in oil palm in Las Peñas. The purpose of the government's sale of the land to the company was to provide for shipping, fishing and agricultural support for the mining operations which were growing quite quickly in the Sierra.
The official founding story of Las Peñas and thus of Puerto Vallarta is that it was founded by Guadalupe Sánchez Torres, on December 12, 1851, as Las Peñas de Santa María de Guadalupe. Unfortunately the record of Sr. Sanchez's purchase of property in Las Peñas dates the sale to 1859.[5] Also even as early as 1850 the area was already peopled by fisherman, pearl divers, smugglers and foragers, all of whom had something of a permanent existence in the area. Given the existing historical documents it is simply impossible to date the first permanent settlement in the area,
There is however no doubt the development of Las Peñas into a self-sustaining village of any significant size happened in the 1860s as the mouth of the Cuale area was exploited to support the operations of the newly enfranchised Union en Cuale company. As such 1859 marks the beginning of Puerto Vallarta as a village. Twenty years later, by 1885, the village comprised about 250 homes and about 800 residents.[6]
The early municipality - early 20th century[link]
In 1918, the village was elevated to municipality status and renamed after former state governor Ignacio Vallarta. During the early years of the 20th century, most of Puerto Vallarta was owned by the Union en Cuale company controlled by the American Alfred Geist. Geist sold land only in large plots at prices that were quite high for the time and otherwise leased the land on short term leases. To remedy this situation and to enable the new municipality to develop, the citizens petitioned the government for a land grant based on the new constitution's provisions.
In 1921, the Local Agrarian Commission approved a grant of some 9,400 hectares (23,000 acres or 39 sq mi), with the land to be expropriated from the Union en Cuale company.[7] The grant was established as an ejido holding (a farming cooperative administered by the government). Legal squabbling over the size of the land grant, and the ejido status of the properties involved would stymie growth in Puerto Vallarta into the 1960s, as developers were reluctant to build anything too substantial on land for which one could not obtain clear title. (Ejido land is controlled by individuals who are given licenses to use it, but it could not be sold, subdivided or leased.)
During the Cristero War, the municipality was twice taken over by Cristero forces (April 1927 and January 1928). After it was recaptured for a second time, the national government stationed a small garrison there under Major Ángel Ocampo. The garrison was stationed near the mouth of the Cuale River and is responsible for planting many of the palms that now line the beaches on near the mouth of the Cuale River to help limit beach erosion during heavy rains in October 1928. One casualty of the skirmishes was local pastor Padre Ayala who was exiled to Guadalajara for his role in fomenting the local revolt. He died there in 1943, though his remains were returned 10 years later and interred in the main parish church of Our Lady of Guadalupe.
As mining activities in the Sierra waned in the early years of the 20th century, Puerto Vallarta and the agricultural valley to the North of the city became important destinations for those leaving the Sierra towns and looking for a place to settle. Many of those who arrived had family members already living in Puerto Vallarta, and the pattern of migration that ensued turned the town into a collection of more or less extended families, giving it the cohesion of a typical sierra town.
From 1925 until 1935, the Montgomery Fruit Company operated in the area around Ixtapa. Friction with the state government over labor issues eventually led to the venture being abandoned, but for ten years it provided an important source of employment in the area.
The first airplane service arrived in 1932, with electrical service on a small scale arriving about the same time. The first suspension bridge over the Cuale went up in 1933. The city's first plumbing system was started in 1939. In 1942, Puerto Vallarta was finally connected by road to Compostela, Nay. Until then the only access to Puerto Vallarta was by sea, air, or by mule trails to the sierra towns. Also in 1942, in the New York based magazine Modern Mexico the first advertisement for a Puerto Vallarta vacation appeared, sponsored by the Air Transport Company of Jalisco. By 1945, the company was landing DC-3s in Puerto Vallarta (carrying 21 passengers).
By the 1950s, Puerto Vallarta had started to attract Americans, mostly writers and artists in search of a retreat from the USA of the era of Eisenhower and McCarthy. Gringo Gulch began to develop as an expatriate neighborhood on the hill above the Centro. The city also attracted Mexican artists and writers who were willing to trade the comforts of life in the larger cities for its scenic and bucolic advantages.
In 1956, the Mascota mule trail was replaced by a packed dirt road. In 1958, 24 hour electrical generation arrived. A new airport arrived in 1962 connecting Puerto Vallarta with Los Angeles via Mazatlán, and the Mexican Aviation Company began offering package trips.
By the early 1960s, the population had started to spread beyond the Centro and Gringo Gulch, and the Colonias of 5 Diciembre (north of the Centro) and Emiliano Zapata (south of the Cuale River) began to grow.
The modern resort - 1960s to the present[link]
Four influences converged during the 1960s and early 1970s to launch Puerto Vallarta into its trajectory toward becoming a major resort destination.
First the federal government finally resolved century old property disputes involving the status of communal land originally appropriated from the Union en Cuale mining company to be parceled out as farms. The communal (ejido) status of the land had stifled development in the town for much of the 20th century. The transition to private ownership of much of the land within present city limits culminated in the appropriation of much of the land in 1973 and the establishment of the Vallarta Land Trust (Fideicomiso) to oversee selling the land and using the revenue to develop the city's infrastructure.
Second, the American director John Huston filmed his 1963 film The Night of the Iguana in Mismaloya, a small town just south of Puerto Vallarta. During the filming, the US media gave extensive coverage to Elizabeth Taylor's extramarital affair with Richard Burton, as well as covering the frequent fighting between Huston and the film's four stars. The subsequent publicity helped put Puerto Vallarta on the map for US tourists.
Third, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Mexican government invested in the development of highways, airport and utility infrastructure, making Puerto Vallarta easily accessible both by air and ground transportation for the first time. The city's first tourist boom occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s because of this work. During those years most tourists in Puerto Vallarta were Mexican, and the reason they started travelling to Puerto Vallarta then was because the trip between Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta was made sufficiently convenient because of the governments investment in infrastructure.
Finally, in 1968 the municipality was elevated to the status of a City. The change in status reflected the renewed interest shown by the federal and state government in developing the city as an international resort destination.
Also significant was the August 1970 visit of US President Richard Nixon who met with Mexican President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz in Puerto Vallarta for treaty negotiations. The visit showcased Puerto Vallarta's recently developed airport and resort infrastructure, and thus contributed to the growing visibility of the city as a resort destination.
Prior to 1973, hotels in the city tended to be modest, and only two large sized luxury hotels existed (the Real and the Posada Vallarta). After 1973, Puerto Vallarta experienced rapid growth in the number of larger luxury hotels, culminating in 1980 with the opening of the Sheraton Buganvilias. In 1982, the peso was devalued and Puerto Vallarta became a bargain destination for US tourists. Consequently, the mid-1980s saw a marked and rapid rise in the tourist volume. This in turn fueled more development, for example the Marina which was started in 1986. By the early 1990s, development of other destinations in Mexico like Ixtapa and Cancún caused a slump in travel to Puerto Vallarta.
It was also during the early 1980s that Puerto Vallarta experienced a marked increase in problems related to poverty. While the devaluation of the peso brought record numbers of tourists to the area, it also stifled investment and thus construction. So while more and more workers were arriving in Puerto Vallarta to try to cash in on the booming tourist trade, less and less was being done to accommodate them with housing and related infrastructure. So during the mid-1980s the city experienced a rapid growth in impromptu communities poorly served by even basic public services, and with a very low standard of living as the boom of the early 1980s leveled out. During the late 1980s, the city worked to alleviate the situation by developing housing and infrastructure, but even today the outlying areas of Puerto Vallarta suffer from poor provision of basic services (i.e. water, sewage, roads) as a legacy of the early 1980s.[8]
In 1993, the federal Agrarian Law was amended allowing for more secure foreign tenure of former ejido land. Those controlling ejido land were allowed to petition for regularization, a process that converted their controlling interest into fee simple ownership. This meant that the property could be sold, and it led to a boom in the development of private residences, mostly condominiums, and a new phase of Puerto Vallarta's expansion began, centered more on accommodating retirees, snow-birds, and those who visited the city enough to make purchasing a condominium or a time-share a cost-effective option.
Climate[link]
Puerto Vallarta's climate is typical Tropical wet and dry (Köppen climate classification Aw),[9] with a marked dry season in the winter. The high temperature and variations in humidity can make July through September nearly intolerable. It has pronounced wet and dry seasonal variation, with sudden monsoon-like rains from July through September, normally for a few hours in the evenings.
The average daily high temperature is 86 °F (30 °C); average daily low temperature is 70 °F (21 °C); average daily humidity is 75%. The rainy season extends from mid June through mid October, with most of the rain between July and September. August is the city's wettest month, with an average of 14 days with significant precipitation. Even during the rainy season precipitation tends to be concentrated in large rainstorms. Occasional tropical storms will bring thunderstorms to the city in November, though the month is typically dry. February, March and April are the months with the least cloud cover.[10]
Prevailing winds are from the southwest, and most weather systems approaching Puerto Vallarta are consequently weakened as they pass over Cabo Corriente. Thus even during the rainy season Puerto Vallarta's weather tends to be mild compared to other areas along the Mexican Pacific coast.
Hurricanes seldom strike Puerto Vallarta. In 2002, Hurricane Kenna, a category 5 hurricane, made landfall about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Puerto Vallarta, and the city suffered some damage from the resulting storm surge. In 1971, Hurricane Lily, a category 1 hurricane, caused serious flooding on the Isla Cuale, prompting the city to relocate all of its residents to the new Colonia Palo Seco.
| Climate data for Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35 (95) |
35 (95) |
36 (97) |
36 (97) |
43.5 (110.3) |
45 (113) |
45 (113) |
39 (102) |
38 (100) |
39 (102) |
37 (99) |
36 (97) |
45 (113) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.8 (83.8) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.2 (84.6) |
30.1 (86.2) |
31.6 (88.9) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
29.7 (85.5) |
31.5 (88.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21 (70) |
21 (70) |
22 (72) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
27 (81) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
27 (81) |
25 (77) |
22 (72) |
25 (77) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 16 (61) |
16 (61) |
17 (63) |
18 (64) |
21 (70) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
23 (73) |
20 (68) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 11 (52) |
8 (46) |
12 (54) |
11 (52) |
11 (52) |
17 (63) |
21 (70) |
21 (70) |
18 (64) |
16 (61) |
13 (55) |
7 (45) |
7 (45) |
| Rainfall mm (inches) | 25 (0.98) |
7 (0.28) |
6 (0.24) |
7 (0.28) |
11 (0.43) |
210 (8.27) |
362 (14.25) |
315 (12.4) |
360 (14.17) |
120 (4.72) |
13 (0.51) |
19 (0.75) |
1,455 (57.28) |
| % humidity | 67 | 65 | 65 | 67 | 68 | 69 | 69 | 70 | 70 | 68 | 67 | 68 | 68 |
| Avg. rainy days | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 11.7 | 17.1 | 16.5 | 17.1 | 6.2 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 75.6 |
| Source: Weatherbase [11] | |||||||||||||
Geography, geology and ecology[link]
Geographical characteristics[link]
Puerto Vallarta lies on a narrow coastal plain at the foot of the Sierras Cuale and San Sebastián, parts of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The plain widens to the North, reaching its widest point along the Ameca river. Three rivers flow from the Sierra through the area. From South to North they are the Cuale, the Pitillal, and the Ameca. A number of arroyos also run from the Sierra to the coastal plain. Many of the valleys of these rivers and arroyos are inhabited. Also development has to some extent spread up the hillsides from the coastal plain.
The city proper comprises four main areas: the hotel zone along the shore to the North, Olas Altas - Col Zapata to the South of the Cuale river (recently named Zona Romantica in some tourist brochures), the Centro along the shore between these two areas, and a number of residential areas to the East of the hotel zone. The oldest section of the town is the area of Col. Centro near the church of Our Lady of Guadalupe, especially Hidalgo street.
Seismic history[link]
Puerto Vallarta, like much of the west coast of North America, is prone to earthquakes, though Puerto Vallarta tends to experience only peripheral effects of earthquakes centered further south. In 1995, an earthquake located off the Colima coast shook the crown from the top of the Roman Catholic Church.
Economy[link]
Nearly 50% of the workforce is employed in tourist related industries: hotels, restaurants, personal services, and transportation. The municipality does however continue to have strong agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors.
Industries[link]
Agriculture is especially important in the Ameca valley to the northeast of the city center. Principal crops there include flour corn, sweet corn, dry beans, fresh chile, watermelon and tobacco. Fruit growing operations are more dispersed, with banana farms in the Ameca valley, mango orchards in the low hills, and avocado farms on some of the higher ground above the city.
There are also significant livestock operations in the Ameca valley, and fishing in the Bay of Banderas is also a significant industry.
Industrial products include foods and beverages, furniture, and construction supplies. Thirty years of consistent development have given Puerto Vallarta a very strong construction sector which employs nearly 10% of the Puerto Vallarta workforce.
The commercial sector comprises nearly 17% of the workforce, including shipping, trucking, wholesale and retail operations (though the retail sector is probably understated because of the large underground economy in the sector).[12] Shipping traffic consists of cruise ships, which arrive almost daily, with Carnival Splendor, and Disney Wonder currently making weekly calls. Occasional visits by U.S. Navy frigates. The Mexican Navy maintains a base at the port, as well as a former naval hospital in the city center, which is now a Naval Museum. Puerto Vallarta is not however very active as a commercial port. Most goods arrive in Puerto Vallarta by truck along the Compostela highway from Guadalajara.
Tourism and travel represent a large part of Puerto Vallarta, with many rental and accommodations available. While the U.S. economy has created a downturn in overall tourism business, the other markets including Canada and Europe are still quite strong.
Tourism trends[link]
Puerto Vallarta was once named as La ciudad más amigable del mundo (The Friendliest City in the World), as the sign reads when entering from Nayarit. Today, the presence of numerous sidewalk touts selling time-shares and tequila render the city's atmosphere more akin to tourist-heavy resorts like Cancun and Acapulco, but overall the city's reputation remains relatively undiminished.
Tourism in Puerto Vallarta has increased steadily over the years and makes up for 50% of the city's economic activity. The high season for international tourism in Puerto Vallarta extends from late November through March (or later depending on the timing of the College Spring Break period in the USA.) The city is especially popular with US residents from the West Coast because of the sheer number of direct flights between Puerto Vallarta and Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle. The city is also popular with tourists from western Canada with a number of direct scheduled and charter flights from western Canadian cities.
Puerto Vallarta is also a highly popular vacation spot for domestic tourists. It is a popular weekend destination for residents of Guadalajara (tapatíos), and a popular national destination for vacations such as Semana Santa (the week preceding Easter) and Christmas. Also in recent years Acapulco has experienced a rise in drug related violence[13] and consequently Puerto Vallarta has absorbed a lot of the Mexico City resort vacation business (Acapulco has long been a common destination for tourists from Mexico City).
Puerto Vallarta has become a popular retirement destination for US and Canadian retirees. This trend has spawned a condominium development boom in the city.
Rapid growth in tourist volume in Puerto Vallarta has given rise to rapid growth in hotel and rental apartment construction. This growth has spilled over from the city limits into Nuevo Vallarta in the neighboring state of Nayarit. The area is one of the fastest growing regions in the Americas.
LGBT Tourism[link]
Main article: LGBT tourism
Guadalajara and Acapulco were common vacation destinations for gay men and lesbians from Mexico City and, especially, the United States and Canada in the 1980s and 1990s. However, since that time, Puerto Vallarta has developed into Mexico's premier resort town as a sort of satellite gay space for its big sister Guadalajara, much as Fire Island is to New York City and Palm Springs is to Los Angeles.[14] It is now considered the most welcoming and gay-friendly destination in the country, dubbed the "San Francisco of Mexico."[15] It boasts a gay scene, centered in the Zona Romántica, of hotels and resorts as well as many bars, nightclubs and a gay beach on the main shore.[15] Puerto Vallarta has been cited as the number one gay beach destination in Latin America.[16]
Population and growth rate for the Municipality of Puerto Vallarta[link]
| 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Population | 10,801 | 15,462 | 35,911 | 57,028 | 111,457 | 184,728 | 255,725 |
| Annual growth prior ten years | N/A | 3.7% | 8.8% | 4.7% | 6.9% | 5.2% | 3.3% |
sources: Cuaderno Estadistico Municipal[17] Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2010[18]
Growth related problems[link]
Water pollution[link]
 |
The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2008) |
Visibility in the water off of Puerto Vallarta, close to the mouths of the rivers is poor in the summer, but away from these locations visibility in the summer is greater than in the dry season. In Puerto Vallarta, the sewage is treated by a British/Dutch company with a "State of the Art" facility. Outside of the City there may be no connection to this and in the rainy season some pollution can happen around the river mouths, but it quickly dissipates in the bay, which is a huge body of water.
Recently, jellyfish blooms in the fall have become an increasing problem, making many of the area beaches unsuitable for swimming. It is likely that the blooms are the result of increased algae levels and decreases in predator populations due to the ever declining quality of the water in the bay. While the city government has done a lot to improve sewage treatment, it has done little to enforce its usage and, and the worsening jellyfish bloom is probably a consequence of the resulting plankton blooms.[19]
Recently (as of 2006) beaches in Jalisco were ranked as the worst in the country in a government study. The beaches at Boca de Tomatlan and at the mouth of the Cuale in the heart of Puerto Vallarta tested repeatedly at rates 3 to 4 times internationally accepted standards for human fecal bacteria.[20] Even the beaches at seemingly idyllic Yelapa and Mismaloya tested at the same high levels on several occasions. During the rainy months of June and July the situation becomes worse. For example, in July 2007, Los Muertos beach tested at 12 times the limit that the US EPA considers safe for swimming.[21]
Poverty[link]
Poverty remains a problem in Puerto Vallarta, fueled by the constant influx of persons seeking employment. Many areas of the city are still poorly served by roads and sewers. For example, Colonia Ramblases is served by roads in generally poor condition only 10% of which are paved, and Ramblases has been a populated neighborhood since the 1940s.[22]
The Municipality of Puerto Vallarta comprises about 45,000 regular dwellings. Of those, 10% do not have a potable water supply (carrying their water from a public tap), 8% do not have connections to a sewer system or septic system (using instead crude septic pits or dumping sewage directly into waterways), and 4% do not have electricity.[23] One reason for this is the difficulty the city has enforcing building regulations.
Many of the jobs available in Puerto Vallarta are classed as inferior by the Secretariat for Social Development, and even jobs that are generally well paying tend to be seasonally so. E.g. waiters depend heavily on tips to supplement incomes that can be as low as 47 pesos a day - the applicable minimum wage in Jalisco.[24]
There have recently (2005 to 2007) been improvements like the new IMSS facilities in Col. Versalles, improvements to several recreation facilities, improved communal beach access policies, etc. Still efforts seem to aim more at quick and visible infrastructure improvements than at solving the more pressing and perduring problem of insufficient infrastructure for basic service.[25]
One positive result of recent growth has been that in relative terms a smaller percentage of the population lives in older and poorly served neighborhoods. A growing number of residents live in housing projects and low income housing developments which provide at least adequate basic services. So perhaps having stemmed the growth of the problem with the new developments, the City will eventually be able to devote its resources to improving existing neighborhoods.[26]
Transportation[link]
Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport[link]
The Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport comprises a commercial international section and a general aviation section.[27]
The commercial section has a single runway, 10,700 feet (3,300 m) in length and 150 feet (46 m) in width, capable of handling all current traffic without restrictions. The airfield is capable of handling 40 takeoffs or landings per hour. The airport terminal has 16 active gates, with an additional six under construction in a terminal extension project as of August 2011.
As of 2011, the active airlines utilizing the commercial section were: Aeromexico, Air Canada, Air Transat, Alaska Airlines, American, Continental, Interjet, Magnicharters, Northwest Airlines, US Airways, United Airlines, VivaAerobus, Volaris, and WestJet.
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Domestic Passengers | 844 | 909 | 739 | 731 |
| International Passengers | 2,295 | 2,372 | 1,907 | 2,004 |
| Total Passengers | 3,139 | 3,281 | 2,645 | 2,735 |
| International % | 73% | 72% | 72% | 73% |
There are two distinct air traffic patterns in Puerto Vallarta; international and domestic. The international passenger traffic accounts for 73% of Puerto Vallarta's air passengers peaking January through March at around 570,000 passengers per month. The domestic passenger traffic accounts for 27% of all passengers with a high season during the summer months of July and August peaking at around 222,000 passengers per month.[28] These diverse traffic patterns are similar to other vacation destinations in Mexico.
Annual passenger volume in Puerto Vallarta dropped 20% after the 2009 H1N1 scare from a peak of 3.281 million passengers in 2008 to 2.645 million passengers in 2009.
The general aviation section handles small planes leaving for San Sebastian del Oeste, Mascota, and other towns in the Sierra and along the Coast. It has 18 loading positions and shares the commercial airfield.
Bus station and regional buses[link]
National bus lines connect Puerto Vallarta (via the Central Camionera near the Modelo building north of town near the airport) with Guadalajara, Mazatlán, Manzanillo and points beyond. Bus lines include ETN and Primera Plus. Smaller bus lines connect Puerto Vallarta to small coastal and sierra towns.
Local transportation[link]
Puerto Vallarta is serviced by three municipal bus unions that provide coverage for most of the greater Puerto Vallarta area (e.g. Ixtapa, Mismaloya, Pitillal). Most of the population of the Municipality of Puerto Vallarta travels by municipal bus. Automobile ownership is not rare, but automobiles are seldom used to commute to and from work. They are typically reserved for family outings and major shopping trips. Parking in Puerto Vallarta is scarce, and this makes automobile commuting impractical.
Throughout the central area of the city and along the coastal strip, roads are generally paved, often with cobblestones. In the residential areas outside of the central commercial area dirt roads are the norm, and many of them are in poor condition and not suitable for normal automobiles except at very low rates of speed.
The city is also served by a large fleet of taxis. Rates are controlled by a taxi driver's union, and set in negotiations between the union and the city. Rates are based on established zones rather than using taxi meters.
Prominent citizens, past and present[link]
- Francisca Rodriguez y Rodriguez - Puerto Vallarta's first teacher. She arrived in Puerto Vallarta in 1918 from Tomatlán, and served as Puerto Vallarta's schoolmistress until she retired in 1943. Initially she taught in improvised schools, but eventually moved to the 20 of November School on Ca. Juárez. She was affectionately remembered as La Pachita (the little Pasha) by generations of Vallartan schoolchildren. She was killed by an automobile in Ca. Juárez not far from the school where she taught, and a bronze plaque at the site commemorates her life and death.[29] There is a street named after her in Col. Emilio Zapata.
- Manuel Lepe Macedo (1936–1984) - a painter renowned for his naive style paintings, a style that has become closely associated with Puerto Vallarta. His works are exhibited in town at the Peter Gray Gallery at the University of Guadalajara's Coastal Center near Ixtapa.
- Carlos Munguía Fregoso (d. 2005) - well known as Puerto Vallarta's official historian and chronicler. He was author of countless articles on the history of Puerto Vallarta, and of several books, including most recently Panorama Histórico de Puerto Vallarta upon which much of the historical narrative in this article is based.
Culture: Arts, music, cuisine[link]
Local food specialties[link]
- Huachinango Sarandeado - red snapper marinated in a birria paste (roast peppers, garlic and spices) and grilled.
- Grilled Dolphin Fish also known as Mahi-mahi - served on the beaches and at some taco stands - the meat is skewered and cooked over coals then served with hot sauce and lime.
- Ceviche - raw fish, scallops, or shrimp, with onions, chiles such as serranos or jalepenos, and lime juice. The lime juice cures the fish, turning the flesh opaque and giving it a chewy texture. The ceviche is usually served with tortilla chips or on a whole tostada, and quite frequently accompanied by guacamole.
Puerto Vallarta in the movies and TV[link]
- The Night of the Iguana (1963) was filmed on location at Mismaloya and other minor locations in the Puerto Vallarta area. The filming brought Richard Burton, Ava Gardner, Deborah Kerr, Tennessee Williams, and Elizabeth Taylor (who was not in the film). The off-screen activities of Burton and Taylor were reported in the tabloids and tabloid newsreels of the day. After filming was completed, John Huston decided to build a home in the vicinity, he built a home on remote Las Caletas beach and a house in town. John Huston's children Anjelica Huston and Danny Huston are founders and supporters of the Puerto Vallarta Film Festival. (In the film, children are shown selling iguana meat by the roadside. The iguana was once an important food animal, popular in Jalisco and Colima.)
- Herbie Goes Bananas (1980) is the fourth of a series of films made by Walt Disney Productions starring Herbie, the cute white Volkswagen Beetle racecar with a mind of its own. The film stars Cloris Leachman and Harvey Korman.
- Predator (1987) features jungle scenes which were filmed in the hills behind Mismaloya. The film starred Arnold Schwarzenegger and was directed by John McTiernan. McTiernan lost quite a bit of weight during the filming because he was afraid to eat the local food. The cast also endured dangerous obstacles in the jungles such as changing weather, cold water and wildlife.
- Perfect Target (1997) action film starring Daniel Bernhardt is filmed also in the city.
- Puerto Vallarta Squeeze (2004), a filmed version of the Robert James Waller novel of the same name, was shot on location in and around Puerto Vallarta. It stars Scott Glenn and Harvey Keitel.
- Limitless (2011) features a car scene driving through downtown Malecon.
Landmarks, sights, activities[link]
Landmarks in Puerto Vallarta[link]
- Parish Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe - Col. Centro
- Púlpito and Pilitas (Pulpit and Baptismal Font) - Col. Emilio Zapata - two rock formations at the South end of Los Muertos Beach. El Púlpito is the tall headland and Las Pilitas are the formation of rocks beneath it. Las Pilitas was the original location of the Boy on a Seahorse sculpture (El Caballito) now located on the Malecón. There are two streets in the Olas Altas area named after the rock formations.
- Playa Conchas Chinas (Chinese Shells Beach) - Fracc. Amapas - the city's most secluded beach, located to the South of the headland which forms the boundary of Los Muertos beach.
- The Malecon - paved walkway along the seashore in Col. Centro - especially popular during the Sunday evening paseo. It features a collection of contemporary sculptures by Sergio Bustamante, Alejandro Colunga, Ramiz Barquet and others. The Malecon was extensively rebuilt in 2002-2003 following damage from hurricane Kenna.
- Mercado Isle Cuale and Mercado Municipal Cuale - there are two large public markets in the Centro along the banks of the Cuale selling a variety of artisanal and souvenir goods, and the Isla Cuale has a number of souvenir vendor shops as well. The Isla Cuale was also famous for its cat population. The Island was a lower class suburb until flooding during Hurricane Lily (1971) forced residents to be relocated. They were moved to Palo Seco (which means for dry stick) and the Island was converted into a site for restaurants, shops and a cultural center.
- Cuale Archaeological Museum - on the West side of the Isla Cuale, the museum presents a significant collection of local and regional pre-Hispanic art in a number of informative displays. The museum also houses a small gallery for showing contemporary art.
- John Huston statue on Isla Cuale - dedicated on the 25th anniversary of the film's release and honoring Huston's contributions to the city. John's son Danny was married in a ceremony that took place at the statue in 2002.
- Plaza de Armas (Ignacio Vallarta) / Aquiles Serdan Amphitheater (Los Arcos) - the city's main plaza - site of public concerts both at the bandstand in the Plaza de Armas and on the stage in front of the arches across the street.
- City Hall - a modern city hall laid out using a traditional courtyard plan. There is a tourist office in the SW corner, and on the landing of the main (West off the courtyard) stairwell there is a modest naive style mural by local artist Manuel Lepe.
- Saucedo Theatre Building (Juarez at Iturbide) - Built in 1922 in a Belle Epoque style reminiscent of architecture of the Porfirato. The theater presented live shows and films on its first floor, and the second floor housed a ballroom. The building has been converted to retail use.
Landmarks south of Puerto Vallarta[link]
- Los Arcos Marine Natural Area - offshore of Mismaloya 12 km south of Puerto Vallarta. The area has been a National Marine Park since 1984. The area is protected as a breeding ground for pelicans, boobies and other sea birds. The park is a popular snorkeling destination both for the rocks themselves and for the dead coral fossilized coral beds that surround them.
- Vallarta Botanical Gardens[30] - A popular showcase of orchids, agaves, cactus, palms, and other native plants. A restaurant and river swimming is also available to visitors. The gardens are located 14 mi (23 km) South of Puerto Vallarta on Highway 200. Buses for the Vallarta Botanical Gardens depart from the corner of Carranzas and Aguacate Streets in the Zona Romantica and are labeled as both "El Tuito" and "Botanical Gardens".
- Puerto Vallarta Zoological Gardens[31] - with 350 animals, and located in a forested setting in Mismaloya.
Landmarks north of Puerto Vallarta[link]
- University of Guadalajara's Coastal Center - North of Pitillal and West of Ixtapa, the campus features several public attractions including the Peter Gray Art Museum and a Crocodile Farm.
- Ixtapa Archeological Zone - north of the town of Ixtapa along the banks of the Ameca River there is an archeological site with remains going back several thousand years. The site comprises 29 mounds. The largest measures 40 meters in diameter and 8 meters in height. The site also includes the remains of ceremonial ball court. The original inhabitants of the site were vassals of the Aztatlán kingdom which was located in Western Jalisco between 900 and 1200 AD. The site is the oldest explored in Western Jalisco. The digs have uncovered a number of residential and ceremonial sites, a wealth of pottery (incense burners, bowls, amphora, etc.). Many of these objects are on display at the Rio Cuale Island Museum.
Landmarks east of Puerto Vallarta[link]
- Terra Noble Art and Healing Center - a New Age spa, meditation center and artist retreat on the hills east of Puerto Vallarta along the edge of the Agua Azul Nature Reserve overlooking Bahía de Banderas. The complex, built to resemble an early Mexican wattle and daub home was created by architect Jorge Rubio in conjunction with American sculptor Suzy Odom.[32][33]
Beaches and beach towns[link]
Beaches in Puerto Vallarta[link]
- Playa Camarones (Shrimp Beach) - Col. 5 de Deciembre (vicinity of Av. Paragua - Hotel Buenaventura. This is the northernmost public beach in the City of Puerto Vallarta proper. It is named after the shrimp fisherman that once landed their launches on the beach to unload their catch.[34]
- Playa Olas Altas (High Waves Beach) - Col. Emilio Zapata - the beach extends from the Cuale River South to the fishing pier. In spite of the name, the waves offshore are not particularly high, and the beach is a popular place to swim, especially for locals and national tourists. The beach is lined with outdoor restaurants.[35]
- Playa Los Muertos (Beach of the Dead) - Col. Emilio Zapata - the city's largest public beach. Legend has it the beach's name (Dead Men's Beach) stems from a battle between pirates and local miners after which bodies remained strewn on the beach, but it's a legend, since there were never any miners in Vallarta The South Side of the beach is a popular gathering spot for gay and lesbian tourists. The North end is frequented mostly by locals, and national tourists. The city has recently tried to change the name of the beach to Playa del Sol.[35]
- Playa Boca de Tomates (Mouth of Tomatoes) - a beach located near the mouth of the Ameca River. The beach is not very popular among international tourists due to the rocks that come ashore especially in the summertime. Also watch out for Crocodiles. Its proximity to the Ameca River which carries muddy rainwater in the summertime causes the water to lose its clarity making it appear dirty.
Beaches South of Puerto Vallarta[link]
- Playa Gemelas - an undeveloped beach just North of the mouth of the Mismaloya river. The beach lies close to Los Arcos Marine Natural Area and can be used for access to the park from shore.
- Playa Mismaloya - at the mouth of the Mismaloya River. The beach was featured in several scenes from Night of the Iguana and the main set was located on hillside to the South of the beach. The beach is developed with a number of restaurants.
South Shores beaches[link]
A number of beaches along the South shore of the bay are accessible only by boat (from Boca de Tomatlan or the Los Muertos Pier). The developed beaches include (east to west): Las Animas, Quimixto, Majahuitas and Yelapa. These and other smaller undeveloped beaches can be reached by launch from Boca de Tomatlán.
- Playa Las Animas - a narrow wide white sand beach developed with several restaurants.
- Playa Las Caletas - a secluded beach that was once the private retreat of film director John Huston. Today it is a wildlife preserve. There is a living natural reef close to shore which makes the beach a popular destination for snorkelers.[36]
- Playa Quimixto - a somewhat rocky and secluded beach which is settled by a small village of a several hundred families. There are horse and guide hire concessions in the town which lead visitors through a small canyon behind the town to a series of waterfalls.[37]
- Yelapa - once a small electricity free fishing village and a popular 'hide away' for Gringos, now it has electricity, telephones and the internet. Visited by tourist boats for about 3 hours a day, it reverts to its laid back ways when they leave.
Beaches north of Puerto Vallarta[link]
The north shore of the bay is lined with beach towns that offer good wading beaches and the usual tourist amenities. These include (east to west): Bucerias, Cruz de Huanacaxtle, Playa la Manzanilla, Playa Destiladeras, Playa Pontoque, and Punta Mita, all in the State of Nayarit. All can be reached by bus (departing from Wal-Mart).
Local festivals[link]
- Flower and Garden Festival (last week of February) - A week of tours, classes, and workshops at the Vallarta Botanical Gardens. Dozens of plant, garden, flower, and local craft vendors feature their products and knowledge.
- Electro Beach Puerto Vallarta (42 day festival starting in the beginning of March) - An Electronic Dance Music (EDM) festival.
- May Festival (last week of may and first week of June) - commemorating the anniversary of the municipality. The festival features outdoor concerts, artistic expositions, sporting events and a parade.
- Día de Muertos - Day of the Dead (November 2nd) - A day of honoring the dead in full Mexican Tradition held at the Vallarta Botanical Gardens. Workshops on making catrina skeleton dolls and cempasúchil (Tagetes erecta) flower arrangements are followed by celebrations in the Garden of Memories and a bonfire dance.
- Los Posadas (December 20th) - An evening of candlelight caroling & processions to handmade nativities is hosted by the Vallarta Botanical Gardens. Poinsettias and native Mexican pines are also featured during the celebrations.
- December 1 to 12 - Festival of the Virgin of Guadalupe
Neighborhoods[link]
Puerto Vallarta comprises numerous neighborhoods (colonias). Notable neighborhoods include (from South to North)
- Res. Conchas Chinas - hillside Southeast from Los Muertos beach.
- Col. Alta Vista.
- Col. Emiliano Zapata - South of the Cuale (called Zona Romantica or "Old Town" in tourist brochures)
- Cols. Caloso and Canoas - east of Col. Emiliano Zapata and up the Rio Cuale.
- Col. Centro - the oldest section of town and its current center - North of the Cuale river to Parque Hidalgo
- Col. 5 Diciembre - just north of the Centro, and with Col Zapata among the first neighborhoods beyond the Centro to be developed
- Col. Lázaro Cardenas - which houses a large recreation complex and the city's largest fish market - Parque Hidalgo to the Libramiento
- Col. Versalles - the old Zona Rosa, prior to the development of the North Hotel Zone
- Cols. Bugambillas and Ramblases - located on the NW slopes of the hills East of the city and relatively poor areas serviced mostly by dirt roads except for the hillside areas which have good views and thus attract residents with more resources
- Del. Pitillal - once a small town and now a populous neighborhood, a separate delegación but now part of the City of Puerto Vallarta proper
- Col. Bobadilla - just north of Pitillal and also an important residential area
The city also includes numerous fraccionamientos, densely built residential blocks that provide affordable housing for the city's workforce.
Additionally the municipality of Puerto Vallarta comprises a few other significant population centers (from South to North):
- Boca de Tomatlán (pop. 570)
- Mismaloya (pop. 970)
- Las Juntas
- Ixtapa (pop. 25,700) (n.b. there is a more well known Ixtapa in Guerrero - a resort development near the village of Zihuatanejo)
- La Desembocada
- El Ranchito (El Colesio)
- El Colorado
- Las Palmas de Arriba
Gallery[link]
-
Our Lady of Guadalupe church.jpg
A different angle of Our Lady of Guadalupe church
-
One of at least two of the popular statue "El Caballito"
-
PVR paroquia plaza.jpg
Parish Church of Our Lady of Guadalupe from the main plaza
-
PVR cuale.jpg
Rio Cuale south fork looking upstream from the pedestrian bridge at the mouth
-
PVR - panoramic 1.jpg
Panoramic view of the hills and shore including the marina
-
'Our Lady of Guadalupe' church, with some flowers from El Nido in the foreground
-
El Caballito sculpture at Playa del Sol
-
El Caballito sculpture downtown
References[link]
Sources[link]
- Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005 INEGI: Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática
- Jalisco Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
- Munguía Fregoso, Carlos - Panorama Histórico de Puerto Vallarta y de la Bahía de Banderas. Guadalajara (2003) Secretaría Cultura Jalisco
- Montes de Oca de Contreras, Catalina - Puerto Vallarta en mis recuerdos. Guadalajara (1982) Gobierno de Jalisco, Secretaria General, Unidad Editorial
- Guia Roji - Ciudad de Puerto Vallarta - Area Metropolitana Map 2005-6
- Moon Handbooks - Puerto Vallarta Emeryville, California (2003) Avalon Travel Publishing
- Martínez Campos, Gabriel - Recetario comlimense de la iguana - Mexico DF (2004) Conaculta
- Mantilla, Lucia - Los barrios pobres en 31 ciudades Mexicanas: Barrio Ramblases, Puerto Vallarta - Mexico (2004) Secretaria de Desarollo Social
- Harris, Richard - Hidden Puerto Vallarta Berkeley (2006) Ulysses Press
- [2] Children of the Dump Vallarta, Feed the Children Vallarta & the School of Champions Vallarta
- ^ Census data is available from the website of the Mexican National Statistical Institute
- ^ Guia Roji - Ciudad de Puerto Vallarta (map)
- ^ The archaeologist in charge of these digs maintains a website with information related to them (in Spanish), one for the Ixtapa site, and one for the Calle Costa Rica site.
- ^ An example of this neglect is the City of Puerto Vallarta's destruction of the active excavation in the area of Calle Costa Rica and the Libramiento in 1995 to create a soccer field. See the website of the archeologist who led the dig for details.
- ^ Munguia Fregoso - Panorámica p. 66
- ^ Munguia Fregoso - Panorámica p. 68
- ^ Munguia Fregoso - Panorámica p. 82
- ^ Read almost any issue of the local newspapers and you will see an endless procession of complaints by the residents of outlying neighborhoods about poor road, sewage and water supply. See Munguia Fregoso - Panorámica p. 132-3 for the chronology that ties this situation to the peso devaluation crisis of the early 80s.
- ^ Wikimedia.org
- ^ Climate data taken from the Weather Underground site for 2001-2006.
- ^ "Climate Statistics for Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico". http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=410667&refer=&cityname=Puerto-Vallarta-Jalisco-Mexico&units=. Retrieved Monday, February 27, 2012.
- ^ Sector employment breakdown comes from the Jalisco state statistical encyclopedia listed in the reference section. Data is for the year 2000.
- ^ Since January 2006 Acapulco has seen a dramatic rise in drug related gun battles. See e.g. The San Diego Union-Tribune February 15, 2006 Acapulco's Loss of Innocence
- ^ Lionel Cantú, Nancy A. Naples, Salvador Vidal-Ortiz. The Sexuality of Migration: Border Crossings and Mexican Immigrant Men. NYU Press, 2009. 245 p. (101 p.) ISBN 0-8147-5849-5.
- ^ a b Howard L. Hughes. Pink tourism: holidays of gay men and lesbians. CABI, 2006. 234 p. (110 p.) ISBN 1-84593-076-2.
- ^ Sara Lieber, Liza Monroy, Ann Summa, Jeff Spurrier, Rachel Tavel. MTV Best of Mexico. Frommer's, 2007. 722 p. (56 p.) ISBN 0-7645-8775-7.
- ^ Cuaderno Estadistico Municipal (2000) H. Ayuntamiento de Puerto Vallarta
- ^ "Censo de Poblacion y Vivienda 2010". http://www.censo2010.org.mx/. (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia)
- ^ The SEAPAL site lists water quality reports and a recurring theme is that while sewage facilities are available many buildings still discharge untreated sewage directly into to the bay and rivers. For the linkage between nutrient runoff and jellyfish blooms see the section on jellyfish blooms in the Wikipedia article about jellyfish.
- ^ "Las playas de Jalisco están entre las más sucias del país", El Informador de Guadalajara, July 4, 2007
- ^ "Boca de Tomatlán, una de las playas más contaminada de Jalisco", El Informador de Guadalajara, July 24, 2007 - the test results were 329 org/dl at Conchas Chinas and 259 org/dl at Los Muertos, both are measures of enteroccocal bacteria, and the US EPA's limit is 35 org/dl.
- ^ Mantilla Barrios Pobres p 16
- ^ Cuaderno Estadistico Municipal 2000
- ^ MexicanLaws.com
- ^ This is a simple observed fact: high profile projects like those mentioned succeed while year after year little changes in the poorer colonias where basic services continue to be lacking.
- ^ Compare a map of the city in 1990 to one from 2006 and you will see dozens of new fraccionamientos (housing projects) developed to help absorb the influx of workers.
- ^ Airport information comes from the website of the Díaz Ordaz Airport
- ^ Puerto Vallarta Seasonal Passenger Traffic Patterns (Domestic vs. International [1]
- ^ Munguia Fregoso - Panorama Histórico p. 100
- ^ Vallartabotanicalgardensac.org
- ^ Zoologicodevallarta.com
- ^ Official Terra Noble website
- ^ Listing for Terra Noble at Moon Travel Guides
- ^ Harris - Hidden p. 159
- ^ a b Harris - Hidden p. 175
- ^ Harris - Hidden p. 192
- ^ Harris - Hidden p. 193
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Puerto Vallarta |
- Puerto Vallarta at Wikitravel
- (Spanish) Puerto Vallarta official government site
- (Spanish) University of Guadalajara in Puerto Vallarta
http://wn.com/Puerto_Vallarta
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Пуэрто-Вальярта
http://nl.wn.com/Puerto Vallarta (stad)
http://pt.wn.com/Puerto Vallarta
http://de.wn.com/Puerto Vallarta
http://fr.wn.com/Puerto Vallarta
http://pl.wn.com/Puerto Vallarta
http://it.wn.com/Puerto Vallarta
http://es.wn.com/Puerto Vallarta
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. For other uses, see Puerto Rico (disambiguation).
| Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico (Spanish)
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: Latin: Joannes Est Nomen Eius Spanish: Juan es su nombre English: John is his name |
||||||
| Anthem: La Borinqueña |
||||||
.png) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
San Juan 18°27′N 66°6′W / 18.45°N 66.1°W / 18.45; -66.1 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Spanish and English[1] | |||||
| Ethnic groups | White (mostly Spanish origin) 75.8%, Black 12.4%, Asian 0.2%, Amerindian 0.5%, SOR 7.8%, other 3.3% (2010)[2] | |||||
| Demonym | Puerto Rican | |||||
| Government | Republic, three-branch government | |||||
| - | President | Barack Obama (D) | ||||
| - | Governor | Luis Fortuño (PNP/R) | ||||
| - | Federal legislative branch | United States Congress | ||||
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| Sovereignty |  United States[3] |
|||||
| - | Cession | December 10, 1898 from Kingdom of Spain |
||||
| - | Autonomy | November 25, 1897 Supreme Authority and Sovereignty was retained by the Kingdom of Spain.[4] | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,104 km2 (169th) 3,515 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 1.6 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2011 estimate | 3,706,690[5] (127th in the world; 29th in U.S.) | ||||
| - | Density | 418/km2 (21st in the world; 2nd in U.S.) 1,082/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2009 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $ 108.441 billion[6] (-) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $ 27,384.27[7] (N/A) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2010 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $96.26 billion[8] (58) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $24,229[8] (34) | ||||
| Gini (2009) | 53.2[9] (?th) | |||||
| HDI (2004) | 0,867 [10] (Very High) (Not ranked) | |||||
| Currency | United States dollar (USD) |
|||||
| Time zone | AST (UTC–4) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | No DST (UTC–4) | ||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | PR | |||||
| Internet TLD | .pr | |||||
| Calling code | +1 (spec. +1-787 and +1-939) | |||||
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/),[note 1] officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.[13]
The relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States dates back to the Spanish-American War, in which Spain, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, ceded the island to the United States. Puerto Ricans became U.S. citizens in 1917, and the United States Congress legislates many aspects of Puerto Rican life.[14] However, the islanders may not vote in U.S. presidential elections.[15][16] Since 1947, Puerto Ricans have been able to elect their own governor. Its official languages are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. The island's current political status, including the possibility of statehood or independence, is widely debated in Puerto Rico. A referendum on statehood, independence, or continuance of the status quo will be held on November 6, 2012.
Contents |
Name[link]
Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquen, from Borikén, its indigenous Taíno name, which means "Land of the Valiant Lord".[17][18][19] The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage. The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto, which means "the island of enchantment" in English.
Christopher Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist. Eventually, traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as "Puerto Rico", and "San Juan" became the name of the main trading/shipping port.
History[link]
Main article: History of Puerto Rico
Pre-Columbian era[link]
The ancient history of the archipelago known today as "Puerto Rico" before the arrival of Christopher Columbus is not well known. Unlike other larger more advanced indigenous communities in the New World (Aztec, Inca) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies, the indigenous population of Puerto Rico left scant records. What is known today about them comes from scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish scholarly accounts. Today, there are few and rare cave drawings, rock carvings and ancient recreational activity sites that have been identified with some degree of speculation as to who left them behind. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786, almost three centuries after the first Spaniards arrived on the island.[20]
The first settlers were the Ortoiroid people, an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen. An archaeological dig in the island of Vieques in 1990 found the remains of what is believed to be an Arcaico (Archaic) man (named "Puerto Ferro Man") dated to around 2000 BCE.[21] The Igneri, a tribe from the region of the Orinoco river, in northern South America, arrived between 120 and 400 CE. The Arcaicos and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries, and perhaps clashed.
Between the 7th and 11th centuries the Taíno culture developed on the island, and by approximately 1000 CE had become dominant. At the time of Columbus' arrival, an estimated 30 to 60 thousand Taíno Amerindians, led by cacique (chief) Agüeybaná, inhabited the island. They called it Boriken, "the great land of the valiant and noble Lord".[22] The natives lived in small villages led by a cacique and subsisted on hunting, fishing and gathering of indigenous cassava root and fruit. This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493.[23][24] However, Puerto Rican culture today exhibits many Taíno influences within its music and vocabulary.
Spanish colony[link]
Further information: Military history of Puerto Rico#Europeans fight over Puerto Rico and Military history of Puerto Rico#Revolt against Spain
When Christopher Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19, 1493, the island was inhabited by the Taínos.[25] They called the island "Borikén" or, in Spanish, "Borinquen".[note 2] Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist. The first Spanish settlement, Caparra, was founded on August 8, 1508 by Juan Ponce de León, a lieutenant under Columbus, who later became the first governor of the island.[note 3] Eventually, traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as "Puerto Rico", and "San Juan" became the name of the main trading/shipping port.
Soon thereafter, the Spanish began to colonize the island. The indigenous population (Taínos) came to be exploited and forced into slavery.[16] Within 50 years they were reduced to near extinction by the harsh conditions of work and by European infectious diseases to which they had no natural immunity.[26] For example, the smallpox outbreak in 1518–1519 wiped out much of the Island's indigenous population.[27] In 1520, King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population. Essentially, the Taíno presence while not completely extinct had almost vanished.[28]
The importation of Sub-Saharan African slaves was introduced to provide the new manual work force for the Spanish colonists and merchants. Following the decline of the Taíno population, more slaves were brought to Puerto Rico; however, the number of slaves on the island paled in comparison to those in neighboring islands.[29] African slavery was primarily restricted to coastal ports and cities, while the interior of the island continued to be essentially unexplored and undeveloped. Spanish and other European colonists were concentrated in island's seaports. Puerto Rico soon became an important stronghold and a significant port for Spanish Main colonial expansion. Various forts and walls, such as La Fortaleza, El Castillo San Felipe del Morro and El Castillo de San Cristóbal, were built to protect the strategic port of San Juan from numerous European invasion attempts. San Juan served as an important port-of-call for ships of all European nations for purposes of taking on water, food and other commercial provisions and mercantile exchange.
File:JamestownMarker.JPG
Marker in Puerto Rico which traces the routes taken by the Godspeed, Susan Constant and the Discovery and which commemorates their stopping in Puerto Rico from April 6 to 10, 1607 on their way to Virginia
In 1607, Puerto Rico served as a port provisioning the English ships Godspeed, Susan Constant and Discovery, which were on their way to establish Jamestown, Virginia, the first successful English settlement in the New World. The Netherlands and England made several attempts to capture Puerto Rico but failed to wrest it from the long-term possession by Spain, which held tenaciously onto its increasingly prized island colony.[30][31]
During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Spanish colonial emphasis continued to be focussed on the more prosperous mainland North, Central, and South American colonies. This continued distraction on the part of the Spanish Crown left the island of Puerto Rico virtually unexplored, undeveloped, and (excepting coastal outposts) largely unsettled before the nineteenth century. But as independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies grew successful, Spain began to pay attention to Puerto Rico as one of its last remaining maritime colonies. Amidst the attacks, Puerto Rican culture began to flourish. In 1786, the first comprehensive history of Puerto Rico—Historia Geográfica, Civil y Política de Puerto Rico by Fray Iñigo Abbad y Lasierra—was published in Madrid, documenting the history of Puerto Rico from the time of Columbus' landing in 1493 until 1783.[32] The book also presents a first hand account of Puerto Rican identity, including music, clothing, personality and nationality.
In 1779, citizens of the still-Spanish colony of Puerto Rico fought in the American Revolutionary War under the command of Bernardo de Gálvez, named Field Marshal of the Spanish colonial army in North America. Puerto Ricans participated in the capture of Pensacola, the capital of the British colony of West Florida, and the cities of Baton Rouge, St. Louis and Mobile. The Puerto Rican troops, under the leadership of Brigadier General Ramón de Castro,[33] helped defeat the British and Indian army of 2,500 soldiers and British warships in Pensacola.[34]
In 1809, in a further move to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European Peninsular War, the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain with the right to send representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament with equal representation to Mainland Iberian, Mediterranean (Balearic Islands) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces (Canary Islands). The first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico, Ramon Power y Giralt, died after serving a three-year term in the Cortes. These parliamentary and constitutional reforms, which were in force from 1810 to 1814 and again from 1820 to 1823, were reversed twice afterwards when the traditional monarchy was restored by Ferdinand VII. Nineteenth century immigration and commercial trade reforms further augmented the island's European population and economy, and expanded Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island.
Minor slave revolts had occurred in the island during this period, However the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821, was the most important of them all. Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful, Xiorro achieved legendary status among the slaves and is part of Puerto Rico's folklore.[35]
In the early 19th century, Puerto Rico had an Independence movement which, due to the harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities, met in the island of St. Thomas. The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar of establishing a United Provinces of New Granada which included Puerto Rico and Cuba. Among the influential members of this movement was Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabe, a Puerto Rican military leader known in Latin America as the "Liberator from Puerto Rico" who fought alongside Bolivar and María de las Mercedes Barbudo, a businesswoman also known as the "first Puerto Rican female freedom fighter". The movement was discovered and Governor Miguel de la Torre had its members imprisoned or exiled.[36]
With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the century, Puerto Rico and Cuba continued to grow in strategic importance to the Spanish Crown. In a very deliberate move to increase its hold on its last two new world colonies, the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. This time the decree was printed in three languages: Spanish, English and French. Its primary intent was to attract Europeans of who were not of Spanish origin, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity and strength with increase of new loyalist settlers with strong sympathies to Spain. As a consequence hundreds of families, mainly from Corsica, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Scotland, immigrated to the island.[13]
In 1858, Samuel Morse introduced wired communication to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in Puerto Rico. Morse's oldest daughter Susan Walker Morse (1821-1885), would often visit her uncle Charles Pickering Walker who owned the Hacienda Concordia in the town of Guayama. Morse, who often spent his winters at the Hacienda with his daughter and son-in-law, who lived and owned the Habienda Henriqueta, set a two-mile telegraph line connecting his son-in-law's hacienda to their house in Arroyo. The line was inaugurated on March 1, 1859 in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags.[37][38] The first lines transmitted by Morse that day in Puerto Rico were:
"Puerto Rico, beautiful jewel! When you are linked with the other jewels of the Antilles in the necklace of the world's telegraph, yours will not shine less brilliantly in the crown of your Queen!"
As an incentive to immigrate and colonize, free land was offered to those who wanted to populate the two islands on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church.[13] It was very successful and European immigration continued even after 1898. Puerto Rico today still receives Spanish and European immigration.
Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as "Grito de Lares." It began in the rural town of Lares, but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián. Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances, considered the "father" of the Puerto Rican independence movement, and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis.
File:Intentona de Yauco.jpg
Flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt
Leaders of "El Grito de Lares", who were in exile in New York City, joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee, founded on December 8, 1895, and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence. In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement of the town of Yauco organized another uprising, which became known as the "Intentona de Yauco". This was the first time that the current Puerto Rican flag was unfurled on Puerto Rican soil. The local conservative political factions, which believed that such an attempt would be a threat to their struggle for (colonial) autonomy, opposed such an action. Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule.[39]
In 1897, Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to Charters of Autonomy for Cuba and Puerto Rico. In 1898, Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived, autonomous government was organized as an 'overseas province' of Spain. This bilaterally agreed-upon charter maintained a governor appointed by Spain, which held the power to annul any legislative decision, and a partially elected parliamentary structure. In February, Governor-General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomous Charter. General elections were held in March and the autonomous government began to function on July 17, 1898.[40][41][42]
United States colony[link]
Main article: Puerto Rican Campaign
In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker, wrote a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the creation of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy. Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean Sea which would serve as coaling and naval stations and which would serve as strategical points of defense upon the construction of a canal in the Isthmus.[43]
This idea was not new, since William H. Seward, the former Secretary of State under the administrations of various presidents, among them Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses Grant, had stressed that a canal be built either in Honduras, Nicaragua or Panama and that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba. The idea of annexing the Dominican Republic failed to receive the approval of the U.S. Senate and Spain did not accept the 160 million dollars which the U.S. offered for Puerto Rico and Cuba.[43]
Captain Mahan made the following statement to the War Department:
Having therefore no foreign establishments either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United States, in war will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their own shores. To provide resting places for them where they can coal and repair, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation at sea[44]
Since 1894, the Naval War College had been formulating contingency plans for a war with Spain. By 1896, the Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan which included military operations in Puerto Rican waters. This prewar planning did not contemplate major territorial acquisitions. Except for one 1895 plan which recommended annexation of the island then named Isle of Pines (later renamed as Isla de la Juventud), a recommendation dropped in later planning, plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain's forces in and around Cuba.[45] However, Jorge Rodriguez Beruf, recognized as a foremost researcher on United States militarism in Puerto Rico,[46] writes that not only was Puerto Rico considered valuable as a naval station, Puerto Rico and Cuba were also abundant in sugar – a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked.[47]
On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. As an outcome of the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with the Philippines and Guam, that were under Spanish sovereignty, to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris. Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba, but did not cede it to the U.S.[48]
The United States and Puerto Rico thus began a long-standing relationship. Puerto Rico began the 20th century under the military rule of the U.S. with officials, including the governor, appointed by the President of the United States. The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government, including a popularly elected House of Representatives, also a judicial system following the American legal system that includes both state courts and federal courts establishing a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court; and a non-voting member of Congress, by the title of "Resident Commissioner". In addition, this Act extended all U.S. laws "not locally inapplicable" to Puerto Rico, specifying specific exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws.[49] The act empowered the civil government to legislate on "all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable", including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico, though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature.[49][50] During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens.[49] In 1917, "Puerto Ricans were collectively made U.S. citizens"[51] via the Jones Act. The same Act also provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly, a bill of rights and authorized the election of a Resident Commissioner to a four-year term. As a result of their new U.S. citizenship, many Puerto Ricans were drafted into World War I and all subsequent wars with U.S. participation in which a national military draft was in effect.
Natural disasters, including a major earthquake, a tsunami and several hurricanes, and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule.[52] Some political leaders, like Pedro Albizu Campos who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, demanded change. On March 21, 1937, a march was organized in the southern city of Ponce by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. This march turned bloody when the Insular Police, "a force somewhat resembling the National Guard which answered to the U.S.-appointed governor",[53] opened fire upon unarmed[53] and defenseless[54] cadets and bystanders alike,[53][54] as reported by a U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and the "Hays Commission" led by Arthur Garfield Hays. Nineteen were killed and over 200 were badly wounded,[54] many in their backs while running away.[54][55] An American Civil Liberties Union report declared it a massacre[54] and it has since been known as the Ponce Massacre. On April 2, 1943, U.S. Senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico. This bill ultimately was defeated.[49]
The internal governance changed during the latter years of the Roosevelt–Truman administrations, as a form of compromise led by Luis Muñoz Marín and others. It culminated with the appointment by President Truman in 1946 of the first Puerto Rican-born governor, Jesús T. Piñero.
Commonwealth[link]
In 1947, the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to elect democratically their own governor. Luis Muñoz Marín was elected during the 1948 general elections, becoming the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico.
A Bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island. The Senate at the time was controlled by the PPD, and was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín.[56] The Bill, also known as the Ley de la Mordaza ("Gag Law") was approved by the legislature on May 21, 1948. It made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag, to sing a patriotic tune, to talk of independence, or to fight for the liberation of the island. The Bill, which resembled the anti-communist Smith Law passed in the United States, was signed and made into law on June 10, 1948, by the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico, Jesús T. Piñero, and became known as Ley 53 ("Law 53").[57] In accordance to the new law, it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, exhibit, organize or help anyone organize any society, group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government. Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison, be fined $10,000 dollars (US), or both. According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa, a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive, and was in violation of the First Amendment of the US Constitution, which guarantees Freedom of Speech. He pointed out that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. The infamous law was repealed in 1957.[58]
In 1950, the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 (P.L. 81-600) which allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution.[59] This act was meant to be adopted in the "nature of a compact". It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect, and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917. The sections of this statute left in force were then entitled the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act.[60][61]
 External videos |
|
|---|---|
 |
View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s |
On October 30, 1950, Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a 3-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico. The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado. In the Jayuya revolt, known as the Jayuya Uprising, the United States declared martial law, and attacked Jayuya with infantry, artillery and bombers. The Utuado Uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre. On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate President Harry S Truman. Torresola was killed during the attack, but Collazo was captured. Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison, being released in 1979. Don Pedro Albizu Campos also served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta, Georgia, for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico.[62]
The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952, on the anniversary of the July 25, 1898, landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish-American War, until then an annual Puerto Rico holiday. Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally "Free Associated State", officially translated into English as Commonwealth), for its body politic.[63][64] The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life, including citizenship, currency, postal service, foreign affairs, military defense, communications, labor relations, the environment, commerce, finance, health and welfare, and many others.[14][65]
During the 1950s, Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization, due in large part to Operación Manos a la Obra ("Operation Bootstrap"), an offshoot of FDR's New Deal, which aimed to transform Puerto Rico's economy from agriculture-based to manufacturing-based. Presently, Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination, as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing.[66] Yet it still struggles to define its political status. Three plebiscites have been held in recent decades to resolve the political status, but no changes have been attained. Support for the pro-statehood party, Partido Nuevo Progresista (PNP), and the pro-commonwealth party, Partido Popular Democrático (PPD), remains about equal. The only registered pro-independence party, the Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP), usually receives 3–5% of the electoral votes.[citation needed]
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Government of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico
See also: Municipalities of Puerto Rico, List of political parties in Puerto Rico, and Political party strength in Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico has a republican form of government,[67] subject to U.S. jurisdiction and sovereignty.[3] Its current powers are all delegated by the United States Congress and lack full protection under the United States Constitution.[68] Puerto Rico's head of state is the President of the United States.
The government of Puerto Rico, based on the formal republican system, is composed of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The executive branch is headed by the Governor, currently Luis Fortuño. The legislative branch consists of a bicameral Legislative Assembly made up of a Senate upper chamber and a House of Representatives lower chamber. The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate, while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House.
The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico. The legal system is a mix of the civil law and the common law systems. The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years. Members of the Judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the "advice and consent" of the Senate.
Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate, formally called a Resident Commissioner (currently Pedro Pierluisi). Current legislation has returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation.[69] Puerto Rican elections are governed by the Federal Election Commission and the State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico.[70][71] While residing in Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, but they can vote in primaries. Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state can vote in presidential elections.
Puerto Rico is not an independent country and, as such, it hosts no embassies. It is host, however, to consulates from 41 countries, mainly from the Americas and Europe.[72] Most consulates are located in San Juan. As an unincorporated territory of the United States, Puerto Rico does not have any first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government, but has 78 municipalities at the second level. Mona Island is not a municipality, but part of the municipality of Mayagüez.[73]
Municipalities are subdivided into wards or barrios, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four year term. The municipality of San Juan (previously called "town"), was founded first, in 1521, San Germán in 1570, Coamo in 1579, Arecibo in 1614, Aguada in 1692 and Ponce in 1692. An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th. Six were founded in the 20th century; the last was Florida in 1971.[74]
Since 1952 Puerto Rico has had three main political parties: the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), the New Progressive Party (PNP) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP). These three parties stood for three distinct future political status scenarios: the PPD seeks to maintain the island's "association" status with the U.S. as a commonwealth, and has won a plurality vote in referendums on the island's status held over the last six decades, the PNP seeks to have Puerto Rico become a U.S. state, and the PIP seeks the establishment of a sovereign and independent republic.
In 2007, a fourth party, the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party (PPR), was registered. The PPR claims that it seeks to address the islands' problems from a status-neutral platform. However, it ceased to remain a registered political party when it failed to obtain the requisite number of votes in the 2008 general election. Non-registered parties include the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, the Socialist Workers Movement, the Hostosian National Independence Movement.
Political status[link]
Main article: Political status of Puerto Rico
The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico, the United States Congress, and the United Nations. Specifically, the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory, become a U.S. state, or become an independent country.[75][76]
[edit] Estado Libre Asociado
In 1950, the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference, "yes" or "no", on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a "commonwealth" that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people. Puerto Rico's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution. The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3, 1952. The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known.
On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth, meaning a "politically organized community" or "state", which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico" in its constitution, as a translation into English of the term to "Estado Libre Asociado" (ELA). Literally translated into English the phrase Estado Libre Asociado means "Associated Free State." The preamble of the Commonwealth constitution in part reads: "We, the people of Puerto Rico, in order to organise ourselves politically on a fully democratic basis, ...do ordain and establish this Constitution for the commonwealth which, in the exercise of our natural rights, we now create within our union with the United States of America. In so doing, we declare: ... We consider as determining factors in our life our citizenship of the United States of America and our aspiration continually to enrich our democratic heritage in the individual and collective enjoyment of its rights and privileges; our loyalty to the principles of the Federal Constitution;...
While the approval of the commonwealth constitution by the people of Puerto Rico, the U.S. Congress and the U.S. President, as a federal law, marked a historic change in the civil government for the islands, neither it nor the public laws approved by Congress in 1950 and 1952 revoked statutory provisions concerning the legal relationship of Puerto Rico to the United States. This relationship is based on the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The statutory provisions that set forth the conditions of the relationship are commonly referred to as the Federal Relations Act (FRA).[77] Inclusive by Resolution number 34, approved by the Constitutional Convention and ratified in the Referendum held on November 4, 1952, the following new sentence was added to section 3 of article VII of the commonwealth constitution: "Any amendment or revision of this constitution shall be consistent with the resolution enacted by the applicable provisions of the Constitution of the United States, with the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and with Public Law 600, Eighty-first Congress, adopted in the nature of a compact".[78] The provisions of the Federal Relations Act as codified on the U.S. Code Title 48, Chapter 4 shall apply to the island of Puerto Rico and to the adjacent islands belonging to the United States and waters of those islands; and the name Puerto Rico, as used in the chapter, shall be held to include not only the island of that name, but all the adjacent islands as aforesaid.[79] While specified subsections of the FRA were "adopted in the nature of a compact", other provisions, by comparison, are excluded from the compact reference. Matters still subject to congressional authority and established pursuant to legislation include the citizenship status of residents, tax provisions, civil rights, trade and commerce, public finance, the administration of public lands controlled by the federal government, the application of federal law over navigable waters, congressional representation, and the judicial process, among others.[80][81]
In 1967, Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a plebiscite act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options (commonwealth, statehood, and independence). Claiming "foul play" and dubbing the process as illegitimate and contrary to norms of international law regarding decolonization procedures, the plebiscite was boycotted by the major pro-statehood and pro-independence parties of the time, the Republican Party of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican Independence Party, respectively. The Commonwealth option, represented by the PDP, won with a majority of 60.4% of the votes. After the plebiscite, efforts in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s to enact legislation to address the status issue died in U.S. Congressional committees. In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 (without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results), the current political status failed to receive majority support. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by only a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the "none of the above" option, which was the Popular Democratic Party-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives, and Commonwealth advocates, among others, reportedly urged a vote for "none of the above".[82][83][84]
Within the United States[link]
Constitutionally, Puerto Rico is subject to the Congress's plenary powers under the territorial clause of Article IV, sec. 3, of the U.S. Constitution.[85] U.S. federal law applies to Puerto Rico, even though Puerto Rico is not a state of the American Union and their residents have no voting representation in the U.S. Congress. Like the States of the American Union, Puerto Rico lacks "the full sovereignty of an independent nation," for example, the power to manage its "external relations with other nations," which was retained by the Federal Government. The Supreme Court has indicated that once the Constitution has been extended to an area (by Congress or the Courts), its coverage is irrevocable. To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this Court, say "what the law is.".[86]
Puerto Ricans "were collectively made U.S. citizens" in 1917 as a result of the Jones-Shafroth Act.[87] However, U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for the U.S. president, though both major parties, Republican and Democrat, run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate. Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory (see above) and not a U.S. state, the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise US citizens residing in Puerto Rico.[68][88](See also: "Voting rights in Puerto Rico"). Despite their American citizenship, however, only the "fundamental rights" under the federal constitution apply to Puerto Ricans. Various other U.S Supreme Court decisions have been held opinions on which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not. Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. armed forces and, since 1917, they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whenever it has been in effect.
Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws, Puerto Ricans are also required to pay most U.S. federal taxes, with the major exception being the federal personal income tax.[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96] In 2009, Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the US Treasury.[97] Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. However, they are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income (SSI), and the island actually receives a small fraction of the Medicaid funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state.[98] Also, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system.[99]
In 1992, President George H. W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations. Federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico, just as in any state, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Transportation Security Administration, Social Security Administration, and others. While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state, there is also a federal district court in Puerto Rico, and Puerto Rican judges have served in that Court and in other federal courts on the mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment. Puerto Ricans are also regularly appointed to high-level federal positions, including serving as United States Ambassadors.
International status[link]
On November 27, 1953, shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth, the General Assembly of the United Nations approved Resolution 748, removing Puerto Rico's classification as a non-self-governing territory under article 73(e) of the Charter from UN. But the General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self-governing status of Puerto Rico.[100][101] According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Political Status in its December 21, 2007 report, the U.S., in its written submission to the UN in 1953, never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory's consent.[102] It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause[103] of the U.S. Constitution.[102]
In 1993, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice.[81] In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated, "Puerto Rico's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government under Resolution 1541" (the three established forms of full self-government being stated in the report as (1) national independence, (2) free association based on separate sovereignty, or (3) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality). The report concluded that Puerto Rico "... remains an unincorporated territory and does not have the status of 'free association' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice", that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress, and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose.[104][105] The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the Insular Cases.
The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba's delegate on June 20, 2011, calling on the United States to expedite a process "that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and independence." [106]
Recent developments[link]
In 2005 and 2007, two reports were issued by the U.S. President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status.[49][102] Both reports conclude that Puerto Rico continues to be a territory of U.S. under the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress.[102] Reactions from Puerto Rico's two major political parties were mixed. The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) challenged the task force's report[citation needed] and committed to validating the current status in all international forums, including the United Nations. It also rejected[citation needed] any "colonial or territorial status" as a status option, and vowed to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998, which included sovereignty, an association based on "respect and dignity between both nations", and common citizenship.[107] The New Progressive Party (PNP) supported[citation needed] the White House Report's conclusions and supported bills to provide for a democratic referendum process among Puerto Rico voters.
A 2009 CRS report suggested that action might be taken in the 111th Congress. The reports issued in 2007 and 2005 by the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status may be the basis for reconsideration of the existing commonwealth status, as legislative developments during the 109th and 110th Congresses suggested. Agreement on the process to be used in considering the status proposals has been as elusive as agreement on the end result. Congress would have a determinative role in any resolution of the issue. The four options that appear to be most frequently discussed include continuation of the commonwealth, modification of the current commonwealth agreement, statehood, or independence. If independence, or separate national sovereignty, were selected, Puerto Rican officials might seek to negotiate a compact of free association with the United States.[108]
On June 15, 2009, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.[109]
On April 29, 2010, the U.S. House voted 223–169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico's self determination, allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth political status or to have a different political status. If Puerto Ricans vote to continue to have their present form of political status, the Government of Puerto Rico is authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite are certified; if Puerto Ricans vote to have a different political status, a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution.[110] During the House debate, a fourth option, to retain its present form of commonwealth (status quo) political status, was added as an option in the second plebiscite.[110][111]
Immediately following U.S. House passage, H.R. 2499 was sent to the U.S. Senate, where it was given two formal readings and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources.
A Senate hearing was held on May 19, 2010, for the purpose of gathering testimony on the bill. Among those offering testimony were Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, Pedro Pierluisi; Governor of Puerto Rico, Luis Fortuño; President of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico, Héctor Ferrer; and President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, Rubén Berríos.[112] According to the Senate Energy & Natural Resources Committee leadership, the four options are the continuation of the current commonwealth status, subject to the territorial clause (under Article IV of the Constitution), statehood, independence, and free association.[113][114][115] On December 22, 2010, the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R.2499, killing the bill.[116]
The latest Task Force report was released on March 11, 2011. The report suggests a two-plebiscite process, including a "first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States (either via Statehood or Commonwealth) or wish to be independent (via Independence or Free Association). If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite, a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth." [117]
The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba's delegate on June 20, 2011, calling on the United States to expedite a process "that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and independence." [106]
In October 2011, Governor Luis Fortuño set August 12, 2012 to hold the first part of a two-step status plebiscite. If a second status vote is required, it will take place on the same day as the general election in November 6, 2012, he added.[118]A bill was brought before the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico in 2011 to effect the governor's proposal. The bill passed on December 28, 2011. Both referendums, however, will be held on a single ballot on November 6, 2012.[119]
The first referendum will ask voters whether they want to maintain the current commonwealth status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution or whether they prefer a nonterritorial option. If more voters check that nonterritorial option, a second vote would be held giving people three status options: statehood, independence or free association.[120]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Puerto Rico
See also: Geology of Puerto Rico and Fauna of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, Mona, Desecheo, and Caja de Muertos. Of these last five, only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year-round. Mona is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources. There are also many other even smaller islands including Monito and "La Isleta de San Juan" which includes Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra and is connected to the main island by bridges.
.png)
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 13,790 square kilometers (5,320 sq mi), of which 8,870 km2 (3,420 sq mi) is land and 4,921 km2 (1,900 sq mi) is water.[121] The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 180 km (110 mi), and the maximum width from north to south is 65 km (40 mi).[122] Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles. It is 80% of the size of Jamaica,[123] just over 18% of the size of Hispaniola and 8% of the size of Cuba, the largest of the Greater Antilles.[124]
Puerto Rico is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south. The main mountain range is called "La Cordillera Central" (The Central Range). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, Cerro de Punta 1,339 meters (4,393 ft),[121] is located in this range. Another important peak is El Yunque, one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest, with an elevation of 1,065 m (3,494 ft).[125]
Puerto Rico has 17 lakes, all man-made, and more than 50 rivers, most originating in the Cordillera Central.[126] Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions.
Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks, overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks.[127] Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old (Jurassic) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. They may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm.
Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates and is being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by their interaction. These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis. These seismic events, along with landslides, represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean. The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11, 1918, and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale.[128] It originated off the coast of Aguadilla and was accompanied by a tsunami.
The Puerto Rico Trench, the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic, is located about 115 km (71 mi) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates.[129] It is 280 km (170 mi) long.[130] At its deepest point, named the Milwaukee Deep, it is almost 8,400 m (27,600 ft) deep, or about 5.2 miles.[129] The island experiences frequent tremors and is an area of concern for major earthquakes.[citation needed]
Located in the tropics, Puerto Rico has an average temperature of 82.4 °F (28 °C) throughout the year, with an average minimum temperature of 66.9 °F (19 °C) and maximum of 85.4 °F (30 °C). Temperatures do not change drastically throughout the seasons. The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than the rest of the island. The hurricane season spans from June to November. The all-time low in Puerto Rico has been 39 °F (4 °C), registered in Aibonito.[131] The average yearly precipitation is 1687mm.[132]
Species endemic to the archipelago are 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 amphibians/reptiles, recognized as of 1998. Most of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island.[133] The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the Coquí, a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call, and from which it gets its name. Most Coquí species (13 of 17) live in the El Yunque National Forest, a tropical rainforest in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest. El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic to the island. It is also home to 50 bird species, including the critically endangered Puerto Rican Amazon. Across the island in the southwest, the 40 km2 (15 sq mi) of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve[134] contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals, including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico.
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Municipalities of Puerto Rico
As an unincorporated territory of the United States, Puerto Rico does not have any first order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. Government, but there are 78 municipalities at the secondary level which function as counties. Municipalities are further subdivided into barrios, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for four year terms.
The first municipality (previously called "town") of Puerto Rico, San Juan, was founded in 1521. In the 16th century two more municipalities were established, San Germán (1570) and Coamo (1579). Three more municipalities were established in the 17th century. These were Arecibo (1614), Aguada (1692) and Ponce (1692). The 18th and 19th century saw an increase in settlement in Puerto Rico with 30 municipalities being established in the 18th century and 34 more in the 19th century. Only six municipalities were founded in the 20th century with the last, Florida, being founded in 1971.[74]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Puerto Rico
In the early 20th century the greatest contributor to Puerto Rico's economy was agriculture and its main crop was sugar. In the late 1940s a series of projects codenamed Operation Bootstrap encouraged a significant shift to manufacture via tax exemptions. Manufacturing quickly replaced agriculture as the main industry of the island. Puerto Rico is classified as a "high income country" by the World Bank.[135][136]
Economic conditions have improved dramatically since the Great Depression because of external investment in capital-intensive industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and technology. Once the beneficiary of special tax treatment from the U.S. government, today local industries must compete with those in more economically depressed parts of the world where wages are not subject to U.S. minimum wage legislation. In recent years, some U.S. and foreign owned factories have moved to lower wage countries in Latin America and Asia. Puerto Rico is subject to U.S. trade laws and restrictions.
Also, starting around 1950, there was heavy migration from Puerto Rico to the Continental United States, particularly New York City, in search of better economic conditions. Puerto Rican migration to New York displayed an average yearly migration of 1,800 for the years 1930–1940, 31,000 for 1946–1950, 45,000 for 1951–1960, and a peak of 75,000 in 1953.[137] As of 2003, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that more people of Puerto Rican birth or ancestry live in the U.S. than in Puerto Rico.[138]
On May 1, 2006, the Puerto Rican government faced significant shortages in cash flows, which forced the closure of the local Department of Education and 42 other government agencies. All 1,536 public schools closed, and 95,762 people were furloughed in the first-ever partial shutdown of the government in the island's history.[139] On May 10, 2006, the budget crisis was resolved with a new tax reform agreement so that all government employees could return to work. On November 15, 2006, a 5.5% sales tax was implemented. Municipalities are required by law to apply a municipal sales tax of 1.5% bringing the total sales tax to 7%.[140]
Tourism is an important component of Puerto Rican economy supplying an approximate $1.8 billion. In 1999, an estimated 5 million tourists visited the island, most from the U.S. Nearly a third of these are cruise ship passengers. A steady increase in hotel registrations since 1998 and the construction of new hotels and new tourism projects, such as the Puerto Rico Convention Center, indicate the current strength of the tourism industry. In 2009, tourism accounted for nearly 7% of the islands' gross national product.[141]
Puerto Ricans had median household income of $18,314 for 2009, which makes Puerto Rico's economy comparable to the independent nations of Latvia or Poland.[142] By comparison, the poorest state of the Union, Mississippi, had median household income of $36,646 in 2009.[142] Nevertheless, Puerto Rico's GDP per capita compares favorably to other independent Caribbean nations, and is one of the highest in North America. See List of North American countries by GDP per capita.
Puerto Rico's public debt has grown at a faster pace than the growth of its economy, reaching $46.7 billion in 2008.[143] In January 2009, Luis Fortuño enacted several measures aimed at eliminating the government's $3.3 billion deficit,[144] including laying off 12,505[145] government employees. Puerto Rico's unemployment rate was 15.9 percent in January 2010.[146] Some analysts said they expect the government's layoffs to propel that rate to 17 percent.[147]
In November 2010, Gov. Fortuño proposed a tax reform plan that would be implemented in a six-year period, retroactive to January 1, 2010. The first phase, applicable to year 2010, reduces taxes to all individual taxpayers by 7–15%. By year 2016, average relief for individual taxpayers will represent a 50% tax cut and a 30% cut for corporate taxpayers, whose tax rate will be lowered from 41 to 30%.[148]
Businesses and consumers in Puerto Rico are subjected to economic discrimination by many U.S. and multinational companies that limit access to products or offer them at higher prices to businesses and consumers located in Puerto Rico. For example, Apple does not include K-12 or post-secondary educational institutions in their national pricing program offering discounts to teachers and students and special pricing for institutional purchases.[149] Likewise, Minneapolis-based Best Buy does not allow residents of Puerto Rico to purchase goods on their website, which may be purchased from the 50 states, Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, but invites potential customers to skirt their own rules: "Now you can order items online and ship them to a U.S. address* – or pick them up at a U.S. store. International orders may be shipped to street addresses in the U.S., U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam, along with AFO/FPO mailing address."[150]
At the same time, the latest report by the President Task Force on Puerto Rico Status recognizes that the status question and the economy are intimately linked. Many participants in the forums conducted by the Task Force argued that uncertainty about status is holding Puerto Rico back in economic areas. And although there are a number of economic actions that should be taken immediately or in the short term, regardless of the ultimate outcome of the status question, identifying the most effective means of assisting the Puerto Rican economy depends on resolving the ultimate question of status. In short, the long-term economic well-being of Puerto Rico would be dramatically improved by an early decision on the status question.[117]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Puerto Rico
| Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico (2010 Census) [151] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnics | ||||
| White |
|
75.8% | ||
| Black or African American |
|
12.4% | ||
| Asian |
|
0.2% | ||
| Two or more races |
|
3.3% | ||
| American Indian |
|
0.5% | ||
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander |
|
0.1% | ||
| Other races |
|
7.8% | ||
| Note: Hispanic or Latino (of any race) makes up 99.0 percent of the population. | ||||
The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement, European colonization, slavery, economic migration, and Puerto Rico's status as unincorporated territory of the United States.
Population and racial makeup[link]
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Puerto Rico was 3,706,690 on July 1, 2011, a -0.51% decrease since the 2010 United States Census.[5]
Continuous European immigration during the 19th century helped the population grow from 155,000 in 1800 to almost a million at the close of the century. A census conducted by royal decree on September 30, 1858 gives the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at this time: 341,015 as Free colored; 300,430 identified as Whites; and 41,736 were slaves.[152]
During the 19th century hundreds of Corsican, French, Lebanese, Chinese, and Portuguese families arrived in Puerto Rico, along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain (mainly from Catalonia, Asturias, Galicia, the Balearic Islands, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands) and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America. Other settlers included Irish, Scots, Germans, Italians and thousands others who were granted land by Spain during the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 ("Royal Decree of Graces of 1815"), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island, provided they agreed to pay taxes and continue to support the Catholic Church.
Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color. However, the 2000 United States Census included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico. According to the census, most Puerto Ricans self-identified as White and few declared themselves to be Black or some other race.[153] A recent study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that around 52.6% of the population possess Amerindian mtDNA.[154][155]
Immigration and emigration[link]
File:Population Density, PR, 2000 (sample).jpg
Population density, Census 2000
Puerto Rico has recently become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents who immigrated from not only the Dominican Republic, but from other Latin American countries. These include Cuba, Colombia, and Venezuela, as well as surrounding Caribbean islands, Haiti, Barbados, and the American Virgin Islands among them.
Emigration is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after World War II, poverty, cheap airfare, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States, particularly to New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Florida. This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined, and Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of "circular migration".
Languages[link]
The official languages are Spanish and English with Spanish being the primary language. English is taught as a second language in public and private schools from elementary levels to high school and at the university level.
Spanish[link]
Main article: Puerto Rican Spanish
The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax which differentiate it from the Spanish spoken in other Spanish-speaking countries. While the Spanish spoken in all Iberian, Mediterranean and Atlantic Spanish Maritime Provinces was brought to the island over the centuries, the most profound regional impact on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico has been from the Spanish spoken in present day Canary Islands.
As a result of the natural inclusion of indigenous vocabulary in all New World former European colonies (English, French, Spanish, Dutch, etc.), the Spanish of Puerto Rico also includes occasional "Taíno" words, which are typically in the context of vegetation, natural phenomenon or primitive musical instruments. Similarly, African-attributed words exist within the contexts of foods, music or dances developed in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of former Sub-Saharan slaves.
English[link]
Main article: English in Puerto Rico
Since the acquisition of the Island by the US from Spain in 1898, the linguistic impression of American English increasingly leaves its linguistic impact on the island in all aspects of social, commercial and educational exchange.[citation needed]
According to a study by the University of Puerto Rico, nine of every ten Puerto Ricans residing in Puerto Rico do not speak English at an advanced level.[156] More recently, according to the 2005–2009 Population and Housing Narrative Profile for Puerto Rico, among people at least five years old living in Puerto Rico in 2005–2009, 95 percent spoke a language other than English at home. Of those speaking a language other than English at home, 100 percent spoke Spanish and less than 0.5 percent spoke some other language; 85 percent reported that they did not speak English "very well."[157]
Religion[link]
The Roman Catholic Church has historically been the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. The first dioceses in the Americas, including the first diocese of Puerto Rico, were authorized by Pope Julius II in 1511.[158] One Pope, John Paul II, visited Puerto Rico in October 1984. All municipalities in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church, most of which are located at the town center or "plaza".
Protestantism, which was suppressed under the Spanish regime, has spread under American rule, making modern Puerto Rico interconfessional. The first Protestant church, Holy Trinity Church in Ponce, was established by the Anglican diocese of Antigua in 1872.[159] In 1872, German settlers in Ponce founded the Iglesia Santísima Trinidad, an Anglican Church, the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas.[160][161]
There is also an Eastern Orthodox community in Puerto Rico, The Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos/ St. Spyridon's Church is located in Trujillo Alto, and serves the small Orthodox community. The congregation represents Greeks, Russians, Serbians, Bulgarians, Americans, Moldavians, and Puerto Ricans.[162]
In 1940, Juanita Garcia Peraza founded the Mita Congregation, the first religion of Puerto Rican origin.[163] Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered/reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates. Various African religious practices have been present since the arrival of African slaves. In particular, the Yoruba beliefs of Santería and/or Ifá, and the Kongo-derived Palo Mayombe find adherence among a few individuals who practice some form of African traditional religion.
In 1952, a handful of American Jews established the island's first synagogue in the former residence of William Korber, a wealthy Puerto Rican of German descent, which was designed and built by Czech architect Antonin Nechodoma.[164][165] The synagogue, called Sha'are Zedeck, hired its first rabbi in 1954.[166] Puerto Rico now is home to the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, numbering 3,000, and is the only Caribbean island in which the Conservative, Reform and Orthodox Jewish movements all are represented.[166][167]
In 2007, there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.13% of the population[168][169] There were eight mosques spread throughout the island, with most Muslims living in Rio Piedras.[170][171]
In 2011, there were 26,546 Jehovah's Witnesses, representing about 0.72% of the population, with 329 congregations.[172]
The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center, whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism, has a branch in Puerto Rico.[173]
-
SANTISIMATRINIDAD.gif
Iglesia Santísima Trinidad of Ponce -
Islamic Center at Ponce -
Shaare Zedeck.jpg
Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Puerto Rico
See also: Cuisine of Puerto Rico and Music of Puerto Rico
Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents, including African (from the slaves), Taíno (Amerindians), Spanish, and more recently, North American.
From the Spanish Puerto Rico received the Spanish language, the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions. The United States added English language influence, the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices. On March 12 1903, the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded, branching out from the "Escuela Normal Industrial", a smaller organism that was founded in Fajardo three years before.
Much of the Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music. Like the country as a whole, Puerto Rican music has been developed by mixing other cultures with local and traditional rhythms. Early in the history of Puerto Rican music, the influences of African and Spanish traditions were most noticeable. However, the cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences that have reached Puerto Rico.[174][175]
The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the Reinita mora or Puerto Rican Spindalis (a type of bird), the Flor de Maga (a type of flower), and the Ceiba or Kapok (a type of tree). The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the Coquí, a small frog. Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the "jíbaro", the "countryman", and the carite.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Puerto Rico
Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league, operating as a winter league. No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico, however, San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington, D.C. and became the Washington Nationals. The Puerto Rico national baseball team has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold (1951), four silver and four bronze medals and the Caribbean Series, winning fourteen times. Famous Puerto Rican baseball players include Roberto Clemente and Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar, enshrined in the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973, 1999, and 2011 respectively.[176][177][178]
Boxing, basketball, and volleyball are considered popular sports as well. Wilfredo Gómez and McWilliams Arroyo have won their respective divisions at the World Amateur Boxing Championships. Other medalists include José Pedraza, who holds a silver medal, as well as three boxers that finished in third place, José Luis Vellón, Nelson Dieppa and McJoe Arroyo. In the professional circuit, Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and its the global leader in champions per capita. These include Miguel Cotto, Félix Trinidad, Wilfred Benítez and Gómez among others. The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957. Since then, it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions, including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games. August 8, 2004, became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players. Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92–73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens, Greece.[179] Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico, and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930.
Miscellaneous practices of this sport have experienced some success, including the "Puerto Rico All Stars" team, which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball.[180] Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition, with teams like "Puerto Rico Street Ball" competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1's Mixtape Tour Team. Consequently, practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams, including Orlando "El Gato" Meléndez, who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters.[181] Orlando Antigua, whose mother is Puerto Rican, made history in 1995, when he became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters.[182]
The Puerto Rico Islanders Football Club, founded in 2003, plays in the United Soccer Leagues First Division, which constitutes the second tier of football in North America. Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF. In 2008 the archipelago's first unified league, the Puerto Rico Soccer League, was established. Secondary sports include Professional wrestling and road running. The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The World's Best 10K, held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally.
Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics, the Pan American Games, the Caribbean World Series, and the Central American and Caribbean Games. Puerto Rican athletes have won six medals (one silver, five bronze) in Olympic competition, the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas. On March 2006 San Juan's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic. The Central American and Caribbean Games were held in 1993 in Ponce and in 2010 in Mayagüez.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Puerto Rico
Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels—Primary (elementary school grades 1–6), Secondary (intermediate and high school grades 7–12), and Higher Level (undergraduate and graduate studies). As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%; by gender, it was 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females.[183] According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.3% has a bachelor's degree or higher.
Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 and is enforced by the state. The Constitution of Puerto Rico grants the right to an education to every citizen on the island. To this end, public schools in Puerto Rico provide free and non-sectarian education at the elementary and secondary levels. At any of the three levels, students may attend either public or private schools. As of 1999, there were 1532 public schools[184] and 569 private schools in the island.[citation needed]
The largest and oldest university system in Puerto Rico is the public University of Puerto Rico (UPR) with 11 campuses. The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo, Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este, the multi-campus Inter American University, the Pontifical Catholic University, and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón. Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and four Law Schools.
Transportation[link]
.jpg)
Main article: Transportation in Puerto Rico
Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads, freeways, expressways, and highways maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and patrolled by the Puerto Rico Police Department. The island's metropolitan area is served by a public bus transit system and a metro system called Tren Urbano (in English: Urban Train). Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries (that serve Puerto Rico's archipelago) as well as Carros Públicos (private mini buses).
The island has three international airports, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina, Mercedita Airport in Ponce, and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean, and one of the largest in the world in terms of passenger and cargo movement.[185]
Puerto Rico has 9 ports in different cities across the main island. The San Juan Port is the largest in Puerto Rico, and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement, respectively.[185] The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce, currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty-foot containers (TEUs) per year.[186]
See also[link]
 |
Book: Puerto Rico |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Outline of Puerto Rico
- Index of Puerto Rico-related articles
- List of Puerto Ricans
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico
Notes[link]
- ^ In 1932, the U.S. Congress officially corrected what it had been misspelling as Porto Rico back into Puerto Rico.[11] It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory. Patricia Gherovici states that both "Porto Rico" and "Puerto Rico" were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before, during, and after the U.S. invasion of the island in 1898. The "Porto" spelling, for instance, was used in the Treaty of Paris, but "Puerto" was used by The New York Times that same year. Nancy Morris clarifies that "a curious oversight in the drafting of the Foraker Act caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled."[12]
- ^ Today, Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas, or people from Borinquen.
- ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico, but he never arrived on the island.
References[link]
- ^ Nancy Morris (1995). Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 62. ISBN 0-275-95228-2. http://books.google.com/?id=vyQDYqz2kFsC&pg=RA1-PA62&lpg=RA1-PA62&dq=%22puerto+rico%22+official+language+1993
- ^ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". 2010.census.gov. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ a b "U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty". State.gov. http://www.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Carta Autonómica de 1897 de Puerto Rico". Lexjuris.com. http://www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/lexotras/lexcartaautonomica.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011" (CSV). 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. December 2011. http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2011/tables/NST-EST2011-01.csv. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
- ^ "Penn World Tabbles - PWT - Version 7.0". University of Pennsylvania. http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt70/pwt70_form.php. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ "Penn World Tabbles - PWT- Version 7.0". University of Pennsylvania. http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt70/pwt70_form.php. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ a b "Government Development Bank of Puerto Rico, May 2011". gdb-pur.com. http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/2011-05-16-AETabla1-2010.pdf. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/data/historical/state/state4.html (English)
- ^ - "El capital social movilizadocontra la pobreza" -- UNESCO, CLASCO (2007)
- ^ Pedro A. Malavet (2004). America's colony: the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico. NYU Press. pp. 43, 181 note 76. ISBN 978-0-8147-5680-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC.
- ^ Patricia Gherovici (2003). The Puerto Rican syndrome. Other Press, LLC. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-1-892746-75-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC.
- ^ a b c Real Cédula de 1789 "para el comercio de Negros"
- ^ a b Levinson, Sanford; Sparrow, Bartholomew H (2005). The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898. Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. Cloth, ISBN 0-7425-4983-6. Paper, ISBN 0-7425-4984-4.) pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-0-7425-4984-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=ayINMX_RtkEC&pg=PA167#. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Regions and Territories: Puerto Rico". British Broadcasting Corporation. June 16, 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3593469.stm.
- ^ a b "World Factbook: Puerto Rico". Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html.
- ^ Allatson, Paul. Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies, p. 47. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-4051-0250-0.
- ^ Dictionary: Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean Retrieved: February 21, 2008. (Based on the encyclopedia "Clásicos de Puerto Rico", 2nd. edition. Ed. Cayetano Coll y Toste. Publisher: Ediciones Latinoamericanas, S.A., 1972.).
- ^ Grose, Howard Benjamin (August 8, 2006). H. B. Grose, Advance in the Antilles: the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico, Presbyterian Home Missions, 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=qAMQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=porto+rico#v=onepage&q=land%20of%20the%20valiant%20lord&f=false. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ Abbad y Lasierra, Iñigo. Historia Geográfica, Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico.
- ^ Mahaffy, Cheryl (January 28, 2006). "Vieques Island – What lies beneath". Edmonton Journal. http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7. Retrieved February 11, 2006.
- ^ Pedro Torres. "The Dictionary of the Taíno Language". Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc.. http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/tedict.html. Retrieved February 11, 2006.
- ^ Cheryl Mahaffy (January 30, 2006). "Vieques Island: What lies beneath". Edmonton Journal. http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7.
- ^ "500 Years of Puerto Rican History through the Eyes of Others". The Newberry library - Newberry.org. 2008-07-12. http://www.newberry.org/exhibits/PuertoRico.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "History of Puerto Rico". http://welcome.topuertorico.org/history.shtml. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
- ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide; Conrado Rodríguez-Martín; Odin Langsjoen (1998). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 204. ISBN 978-0-521-55203-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=qubTdDk1H3IC.
- ^ Kohn, George C. (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. p. 160. ISBN 0-8160-6935-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA160&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ "Puerto Rico | Colonial Genocides | Genocide Studies Program". Yale University. http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/index.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Dietz, p.38.
- ^ "The Life of Sir Francis Drake". July 20, 2004. http://www.drakenavigatorsguild.org/drakeslife.html. Retrieved March 1, 2006.
- ^ Historias de Puerto Rico by Paul G. Miller, (1947) pgs. 221–237.
- ^ Abbad y Lasierra, Iñigo. Historia Geográfica, Civil y Política de Puerto Rico. S.l.: Univ Of Puerto Rico Pr. ISBN 0-8477-0800-4. (Spanish)
- ^ Interview of Thomas Ellingwood Fortin, Producer, New Albion Pictures
- ^ "Words from Pres. Ronald Reagan". Thecajuns.com. http://www.thecajuns.com/galvezrw.htm. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Slave revolts in Puerto Rico: conspiracies and uprisings, 1795-1873"; by: Guillermo A. Baralt; Publisher Markus Wiener Publishers; ISBN 1-55876-463-1, ISBN 978-1-55876-463-7
- ^ "María de las Mercedes Barbudo; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico; CLARIDAD; December 1994; page 19" (PDF). http://www.raquelrosario.net/Historias%20Claridad%20Mercedes%20Bar.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "150th. Anniversary of the Foundation of Arroyo, Puerto Rico". Elboricua.com. http://www.elboricua.com/MiradorPuertorriquenoArchives.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Welcome to Puerto Rico". Topuertorico.org. http://www.topuertorico.org/history4.shtml. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Negroni, Héctor Andrés (1992) (in Spanish). Historia militar de Puerto Rico. Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario. ISBN 978-84-7844-138-9.
- ^ "USA Seizes Puerto Rico". History of Puerto Rico. solboricua.com. 2000. http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa.
- ^ Magaly Rivera. "History". topuertorico.org. http://www.topuertorico.org/history4.shtml. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ^ "Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish-American War". The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War. Hispanic Division, Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html.
- ^ a b Strategy as Politics; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 7; ISBN 978-0-8477-0160-5
- ^ A.T. Mahan, "The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1660–1783)", London: Sampson Low, Marston, Seale; page 83
- ^ David F. Trask. The war with Spain in 1898. University of Nebraska Press. 1996. ISBN=978-0-8032-9429-5. Pages 72–78. Google Books.ph. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8032-9429-5. http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&pg=PA72. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ Daniel B. Zwickel. "Jorge Rodríguez Beruff". Peacehost.net. http://www.peacehost.net/WhiteStar/Voices/eng-rodriguez-beruff.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Strategy as Politics; by: Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; page 13; ISBN 978-0-8477-0160-5
- ^ "Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain". The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School. Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. December 10, 1898. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp.
- ^ a b c d e "Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status" (PDF). December 2005. http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ^ Efrén Rivera Ramos (2007). American Colonialism in Puerto Rico: The Judicial and Social Legacy. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-1-55876-410-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=J5l55R3_mPoC.
- ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Pages 166, 178. "U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
- ^ "Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe" (in Spanish). Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico. http://redsismica.uprm.edu/spanish/tsunami/index.php. Retrieved February 6, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ a b c "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May 22, 1937". Llmc.com. http://www.llmc.com/TitleLLMC.asp?ColID=3&Cat=136&TID=7037&TName=Ponce%20Massacre,%20Com.%20of%20Inquiry,%201937. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Five Years of Tyranny, Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives. The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record of August 14, 1939. It is reported in the Cong. Rec., and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in the back was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who "was killed through the back while running to a nearby church"
- ^ Antonio de la Cova. "Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away". Latinamericanstudies.org. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ponce-1937.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948-2008)'; by: Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón
- ^ "Puerto Rican History". Topuertorico.org. January 13, 1941. http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
- ^ La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría
- ^ Act of July 3, 1950, Ch. 446, 64 Stat. 319.
- ^ "''View of Congress, the Courts and the Federal Government''". Puertoricousa.com. http://www.puertoricousa.com/english/views.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "On The Nature Of Commonwealth V". Puertorico-herald.org. http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n42/CBOnNatureV.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ García, Marvin. "Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos". National-Louis University. http://www.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm. Retrieved April 28, 2006.
- ^ "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish". Lexjuris.com. http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – (English translation)". Topuertorico.org. http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Keith Bea; R. Sam Garrett (April 23, 2010). "Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service CRS RL32933. Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
- ^ "Puerto Rico's Pharmaceutical Industry". September 20, 2006. http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/article.mvc/Puerto-Ricos-Pharmaceutical-Industry-40-Years-0003. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Article I, Section 2" (PDF). http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ a b "U.S. Department of State. Foreign Affairs Manual: Volume 7 – Consular Affairs (7 FAM 1120) ',Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions.', Pages 1–3." (PDF). http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/86756.pdf. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Rules of the House of Representatives[dead link].
- ^ "Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice". Fec.gov. 2008-02-02. http://www.fec.gov/pages/report_notices/State_Notices/prprim.shtml. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access" (PDF). http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2008pdates.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Consulados. Link to Puerto Rico.[dead link]
- ^ "Mayagüez. Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico". Enciclopediapr.org. http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08021702. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ a b LinktoPR.com – Fundación de los Pueblos.[dead link]
- ^ Keith Bea (May 25, 2005). "Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ^ "Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process" (Press release). Department of Public Information, United Nations General Assembly. June 13, 2006. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ^ Federal Relations Act (FRA) codified on U.S. Code Title 48, Chapter 4. Cornel University Law School. July 25, 1952. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode48/usc_sup_01_48_10_4.html. Retrieved January 18, 2010
- ^ "Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Article VII". Premium.caribe.net. http://premium.caribe.net/~amvr/constitu.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ U.S. Code Title 48, Chapter 4, Subchapter I > § 731. Cornell University Law School. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode48/usc_sec_48_00000731----000-.html. Retrieved January 18, 2010
- ^ Bea, Keith (May 25, 2005). Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress. pp. 5–6. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf. Retrieved October 15, 2008
- ^ a b "United States v. Sanchez, 992 F.2D 1143 (1993) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (Paragraphs 44 – 46)". ftp.resources.com. June 4, 1993. http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/992/992.F2d.1143.90-5749.html. Retrieved January 21, 2010
- ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress. Report RL32933. By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett, Congressional Research Service. Dated June 19, 2009. Page 29. Table B-1: Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda, 1967–1998. Page 29.. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ "1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary". Electionspuertorico.org. 1993-11-14. http://electionspuertorico.org/1993/summary.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary". Electionspuertorico.org. 1998-12-13. http://electionspuertorico.org/1998/summary.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 ("The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ...").
- ^ Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244, 261 (1901), commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision, Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 317 (1820); Rasmussen v. United States, 197 U.S. 516, 529–530, 536 (1905)(concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown), that once the Constitution has been extended to an area, its coverage is irrevocable; Boumediene v. Bush – That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories, neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith. The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire, dispose of, and govern territory, not the power to decide when and where its terms apply.
- ^ [The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 166, 178.]"U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
- ^ Constitutional Topic: Citizenship. U.S. Constitution Online. http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html. Retrieved June 6, 2009
- ^ "Puerto Ricans pay import/export taxes". Stanford.wellsphere.com. http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes". Stanford.wellsphere.com. http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Internal Revenue Service. ',Topic 903 – Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico',". Irs.gov. December 18, 2009. http://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ a b "Reuters. ',Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform.', 24 September 2009". Reuters. September 24, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Schaefer, Brett. "The Heritage Foundation, 11 March 2009. ',D.C. Voting Rights: No Representation? No Taxation!', By Robert A. Book, PhD". Heritage.org. http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/03/dc-voting-rights-no-representation-no-taxation. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association, CEO Summit. ',Federal and Local Incentives: Where we are, Where We Want to be. Amaya Iraolagoitia, Partner, Tax Dept." (PDF). http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ a b "Joint Committee on Taxation. An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options" (PDF). http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Members of the military must pay federal income tax[92][95]
- ^ "Table 5. Internal Revenue Gross Collections, by Type of Tax and State, Fiscal year 2009" (XLS). irs.gov. http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/09db05co.xls.
- ^ "Puerto Rico receives less than 15% of the Medicaid funding that similar states of the Union currently receive". Magiccarpetautotransport.com. http://www.magiccarpetautotransport.com/auto-transport/puerto-rico-auto-transport.php. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "News & Media". PRFAA. 2009-07-06. http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ resolution 740 (27 november 1953), "Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico".
- ^ GA Resolution 1541 (December 15 1960), "Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter. (See ANNEX)."
- ^ a b c d "Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status" (PDF). December 2007. http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/docs/espanol/whitehousestatusreport.pdf. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
- ^ Art. IV, Sec. 3, clause 2, U.S. Constitution.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing". Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Congress. April 19, 1997. http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp105:FLD010:@1%28hr131%29:. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ^ "1541 (XV). Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter". United Nations General Assembly. December 15, 1960. http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/GAres-1541.htm.
- ^ a b casiano communications (2011-06-21). "UN decolonization committee eyes PR". Caribbeanbusinesspr.com. http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=58665&ct_id=1. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Oversight Hearing on Issues Raised by Puerto Rico Separate Sovereignty and Independence". Puertorico-herald.org. http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/vol2n11/indep-hearing-v2n11.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress. Congressional Research Service. August 4, 2009. http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL32933_20090804.pdf.
- ^ Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association. General Assembly of the United Nations. June 15, 2009. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm.
- ^ a b "US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum". Agence France-Presse. April 29, 2010. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hbnA3Ucau6IF7lEjqdfo40sqVy3A.
- ^ "Text of H.R. 2499: Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010". govtrack.us. April 29, 2010. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-2499.
- ^ "Official Website of the U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources". Energy.senate.gov. May 19, 2010. http://energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Hearings.Hearing&Hearing_ID=5fad861f-a654-fbaf-b014-786dc0cc4fae. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ casiano communications. "Fortuño hails US senators’ status letter to Obama". Caribbeanbusinesspr.com. http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=51401&ct_id=1. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "US senators to Obama: Only 4 PR status options". Caribbeanbusinesspr.com. http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=51348&ct_id=1&ct_name=1. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Senate committee co-chairs seek White House view on P.R. status". Caribbeanbusinesspr.com. http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=43994&ct_id=1. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "H.R. 2499: Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 - Bill Overview". http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h111-2499.
- ^ a b REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT’S TASK FORCE ON PUERTO RICO’S STATUS, March 11, 2011, The White House
- ^ Fortuño calls for status vote next August. John Marino. Caribbean Business. Released on October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ Ley Numero 283 del 28 de diciembre de 2011. Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico. December 28, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.
- ^ casiano communications (2011-10-04). "Fortuño calls for status, legislative reform votes on August 12, 2012". Caribbeanbusinesspr.com. http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&ct_id=1. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ a b "The World Factbook – Puerto Rico#Geography". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html#Geo. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Welcome to Puerto Rico!". topuertorico.org. http://www.topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml. Retrieved December 30, 2007
- ^ "The World Factbook – Jamaica". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html#Geo. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "The World Factbook – Cuba". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#Geo. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Caribbean National Forest – El Yunque Trail #15". GORP.com. http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Los Lagos de Puerto Rico (archived from the original[dead link] on June 29, 2007). (Spanish)
- ^ Andrzej Pisera, Michael Martinez, Hernan Santos (May 2006). "Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation, Puerto Rico". Journal of Paleontology. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
- ^ "Earthquake History of Puerto Rico". U.S. Geological Survey. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
- ^ a b Uri ten Brink. "Explorations: Puerto Rico Trench 2003 – Cruise Summary and Results". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
- ^ "NOAA Ocean Explorer: Puerto Rico Trench". Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – Puerto Rico". National Weather Service. http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results. Retrieved May 6, 2008.
- ^ Daly, Christopher, Eileen H. Helmer, and Maya Quiñonez. 2003. Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra. International Journal of Climatology 23: 1359-1381.
- ^ "Island Directory". Islands.unep.ch. http://islands.unep.ch/ISV.htm#459. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Puerto Rico". Scholastic.com. http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5146. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Data and Statistics of Country Groups of the World Bank
- ^ "Income report for Puerto Rico" (PDF). http://devdata.worldbank.org/ict/pri_ict.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Latino/a Education Network Service, retrieved February 5, 2007". Palante.org. March 17, 1917. http://palante.org/History.htm. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Anglelo Falcón, "Atlas of Stateside Puerto Ricans", Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, published December 6, 2004, retrieved February 5, 2007[dead link]
- ^ Post Store (May 2, 2006). "Puerto Rico Extends Government Shutdown. ',The Washington Post',". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/02/AR2006050200458.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Navigating Puerto Rico's New Sales-and-Use Tax. AICPA". Cpa2biz.com. http://www.cpa2biz.com/Content/media/PRODUCER_CONTENT/Newsletters/Articles_2008/CorpTax/navigate.jsp. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ Disfruta y Conoce tu Isla: Haz Turismo Interno. Jose A. Reyes Feliciano. La Perla del Sur. Ponce Puerto Rico. 7 October 2009. Page 18.
- ^ a b American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "R1901. Median Household Income. U.S Census Burea". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-_box_head_nbr=R1901&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-format=US-30&-CONTEXT=grt. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Governor enacts measures to eliminate deficit. ',The Caribbean News',". Caribbeannetnews.com. http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-13855--21-21--.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Kaske, Michelle (January 15, 2009). "Puerto Rico gov signs deficit bill. ',The Bond Buyer',". Bondbuyer.com. http://www.bondbuyer.com/article.html?id=20090114ZXYD2CJP. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "ADENDI". Elnuevodia.com. 2011-10-26. http://www.elnuevodia.com/essumamenteduroytemarca-895748.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30. [dead link]
- ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics: Puerto Rico". US Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://data.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet?data_tool=latest_numbers&series_id=LASST43000003. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
- ^ "Strike protests job cuts in Puerto Rico". CNN. October 16, 2009. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/10/15/puerto.rico.strike/. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
- ^ "Ante la Legislatura la reforma contributiva – El Nuevo Día". Elnuevodia.com. http://www.elnuevodia.com/antelalegislaturalareformacontributiva-823151.html. Retrieved February 6, 2011. [dead link]
- ^ "Apple Education Store – Find Your School and Shop – Apple Store (U.S.)". Store.apple.com. September 7, 2010. http://store.apple.com/us-hed/findyourschool. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Best Buy". Best Buy. http://www.bestbuy.com/. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Puerto RICO 2010 Profile" (PDF). http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10_thematic/2010_Profile/2010_Profile_Map_Puerto_Rico.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Van Middeldyk, R.A. "Part 4". The History of Puerto Rico. ISBN 0-405-06241-9. http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html. Retrieved May 29, 2008.
- ^ American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. "U.S Census". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico
- ^ Lorena Madrigal, Madrigal (2006). Human biology of Afro-Caribbean populations. Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-521-81931-2. http://books.google.com/?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&pg=PA121&dq=Puerto+Rico+Amerindian+mtDNA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Prensa Asociada (February 24, 2009). "',¿Se discrimina al usar el inglés en algunos tribunales de Puerto Rico?', New York Daily News. Feb 24, 2009. (In Spanish)". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/espanol/2009/02/25/2009-02-25_se_discrimina_al_usar_el_ingls_en_alguno-2.html. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "2005–2009 Population and Housing Narrative Profile for Puerto Rico". U.S. Census Narrative Profile. U.S. Census. 2005–2009. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/NPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-qr_name=ACS_2009_5YR_G00_NPPR01&-ds_name=&-redoLog=false. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- ^
"Porto Rico". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. - ^ "Sobre Nosotros". Episcopalpr.org. http://episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ Luis Fortuño Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce (1692-1963). Page 165. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.
- ^ "La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico". Preb.com. http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html
- ^ "Latin American issues Vol. 3". Webpub.allegheny.edu. http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo"; by Delma S. Arrigoitia; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto; ISBN 978-0-942347-52-4
- ^ "Korber House". Prairieschooltraveler.com. http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ a b "The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Luxner News". Luxner.com. August 3, 2004. http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico". Institute of Islamic Information and Education. http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims Retrieved June 8, 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "Muslim mosques in Pto. Rico". Pupr.edu. http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras". Saudiaramcoworld.com. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Page 44
- ^ "Budda Net". Buddhanet.net. http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ Giovannetti, Jorge L. "Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols." In Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas, ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez, 81–98.
- ^ "Puerto Rican Music TV". Puerto Rican Music TV. http://www.puertoricanmusictv.com/. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente". Baseballhall.org. http://baseballhall.org/hof/clemente-roberto. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda". Baseballhall.org. http://baseballhall.org/hof/cepeda-orlando. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar". Baseballhall.org. http://baseballhall.org/hof/alomar-roberto. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ "Olympics 2004 | Basketball | Shock defeat for USA". BBC News. 2004-08-15. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/basketball/3567344.stm. Retrieved 2011-10-30.
- ^ Jesús Omar Rivera (October 29, 2008). "Boricuas lucíos en una rueda" (in Spanish). Primera Hora. http://www.primerahora.com/boricuasluciosenunarueda-boricuazo-especial-nota-243205.html. Retrieved October 16, 2010.
- ^ Joshua Hammann (October 14, 2008). "Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters' resume". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/hispanicheritage2008/news/story?id=3641638. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
- ^ "A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters". New York Times (Antigua &Amp; Barbuda). December 28, 1995. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E3DD1239F93BA15751C1A963958260. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ "CIA FactBook". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" (PDF). Departamento de Educación De Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080528060210/http://www.de.gobierno.pr/NR/rdonlyres/D3388419-2932-4654-9C59-FBC4585A9CF7/0/PRStateReportCard20022003.pdf. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
- ^ a b "Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales (Spanish)". Puerto Rico Ports Authority. http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/APMain.aspx. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
- ^ "About the Project – Overview". Port of the Americas Authority. http://www.portoftheamericas.com/about.project/overview.htm. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
External links[link]
| Find more about Puerto Rico on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Puerto Rican government official website (English)
- BBC Territory profile
- Encyclopaedia Britannica profile
- Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios (In Spanish)
- Puerto Rico entry at The World Factbook
- Puerto Rico at the Open Directory Project
- Five Years of Tyranny by Congressman Vito Marcantonio
- Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico
- Puerto Rico travel guide from Wikitravel
- United States government
- Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas, November 1997
- Puerto Rico State Guide, from the Library of Congress
- United Nations (U.N.) Declaration on Puerto Rico
- U.N. Decolonization Committee's press release on what it deems as the colonial political status of Puerto Rico, June 14, 2007
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Puerto_Rico
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Puerto Rico
http://es.wn.com/Puerto Rico
http://ru.wn.com/Пуэрто-Рико
http://cs.wn.com/Portoriko
http://pt.wn.com/Porto Rico
http://pl.wn.com/Portoryko
http://hi.wn.com/प्युर्तो रिको
http://it.wn.com/Porto Rico
http://id.wn.com/Puerto Riko
http://nl.wn.com/Puerto Rico
http://fr.wn.com/Porto Rico
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
.jpg){kind=link}