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- Achaea
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Achaea
http://wn.com/Achaea -
Achaemenid Empire
http://wn.com/Achaemenid_Empire -
Acropolis of Athens
The Acropolis of Athens or Citadel of Athens is the best known acropolis (Gr. akros, akron, edge, extremity + polis, city, pl. acropoleis) in the world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis was formally proclaimed as the pre-eminent monument on the European Cultural Heritage list of monuments on 26 March 2007. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens, with a surface area of about 3 hectares. It was also known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the first Athenian king.
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Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea (, Egeo Pelagos ; ) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The Aegean Islands are within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The Aegean Region consists of nine provinces in southwestern Turkey, in part bordering on the Aegean sea.
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Alexandria
http://wn.com/Alexandria -
Anatolia
Anatolia (, from Greek '; also Asia Minor, from , ') is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, Georgia to the northeast, the Armenian Highland to the east, Mesopotamia to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west. Anatolia has been home to many civilizations throughout history, such as the Hittites, Phrygians, Lydians, Persians, Greeks, Assyrians, Armenians, Romans, Byzantines, Anatolian Seljuks and Ottomans. As a result, Anatolia is one of the archeologically richest areas in the world.
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Antioch
http://wn.com/Antioch -
Areopagus
:This article concerns the place where a classical judicial body met. It is also the term for the judicial body which met there. For the 16th century literary movement, see Areopagus (poetry). For the regional government during the Greek War of Independence, see Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece. For the modern Greek Supreme Court, see Court of Cassation (Greece).
http://wn.com/Areopagus -
Argolid
http://wn.com/Argolid -
Asia Minor
http://wn.com/Asia_Minor -
Attalid dynasty
The Attalid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty that ruled the city of Pergamon after the death of Lysimachus, a general of Alexander the Great. The Attalid kingdom was the rump state left after the collapse of the Lysimachian Empire. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city in 282 BC. The later Attalids were descended from his father, and they expanded the city into a kingdom. Attalus I proclaimed himself King in the 230s BC, following his victories over the Galatians. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.
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Boeotia
http://wn.com/Boeotia -
Citium
http://wn.com/Citium -
Classical Athens
The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508-322 BC) was a notable polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Hippias. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War) . The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles.
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Crete
http://wn.com/Crete -
Cyclades
http://wn.com/Cyclades -
Cyprus
http://wn.com/Cyprus -
Dardanelles
The Dardanelles (, ), formerly known as the Hellespont
http://wn.com/Dardanelles -
Ephesus
http://wn.com/Ephesus -
Euboea
For the mythological figure, see Euboea (mythology)
http://wn.com/Euboea -
Halicarnassus
http://wn.com/Halicarnassus -
Helike
:"Helice" redirects here. For the crab genus, see Helice (crab).
http://wn.com/Helike -
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bounded by southern Italy including Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania, including Saranda and Himara, and a large number of Greek islands, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are collectively referred to as the Ionian Islands, and other islands include the Strophades, Sphagia, Schiza, Sapientza and Kythira. The sea is one of the most seismic areas in the world.
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Knossos
http://wn.com/Knossos -
Miletus
http://wn.com/Miletus -
Naxos Island
http://wn.com/Naxos_Island -
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 934 BC and ended in 608 BC. During this period, Assyria assumed a position as possibly the most powerful nation on earth, and vying with Babylonia and other lesser powers for dominance of the region, though not until the reforms of Tiglath-Pileser III in the 8th century BC, did it become a powerful and vast empire. In the Middle Assyrian period of the Late Bronze Age, Assyria had been a minor kingdom of northern Mesopotamia (modern-day northern Iraq), competing for dominance with its southern Mesopotamian rival Babylonia. Beginning with the campaign of Adad-nirari II, it became a great regional power, growing to be a serious threat to 25th dynasty Egypt.
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Nimrud
http://wn.com/Nimrud -
Parthenon
The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: ) is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their protector. Its construction began in 447 BCE and was completed in 438 BCE, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 431 BCE. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a programme of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.
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Peloponnese
http://wn.com/Peloponnese -
Peloponnesus
http://wn.com/Peloponnesus -
Pergamon
http://wn.com/Pergamon -
Persepolis
Persepolis (Old Persian
http://wn.com/Persepolis -
Phoenicia
http://wn.com/Phoenicia -
Phthia
http://wn.com/Phthia -
Samos Island
Samos () is a Greek island in the North Aegean sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait.
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Sparta
http://wn.com/Sparta -
Temple of Hephaestus
http://wn.com/Temple_of_Hephaestus -
Temple of Zeus
The Temple of Zeus at Olympia, was an ancient Greek temple in Olympia, Greece, dedicated to the chief of the gods, Zeus. It was the very model of the fully-developed classical Greek temple of the Doric order. The temple, built between 472 and 456 BC, stood in the most famous sanctuary of Greece, which had been dedicated to local and Pan-Hellenic deities and had probably been established towards the end of the Mycenaean period. The Altis, the enclosure with its sacred grove, open-air altars and the tumulus of Pelops, was first formed during the tenth and ninth centuries BCE, when the cult of Zeus was joined the already establish cult here of Hera.
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Thermopylae
http://wn.com/Thermopylae -
Troy
http://wn.com/Troy -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey
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Achaeans (Homer)
http://wn.com/Achaeans_(Homer) -
Achaeans (tribe)
The Achaeans were one of the four major tribes into which the people of Classical Greece divided themselves. According to the foundation myth formalized by Hesiod, their name comes from Achaeus, the mythical founder of the Achaean tribe, who was supposedly one of the sons of Xuthus, and brother of Ion, the founder of the Ionian tribe. Xuthus was in turn the son of Hellen, the mythical patriarch of the Greek (Hellenic) nation.
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Aeolians
The Aeolians () were one of the four major ancient Greek tribes, into which the people of ancient Greece were divided. They spoke their own dialect of ancient Greek called Aeolic, while their name comes from Aeolus, the mythical ancestor of the Aeolic branch and son of Hellen, the mythical patriarch of the Greek nation.
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Aeschylus
http://wn.com/Aeschylus -
Aesop
http://wn.com/Aesop -
Alcaeus of Mytilene
http://wn.com/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene -
Alcibiades
http://wn.com/Alcibiades -
Alexander the Great
http://wn.com/Alexander_the_Great -
Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
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Anaximander
http://wn.com/Anaximander -
Antisthenes
Antisthenes (; c. 445-c. 365 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.
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Archilochus
:For the hummingbird genus, see ''Archilochus.
http://wn.com/Archilochus -
Archimedes
http://wn.com/Archimedes -
Aristophanes
http://wn.com/Aristophanes -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Aspasia
Aspasia (ca. 470 BC–ca. 400 BC, Greek: ) was a Milesian woman who was famous for her involvement with the Athenian statesman Pericles. Very little is known about the details of her life. She spent most of her adult life in Athens, and she may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day.
http://wn.com/Aspasia -
Bacchylides
Bacchylides () (5th century BC) was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets which included his uncle Simonides. The elegance and polished style of his lyrics have been a commonplace of Bacchylidean scholarship since at least Longinus (De Sublimitate 33,5). Some scholars however have associated these qualities with superficial charm. He has often been compared unfavourably with his contemporary, Pindar, as "a kind of Boccherini to Pindar's Haydn", yet the differences in their styles doesn't allow for easy comparison and "to blame Bacchylides for not being Pindar is as childish a judgement as to condemn...Marvel for missing the grandeur of Milton." His career coincided with the ascendency of dramatic styles of poetry, as embodied in the works of Aeschylus or Sophocles, and he is in fact one of the last poets of major significance within the more ancient tradition of purely lyric poetry. The most notable features of his lyrics are their clarity in expression and simplicity of thought, making them an ideal introduction to the study of Greek lyric poetry in general and to Pindar's verse in particular.
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Caria
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Danaans
http://wn.com/Danaans -
Darius the Great
http://wn.com/Darius_the_Great -
Democritus
http://wn.com/Democritus -
Demosthenes
http://wn.com/Demosthenes -
Diogenes of Sinope
Diogenes of Sinope ( Diogenes ho Sinopeus), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope (modern-day Sinop, Turkey) in 412 or 404 BCE
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Dorians
http://wn.com/Dorians -
Empedocles
http://wn.com/Empedocles -
Epaminondas
Epaminondas (Greek: ) (ca. 410 BC – 362 BC) or Epameinondas was a Theban general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a preeminent position in Greek politics. In the process he broke Spartan military power with his victory at Leuctra and liberated the Messenian helots, a group of Peloponnesian Greeks who had been enslaved under Spartan rule for some 230 years, having been defeated in the Messenian War ending in 600 BC. Epaminondas reshaped the political map of Greece, fragmented old alliances, created new ones, and supervised the construction of entire cities. He was militarily influential as well, inventing and implementing several major battlefield tactics.
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Epicurus
http://wn.com/Epicurus -
Euclid
http://wn.com/Euclid -
Euripides
http://wn.com/Euripides -
Gorgias
Gorgias (, ca. 485-c.380 BCE) "the Nihilist", Greek sophist, pre-socratic philosopher and rhetorician, was a native of Leontini in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists he was an itinerant, practicing in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to invite miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies."
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Greeks
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Greeks -
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
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Herodotus
http://wn.com/Herodotus -
Hesiod
http://wn.com/Hesiod -
Hipparchus
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Hippocrates
http://wn.com/Hippocrates -
Hipponax
Hipponax of Ephesus was an Ancient Greek iambic poet.
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Homer
http://wn.com/Homer -
Hypatia
http://wn.com/Hypatia -
Ibycus
Ibycus (Ancient Greek: ) (6th century BC), was an Ancient Greek lyric poet. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. The extant fragments of his work contain the earliest-known example of the triadic choral lyric and epinician poetry.
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Indo-Greek Kingdom
http://wn.com/Indo-Greek_Kingdom -
Ionians
http://wn.com/Ionians -
Isaiah
http://wn.com/Isaiah -
Japheth
http://wn.com/Japheth -
John Chadwick
John Chadwick (21 May 1920 – 24 November 1998) was an English linguist and classical scholar most famous for his role in deciphering Linear B, along with Michael Ventris.
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John Myres
Sir John Linton Myres (3 July 1869 in Preston – 6 March 1954 in Oxford) was a British archaeologist. He became the first Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, at the University of Oxford, in 1910, having been Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of Liverpool from 1907. He contributed to the British Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series that was published during the Second World War, and to the noted 11th edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica (1910-1911). He highly influenced the British-Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe.
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Julius Pokorny
http://wn.com/Julius_Pokorny -
Leonidas I
http://wn.com/Leonidas_I -
Leucippus
http://wn.com/Leucippus -
Lycurgus of Sparta
http://wn.com/Lycurgus_of_Sparta -
Lydia
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Lysander
http://wn.com/Lysander -
Michael Ventris
Michael George Francis Ventris (12 July 1922 – 6 September 1956) was an English architect and classical scholar who, along with John Chadwick, was responsible for the decipherment of Linear B.
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Milo of Croton
http://wn.com/Milo_of_Croton -
Names of the Greeks
http://wn.com/Names_of_the_Greeks -
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
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Pausanias (general)
http://wn.com/Pausanias_(general) -
Pericles
http://wn.com/Pericles -
Philip II of Macedon
http://wn.com/Philip_II_of_Macedon -
Phoenicia
http://wn.com/Phoenicia -
Pindar
http://wn.com/Pindar -
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
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Plutarch
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Polybius
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Protagoras
Protagoras (Greek: ) (ca. 490– 420 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue Protagoras, Plato credits him with having invented the role of the professional sophist or teacher of virtue. He is also believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that man is the measure of all things. This idea was very revolutionary for the time and contrasting to other philosophical doctrines that claimed the universe was based on something objective, outside the human influence.
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Ptolemy
http://wn.com/Ptolemy -
Pyrrhus of Epirus
Pyrrhus or Pyrrhos (, Pyrros; 319-272 BC) was a Greek general of the Hellenistic era. He was king of the Greek tribe of Molossians, of the royal Aeacid house (from ca. 297 BC), and later he became King of Epirus (306-302, 297-272 BC) and Macedon (288-284, 273-272 BC). He was one of the strongest opponents of early Rome. Some of his battles, though successful, cost him heavy losses, from which the term "Pyrrhic victory" was coined. He is the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.
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Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (, O Pythagoras o Samios, "Pythagoras the Samian", or simply ; c. 570-c. 495 BC) was an Ionian Greek philosopher and founder of the religious movement called Pythagoreanism. Most of our information about Pythagoras was written down centuries after he lived, thus very little reliable information is known about him. He was born on the island of Samos, and may have travelled widely in his youth, visiting Egypt and other places seeking knowledge. Around 530 BC, he moved to Croton, a Greek colony in southern Italy, and there set up a religious sect. His followers pursued the religious rites and practices developed by Pythagoras, and studied his philosophical theories. The society took an active role in the politics of Croton, but this eventually led to their downfall. The Pythagorean meeting-places were burned, and Pythagoras was forced to flee the city. He is said to have ended his days in Metapontum.
http://wn.com/Pythagoras -
Robert S. P. Beekes
Robert Stephen Paul Beekes (; born in Haarlem in 1937) is Emeritus Professor of Comparative Indo-European Linguistics at the University of Leiden and the author of many books about Proto-Indo-European, the reconstructed parent language of most of the European languages and of the languages of Central Asia and India (includes many of the languages of Iran, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh). One of his more well-known books is Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, a standard handbook on the Proto-Indo-European language. It treats the area of linguistic reconstruction thoroughly, but also features cultural reconstruction and comparative linguistic methods in general.
http://wn.com/Robert_S_P_Beekes -
Sappho
Sappho ( in English; Attic Greek ' , Aeolic Greek ' ) was an Ancient Greek poet, born on the island of Lesbos. Later Greeks included her in the list of nine lyric poets. Her birth was sometime between 630 and 612 BC, and it is said that she died around 570 BC, but little is known for certain about her life. The bulk of her poetry, which was well-known and greatly admired throughout antiquity, has been lost, but her immense reputation has endured through surviving fragments.
http://wn.com/Sappho -
Sargon II
http://wn.com/Sargon_II -
Sea Peoples
The Sea Peoples is the term used for a confederacy of seafaring raiders of the second millennium BC who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean, caused political unrest, and attempted to enter or control Egyptian territory during the late 19th dynasty and especially during Year 8 of Ramesses III of the 20th Dynasty. The Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah explicitly refers to them by the term "the foreign-countries (or 'peoples'As noted by Gardiner V.1 p.196, other texts have N25:X1*Z4 "foreign-peoples"; both terms can refer to the concept of "foreigners" as well. Zangger in the external link below expresses a commonly held view that "sea peoples" does not translate this and other expressions but is an academic innovation. The Woudhuizen dissertation and the Morris paper identify Gaston Maspero as the first to use the term "peuples de la mer" in 1881.) of the sea" (Egyptian ) in his Great Karnak Inscription. Although some scholars believe that they invaded Cyprus, Hatti and the Levant, this hypothesis is disputed.
http://wn.com/Sea_Peoples -
Simonides of Ceos
http://wn.com/Simonides_of_Ceos -
Socrates
http://wn.com/Socrates -
Solon
Solon (ancient Greek: , c. 638 BC–558 BC) was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic and moral decline in archaic Athens. His reforms failed in the short term yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy.
http://wn.com/Solon -
Sophocles
http://wn.com/Sophocles -
Stesichorus
Stesichorus (Ancient Greek: , circa 640 - 555 BC) was the first great poet of the Greek West. He is best known for telling epic stories in lyric metres but he is also famous for some ancient traditions about his life, such as his opposition to the tyrant Phalaris, and the blindness he is said to have incurred and cured by composing verses first insulting and then flattering to Helen of Troy. He was ranked among the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria and yet his work attracted relatively little interest among ancient commentators, which in turn left a disproportionate number of gaps in the modern record as one scholar observed in 1967: "Time has dealt more harshly with Stesichorus than with any other major lyric poet." Recent discoveries, recorded on Egyptian papyrus (notably and controversially, the Lille papyrus, in 1974), have enhanced modern understanding of his work, confirming his role as a link between Homer's epic narrative and the lyric narrative of poets like Pindar.
http://wn.com/Stesichorus -
Strabo
http://wn.com/Strabo -
Thales
http://wn.com/Thales -
Thales of Miletus
http://wn.com/Thales_of_Miletus -
Themistocles
Themistocles (Greek: ; "Glory of the Law"); c. 524–459 BC, was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy, along with his great rival Aristides. As a politician, Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility. Elected archon in 493 BC, he took steps to increase the naval power of Athens, which would be a recurring theme in his political career. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon, and was possibly one of the 10 Athenian strategoi (generals) in that battle.
http://wn.com/Themistocles -
Thucydides
http://wn.com/Thucydides -
Tiglath-Pileser III
http://wn.com/Tiglath-Pileser_III -
Timocreon
Timocreon, of Ialysus in Rhodes, was a Greek lyric poet who flourished about 480 BC.
http://wn.com/Timocreon -
Vladimir I. Georgiev
Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev was a prominent Bulgarian linguist, philologist, and educational administrator. He made multiple contributions to the field of Thracology, including a linguistic interpretation of an inscription discovered at the village of Kyolmen in the Shoumen district of northeastern Bulgaria. In the 1960's, Georgiev examined the names of the twenty-six largest rivers of central and eastern Europe. He suggested that the names were reconstructible to Proto-Indo-European and that the Indo-European homeland was delimited on the west by the Rhine river and to the east by the Don river.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_I_Georgiev -
Xenophon
http://wn.com/Xenophon -
Yona
http://wn.com/Yona -
Zeno of Citium
http://wn.com/Zeno_of_Citium
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Fylde v Hull Ionians 30.04.11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:18
- Published: 07 May 2011
- Updated: 13 May 2011
Hull Ionians H Tries
http://wn.com/Fylde_v_Hull_Ionians_300411
Hull Ionians v Fylde 04.09.10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Published: 05 Sep 2010
- Updated: 05 Sep 2010
Fylde tries scored against Hull Ionians
http://wn.com/Hull_Ionians_v_Fylde_040910
Rise Of The Argonauts Walkthrough Part 15 - "Ionians"[PC]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Published: 20 Jun 2011
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
Hello! In this video Jason fight against some Ionians mercenaries! Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Rise_Of_The_Argonauts_Walkthrough_Part_15_Ionians_PC_
Hull Ionians v Hull RUFC rugby union derby April 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 24 Apr 2012
- Updated: 24 Apr 2012
Highlights of Hull Ionians' 22-16 derby win over Hull RUFC at Brantingham Park. With this win, Ionians secured their place in Division 2 North next season. The win completed a league double for Ionians over Hull. www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk
http://wn.com/Hull_Ionians_v_Hull_RUFC_rugby_union_derby_April_2012
St Spyridon San Diego: Ionians Final 2009 FDF
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:35
- Published: 22 Feb 2009
- Updated: 07 Apr 2012
St Spyridon San Diego: Ionians Final 2009 FDF
http://wn.com/St_Spyridon_San_Diego_Ionians_Final_2009_FDF
Hull RUFC v Hull Ionians derby
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 05 Dec 2011
- Updated: 05 Dec 2011
Hull Ionians beat local rivals Hull RUFC in the rugby union derby match at Ferens Ground on December 4 2011. Match report: www.thisishullandeastriding.co.uk
http://wn.com/Hull_RUFC_v_Hull_Ionians_derby
Ionian Dancers - St. Spiridon - Tremouliastos
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 09 Feb 2009
- Updated: 01 Apr 2012
Directed by Maria Terris and Chloe Quattrociocchi This scene was shot at the dress rehearsal one week before FDF 2009. The dance is called Tremouliastos from Thraki. Give me more information about where the dance is from and the history and I'll put that up.
http://wn.com/Ionian_Dancers_St_Spiridon_Tremouliastos
2011 FDF San Diego St Spyridon Ionians Finals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:32
- Published: 24 Feb 2011
- Updated: 05 Apr 2011
Reverburns - Water for ionians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:27
- Published: 28 Feb 2012
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
In this jam Reverburns pays tribute to the ancient culture of the ionians. The ionians were one of the four tribes from which the ancient Greeks counted their heritage. The ionians were located in the region of Ionia in Asia Minor. Here the ancient baby steps of our modern civilization were taken. Not least thanks to the philosophical school known as the "Ionian school", founded and led by no other than the legendary Thales of Miletus. Thales might be considered as the first western philosopher and scientist. Famously he searched for a primal element from which everything could be explained, much like today's scientists search for a fundamental ground for all matter (where string theory is but one possible theory of the sub-atomic world). Thales proposed that the fundamental element, from which all other matter is derived, is water. Boiling water seems to transform into air and thus, with the help of a little imagination, it can be assumed that other processes will turn water into other elements. Thales further believed that the world was a disc floating on a giant ocean. Using this cosmological model Thales was able to suggest an explanation of the the phenomena of earthquakes. During an earthquake the disc wobbles on top of the water. Thales is also famous for, allegedly, being the first to predict a solar eclipse. Reverburns illustrates this by playing in the ionan major scale. Also the beats on Mad Macs hi-hat spells out "Thales" in morse-code. Stollmeister remains <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Reverburns_Water_for_ionians
Hull Ionians vs Preston Grasshoppers, 31st March 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 01 Apr 2012
- Updated: 01 Apr 2012
Video footage of Hoppers 4 tries from the 27-17 win at Hull Ionians
http://wn.com/Hull_Ionians_vs_Preston_Grasshoppers,_31st_March_2012
Hoppers vs Hull Ionians (H) 15-9-12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Published: 15 Sep 2012
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
The points from Hoppers' home game against Hull Ionians (25/9/12)
http://wn.com/Hoppers_vs_Hull_Ionians_H_15-9-12
2011 FDF San Diego St Spyridon Ionians Semis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 24 Feb 2011
- Updated: 24 Feb 2011
fdf 2011
http://wn.com/2011_FDF_San_Diego_St_Spyridon_Ionians_Semis
Old Brods U16s v Hull Ionians U16s - 16th Oct 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Published: 16 Oct 2011
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Old Brods v Hull Ionians
http://wn.com/Old_Brods_U16s_v_Hull_Ionians_U16s_16th_Oct_2011
Driffield RUFC - U16s vs Ionians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:13
- Published: 04 May 2007
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
James Whyley gets hit by a cheap shot when he isn't looking
http://wn.com/Driffield_RUFC_U16s_vs_Ionians
Mike Lough Post Match Interview (Hoppers 19 Hull Ionians 21) 15/09/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Published: 15 Sep 2012
- Updated: 15 Sep 2012
Coach Mike Lough discusses the main points from today's narrow defeat to Hull Ionians at Lightfoot Green
http://wn.com/Mike_Lough_Post_Match_Interview_Hoppers_19_Hull_Ionians_21_15_09_12
The Ionians - High School Cafeteria = Official Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Published: 08 Dec 2011
- Updated: 04 May 2012
First Official Video of the Ionians is now complete! Edited and put together by yours truly, Number Three. Album is available on iTunes, or at theionians.com -----More to come!-----
http://wn.com/The_Ionians_High_School_Cafeteria_=_Official_Video
Hull Ionians U17s v Old Brods U17s. 11th December 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Published: 11 Dec 2011
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
Hull Ionians U17s v Old Brods U17s. 11th December 2011
http://wn.com/Hull_Ionians_U17s_v_Old_Brods_U17s_11th_December_2011
Old Brods U17s v Hull Ionians U17s. 25.09.11
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 25 Sep 2011
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Old Brods U17s v Hull Ionians U17s
http://wn.com/Old_Brods_U17s_v_Hull_Ionians_U17s_250911
the ionians...decode
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 17 Jun 2009
- Updated: 01 Apr 2010
Old Brods v Hull Ionians 27th March 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 27 Mar 2011
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
Rugby
http://wn.com/Old_Brods_v_Hull_Ionians_27th_March_2011
A video tour of Kefalonia-the hidden jewel of the Ionians
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Published: 27 Jun 2012
- Updated: 06 Oct 2012
Kefalonia, the second largest of the Greek islands has so much to offer the visitor, from the iconic view over Myrtos beach to the caves of Drogorati you could probably pack more variety into a week or two here as anywhere in the world. We start our tour with the turquoise sea and Myrtos beach before visiting Fiskado in the north of the island, where the ferry connects to the neighbouring island of Lefkas to the North. Argostoli is a regular stopping point for cruise ships, with its elegant square and cosmopolitan atmosphere. If you travel around the headland past the light house (or Fanara) you will pass rocky coves with views of Lixouri oposite. Lassi has several fine sandy beaches with Makris Gialos being the largest. Lassi's neighbour, Svoronata retains its traditional Greek feel and is set back from the Sandy beach and shops where tavernas can be found. Travelling further along the coast line along the edge of Mount Ainos, the land slopes down to the sandy beaches of villages such as Lourdas before coming to the gentle curve of beach at Katelios. Skala has much to offer the visitor from a bustling town centre and harbour to the picture perfect bay which is home to Anti Samos beach. Sami is also home to the world famous Drogorati caves and the underground Melissani lake, where you can take a tour in a boat for a small charge. Just nine km along the coast road from Sami is Agia Efimia, where you can pass the time in one of the harbour side Tavernas aqnd watch the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/A_video_tour_of_Kefalonia-the_hidden_jewel_of_the_Ionians
Hull Ionians (BRANTINGHAM PARK) FIREWORS DISPLAY 5TH NOVEMBER 2009 (BONFIRE NIGHT)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Published: 05 Nov 2009
- Updated: 04 Aug 2010
a short video i took of the 2009 hull ionians firework display ran by KCFM 99.8
http://wn.com/Hull_Ionians_BRANTINGHAM_PARK_FIREWORS_DISPLAY_5TH_NOVEMBER_2009_BONFIRE_NIGHT
the ionians...thinking of you
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Published: 17 Jun 2009
- Updated: 29 Apr 2011
Creative Commons / Clemensfranz
Creative Commons / Andrew Smith
AP / Image Photo Services
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Creative Commons / Tasoskessaris
Creative Commons / Tasoskessaris![Catania (IPA: /kaˈta(ː)nja/, Greek: Κατάνη – Katáni; Latin: Catăna and Catĭna[1]) is an Italian city on the east coast of Sicily facing the Ionian Sea, between Messina and Syracuse.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022082559im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/06/be/6779cbc2e22ea2e5d7ebba2da9bf_small.jpg "Catania (IPA: /kaˈta(ː)nja/, Greek: Κατάνη – Katáni; Latin: Catăna and Catĭna[1]) is an Italian city on the east coast of Sicily facing the Ionian Sea, between Messina and Syracuse.")
Creative Commons / Castielli
Creative Commons / Flickr Lickr
Creative Commons / Yannismarou![The Ionian Sea, as seen from Corfu Island, Greece, and with Saranda, Albania in the background. The name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022082559im_/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/08/a6/84724f028e01a8b27361ea0b7658_small.jpg "The Ionian Sea, as seen from Corfu Island, Greece, and with Saranda, Albania in the background. The name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea")
Creative Commons / Bogdan![The Ionian Sea, view from the island Kefalonia. e name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022082559im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/03/95/ce73376a85d2d79319f567bfe1e4_small.jpg "The Ionian Sea, view from the island Kefalonia. e name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea.")
Creative Commons / Christos Vittoratos
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NASA/JPL-Caltech file
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NASA/JPL-Caltech file
![Catania (IPA: /kaˈta(ː)nja/, Greek: Κατάνη – Katáni; Latin: Catăna and Catĭna[1]) is an Italian city on the east coast of Sicily facing the Ionian Sea, between Messina and Syracuse.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022082559/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/06/be/6779cbc2e22ea2e5d7ebba2da9bf_medium.jpg "Catania (IPA: /kaˈta(ː)nja/, Greek: Κατάνη – Katáni; Latin: Catăna and Catĭna[1]) is an Italian city on the east coast of Sicily facing the Ionian Sea, between Messina and Syracuse.")
![The Ionian Sea, as seen from Corfu Island, Greece, and with Saranda, Albania in the background. The name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022082559/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/08/a6/84724f028e01a8b27361ea0b7658_medium.jpg "The Ionian Sea, as seen from Corfu Island, Greece, and with Saranda, Albania in the background. The name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea")
![The Ionian Sea, view from the island Kefalonia. e name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea.](http://web.archive.org./web/20121022082559/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/03/95/ce73376a85d2d79319f567bfe1e4_medium.jpg "The Ionian Sea, view from the island Kefalonia. e name Ionian comes from Greek Ἰόνιον (πέλαγος). Its etymology is unknown.[1] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io, who was believed to have swum through the sea.")
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For the rugby union club, see Hull Ionians.
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The Ionians (Greek: Ἴωνες, Íōnes, singular Ἴων, Íōn) were one of the four major Greek tribes into which the Classical Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been divided (along with the Dorians, Aeolians and Achaeans).[1] The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the Hellenic world, together with the Dorian and Aeolian.
"Ionian" with reference to populations had several senses in Classical Greece. In the narrowest sense, it was used of the region of Ionia in Asia Minor. In a more broad sense, it could be used to describe all speakers of the Ionic dialect, which also included the populations of Euboea, the Cyclades and many colonies founded by Ionian colonists. Finally, in the broadest sense, it could be used to describe all those who spoke languages of the East Greek group, which included Attic.
The foundation myth which was current in the Classical period suggested that the Ionians were named after Ion, son of Xuthus, and lived in the north Peloponnesian region of Aegilaus. When the Dorians invaded the Peloponnese and expelled the Achaeans from the Argolid and Lacedaemonia, the Achaeans moved into Aegilaus (henceforth known as Achaea), and the Ionians were in turn expelled.[2] The Ionians went to Attica and mingled with the population there, before many people finally emigrated to the coast of Asia Minor, founding the historical region of Ionia.
Contents |
Name of the Ionians[link]
Unlike "Aeolians" and "Dorians", "Ionians" appears in the languages of different civilizations around the eastern Mediterranean and as far east as the Indian subcontinent. They are not the earliest Greeks to appear in the records; that distinction belongs to the Danaans and the Achaeans. The trail of the Ionians begins in the Mycenaean Greek records of Crete.
Mycenaean[link]
A fragmentary Linear B tablet from Knossos (tablet Xd 146) bears the name i-ja-wo-ne, interpreted by Ventris and Chadwick[3] as possibly the dative or nominative plural case of *Iāwones, an ethnic name. The Knossos tablets are dated to 1400 or 1200 B.C. They were then prior to Dorian dominance in Crete, if the name refers to Cretans.
The Homeric name, Iaones,[4] used of some long-robed Greeks attacked by Hector, appears to be the same name without the *-w-.
Biblical[link]
In the Book of Genesis[5] of the English Bible Javan is a son of Japheth. With regard to the tribal country-naming scheme of the Old Testament, in which the name of the country becomes an eponymous family founder, Javan is believed nearly universally by Bible scholars to represent the Ionians; that is, Javan is Ion. The Hebrew is Yāwān, plural Yəwānīm.[6]
Additionally but less surely Japheth may be related linguistically to the Greek mythological figure Iapetus.[7]
The locations of Biblical tribal countries have been the subjects of centuries of scholarship and yet remain to various degrees open questions. The Book of Isaiah[8] gives what may be a hint by listing "the nations ... that have not heard my fame" (God's) including Javan and immediately after "the isles afar off." Are the isles in apposition to Javan or the last item in the series? If the former, the expression is typically used of the population of the islands in the Aegean Sea.
The date of the Book of Isaiah cannot precede the date of the man Isaiah, which was the 8th century BC.
Assyrian[link]
Some letters of the Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BC record attacks by what appear to be Ionians on the cities of Phoenicia:
For example, a raid by the Ionians (ia-u-na-a-a) on the Phoenician coast is reported to Tiglath-Pileser III in a letter of the 730's find at Nimrud.[9]
The Assyrian word, which is preceded by the country determinative, has been reconstructed as *Iaunaia.[10] More common is ia-a-ma-nu, ia-ma-nu and ia-am-na-a-a with the country determinative, reconstructed as Iamānu.[11] Sargon II related that he took the latter from the sea like fish and that they were from "the sea of the setting sun."[12] If the identification of Assyrian names is correct, at least some of the Ionian marauders came from Cyprus:[13]
Sargon's Annals for 709, claiming that tribute was sent to him by 'seven kings of Ya (ya-a'), a district of Yadnana whose distant abodes are situated a seven-days' journey in the sea of the setting sun', is confirmed by a stele set up at Citium in Cyprus 'at the base of a mountain ravine ... of Yadnana.'
Indic[link]
Main articles: Yona and Yavana Kingdom
Ionians appear in Indic literature and documents as Yavana and Yona. In documents these names refer to the Indo-Greek Kingdoms; that is, the states formed by the Macedonians, either Alexander the Great or his successors on the Indian subcontinent. The earliest such documentation is the Edicts of Ashoka, dated to 250 BC, within 10 or 20 years.
Prior to then the Yavanas appear in the Vedas with reference to the Vedic period, which could be as early as the 2nd millennium BC. The Vedas are to be distinguished from the Vedic period, which is much older than they. If there were any hope of finding aboriginal Indo-European Ionians under that name it would be there, but in the Vedas the Yavanas are a kingdom of Mlechhas, or barbarians, to the far west, out of the line of descent of Indic culture, in the same category as the Sakas, or Skythians (who spoke Iranian), and thus probably already were Greek. They had expanded from west to east, not vice versa. The Ionians of the Aegean are the identity customarily assigned to them.
Iranian[link]
Ionians appear in a number of Old Persian inscriptions of the Achaemenid Empire as Yaunā, a nominative plural masculine, singular Yauna;[14] for example, in inscription of Darius on the south wall of the palace at Persepolis includes in the provinces of the empire "Ionians who are of the mainland and (those) who are by the sea, and countries which are across the sea; ...."[15] At that time the empire probably extended around the Aegean to northern Greece.
Other[link]
Modern eastern languages use the term "Ionian" to refer to all Greeks - this is true of Hebrew, Egyptian, Yunan in Turkish, Hunastan/Huyn in Armenian, Yūnān/Yūnāniyy in Persian and Arabic.
Etymology[link]
The etymology of the word is uncertain of proof. Both Frisk and Beekes isolate an unknown root, *Ia-, pronounced *ya-.[16] There are, however, some theories:
- From an unknown early name of an eastern Mediterranean island population represented by Ha-nebu, an ancient Egyptian name for the people living there.[17]
- From ancient Egyptian 'iwn "pillar, tree trunk" extended into 'iwnt "bow" (of wood?) and 'Iwntyw "bowmen, barbarians."[18] This derivation is analogous on the one hand to the possible derivation of Dorians and on the other fits the Egyptian concept of "nine bows" with reference to the Sea Peoples.
- From an Indo-European onomatopoeic root *wi- or *woi- expressing a shout uttered by persons running to the assistance of others; according to Pokorny, *Iawones would mean "devotees of Apollo", based on the cry iē paiōn uttered in his worship.[19]
Ionian language[link]
Main articles: Ancient Greek dialects and Ionic dialect
In a landmark article of 1964[20] Vladimir Georgiev summarized the relationship of the three main historical dialects and gave an estimate of their chronology as follows. Prior to the 20th century BC existed three dialects of Greek: Iawonic, Iawolic and Doric (Georgiev's names). Iawonic was spoken in Attica, Euboea, East Boeotia and the Peloponnesus.
In the 16th century BC a new koinē was formed from Iawonic and Iawolic: the Mycenaean Greek language. It persisted until about 1200 when it became the major source of Arcado-Cyprian, with some Doric influence. The Ionians taking up the tradition of epic poetry created Homeric Greek. Ionian descends from Iawonic.
Pre-Ionic Ionians[link]
The literary evidence of the Ionians leads back to mainland Greece in Mycenaean times before there was an Ionia. The classical sources seem determined that they were to be called Ionians along with other names even then. This cannot be documented with inscriptional evidence, and yet the literary evidence, which is manifestly at least partially legendary, seems to reflect a general verbal tradition.
Herodotus[link]
Herodotus of Halicarnassus asserts:[21]
all are Ionians who are of Athenian descent and keep the feast Apaturia.
He further explains:[22]
The whole Hellenic stock was then small, and the last of all its branches and the least regarded was the Ionian; for it had no considerable city except Athens.
The Ionians spread from Athens to other places in the Aegean Sea: Sifnos and Serifos,[23] Naxos,[24] Kea[25] and Samos.[26] But they were not just from Athens:[27]
These Ionians, as long as they were in the Peloponnesus, dwelt in what is now called Achaea, and before Danaus and Xuthus came to the Peloponnesus, as the Greeks say, they were called Aegialian Pelasgians. They were named Ionians after Ion the son of Xuthus.
Achaea was divided into 12 communities originally Ionian:[28] Pellene, Aegira, Aegae, Bura, Helice, Aegion, Rhype, Patrae, Phareae, Olenus, Dyme and Tritaeae. The most aboriginal Ionians were of Cynuria:[29]
The Cynurians are aboriginal and seem to be the only Ionians, but they have been Dorianized by time and by Argive rule.
Strabo[link]
In Strabo's account of the origin of the Ionians, Hellen, son of Deucalion, ancestor of the Hellenes, king of Phthia, arranged a marriage between his son Xuthus and the daughter of king Erechtheus of Athens. Xuthus then founded the Tetrapolis ("Four Cities") of Attica, a rural district. His son, Achaeus, went into exile in a land subsequently called Achaea after him. Another son of Xuthus, Ion, conquered Thrace, after which the Athenians made him king of Athens. Attica was called Ionia after his death. Those Ionians colonized Aigialia changing its name to Ionia also. When the Heracleidae returned the Achaeans drove the Ionians back to Athens. Under the Codridae they set forth for Anatolia and founded 12 cities in Caria and Lydia following the model of the 12 cities of Achaea, formerly Ionian.[30]
Classical Ionia[link]
Main article: Ionia
During the 6th century BC, Ionian coastal towns such as Miletus and Ephesus became the focus of a revolution in approaches to traditional thinking about Nature. Instead of explaining natural phenomena by recourse to traditional religion/myth, the cultural climate was such that men began to form hypotheses about the natural world based on ideas gained from both personal experience and deep reflection. These men - Thales and his successors - were called physiologoi, those who discoursed on Nature. They were sceptical of religious explanations for natural phenomena and instead sought purely mechanical and physical explanations. They are credited as being of critical importance to the development of the 'scientific attitude' towards the study of Nature. (see Ionian School (philosophy))
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ Apollodorus I, 7.3
- ^ Pausanias VII, 1.7
- ^ Ventris, Michael; John Chadwick (1973). Documents in Mycenaean Greek: Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 547 in the "Glossary" under i-ja-wo-ne. ISBN 0-521-08558-6.
- ^ Homer. Iliad, Book XIII, Line 685.
- ^ Book of Genesis, 10.2.
- ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey William (General Editor) (1994). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Volume Two: Fully Revised: E-J: Javan. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 971. ISBN 0-8028-3782-4.
- ^ "Iapetus". The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. 14 (11 ed.). Cambridge, England and New York (printed): Cambridge University Press, Online Encyclopedia. 1910-1911. p. 215. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/I27_INV/IAPETUS.html. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
- ^ Book of Isaiah66.19.
- ^ Malkin, Irad (1998). The Return of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 0-520-21185-5.
- ^ Foley, John Miles (2005). A Companion to Ancient Epic. Malden, Ma.: Blackwell Publishing. p. 294. ISBN 1-4051-0524-0.
- ^ Muss-Arnolt, William (1905). A Concise Dictionary of the Assyrian Language: Volume I: A-MUQQU: Iamānu. Berlin; London; New York: Reuther & Reichard; Williams & Morgate; Lemcke & Büchner. p. 360.
- ^ Kearsley, R.A. (1999). "Greeks Overseas in the 8th Century B.C.: Euboeans, Al Mina and Assyrian Imperialism". In Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.. Ancient Greeks West and East. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. pp. 109–134. ISBN 90-04-10230-2 See pages 120-121.
- ^ Braun, T.F.R.G. (1925). "The Greeks in the Near East: IV. Assyrian Kings and the Greeks". In Boardman, John; Hammond, N.G.L.. The Cambridge Ancient History: III Part 3: The Expansion of the Greek World Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C.. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–24. ISBN 0-521-23447-6 See page 17 for the quote.
- ^ Kent, Roland G. (1953). Old Persian: Grammar Texts Lexicon: Second Edition, Revised. New Haven, Connecticut: American Oriental Society. p. 204. ISBN 0-940490-33-1.
- ^ Kent, p. 136.
- ^ "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary". Leiden University. http://www.indoeuropean.nl/index2.html. To find the full presentation in H.J. Frisk's Grieschisches Woeterbuch search on page 1,748, being sure to include the comma. For a similar presentation in Beekes' A Greek Etymological Dictionary search on Ionian in Etymology. Both linguists state a full panoply of "Ionian" words with sources.
- ^ Partridge, Eric (1983). Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English: Ionian. New York: Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-41425-2.
- ^ Bernal, Martin (1991). Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization: Volume I: The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785-1985. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-8135-1277-8.
- ^ "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary". Leiden University. http://www.indoeuropean.nl/index2.html. In Pokorny's Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch, p. 1176.
- ^ Georgiev, Vladimir (1964). "Mycenaean Greek among the Other Greek Dialects". In Bennett, Emmett L. Jr.. Mycenaean Studies: Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium for Mycenaean Studies Held at "Wingspread," 4–8 September 1961. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 125–139. LC 63-8435 .
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book I, Chapter 147.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book I, Chapter 143.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 48.1.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 46.3.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 46.2.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 6, Section 22.3.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 7, Chapter 94.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 1, Section 145.1.
- ^ Herodotus. Histories. Book 8, Section 73.3.
- ^ Strabo. Geography. Book 8, Section 7.1.
Further reading[link]
- J.A.R Munro. "Pelasgians and Ionians". The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1934 (JSTOR).
- R.M. Cook. "Ionia and Greece in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C." The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1946 (JSTOR).
External links[link]
- Myres, John Linton (1910-1911). "Ionians". The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. 14 (11 ed.). Cambridge, England and New York (printed): Cambridge University Press, Online Encyclopedia. pp. 730–731. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/DIO_DRO/IONIANS.html. Retrieved 2008-01-10. Note that the online edition omits the critical bibliography and runs paragraphs and section headings together. The paragraph division is not the one of the article. The reader should be aware that although useful the article necessarily omits all of modern scholarship.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
