- published: 16 Jan 2011
- views: 41947
- author: buzzraffo
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- 1997 Red River Flood
- 49th parallel north
- A Jest of God
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- Religion in Canada
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- Taxation in Canada
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- The Guess Who
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- §
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Alberta
Alberta /ælˈbɜrtə/ is a province of Canada. It had a population of 3,645,257 in 2011, making it the most populous of Canada's three prairie provinces. Alberta and its neighbour, Saskatchewan, were established as provinces on September 1, 1905.
Alberta is located in western Canada, bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the US state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to border only a single U.S. state and is also one of only two provinces that are landlocked.
Edmonton, the capital city of Alberta, is located near the geographic centre of the province and is the primary supply and service hub for Canada's oil sands and other northern resource industries. Approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) south of the capital is Calgary, Alberta's largest city and a major distribution and transportation hub. Calgary and Edmonton centre Alberta's two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding 1 million.Census agglomerations in the province include Lethbridge, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, Wood Buffalo (includes Fort McMurray), Grande Prairie, Lloydminster, Okotoks, Brooks, Camrose, Cold Lake, High River, Sylvan Lake, Wetaskiwin, Strathmore, Canmore, and Lacombe. Notable tourist destinations in the province include Canmore, Sylvan Lake, Drumheller, Banff, and Jasper.
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Atlantic Canada
Atlantic Canada is the region of Canada comprising the four provinces located on the Atlantic coast, excluding Quebec: the three Maritime provinces – New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia – and Newfoundland and Labrador. The population of the four Atlantic provinces in 2011, was 2,327,638.
The first premier of Newfoundland and Labrador, Joey Smallwood, coined the term Atlantic Canada when Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada in 1949. He believed it would be presumptuous for Newfoundland and Labrador to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "Maritime Provinces", used to describe the cultural similarities shared by New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. The three Maritime provinces joined Confederation in the nineteenth century: New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in 1867 and Prince Edward Island in 1873.
2011 census figures for metropolitan areas in Atlantic Canada. The list includes communities above 15,000, by population/metro area:
Coordinates: 47°N 62°W / 47°N 62°W / 47; -62
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Brandon University
Brandon University is a Canadian university located in the city of Brandon, Manitoba, with an enrolment of 3383 (2005) full-time and part-time students. The current location was founded on July 13, 1899, as Brandon College as a Baptist institution. It was chartered as a university by then President Dr. John E. Robbins on June 5, 1967. The enabling legislation is the Brandon University Act
The university is a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC) and the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU), the Canadian University Society for Intercollegiate Debate (CUSID) and a member of Canadian Interuniversity Sport. Brandon University has the smallest class sizes in Canada for first and second year students, and the second smallest class sizes in third and fourth year class (According to Macleans magazine). In the most recent Macleans rankings (2008–2009) of primarily undergraduate universities in Canada, Brandon University was ranked 11th out of 22[citation needed]. The university press, The Quill, is a member of CUP.
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Brandon, Manitoba
Brandon is the second largest city in Manitoba, Canada, and is located in the southwestern area of the province. Brandon is the largest city in the Westman region of Manitoba. The city is located along the Assiniboine River. Spruce Woods Provincial Park and CFB Shilo are a relatively short distance to the southeast of the city. Minnedosa Lake is only half an hour to the north.
The city started as a major junction on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the Assiniboine River and was then incorporated in 1882. Brandon is named after the Brandon Hills in the area which in turn are named after a hill in James Bay. Brandon, the second largest city and service centre in Manitoba after Winnipeg, with a city population of 46,000 and 53,000 metro, is a major hub for the surrounding agricultural area. The population of its trading area is between 70,000 and 150,000 people. In 2012, the city was ranked as the 6th best place to live in Canada by MoneySense magazine.
Brandon's industry reflects its agricultural history; its major industries are related to agriculture and include fertilizer and hog processing plants, as well as retail and government services for the surrounding area of Westman. Brandon is also home to Brandon University and Assiniboine Community College as well as the Brandon Wheat Kings. Brandon's Army Reserve unit is the 26th Field Artillery Regiment, Royal Canadian Artillery, and the Canadian warship HMCS Brandon was named after the city.
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British Columbia
British Columbia
i/ˌbrɪtɪʃ kəˈlʌmbiə/ (B.C. or BC) (French: la Colombie-Britannique, C.-B.) is the westernmost of Canada's provinces and is known for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ("Splendour without Diminishment"). Its name was chosen by Queen Victoria in 1858. In 1871, it became the sixth province of Canada.
As well as being the westernmost province of Western Canada, British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest, along with the US states of Oregon and Washington. The province has strong cultural and personal ties to the Prairie Provinces and Ontario as well as to the West Coast of the United States and to Alaska and the Yukon.
The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, the 15th largest metropolitan region in Canada. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest. In 2009, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,419,974 (about two and a half million of whom were in Greater Vancouver). The province is currently governed by the BC Liberal Party, led by Premier Christy Clark, who became leader as a result of the party election on February 26, 2011.
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Canada
Canada (
/ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Carman, Manitoba
Carman is a small Agricultural town of about 2,900 people that lies in the Pembina Valley Region of southern Manitoba. Carman is located at the junction of Highways 3 and 13, just 40 minutes southwest of Winnipeg (the capital city of Manitoba). It is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Dufferin. Carman is situated in the heart of a rich prairie agricultural belt, only 60 kilometres north of the United States border.
Carman has several arts events. Each year in early August Carman holds the Carman Fiddle Festival, previously known as the Winston Simpson Fiddle Festival. In February (vocal/choral/speech arts and band/instrumental) and April (piano/strings and dance), Carman hosts the Tempo Festival of the Arts. This includes speech arts, strings, vocal, choral, piano and band classes in association with the Association of Manitoba Music Festivals. One of Manitoba's longest existing choral groups is the Sonatrice Singers. The group has been meeting and performing for over thirty years. This choir has earned bronze and silver at choralfest Canada as well as Manitoba Provincial honors. The current leader is Cindee Broeska with 40 singers. Their spring concert takes place in early May every year. In addition to this, the Sontrice Singers sing to support the Carman/area Christmas cheer board, Canadian Cancer Society's Relay for Life, seniors homes, hospitals, schools and other places.
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Central Canada
Central Canada (sometimes the Central provinces) is a region consisting of Canada's two largest and most populous provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Due to their high populations, Ontario and Quebec have traditionally held a significant amount of political power in Canada, leading to some amount of resentment from other regions of the country. Before Confederation, the term 'Canada' specifically referred to Central Canada. Today, the term "Central Canada" is less often used than the names of the individual provinces.
The name of Central Canada alludes to the region being the median of economic and political power and not to the geographic median of Canada. The region's traditional boundaries were therefore determined by the population distribution which has been skewed to the east. In fact, the region is located entirely in the eastern half of the country, with Quebec extending further east than every province, except for Newfoundland and Labrador. Longitudinally, the middle of Canada is a meridian passing just east of Winnipeg, Manitoba; the geographic centre of Canada is located near Baker Lake, Nunavut.
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CFB Shilo
Canadian Forces Base Shilo (or CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces, located 35 km (22 mi) east of Brandon, Manitoba. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was also designated as an Area Support Unit, which acts as a local base of operations for south-west Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency.
CFB Shilo has been a training facility for the Canadian Forces since 1910, and saw an increase in its use as a training facility following the outbreak of World War I. The principal purpose of this base is for training in artillery and munitions, activities audibly recognized, though not begrudged, by generations of nearby residents. In 1942, training of the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion was transferred here from Fort Benning, Georgia. The existence of the base has enhanced the economic stability of the surrounding area through contracted employment with the Department of National Defence, and provision of off-base services to staff and trainees. CFB Shilo provides employment for approximately 1,400 military personnel, as well as an additional estimated 450 civilian personnel. The base is located within the federal electoral district of Brandon—Souris.
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CFB Winnipeg
Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg (IATA: YWG, ICAO: CYWG), (CFB Winnipeg) is a Canadian Forces Base located within the City of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Co-located at the Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, CFB Winnipeg is home to many flight operations support divisions, as well as several training schools. Its primary lodger unit is 17 Wing.
It is also the 1 Canadian Air Division/Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters. The base is supported by over 3,600 military personnel and civilian employees. It is also home to the Billy Bishop Building, which houses 1 Canadian Air Division (1 Cdn Air Div, as of 2006 now known as 1 CAD).
Established in 1922 by the federal government's Canadian Air Board (the Canadian Air Force was disbanded in 1920), Winnipeg was opened as an aerodrome and became known as RCAF Station Winnipeg in 1925 after the Royal Canadian Air Force was formed the previous year.
Initially, the base served as a winter home for units that operated across northern Manitoba. During World War II, the base played an expanded role, participating in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. RCAF Station Winnipeg also became an important supply and repair depot for the air force.
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Churchill, Manitoba
Churchill (Inuit: Kuugjuaq) is a town on the shore of Hudson Bay in Manitoba, Canada. It is most famous for the many polar bears that move toward the shore from inland in the autumn, leading to the nickname "Polar Bear Capital of the World" that has helped its growing tourism industry.
A variety of nomadic Arctic people lived and hunted in this region. The Thule people arrived around A.D. 1000 from farther west, and later evolved into the present-day Inuit culture. The Dene people arrived around 500 from farther north. Since before the time of European contact, the region around Churchill has been predominantly inhabited by the Chipewyan and Cree natives.
Europeans first arrived in the area in 1619 when a Danish expedition led by Jens Munk wintered where Churchill would later stand. Only 3 of 64 expedition members survived the winter and journeyed back to Denmark.
After an abortive attempt in 1688-89, in 1717 the Hudson's Bay Company built the first permanent settlement, Churchill River Post, a log fort a few miles upstream from the mouth of the Churchill River. The trading post and river were named after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (an ancestor of Winston Churchill), who was governor of the Hudson's Bay Company in the late seventeenth century. The fort was built mostly to capitalize on the North American fur trade, out of the reach of York Factory. It dealt mainly with the Chipewyan natives living north of the boreal forest. Much of the fur came from as far away as Lake Athabasca and the Rocky Mountains.
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Downtown Winnipeg
Coordinates: 49°53′42″N 97°08′17″W / 49.895°N 97.138°W / 49.895; -97.138
Downtown Winnipeg is centred around Portage Avenue and Main Street, and is bounded by the Assiniboine River on the south, Colony and Balmoral Streets on the west, Notre Dame Avenue, Princess Street, and Logan Avenue on the north, and the Red River on the east. It includes the Exchange District, Central Park, The Forks, and Winnipeg's Chinatown. The downtown area is roughly three square kilometres. Portage Avenue is the city's busiest thoroughfare. Winnipeg Square, the MTS Centre, Portage Place, and the flagship store of the Bay are all located on the downtown section of this street.
On Main Street are Winnipeg's City Hall, Union Station, and the Manitoba Centennial Centre, which includes the Manitoba Museum, the Planetarium, the Centennial Concert Hall and the Winnipeg Railway Museum. Although over 60,000 people work downtown, only 12,720 (2001 Census) people actually live in the Downtown area.
There are several residential projects under construction on Waterfront Drive and in the Exchange District, and the residential population of the area is projected to increase substantially in the next few years.
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Elie, Manitoba
Elie ( /ˈiːlaɪ/) is the largest community in the Rural Municipality of Cartier in the Canadian province of Manitoba. The town of approximately 550 people is located approximately 30 km (19 mi) west of Winnipeg along the Trans-Canada Highway. The Assiniboine River forms the northern boundary of the municipality of Cartier. Other significant communities around Elie include St. Eustache, Dacotah and Springstein.
The primary industry of Elie is agriculture.
The town was hit by an F5 tornado, the most powerful ever recorded in Canada, which damaged a flour mill and destroyed several houses, but only caused one injury and no deaths.
Elie, Manitoba Tornado
Coordinates: 49°54′06″N 97°45′29″W / 49.90167°N 97.75806°W / 49.90167; -97.75806
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Flin Flon
Flin Flon (pop. 5,592 in 2011 census; 5,363 in Manitoba and 229 in Saskatchewan) is a Canadian mining city located on the border of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with the majority of the city located within Manitoba.
Flin Flon was founded in 1927 by Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting (HBM&S) to exploit the large copper and zinc ore resources in the region. In the 1920s, HBM&S invested in a railway, mine, smelter, and a hydroelectric power plant at Island Falls, Saskatchewan. By 1928 the rail line reached the mine.
The town grew considerably during the 1930s as farmers, who were impoverished by the Great Depression, abandoned their farms and came to work at the mines. The municipality was incorporated on January 1, 1933, and in 1970, the community reached city status. The city has continued to be a mining centre with the development of several mines adding to its industrial base, although its population has been in decline. With a scenic setting and a number of nearby lakes, Flin Flon has also become a moderately popular tourist destination.
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Gimli, Manitoba
Gimli is a rural municipality located in the Interlake region of south-central Manitoba, Canada, on the western shore of Lake Winnipeg. It is about 75 kilometres (47 mi) north of the provincial capital Winnipeg. The rural municipality's population in the 2006 Canada census was 5,797.
The town and surrounding districts were once an Icelandic ethnic block settlement, and the area, known as New Iceland, is home to the largest concentration of people of Icelandic ancestry outside Iceland. It also has significant Ukrainian and German communities, at 12% and 6% respectively.
Gimli was founded by a large group of Icelandic settlers who arrived in New Iceland on Lake Winnipeg in the 1870s. Beyond the borders of Manitoba as it was then, this settlement fell within the District of Keewatin, until 1881 when Manitoba was enlarged. In 1876 the community was hit by a severe outbreak of smallpox. Originally organized as a self-administering "Icelandic reserve" directly responsible to Ottawa, the settlers of New Iceland developed a unique constitution of by-laws for local government which remained in effect until they adopted provincial municipal government in 1887. The initial status of New Iceland as a "reserve" remained in effect until 1899.
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3). The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States.
The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the St. Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Michigan-Huron (in the hydrological sense, a single body of water), southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region contains not only the five themselves but also many thousands of smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. Of the five lakes, Lake Michigan is the only one that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water border between the United States and Canada.
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Iceland
Icelandi/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]) is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island. Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (slaves) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture, and the country was one of the poorest and least developed in the world. Industrialisation of the fisheries and aid from the Marshall Plan brought prosperity in the years after World War II, and by the 1990s it was one of the world's wealthiest countries. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
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Interior Plateau
The Interior Plateau comprises a large region of central British Columbia, and lies between the Cariboo and Monashee Mountains on the east, and the Hazelton Mountains, Coast Mountains and Cascade Range on the west. The continuation of the plateau into the United States is known there as the Columbia Plateau. The Interior Plateau is not part of the Interior Mountains, a huge area that constitutes most of the northern two thirds of the Canadian province of British Columbia between the Coast Mountains, Rocky Mountains and the various small ranges on the inland lea of the Coast Mountains between the Bulkley Ranges and the Bella Coola River. Physiographically, the Interior Plateau is a section of the larger Northern Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division.
It has several subdivisions, these being:
The Cariboo and Chilcotin Plateaus are separate by the Fraser River. The Nechako Plateau flanks the Fraser on both sides; its southern boundary is defined by the West Road River (aka the Blackwater River) and the Quesnel River, and its northern boundary are the Omineca Mountains and the Cassiar Mountains, which are two major subdivisions of the Interior Mountains.
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Kelsey, Manitoba
Kelsey is a rural municipality in the province of Manitoba in Western Canada. It consists of several disjoint parts. The largest part is Carrot Valley, located around and southwest of The Pas along the Carrot River, but the communities of Wanless and Cranberry Portage, located further north, are also part of the municipality.
Coordinates: 54°09′30″N 101°22′30″W / 54.15833°N 101.375°W / 54.15833; -101.375
wn.com/Kelsey,_Manitoba -
Lake Agassiz
Coordinates: 51°N 98°W / 51°N 98°W / 51; -98
Lake Agassiz was an immense glacial lake located in the middle of the northern part of North America. Fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last glacial period, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined, and it held more water than contained by all lakes in the world today.
First postulated in 1823 by William H. Keating, it was named by Warren Upham in 1879 after Louis Agassiz, when Upham recognized the lake was formed by glacial action.
Geologists have come to a consensus on the likely geological history of Lake Agassiz.[citation needed]
During the last Ice Age, northern North America was covered by a glacier, which alternately advanced and deteriorated with variations in the climate. This continental ice sheet formed during the period now known as the Wisconsin glaciation, and covered much of central North America between 30,000 and 10,000 years ago. As the ice sheet disintegrated, it created at its front an immense proglacial lake, formed from its meltwaters.
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Manitoba
Manitobai/ˌmænəˈtoʊbə/ is a Canadian prairie province. The province, with an area of 649,950 square kilometres (250,900 sq mi), has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, and home to 60 percent of the population of the province. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the highest court in the jurisdiction, the Manitoba Court of Appeal. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities are located in Winnipeg.
Fur traders first arrived during the late 17th century. Manitoba became a province of Canada in 1870 after the Red River Rebellion. A general strike took place in Winnipeg in 1919, and the province was hit hard by the Great Depression. This led to the creation of what would become the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, one of the province's major political parties and currently in power, led by premier Greg Selinger.
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Maritimes
The Maritime provinces, also called the Maritimes or the Canadian Maritimes, is a region of Eastern Canada consisting of three provinces, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. On the Atlantic coast, the Maritimes are a subregion of Atlantic Canada, which also includes the northeastern province of Newfoundland & Labrador. The population of the Maritime provinces was 1,826,896 in 2008.
The Maritimes front the Atlantic Ocean and its various sub-basins such as the Gulf of Maine and Gulf of St. Lawrence systems. The region is located northeast of New England, southeast of Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula, and southwest of the island of Newfoundland.
There was talk of a Maritime Union of the three provinces to have greater political power; however, the first discussions on the subject in 1864 at the Charlottetown Conference led to the process of Canadian Confederation which formed the larger Dominion of Canada instead.
The Maritimes are home to Mi'kmaq, Maliseet and Passamaquoddy people and have an extensive history of French and British settlement dating back to the seventeenth century, forming a unique culture that predates Canada.
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Minnesota
Minnesota (i/mɪnɨˈsoʊtə/) is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
Minnesota is the 12th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states. Nearly 60% of its residents live in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area (known as the "Twin Cities"), the center of transportation, business, industry and education and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.
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Montreal
Montreal (
i/ˌmʌntriːˈɒl/;French: Montréal; pronounced [mɔ̃ʁeal] (
listen)) is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the fifteenth largest in North America. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, or Mont Réal as it was spelled in Middle French (Mont Royal in present French). The city is located on the Island of Montreal, which took its name from the same source as the city, and a few much smaller peripheral islands, the largest of which is Île Bizard.
As of May 10, 2011, Statistics Canada identifies Montreal's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) (land area 4,259 square kilometres (1,644 sq mi)) as Canada's second most populous with an estimated metropolitan area population of 3,824,221 and a population of 1,886,481 in the urban agglomeration of Montreal, which includes all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal. The city of Montreal proper had a population of 1,649,519.
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Neepawa, Manitoba
Neepawa is a town in Manitoba, Canada located on the Yellowhead Highway at the intersection with Highway 5. As of 2011[update] its population was 3,629. Neepawa was incorporated as a town in 1883. It is located in the Rural Municipality of of Langford and bordered to the north by the Rural Municipality of Rosedale. Neepawa is the self-proclaimed Lily capital of the world in part because of its Lily Festival. The town has also been named "Manitoba's Most Beautiful Town", more than any other community in the province.
In the many years before European settlement, the lands around Neepawa were primarily used by the Cree and the Assiniboine. Native peoples in the area followed a regular cycle by following the Plains Bison to take shelter in the areas north of Neepawa in the winter, and then heading south again across the plains and beyond Neepawa in the summer. The town name of Neepawa comes from the Cree word for "Land of Plenty", the name was first used around 1873. Prior to settlement, the only Europeans in the area were primarily fur traders, many people made their way through the area on the North Fort Ellice Trail which went from the Red River to Edmonton. It was on this trail that a group of settlers from Listowel, Ontario eventually decided to settle in 1877, where the Stony and Boggy creeks meet.
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New Brunswick
New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick; pronounced: [nuˈvo bʁɔnˈzwik]) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the only province in the federation that is constitutionally bilingual (English–French).Fredericton is the capital and Saint John is the most populous city. Greater Moncton is the province's largest Census Metropolitan Area. Through the 2011 nation wide census, Statistics Canada estimates the provincial population in 2011 to have been 751,171; a majority of the population is English-speaking, but there is also a large Francophone minority (33%), chiefly of Acadian origin.
The province's name comes from the English and French partial transcription of the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig in German) located in modern day Lower Saxony, northern Germany (and former duchy of the same name), the ancestral home of the Hanoverian George III of the United Kingdom.
New Brunswick is bounded by: on the north by Quebec's Gaspé Peninsula and Chaleur Bay; along the east coast by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Northumberland Strait; in the southeast corner the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto connects New Brunswick to the Nova Scotia peninsula; in the south by the Bay of Fundy coast, (which with a rise of 16 m (52 ft), has amongst the highest tides in the world); and in the west by the US state of Maine.
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North Dakota
North Dakota (i/ˌnɔrθ dəˈkoʊtə/) is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States, along the Canadian border. The state is bordered by Manitoba and Saskatchewan to the north, Minnesota to the east, South Dakota to the south and Montana to the west. North Dakota is the 19th most extensive, but the 3rd least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. North Dakota was created from the northern portion of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
The state capital is Bismarck and the largest city is Fargo. The primary public universities are located in Grand Forks and Fargo. The U.S. Air Force operates air bases at Minot AFB and Grand Forks AFB.
For more than a decade, the state has had a strong economy, with unemployment lower than the national average, job and population growth, and low housing vacancies. Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil shale fields in the western part of the state, but it has also had growth in the technology and service sectors. Flooding in June 2011 has caused extensive damage to Minot and threatened Bismarck, the capital city.
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Northern Canada
Northern Canada, colloquially the North, is the vast northernmost region of Canada variously defined by geography and politics. Politically, the term refers to the three territories of Canada: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Similarly, the Far North (when contrasted to the North) may refer to the Canadian Arctic: the portion of Canada north of the Arctic Circle.
These reckonings somewhat depend on the concept of nordicity, a measure of northernness that other Arctic territories share. Canada, a country in northern North America whose population is concentrated along its southern frontier with the United States, is frequently reckoned to not have a 'south.' As such, the 'South' is only perceived as a region when it is contrasted to or viewed from those in the North.
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Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 45°13′N 62°42′W / 45.217°N 62.7°W / 45.217; -62.7 (Nova Scotia)
Nova Scotia (pronounced /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Longitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia's diversity.
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Nunavut
Nunavut /ˈnuːnəˌvʊt/ (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ [ˈnunavut]) is the largest and newest federal territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the actual boundaries had been established in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland in 1949.
Nunavut comprises a major portion of Northern Canada, and most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, making it the fifth-largest country subdivision in the world. The capital Iqaluit (formerly "Frobisher Bay") on Baffin Island, in the east, was chosen by the 1995 capital plebiscite. Other major communities include the regional centres of Rankin Inlet and Cambridge Bay. Nunavut also includes Ellesmere Island to the north, as well as the eastern and southern portions of Victoria Island in the west and Akimiski Island in James Bay to the far south.
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Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
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Panama Canal
The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an 82-kilometre (51 mi) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade.
Work on the canal, which began in 1880, was completed in 1914, making it no longer necessary for ships to sail the lengthy Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America and to navigate the dangerous waters of the Strait of Magellan. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut made it possible for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in half the time previously required. The shorter, faster, safer route to the U.S. West Coast and to nations in and along the Pacific Ocean allowed those places to become more integrated with the world economy.
Ownership of the territory that is now the Panama Canal was first Colombian, then French and then American before coming under the control of the Panamanian government in 1999. The Panama Canal has seen annual traffic rise from about 1,000 ships when it opened in 1914, to 14,702 vessels in 2008, the latter measuring a total of 309.6 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons. By 2008, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal, many of them much larger than the original planners could have envisioned; the largest ships that can transit the canal today are called Panamax. The American Society of Civil Engineers has named the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
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Parliament of Canada
The Parliament of Canada (French: Parlement du Canada) is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa. Formally, the body consists of the Canadian monarch—represented by her governor general—the Senate, and the House of Commons, each element having its own officers and organization. The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 members of the upper house on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, while the 308 members of the lower house are directly elected by eligible voters in the Canadian populace, with each Member of Parliament representing a single electoral district, commonly referred to as a riding.
By constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint, and the monarch and viceroy provide the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law and summon, prorogue, and dissolve parliament in order to call an election, as well as reading the Throne Speech. The current parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston on 2 June 2011, is the 41st since Confederation.
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Pembina Escarpment
The Manitoba Escarpment (known in the United States as the Pembina Escarpment) is a scarp that marks the boundary of glacial Lake Agassiz. It occurs in South Dakota, North Dakota, and Manitoba.
Originally formed by the undercutting of Cretaceous sandstones by the ancestral Red River, the escarpment was later steepened by glacial scouring. The vista today, of wooded hills with small farms tucked into valleys (such as the Pembina Valley), is reminiscent of pastoral sections of New England. Streams flowing off the escarpment have high gradients and a cobble substrate.
Native plants to the escarpment include burr oak, beaked hazel, high bush cranberry, serviceberry, and red osier dogwood.
The scarp forms the eastern edge of Riding Mountain National Park, home of a large bison herd, and Duck Mountain Provincial Park in Manitoba.Turtle Mountain Provincial Park and the Porcupine Hills are also part of the southern portion of the Manitoba Escarpment.
Coordinates: 50°37′02″N 99°31′35″W / 50.617232°N 99.52652°W / 50.617232; -99.52652
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Pierson, Manitoba
Pierson is a community located in the Rural Municipality of Edward in southwestern Manitoba. It has a current population of about 250 people, though this number is in flux due to the large number of oil workers working in the area.
Pierson is home to the Carnival of Crafts which averages an attendance of 1700 people. This event takes place at the Edward Sports Center on the first Saturday in October.
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Portage la Prairie
Portage la Prairie ( /ˈpɔrtɨdʒ lə ˈprɛərɪ/) is a small city in the Central Plains Region of Manitoba, Canada. As of 2011, the population was 12,996. The area of the city was 24.67 square kilometres (9.53 sq mi). Portage la Prairie is located approximately 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Winnipeg, along the Trans Canada Highway (located exactly between the provincial borders of Saskatchewan and Ontario), and sits on the Assiniboine River, which flooded the town persistently until a diversion channel north to Lake Manitoba (the Assiniboine River Floodway) was built to divert the flood waters. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Portage la Prairie.
According to Environment Canada, Portage la Prairie has the most sunny days during the warm months in Canada.
The area was most likely inhabited by Aboriginals, or First Peoples, before European settlers began to arrive prior to 1850. In September of 1738, after the Fur Trade had extended into the West, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Verendrye (a French Canadian explorer and fur trader) built Fort La Reine north of the Assiniboine River to serve as a fur trading post, and provide the explorers with a "home" operating base, from which they would explore other parts of Central Manitoba and Western North America.
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Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; French: Île-du-Prince-Édouard, pronounced: [il dy pʁɛ̃s edwaːʁ], Mi'kmaq: Epekwitk, Scottish Gaelic: Eilean a' Phrionnsa) is a Canadian province consisting of an island of the same name, as well as other islands. The maritime province is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population. The island has a few other names: "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, although PEI did not join the confederation until 1873, when it became the seventh Canadian province.
According to the 2009 estimates, Prince Edward Island has 141,000 residents. It is located in a rectangle defined roughly by 46°–47°N, and 62°–64°30′W and at 5,683.91 km2 (2,194.57 sq mi) in size, it is the 104th-largest island in the world, and Canada's 23rd-largest island.
The island was named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria.
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Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] (
listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
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Red River Floodway
The Red River Floodway is an artificial flood control waterway in Western Canada, first used in 1969. It is a 47 km (29 mi) long channel which, during flood periods, takes part of the Red River's flow around the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba to the east and discharges it back into the Red River below the dam at Lockport. It can carry floodwater at a rate of up to 2,550 cubic metres (91,700 cubic feet) per second. It was built partly in response to the disastrous 1950 Red River flood.
The Floodway was pejoratively nicknamed "Duff's Ditch" by opponents of its construction, after Premier Duff Roblin, whose Progressive Conservative government initiated the project. It was completed in time and under budget. Subsequent events have vindicated the plan. Used more than 20 times from its completion in 1968 to 2006, the Floodway has prevented an estimated $10 billion (CAD) in cumulative flood damages.
Construction of the Floodway started on October 6, 1962 and finished in March 1968. The construction was a major undertaking with 76.5 million cubic metres (2.75 billion cubic feet) of earth excavated—more than what was moved for the Suez Canal.[citation needed]
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Rupert's Land
Rupert's Land, or Prince Rupert's Land, was a territory in British North America, consisting mostly of the Hudson Bay drainage basin that was nominally owned by the Hudson's Bay Company for 200 years from 1670 to 1870, although numerous aboriginal groups lived in the same territory and disputed the sovereignty of the area. The area once known as Rupert's Land is now mainly a part of Canada, but a small portion is now in the United States of America. It was named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a nephew of Charles I and the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. In December 1821 the HBC monopoly was extended from Rupert's Land to the Pacific coast.
Areas once belonging to Rupert's Land include all of Manitoba, most of Saskatchewan, southern Alberta, southern Nunavut, northern parts of Ontario and Quebec, as well as parts of Minnesota and North Dakota and very small parts of Montana and South Dakota.
In 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) was granted a charter by King Charles II, giving it a trading monopoly over the watershed of all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay, thereby making the HBC owners of the whole of Rupert's Land (named in honour of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the king's cousin and the company's first governor). This covered an area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million sq mi), over one-third the area of Canada today.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan (i/səˈskætʃɨwən/ or /səˈskætʃɨwɑːn/) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588,276 square kilometres (227,100 sq mi). Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota.
As of April 2011, the population of Saskatchewan was estimated at 1,053,960. Residents primarily live in the southern half of the province. Of the total population, 257,300 live in the province's largest city, Saskatoon, while 210,000 live in the provincial capital, Regina. Other major cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current and North Battleford.
Saskatchewan was first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774, having also been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups. It became a province in 1905. Saskatchewan's current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. Its major industries are agriculture, mining, and energy. "In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a historic land claim agreement with Saskatchewan First Nations. Under the Agreement, the First Nations received money to buy land on the open market. As a result, about 761,000 acres have been turned into reserve land and many First Nations continue to invest their settlement dollars in urban areas", including Saskatoon.
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Selkirk, Manitoba
Selkirk is a city in the western Canadian province of Manitoba, located about 22 km northeast of the provincial capital Winnipeg on the Red River, near (50°08′37″N 96°53′02″W / 50.14361°N 96.88389°W / 50.14361; -96.88389) . As of the 2011 census, Selkirk had a population of 9,934.
The mainstays of the local economy are tourism, a local steel mill, and a major mental health facility. A vertical lift bridge over the Red River connects Selkirk with the smaller town of East Selkirk. The city is connected to Winnipeg via Highway 9 and is served by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Like all places in Manitoba, Selkirk has telephone Area code 204, and the city has the postal code prefix R1A. The city mostly borders the Rural Municipality of St. Andrews, except to the east, where it borders the Rural Municipality of St. Clements across the Red River.
The city was named in honour of Scotsman Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, who obtained the grant to first establish a colony in the Red River area.
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Steinbach, Manitoba
Steinbach (pronounced /ˈstaɪnbæk/, German pronunciation: [ˈʒtaɪnbax]) is a city of approx. 13,524 people (as of the Canada 2011 Census) in the southeast corner of the province of Manitoba, Canada, a short distance from the capital Winnipeg. Steinbach is the largest community in the Eastman region of Manitoba. The city is located in the Rural Municipality of Hanover and bordered to the east by the Rural Municipality of La Broquerie.
The name of "Steinbach" is translated from German as "Stony Brook" and was first settled by Mennonite peoples in 1874. The city continues to have a strong Mennonite and German influence today with over 50 percent of the residents claiming German heritage. Steinbach is found on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies, while Sandilands Provincial Forest is a short distance east of the city.
Steinbach is primarily an agricultural community, however as the regional economic hub of southeastern Manitoba, Steinbach has a trading area population of about 50,000 people. Thus the city also has many service and commercial businesses to serve the population. Steinbach is the fastest-growing city in Manitoba and third fastest census agglomeration in Canada. The city had a population growth of 22.2% between the 2006 and the 2011 census periods. This places it as the third largest community in Manitoba. The city has gained national recognition as an immigration hotbed of Canada and a model for immigration in the country. In 2012, for the first time ever MoneySense ranked Steinbach in their best places to live in Canada list where the community placed 66th out of 190 cities.
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The Forks, Winnipeg
The Forks is a historic site and meeting place in Downtown Winnipeg located at the confluence of the Red River and Assiniboine River. For at least 6000 years, the Forks has been the meeting place for early Aboriginal peoples, and since colonization has also been a meeting place for European fur traders, Métis buffalo hunters, Scottish settlers, riverboat workers, railway pioneers and tens of thousands of immigrants.
Numerous archaeological digs have shown that early Aboriginal groups arrived at The Forks site around 6,000 years ago. The digs conducted between 1989 and 1994 discovered several Aboriginal camps. Artifacts related to the bison hunt and fishing were unearthed. Evidence showed that Nakoda (Assiniboins), Cree, Anishinaabe (Ojibwa) and Sioux (Dakota) visited the site. During the small pox epidemics of 1781–1782, over half of the areas aboriginal population died. At this time over 1,000 Aboriginal men, women and children were buried in The Old Aboriginal Graveyard at The Forks.
Europeans arrived by canoe in 1738. La Vérendrye erected Fort Rouge, the first of a long line of forts and trading posts erected in the area. The Red River Colony and the forts were all established near The Forks. The area remained the hub of the fur trade up until the 1880s. At that time, grain production became Western Canada’s principal industry and the main transportation for that industry was rail rather than waterways.
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The Pas
The Pas ( /ðəˈpɑː/; French: Le Pas) is a town in Manitoba, Canada, located in Division No. 21, Manitoba in the Northern Region, some 630 kilometres northwest of the provincial capital, Winnipeg, near the border of Saskatchewan. It is sometimes still called Paskoyac by locals as the first trading post was called Fort Paskoyac. The Pasquia River which begins in the Pasquia Hills in east central Saskatchewan runs into the Saskatchewan River at this point. The French in the 1795 knew the river as Basquiau.
Known as "The Gateway to the North", The Pas is a multi-industry northern Manitoba town serving a district population of over 15,000 (including the Opaskwayak Cree Nation). The main components of the region's economy are agriculture, forestry, commercial fishing, tourism, transportation, and services (especially health and education). The main employer is a paper and lumber mill operated by Tolko Industries. The Pas contains one of the two main campuses of the University College of the North.
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Thompson, Manitoba
Thompson is a city in northern Manitoba. As the "Hub of the North" it serves as the regional trade and service centre of northern Manitoba. Thompson is located 830 km (520 mi) north of the Canada – United States border, 739 km (459 mi) north of the provincial capital of Winnipeg, and is 396 km (246 mi) northeast of Flin Flon. It has a population of 12,829 residents, which also serves as a trade centre for an additional 36,000 - 65,000 Manitobans. As such, it has all of the services and amenities that would be expected in a much larger, urban centre.
The Thompson area was first inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indian hunters 6000 BC. Europeans conducted a federal geological survey in Thompson in 1896.
The modern history of Thompson began in 1956 when on February 4, a major ore body was discovered by use of an airborne electromagnetometer following ten years of mining exploration in the region. The community was founded in 1957 following an agreement with the Government of Manitoba and Inco Limited. Thompson is planned community and is named after Inco's chairman, John F. Thompson. The population has been estimated as high as 26,000 residents prior to the recession in the 1970s. The 1957 agreement required that Inco provide financial assistance towards the Kelsey Generating System, and a spur line to connect the community with C.N's Bay Line near Thicket Portage. Thompson was incorporated as a town in 1967 on Canada's Centennial Anniversary, and in 1970 as a city in the royal presence of Queen Elizabeth II, having reached a population of 20,000. A decline in population occurred during the following decades, levelling off around 14,000 people. Thompson came to be known as "The Hub of the North", as it functions as a centre for politics and commerce in the region.
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Thunder Bay
Thunder Bay is a city in and the seat of Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is the most populous municipality in Northwestern Ontario with a population of 108,359 as of the Canada 2011 Census, and the second most populous in Northern Ontario after Greater Sudbury. The census metropolitan area of Thunder Bay has a population of 121,596, and consists of the city of Thunder Bay, the municipalities of Oliver Paipoonge and Neebing, the townships of Shuniah, Conmee, O'Connor and Gillies and the Fort William First Nation.
European settlement in the region began in the late 17th century with a French fur trading outpost on the banks of the Kaministiquia River. It grew into an important transportation hub with its port forming an important link in the shipping of grain and other products from western Canada through the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway to the east coast. Forestry and manufacturing played important roles in the city's economy. They have declined in recent years, but have been replaced by a "knowledge economy" based on medical research and education. Thunder Bay is the site of the Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vancouver
Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
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Whiteshell River
The Whiteshell River is one of the major rivers in Whiteshell Provincial Park, located in southeastern Manitoba, Canada, near the Ontario border. This river is close to some petroform sites that are about 2000 years old or older. The name "whiteshell" is in reference to the Meegis or cowry shells used by Ojibwa peoples in their ceremonies and teachings, especially the Midewiwin, and as recorded in their birch bark scrolls.
The river was used for thousands of years as a major canoe route by native peoples. The Winnipeg and Whiteshell Rivers are the only waterways to easily travel between Lake Winnipeg and Lake Superior. The copper culture period of about 4000 years ago involved the trade of copper from the north shore of Lake Superior to the Whiteshell Provincial Park area and other areas now known as Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. Manitoba also has prehistoric quartz mines to the far north, and evidence of ancient quartz mining also exists along the Winnipeg River area. Quartz, copper, and other minerals were used to make prehistoric arrow heads, tools, scrapers, spears, and artwork.
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Winkler, Manitoba
Winkler (49°10′54″N 97°56′25″W / 49.18167°N 97.94028°W / 49.18167; -97.94028) is a small city with a population of 10,670 (2011 federal census) located in southern Manitoba, Canada in the Rural Municipality of Stanley. As the largest city in the Pembina Valley, Winkler serves as a regional hub for commerce, agriculture and industry.
It is Manitoba's sixth-largest city (as of 2011) and the second fastest growing city out of nine in the province.
Winkler's history dates back to 1874 when Russian Mennonites began settling in the area. These first Mennonite inhabitants were part of deeply religious communities, for the most part, but did not establish confessional churches. The first official Mennonite Brethren congregation was founded in Winkler in 1888 as a result of mission work from the United States. In 1892, Winkler was officially founded by Valentine Winkler, a lumber entrepreneur and politician who owned and operated his own lumber business in nearby Morden. Because Winkler's many customers from the Mennonite settlement wanted him to build a market in their vicinity, he persuaded the Canadian Pacific Railway to build a spur route on the northeastern edge of the settlement where Winkler had been established.
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Winnipeg
Winnipegi/ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than half of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point commonly known as The Forks).
The name "Winnipeg" comes from the Cree for "muddy waters". The Winnipeg area was a trading centre for Aboriginal peoples prior to the arrival of Europeans. The first fort was built there in 1738 by French traders. A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 with a population of 1,869. Winnipeg is the seventh-largest municipality in Canada, with a population of 663,617 in the Canada 2011 Census.
Winnipeg has a diversified economy, with sectors in finance, manufacturing, food and beverage production, culture, retail and tourism. Winnipeg is a major transportation hub, served by Richardson International Airport. The city has railway connections to the United States and Eastern and Western Canada through three Class I rail carriers.
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Winnipeg Art Gallery
The Winnipeg Art Gallery (WAG) is a public art gallery that was founded in 1912. It is Western Canada's oldest civic gallery and the 6th largest in the country. The WAG is located in the heart of the city of Winnipeg, just two blocks from Manitoba's Provincial Legislature and roughly the same distance from the University of Winnipeg.
The WAG's permanent collection includes almost 24,000 works, with a particular emphasis on Manitoba and Canadian art. The collection ranges from 16th century Flemish tapestries to 21st century videos, and includes the world's largest public collection of contemporary Inuit art. Historical, contemporary, photographic, decorative art, and Inuit works are featured in a variety of exhibitions each year, with each of the ten gallery spaces changing approximately every three months.
Winnipeg Art Gallery is internationally respected, exhibitions having been shown in New York, Caracas, Bogotá, Barcelona, Tokyo, Thessaloniki, and Verona.
The Clara Lander Library on the gallery mezzanine supports the research needs of staff, members, art students, artists, and the public. Over 9,000 artist biography files (mainly Canadian) and more than 24,000 books are maintained in the library, as well as subscriptions to hundreds of arts journals and bulletins. The library is for on-site use only.
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Yukon
Coordinates: 63°38′N 135°46′W / 63.633°N 135.767°W / 63.633; -135.767
Yukon/ˈjuːkɒn/ is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories.
The territory was created from the rump of the Hudson's Bay Company's North-Western Territory in 1898 as "the Yukon". Receiving royal assent on March 27, 2002, the federal government moderized the Yukon Act to confirm "Yukon", rather than "Yukon Territory", as the current usage standard. Though officially bilingual (English and French) the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages.
At 5,959 m (19,551 ft), Yukon's Mount Logan, in Kluane National Park and Reserve, is the highest mountain in Canada and the second-highest of North America (after Mount McKinley in the U.S. state of Alaska). The territory's climate is Arctic and subarctic, resulting in long cold winters, short summers, and little precipitation.
It was named after the Yukon River. The word Yukon means "Great River" in Gwich’in.
The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle, bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west for 1,210 km (752 mi) mostly along longitude 141° W, the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south. Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains. Whitehorse is the territorial capital.
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Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC CC GOQ (born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the rejection of constitutional reforms such as the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
Mulroney was born on March 20, 1939, in Baie-Comeau, Quebec, a remote and isolated town in the eastern part of the province. He is the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Mary Irene (née O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney, who was a paper mill electrician. Six of the couple's children survived infancy. As there was no English-language Catholic high school in Baie-Comeau, Mulroney completed his high school education at a Roman Catholic boarding school in Chatham, New Brunswick operated by St. Thomas University (in 2001, St. Thomas University named its newest academic building in his honour). Benedict Mulroney worked overtime and ran a repair business to earn extra money for his children's education, and he encouraged his oldest son to attend university.
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Canadians
Canadians (singular Canadian) are the people who are identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be genetic, residential, legal, historical, cultural or ethnic. For most Canadians, several (frequently all) of those types of connections exist and are the source(s) of them being considered Canadians.
Aside from the Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census numbered 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population, the majority of the population is made up of Old World immigrants and their descendants. After the initial period of French and then British colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and continues today. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.
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Carol Shields
Carol Ann Shields, CC, OM, FRSC, MA (née Warner) (June 2, 1935 – July 16, 2003) was an American-born Canadian author. She is best known for her 1993 novel The Stone Diaries, which won the U.S. Pulitzer Prize for Fiction as well as the Governor General's Award in Canada.
Shields was born in Oak Park, Illinois. She studied at Hanover College Indiana, where she became member of the Alpha Delta Pi sorority. A United Nations scholarship encouraged Shields to spend a junior year abroad 1955–1956 at the University of Exeter in England. Later, Shields did post-graduate work at the University of Ottawa, where she received an MA in 1975.
In 1955, while on British Council sponsored study week in Scotland, she met a Canadian engineering student, Donald Hugh Shields. The couple married in 1957 and moved to Canada, where they had a son and four daughters. Shields later became a Canadian citizen.
In 1973, Shields became editorial assistant for the journal Canadian Slavonic Papers while living in Ottawa 1968–1978. In 1977, Shields was a sessional lecturer in the English Department at the University of Ottawa for a year. She later taught Creative Writing at the University of British Columbia while living in Vancouver 1978–80. In 1980, she and Don settled in Winnipeg, Manitoba, after Don was hired to teach in the University of Manitoba's Faculty of Engineering. Winnipeg was where she wrote her major books. From the fall of 1982 onward, Carol Shields taught in the English Department at the University of Manitoba, first as an Assistant Professor (1982–1992), then as an Associate Professor (1992–1995). Shields was made Full Professor of English in 1995, and, on retirement in 2000, she became Professor Emerita at the University of Manitoba.. In 1996, she became chancellor of the University of Winnipeg. In 2000, after Don's retirement, the couple moved to Victoria, British Columbia, where she died in 2003 of breast cancer at age 68.
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Cree
The Cree are one of the largest groups of First Nations / Native Americans in North America, with 200,000 members living in Canada. The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. About 15,000 live in eastern Quebec.
In the United States, this Algonquian-speaking people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share a reservation with the Ojibwe (Chippewa).
The documented westward migration over time has been strongly associated with their roles as traders and hunters in the North American Fur Trade.
The Cree Nation is generally divided into eight groups (some political, others cultural):
Collectively the Cree used the autonym Nēhilawē (those who speak our language). They used "Cree" to refer to their people only when speaking the languages of the European colonists, French or English.
Skilled American bison hunters and horsemen, the Plains Cree were allied with the Assiniboine and the Saulteaux before they encountered French settlers in the 18th century.
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Dufferin Roblin
Dufferin "Duff" Roblin PC CC OM (June 17, 1917 – May 30, 2010) was a Canadian businessman and politician. Known as "Duff," he served as the 14th Premier of Manitoba from 1958 to 1967. Roblin was appointed to the Canadian Senate on the advice of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. In the government of Brian Mulroney, he served as Senate Leader. He was the grandson of Sir Rodmond P. Roblin, who also served as Manitoba Premier.
Roblin was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba to Charles Dufferin Roblin and Sophie Murdoch, and was educated at the University of Manitoba and the University of Chicago. He was a car dealer before entering politics, and served as a Wing Commander in the Royal Canadian Air Force from 1940 to 1946.
Like his grandfather, Roblin was a member of Manitoba's Conservative Party, which was renamed the Progressive Conservative Party in 1942. During the 1940s, the Manitoba Conservatives were part of a coalition government with the Liberal-Progressives, and Conservative leader Errick Willis was a prominent cabinet minister in the governments of John Bracken, Stuart Garson and Douglas Campbell.
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Elijah Harper
Elijah Harper (born March 3, 1949) is an Aboriginal Cree Canadian politician and band chief. He was a key player in the rejection of the Meech Lake Accord, an attempt at Canadian constitutional reform.
Harper was born in Red Sucker Lake, a reserve in northern Manitoba. He attended residential schools in Norway House, Brandon and Birtle, Manitoba, then secondary school at Garden Hill and Winnipeg. He studied at the University of Manitoba in 1971 and 1972, and later worked as a community development worker, a supervisor for the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood, and a program analyst for the Manitoba Department of Northern Affairs.
In 1978, he was elected as the Band Chief for Red Sucker Lake Band (now Red Sucker Lake First Nation), a position he held for four years.
In 1981, Harper contested and won the sprawling northern Manitoba riding of Rupertsland for the New Democratic Party to become the first Treaty Indian to be elected as a provincial politician. On April 17, 1986, he was appointed to cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio, responsible for Native Affairs. On February 4, 1987, he was named Minister of Northern Affairs and Minister in charge of the Communities Economic Fund Act.
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First Nations
First Nations is a term that collectively refers to various Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. There are currently over 630 recognized First Nations governments or bands spread across Canada, roughly half of which are in the provinces of Ontario and British Columbia. The total population is nearly 700,000 people. Under the Employment Equity Act, First Nations are a "designated group", along with women, visible minorities, and persons with physical or mental disabilities. They are not defined as a visible minority under the Act or by the criteria of Statistics Canada.
The term First Nations (most often used in the plural) has come into general use for the indigenous peoples of the Americas located in what is now Canada, except for the Arctic-situated Inuit, and peoples of mixed European-First Nations ancestry called Métis. The singular, commonly used on culturally politicized reserves, is the term First Nations person (when gender-specific, First Nations man or First Nations woman). A more recent trend is for members of various nations to refer to themselves by their tribal or national identity only, e.g., "I'm Haida," or "We're Kwantlens," in recognition of the distinctiveness of First Nations ethnicities.
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Franco-Manitoban
Franco-Manitobans are a community of French Canadians and other French-speaking people living in Manitoba. Most Franco-Manitobans have roots in Québec. However, many are of Métis and Belgian ancestry while others have ancestors that came directly from France, its former colonies and other francophone countries throughout the world (Congo, Laos, Vietnam, and Tunisia among others). Many have partial English, Scottish, Irish, Ukrainian and German / Mennonite ancestry through inter-marriages. The community is centred primarily in three districts in sout-east Winnipeg, notably in Saint-Boniface, Saint-Vital and Saint-Norbert. There are smaller numbers of Franco-Manitobans living throughout the province as well.
Notable Franco-Manitobans include Métis nationalist Louis Riel, former Manitoba Premier Marc-Amable Girard, world-renowned writer Gabrielle Roy, international singer-songwriter Daniel Lavoie, current federal Member of Parliament Kevin Lamoureux, former federal Members of Parliament Ronald Duhamel, Raymond Simard and Robert Bockstael, former provincial MLAs Jean Allard, Albert Préfontaine, Edmond Préfontaine, Neil Gaudry and Laurent Desjardins, current member of the Canadian Senate Maria Chaput, professional hockey players Jonathan Toews and Travis Hamonic, and country singer Lucille Starr.
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French Canadian
French Canadian or Francophone Canadian (also Canadien in Canadian English or in French) generally refers to the descendents of French colonists who arrived in New France (Canada) in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population of Canada.
During the mid-18th century, Canadian colonists born in French Canada expanded across North America and colonized various regions, cities, and towns. Today, the majority of French Canadians live across North America, including the United States and Canada. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French Canadian descent, although smaller communities of French Canadians exist throughout Canada and in the American region of New England, where between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States and New England, in particular.
Other terms for French Canadians that continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebeckers or Québécois. French Canadians constitute the second largest ethnic group in Canada, after English Canadians and before Scottish Canadians and Irish Canadians.
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Gabrielle Roy
Gabrielle Roy, CC FRSC (March 22, 1909 – July 13, 1983) was a French Canadian author.
Born in Saint Boniface (now part of Winnipeg), Manitoba, Roy was educated at Saint Joseph's Academy. After training as a teacher at The Winnipeg Normal School, she taught in rural schools in Marchand and Cardinal and was then appointed to Provencher School in Saint Boniface.
With her savings she was able to spend some time in Europe, but was forced to return to Canada in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. She returned with some of her works near completion, but settled in Quebec to earn a living as a sketch artist while continuing to write. Her first novel, Bonheur d'occasion (1945), gave a starkly realistic portrait of the lives of people in Saint-Henri, a working-class neighbourhood of Montreal. The novel caused many Quebeckers to take a hard look at themselves, and is regarded as the novel that helped lay the foundation for Quebec's Quiet Revolution of the 1960s. The original French version won her the prestigious Prix Femina in 1947. Published in English as The Tin Flute (1947), the book won the 1947 Governor General's Award for fiction as well as the Royal Society of Canada's Lorne Pierce Medal. Distributed in the United States, where it sold more than three-quarters of a million copies, the Literary Guild of America made The Tin Flute a feature book of the month in 1947. The book garnered so much attention that Roy returned to Manitoba to escape the publicity.
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Gary Doer
Gary Albert Doer, OM (born March 31, 1948) is a Canadian diplomat and politician from Manitoba, Canada. Since October 19, 2009, he has served as Canada's Ambassador to the United States. Doer previously served as the 20th Premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009, leading a New Democratic Party government.
Gary Doer was born to a middle class family in Winnipeg, Manitoba. His background is German and Welsh. He graduated from St. Paul's High School and went on to study political science and sociology at the University of Manitoba for one year, but left to become a corrections officer at the Vaughan Street Detention Centre. He later rose to become deputy superintendent of the Manitoba Youth Centre. Doer's work environment was not always safe: he once had to deal with a hostage taking situation, and was attacked with a baseball bat on another occasion.
Doer became president of the Manitoba Government Employees' Association in 1979, and served in this capacity until 1986. He also held prominent positions with the Manitoba Federation of Labour and the National Union of Provincial Government Employees, served as a director of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, and became a governor of the University of Manitoba. In 1983, he negotiated an agreement with the provincial government of Howard Pawley in which civil servants agreed to delay a wage increase in return for a guarantee of no layoffs or wage rollbacks. The following year, he openly criticized Dennis McDermott's leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress.
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Greg Selinger
Gregory F. "Greg" Selinger, MLA (born February 16, 1951) is a Canadian politician. He has been serving as the 21st Premier of Manitoba since October 19, 2009, leading an NDP government. From 1999 to 2009 he was the Minister of Finance in the government of his immediate predecessor, Gary Doer. Selinger has been the member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for St. Boniface since 1999.
Selinger came to Manitoba from Saskatchewan as a child with his single-parent mother. She ran a small clothing store in Winnipeg.
Selinger received a Bachelor of Social Work from the University of Manitoba, a Master of Public Administration from Queen's University, and a PhD from the London School of Economics.
Before entering politics, he worked as an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Social Work at the University of Manitoba, and sat on the boards of the St. Boniface Hospital, the St. Boniface Museum, the Community Income Tax Service Boards, and as President of the Old St. Boniface Residents Association.
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Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson (c. 1560s/70s – 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century.
Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a prospective Northwest Passage to Cathay (today's China) via a route above the Arctic Circle. Hudson explored the region around modern New York metropolitan area while looking for a western route to Asia under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He explored the river which eventually was named for him, and laid thereby the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
Hudson discovered a strait and immense bay on his final expedition while searching for the Northwest Passage. In 1611, after wintering on the shore of James Bay, Hudson wanted to press on to the west, but most of his crew mutinied. The mutineers cast Hudson, his son and 7 others adrift; the Hudsons, and those cast off at their side, were never seen again.
Details of Hudson’s birth and early life are mostly unknown. Some sources have identified Hudson as having been born in about 1565, but others date his birth to around 1570. Other historians assert even less certainty; Mancall, for instance, states that '[Hudson] was probably born in the 1560s,” while Pennington gives no date at all. Hudson is thought[by whom?] to have spent many years at sea, beginning as a cabin boy and gradually working his way up to ship's captain.
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Icelanders
Icelanders are a Scandinavian ethnic group and a nation, native to Iceland.
On 17 June 1944, when an Icelandic republic was founded the Icelanders became independent from the Danish monarchy. The language spoken is Icelandic, a North Germanic language, and Lutheranism is the predominant religion. Historical and DNA records indicate that around 60 to 80 percent of the settlers were of Norse origin (primarily from Western Norway) and the rest were of Celtic stock from the British Isles.
Icelanders, especially those living on the main island, have had a tumultuous history. Development of the island was slow due to a lack of interest from the countries controlling it for most of its history: Norway, Denmark–Norway, and ultimately Denmark. Through this time, Iceland had relatively few contacts with the outside world. The island became independent in union with Denmark in 1918. Since 1944, Iceland has been a republic, and Icelandic society has undergone a rapid modernisation process in the post-independence era.
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Irish Canadian
Irish Canadians are immigrants and descendants of immigrants who originated in Ireland. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived, 1825 to 1970, at least half of those in the period from 1831–1850. By 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group (after the French), and comprised 24% of Canada's population. The 1931 national census counted 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, half of whom lived in Ontario. About one-third were Catholic in 1931 and two-thirds Protestants.
The Irish immigrants were largely Protestant before the famine years of the 1840s, when the Catholics arrived in large numbers. However, most Catholic Irish after 1850 usually headed to the U.S., England and Australia.
The 2006 census by Statistics Canada, Canada's Official Statistical office revealed that the Irish were the 4th largest ethnic group with 4,354,000 Canadians with full or partial Irish descent or 14% of the country's total population. This was a large and significant increase of 531,495 since the 2001 census, which counted 3,823,000 respondents quoting Irish ethnicity.
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List of Canadians
This is a list of Canadians, people born in Canada, or who became citizens of Canada, grouped by their area of notability.
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Louis Riel
Louis David Riel (English /ˈluːiː riːˈɛl/; 22 October 1844 – 16 November 1885) was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political and spiritual leader of the Métis people of the Canadian prairies. He led two resistance movements against the Canadian government and its first post-Confederation Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to preserve Métis rights and culture as their homelands in the Northwest came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence. He is regarded by many as a Canadian folk hero today.
The first resistance was the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870. The provisional government established by Riel ultimately negotiated the terms under which the modern province of Manitoba entered the Canadian Confederation. Riel was forced into exile in the United States as a result of the controversial execution of Thomas Scott during the rebellion. Despite this, he is frequently referred to as the "Father of Manitoba". While a fugitive, he was elected three times to the Canadian House of Commons, although he never assumed his seat. During these years, he was frustrated by having to remain in exile despite his growing belief that he was a divinely chosen leader and prophet, a belief which would later resurface and influence his actions. He married in 1881 while in exile in Montana, and fathered three children.
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Neil Young
Neil Percival Young,OC,OM (born November 12, 1945) is a Canadian singer-songwriter who is widely regarded as one of the most influential musicians of his generation.
Young began performing as a solo artist in Canada in 1960, before moving to California in 1966, where he co-founded the band Buffalo Springfield along with Stephen Stills and Richie Furay, and later joined Crosby, Stills & Nash as a fourth member in 1969. He forged a successful and acclaimed solo career, releasing his first album in 1968; his career has since spanned over 40 years and 34 studio albums, with a continual and uncompromising exploration of musical styles. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website describes Young as "one of rock and roll’s greatest songwriters and performers". He has been inducted into the Hall of Fame twice: first as a solo artist in 1995, and second as a member of Buffalo Springfield in 1997.
Young's work is characterized by his distinctive guitar work, deeply personal lyrics and signature alto or high tenor singing voice. Although he accompanies himself on several different instruments, including piano and harmonica, his idiosyncratic electric and clawhammer acoustic guitar playing are the defining characteristics of a varyingly ragged and melodic sound. While Young has experimented with differing music styles, including swing and electronic music throughout a varied career, his best known work usually falls into two primary styles: acoustic (folk and country rock) and electric (amplified hard rock, very often in collaboration with the band Crazy Horse). Young has also adopted elements from newer styles such as alternative rock and grunge. His influence on the latter caused some to dub him the "Godfather of Grunge".
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Ojibwe
The Ojibwe (also Ojibwa or Ojibway) or Chippewa (also Chippeway) are among the largest groups of Native Americans–First Nations north of Mexico. They are divided between Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are the second-largest population among First Nations, surpassed only by Cree. In the United States, they had the fourth-largest population among Native American tribes, surpassed only by Navajo, Cherokee and the Lakota. Because many Ojibwe were historically formerly located mainly around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. Marie, they referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. Ojibwe who were originally located about the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas.
The Ojibwe peoples are a major component group of the Anishinaabe-speaking peoples, a branch of the Algonquian language family which includes the Algonquin, Nipissing, Oji-Cree, Odawa and the Potawatomi. The Ojibwe peoples number over 56,440 in the U.S., living in an area stretching across the northern tier from Michigan west to Montana.[citation needed] Another 77,940 of main-line Ojibwe; 76,760 Saulteaux and 8,770 Mississaugas, in 125 bands, live in Canada, stretching from western Quebec to eastern British Columbia.[citation needed] They are historically known for their crafting of birch bark canoes, sacred birch bark scrolls, use of cowrie shells for trading, cultivation of wild rice, and use of copper arrow points. In 1745 they adopted guns from the British to use to defeat and push the Dakota nation of the Sioux to the south.
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Philip S. Lee
Philip S. Lee, CM OM (born May 5, 1944; Chinese: 李紹麟) is the 24th and current Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. He received the Order of Canada in 1999 and The Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002.
Born and raised in Hong Kong, Lee migrated to Canada in 1962 to study in the University of Manitoba. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1966 and a public administration diploma in 1977. In 1967 he was hired by the City of Winnipeg as a research chemist. He helped organize the Chinese pavilion in the first Folklorama in 1970 and later became Vice President of the Folk Arts Council of Winnipeg. In the 1977 Manitoba general election, Lee ran as a Progressive Conservative candidate in Winnipeg Centre where he lost to Bud Boyce of the Manitoba New Democratic Party. Lee was on Winnipeg's Refugee Assistance Committee from 1979 to 1986. He also advocated the construction of the Winnipeg Chinese Cultural and Community Centre in the Dynasty Building, the Chinese Gate and Garden, and the Mandarin Building in Winnipeg.
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Randy Bachman
Randolph Charles "Randy" Bachman, OC, OM ( /ˈbækmən/; born September 27, 1943, in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian musician best known as lead guitarist, songwriter and a founding member for both the 1960s–70s rock band The Guess Who, and the 1970s rock band Bachman–Turner Overdrive. Bachman was also a member of the band Brave Belt with Chad Allan, Union and a band called Ironhorse, and has recorded numerous solo albums.
He is also a national radio personality on CBC Radio One, hosting a weekly music show called Vinyl Tap.
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Karl (Charlie) Bachman and Anne (Nancy) Dobrinsky, Bachman is half-German, half-Ukrainian in ancestry. At age three he won a singing contest on CKY's King of the Saddle program and age 5 he had started studying the violin in the Royal Toronto Conservatory system. He studied violin until the age of 12 when he grew dissatisfied with the structured lessons. He found that while he couldn't read music, he could play anything if he heard it once; he referred to it as his phonographic memory.
wn.com/Randy_Bachman -
Russians in Canada
A Russian-Canadian is a citizen or permanent resident of Canada who is from Russia or of Russian descent.
Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2006.
Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2006.
Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2006.
Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2006.
Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2006.
Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2006.
Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2006.
wn.com/Russians_in_Canada -
Scottish Canadian
Scottish Canadians are people of Scottish descent or heritage living in Canada. As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and among the first to settle in Canada, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2001 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 5,219,850 [3], or 15.10% of the nation's total population, however this is said to be a major underestimation.
Scottish people have a long history in Canada, dating back several centuries. Many towns, rivers and mountains have been named in honour of Scottish explorers and traders such as Mackenzie Bay and Calgary is named after a Scottish beach. Most notably, the Atlantic province of Nova Scotia is Latin for New Scotland. Once Scots formed the vanguard of the movement of Europeans across the continent. In more modern times, emigrants from Scotland have played a leading role in the social, political and economic history of Canada, being prominent in banking, labour unions, and politics.
wn.com/Scottish_Canadian -
Ukrainian Canadian
A Ukrainian Canadian (Ukrainian: Український канадець, Українці Канади; translit. Ukrayins'kyi kanadets, Ukrayintsi Kanady) is a person of Ukrainian descent or origin who was born in or emigrated to Canada. In 2006, there were an estimated 1,209,085 persons of full or partial Ukrainian origin residing in Canada (mainly Canadian-born citizens) making them Canada's ninth largest ethnic group; and giving Canada the world's third-largest Ukrainian population behind Ukraine itself and Russia. Self-identified Ukrainians are the plurality in several rural areas of Western Canada.
Over the last thirty years,[when?] a debate has been ongoing whether a tiny number of Ukrainians settled in Canada before 1891. Most controversial is the claim that Ukrainians may have been infantrymen alongside Poles in the Swiss French "De Meurons" and "De Watteville" regiments who fought for the British on the Niagara Peninsula during the War of 1812 – and that Ukrainians were among those soldiers who decided to stay in Upper Canada (southern Ontario). Other Ukrainians supposedly arrived as part of other immigrant groups: claims that individual Ukrainian families may have settled in southern Manitoba in the 1870s alongside blocks of Mennonites and other Germans from the Russian Empire; or that single male Ukrainians were participants in the Russian Empire's exploration parties and fur trade along the western coast of North America (including British Columbia). Because there is so little definitive documentary evidence of individual Ukrainians among these three groups, they are not generally regarded as among the first Ukrainians in Canada.
wn.com/Ukrainian_Canadian -
Wilfrid Laurier
Sir Wilfrid Laurier, GCMG, PC, KC, baptized Henri-Charles-Wilfrid Laurier (20 November 1841 – 17 February 1919) was the seventh Prime Minister of Canada from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911.
Canada's first francophone prime minister, Laurier is often considered one of the country's greatest statesmen. He is well known for his policies of conciliation, expanding Confederation, and compromise between French and English Canada. His vision for Canada was a land of individual liberty and decentralized federalism. He also argued for an English-French partnership in Canada. "I have had before me as a pillar of fire," he said, "a policy of true Canadianism, of moderation, of reconciliation." And he passionately defended individual liberty, "Canada is free and freedom is its nationality," and "Nothing will prevent me from continuing my task of preserving at all cost our civil liberty." Laurier was also well regarded for his efforts to establish Canada as an autonomous country within the British Empire, though he supported the continuation of the British Empire if it was based on "absolute liberty political and commercial".
wn.com/Wilfrid_Laurier -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Victor and Carolyn
- 218 Beverly
- Evan Likes Driving
- Anna and Nina
- Dundas, Ontario (remix)
- Tits and Ass: The Great Canadian Weekend
- Webers
- If Assholes Could Fly, This Place Would Be an Airport
- Air Doom
- Ach Who
- I've Lived on a Dirt Road All My Life
- Skunks
- Hendrix With Ko
- Jacknuggeted
- Why the Long Face
- Bijoux
- Twins
- Kid You'll Move Mountains
- Crayon
- Every Time She Turns Round It's Her Birthday
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Manitoba - Brandon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:31
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Manitoba - Start Breaking My Heart - "Brandon" -- 5:23. The first full-length from Manitoba (aka Dan Snaith) on Domino Records. Start Breaking My Heart is spliced with arcs of rainbow melody, hopscotch percussion patterns, and playground children laughing. Humanity and nature are strong threads through this album.
http://wn.com/Manitoba_Brandon
Manitoba - Start Breaking My Heart - "Brandon" -- 5:23. The first full-length from Manitoba (aka Dan Snaith) on Domino Records. Start Breaking My Heart is spliced with arcs of rainbow melody, hopscotch percussion patterns, and playground children laughing. Humanity and nature are strong threads through this album.
Coming to Manitoba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
www.immigratemanitoba.com People from around the world explain why they chose to immigrate to the Canadian province of Manitoba. It's a welcoming place that provides job opportunities, education, excellent family lifestyle - and welcomes newcomers with support services to help them adjust to life.
http://wn.com/Coming_to_Manitoba
www.immigratemanitoba.com People from around the world explain why they chose to immigrate to the Canadian province of Manitoba. It's a welcoming place that provides job opportunities, education, excellent family lifestyle - and welcomes newcomers with support services to help them adjust to life.
- published: 01 Nov 2010
- views: 26320
- author: SettleManitoba
HIGH DEFINITION HUGE MANITOBA TORNADO! June 23, 2007 -
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Follow us on Facebook and Twitter! www.facebook.com @reedtimmerTVN **For the complete story, read INTO THE STORM** www.tornadovideos.net TornadoVideos.net storm chasers Reed Timmer and Dave Holder captured this huge, violent wedge tornado in southwest Manitoba on June 23, 2007. We were blasted by mud and flying corn stalks as the tornado crossed the road less than 200 yards away!
http://wn.com/HIGH_DEFINITION_HUGE_MANITOBA_TORNADO!_June_23,_2007_-
Follow us on Facebook and Twitter! www.facebook.com @reedtimmerTVN **For the complete story, read INTO THE STORM** www.tornadovideos.net TornadoVideos.net storm chasers Reed Timmer and Dave Holder captured this huge, violent wedge tornado in southwest Manitoba on June 23, 2007. We were blasted by mud and flying corn stalks as the tornado crossed the road less than 200 yards away!
- published: 05 Mar 2009
- views: 4037046
- author: TornadoVideosdotnet
Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada) - with Lonely Planet's Robert Reid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Meet Lonely Planet's travel editor, Robert Reid. Robert has berry-picked, beer-swilled and biked his way around Canada, in a quest to explore the country like a local. Join Robert, as he explores the French-Canadian side of Winnipeg, samples the unique Franco-Manitoban cuisine and gets acquainted with controversial local figure, Louis Riel. Explore Canada Like a Local: www.explorecanadalikealocal.com Join us on Facebook and Twitter www.facebook.com www.twitter.com Video content provided by Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet has produced this video for the Canadian Tourism Commission. The Canadian Tourism Commission has had no influence over its content. The views expressed are those of Lonely Planet, told without fear or favour.
http://wn.com/Winnipeg,_Manitoba_Canada_with_Lonely_Planet's_Robert_Reid
Meet Lonely Planet's travel editor, Robert Reid. Robert has berry-picked, beer-swilled and biked his way around Canada, in a quest to explore the country like a local. Join Robert, as he explores the French-Canadian side of Winnipeg, samples the unique Franco-Manitoban cuisine and gets acquainted with controversial local figure, Louis Riel. Explore Canada Like a Local: www.explorecanadalikealocal.com Join us on Facebook and Twitter www.facebook.com www.twitter.com Video content provided by Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet has produced this video for the Canadian Tourism Commission. The Canadian Tourism Commission has had no influence over its content. The views expressed are those of Lonely Planet, told without fear or favour.
- published: 07 Mar 2012
- views: 3228
- author: canadiantourism
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba. With around 700000 people, the city has been a trading center for more than an astonishing 6000 years. Crowned by the famous Golden Boy, the Legislative Building is considered one of the finest in the country. Near the famous crossroads of Portage and Main is the theater district, which includes the Centennial Concert Hall, just across the street from City Hall.
http://wn.com/Winnipeg,_Manitoba,_Canada
Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba. With around 700000 people, the city has been a trading center for more than an astonishing 6000 years. Crowned by the famous Golden Boy, the Legislative Building is considered one of the finest in the country. Near the famous crossroads of Portage and Main is the theater district, which includes the Centennial Concert Hall, just across the street from City Hall.
- published: 01 Jan 2008
- views: 111917
- author: virtualcanada
UFO - (Ultimate Fishing Outing) Fishing Pickerel in Parkland Region Manitoba July 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:41
- Updated: 16 Aug 2012
My buddy catches fish "just like that" wherever he goes in Manitoba. Bass, Trout, Walleye / Pickerel, Northern Pike...IMO He's a pro-fisherman. He has a top end Lund fishing boat which makes it tough ..not to rule the lake. ;) Maybe he will share some tips and tricks next time.. I always have my camera around..waiting for good UFO footage..but all I share on this video is an "ultimate fishing outing" for Pickerel..at the lake where I have had most of my close encounters with UFOs (extraterrestrial crafts) and abductions by ET (the greys), in the parkland region of Manitoba. Peace.
http://wn.com/UFO_Ultimate_Fishing_Outing_Fishing_Pickerel_in_Parkland_Region_Manitoba_July_2012
My buddy catches fish "just like that" wherever he goes in Manitoba. Bass, Trout, Walleye / Pickerel, Northern Pike...IMO He's a pro-fisherman. He has a top end Lund fishing boat which makes it tough ..not to rule the lake. ;) Maybe he will share some tips and tricks next time.. I always have my camera around..waiting for good UFO footage..but all I share on this video is an "ultimate fishing outing" for Pickerel..at the lake where I have had most of my close encounters with UFOs (extraterrestrial crafts) and abductions by ET (the greys), in the parkland region of Manitoba. Peace.
- published: 18 Jul 2012
- views: 1099
- author: zzentityzz
Manitoba (Caribou) - Jacknuggeted
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Jacknuggeted EP Rip
http://wn.com/Manitoba_Caribou_Jacknuggeted
IDLE NO MORE - MANITOBA LEGISLATURE - WINNIPEG MANITOBA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
December 10, 2012 - Proud supporters from all nations, including Waywayseecappo, where a young youth soldier courageously opened the doors for other demonstrators to get into the Manitoba Legislature. Idle No More calls on all people to join in a revolution which honors and fulfills Indigenous sovereignty which protects the land and water. Colonization continues through attacks to Indigenous rights and damage to the land and water. We must repair these violations, live the spirit and intent of the treaty relationship, work towards justice in action, and protect Mother Earth.
http://wn.com/IDLE_NO_MORE_MANITOBA_LEGISLATURE_WINNIPEG_MANITOBA
December 10, 2012 - Proud supporters from all nations, including Waywayseecappo, where a young youth soldier courageously opened the doors for other demonstrators to get into the Manitoba Legislature. Idle No More calls on all people to join in a revolution which honors and fulfills Indigenous sovereignty which protects the land and water. Colonization continues through attacks to Indigenous rights and damage to the land and water. We must repair these violations, live the spirit and intent of the treaty relationship, work towards justice in action, and protect Mother Earth.
- published: 12 Dec 2012
- views: 589
- author: ATO ON-LINE
Building a strong travel experience Earth Rhythms, Manitoba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 14 Dec 2012
Earth Rhythms is working with partners to deliver relevant travel experiences to consumers.
http://wn.com/Building_a_strong_travel_experience_Earth_Rhythms,_Manitoba
Earth Rhythms is working with partners to deliver relevant travel experiences to consumers.
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 149
- author: CTCNewsNouvellesCCT
The Wilderness of Manitoba - November
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Live video produced and directed by Zuzana Hudackova. DP Kaan Akalin.
http://wn.com/The_Wilderness_of_Manitoba_November
Live video produced and directed by Zuzana Hudackova. DP Kaan Akalin.
- published: 16 Jun 2010
- views: 66202
- author: wildernessofmanitoba
Rob Ford says Detroit beside Manitoba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
Wed, Sep 19: During his first day on a trade mission to Chicago, Toronto Mayor Rob Ford mistakenly says Detroit neighbours Winnipeg, Manitoba during a conversation with a citizen. Jackson Proskow reports. For more info, please go to www.globaltoronto.com
http://wn.com/Rob_Ford_says_Detroit_beside_Manitoba
Wed, Sep 19: During his first day on a trade mission to Chicago, Toronto Mayor Rob Ford mistakenly says Detroit neighbours Winnipeg, Manitoba during a conversation with a citizen. Jackson Proskow reports. For more info, please go to www.globaltoronto.com
- published: 19 Sep 2012
- views: 10960
- author: GlobalToronto
Strange sounds 2012 manitoba canada (the pas)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
The trumpets have gone viral! :s . . . . Unreal doOode
http://wn.com/Strange_sounds_2012_manitoba_canada_the_pas
The trumpets have gone viral! :s . . . . Unreal doOode
- published: 15 Jan 2012
- views: 990008
- author: coopers204
HUGE MANITOBA TORNADO! June 23, 2007 -
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
**For the complete story, read INTO THE STORM** www.tornadovideos.net TornadoVideos.net storm chasers Reed Timmer and Dave Holder captured this huge, violent wedge tornado in southwest Manitoba on June 23, 2007. We were blasted by mud and flying corn stalks as the tornado crossed the road less than 200 yards away!
http://wn.com/HUGE_MANITOBA_TORNADO!_June_23,_2007_-
**For the complete story, read INTO THE STORM** www.tornadovideos.net TornadoVideos.net storm chasers Reed Timmer and Dave Holder captured this huge, violent wedge tornado in southwest Manitoba on June 23, 2007. We were blasted by mud and flying corn stalks as the tornado crossed the road less than 200 yards away!
- published: 24 Jun 2007
- views: 4250737
- author: TornadoVideosdotnet
The Wilderness of Manitoba - Morning Sun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Official video for the first single "Morning Sun" from The Wilderness of Manitoba's latest release "Island of Echoes" Buy "Island of Echoes" now on iTunes: ow.ly Zuzana Hudackova DIRECTOR James Klopko CINEMATOGRAPHER A special 'Thank You' goes out to our good friends at Steamwhistle!
http://wn.com/The_Wilderness_of_Manitoba_Morning_Sun
Official video for the first single "Morning Sun" from The Wilderness of Manitoba's latest release "Island of Echoes" Buy "Island of Echoes" now on iTunes: ow.ly Zuzana Hudackova DIRECTOR James Klopko CINEMATOGRAPHER A special 'Thank You' goes out to our good friends at Steamwhistle!
- published: 27 Sep 2012
- views: 6053
- author: wildernessofmanitoba
Second QuickCare Clinic Opens - November 23, 2012 - Winnipeg, Manitoba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 23 Nov 2012
www.ChrisD.ca Health Minister Theresa Oswald opens Winnipeg's second QuickCare Clinic meant to treat patients with minor ailments. The St. Boniface-area clinic is located at 17 St. Mary's Road.
http://wn.com/Second_QuickCare_Clinic_Opens_November_23,_2012_Winnipeg,_Manitoba
www.ChrisD.ca Health Minister Theresa Oswald opens Winnipeg's second QuickCare Clinic meant to treat patients with minor ailments. The St. Boniface-area clinic is located at 17 St. Mary's Road.
- published: 23 Nov 2012
- views: 79
- author: ChrisD204
Winnipeg, Manitoba (Canada) - Avec Robert Reid de Lonely Planet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
Rencontrez l'éditeur de voyage du Lonely Planet, Robert Reid. Robert a cueilli des baies, éclusé des bières et tracé son chemin à vélo partout au Canada, dans une quête pour découvrir le pays comme un local. Joignez-vous à Robert alors qu'il explore le côté canadien-français de Winnipeg, déguste l'unique cuisine franco-manitobaine et fait la connaissance d'une figure locale controversée, Louis Riel. Explorez le Canada des gens du coin : fr.explorecanadalikealocal.com Rejoignez-nous sur Facebook et Twitter www.facebook.com www.twitter.com Contenu vidéo fourni par Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet a réalisé cette vidéo pour la Commission canadienne du tourisme. La Commission canadienne du tourisme n'a eu aucune influence sur son contenu. Les opinions exprimées sont celles de Lonely Planet, exprimées sans crainte ni faveur.
http://wn.com/Winnipeg,_Manitoba_Canada_Avec_Robert_Reid_de_Lonely_Planet
Rencontrez l'éditeur de voyage du Lonely Planet, Robert Reid. Robert a cueilli des baies, éclusé des bières et tracé son chemin à vélo partout au Canada, dans une quête pour découvrir le pays comme un local. Joignez-vous à Robert alors qu'il explore le côté canadien-français de Winnipeg, déguste l'unique cuisine franco-manitobaine et fait la connaissance d'une figure locale controversée, Louis Riel. Explorez le Canada des gens du coin : fr.explorecanadalikealocal.com Rejoignez-nous sur Facebook et Twitter www.facebook.com www.twitter.com Contenu vidéo fourni par Lonely Planet: Lonely Planet a réalisé cette vidéo pour la Commission canadienne du tourisme. La Commission canadienne du tourisme n'a eu aucune influence sur son contenu. Les opinions exprimées sont celles de Lonely Planet, exprimées sans crainte ni faveur.
- published: 17 May 2012
- views: 720
- author: voyageCanada
Mass Fish Kill in canal near Lake Manitoba, Canada (June 17, 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 14 Oct 2012
www.cbc.ca Thousands of dead fish have surfaced in a canal near Lake Manitoba. The canal runs several kilometres between Lake St. Francis and Lake Manitoba. The area is near Twin Lakes Beach, which was devastated by flooding in 2011. As far as the eye can see down the channel are the white bellies of dead fish, mostly carp. "I'm told by locals they just started appearing yesterday," reporter Sean Kavanagh said. "The best explanation I've heard from experts so far is the fish got trapped by flooding last year and ran out of oxygen in the shallow cannel. "There are perhaps thousands of live fish still in the channel that may face a similar fate. I've got calls into provincial officials for more information, but likely this is part of the flood story from last year that just keeps on being told." (Zephaniah 1:2-3) "I will utterly consume all things from off the land, saith the Lord.I will consume man and beast; I will consume the fowls of the heaven, and the fishes of the sea, and the stumbling blocks with the wicked: and I will cut off man from off the land, saith the Lord." www.end-times-prophecy.org (Hosea 4:3) "Therefore shall the land mourn, and every one that dwelleth therein shall languish, with the beasts of the field, and with the fowls of heaven; yea, the fishes of the sea also shall be taken away." youtu.be
http://wn.com/Mass_Fish_Kill_in_canal_near_Lake_Manitoba,_Canada_June_17,_2012
www.cbc.ca Thousands of dead fish have surfaced in a canal near Lake Manitoba. The canal runs several kilometres between Lake St. Francis and Lake Manitoba. The area is near Twin Lakes Beach, which was devastated by flooding in 2011. As far as the eye can see down the channel are the white bellies of dead fish, mostly carp. "I'm told by locals they just started appearing yesterday," reporter Sean Kavanagh said. "The best explanation I've heard from experts so far is the fish got trapped by flooding last year and ran out of oxygen in the shallow cannel. "There are perhaps thousands of live fish still in the channel that may face a similar fate. I've got calls into provincial officials for more information, but likely this is part of the flood story from last year that just keeps on being told." (Zephaniah 1:2-3) "I will utterly consume all things from off the land, saith the Lord.I will consume man and beast; I will consume the fowls of the heaven, and the fishes of the sea, and the stumbling blocks with the wicked: and I will cut off man from off the land, saith the Lord." www.end-times-prophecy.org (Hosea 4:3) "Therefore shall the land mourn, and every one that dwelleth therein shall languish, with the beasts of the field, and with the fowls of heaven; yea, the fishes of the sea also shall be taken away." youtu.be
- published: 18 Jun 2012
- views: 3075
- author: ADRENALINEJUNKY -Jason Hendricks
Major Snowstorm to Hit Winnipeg Manitoba on Saturday November 10, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Updated: 18 Dec 2012
Major Snowstorm is Headed for Winnipeg for Saturday November 10, 2012 it will bring a lot of Snow and Northeast Winds it will have Blowing Snow and Whiteout Conditions and Cars and Trucks will get in the Car Accidents People in Winnipeg Be Prepared have your Winter Boots and Winter Jackets Ready and Order your Pizzas and Chinese Food because the Storm will bring a lot of snow in Winnipeg Area the Storm will also Affect Regina Saskatchewan, Brandon Manitoba, Portage La Prairie Manitoba and Highways will be Very Slippery and Snow Covered and when the Snowstorm is over the Temperature will go down to -19 Degrees Celsius the Weather in Winnipeg will be also Bitter Cold too Keep your Car Battery Warm with a Plug in to Keep the Battery Warm so your car can start and Get your winter tires on and The Side Streets in Winnipeg will be snow covered for sure and Have your Extra Batteries, Flashlights, Candles since the power will go out during the Snowstorm the Visibility will be near Zero for Winnipeg.
http://wn.com/Major_Snowstorm_to_Hit_Winnipeg_Manitoba_on_Saturday_November_10,_2012
Major Snowstorm is Headed for Winnipeg for Saturday November 10, 2012 it will bring a lot of Snow and Northeast Winds it will have Blowing Snow and Whiteout Conditions and Cars and Trucks will get in the Car Accidents People in Winnipeg Be Prepared have your Winter Boots and Winter Jackets Ready and Order your Pizzas and Chinese Food because the Storm will bring a lot of snow in Winnipeg Area the Storm will also Affect Regina Saskatchewan, Brandon Manitoba, Portage La Prairie Manitoba and Highways will be Very Slippery and Snow Covered and when the Snowstorm is over the Temperature will go down to -19 Degrees Celsius the Weather in Winnipeg will be also Bitter Cold too Keep your Car Battery Warm with a Plug in to Keep the Battery Warm so your car can start and Get your winter tires on and The Side Streets in Winnipeg will be snow covered for sure and Have your Extra Batteries, Flashlights, Candles since the power will go out during the Snowstorm the Visibility will be near Zero for Winnipeg.
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 96192
- author: dogsandwolves
Massive Transformers Moving to Riel Station - Manitoba Hydro
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:04
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
On Sunday, November 4, the first of three giant transformers began its move from a Winnipeg factory to its new home at Manitoba Hydro's Riel Station. Each transformer weighs over 175000 kilograms, measures 7 metres by 4 metres, and is valued at over $5 million. Each move takes 3 nights, traveling on a self-propelled modular transporter (SPMT) through Winnipeg and on highways south of the city along a route designed to avoid tight city streets and narrow overpasses. The SPMT is 34 metres long and 7.5 metres wide. It has 320 tires and stretches over 2 lanes of traffic as it travels at approximately 5 kilometres per hour. This SPMT is similar to the one used to move the space shuttle Endeavour through the streets of Los Angeles in October 2012.
http://wn.com/Massive_Transformers_Moving_to_Riel_Station_Manitoba_Hydro
On Sunday, November 4, the first of three giant transformers began its move from a Winnipeg factory to its new home at Manitoba Hydro's Riel Station. Each transformer weighs over 175000 kilograms, measures 7 metres by 4 metres, and is valued at over $5 million. Each move takes 3 nights, traveling on a self-propelled modular transporter (SPMT) through Winnipeg and on highways south of the city along a route designed to avoid tight city streets and narrow overpasses. The SPMT is 34 metres long and 7.5 metres wide. It has 320 tires and stretches over 2 lanes of traffic as it travels at approximately 5 kilometres per hour. This SPMT is similar to the one used to move the space shuttle Endeavour through the streets of Los Angeles in October 2012.
- published: 06 Nov 2012
- views: 1012
- author: ManitobaHydro
Manitoba (Original) by Daniela Andrade
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
I will definitely be reposting a more finished version of this probably longer...and just over all better i hope haha. I know this song is simple. But simple is good right? Thank you for being patient and waiting for a video! Who's excited for the long weekend?! I know I am :) Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com Tumblr: www.danielatumbls.tumblr.com online magazine spring issue i got interviewed for a bit ago! hope you enjoy issuu.com thank you for listening, for your love and all your support! I am forever grateful! good night/goodmorning/goodafternoon! -D
http://wn.com/Manitoba_Original_by_Daniela_Andrade
I will definitely be reposting a more finished version of this probably longer...and just over all better i hope haha. I know this song is simple. But simple is good right? Thank you for being patient and waiting for a video! Who's excited for the long weekend?! I know I am :) Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: www.twitter.com Tumblr: www.danielatumbls.tumblr.com online magazine spring issue i got interviewed for a bit ago! hope you enjoy issuu.com thank you for listening, for your love and all your support! I am forever grateful! good night/goodmorning/goodafternoon! -D
- published: 21 Apr 2011
- views: 32618
- author: DanielaSings
Trip Vlog #2 - Day 1 - Manitoba, Canada to North Carolina, USA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:18
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Trip_Vlog_2_Day_1_Manitoba,_Canada_to_North_Carolina,_USA
Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
- published: 05 Oct 2012
- views: 954
- author: truckerjosh456
MORE NOISES IN THE SKY!!! Winnipeg, Manitoba 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 08 Dec 2012
I was waiting for the bus this morning and the sound was back again! What's causing this sound? Does anyone know?? Thumbs up if this is weird!
http://wn.com/MORE_NOISES_IN_THE_SKY!!!_Winnipeg,_Manitoba_2012
I was waiting for the bus this morning and the sound was back again! What's causing this sound? Does anyone know?? Thumbs up if this is weird!
- published: 20 Jan 2012
- views: 9875
- author: djkwix2002
No Place Like Home: Housing in Manitoba
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
A short video about why housing is important and the housing issues facing people in Manitoba. (Winnipeg, MB 2012)
http://wn.com/No_Place_Like_Home_Housing_in_Manitoba
A short video about why housing is important and the housing issues facing people in Manitoba. (Winnipeg, MB 2012)
- published: 03 Aug 2012
- views: 861
- author: policyalternatives
photo: AP / Guang Niu, Pool
16 Dec 2012
Retired Col. Gen. Viktor Yesin yesterday wrapped up a visit to the United States during which he met with officials at the Pentagon, State Department as well as members of Congress warning about underestimating China’s tactical nuclear weapons buildup ... Yesin warns that U.S. and Western arms specialists are dramatically underestimating China’s nuclear arsenal ... Somewhere between the higher and lower estimates is no doubt the truth ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
16 Dec 2012
NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman in the Connecticut shooting rampage committed suicide as first responders closed in, the governor said Sunday, raising the specter that Adam Lanza had planned an even more gruesome massacre and was stopped short. Lanza blasted his way into the building and used a high-power rifle to kill 20 children and six adults, including the principal who tried to stop him, authorities said ... Among the questions ... H ... The Rev....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Charles Krupa
18 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Most people reason dramatically, not quantitatively." -Oliver Wendell Holmes. On the same day that a 20-year-old, described as brilliant but remote, walked into an elementary school in Connecticut and massacred 26 children and adults, the school where I teach went on "lock-down." Four students with a handgun were arrested ... That morning before school, he had posted on Twitter and Facebook....(size: 14.0Kb)
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
18 Dec 2012
An increasing number of US congressmen have called for a national dialogue about measures to curb gun violence following the shooting last week at a primary school in Connecticut that killed 26 people, including 20 children and six adults. White House officials have said that President Barack Obama would make preventing gun-related violence a priority in his second term in office and stricter laws would be part of the effort. ... ....(size: 19.2Kb)
photo: AP / Khalil Hamra
16 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "Fundamentalism is good for protest, good for revolution, and good for war, but not so good for development.". After a century of being persecuted and driven underground, mainly for their vibrant nationalism and their anti-imperialist and pro-Palestinian views, Egypt's Islamist Muslim Brotherhood has finally taken center-state ... Such actions will have to be avoided....(size: 6.9Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
December 18, 2012 Harper Government to Announce Support for Community Infrastructure in Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba. Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba - The Honourable Vic Toews, Minister of Public Safety, and Member of Parliament for Provencher, on behalf of the Honourable Lynne Yelich, Minister of State for Western ... Lac du Bonnet, Manitoba ... Winnipeg, Manitoba....(size: 2.2Kb)
CBC
19 Dec 2012
On Tuesday, Cablek said Manitoba's child and family services (CFS) workers who were involved in her custody battle with Maryk did not give her the support she needed. "CFS had said they were going to come to my court date ... "CFS Manitoba, a severely flawed organization, the Winnipeg Police and the family courts system failed us and at no point have they been held accountable," she wrote in a letter to federal politicians in Winnipeg ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. Western Economic Diversification Canada) Harper Government Invests in Improvements Powerview - Pine Falls' Community Infrastructure ... "Our Government is committed to creating jobs, growth and long-term prosperity in our communities," said Minister Toews ... "The Pool is a popular place during the summer," said Gord Watson, Mayor of Powerview-Pine Falls ... For more information, contact.. Gabriela Klimes ... Winnipeg, Manitoba. Telephone....(size: 3.6Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. Western Economic Diversification Canada). Today, Robert Sopuck, Member of Parliament for Dauphin-Swan River-Marquette, on behalf of the Honourable Lynne Yelich, Minister of State for Western Economic Diversification, announced federal funding under the Community Infrastructure Improvement Fund (CIIF) towards the Dauphin Community Curling Club ... For more information, contact.. Gabriela Klimes. Communications ... Winnipeg, Manitoba....(size: 3.6Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. Western Economic Diversification Canada). Today, the Honourable Vic Toews, Minister of Public Safety and Member of Parliament for Provencher, on behalf of the Honourable Lynne Yelich, Minister of State for Western Economic Diversification, announced federal funding for improvements to the Lac du Bonnet Regional Library under the Harper Government's Community Infrastructure Improvement Fund (CIIF) ... Winnipeg, Manitoba ... (noodl....(size: 3.6Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. City of Winnipeg) 2012 Holiday Season operating hours for City facilities and services. Released. 3.19 p.m. City of Winnipeg Offices ... Civic offices will also be closed on Tuesday, January, 1, 2013 (New Year's Day). Recycling/Garbage Collection Schedule for the Holiday Season ... Christmas Week ... 311@winnipeg.ca ... Winnipeg Transit and Manitoba Public Insurance are offering free transit service on Monday, December 31 (New Year's Eve)....(size: 16.1Kb)
noodls
19 Dec 2012
(Source. City of Winnipeg) 2012 Holiday Season operating hours for City facilities and services. Released. 3.19 p.m. City of Winnipeg Offices ... Civic offices will also be closed on Tuesday, January, 1, 2013 (New Year's Day). Recycling/Garbage Collection Schedule for the Holiday Season ... Friday, January 4 ... 311@winnipeg.ca ... Winnipeg Transit and Manitoba Public Insurance are offering free transit service on Monday, December 31 (New Year's Eve)....(size: 18.1Kb)
CBC
18 Dec 2012
The Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs has cancelled a meeting with provincial Tory leader Brian Pallister over his refusal to publicly condemn racist comments made by a party member ... of Manitoba in the wake of comments by Braydon Mazurkiewich, the Progressive Conservative Party's youth wing president....(size: 1.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
18 Dec 2012
WINNIPEG - Manitoba's top aboriginal leader has cancelled a meeting with the provincial Progressive Conservatives over a racist comment made by the former president of the party's youth wing....(size: 1.0Kb)
CBC
18 Dec 2012
CBC
18 Dec 2012
Ana's father, Jimmy Greene, is a jazz musician who was a faculty member at the University of Manitoba's school of music for three years before the family moved to Connecticut ... CT at Eva Clare Hall at the University of Manitoba ... ....(size: 1.1Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
18 Dec 2012
WINNIPEG - About 100 people held candles on a sub-zero Winnipeg night Monday to remember one of the victims of the mass shooting at a Connecticut elementary school ... Ana's mother, Nelba Marquez-Greene, was a therapist at the University of Winnipeg. Ana's father, Jimmy Greene, taught music at the University of Manitoba ... A second vigil in Winnipeg is planned for Tuesday night at the University of Manitoba. ....(size: 2.0Kb)
noodls
18 Dec 2012
has commenced its first ever drill program on the Company's 100% owned Buzz Lake Gold Project located near Snow Lake, Manitoba ... The Eastgate Gold Project - A high grade, low sulphidation epithermal gold system located near Fallon Nevada USA and The Buzz Lake Gold Project - A high grade, shear-hosted gold target located in the famed Snow Lake Camp in central Manitoba, Canada....(size: 6.0Kb)
This article is about the Canadian province. For other uses, see Manitoba (disambiguation).
| Manitoba |
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| Motto: Latin: Gloriosus et Liber ("Glorious and free") |
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| Capital | Winnipeg | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Largest city | Winnipeg | ||||
| Largest metro | Winnipeg | ||||
| Official languages | English & French (de jure) | ||||
| Demonym | Manitoban | ||||
| Government | |||||
| Type | Constitutional monarchy | ||||
| Lieutenant Governor | Philip S. Lee | ||||
| Premier | Greg Selinger (NDP) | ||||
| Legislature | Legislative Assembly of Manitoba | ||||
| Federal representation | In Canadian parliament | ||||
| House seats | 14 of 308 (4.5%) | ||||
| Senate seats | 6 of 105 (5.7%) | ||||
| Confederation | 15 July 1870 (5th) | ||||
| Area | Ranked 8th | ||||
| Total | 649,950 km2 (250,950 sq mi) | ||||
| Land | 548,360 km2 (211,720 sq mi) | ||||
| Water (%) | 101,593 km2 (39,225 sq mi) (15.6%) | ||||
| Proportion of Canada | 6.5% of 9,984,670 km2 | ||||
| Population | Ranked 5th | ||||
| Total (2011) | 1,208,268 [1] | ||||
| Density (2011) | 2.2 /km2 (5.7 /sq mi) | ||||
| GDP | Ranked 6th | ||||
| Total (2009) | C$50.973 billion[2] | ||||
| Per capita | C$38,001 (8th) | ||||
| Abbreviations | |||||
| Postal | MB | ||||
| ISO 3166-2 | CA-MB | ||||
| Time zone | UTC–6, (DST −5) | ||||
| Postal code prefix | R | ||||
| Flower |
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| Tree |
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| Bird |
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| Website | www.gov.mb.ca | ||||
| Rankings include all provinces and territories | |||||
Manitoba i/ˌmænəˈtoʊbə/ is a Canadian prairie province. The province, with an area of 649,950 square kilometres (250,900 sq mi), has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other major industries are transportation, manufacturing, mining, forestry, energy, and tourism.
Manitoba's capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, and home to 60 percent of the population of the province. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the highest court in the jurisdiction, the Manitoba Court of Appeal. Four of the province's five universities, all four of its professional sports teams, and most of its cultural activities are located in Winnipeg.
Fur traders first arrived during the late 17th century. Manitoba became a province of Canada in 1870 after the Red River Rebellion. A general strike took place in Winnipeg in 1919, and the province was hit hard by the Great Depression. This led to the creation of what would become the New Democratic Party of Manitoba, one of the province's major political parties and currently in power, led by premier Greg Selinger.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The name Manitoba (meaning "strait of the spirit" or "lake of the prairies") is believed to be derived from the Cree, Ojibwe or Assiniboine language.
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Manitoba
See also: List of protected areas of Manitoba
Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories to the north, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south. It adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province with a coastline.
Hydrography and terrain[link]
The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and contains over 110,000 lakes,[3] covering approximately 15.6 percent or 101,593 square kilometres (39,225 sq mi) of its surface area.[4] Manitoba's major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world and the largest located entirely within southern Canada.[5] Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on the east side of Lake Winnipeg are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site.[6]
Major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill Rivers. Most of Manitoba's inhabited south lies in the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz. This region, particularly the Red River Valley, is flat and fertile; there are hilly and rocky areas throughout the province left behind by receding glaciers.[7]
Baldy Mountain is the highest point in the province at 832 metres (2,730 ft) above sea level,[8] and the Hudson Bay coast is the lowest at sea level. Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills, Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield are also upland regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield, including Whiteshell, Atikaki, and Nopiming Provincial Parks.[9]
Extensive agriculture is found only in the southern half of the province, although there is grain farming in the Carrot Valley Region (near The Pas). The most common agricultural activity is cattle farming (34.6%), followed by assorted grains (19.0%) and oilseed (7.9%).[10] Around 12 percent of Canadian farmland is located in Manitoba.[11]
Climate[link]
Main article: Climate of Manitoba
Manitoba has an extreme continental climate; temperatures and precipitation generally decrease from south to north, and precipitation decreases from east to west.[12] Manitoba is far removed from the moderating influences of both mountain ranges and large bodies of water, and because of the generally flat landscape, it is exposed to cold Arctic high-pressure air masses from the northwest during January and February. In the summer, air masses sometimes come out of the Southern United States, as warm humid air is drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico.[13]
Southern parts of the province, located just north of Tornado Alley, experience tornadoes each year, with 15 confirmed touchdowns in 2006. In 2007, on 22 and 23 June, numerous tornadoes touched down, the largest of which was an F5 Tornado that devastated parts of Elie (the strongest officially recorded tornado in Canada).[14] Temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F) numerous times each summer, and the combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value to the mid-40s.[15] Carman, Manitoba holds the record for the highest humidex in Canada, with 53.0.[16]
According to Environment Canada, Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round, and ranked second for clearest skies in the summer and for sunniest province in the winter and spring.[17] Portage la Prairie has the most sunny days in summer in Canada; Winnipeg has the second-clearest skies year-round and is the second-sunniest city in Canada in the spring and winter.[18] Southern Manitoba has a long frost-free season of between 125 and 135 days in the Red River Valley,[19] decreasing to the northeast.
The northern sections of the province (including the city of Thompson) fall in the subarctic climate zone (Köppen climate classification Dfc). This region features long and extremely cold winters and brief, warm summers with little precipitation.[20] Overnight temperatures as low as −40 °C (−40 °F) occur on several days each winter.[20]
Southern Manitoba (including the city of Winnipeg), falls into the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfb). This area is cold and windy in the winter and frequently experiences blizzards because of the openness of the landscape. Summers are warm with a moderate length, and this region is the most humid area in the prairie provinces with moderate precipitation.
Southwestern Manitoba, though under the same climate classification as the rest of Southern Manitoba, is closer to the semi-arid interior of Palliser's Triangle. The area is drier and more prone to droughts than other parts of southern Manitoba.[21] This area is cold and windy in the winter and frequently experiences blizzards because of the openness of the landscape.[21] Summers are generally warm to hot, with low to moderate humidity.[21]
| City | July (°C) | July (°F) | January (°C) | January (°F) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pierson | 27/12 | 80/54 | -11/-21 | 13/-6 |
| Winnipeg | 26/13 | 79/55 | −13/−20 | 9/−4 |
| Portage la Prairie | 25/13 | 77/55 | −12/−23 | 10/−9 |
| Dauphin | 25/12 | 77/54 | −12/−23 | 10/−9 |
| Brandon | 25/11 | 77/52 | −13/−24 | 9/−11 |
| The Pas | 23/12 | 73/54 | −16/−26 | 3/−15 |
| Thompson | 23/9 | 73/48 | −19/−31 | −2/−24 |
| Churchill | 17/7 | 63/44 | -23/-31 | -9/-23 |
Flora and fauna[link]
The eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches of the province range through boreal coniferous forests, muskeg, Canadian Shield and a small section of tundra bordering Hudson Bay. Forests make up about 263,000 square kilometres (102,000 sq mi), or 48 percent, of the province's land area.[23] The forests consist of pines (mostly Jack Pine, some Red Pine), spruces (white, black), larch, poplars (Trembling Aspen, balsam poplar), birch (white, swamp) and small pockets of Eastern White Cedar.[23] The tallgrass prairie dominates the southern and particularly the southeastern parts of the province around the Red River Valley, and is notable for its endangered Western Prairie Fringed Orchid,[24][25] whereas the rest of the south and southwest is predominantly mixed grass prairie.
Manitoba is home to a diverse species of animals. The province is especially noted for its polar bear population; Churchill is commonly referred to as the "Polar Bear Capital".[26] Other large animals, such as moose, deer, and wolves, are common throughout the province, especially in the provincial and national parks. There is a large population of garter snakes near Narcisse; the dens there are home to the largest concentration of snakes in the world.[27] Manitoba has over 145 species of birds, including the Great Grey Owl, the province's official bird, and the endangered peregrine falcon.[28] Manitoba's lakes host 18 species of game fish, particularly species of trout, pike, and goldeye, as well as many smaller fish.[29]
History[link]
Main article: History of Manitoba
First Nations and European settlement[link]
The geographical area of modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest approximately 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area.[30] The Ojibwe, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, quartz was mined to make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.[31] The name "Manitoba" is likely derived from the languages of the Cree or Ojibwe, and means "strait of the Manitou (spirit)". It may also be from the Assiniboine for "Lake of the Prairie".[32]
In 1611, Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay, where he was abandoned by his crew.[33] The first European to reach present-day central and southern Manitoba was Sir Thomas Button, who travelled upstream along the Nelson River to Lake Winnipeg in 1612 in an unsuccessful attempt to find and rescue Hudson.[34] The Nonsuch, a British ship, sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668–1669, becoming the first trading vessel to reach the area; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company, which was given absolute control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed by the British government. This watershed was named Rupert's Land, after Prince Rupert, who helped to subsidize the Hudson's Bay Company.[35] York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French traders.[36]
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and trade.[37] As French explorers entered the area, a Montreal-based company, the North West Company, began trading with the Métis. Both the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company built fur-trading forts; the two companies competed in southern Manitoba, occasionally resulting in violence, until they merged in 1821 (the Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg preserve the history of this era).[35]
Great Britain secured the territory in 1763 as a result of their victory over France in the Seven Years' War (also known as the French and Indian War; 1754–1763). The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by Lord Selkirk, north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg, resulted in conflict between British colonists and the Métis.[38] Twenty colonists, including the governor, and one Métis were killed in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816.[39]
Confederation[link]
Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories; a lack of attention to Métis concerns caused Métis leader Louis Riel to establish a local provisional government as part of the Red River Rebellion. In response, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the Canadian House of Commons, the bill was given Royal Assent and Manitoba was brought into Canada as a province in 1870.[40] Louis Riel was pursued by British army officer Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion, and Riel fled into exile.[41] The Métis were blocked by the Canadian government in their attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta.[40]
Numbered Treaties were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of various First Nations that lived in the area. These treaties made specific promises of land for every family. As a result, a reserve system was established under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government.[42] The prescribed amount of land promised to the native peoples was not always given; this led to efforts by aboriginal groups to assert rights to the land through aboriginal land claims, many of which are still ongoing.[43]
The original province of Manitoba was a square one-eighteenth of its current size, and was known colloquially as the "postage stamp province".[44] Its borders were expanded in 1881, but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. Manitoba grew progressively, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories until it attained its current size by reaching 60°N in 1912.[44]
The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory. The Catholic Franco-Manitobans had been guaranteed a state-supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba, but a grassroots political movement among English Protestants from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of French schools. In 1890, the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for French Catholic schools.[45] The French Catholic minority asked the federal government for support; however, the Orange Order and other anti-Catholic forces mobilized nationwide to oppose them.[46]
The federal Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier, who opposed the remedial legislation because of his belief in provincial rights.[45] Once elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier implemented a compromise stating that Catholics in Manitoba could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis.[45]
Modern era[link]
By 1911, Winnipeg was the third largest city in Canada, and remained so until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s.[47] A boomtown, it grew quickly around the turn of the century, with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success.[48] The drop in growth in the second half of the decade was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, which reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade, as well as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the First World War.[49] Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the end of the war, 14 Manitobans had received the Victoria Cross.[50]
After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of radicalism, coupled with a polarization over the rise of Bolshevism in Russia.[51] The most dramatic result was the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919; as the workers gradually returned to their jobs, the Central Strike Committee decided to end the movement.[52]
Government efforts to violently crush the strike, including a Royal Northwest Mounted Police charge into a crowd of protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death, had led to the arrest of the movement's leaders.[52] In the aftermath, eight leaders went on trial, and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy, illegal combinations, and seditious libel; four were aliens who were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act.[53]
The Great Depression (1929–c.1939) hit especially hard in Western Canada, including Manitoba. The collapse of the world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification, moving away from a reliance on wheat production.[54] The Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, forerunner to the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), was founded in 1932.[55]
Canada entered the Second World War in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the Victory Loan campaign organized "If Day" in 1942. The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over C$65 million.[56]
Winnipeg was inundated during the 1950 Red River Flood and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "Flood of the Century" caused over C$400 million in damages in Manitoba, but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding.[57]
In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the Meech Lake Accord, a series of constitutional amendments to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act 1982. Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. Manitoba politician Elijah Harper, a Cree, opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed.[58]
Demography[link]
Main article: Demographics of Manitoba
At the 2011 census, Manitoba had a population of 1,208,268, more than half of which is in the Winnipeg Capital Region; Winnipeg is Canada's eighth-largest Census Metropolitan Area, with a population of 730,018 (2011 Census[59]). Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading, the last century has seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty-five percent of its population located in a single city.[60]
| City | 2011 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|
| Winnipeg | 663,617 | 633,451 |
| Brandon | 46,061 | 41,511 |
| Steinbach | 13,524 | 11,066 |
| Portage la Prairie | 12,996 | 12,728 |
| Thompson | 12,829 | 13,446 |
| Winkler | 10,670 | 9,106 |
| Selkirk | 9,834 | 9,515 |
| Dauphin | 8,251 | 7,906 |
| Table source: Statistics Canada | ||
Population of Manitoba since 1871
| Year | Population | Five Year % change |
Ten Year % change |
Rank Among Provinces |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1871 | 25,228 | n/a | n/a | 6 |
| 1881 | 62,260 | n/a | 146.8 | 6 |
| 1891 | 152,506 | n/a | 145 | 5 |
| 1901 | 255,211 | n/a | 67.3 | 5 |
| 1911 | 461,394 | n/a | 80.8 | 5 |
| 1921 | 610,118 | n/a | 32.2 | 4 |
| 1931 | 700,139 | n/a | 14.8 | 5 |
| 1941 | 729,744 | n/a | 4.2 | 6 |
| 1951 | 776,541 | n/a | 6.4 | 6 |
| 1956 | 850,040 | 9.5 | n/a | 6 |
| 1961 | 921,686 | 8.4 | 18.7 | 6 |
| 1966 | 963,066 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 5 |
| 1971 | 988,245 | 2.3 | 7.2 | 5 |
| 1976 | 1,021,505 | 3.4 | 6.1 | 5 |
| 1981 | 1,026,241 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 5 |
| 1986 | 1,063,015 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 5 |
| 1991 | 1,091,942 | 2.7 | 6.4 | 5 |
| 1996 | 1,113,898 | 2.0 | 4.8 | 5 |
| 2001 | 1,119,583 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 5 |
| 2006 | 1,148,401 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 5 |
| 2011 | 1,208,268 | 5.2 | 7.9 | 5 |
- Source: Statistics Canada[61][62]
According to the 2006 Canadian census,[59] the largest ethnic group in Manitoba is English (22.9%), followed by German (19.1%), Scottish (18.5%), Ukrainian (14.7%), Irish (13.4%), North American Indian (10.6%), Polish (7.3%), Métis (6.4%), French (5.6%), Dutch (4.9%), and Russian (4.0%). Almost one-fifth of respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".[63] There is a significant indigenous community: aboriginals (including Métis) are Manitoba's fastest-growing ethnic group, representing 13.6 percent of Manitoba's population as of 2001 (some reserves refused to allow census-takers to enumerate their populations).[64] There is a significant Franco-Manitoban minority (148,370) and a growing aboriginal population (192,865, including the Métis). Gimli, Manitoba is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland.[65]
Most Manitobans belong to a Christian denomination: on the 2001 census, 758,760 Manitobans (68.7%) reported being Christian, followed by 13,040 (1.2%) Jewish, 5,745 (0.5%) Buddhist, 5,485 (0.5%) Sikh, 5,095 (0.5%) Muslim, 3,840 (0.3%) Hindu, 3,415 (0.3%) Aboriginal spirituality and 995 (0.1%) pagan.[66] 201,825 Manitobans (18.3%) reported no religious affiliation.[66] The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 292,970 (27%); the United Church of Canada with 176,820 (16%); and the Anglican Church of Canada with 85,890 (8%).[66]
Economy[link]
See also: List of companies based in Manitoba
Manitoba has a moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources. Its Gross Domestic Product was C$50.834 billion in 2008.[2] The province's economy grew 2.4 percent in 2008, the third consecutive year of growth; in 2009, it neither increased nor decreased.[67][68] The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was C$25,100 (compared to a national average of C$26,500), ranking fifth-highest among the provinces.[69] As of October 2009, Manitoba's unemployment rate was 5.8 percent.[70]
Manitoba's economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, energy, oil, mining, and forestry. Agriculture is vital and is found mostly in the southern half of the province, although grain farming occurs as far north as The Pas. Around 12 percent of Canadian farmland is in Manitoba.[11] The most common type of farm found in rural areas is cattle farming (34.6%),[10] followed by assorted grains (19.0%) and oilseed (7.9%).[10]
Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans,[71] and one of the leading sources of potatoes. Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing center, and is home to the McCain Foods and Simplot plants, which provide French fries for McDonald's, Wendy's, and other commercial chains.[72] Can-Oat Milling, one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality.[73]
Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including crown corporations and services like hospitals and universities. Major private-sector employers are The Great-West Life Assurance Company, Cargill Ltd., and James Richardson and Sons Ltd.[74] Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers.[75] Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, which links to the shortest shipping route between North America, Europe and Asia.[76]
Economic history[link]
Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off the land. Aboriginal Nations (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province. After the arrival of the first European traders in the 17th century, the economy centred on the trade of beaver pelts and other furs.[77] Diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811,[78] though the triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization.[77]
HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became a province in 1870, all land became the property of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for farming.[77] Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to further diversification.[54]
Armed forces[link]
CFB Winnipeg is a Canadian Forces Base at the Winnipeg International Airport. The base is home to flight operations support divisions and several training schools, as well as the 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters.[79] 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based at CFB Winnipeg; the Wing has three squadrons and six schools.[80] It supports 113 units from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan/Alberta border, and from the 49th parallel north to the high Arctic. 17 Wing acts as a deployed operating base for CF-18 Hornet fighter–bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.[80]
The two 17 Wing squadrons based in the city are: the 402 ("City of Winnipeg" Squadron), which flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT-142 Dash 8 navigation trainer in support of the 1 Canadian Forces Flight Training School's Air Combat Systems Officer and Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs (which trains all Canadian Air Combat Systems Officer);[81] and the 435 ("Chinthe" Transport and Rescue Squadron), which flies the Lockheed C-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles, and is the only Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refueling of fighter aircraft.[80]
Canadian Forces Base Shilo (CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces located 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Brandon. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was designated as an Area Support Unit, acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency.[82] CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, and the Royal Canadian Artillery. The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI), which was originally stationed in Winnipeg (first at Fort Osborne, then in Kapyong Barracks), has operated out of CFB Shilo since 2004. CFB Shilo hosts training units such as the Western Area Training Centre Detachment Shilo and the Communications Reserve School. It serves as a base for support units of Land Force Western Area, including 731 Signals Squadron. The base currently houses 1,700 soldiers.[82]
Government and politics[link]
See also: Politics of Manitoba and Monarchy in Manitoba
After the control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba attained full-fledged rights and responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved out of the Northwest Territories.[83] The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on 14 July 1870. Political parties first emerged between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system (Liberals and Conservatives).[84] The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with the Liberals in 1932.[84] Other parties, including the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), appeared during the Great Depression; in the 1950s, Manitoban politics became a three-party system, and the Liberals gradually declined in power.[84] The CCF became the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), which came to power in 1969.[84] Since then, the Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant parties.[84]
Like all Canadian provinces, Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislative assembly.[85] The executive branch is formed by the governing party; the party leader is the premier of Manitoba, the head of the executive branch. The head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, who is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on advice of the Prime Minister.[86] The head of state is primarily a ceremonial role, although the Lieutenant Governor has the official responsibility of ensuring that Manitoba has a duly constituted government.[86]
The Legislative Assembly consists of the 57 Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba.[87] The premier of Manitoba is Greg Selinger of the NDP, who replaced Gary Doer to lead the NDP majority government of 37 seats.[88][89] The Conservative Party holds 19 seats, and the Liberal Party has one seat but does not have official party status in the Manitoba Legislature.[89] The last provincial general election was held on 4 October 2011.[89] The province is represented in federal politics by 14 Members of Parliament and six Senators.[90][91]
Manitoba's judiciary consists of the Court of Appeal, the Court of Queen's Bench, and the Provincial Court. The Provincial Court is primarily for criminal law; 95 percent of criminal cases in Manitoba are heard here.[92] The Court of Queen's Bench is the highest trial court in the province. It has four jurisdictions: family law (child and family services cases), civil law, criminal law (for indictable offences), and appeals. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both benches; its decisions can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.[93]
Official languages[link]
English and French are the official languages of the legislature and courts of Manitoba, according to §23 of the Manitoba Act, 1870 (part of the Constitution of Canada). In April 1890, the Manitoba legislature attempted to abolish the official status of French, and ceased to publish bilingual legislation. However, in 1985 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that §23 still applied, and that legislation published only in English was invalid (unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period to allow time for translation).[94]
Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature, legislation, and the courts, the Manitoba Act does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the executive branch (except when performing legislative or judicial functions).[95] Hence, Manitoba's government is not completely bilingual. The Manitoba French Language Services Policy of 1999 is intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both official languages.[96] According to the 2006 Census, 89.8 percent of Manitoba's population spoke only English, 0.2 percent spoke only French, 9.1 percent spoke both, and 0.9 percent spoke neither.[97]
Transportation[link]
Transportation and warehousing contribute approximately C$2.2 billion to Manitoba's GDP. Total employment in the industry is estimated at 34,500, or around 5 percent of Manitoba's population.[98] Trucks haul 95 percent of land freight in Manitoba, and trucking companies account for 80 percent of Manitoba's merchandise trade to the United States.[99] Five of Canada's twenty-five largest employers in for-hire trucking are headquartered in Manitoba.[99] C$1.18 billion of Manitoba's GDP comes directly or indirectly from trucking.[99]
Greyhound Canada, Grey Goose Bus Lines and Jefferson Lines offer domestic and international bus service from the Winnipeg Bus Terminal. The terminal was relocated from downtown Winnipeg to the airport in 2009, and is a Greyhound hub.[100] Municipalities also operate localized transit bus systems.
Manitoba has two Class I railways: Canadian National Railway (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Winnipeg is centrally located on the main lines of both carriers, and both maintain large inter-modal terminals in the city. CN and CPR operate a combined 2,439 kilometres (1,516 mi) of track in Manitoba.[99] Via Rail offers transcontinental and Northern Manitoba passenger service from Winnipeg's Union Station. Numerous small regional and short-line railways also run trains within Manitoba: the Hudson Bay Railway, the Southern Manitoba Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway, and Central Manitoba Railway. Together, these smaller lines operate approximately 1,775 kilometres (1,103 mi) of track in the province.[99]
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport, Manitoba's largest airport, is one of only a few 24-hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System.[101] A new, larger terminal opened in October 2011.[102] The airport handles approximately 195,000 tonnes (430,000,000 lb) of cargo annually, making it the third largest cargo airport in the country.[101]
Eleven regional passenger airlines and nine smaller and charter carriers operate out of the airport, as well as eleven air cargo carriers and seven freight forwarders.[99] Winnipeg is a major sorting facility for both FedEx and Purolator, and receives daily trans-border service from UPS.[99] Air Canada Cargo and Cargojet Airways use the airport as a major hub for national traffic.[99]
The Port of Churchill, owned by OmniTRAX, is nautically closer to ports in Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada.[76] The port is the only Arctic deep-water port in Canada and a part of the closest shipping route between North America and Asia.[76] It has four deep-sea berths for the loading and unloading of grain, general cargo and tanker vessels.[99] The port is served by the Hudson Bay Railway (also owned by OmniTRAX). Grain represented 90 percent of the port's traffic in the 2004 shipping season.[99] In that year, over 600,000 tonnes (1.3×109 lb) of agricultural products were shipped through the port.[99]
Education[link]
See also: Higher education in Manitoba and Manitoba Public Schools Act
The first school in Manitoba was founded in 1818 by Roman Catholic missionaries in present-day Winnipeg; the first Protestant school was established in 1820.[103] A provincial board of education was established in 1871; it was responsible for public schools and curriculum, and represented both Catholics and Protestants. The Manitoba Schools Question led to funding for French Catholic schools largely being withdrawn in favour of the English Protestant majority.[104] Legislation making education compulsory for children between seven and fourteen was first enacted in 1916, and the leaving age was raised to sixteen in 1962.[105]
Public schools in Manitoba fall under the regulation of one of thirty-seven school divisions within the provincial education system (except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools, which are administered by the federal government).[106] Public schools follow a provincially mandated curriculum in either French or English. There are sixty-five funded independent schools in Manitoba, including three boarding schools.[107] These schools must follow the Manitoban curriculum and meet other provincial requirements. There are forty-four non-funded independent schools, which are not required to meet those standards.[108]
There are five universities in Manitoba, regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy.[109] Four of these universities are in Winnipeg: the University of Manitoba, the largest and most comprehensive; the University of Winnipeg, a liberal arts school primarily focused on undergrad studies located downtown; Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, the province's only French-language university; and the Canadian Mennonite University, a religious-based institution. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818 and now affiliated with the University of Manitoba, is the oldest university in Western Canada. Brandon University, formed in 1899 and located in Brandon, is the province's newest university and the only one not in Winnipeg.[110]
Manitoba has thirty-eight public libraries; of these, twelve have French-language collections and eight have significant collections in other languages.[111] Twenty-one of these are part of the Winnipeg Public Library system. The first lending library in Manitoba was founded in 1848.[112]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Manitoba
Arts[link]
Manitoba's culture has been influenced by both traditional (Aboriginal and Métis) and modern Canadian artistic values, as well as by the cultures of its immigrant populations and American neighbours. The Minister of Culture, Heritage, Tourism and Sport is responsible for promoting and, to some extent, financing Manitoban culture.[113] Manitoba is the birthplace of the Red River Jig, a combination of aboriginal pow-wows and European reels that was popular among early settlers.[114] Manitoba's traditional music has strong roots in Métis and Aboriginal culture, in particular the old-time fiddling of the Métis.[115] Manitoba's cultural scene also incorporates classical European traditions. The Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB), based in Winnipeg, is Canada's oldest ballet and the longest continuously operating ballet company in North America; it was granted its royal title in 1953 under Queen Elizabeth II.[116] The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra (WSO) performs classical music and new compositions at the Centennial Concert Hall.[117] Manitoba Opera, founded in 1969, also performs out of the Centennial Concert Hall.
Le Cercle Molière (founded 1925) is the oldest French-language theatre in Canada,[118] and Manitoba Theatre Centre (founded 1958) is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre.[119] Manitoba Theatre for Young People was the first English-language theatre to win the Canadian Institute of the Arts for Young Audiences Award, and offers plays for children and teenagers as well as a theatre school.[120] The Winnipeg Art Gallery (WAG), Manitoba's largest art gallery and the sixth largest in the country, hosts an art school for children; the WAG's permanent collection comprises over twenty thousand works, with a particular emphasis on Manitoban and Canadian art.[121][122]
The 1960s pop supergroup The Guess Who was the first Canadian band to have a No. 1 hit in the United States;[123] Guess Who guitarist Randy Bachman later created Bachman–Turner Overdrive (BTO).[124] Fellow rocker Neil Young played with Stephen Stills in Buffalo Springfield, and again in Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.[125] Soft-rock band Crash Test Dummies formed in the late 1980s in Winnipeg and were the 1992 Juno Awards Group of the Year.[126]
Several prominent Canadian films were produced in Manitoba, such as The Stone Angel, based on the Margaret Laurence book of the same title, The Saddest Music in the World, Foodland, For Angela, and My Winnipeg. Major films shot in Manitoba include The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Capote,[127] both of which received Academy Award nominations.[128] Falcon Beach, an internationally broadcast television drama, was filmed at Winnipeg Beach, Manitoba.[129]
Manitoba has a strong literary tradition. Manitoban writer Bertram Brooker won the first-ever Governor General's Award for Fiction in 1936.[130] Cartoonist Lynn Johnston, author of the comic strip For Better or For Worse, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame.[131] Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel and A Jest of God were set in Manawaka, a fictional town representing Neepawa; the latter title won the Governor General's Award in 1966.[132] Carol Shields won both the Governor General's Award and the Pulitzer Prize for The Stone Diaries.[133] Gabrielle Roy, a Franco-Manitoban writer, won the Governor General's Award three times.[130] A quote from her writings is featured on the Canadian $20 bill.[134]
Festivals and museums[link]
File:Folk05scot.jpg
Folklorama 2005, Scottish Pavilion
Festivals take place throughout the province, with the largest centred in Winnipeg. The Festival du Voyageur is an annual ten-day event held in Winnipeg's French Quarter, and is Western Canada's largest winter festival.[135] It celebrates Canada's fur-trading past and French-Canadian heritage and culture. Folklorama, a multicultural festival run by the Folk Arts Council, receives around 400,000 pavilion visits each year, of which about thirty percent are from non-Winnipeg residents.[135][136] The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual alternative theatre festival, the second-largest festival of its kind in North America (after the Edmonton International Fringe Festival).[137]
Manitoban museums document different aspects of the province's heritage. The Manitoba Museum is the largest museum in Manitoba and focuses on Manitoban history from prehistory to the 1920s.[138] The full-size replica of the Nonsuch is the museum's showcase piece.[139] The Manitoba Children's Museum at The Forks presents exhibits for children.[140] There are two museums dedicated to the native flora and fauna of Manitoba: the Living Prairie Museum, a tall grass prairie preserve featuring 160 species of grasses and wildflowers, and FortWhyte Alive, a park encompassing prairie, lake, forest and wetland habitats, home to a large herd of bison.[141] The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre houses the largest collection of marine reptile fossils in Canada.[142] Other museums feature the history of aviation, marine transport, and railways in the area. The Canadian Museum for Human Rights will on completion be the first Canadian national museum outside of the National Capital Region.[143]
Media[link]
Winnipeg has three daily newspapers: the Winnipeg Free Press, a broadsheet with the highest circulation numbers in Manitoba, as well as the Winnipeg Sun and Metro, both smaller tabloid-style papers. There are several ethnic weekly newspapers,[144] including the weekly French-language La Liberté, and regional and national magazines based in the city. Brandon has two newspapers: the daily Brandon Sun and the weekly Wheat City Journal.[145] Many small towns have local newspapers.[146]
There are five English-language television stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. The Global Television Network (owned by Canwest) is headquartered in the city.[147] Winnipeg is home to twenty-one AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations.[148] Brandon's five local radio stations are provided by Astral Media and Westman Communications Group.[148] In addition to the Brandon and Winnipeg stations, radio service is provided in rural areas and smaller towns by Golden West Broadcasting, Corus Entertainment, and local broadcasters. CBC Radio broadcasts local and national programming throughout the province.[149] Native Communications is devoted to Aboriginal programming and broadcasts to many of the isolated native communities as well as to larger cities.[150]
Sports[link]
Manitoba has four professional sports teams: the Winnipeg Blue Bombers (Canadian Football League), the Winnipeg Jets (National Hockey League), the Winnipeg Goldeyes (American Association), and the Winnipeg Alliance (Canadian Major Indoor Soccer League). The province was previously home to another team called the Winnipeg Jets, which played in the World Hockey Association and National Hockey League from 1972 until 1996, when financial troubles prompted a sale and move of the team, renamed the Phoenix Coyotes.[151] The team returned as the Winnipeg Jets, after True North Sports & Entertainment bought the Atlanta Thrashers and was moved to Winnipeg in time for the 2011 hockey season.[152] Manitoba has one major junior-level hockey team, the Western Hockey League's Brandon Wheat Kings.
Manitoba is represented in university athletics by the University of Manitoba Bisons, the University of Winnipeg Wesmen, and the Brandon University Bobcats. All three teams compete in the Canada West Universities Athletic Association (the regional division of Canadian Interuniversity Sport).[153]
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- ^ Brawn, Dale. The Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1870–1950: A Biographical History. University of Toronto Press; 2006. ISBN 978-0-8020-9225-0. p. 16–20.
- ^ Hebert, Raymond M. Manitoba's French-Language Crisis: A Cautionary Tale. McGill-Queen's University Press; 2005. ISBN 978-0-7735-2790-4. p. xiv–xvi, 11–12, 30, 67–69.
- ^ In [1992] 1 S.C.R. 221–222 Umontreal.ca, the Supreme Court rejected the contentions of the Société franco-manitobaine that §23 extends to executive functions of the executive branch.
- ^ Government of Manitoba. Manitoba Francophone Affairs Secretariat [cited 29 October 2009].
- ^ Statistics Canada. Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory (2006 Census); 11 December 2007 [cited 8 March 2010].
- ^ Government of Manitoba. Employment [cited 28 October 2009].
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Government of Manitoba. Transportation & Logistics [cited 28 October 2009].
- ^ CBC News. Winnipeg bus depot to move after 45 years downtown; 14 August 2009 [cited 31 January 2010].
- ^ a b Government of Manitoba. Transportation: Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport [cited 28 October 2009].
- ^ Winnipeg Airports Authority. Winnipeg Airports Authority Officially Opens Community's New Front Door; 2011-10-31 [cited 2012-03-09].
- ^ Badertscher, John M. Religious Studies in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Wilfrid Laurier University Press; 1993. ISBN 978-0-88920-223-8. p. 8.
- ^ Bale, Gordon. Law, Politics, and the Manitoba School Question: Supreme Court and Privy Council. Canadian Bar Review. 1985;63(461):467–473.
- ^ Oreopoulos, Philip. Oreopoulos. Conference on Education, Schooling and The Labour Market. May 2003:9.
- ^ Hajnal, Vivian J. Saving America's School Infrastructure. Information Age Publishing; 2003. ISBN 978-1-931576-17-8. Canadian Approaches to the Financing of School Infrastructure. p. 57–58.
- ^ Government of Manitoba. Funded Independent Schools [cited 12 November 2009].
- ^ Government of Manitoba. Non-Funded Independent Schools [cited 12 November 2009].
- ^ Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. Canadian Universities [cited 8 October 2008].
- ^ AUCC. Founding Year and Joining Year of AUCC Member Institutions; 2 November 2009 [cited 2 February 2010].
- ^ Manitoba Library Association. Directory of libraries in Manitoba [cited 29 October 2009].
- ^ Winnipeg Public Library: A Capsule History. Winnipeg Public Library; 1988.
- ^ Government of Manitoba. Culture, Heritage and Tourism [cited 11 April 2011].
- ^ Bolton, David. The Red River Jig. Manitoba Pageant. September 1961;7(1).
- ^ Lederman, Anne. Old Indian and Metis Fiddling in Manitoba: Origins, Structure, and Questions of Syncretism. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies. 1988;7(2):205–230.
- ^ Dafoe, Christopher. Dancing through time: the first fifty years of Canada's Royal Winnipeg Ballet. Portage & Main Press; 1990. ISBN 978-0-9694264-0-0. p. 4, 10, 154.
- ^ Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra. More About the WSO; 2008 [archived 4 May 2008; cited 23 February 2010].
- ^ Moss, Jane. The Drama of Identity in Canada's Francophone West. American Review of Canadian Studies. Spring 2004;34(1):82–83.
- ^ Hendry, Thomas B. Trends in Canadian Theatre. The Tulane Drama Review. Autumn 1965;10(1):65.
- ^ Manitoba Theatre for Young People. About Us [cited 11 April 2011].
- ^ University of Manitoba. Winnipeg Art Gallery [cited 8 November 2009].
- ^ Winnipeg Art Gallery. History; 2009 [cited 8 November 2009].
- ^ Elliott, Robin. Before the Gold Rush: Flashbacks to the Dawn of the Canadian Sound. CAML Review. December 1998;26(3):26–27.
- ^ Melhuish, Martin. Bachman-Turner Overdrive: Rock Is My Life, This Is My Song. Methuen Publications; 1976. ISBN 978-0-8467-0104-0. p. 74.
- ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. Neil Young; 2007 [cited 23 February 2010].
- ^ Bianco, David P. Parents aren't supposed to like it. 2 ed. Vol. 1. U*X*L; 2001. ISBN 978-0-7876-1732-5. p. 42.
- ^ Manitoba Film & Music. Who's filmed here? [cited 11 November 2009].
- ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 80th Annual Academy Awards Oscar Nominations Fact Sheet [cited 11 November 2009].
- ^ St. Germain, Pat. Falcon Beach filming again in Manitoba. 21 June 2006 [cited 11 November 2009]. Winnipeg Sun.
- ^ a b Canada Council for the Arts. Cumulative List of Winners of the Governor General's Literary Awards; 2008 [cited 11 November 2009].
- ^ Astor, Dave. Editor & Publisher. Lynn Johnston to Enter Canadian Cartoonists' Hall of Fame on Friday; 6 August 2008 [archived 6 August 2008; cited 5 September 2008].
- ^ Rosenthal, Caroline. Collective Memory and Personal Identity in the Prairie town of Manawaka. In: Reingard M. Nischik. The Canadian Short Story: Interpretations. Camden House; 2007. ISBN 978-1-57113-127-0. p. 219.
- ^ Werlock, Abby. Carol Shields's the Stone Diaries. Continuum; 2001. ISBN 978-0-8264-5249-8. p. 69.
- ^ Bank of Canada. Gabrielle Roy, Canadian author of the quotation on the back of the new $20 note [cited 2 April 2012].
- ^ a b Selwood, John. The lure of food: food as an attraction in destination marketing in Manitoba, Canada. In: Hall, C Michael; Sharples, Liz; Mitchell, Richard; Macionis, Niki; Cambourne, Brock. Food Tourism Around The World: Development, Management and Markets. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2003. ISBN 978-0-7506-5503-3. p. 180–182.
- ^ Folklorama. FAQs [cited 11 November 2009].
- ^ Woosnam, Kyle M; McElroy, Kerry E; Van Winkle, Christine M. The Role of Personal Values in Determining Tourist Motivations: An Application to the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival, a Cultural Special Event. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management. July 2009;18(5):500–502.
- ^ Dutton, Lee S. Anthropological Resources: A Guide to Archival, Library, and Museum Collections. Routledge; 1999. ISBN 978-0-8153-1188-1. p. 6–9.
- ^ Barbour, Alex; Collins, Cathy; Grattan, David. Monitoring the Nonsuch. LIC-CG Annual Conference. 1986;12:19–21.
- ^ Manitoba Children's Museum. About MCM [cited 11 November 2009].
- ^ Stewart, Jane. Winnipeg: a big city with the heart of a small town. Canadian Medical Association Journal. April 1986;134(7):810.
- ^ Janzic, A; Hatcher, J. Late Cretaceous Marine Reptile Fossils of the Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre. Vol. Abstracts Volume. Mount Royal College; 2008. (Alberta Palaeontological Society, Twelfth Annual Symposium). p. 28.
- ^ Carter, Jennifer. Canada at the "Crossroads": Global Citizenship, Narrative History, and The Canadian Museum for Human Rights. Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings. 2007;(31):81.
- ^ Collections Canada. Canadian Ethnic Newspapers Currently Received [cited 17 July 2009].
- ^ Economic Development Brandon. Local Media [cited 11 November 2009].
- ^ Legislative Library. Current Newspapers at the Library [cited 23 February 2010].
- ^ Carlin, Vincent A. No Clear Channel: The Rise and Possible Fall of Media Convergence. In: Frits Pannekoek, David Taras, Maria Bakardjieva. How Canadians communicate. Vol. 1. University of Calgary Press; 2003. ISBN 978-1-55238-104-5. p. 59–60.
- ^ a b Fresh Traffic Group. Winnipeg Radio; 2008 [cited 11 November 2009].
- ^ Smith, John H. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. International Communication Gazette. 1969;15:139–143.
- ^ Buddle, Kathleen. Aboriginal Cultural Capital Creation and Radio Production in Urban Ontario. Canadian Journal of Communication. 2005;30(1):29–30.
- ^ Helyar, John. Latest Example of an NHL Trend Is the Flight of the Winnipeg Jets. 26 April 1996 [cited 22 May 2009]. The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Traikos, Michael. It's official: the Winnipeg Jets are back. 24 June 2011 [cited 8 March 2012]. National Post.
- ^ Canada West Universities Athletic Association. About Canada West; 2006 [cited 11 April 2011].
Further reading[link]
 |
Book: Canada |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Donnelly, MS. The Government of Manitoba. University of Toronto Press; 1963.
- Hanlon, Christine; Edie, Barbara; Pendgracs, Doreen. Manitoba Book of Everything. MacIntyre Purcell Publishing Inc; 2008. ISBN 978-0-9784784-5-2.
- Whitcomb, Ed. A Short History of Manitoba. Canada's Wings; 1982. ISBN 978-0-920002-15-5.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Robert Ford, see Robert Ford (disambiguation).
| Robert Ford | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 64th Mayor of Toronto | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office December 1, 2010 |
|
| Preceded by | David Miller |
| Toronto City Councillor for (Ward 2) Etobicoke North | |
| In office November 14, 2000 – October 25, 2010 |
|
| Preceded by | Elizabeth Brown |
| Succeeded by | Doug Ford, Jr. |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1969-05-28) May 28, 1969 (age 43) Etobicoke, Ontario |
| Political party | Independent (2000 – present) Note: Municipal politicians in Toronto run on a Nonpartisan basis |
| Other political affiliations |
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario[1] |
| Spouse(s) | Renata Brejniak (m. 2000) |
| Children | 2 |
| Residence | Toronto |
| Profession | Politician |
Robert Bruce "Rob" Ford (born May 28, 1969) is a Canadian politician and businessman. He is the 64th and current Mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was first elected to city council in the 2000 Toronto municipal election, and was re-elected to his council seat in 2003 and again in 2006. Ford was elected Mayor in the 2010 mayoral election, and took office on December 1 of that year. Ford's father Doug Ford, Sr. was also a politician and his brother Doug is a Toronto city councillor.
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Born in Etobicoke, Ford is the youngest of four children of Diane and Doug Ford, Sr.. Ford Sr. was the founder of DECO Labels and Tags, which makes pressure-sensitive labels for plastic-wrapped grocery products at an estimated $100 million in annual sales.[2] Ford Sr. later became a Member of the Ontario Legislature in the Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris.[3] Not long after Rob Ford's birth in 1969, the success of the family business allowed the family to build a six-bedroom home in Etobicoke, which has a full-sized swimming pool and gardens that can host nearly a thousand visitors.[2]
While growing up, Ford attended the public Scarlett Heights Collegiate,[4] where he played centre for the football team. Ford dreamed of becoming a professional football player and his father paid for Ford to attend special camps of the Washington Redskins and the University of Notre Dame. After graduating from high school, Ford went to Carleton University (studying political science), where he made the football squad, but did not play in any games.[2] When Ford left Carleton after one year to return to Toronto, he did not return to active football. Ford continues to be involved in football, coaching the Don Bosco Catholic Secondary School's football team since 2001. Ford has donated $20,000 to equip the Don Bosco team and has started a foundation to fund teams at other schools struggling to field football teams.[5]
After Carleton, Ford returned home and started a sales job at the printing business.[2] After his father's death in 2006, Ford, along with his brothers and his mother continue to control the DECO Labels and Tags company.[2] Ford resides in Etobicoke with his wife Renata and their daughter and son. Ford supports the Salvation Army's Red Shield Appeal, Terry Fox Foundation, Heart and Stroke Foundation, Etobicoke Chamber of Commerce, Toronto Board of Trade and the Toronto West Rotary Club.[6]
City councillor[link]
Ford was first elected to Toronto City Council in 2000, defeating incumbent Elizabeth Brown in Ward 2 Etobicoke North.[6] Ward 2 is located in the north-west corner of the city in the former city of Etobicoke. The ward's population of over 50,000 in 2006 was 53% composed of immigrants, the largest group being South Asians. It is mixed in nature with 40% of dwellings being single-family detached homes and 35% being high-rise apartments.[7] It is also known as an area that has seen gang violence, including six murders in 2000.[8]Ford had previously resided in the ward, but moved in 2000 prior to the election, after his marriage, to Ward 4.
One of the first concerns of the newly-elected councillor was raised in the 2001 budget deliberations. Ford proposed a cut to each councillor's $200,000 office budget, money for travel to conferences, ending city limousine usage and club memberships. "If we wiped out the perks for council members, we'd save $100 million easy."[9] Ford would continue to focus on spending on councillors throughout his term as councillor.[10]
Ford made a point of not using his allotted city budget for his office expenses, paying for the expenses from his salary. He claimed $10 for his first year, and $4 for his second year. "All this office budget stuff is self-promotion to benefit yourself." On flyers for events and meetings: "Why should the taxpayers have to pay for it? It boggles my mind."[11]
In 2003, Ford supported increased funding for the TTC. He also supported the inquiry into the MFP scandal.
In the 2003 municipal election, Ford endorsed twelve political candidates on a platform of fiscal responsibility to take on fellow councillors: "We just need to get rid of these life-long politicians that just give out money to special interest groups and don't serve the community. I'm really teed off. We need to get a new council or this city is going to go down the drain."[12] Ford targetted Brian Ashton, Maria Augimeri, Sandra Bussin, Olivia Chow, Pam McConnell, Howard Moscoe[13] and Sherene Shaw.[12] Shaw did go down in defeat to Ford's future budget chief Michael Del Grande,[14] while the rest were re-elected. Ford himself was re-elected with 80% of the vote in Ward 2.[14]
In the 2006 election, he won again, this time with 66% of the vote.[15]
Toronto mayoral election[link]
Main article: Toronto mayoral election, 2010
Ford declared his candidacy for Mayor of Toronto in the 2010 election on March 26, 2010. Councillor Mike Del Grande says of Ford: "He’s very popular with ‘Joe Public.’ He’s definitely a contender, not a wild card."[16] At the campaign kickoff meeting, Ford laid out his platform, organized into four main themes: "putting people and families first, focusing on the fundamentals, reducing waste and eliminating unnecessary taxes." Among his campaign promises, he said that he would repeal the vehicle registration and land transfer taxes implemented by current mayor, David Miller, and make the Toronto Transit Commission an essential service. During his campaign, he promised voters " services will not be cut, guaranteed". While in office, he qualified this statement to no major service reductions, and called none of his changes cuts.[17] Ford's campaign used a novel approach for Toronto which worked effectively, despite “the conventional wisdom [that] conservatives don’t win in Toronto”. His staff disregarded the conventional strategy of placing emphasis on target seats and focusing only on certain areas, which is used at the national, provincial and mainstream party level. Instead, his campaign bypassed traditional media outlets, using telephone town halls to call some 40,000 homes simultaneously and invite respondents to a talk-radio-style event hosted by Ford. This created grassroots momentum and facilitated small donations and grew the campaign’s database.[18]
Ford campaigned on ending wasteful spending at City Hall, and his slogans such as "Stop the Gravy Train" and “respect for taxpayers” resonated with the public.[19] His campaign's extensive internal polls showed that wasteful spending at City Hall was one of the biggest concerns among voters, although that "seemed to be the last thing any of the other candidates were talking about". Ford also pledged to do away with the city's century-old fair-wage policy, which required that private contractors be paid the same as union employees. It was said that Ford successfully tapped into recession-weary “ordinary” people who comprise the bulk of the population Toronto, who were angry at perceived financial mismanagement at City Hall and powerful city employee unions with generous benefits and pension plans.[20] Ford's message of putting taxpayers’ interests before that of labour and special interests was also said to have attracted wide support among diverse immigrant communities in the inner-city and suburbs (whose demographics contrast sharply with the "urbane creative class" of The Beach and the Annex neighborhoods). By contrast, "people knew precisely nothing about what George Smitherman stood for", according to a spokesman for George Smitherman who was considered Ford's chief opponent.[18][21][22]
Rival George Smitherman and other political opponents attempted to make an issue of Ford's past controversial statements and incidents. However, these did little to hurt Ford's popularity. A pollster found that "one middle-aged woman explained that she would overlook personality failings in a mayor – as long as he didn’t waste her taxes".[23][24] According to campaign staffers Richard Ciano and Nick Kouvalis, these personal attacks were turned into advantages by the Ford campaign, portraying rivals making these personal attacks as "trying to keep the gravy train going".[18] The barbs directed at Ford generated more donations to his campaign. So did his lack of sophistication. According to Kovalis "our polling said, don't put him in a $2,000 suit."[18] The revelation of Ford's DUI conviction in Florida, and his subsequent public apology, led to an increase in support for Ford.[18]
In June 2010, Ford and fellow councillors criticized retiring Kyle Rae for holding a retirement party at the Rosewater Club and billing the $12,000 cost to his office budget. Rae said that unspent campaign funds he was forced to turn over the city more than covered the cost, but critics pointed out that the campaign money was not his to spend. This example was used by Ford as an example of the "Gravy Train" at City Hall.[25][26][27]
On August 17, 2010, The National Post reported that a computer user inside the Toronto Star company made edits to the Wikipedia article about Ford that his campaign considered "very serious libel" and copyright infringement. Bob Hepburn, a Toronto Star spokesman, denied responsibility for the edits. "The Toronto Star owns a couple of these IP portals and they come under Toronto Star Newspapers Limited, which is a broader thing. The Toronto Star itself has a separate portal," said Hepburn.[28]
A Nanos Research poll, published on September 19, 2010, showed Ford doubling his lead from 12% to 24.5% over second-place candidate Smitherman (45.8% to 21.3% of decided voters).[29] The Nanos Research Poll asked 1021 "likely voters" from September 14 and 16 with Rob Ford receiving 34.4% of likely voters, Smitherman 16%, Joe Pantalone 12% and undecided voters at 25%.[30] A Global News Ipsos-Reid poll released Monday, September 27 showed Ford's lead diminishing at 28 per cent, with George Smitherman at 23 per cent, Joe Pantalone (who pledged to continue the policies of outgoing mayor David Miller) at 10 per cent, and Rocco Rossi and Sarah Thomson (who dropped from the race on September 28 and endorsed Smitherman) at seven per cent each.[31][32] On October 22., an EKOS Research Poll found Ford with an 8 per cent lead over second place Smitherman in decided voters; 43.9% to 35.6%.[33]
Ford also criticized Smitherman's previous record as provincial minister of health, where Smitherman had been responsible for approving most of the sole-sourced contracts before the scandal of eHealth Ontario erupted. A Ford spokesman said "the voters and the taxpayers of Toronto are going to get a very clear message from this information today that George Smitherman has no fiscal credibility to be mayor of Toronto. He is incapable of handling a budget".[34][35]
Ford was elected mayor with 380,201 votes (47%) over Smitherman's 287,393 (35.6%) and Pantalone with 94,840 (11.7%). The voter turnout was around 52% of registered voters, the highest in Toronto's post-amalgamation history. Ford's 11% margin of victory was the largest for any incoming mayor in post-amalgamation history, roughly double that of Mel Lastman in 1997 and David Miller in 2003.[22] While ward-by-ward electoral results showed that Ford had won all the suburbs compared to Smitherman who topped (old Toronto) districts, Ford also received significicant support (80000 votes) from the "Downtown 13” wards which made up over 20% of his total votes. By contrast, 60% of Smitherman's strongholds were located in Ward 27 and 28, which makes up his former provincial MPP riding.[citation needed]
Mayor[link]
After the election, Ford had outgoing councillor Case Ootes, a former City of Toronto budget chief, head the "transition team." From his campaign team, Ford named Nick Kouvalos as his chief of staff,[36] and Mark Towhey, who had drafted his campaign platform, as his policy advisor.[37] Doug Holyday, who had helped elect Doug Ford Sr., was named Deputy Mayor.[38] For the Executive Committee of City Council, Ford named councillors who had endorsed him in his campaign. For the inauguration ceremony at the first meeting of the new Council, Ford had television commentator (and Mississauga resident) Don Cherry introduce him and put the chain of office on him. Cherry, known for his audacious suits, wore a pink suit and garnered some controversy with his remarks. Cherry described how Ford had reversed a mistake of City staff cutting down a tree of a Toronto property owner for no good reason and then billing the property owner, who suffered from Alzheimer's. Cherry, for colour, added "Put that in your pipe you left-wing kooks" and "I’m wearing pinko for all the pinkos out there that ride bicycles and everything, I thought I’d get it in."[39]
In May 2011, a three-member panel unanimously voted to proceed with an audit of the Mayor's campaign finances after election fraud complaints were made.[40] In February 2012, a Council meeting debated a judgement of the City of Toronto's integrity commissioner, over a matter that the Ford campaign had accepted $3,500 on behalf of a foundation that supports high school football, which was against election rules. The commissioner had ruled that Ford should the money and Council voted for Ford to return the money. Ford had not paid the amount, and the item was addressed at the February meeting. At the meeting, Council voted to not impose any fine or judgment on Ford, overturning the previous ruling. Ford participated in the vote at Council, which then led to a conflict-of-interest charge laid privately by a Toronto citizen and a legal action of civil rights lawyer Clayton Ruby. Ruby's action seeks to remove Ford as mayor and prohibit Ford from entering civil politics for a maximum period of seven years. The action is scheduled to be heard in September 2012.[41]
Budgets[link]
At the first meeting of the new City Council in December 2011, Council voted to cancel the annual $60 personal vehicle tax passed by the previous Council. The tax cancellation, a campaign promise of Ford's, took effect on January 1, 2011.[42] For the first budget, which was for 2011, the budget was balanced with no tax increases and no significant changes. The budget used a surplus from 2010 and reserve funds to avoid raising taxes. A planned TTC hike was cancelled after Ford objected to it.[43]
For 2012, the Ford administration initiated a consultant review of the services provided by the City. The study included public consultation via online and at public meetings. Participants were asked to group services as 'necessary', 'nice to have', etc. and how to expect to pay for them. Ford himself suggested that the City get out of running the several venues it owns, including the Sony Centre, selling off the Toronto Zoo and closing other zoos run by the City of Toronto. Ford's team promoted a figure of over $700 million as the projected shortfall with no new taxes or cuts made. The budget as proposed by Ford included cuts to various services, including environmental programs, libraries, parks and recreation, and social services, while increasing property tax by 2%, TTC fares and user fees, including those of sports teams of city facilities. In Ford's election campaign, Ford had promised to make savings at City Hall without cuts to services. Two public meetings held at City Hall turned into overnight marathons with hundreds of citizens, labour groups and special interest groups protesting the various cuts. The budget was revised at Council to restore over $18 million of spending and send the administration of the Toronto Zoo and the venues for further study. Three smaller zoos were given deadlines of June 2012 to find other funding or close. Later in 2012, the increases in sports teams' user fees was postponed until 2013. In April 2012, it was found that the City was running a surplus of nearly $270 million for 2011, attributed to greater-than-expected land transfer tax revenues and cost-cutting at city hall.[44]
Labour relations[link]
As part of Ford's campaign promise to "end the gravy train", the administration spent time on consideration of staffing levels at the City. In 2011, the budget committee of Council passed several recommendations to cut staff through layoffs and buyouts. In July 2011, the City offered buyout packages to 17,000 staff, depending on department approval, hoping to cut staff by 2,500 voluntarily.[45] At the end of the period, over 1,000 Toronto staff accepted buyouts. Also in 2011, Council approved the designation of the Toronto Transit Commission as an 'essential service', meaning strikes would not be allowed, and labour agreements would be settled via arbitration. In October 2011, Council also voted 26–16 to 'contract out' garbage collection west of Yonge Street to a private contractor.[46]
In 2012, several of the City's contracts expired with their unionized staff: inside workers, outside workers, part-time parks and recreation staff, paramedics and library staff. Ford and and deputy mayor Doug Holyday put the unions on notice that the unions should expect tough negotiations. The first union to settle was the outside workers, represented by CUPE 416. Negotiations with the outside workers went to the deadline and a deal was made averting a strike or lockout. One major change was the controversial "jobs for life" clause in the bargaining agreement which stated that all permanent employees with 10 years of service or more were guaranteed a job of equal pay for equal value if theirs was contracted out. CUPE accepted a change to 15 years of service under the same provision.. During the 2012 bargaining sessions, Holyday refused to allow the union to employ delaying tactics to drag out the talks until the summer, as they had in 2009 and previous years, by negotiating early and threatening to unilaterally impose the city's offer.[47][48][49]
In other contract negotiations, the paramedics were named as an 'essential service' in the outside workers deal, which meant that the paramedics could not go on strike in the future, and contract negotiations would go to arbitration. This provoked a threatened split from CUPE, but the paramedics eventually voted to accept. The inside workers settled with the City without any strike. The part-time parks and recreation staff initially rejected their first offer, but accepted a revised City offer. The library workers' union went on strike in February and a settlement was made one week later with the City.
Transit policy[link]
After being elected, Ford declared the Transit City transit plan dead.[50] He then proceeded to negotiate a Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Ontario and the City of Toronto for Metrolinx to build the Crosstown LRT entirely underground while the City of Toronto would build an extension for the Sheppard subway line using its own funds, private funding agreements and any monies remaining from commitments from Ontario and the Government of Canada. Metrolinx subsequently put a stop to the Sheppard LRT project with unspecified cancellation penalties. The Memorandum of Understanding was to be ratified by Toronto City Council, but was not. Ford set up an agency to study funding of the subway project, under the direction of former councillor Gordon Chong. Chong proposed user fees, parking fees and/or road taxes, but these options were rejected by Ford. In 2012, Toronto City Council held a special meeting to overturn the Ford-Ontario plan and voted to put a section of the Crosstown above-ground, and use the savings to build a Finch LRT line. Council decided further to study whether to put a subway line beween the Don Mills Sheppard subway station and Scarborough Town Centre or put an LRT line along Sheppard as far east as Morningside Avenue. The Council meeting, at the instigation of TTC chair Karen Stintz, led to a special TTC management committee meeting where TTC general manager Gary Webster was fired. Council then held a special meeting to depose the TTC committee, removing Ford's appointees from the committee. The Sheppard panel returned in March 2012 with a recommendation to build the LRT option. Although Ford opposed the LRT, Council voted to approve the project. At the last minute, Ford's allies on Council attempted to set up a parking lot fee to help fund the project, but Ford did not support the fee, and his allies could not sway the majority of Council. Ford stated after the vote that this would be an issue in the next municipal election and he would do what he could to prevent the LRT construction and start campaigning to overturn the decision. In April, Metrolinx approved a plan of construction on the LRT transit projects, projecting a completion in 2020.[51]
Media relations[link]
Ford's mayoralty campaign had seen a polarization of the media, and this continued on into his mayoralty. The Toronto Star newspaper and NOW magazine continued their criticism of Ford. The Toronto Sun newspaper[52][53] and Talk Radio 640 radio station supported his causes.[54][55] Ford had announced his candidacy for Mayor on Talk Radio 640 and gave Talk Radio 640 the first interview after his election.[56]
Not long after his election, NOW published a fake nude photo of Ford on its cover, with a strategically-placed fig leaf. The issue (NOW is distributed as a free weekly) was initially removed from all locations at City Hall and later returned.[57] While Ford did not ask for an apology, his supporters on Council did, but NOW refused. The Toronto Star and Ford began an ongoing dispute. Several columnists regularly wrote critical articles of Ford.[58] In response, Ford refused to meet with Star reporters and in December 2011, the Star filed a complaint with the City of Toronto's integrity commissioner.[59]
Ford took a different approach from his predecessor Miller when dealing with the media. The doors to the mayor's office that had been symbolically open during the Miller era were shut. Adrienne Batra, his press secretary, kept Ford's meeting schedule secret except to freedom-of-information requests. After reporters asked if Ford had met with one of his campaign donors Vaughan developer Mario Cortellucci, Batra stopped including the names of Ford's meeting partners.[36]
On October 24, 2011, Ford was confronted in the driveway of his home by Mary Walsh, a cast member of the CBC satirical show This Hour Has 22 Minutes, in costume as her character Marg Delahunty. Walsh has frequently conducted "ambush" interviews of Canadian politicians as this character, a housewife who dresses in an outfit inspired by Xena: Warrior Princess.[60] When Walsh and the CBC TV crew tried to interview Ford, Ford instead retreated into the house and called 911. Ford called again a few minutes after the first call. In his second call to 911, Ford used obscenities. CBC News reported that Ford had swore at the dispatchers, which Ford denied, although he admitted that he had used obscenities. "After being attacked in my driveway, I hope I can be excused for saying the f-word. I never called anyone any names. I apologize for expressing my frustration inappropriately."[61][62][63] Walsh's segment was shown on television, along with a segment of her interviewing Ford's brother.
In 2012, along with his brother Doug, started a public weight-loss challenge entitled Cut the Waist with an accompanying web site 'cutthewaist.ca'. The site encourages others to lose weight and also encourages pledges to charity for every pound that the Ford brothers lose.[64] In February 2012, Ford, along with his brother Doug, began the The City with Mayor Rob Ford & Councillor Doug Ford two-hour radio talk program on Newstalk 1010 on Sundays. The Fords' show discusses current topics affecting the City of Toronto, with phone-in guests.[65]
In May 2012, when the Toronto Star was investigating a potential purchase of public lands bordering his home, Star reporter Daniel Dale and Ford had an incident. According to Ford, at 7:30 pm, a neighbour told him that someone was taking pictures of his home while standing on a cinder block on public property behind his house, while the property in question is on the side of his house. Ford confronted the reporter and yelled at him.[66] According to Dale, he was "cornered like a rat" by Ford, yelled for help, repeatedly asked Ford not to punch him, dropped his cell phone and digital recorder and ran, scared of Ford.[67] The next day, on Talk Radio 640, Ford stated that he would no longer meet with any City Hall reporters if Dale were present.[68] No charges were laid in the incident.[69]
Political affiliation[link]
Ford's father was a Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario (PC) party member and Rob Ford has maintained political connections with the PC and the federal Conservative Parties. Former Ontario Premier Mike Harris regularly gives advice to Ford. A picture of Harris with Ford's father adorns his mayor's office. Ford describes his father as his "political hero, my business hero, he's my hero overall."[70]
Controversies[link]
In 1999, Ford was arrested in Miami for driving under the influence (DUI) and marijuana possession charges.[71] According to the statement recorded by the arresting officer, Ford was acting nervous, had blood shot eyes and had "a strong odor of an alcoholic beverage on his breath". Ford threw his hands up in the air and told the police officer, "Go ahead, take me to jail."[72] Until he was questioned by reporters,[73] Ford said that the marijuana charge had "completely, totally slipped my mind" because the more serious issue during that arrest was the DUI charge.[74] Ford initially denied the DUI charge, saying instead he was arrested because he "refused to give a breath sample".[75]
On April 15, 2006, Ford (a sitting councillor at the time) attended a Maple Leafs hockey game at the Air Canada Centre. Visibly intoxicated and belligerent, he began to insult a couple seated behind him, who were visiting from out of town. Two security guards escorted Ford out of the building. When confronted about the episode three days later by a National Post reporter, Ford denied even having been at the game, declaring that he hadn't been to a hockey game since Christmas. "This is unbelievable," he told the Toronto Star. "I wasn't even at the game, so someone's trying to do a real hatchet job on me, let me tell you." [76] The following day, Ford admitted that he had lied to the media about the incident, and finally apologized for his behaviour: “That was just stupidity. I feel terrible about it. My wife and I had a little bit too much to drink . . . I made a mistake that will never happen again.” [77]
On March 7, 2007, Ford made controversial comments about cyclists' use of the roads, saying, "What I compare bike lanes to is swimming with the sharks. Sooner or later you're going to get bitten... Roads are built for buses, cars, and trucks, not for people on bikes. My heart bleeds for them when I hear someone gets killed, but it’s their own fault at the end of the day."[78] On May 25, 2009, Ford said, "It's no secret, okay. The cyclists are a pain in the ass to the motorists."
At a council meeting on March 5, 2008, Ford said, "Those Oriental people work like dogs. They work their hearts out. They are workers non-stop. They sleep beside their machines. That's why they're successful in life. I went to Seoul, South Korea, I went to Taipei, Taiwan. I went to Tokyo, Japan. That's why these people are so hard workers (sic). I'm telling you, the Oriental people, they're slowly taking over." [79] Ford later apologized for using the term "orientals", but stood by his remarks, claiming that they were meant as a positive assessment of their work ethic.
References[link]
- McDonald, Marci (2012). "The Incredible Shrinking Mayor". Toronto Life (May 2012): pp. 40–54.
Notes[link]
- ^ Richard Gilbert, "When will Ford's honeymoon end?", Toronto Star, December 30, 2010, A23.
- ^ a b c d e McDonald 2012, p. 43.
- ^ Goddard, john (October 19, 2006). "Doug Ford, 73: Athlete, business leader, MPP". The Star (Toronto). http://www.thestar.com/Obituary/AtoG/article/108295.
- ^ Rider, David (December 21, 2010). "Rob Ford’s confusing university life". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/torontocouncil/article/910648--rob-ford-s-confusing-university-life. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
- ^ Grossman, David (September 13, 2009). "Rob Ford a team player to schools". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/article/694944.
- ^ a b "Toronto mayor, Rob Ford". City of Toronto, Accessing City Hall. http://www.toronto.ca/mayor_ford/index.htm. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
- ^ "Ward 2 profile" (pdf). City of Toronto.
- ^ Freeze, Colin (December 21, 2000). "City far from a violence-free haven". The Globe and Mail: p. A25.
- ^ Abbate, Gay (February 2, 2001). "Council considers service hit list". The Globe and Mail: p. A16.
- ^ "Councillor Blames Politicians' Perks For Your Tax Hike". City News. April 24, 2007. http://www.citynews.ca/news/news_10235.aspx.
- ^ Lewington, Jennifer (March 15, 2003). "Councillors' office costs vary widely". The Globe and Mail: p. A18.
- ^ a b "Lonely city councillor seeks right-minded companions". The Globe and Mail: p. A22. October 3, 2003.
- ^ "Inside City Hall: Rats, foiled again". The Globe and Mail: p. A17. November 19, 2044.
- ^ a b "Toronto Vote 2003 election results". City of Toronto. http://www.toronto.ca/vote2003/results/textlist.htm.
- ^ Grant, Kelly (March 25, 2010). "Right-winger Ford really a social liberal, brother says". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ Royson James. Rob Ford proves popular at mayoral campaign launch. Toronto Star March 29, 2010.[1]
- ^ Rider, David (July 22, 2011). "‘I will assure you that services will not be cut, guaranteed'". The Star (Toronto). http://www.thestar.com/news/torontocouncil/article/1028550--i-will-assure-you-that-services-will-not-be-cut-guaranteed.
- ^ a b c d e Kohler, Nicholas. (2010-10-29) How Rob Ford won Toronto – Canada. Macleans.ca. Retrieved on March 19, 2011.
- ^ Urban Scrawl: Toronto not so divided after all | Posted Toronto | National Post. News.nationalpost.com. Retrieved on March 19, 2011.
- ^ Mitchell, Rob (October 27, 2010). "Emotion energized Ford’s amazing run". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/article/881544--emotion-energized-ford-s-amazing-run. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ National Post editorial board (October 27, 2010). "Toronto’s angry (non-white) voters". National Post. http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2010/10/27/national-post-editorial-board-torontos-angry-non-white-voters/. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
- ^ a b A matter of respect: how Rob Ford swept into City Hall. Eyeweekly.com (2010-10-26). Retrieved on March 19, 2011.
- ^ Michael, John. (2010-10-28) The Globe tells us how it all went wrong for George Smitherman (or, five lessons for Adam Vaughan on how not to run for mayor) | Mayor May Not. torontolife.com. Retrieved on March 19, 2011.
- ^ This page is available to GlobePlus subscribers. Theglobeandmail.com. Retrieved on March 19, 2011.
- ^ Don Peat and Antonella Artuso. Rae should pay for party: Ford. Toronto Sun. June 12, 2010. [2]
- ^ Rider, David (November 4, 2010). "Giambrone continued French studies on his way out". Toronto: thestar.com. http://www.thestar.com/news/torontocouncil/article/885601--giambrone-continued-french-studies-on-his-way-out. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
- ^ Charlene Close (November 4, 2010). "Council spending included trip to Brazil and private French lessons". 680News. http://www.680news.com/news/local/article/124333--council-spending-included-trip-to-brazil-and-private-french-lessons. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
- ^ Alcoba, Natalie (August 17, 2010). "Computer inside Toronto Star company edited Rob Ford’s Wikipedia entry". National Post (Canada). http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/08/17/computer-inside-toronto-star-company-edited-rob-fords-wikipedia-entry/#ixzz0wtENyrKc.
- ^ Rider, David (September 19, 2010). "Rob Ford opens huge lead in mayor’s race.". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontomayoralrace/article/863462--rob-ford-opens-huge-lead-in-mayor-s-race?bn=1.
- ^ "Ford holds commanding lead in Toronto Mayoral race". Nanos Research. September 21, 2010. http://www.nanosresearch.com/library/polls/POLNAT-W10-T433.pdf.
- ^ "Frontrunner Rob Ford losing steam in Toronto mayoral race: poll". Globe and Mail (Canada). September 28, 2010. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/toronto/city-votes/frontrunner-rob-ford-losing-steam-in-toronto-mayoral-race-poll/article1729126/?cmpid=rss1. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ "Contest grows tighter as Thomson drops out, endorses Smitherman". Globe and Mail (Toronto). September 29, 2010. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/toronto/city-votes/contest-grows-tighter-as-thomson-drops-out-endorses-smitherman/article1731621/. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ ".Ford back in driver's seat, poll says". The Toronto Sun. October 22, 2010. http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontovotes2010/2010/10/22/15796521.html/. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
- ^ Benzie, Robert (October 9, 2009). "eHealth scandal dents Smitherman's mayoral run". The Star (Toronto). http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/ehealth/article/707853.
- ^ "Smitherman linked to sole-source contracts". CBC News. October 7, 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2010/10/07/smitherman-sole-source634.html.
- ^ a b McDonald 2012, p. 46.
- ^ McDonald 2012, p. 48.
- ^ McDonald 2012, p. 45.
- ^ Rider, David (December 7, 2010). "Don Cherry rips ‘left-wing pinkos’ at council inaugural". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/article/902903. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ Peat, Don (May 13, 2011). Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/2011/05/13/fords-election-campaign-to-undergo-audit "Ford's election campaign to undergo audit. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ Cross, Allison (April 27, 2012). "Toronto mayor Rob Ford to face conflict allegations that could see him dumped". canada.com. http://www.canada.com/news/Toronto+mayor+Ford+face+conflict+allegations+that+could+dumped/6530584/story.html. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ Pom, Cindy (January 1, 2011). "Ford ends personal vehicle tax". 680News. http://www.680news.com/news/local/article/163876--ford-ends-personal-vehicle-tax. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
- ^ D'Mello, Colin (January 11, 2011). "Proposed 10 cent TTC fare hike cancelled". 680 News. http://www.680news.com/city-hall/article/167912--proposed-10-cent-ttc-fare-hike-cancelled. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
- ^ Hopper, Tristin (April 30, 2012). "Real estate boom brings Toronto budget surplus as high as $270-million". National Post. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/04/30/real-estate-boom-brings-toronto-budget-surplus-as-high-as-270-million/. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
- ^ James, Royson (July 16, 2011). "James: We may not recognize post-Rob Ford Toronto". Toronto Star.
- ^ Jaferi, Natasha (October 25, 2011). "Garbage deal might be ‘too good to be true’, opponents say". Toronto Observer. http://www.torontoobserver.ca/2011/10/25/garbage-deal-might-be-too-good-to-be-true-opponents-say/. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ^ "Mayor scores a big win just when it counts". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). February 5, 2012. http://www.dealzoid.com/f50/mayor-scores-big-win-just-counts-518665-post518845/.
- ^ Levy: Union bullies yield to city. Toronto Sun. February 5, 2012
- ^ "Mayor Rob Ford puts other city unions on notice". The Star (Toronto). February 5, 2012. http://www.thestar.com/article/1126777--mayor-rob-ford-puts-other-city-unions-on-notice.
- ^ Babbage, Maria (December 1, 2010). "Ford takes reins at Toronto City Hall, vows to kill transit project". 680News. http://www.680news.com/news/national/article/151395--ford-takes-reins-at-toronto-city-hall-vows-to-kill-transit-project. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "Metrolinx approves construction on Toronto LRTs". CTV News (ctvtoronto.ca). April 25, 2012. http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20120424/metrolinx-lrt-constuction-plan-120325/20120425/?hub=TorontoNewHome. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
- ^ Warmington, Joe (February 8, 2012). "Scarborough residents, not Ford, the real losers in transit vote". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/2012/02/08/scarborough-residents-not-ford-the-real-losers-in-transit-vote. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Goldstein, Lorrie (May 5, 2012). "The truth about Ford". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/2012/05/04/the-truth-about-ford.
- ^ Oakley, John (March 23, 2012). "Hang Your Heads, Councillors". Talk Radio - AM640. http://www.640toronto.com/Topics/JohnOakley/BlogEntry.aspx?BlogEntryID=10363187. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ "The price of democracy – having to listen". July 28, 2011. http://burdreport.ca/?p=2298. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Alcoba, Natalie (October 27, 2010). "New era imminent at City Hall". National Post. http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/10/27/new-era-imminent-at-city-hall/. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
- ^ "City hall tries to ban NOW Magazine". NOW. April 1, 2011. http://www.nowtoronto.com/daily/news/story.cfm?content=179961. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ James, Royson (February 21, 2011). "James: Ford’s public transit plan isn’t about public transit". Toronto Star.
- ^ "The Toronto Star takes feud with Mayor to integrity commissioner". Global News. December 01, 2011. http://www.globaltoronto.com/the+toronto+star+takes+feud+with+mayor+to+integrity+commissioner/6442533612/story.html. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ Shanlin, Calum (April 25, 2012). "WATCH: The Best of Marg Delahunty". CBC. http://www.cbc.ca/live/watch-the-best-of-marg-delahunty.html. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
- ^ http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20111027/toronto-mayor-rob-ford-911-accusations-111027/20111027
- ^ "Rob Ford denies calling 911 dispatcher names". CBC News. October 27, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2011/10/27/rob-ford-911-call.html.
- ^ "Rob Ford statement regarding 911 call". CBC News. October 27, 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2011/10/27/rob-ford-911-statement.html.
- ^ "Mayor Ford's Cut The Waist Challenge". http://cutthewaist.ca/. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ "The City with Mayor Rob Ford". CFRB. http://www.newstalk1010.com/shows/robford.aspx. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ Peats, Don (May 2, 2012). "Police called to mayor's home over Star reporter's alleged trespassing". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/2012/05/02/police-called-to-mayors-home-over-star-reporters-alleged-trespassing. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (May 4, 2012). "Daniel Dale: The Toronto Star reporter who became the story". Hamilton Spectator. http://www.thespec.com/news/article/717931--daniel-dale-the-toronto-star-reporter-who-became-the-story. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ Cross, Allison (May 4, 2012). "Star suggests Ford used reporter’s phone after confrontation near mayor’s house". National Post. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/04/star-suggests-ford-used-reporters-phone-after-confrontation-near-mayors-house/. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
- ^ Alcoba, Natalie (May 9, 2012). "Police not laying charges over Rob Ford, Toronto Star reporter confrontation". National Post. http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/05/09/police-not-laying-charges-over-rob-ford-toronto-star-reporter-confronation/. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
- ^ McDonald 2012, pp. 42-43.
- ^ Dempsey, Amy (August 19, 2010). "‘Go ahead take me to jail,’ Ford told police". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/849744--go-ahead-take-me-to-jail-ford-told-police?bn=1/. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Rob Ford Arrest Report. Scribd.com (2010-08-19). Retrieved on March 19, 2011.
- ^ Jenkins, Jonathan (August 18, 2010). "Ford dodges pot bust in Florida". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/08/18/15067206.html. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Grant, Kelly (August 19, 2010). "Ford forgot marijuana charge, confuses impaired driving charge". Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/toronto/ford-forgot-marijuana-charge-remembers-breath-test-guilty-plea/article1678316/. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Lamberti, Rob (August 19, 2010). "'Go ahead, take me to jail': Ford during 1999 arrest". Toronto Sun. http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/08/19/15075241.html. Retrieved August 19, 2010.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedautogenerated2006; see the help page. - ^ Diebel, Linda. "Toronto News: Rob Ford’s complicated life". The Star. http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/torontomayoralrace/article/799971--rob-ford-s-complicated-life. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
- ^ "Toronto Mayor: ‘Cyclists Are a Pain in the Ass’". Bicycling.com. 2012-05-03. http://bicycling.com/blogs/thehub/2012/05/03/toronto-mayor-cyclists-are-a-pain-in-the-ass. Retrieved 2012-05-12.
- ^ "Asian Protestors Stage City Hall Sit-In Over Rob Ford's 'Oriental' Comments". CityTV. March 14, 2008. http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/local/article/21463--asian-protestors-stage-city-hall-sit-in-over-rob-ford-s-oriental-comments.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Ford, Rob |
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| Date of birth | 1969-05-28 |
| Place of birth | Toronto, Ontario |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
