Muharram (Arabic: المحرّم) is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is prohibited.^[1] Since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, Muharram moves from year to year when compared with the Gregorian calendar.

Muharram is so called because it is unlawful to fight during this month, the word is derived from the word haraam, meaning "sinful". It is held to be the most sacred of all the months, excluding Ramadan. Some Muslims fast during these days. The tenth day of Muharram is the Day of Ashura, which to Shia Muslims is part of the Mourning of Muharram.

Azadari procession carried out by Shiite Muslims in Indian city of Hardoi on the Day of Ashura.

Many Sunni Muslims fast during this day, because it is recorded in the hadith that Musa (Moses) and his people obtained a victory over the Egyptian Pharaoh on the 10th day of Muharram; accordingly Islamic prophet Muhammad asked Muslims to fast on this day, and also a day extra either before or after, so that they are not similar to Jews (since, according to him, Jews used to fast for one day due to the same reason, and many practices recorded in the hadith are specifically performed to avoid any apparent similarity to those of contemporary neighbouring Jews and Christians). Many Muslims cook something sweet like sweet rice and distribute it throughout their family and circle of friends to eat when breaking their fast.

Fasting differs among the Muslim groupings; mainstream Shia Muslims stop eating and drinking during sunlight hours and do not eat until late afternoon. Sunni Muslims also fast during Muharram for the first ten days of Muharram, just the tenth day or on both the ninth and tenth days; the exact term depending on the individual. Shia Muslims do so to replicate the sufferings of Hussein ibn Ali on the Day of Ashura. Shia Muslims, go further in their attempts of replication, including self-flagellation (also see Matam).

Muharram and Ashura[link]

Shia Muslims in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in a Hussainia as part of the commemoration of Muharram

Muharram is a month of remembrance that is often considered synonymous with the event of Ashura. Ashura, which literally means the "Tenth" in Arabic, refers to the tenth day of Muharram. It is well-known because of historical significance and mourning for the martyrdom of Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad.^[2]

Shias start the mourning from the 1st night of Muharram and continue for two months and eight days. However the last days are the most important since these were the days where Hussein and his family and followers (consisting of 72 people, including women, children and aged people) were killed by army of Yazid I at the Battle of Karbala on his orders, Surviving members of the family of Hussein and that of his followers were taken captive and marched to Damascus and imprisoned there.

Muharram is also observed by Dawoodi Bohras in the same way as Shias.They practice prayers on the sayings of the present dawah of Bohras, Mohammed Burhanuddin. On the tenth day of Muharrum, they pray for Hussein till the magrib namaz. When the namaz ends, Hussein is considered shahid by Yazid. It is also close to the day of resurrection because it said in a book that this world will one day come to an end on Friday 10th of Muharram.^{[citation needed]}

With the sighting of the new moon the Islamic New Year is ushered in. The first month, Muharram is one of the four sacred months that God has mentioned in the Quran.

Timing[link]

The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Muharram migrates throughout the solar years. The estimated start and end dates for Muharram are as follows (based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia:^[3])

Islamic events taking place during Muharram[link]

Scenes in the procession at the Mohurrum festival

• 01 Muharram: The Islamic New Year.
• 01 Muharram: Shi'a Muslims begin the Commemoration of Muharram which marks the anniversary of the Battle of Karbala.^{[N 1]}
• 02 Muharram: Martyrdom of Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Sunni Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.
• 02 Muharram: Hussein ibn Ali enters Karbala and establishes camp. Yazid's forces are present.
• 07 Muharram: Access to water was banned to Husayn ibn Ali by Yazid's orders.
• 10 Muharram: Referred to as the Day of Ashurah (lit. "the tenth") was the day on which Hussein ibn Ali was martyred in the Battle of Karbala. Shia Muslims spend the day in mourning, whilst the Sunni Muslims fast on this day commemorating the rescue of the people of Israel by Musa (Moses) from Pharaoh^[4]
• 15 Muharram: Birth of Muhammad Sirajuddin Naqshbandi in 1297 AH (1879-1880 AD)
• 25 Muharram: Death of Zayn al-‘Ābidīn, fourth Shia Imam, day of Shahid (martyrdom: lit. "witness", as "martyr" is Greek for "witness") in 95 AH (714 AD).
• 27 Muharram, Mesum was killed.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

1. ^ 01 Muharram is also known as Satu Suro in some parts of Indonesia, when it is often thought dangerous to leave the house.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

External links[link]

• Optional prayers for Muharram, especially Qalbi Zikr

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Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf is an Islamic scholar who was born in England. He began his early Islamic and secular studies in Clapton in East London and went on to complete secondary school and further his knowledge of Islam at Darul Uloom Al-Arabiyyah Al-Islamiyyah where he completed the memorisation of the Qur'an by the age of fifteen.^{[citation needed]} Upon the completion of hifz by Hafiz Ali, he went on to study the rigorous, six-year aalim class.^{[citation needed]}

After graduation from Darul Uloom Al Arabiyyah Al Islamiyyah he undertook further studies in South Africa, where he completed ifta at Madrasah Zakariya and a B.A. with honors in Islamic studies at Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, under Professor Abdur-Rahman Doi.^{[citation needed]}

He also travelled to numerous other places to gain knowledge, including Syria, where he gained ijazah from Shaikh Abdul Razzaq al-Halabi and Saharanpur, India, where he received formal accredition to issue fatwas.^{[citation needed]}

He is a signatory of the Pledge of Mutual Respect and Cooperation Between Sunni Muslim Scholars, Organizations, and Students of Sacred Knowledge.^[1]

Work[link]

Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf has authored, commented upon and translated many works including:

Reflections of Pearls (1995)
Fiqh al Imam - Key Proofs In Hanafi Fiqh (1996)
Provisions for the Seekers (1996)
Prayers for Forgiveness (2004)
The translation of Imaam Abu Hanifah's Al Fiqh Al Akbar^[2]

He presently serves as Imam at Masjid E Quba North London Stamford Hill UK.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

External links[link]

• Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf audio and video lectures from Halal Tube
• White Thread Press Publishing company founded by him
• Masjid e Quba Mosque where Shaykh is currently Imaam

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Allama Talib Jauhari is a famous Islamic Scholar, Religious Leader, Public Speaker, Mufassir-e-Quran, Urdu Poet, Historian and Philosopher from the Shi'ite Sect of Islam. Allama Talib Jauhari born in Patna, British India on August 27th 1939 and has been addressing Majlis-e-Aza for the past 45 years in Pakistan and abroad. His original name is Abu Talib Jauhar which during his studies in Iraq turned into Talib Jauhari.

Khandan-e-Jauhar[link]

Allama Talib Jauhari belongs to the "Khandan-e-Jauhar" which has produced many^[vague] Scholars, Ulama's and Hukma's in the past two centuries. Allama Talib Jauhari is the son of Maulana Muhammad Mustafa Jauhar. Maulana Jauhar was an Islamic Scholar, Philosopher and Poet. Maulana Jauhar wrote books on Falsafah i.e. "Tawheed o Adal Nahj al-Balagha ki roshni mein", "Saboot-e-Khuda" and on Fiqh i.e. "Aqaid-e-Jaafria" & "Asool-e-Jaafria" and "Deewan-e-Mehrab", which was his poetic work.

Famous^{[citation needed]} Alim-e-deen Maulana Hakeem Muhammad Muslim was the Grand Father of Allama Talib Jauhari who vowed to His excellence in Usul al-fiqh and other Islamic science gave him particular prominence amongst the Eminent Scholars of his times. Maulana Hakim Muslim did research work on Islamic eschatology and wrote his book on Falsafah-e-Barzakh i.e. "Alam-e-Barzakh me Halchal".

Allama Talib Jauhari’s sons Allama Asad Jauhari, Allama Riaz Jauhari and Allama Amjad Jauhari and his daughter Mohtarma Husna Jauhari are also following his footprints and spreading the message of Muhammad and his Ahle Bait through Majalis. Among them Allama Asad Jauhari and Allama Amjad Jauhari received religious education from Hawza Ilmia Qom, Iran. Allama Amjad Jauhari has also been awarded with Ijaza-e-Riwayah by notable Ulema from Qom, Iran.

Education[link]

Allama got early education from his father Maulana Jauhar and learnt basic lessons of Hauza from him. Later at the age of 13 years he travelled to Najaf for getting Religious Education. The details are given below.

Hauza-e-Ilmia Najaf-e-Ashraf[link]

At the age of 13 years Allama went to Najaf, Iraq and got admission in Hauza Ilmia Najaf-e-Ashraf. There he studies till the age of 26 years. Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, Maulana Zeeshan Haidar Jawadi, Agha Roohi, Maulana Hameed-ul-Hasan and Allama Aqeel Turabi along with others were his class peers there. During his studies he authored a book on Islamic Economics in Najaf. In 1965, he returned from Iran and did Masters in Islamic Studies from Karachi University. Later he started his career as Principal Jamia Imamia Nazimabad Karachi.

Mashaikh-e-Ijazah[link]

Allama Talib Jauhari is awarded with Ijaza-e-Ijtehad from notable Ulema at the age of 26 years. Those are as below:

• Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
• Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini
• Shahid Khamis Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr

Shahid Khamis Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (آية الله العظمى السيد محمد باقر) awarded him the title of "Allamah".

Jamia Al-Azhar awarded him Ph.D. for his work on Tafseer-e-Quran based upon his lectures named “Fehm-ul-Quran” which were telecasted on Pakistan Television Corporation.

Islamic Orator[link]

Allama Talib Jauhari starting addressing Majlis-e-Aza since he returned back from Iran and is still spreading the teachings of Muhammad and Ahl al-Bayt-e-Muhammad through his Majalis. He is the inventor of his style of oratory in Urdu majalis i.e. Majalis bil Istadlal where his source remain Ayat-e-Qurani to prove his point. He learnt this style from his mentor Allamah Ayatollah Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei.

He has delivered speeches in Pakistan and abroad on Islamic themes particularly with the reference of the Household of Muhammad.

• Khateeb-e-Sham-e-Ghareeban

Since 1974 after the death of Allamah Rasheed Turabi he started addressing main Muharram majalis in Nishtar Park, Karachi which he continued till 2006. Since 1988 he started addressing Majlis-e-Sham-e-Ghareeban on Pakistan State Television PTV every year and got the title of Khateeb-e-Sham-e-Ghareeban. He is the third one after Allamah Rasheed Turabi and Allama Naseer Ijtehadi who got this title for delivering Majlis-e-Sham-e-Ghareeban on the state television which got telecasted all over Pakistan and now all over the world. Majlis-e-Sham-e-Ghareeban on PTV is still being addressed by Allama Talib Jauhari.

• Karachi University Lectures:

Other than Majalis, Allama delivered special Lectures in Karachi University on Islamic Philosophy upon Karachi University Vice Chancellor's special request as visiting faculty.

• Fehm-ul-Quran Lectures:

He also delivered Lectures on Tafseer-e-Quran at PTV in a program named "Fehm ul Quran" which became the most popular religious program^{[citation needed]} in the history of PTV during 1980s.

Literary work[link]

As an Author, he has done a variety of literary work, have written Tafseer-e-Quran-e-Paak in Urdu i.e. Ahsan-al-Hadees, and authored many other Religious books like Alamatay Zahooray Mehdi and Khulfa-e-Asna Ashar & Philosophical books like Aqliyat-e-Maasir, Historical Books like Hadees-e-Karbala and Poetry Books like Harf-e-Namoo and Pas-e-Afaq.

List of Books by Allama Talib Jauhari[link]

Tafseer-e-Quran:

• Ahsan al Hadees (Tafseer-e-Quran)

Maqtal:

• Hadees e Karabala

Religion:

• Zikray Masoom
• Nizaam Hayat-e-Insani
• Khulafaey Isna A'shr
• Alamatay Zahooray Mehdi (AS)

Majlis:

• Insan Ma'asir Aur Quran (1997)
• Tehzeeb Nafs Aur Tehzeeb Hazir (1998)
• Alami Muashra Aur Quran Hakeem (1999)
• Hayat-o-Kainat ka Alohi Tasawwur (2000)
• Asas Adamiyat Aur Quran (2001)
• Meezanay Hidayat Aur Quran (2003)
• Deen Aur Shariyat ki Aqli Ta'beer (2004)

Philosophy:

• Aqliyat-e-Ma'asir (2005)

Poetry:

• Harf-e-Namoo (Urdu poetry)
• Pas-e-Afaq (Urdu poetry)
• Shakh e Sada (Urdu poetry)

National Award[link]

Govt of Pakistan awarded Allama Talib Jauhari the highest Civil award of Pakistan "Sitara-e-Imtiaz" for his exceptional works as Prominent Islamic Scholar and the Preacher of Unity among Muslims.

See also[link]

• Maulana Muhammad Mustafa Jauhar
• Allama Amjad Jauhari

External links[link]

• "Khursheed-e-Khawar" by Hujjat-ul-Islam Maulana Saeed Akhtar from India (A book on biography of the Shia scholars of Indian sub-continent)
• Allama Talib Jauhari Page on Facebook
• Allama Talib Jauhari Majalis
• Fehm-ul-Quran series by Allama Talib Jauhari on PTV
• Allama Talib Jauhari Books
• Allama Talib Jauhari Online Books
• Allama Talib Jauhri Speeches (Majaalis)
• Ahsan-al-hadees by Allama Talib Jauhari
• Allama Talib Jauhari Lectures/Majalis
• Unity and justice of God Book by Maulana Muhammad Mustafa Jauhar
• 'Truth Wisdom and Justice behind Oneness of Allah' by Maulana Jauhar
• Maulana Mushammad Mustafa Jauhar Lectures
• Allama Amjad Jauhari Fan Club on Facebook
• Allama Amjad Jauhari Majalis
• Assisination attempt on Allama Talib Jauhari