Malwa

Sunday, 04 November 2012

Miniskotare Malwa 460 - gallring i bokskog

Malwa 460 Kombi Skördare Harvester in Thinning

[SimplyBhangra.com] Baljit Malwa - Chabi (Video)

Malwa International AB - Company Presentation

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Aravalli Range
The Aravalli Range literally meaning 'line of peaks' , is a range of mountains in western India and eastern Pakistan running approximately 800 km from northeast to southwest across states of Rajasthan, Haryana, and Gujarat and Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh. It is also called Mewat hills locally.
http://wn.com/Aravalli_Range
Badami
Badami (), formerly known as Vatapi, is a taluk in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from 540 to 757 AD. It is famous for rock cut and other structural temples. It is located in a ravine at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastya lake.
http://wn.com/Badami
Bengal
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http://wn.com/Bengal
Bhopal
Bhopal (), ; is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal state. Bhopal is also known as the Lake City (or City of Lakes) for its various natural as well as artificial lakes
http://wn.com/Bhopal
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
http://wn.com/British_Empire
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Deccan
http://wn.com/Deccan
Deccan Plateau
The Deccan Plateau (also called the (Great) Peninsular Plateau) is a large plateau in India, making up the majority of the southern part of the country. It rises a hundred meters high in the north, rising further to more than a kilometre high in the south, forming a raised triangle nested within the familiar downward-pointing triangle of the Indian subcontinent's coastline.
http://wn.com/Deccan_Plateau
Deccan Traps
http://wn.com/Deccan_Traps
Dhasan River
The Dhasan River is a right bank tributary of the Betwa River. The river originates in Begumganj tehsil of Raisen district in Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The river forms the southeastern boundary of the Lalitpur District of Uttar Pradesh state. Total length of the river is 365 km, out of which 240 km lies in Madhya Pradesh, 54 km common boundary between Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and 71 km in Uttar Pradesh. The river was known as the Dasharna in ancient period.
http://wn.com/Dhasan_River
Gambhir River
Gambhir River originates in the hills near Karauli village in Sawai Madhopur District. It flows from south to north up to Kanjoli village (Toda Bhim), then towards northeast up to village Mertha of Roopbas Block, before entering Uttar Pradesh. The river again enters Rajasthan near Catchapaura village in Dholpur District and forms the boundary between UP and Rajasthan. It then enters Mainpuri District in UP to finally joins River Yamuna.
http://wn.com/Gambhir_River
Ganges Delta
The Ganges Delta (also Sunderban Delta or the Bengal Delta) is a river delta in the South Asia region of Bengal, consisting of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, India. It is the world's largest delta, and empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, thus earning the nickname The Green Delta. The delta, also known as the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, stretches from the Hooghly River on the west to the Meghna River on the east. It is approximately across at the Bay of Bengal. Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) and Haldia in India and Mongla and Dhaka in Bangladesh are the principal seaports on the delta.
http://wn.com/Ganges_Delta
Garhwal division
http://wn.com/Garhwal_division
Garo Hills
The Garo Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi range in Meghalaya, India. They are inhabited mainly by tribal dwellers. Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya, is located in this range. It is one of the wettest places in the world. The range is part of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion.
http://wn.com/Garo_Hills
Geography of Bhutan
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http://wn.com/Geography_of_Bhutan
Gird
:You may be looking for the uniform polyhedron sometimes called gird, the great rhombidodecahedron.
http://wn.com/Gird
Goa
http://wn.com/Goa
Greenwich
Greenwich ( -itch, -idge by incomers and Americans, or -idge by locals) is a district of South East London, England, located in the London Borough of Greenwich.
http://wn.com/Greenwich
Gujarat
Gujarat (, , , ) is a state in India. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization such as Lothal and Dholavira. Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India. It is home to major ports in India's ancient and modern history, leading it to become one of the main trade and commerce center of India. Lothal, one of the world's first ports, is located in Gujarat. Mohandas Gandhi, considered as India's "father of the nation", was a Gujarati who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British rule. Even today, Gujarat has one of the fastest growing economies in India.
http://wn.com/Gujarat
Gurjara Pratihara
http://wn.com/Gurjara_Pratihara
Himalayas
The Himalaya Range (Sanskrit: literally, "abode of snow", Hindi/Sanskrit: , IPA: ), the Himalayas or Himalaya for short, is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. By extension, it is also the name of a massive mountain system that includes the Karakoram, the Hindu Kush, and other, lesser, ranges that extend out from the Pamir Knot.
http://wn.com/Himalayas
Hindu Kush
The Hindu Kush is a 500-mile mountain range stretching between north-western Pakistan and eastern and central Afghanistan. The highest point in the Hindu Kush is Tirich Mir (7,708 m or 25,289 ft) in the Chitral region of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan.
http://wn.com/Hindu_Kush
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India
Indore
Indore (Hindi: , Marathi: ), is a major city and commercial center of the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India. Indore city has a population of 1,516,918(2001 census), the 15th largest city in India and the 147th largest city in the world. It serves as the headquarters of both the Indore district and Indore division.
http://wn.com/Indore
Indore District
Indore District () is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The district derived its name from the city of Indore,which serves as its administrative headquarters. This district is part of Indore Division.
http://wn.com/Indore_District
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran
Kannauj
http://wn.com/Kannauj
Karakoram
Karakoram (or Karakorum) is a large mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, India and China, located in the regions of Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan), Ladakh (India), and Xinjiang region, (China). It is one of the Greater Ranges of Asia, a part of the greater Himalaya while north of the actual Himalaya Range.
http://wn.com/Karakoram
Khasi Hills
The Khasi Hills are part of the Garo-Khasi range in the Indian state of Meghalaya, and is part of the Patkai range and of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion.
http://wn.com/Khasi_Hills
Ladakh
Ladakh (, Ladakhi , , , ; "land of high passes") is a region of Jammu and Kashmir, the northernmost state of the Republic of India. It lies between the Kunlun mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south, inhabited by people of Indo-Aryan and Tibetan descent. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in Kashmir.
http://wn.com/Ladakh
Lakshadweep
http://wn.com/Lakshadweep
Madhya Pradesh
http://wn.com/Madhya_Pradesh
Mahabharat Range
http://wn.com/Mahabharat_Range
Maharashtra
Maharashtra (Marathi: , ) is a state located in West India. The word Maharashtra comes from the words Maha meaning Great and Rashtra meaning Nation, thus rendering the name Maharashtra (Great Nation). It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. It is the richest state in India, contributing to 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.2% of its GDP in year 2005-06.
http://wn.com/Maharashtra
Makran
The present day Makran ({{lang-ur|) is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Sindh, Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. The present day Makran derived its name from Maka a satrap of Achaemenid Empire.
http://wn.com/Makran
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire (, ; Urdu: ; self-designation: , ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries and ended in the mid-19th century.
http://wn.com/Mughal_Empire
Naga hills
Naga hills, reaching a height of around 25 meters, lie on the border of India and Myanmar. These hills are part of a complex mountain system, and the parts of the mountain ranges inside the Indian state of Nagaland are called Naga hills.
http://wn.com/Naga_hills
Nayagaon
Nayagaon is a village near Rishabhdev (also known as Keshriyaji, a well-known holy place of the Indian Jain community) in Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India.
http://wn.com/Nayagaon
Nilgiri mountains
http://wn.com/Nilgiri_mountains
Rajasthan
http://wn.com/Rajasthan
Ratlam
Ratlam (), known historically as Ratnapuri, is a city in the Malwa region in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. The town of Ratlam lies 480 m above sea level. It is the administrative headquarters of Ratlam District.
http://wn.com/Ratlam
Satpura Range
The Satpura Range is a range of hills in central India. The range rises in eastern Gujarat state near the Arabian Sea coast, running east through Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to Chhattisgarh. The range parallels the Vindhya Range to the north, and these two east-west ranges divide the Indo-Gangetic plain of northern India and Pakistan from the Deccan Plateau to the south. The Narmada River runs in the depression between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges, and draining the northern slope of the Satpura range and running west towards the Arabian Sea. The Tapti River drains the southern slopes of the western end of the Satpura Range. The Godavari River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau, which lies south of the central and eastern portions of the range, and the Mahanadi River drains the easternmost portion of the range. The Godavari and Mahanadi rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal. At its eastern end, the Satpura range meets the hills of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.
http://wn.com/Satpura_Range
Shipra
http://wn.com/Shipra
Shipra River
The Shipra, also known as the Kshipra, is a river in Madhya Pradesh state of central India. The river rises in the Vindhya Range north of Dhar, and flows south across the Malwa Plateau to join the Chambal River. It is one of the sacred rivers in Hinduism. The holy city of Ujjain is situated on its right bank. Every 12 years, the Kumbh Mela festival takes place on the city's elaborate riverside ghats, as do yearly celebrations of the river goddess Kshipra.There are hundreds of Hindu shrines along the banks of the river Shipra. Shipra is a perennial river. Earlier there used to be plenty of water in the river. Now the river stops flowing after a couple of months after the monsoon.
http://wn.com/Shipra_River
Sulaiman Mountains
The Sulaiman Mountains are a major geological feature of northern Balochistan province of Pakistan and Zabul province of Afghanistan. It is the bordering region between the Iranian Plateau and the Indian subcontinent, located to the east of the Lut Desert and to the west of the Indus River. Bordering the Sulaiman Range to the north are the arid highlands of the Hindu Kush, with more than 50 percent of the lands there lying above 2,000 m (6,500 feet). The highest peak of Sulaiman Mountains is Takht-e-Sulaiman, in Balochistan, Pakistan. In comparison, the highest point in Balochistan, at , is Koh-i-Zarghoon in the Zarghoon Mountains in Quetta.
http://wn.com/Sulaiman_Mountains
Sundarbans
http://wn.com/Sundarbans
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal (; , "crown of buildings", ; also "the Taj") is a mausoleum located in Agra, India. It is one of the most recognizable structures in the world. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is widely considered as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world and stands as a symbol of eternal love.
http://wn.com/Taj_Mahal
Ujjain District
Ujjain District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The historic city of Ujjain is the district headquarters.
http://wn.com/Ujjain_District
Vindhya Range
The Vindhya Range () is a range of older rounded mountains and hills in the west-central Indian subcontinent, which geographically separates the Indian subcontinent into northern India (the Indo-Gangetic plain) and Southern India.
http://wn.com/Vindhya_Range

Akbar
http://wn.com/Akbar
Anglo-Indian
Anglo-Indians are people who have mixed Indian and British ancestry. The British residents in India used the term "Eurasians" for people of mixed European and Indian descent (cf. George Orwell's Burmese Days).
http://wn.com/Anglo-Indian
Aryabhata
http://wn.com/Aryabhata
Aryan
Aryan is an English language loanword derived from Sanskrit Arya ('Noble') and denoting variously
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Ashoka
http://wn.com/Ashoka
Baz Bahadur
Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur was the last sultan of Malwa, who reigned from 1555 to 1562. He succeeded his father, Shuja'at Khan. He is known for his romantic liaison with Roopmati, a singer of Rajput birth.
http://wn.com/Baz_Bahadur
Belisarius
http://wn.com/Belisarius
Bhil
Bhils are a tribal people of Central India. They speak Bhil languages, a group of Indic languages. Bhils are also settled in Tharparkar district of Sindh in Pakistan.
http://wn.com/Bhil
Bhils
http://wn.com/Bhils
Brahmagupta
http://wn.com/Brahmagupta
Chandragupta II
Chandragupta II the Great (very often referred to as Vikramaditya or Chandragupta Vikramaditya in Sanskrit; also known to the Greek world as Sandrokottos) was one of the most powerful emperors of the Gupta empire. His rule spanned 375-413/15 CE, during which the Gupta Empire achieved its zenith. The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the Golden Age of India. Chandragupta II the Great was the son of the previous ruler, Samudragupta the Great. He attained success by pursuing both a favorable marital alliance and an aggressive expansionist policy. In this his father and grandfather set the precedent.
http://wn.com/Chandragupta_II
Chimnaji Appa
Chimnaji Appa (or Chimaji Appa) (b.1707 - d.1741) was the son of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat and the younger brother of Bajirao Peshwa. He was an able military commander who liberated the western coast of India from Portuguese rule. The crowning glory of his career was the capture of Vasai fort from the Portuguese (who had technically advanced weapons and artillery at their disposal) in a hard fought battle.
http://wn.com/Chimnaji_Appa
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Daulatrao Scindia
http://wn.com/Daulatrao_Scindia
David Drake
David Drake (born September 24, 1945) is an author of science fiction and fantasy literature. A Vietnam War veteran who has worked as a lawyer, he is now one of the premier authors of the military science fiction subgenre.
http://wn.com/David_Drake
Eric Flint
Eric Flint (born 1947) is an American author, editor, and e-publisher. The majority of his main works are alternate history science fiction, but he also writes humorous fantasy adventures.
http://wn.com/Eric_Flint
Gurjar
#REDIRECTGujjar
http://wn.com/Gurjar
Hoshang Shah
http://wn.com/Hoshang_Shah
Hunas
http://wn.com/Hunas
Husayn ibn Ali
http://wn.com/Husayn_ibn_Ali
Indo-Aryans
http://wn.com/Indo-Aryans
Indo-Scythians
The Indo-Scythians are commonly thought to have been a branch of Sakas (Scythians), who migrated from southern Siberia into Bactria, Sogdiana, Arachosia, Gandhara, Kashmir, Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE. The first Saka king in Pakistan and India was Maues or Moga who established Saka power in Gandhara (Pakistan) and gradually extended supremacy over north-western India. Indo-Scythian rule in India ended with the last Western Satrap Rudrasimha III in 395 CE.
http://wn.com/Indo-Scythians
Jai Singh II
http://wn.com/Jai_Singh_II
John Malcolm
http://wn.com/John_Malcolm
Kalidasa
http://wn.com/Kalidasa
Kanjar
Kanjar is a traditionally nomadic community resident in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat and parts of Uttar Pradesh in India. The community is also known by the names of Nath, Banchra, Marwari Kumar, and Bhantu. They are reputed to have made a living by kidnapping, theft, prostitution, and other criminal activity.
http://wn.com/Kanjar
Mahajanapada
http://wn.com/Mahajanapada
Mahatma Gandhi
http://wn.com/Mahatma_Gandhi
Malharrao Holkar
http://wn.com/Malharrao_Holkar
Maratha
http://wn.com/Maratha
Marathas
http://wn.com/Marathas
Mongol
http://wn.com/Mongol
Rajput
A Rajput is a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya (warrior) groups of India and are a ruling class of the Indian subcontinent. They enjoy a reputation as soldiers; many of them serve in the Indian Armed Forces, while persons of Rajput ancestry also serve in the Pakistani Armed Forces. During the British Raj, the Government accepted them and recruited them heavily into their armies. Current-day Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh is home to most of the Rajputs, although demographically the Rajput population and the former Rajput states are found spread through much the subcontinent, particularly in North India and central India.
http://wn.com/Rajput
Ranoji Scindia
http://wn.com/Ranoji_Scindia
Rupmati
http://wn.com/Rupmati
Satavahana
http://wn.com/Satavahana
Sindhi people
http://wn.com/Sindhi_people
Sir John Malcolm
http://wn.com/Sir_John_Malcolm
Timur
http://wn.com/Timur
Varahamihira
http://wn.com/Varahamihira
Xuanzang
http://wn.com/Xuanzang

PARDES [OFFICIAL VIDEO] - BALJIT MALWA

TRACK - PARDES ALBUM - PARDES ARTIST - BALJIT MALWA LYRICS - JELLY MANJITPURI VIDEO DIRECT...

published: 29 Feb 2012

author: MOVIEBOXrecordLABEL

Akhian - Baljit Malwa - Maujan

Akhian - Baljit Malwa - Maujan...

published: 29 Dec 2010

author: htpunjabi

Malwa 460 - Vikingstad 1 (2)

Logging with Malwa 460 in Vikingstad Sweden. Malwa forwarder with loadsensing, torque-limi...

published: 26 Aug 2012

author: MalwaAB

Malwa 460 - Vikingstad 2 (2)

Logging with Malwa 460 in Vikingstad, Sweden. Logging on narrow thinning roads with minimu...

published: 26 Aug 2012

author: MalwaAB

Miniskotare Malwa 460 - gallring i bokskog

Demonstrationsvideo som visar Malwa 460 i en bokgallring. Maskinen är utrustad med Moheda ...

published: 18 Mar 2011

author: MalwaAB

Malwa 460 Kombi Skördare Harvester in Thinning

UPDATE. Watch the final version here : vimeo.com A new video of our Kombi version of the M...

published: 02 Oct 2011

author: MalwaAB

Malwa 460

Malwa 460 lastar av massaved på avlägg!...

published: 31 Mar 2011

author: PonsseFox

[SimplyBhangra.com] Baljit Malwa - Chabi (Video)

JOIN OUR FANPAGE LOADS OF FREE EXCLUSIVE GIVEAWAYS AND LOADS MORE!! - www.facebook.com Alt...

published: 16 Jul 2009

author: SimplyBhangra

Malwa International AB - Company Presentation

...

published: 30 May 2011

author: MalwaAB

Malwa launches a new Harvester Head.

A short video from our first test of the new harvester head HH 236. Some facts: Weight 285...

published: 03 May 2012

author: MalwaAB

Malwa klättrar på bergklack

...

published: 22 May 2012

author: MalwaAB

Malwa 460 in thinning

This Malwa 460 is owned by Arnoldsson Skogstjänst. It's equipped with Moheda K35, ECC, 500...

published: 25 Sep 2011

author: MalwaAB

Miniskotare Malwa 460 skogsdag Skene skog 2011 - del 1 (2)

Film från Skogsdag den 5 mars. Skotning i Bokgallring med Malwa 460 utrustad med Moheda K3...

published: 07 Mar 2011

author: MalwaAB

Majha Malwa Doaba - Punjabi Marriage Song - Gidha Punjabana Da - Catrack

Majha Malwa Doaba - Gidha Punjabana Da - Catrack Join Us On Facebook www.facebook.com...

published: 22 Jun 2011

author: catrackentertainment

Malwa / Domino / Jason Mraz

published: 23 Oct 2011

author: Paweł Bomba

Malwa Bus - Since 1937...

Malwa Bus group is one of the oldest transport companies in Punjab. Company started provid...

published: 03 Nov 2011

author: Brar Films

Malwa na dziobie!!!!

published: 09 Jul 2010

author: Filip Matejak

Malwa 460 Kombi - Harvester in Thinning

A new video of our Kombi version of the Malwa 460 forwarder. * The harvester head has a ...

published: 11 Oct 2011

author: Malwa International

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Photo: AP / Syrian Observatory for Human Rights via AP video

In this frame grab from amateur video taken Thursday, Nov. 1, 2012, and provided by the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights via AP video, captured soldiers lie on the ground in Saraqeb, northern Syria. Later in the video, alleged rebels appear to kill the group of captured soldiers, spraying them with bullets as they lie on the ground.

U.N. says Syria video killings appear to be war crime

Chicago Tribune

02 Nov 2012

GENEVA (Reuters) - A video that appears to show Syrian rebels killing soldiers who had surrendered probably constitutes a war crime that should be prosecuted, the United Nations human rights office...

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Photo: AP / Salisu Rabiu

Suspected members of the radical Islamist sect Boko Haram, are detained by the military, in Bukavu Barracks in Kano state, Nigeria, Wednesday, March 21, 2012.

Nigeria army 'abuses' in Boko Haram crackdown - Amnesty

BBC News

01 Nov 2012

Nigerian security forces have carried out widespread abuses in their campaign against the Islamist militant group Boko Haram, . The rights group says in a report that abuses include extrajudicial...

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Photo: USAF / Master Sgt. Mark C. Olsen

Aerial views of the damage caused by Hurricane Sandy to the New Jersey coast taken during a search and rescue mission by 1-150 Assault Helicopter Battalion, New Jersey Army National Guard, Oct. 30, 2012.

Scope of Sandy's devastation widens, death toll spirals

CNBC

02 Nov 2012

NEW YORK (Reuters) - From New York City's Staten Island to the popular beach towns of the Jersey Shore, rescuers and officials on Friday faced growing evidence of widespread destruction wrought by...

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Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais

President Barack Obama, center, talks with a local resident as he tours a neighborhood effected by superstorm Sandy, Wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012 in Brigantine, N.J. Walking with Obama are Sen. Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J., and Sen. Bob Menendez, D-N.J., far right.

Storm Sandy: Barack Obama tours devastated New Jersey areas

Zeenews

01 Nov 2012

Washington: Showing to the world the rare images of two bitter political rivals joining hands in times of national crisis, US President Barack Obama toured the storm-ravaged areas of New Jersey, along...

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Photo: AP / Shaam News Network via AP video

This image taken from video obtained from Shaam News Network, which has been authenticated based on its contents and other AP reporting, shows smoke rising from the city following heavy bombing from military warplanes, in a suburb of Damascus, Syria, on wednesday, Oct. 31, 2012.

Syria: Intensified airstrikes after failed truce

NZ Herald

01 Nov 2012

Syrian warplanes fired missiles at opposition strongholds around Damascus and in the north as Turkey, a key backer of the anti-regime rebels, appeared to distance itself from an earlier call to impose...

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SD wrestlers shine to bag inter-college title 02 Nov 2012

Indian Express With four gold and annexed bronze medals, G.G.D. S.D. College, Sector 32, Chandigarh claimed the Panjab University Inter-College Wrestling (Men's) Championship with 23 points for the session 2012-13. Gobindgarh Public College Alour, G.G.D. S.D. College, Hariana and P.U. Campus,...(size: 1.8Kb)

Drug peddlers back from dead to haunt cops 02 Nov 2012

The Times of India NEEMUCH: Declared dead in police records, two drug peddlers from the opium belt of Malwa region on the Madhya Pradesh-Rajasthan border have come back from the dead throwing the state police in a tizzy. The MP police has now launched a massive manhunt to recapture them. Taking a leaf out of the books...(size: 4.7Kb)

Madhya Pradesh to give push to textile industry with new incentives 31 Oct 2012

The Times of India INDORE: Madhya Pradesh is fourth in the country in the production of cotton and textile worth Rs 1800 crore are being exported to foreign countries from the state, said industries commissioner R K Chaturvedi adding that state all essential elements to...(size: 1.7Kb)

Muhammad (PBUH) The Grand Reformer, Perfector of Morals and His Miracles 28 Oct 2012

The Examiner Related topics wwwalislamorgAHMADIYYA MUSLIM COMMUNITY CALGARY Advertisement In meekness and gentleness, Moses(as) stood higher than all the Prophets in Israel and no other Prophet in Israel, whether Jesus(as) or anyone else, approached the lofty station of Moses(as). The Torah bears witness that in...(size: 34.7Kb)

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For other uses, see Malwa (disambiguation).

Malwa
— Region, former administrative division —
Mhow cantonment area in Malwa
Malwa (highlighted) as per 1823 depiction of India by Fielding Lucas Jr..
Country	India
Area
• Total	81,767 km² (31,570 sq mi)
ElevationAverage elevation of the Malawa Plateau	500 m (1,600 ft)
Population (2001)
• Total	18,889,000
• Density	230/km² (600/sq mi)
Time zone	IST (UTC+05:30)
Largest city	Indore

Malwa (Devnagari: मालवा,) is a natural region in west-central northern India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.

Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic upland south of the Vindhya Range. Politically and administratively, the historical Malwa region includes districts of western Madhya Pradesh and parts of south-eastern Rajasthan. The definition of Malwa is sometimes extended to include the Nimar region north of the Vindhyas.

The Malwa region had been a separate political unit from the time of the ancient Malava Kingdom. It has been ruled by several kingdoms and dynasties, including the Avanti Kingdom, the Mauryans, the Guptas, the Parmaras, the Malwa sultans, the Mughals and the Marathas. Malwa continued to be an administrative division until 1947, when the Malwa Agency of British India was merged into Madhya Bharat (also known as Malwa Union) state of independent India.

Although its political borders have fluctuated throughout history, the region has developed its own distinct culture, influenced by the Rajasthani, Marathi and Gujarati cultures. Several prominent people in the history of India have hailed from Malwa, including the poet and dramatist Kalidasa, the author Bhartrihari, the mathematicians and astronomers Varahamihira and Brahmagupta, and the polymath king Bhoja. Ujjain had been the political, economic, and cultural capital of the region in ancient times, and Indore is presently the largest city and commercial centre.

Overall, agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Malwa. The region has been one of the important producers of opium in the world. Cotton and soybeans are other important cash crops, and textiles are a major industry.

1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 Economy
5 Culture
6 Tourism
7 In Fiction
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links

History [link]

Ceramic goblet from Navdatoli, Malwa, 1300 BCE.

Coin showing Karttikeya and Lakshmi (Ujjain, circa 150–75 BC)

Several early stone age or Lower Paleolithic habitations have been excavated in eastern Malwa.^[1] The name Malwa is derived from the name of the ancient Aryan tribe of Malavas, about whom very little is known apart from the fact that they created the Vikrama Samvat, a calendar dating from 57 BC that is widely used in India and is popularly associated with king Chandragupta Vikramaditya.

Ancient historians have mention about a great tribe in Indo-Scythians called Abhira migrated from Eastern Iran^[2]^[3] to Malwa in A.D 151.^[4]^[5]^[6] The name Malava is derived from the Sanskrit term Malav, and means “part of the abode of Lakshmi”.^[7] The location of the Malwa or Moholo, mentioned by the 7th century Chinese traveller Xuanzang, is plausibly identified with present-day Gujarat.^[8] The region is cited as Malibah in Arabic records, such as Kamilu-t Tawarikh by Ibn Asir.^[9]

Ujjain, also known historically as Ujjaiyini and Avanti, emerged as the first major centre in the Malwa region during India's second wave of urbanisation in the 7th century BC (the first wave was the Indus Valley Civilization). Around 600 BC an earthen rampart was built around Ujjain, enclosing a city of considerable size. Avanti was one of the prominent mahajanapadas of the Indo-Aryans. In the post-Mahabharata period—around 500 BC—Avanti was an important kingdom in western India; it was ruled by the Haihayas, a people who were possibly of mixed Indo-Aryan and aboriginal descent, who were responsible for the destruction of Naga power in western India.^[10]

The region was conquered by the Maurya empire in the mid-4th century BC. Ashoka, who was later a Mauryan emperor, was governor of Ujjain in his youth. After the death of Ashoka in 232 BC, the Maurya Empire began to collapse. Although evidence is sparse, Malwa was probably ruled by the Kushanas and the Shakas during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Ownership of the region was the subject of dispute between the Western Kshatrapas and the Satavahanas during the first three centuries AD. Ujjain emerged a major trading centre during the 1st century AD.

File:Rani Rupmati pavilion.jpg

Rani Rupmati Pavilion at Mandu, built by Miyan Bayezid Baz Bahadur (1555–62)

Malwa became part of the Gupta Empire during the reign of Chandragupta II (375–413), also known as Vikramaditya, who conquered the region, driving out the Western Kshatrapas. The Gupta period is widely regarded as a golden age in the history of Malwa, when Ujjain served as the empire's western capital. Kalidasa, Aryabhata and Varahamihira were all based in Ujjain, which emerged as a major centre of learning, especially in astronomy and mathematics. Around 500, Malwa re-emerged from the dissolving Gupta Empire as a separate kingdom; in 528, Yasodharman of Malwa defeated the Hunas, who had invaded India from the north-west. During the seventh century, the region became part of Harsha's empire, who disputed the region with the Chalukya king Pulakesin II of Badami in the Deccan.

In 756 AD Gurjars advanced into Malwa.^[11] In 786 the region was captured by the Rashtrakuta kings of the Deccan, and was disputed between the Rashtrakutas and the Gurjara Pratihara kings of Kannauj until the early part of the tenth century. From the mid-tenth century, Malwa was ruled by the Paramaras, who established a capital at Dhar. King Bhoj, who ruled from about 1010 to 1060, was known as the great polymath philosopher-king of medieval India; his extensive writings cover philosophy, poetry, medicine, veterinary science, phonetics, yoga, and archery. Under his rule Malwa became an intellectual centre of India. Bhoj also founded the city of Bhopal to secure the eastern part of his kingdom. His successors ruled until about 1305, when Malwa was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate.

Position of Malwa with respect to other states in c. 1200. prior to conquest by Delhi Sultanate

Dilawar Khan, previously Malwa's governor under the rule of the Delhi sultanate, declared himself sultan of Malwa in 1401 after the Mongol conqueror Timur attacked Delhi, causing the break-up of the sultanate into smaller states. Khan started the Malwa Sultanate and established a capital at Mandu, high in the Vindhya Range overlooking the Narmada River valley. His son and successor, Hoshang Shah (1405–35), embellished^{[clarification needed]} Mandu. Hoshang Shah's son, Ghazni Khan, ruled for only a year and was succeeded by Sultan Mahmud Khalji (1436–69), the first of the Khalji sultans of Malwa, who expanded the state to include parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, and the Deccan. The Muslim sultans invited the Rajputs to settle in the country. In the early 16th century, the sultan sought the aid of the sultans of Gujarat to counter the growing power of the Rajputs, while the Rajputs sought the support of the Sesodia Rajput kings of Mewar. Gujarat stormed Mandu in 1518 and 1531, and shortly after that, the Malwa sultanate collapsed. The Mughal emperor Akbar captured Malwa in 1562 and made it a subah (province) of his empire. The Malwa Subah existed from 1568 to 1743. Mandu was abandoned by the 17th century.

Sculpture of a Holkar courtier from Fort Ahilya

As the Mughal state weakened after 1700, the Marathas held sway over Malwa under dispatchment of bajirao 1 under leadership of Chimnaji Appa, Nemaji Shinde and Chimnaji Damodar were the first Maratha Generals to cross the boundary of Maharashtra and to invade in Malwa in 1698. Subsequently, Malharrao Holkar (1694–1766) became leader of Maratha armies in Malwa in 1724, and in 1733 the Maratha Peshwa granted him control of most of the region, which was formally ceded by the Mughals in 1738. Ranoji Scindia noted Maratha Commander established his head quarters at Ujjain in 1721. This capital was later moved to Gwalior by Daulatrao Scindia.Another Maratha general, Anand Rao Pawar, established himself as the Raja of Dhar in 1742, and the two Pawar brothers became Rajas of Dewas. At the end of the 18th century, Malwa became the venue of fighting between the rival Maratha powers and the headquarters of the Pindaris, who were irregular plunderers. The Pindaris were rooted out in a campaign by the British general Lord Hastings, and further order was established under Sir John Malcolm.^[8] The Holkar dynasty ruled Malwa from Indore and Maheshwar on the Narmada until 1818, when the Marathas were defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, and the Holkars of Indore became a princely state of the British Raj. After 1818 the British organised the numerous princely states of central India into the Central India Agency; the Malwa Agency was a division of Central India, with an area of 23,100 km² (8,900 sq mi) and a population of 1,054,753 in 1901. It comprised the states of Dewas (senior and junior branch), Jaora, Ratlam, Sitamau and Sailana, together with a large part of Gwalior, parts of Indore and Tonk, and about 35 small estates and holdings. Political power was exercised from Neemuch.^[8] Upon Indian independence in 1947, the Holkars and other princely rulers acceded to India, and most of Malwa became part of the new state of Madhya Bharat, which was merged into Madhya Pradesh in 1956.

Geography [link]

Malwa (central India, in yellow), as depicted in the Ostell's New General Atlas, 1814

The Malwa region occupies a plateau in western Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan (between 21°10′N 73°45′E / 21.167°N 73.75°E / 21.167; 73.75 and 25°10′N 79°14′E / 25.167°N 79.233°E / 25.167; 79.233),^[10] with Gujarat in the west. The region includes the Madhya Pradesh districts of Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain, and parts of Guna and Sehore, and the Rajasthan districts of Jhalawar and parts of Banswara and Chittorgarh. Malwa is bounded in the north-east by the Hadoti region, in the north-west by the Mewar region, in the west by the Vagad region and Gujarat. To the south and east is the Vindhya Range and to the north is the Bundelkhand upland.

The plateau is an extension of the Deccan Traps, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago^[12]^[13] at the end of the Cretaceous period. In this region the main classes of soil are black, brown and bhatori (stony) soil. The volcanic, clay-like soil of the region owes its black colour to the high iron content of the basalt from which it formed. The soil requires less irrigation because of its high capacity for moisture retention. The other two soil types are lighter and have a higher proportion of sand.

The average elevation of the plateau is 500 m. Some of the peaks over 800 m high are at Sigar (881 m), Janapav (854 m) and Ghajari (810 m). The plateau generally slopes towards the north. The western part of the region is drained by the Mahi River, while the Chambal River drains the central part, and the Betwa River and the headwaters of the Dhasan and Ken rivers drain the east. The Shipra River is of historical importance because of the Simhasth mela, held every 12 years. Other notable rivers are Parbati, Gambhir and Choti Kali Sindh. Malwa's elevation gives it a mild, pleasant climate; a cool morning wind, the karaman, and an evening breeze, the Shab-e-Malwa, make the summers less harsh.

The Vindhya Range marks the southern boundary of the plateau, and is the source of many rivers of the region.

The year is popularly divided into three seasons: summer, the rains, and winter. Summer extends over the months of Chaitra to Jyestha (mid-March to mid-May). The average daily temperature during the summer months is 35 °C, which typically rises to around 40 °C on a few days. The rainy season starts with the first showers of Aashaadha (mid-June) and extends to the middle of Ashvin (September). Most of the rain falls during the southwest monsoon spell, and ranges from about 100 cm in the west to about 165 cm in the east. Indore and the immediately surrounding areas receive an average of 140 cm of rainfall a year. The growing period lasts from 90 to 150 days, during which the average daily temperature is below 30 °C, but seldom falls below 20 °C. Winter is the longest of the three seasons, extending for about five months (mid-Ashvin to Phalgun, i.e., October to mid-March). The average daily temperature ranges from 15 °C to 20 °C, though on some nights it can fall as low as 7 °C. Some cultivators believe that an occasional winter shower during the months of Pausha and Maagha—known as Mawta—is helpful to the early summer wheat and germ crops.^[10]

The Sambhar is one of the most common wild animals found in the region.

The region is part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.

Vegetation: The natural vegetation is tropical dry forest, with scattered teak (Tectona grandis) forests. The main trees are Butea, Bombax, Anogeissus, Acacia, Buchanania and Boswellia. The shrubs or small trees include species of Grewia, Ziziphus mauritiana, Casearia, Prosopis, Capparis, Woodfordia, Phyllanthus, and Carissa.

Wildlife: Sambhar (Cervus unicolor), Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are some common ungulates.^[14] During the last century, deforestation has happened at a fast rate, leading to environmental problems such as acute water scarcity and the danger that the region is being desertified.

Demographics [link]

A girl from the Gadia Lohars nomadic tribe of Marwar, cooking on the outskirts of a village in Ratlam district

The population of the Malwa region was about 18.9 million in 2001, with a population density of a moderate 231/km². The annual birth rate in the region was 31.6 per 1000, and the death rate 10.3. The infant mortality rate was 93.8, slightly higher than the overall rate for the Madhya Pradesh state.

There are numerous tribes in the region, such as the Bhils—and their allied groups, the Bhilalas, Barelas and Patelias—and the Meenas, who all differ to a remarkable degree from the regional population in their dialects and social life. They encompass a variety of languages and cultures. Some tribes of the region, notably the Kanjars, were notified in the 19th century for their criminal activities, but have since been denotified. A nomadic tribe from the Marwar region of Rajasthan, the Gadia Lohars—who work as lohars (blacksmiths)—visit the region at the start of the agricultural season to repair and sell agricultural tools and implements, stopping temporarily on the outskirts of villages and towns and residing in their ornate metal carts. The Kalbelia is another nomadic tribe from Rajasthan that regularly visits the region.^[15]

Malwa has a significant number of Dawoodi Bohras, a subsect of Shia Muslims from Gujarat, who are mostly businessmen by profession. Besides speaking the local languages, the Bohras have their own language, Lisan al-Dawat. The Patidars, who probably originated from the Kurmis of Punjab, are mostly rural farmers who settled in Gujarat around 1400. Periods of Maratha rule led to the growth of sizeable Marathi communities. The region of Indore, Dhar, Dewas and Ujjain has a considerable Marathi speaking populace. A significant number of Marwaris, Jats and Rajputs also live in the region. The Sindhis, who settled in the region after the partition of India, are an important part of the business community. Like southern Rajasthan, the region has a significant number of Jains, who are mostly traders and business people. The region is home to smaller numbers of Goan Catholics, Anglo-Indians, Punjabis and Parsis or Zoroastrians. The Parsis are closely connected to the growth and evolution of Mhow, which has a Parsi fire temple and a Tower of Silence.

Economy [link]

Children in an opium field in Malwa

Malwa is one of the world's major opium producers. This crop resulted in development of close connections between the economies of Malwa, the western Indian ports and China, bringing international capital to the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. Malwa opium was a challenge to the monopoly of the British East India Company, which was supplying Bengal opium to China. This led the British company to impose many restrictions on the production and trade of the drug; eventually, opium trading was pushed underground. When smuggling became rife, the British eased the restrictions. Today, the region is one of the largest producers of legal opium in the world. There is a central, government-owned opium and alkaloid factory in the city of Neemuch. Nevertheless, there is a still a significant amount of illicit opium production, which is channelled into the black market. The headquarters of India's Central Bureau of Narcotics is in Gwalior. The Rajputana-Malwa Railway was opened in 1876.

The region is predominantly agricultural. The brown soil in parts of the region is particularly suitable for the cultivation of such unalu (early summer) crops as wheat, gram (Cicer arietinum) and til (Sesamum indicum). Relatively poor soil is used for the cultivation of syalu such (early winter) crops as millet (Andropogon sorghum), maize (Zea mays), mung bean (Vigna radiata), urad (Vigna mungo), batla (Pisum sativum) and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). Overall, the main crops are jowar, rice, wheat, coarse millet, peanuts and pulses, soya bean, cotton, linseed, sesame and sugarcane. Sugar mills are located in numerous small towns.

The black, volcanic soil is ideal for the cultivation of cotton, and textile manufacture is an important industry. Large centres of textile production include Indore, Ujjain and Nagda. Maheshwar is known for its fine Maheshwari saris, and Mandsaur for its coarse woollen blankets. Handicrafts are an important source of income for the tribal population. Coloured lacquerware from Ratlam, rag dolls from Indore, and papier-mâché articles from Indore, Ujjain and several other centres are well known.

Mandsaur district is the sole producer in India of white- and red-coloured slate, used in the district's 110 slate pencil factories. There is a cement factory in . Apart from this, the region lacks mineral resources. The region's industries mainly produce consumer goods—but there are now many centres of large- and medium-scale industries, including Indore, Nagda and Ujjain. Indore has a large-scale factory that produces diesel engines. Pithampur, an industrial town 25 km from Indore, is known as the Detroit of India for its heavy concentration of automotive industry. Indore is recognised as the commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh, and is the main centre for trade in textiles and agro-based products. It has one of the six Indian Institutes of Management and one of sixteen Indian Institute of Technology.

Culture [link]

A Maratha-styled sculpture from Maheshwar

The culture of Malwa has been significantly influenced by Gujarati and Rajasthani culture, because of their geographic proximity. Marathi influence is also visible, because of recent rule by the Marathas.

The main language of Malwa is Malvi, although Hindi is widely spoken in the cities. This Indo-European language is subclassified as Indo-Aryan. The language is sometimes referred to as Malavi or Ujjaini. Malvi is part of the Rajasthani branch of languages; Nimadi is spoken in the Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh and in Rajasthan. The dialects of Malvi are, in alphabetical order, Bachadi, Bhoyari, Dholewari, Hoshangabadi, Jamral, Katiyai, Malvi Proper, Patvi, Rangari, Rangri and Sondwari. A survey in 2001 found only four dialects: Ujjaini (in the districts of Ujjain, Indore, Dewas and Sehore), Rajawari (Ratlam, Mandsaur and Neemuch), Umadwari (Rajgarh) and Sondhwari (Jhalawar, in Rajasthan). About 55% of the population of Malwa can converse in and about 40% of the population is literate in Hindi, the official language of the Madhya Pradesh state.^[16]

Traditional Malwa food has elements of Rajasthani, Gujarati and Maharashtrian cuisine. Traditionally, jowar was the staple cereal, but after the Green Revolution in India, wheat has replaced jowar as the most important food crop; many are vegetarians. Since the climate is mostly dry throughout the year, most people rely on stored foods such as pulses, and green vegetables are rare. A typical snack of Malwa is the bhutta ri kees (made with grated corn roasted in ghee and later cooked in milk with spices). Chakki ri shaak is made of wheat dough, which is washed under running water, steamed and then used in a gravy of curd. The traditional bread of Malwa is called baati/bafla, which is essentially a small, round ball of wheat flour, roasted over dung cakes, in the traditional way. Baati is typically eaten with dal (pulses), while baflas are dripping with ghee and soaked with dal. The amli ri kadhi is kadhi made with tamarind instead of yogurt. Sweet cakes, made of a variety of wheat called tapu, are prepared during religious festivities. Sweet cereal called thulli is also typically eaten with milk or yoghurt. Traditional desserts include mawa-bati (milk-based sweet similar to Gulab jamun), khoprapak (coconut-based sweet), shreekhand (yogurt based) and malpua.

Lavani is a widely practised form of folk music in southern Malwa, which was brought to the region by the Marathas. The Nirguni Lavani (philosophical) and the Shringari Lavani (erotic) are the two of the main genres. The Bhils have their own folk songs, which are always accompanied by dance. The folk musical modes of Malwa are of four or five notes, and in rare cases six. The devotional music of the Nirguni cult is popular throughout Malwa. Legends of Raja Bhoj and Bijori, the Kanjar girl, and the tale of Balabau are popular themes for folk songs. Insertions known as stobha are commonly used in Malwa music; this can occur in four ways: the matra stobha (syllable insertion), varna stobha (letter insertion), shabda stobha (word insertion) and vakya stobha (sentence insertion).

Typical countryside near Mhow during the monsoon season

Malwa was the centre of sanskrit literature during and after the Gupta period. The region's most famous playwright, Kalidasa, is considered to be the greatest Indian writer ever. His first surviving play is Malavikagnimitra (Malavika and Agnimitra). Kalidasa's second play, his masterpiece, is the Abhijñānaśākuntalam, which tells the story of king Dushyanta, who falls in love with a girl of lowly birth, the lovely Shakuntala. The last of Kalidasa's surviving plays is Vikramuurvashiiya ("Urvashi conquered by valour"). Kalidasa also wrote the epic poems Raghuvamsha ("Dynasty of Raghu"), Ritusamhāra and Kumarasambhava ("Birth of the war god"), as well as the lyric Meghaduuta ("The cloud messenger").

Swang is a popular dance form in Malwa; its roots go back to the origins of the Indian theatre tradition in the first millennium BC. Since women did not participate in the dance-drama form, men enacted their roles. Swang incorporates suitable theatrics and mimicry, accompanied alternately by song and dialogue. The genre is dialogue-oriented rather than movement-oriented.^[17]

Mandana (literally painting) wall and floor paintings are the best-known painting traditions of Malwa. White drawings stand out in contrast to the base material consisting of a mixture of red clay and cow dung. Peacocks, cats, lions, goojari, bawari, the swastika and chowk are some motifs of this style. Sanjhya is a ritual wall painting done by young girls during the annual period when Hindus remember and offer ritual oblation to their ancestors. Malwa miniature paintings are well known for their intricate brushwork.^[18] In the 17th century, an offshoot of the Rajasthani school of miniature painting, known as Malwa painting, was centred largely in Malwa and Bundelkhand. The school preserved the style of the earliest examples, such as the Rasikapriya series dated 1636 (after a poem analysing the love sentiment) and the Amaru Sataka (a 17th-century Sanskrit poem). The paintings from this school are flat compositions on black and chocolate-brown backgrounds, with figures shown against a solid colour patch, and architecture painted in vibrant colours.^[19]

The biggest festival of Malwa is the Simhastha mela, held every 12 years, in which more than 40 million pilgrims take a holy dip in river Shipra. The festival of Gana-gour is celebrated in honour of Shiva and Parvati. The history of the festival goes back to Rano Bai, whose parental home was in Malwa, but who was married in Rajasthan. Rano Bai was strongly attached to Malwa, and did not want to stay in Rajasthan. After marriage, she was allowed to visit Malwa only once a year; Gana-gour symbolises these annual return visits. The festival is observed by women in the region once in the month of Chaitra (mid-March) and Bhadra (mid-August). The Ghadlya (earthen pot) festival is celebrated by the girls of the region, who gather to visit every house in their village in the evenings, carrying earthen pots with holes for the light from oil lamps inside to escape. In front of every house, the girls recite songs connected with the Ghadlya and receive food or money in return. The Gordhan festival is celebrated on the 16th day in the month of Kartika. The Bhils of the region sing Heeda, anecdotal songs to the cattle, while the women sing the Chandrawali song, associated with Krishna's romance.

The most popular fairs are held in the months of Phalguna, Chaitra, Bhadra, Ashvin and Kartik. The Chaitra fair, held at Biaora, and the Gal yatras, held at more than two dozen villages in Malwa are remarkable. Many fairs are held in the tenth day of the month of Bhadra to mark the birth of Tejaji. The Triveni mela is held at Ratlam, and other fairs take place in Kartika at Ujjain, Mandhata (Nimad), Nayagaon, among others.

Tourism [link]

The main tourist destinations in Malwa are places of historical or religious significance. The river Shipra and the city of Ujjain have been regarded as sacred for thousands of years. The Mahakal Temple of Ujjain is one of the 12 jyotirlingas. Ujjain has over 100 other ancient temples, including Harsidhhi, Chintaman Ganesh, Gadh Kalika, Kaal Bhairava and Mangalnath. The Kalideh Palace, on the outskirts of the city, is a fine example of ancient Indian architecture. The Bhartrihari caves are associated with interesting legends. Since the fourth century BC, Ujjain has enjoyed the reputation of being India's Greenwich,^[20] as the Prime Meridian of the Hindu geographers. The observatory built by Jai Singh II is one of the four such observatories in India and features ancient astronomical devices. The Simhastha mela, celebrated every 12 years, starts on the full moon day in Chaitra (April) and continues into Vaishakha (May) until the next full moon day.

Mandu Valley

Mandu was originally the fort capital of the Parmar rulers. Towards the end of the 13th century, it came under the sway of the Sultans of Malwa, the first of whom named it Shadiabad (city of joy). It remained as the capital, and in it the sultans built exquisite palaces like the Jahaz Mahal and Hindola Mahal, ornamental canals, baths and pavilions. The massive Jami Masjid and Hoshang Shah's tomb provided inspiration to the designers of the Taj Mahal centuries later. Baz Bahadur built a huge palace in Mandu in the 16th century. Other notable historical monuments are Rewa Kund, Rupmati's Pavilion, Nilkanth Mahal, Hathi Mahal, Darya Khan's Tomb, Dai ka Mahal, Malik Mughit is Mosque and Jali Mahal.

Fort Ahilya in Maheshwar

Close to Mandu is Maheshwar, a town on the northern bank of Narmada River that served as the capital of the Indore state under Rajmata Ahilya Devi Holkar. The Maratha rajwada (fort) is the main attraction. A life-size statue of Rani Ahilya sits on a throne within the fort complex. Dhar was the capital of Malwa before Mandu became the capital in 1405. There, the fort is in ruins but offers a panoramic view. The Bhojashala Mosque (built in 1400) is still used as a place of worship on Fridays. The abandoned Lat Masjid (1405) and the tomb of Kamal Maula (early 15th century), a Muslim saint, are other places of interest.

Modern Indore was planned and built by Rajmata Ahilya Devi Holkar. The grand Lal Baag Palace is one of its grandest monuments. The Bada Ganpati temple houses what is possibly the largest Ganesh idol in the world, measuring 7.6 m from crown to foot. The Kanch Mandir is a Jain temple entirely inlaid with glass. The Town Hall was made in 1904 in indo-gothic style; originally named King Edward Hall, it was renamed Mahatma Gandhi Hall in 1948. The chhatris are the tombs or cenotaphs erected in memory of dead Holkar rulers and their family members.

The shrine of Hussain Tekri, built by the Nawab of Jaora, Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur, in the 19th century, is on the outskirts of Jaora in the Ratlam district. Mohammad Iftikhar Ali Khan Bahadur was buried in the same graveyard where Hussain Tekri was buried. During the month of Moharram, thousands of people from all over the world visit the shrine of Hazrat Imam Hussain there, which is a replica of the Iraqi original. The place is famous for the rituals called Hajri to cure mental illness.

In Fiction [link]

In the Belisarius series, by David Drake and Eric Flint, the people of Malwa are chosen by malicious beings from the future to change the course of history. The Byzantine general Belisarius is set against them by a creature sent by a benevolent group of future beings.

Notes [link]

^ Jacobson, J. (August 1975). Early Stone Age Habitation Sites in Eastern Malwa. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 119, No. 4.
^ Uttankita Vidya Aranya Trust (1985). Uttankita Sanskrit Vidya-Aranya epigraphs. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. http://books.google.com/books?id=C-gaAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ B.S. Nijjar (2007). Origins and History of Jats and Other Allied Nomadic Tribes of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-81-269-0908-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=xQM9voN21ekC&pg=PA169. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ Tej Ram Sharma (1 January 1989). A political history of the imperial Guptas: from Gupta to Skandagupta. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-81-7022-251-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC&pg=PA28. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ Romesh Chunder Dutt; Vincent Arthur Smith; Stanley Lane-Poole; Sir Henry Miers Elliot, Sir William Wilson Hunter, Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (1906). History of India. The Grolier Society. pp. 255–. http://books.google.com/books?id=yE4eAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA255. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1897). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 885–. http://books.google.com/books?id=VXwuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA885. Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^ Malwa Plateau on Britannica
^ ^a ^b ^c Malwa in Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 Edition
^ Panhwar, M.H., Sindh: The Archaeological Museum of the world.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ahmad, S. H., Anthropometric measurements and ethnic affinities of the Bhil and their allied groups of Malwa area., Anthropological Survey of India,1991, ISBN 81-85579-07-5
^ Asiatic Society of Bombay, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, The Society, 1951 , p. 56
^ "Geochronological Study of the Deccan Volcanism by the 40Ar-39Ar Method". Archived from the original on 2006-02-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20060225205236/http://ksgeo.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~iwata/personal/Deccan-e.htm.
^ The Deccan beyond the plume hypothesis
^ Dewas district
^ Kalbeliya nomads
^ Ethnologue
^ 'Swang' – The Folk Dance of Malwa
^ Paintings of Mewar and Malwa
^ Malwa painting on Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Ujjain district official portal

References [link]

Malcolm, Sir John, A Memoir of Central India including Malwa and Adjoining Provinces. Calcutta, Spink, 1880, 2 Volumes, 1129 p., ISBN 81-7305-199-2.
Chakrabarti, Manika, Malwa in Post-Maurya period: a critical study with special emphasis on numismatic evidences. Calcutta. Punthi Pustak, 1981.
Day, Upendra Nath, Medieval Malwa: a political and cultural history 1401–1562., New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1965.
Jain, Kailash Chand, Malwa through the ages from the earliest times to 1305 A.D., Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1972.
Khare, M.D. Splendour of Malwa paintings., New Delhi, Cosmo Publications, 1983., ASIN B0006EHSUU
Joshi, Ramchandra Vinayak, Stone age cultures of Central India., Poona, Deccan College, 1978.
Seth, K.N., The growth of the Paramara power in Malwa., Bhopal, Progress Publishers, 1978.
Sharma, R.K., ed., Art of the Paramaras of Malwa., Delhi, Agam Kala Prakashan, 1979.
Sircar, D.C. Ancient Malwa and the Vikramaditya tradition., New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1969., ISBN 81-215-0348-5
Singh, Raghubir, Malwa in transition, Laurier Books, 1993, ISBN 81-206-0750-3
Srivastava, K, The revolt of 1857 in Central India-Malwa, Allied Publishers, ASIN B0007IURKI
Ahmad, S. H., Anthropometric measurements and ethnic affinities of the Bhil and their allied groups of Malwa area., Anthropological Survey of India,1991, ISBN 81-85579-07-5
Farooqui, Amar, Smuggling as subversion: colonialism, Indian merchants, and the politics of opium, 1790–1843, Lexington Books, 2005, ISBN 0-7391-0886-7
Mathur, Kripa Shanker, Caste and ritual in a Malwa village, Asia Pub. House, 1964.

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History [link]

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In Fiction [link]

See also [link]

Notes [link]

References [link]

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