published: 02 Aug 2010
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Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda (; Spanish for "ancient" and "bearded") is a twin-island nation lying between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It consists of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands (including Great Bird, Green, Guinea, Long, Maiden and York Islands). Separated by a few sea miles, the group is in the middle of the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles, roughly at 17 degrees north of the Equator. Being a former part of the British Empire has strongly influenced the country's governance, language, and culture.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Bahamas
http://wn.com/Bahamas -
Barbados
Barbados ()or (Bar-bay-dos) is an island nation of the Lesser Antilles, in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic Ocean and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and north-east of Venezuela. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
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Belize
Belize () (formerly British Honduras), is a democratic constitutional monarchy, and the northernmost Central American nation. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Although Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official language. Belize is bordered by Mexico to its north, by Guatemala to its south and west, and by the Caribbean Sea to the east.
http://wn.com/Belize -
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark -
English Channel
The English Channel (, the "sleeve") is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about long and varies in width from at its widest, to only in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some .
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Fiji
Fiji (; ), officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (; ), is an island nation in Melanesia in the South Pacific Ocean about 2000 km northeast of New Zealand's North Island. Its more immediate neighbours are Vanuatu to the west, France's New Caledonia to the southwest, New Zealand's Kermadec to the southeast, Tonga to the east, the Samoas and France's Wallis and Futuna to the northeast and Tuvalu to the north. Fiji has had inhabitants since the second millennium B.C. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji.Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century. Because of the abundance of forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed economies in the Pacific island realm. Today, the main sources of foreign exchange are its tourist industry and sugar exports. The country's currency is the Fijian dollar.
http://wn.com/Fiji -
Ghana
http://wn.com/Ghana -
Greece
http://wn.com/Greece -
Grenada
Grenada () is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. Grenada is located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago, northeast of Venezuela, and southwest of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
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Guyana
Guyana ( ), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and previously known as British Guiana, is a state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana has been a former colony of the British, Dutch and for a brief period, the French. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a Republic on 23 February 1970.
http://wn.com/Guyana -
Hesse
Hesse () or Hessia ( , Hessisch: Hesse ) is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.
http://wn.com/Hesse -
House of Stuart
The House of Stuart, also known as the House of Stewart, is an important European royal house. Founded by Robert II of Scotland, the Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century. Their direct ancestors (from Brittany) had held the title High Steward of Scotland since the 12th century, after arriving by route of Norman England. The dynasty inherited further territory by the 17th century which covered the entire British Isles, including the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Ireland, also upholding a claim to the Kingdom of France.
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Irish Free State
http://wn.com/Irish_Free_State -
Jamaica
http://wn.com/Jamaica -
Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
http://wn.com/Kenya -
Kingdom of Gwynedd
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd -
Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
http://wn.com/Malawi -
Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
http://wn.com/Malta -
Mauritius
http://wn.com/Mauritius -
Monaco
http://wn.com/Monaco -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Nordic countries
http://wn.com/Nordic_countries -
Norway
http://wn.com/Norway -
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia (; ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Lesser Antilles, it is located north/northeast of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, northwest of Barbados and south of Martinique. It covers a land area of 620 km2 (238 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 160,000. Its capital is Castries. The island nation has been the home of two Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis and Derek Walcott. It is the nation with the second most such honorees per capita after Faroe Islands.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone () (Krio: Sa Lone), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has a population estimated at 6.5 million. It is a former British Colony and now a constitutional republic comprising three provinces and the Western Area; which are further divided into fourteen districts.
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands ) is a sovereign state in Oceania, east of Papua New Guinea, consisting of nearly one thousand islands. It covers a land mass of 28,400 square kilometres (10,965 sq mi). The capital, Honiara, is located on the island of Guadalcanal. The nation of the Solomon Islands is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 islets (rocks). It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its total land area is ; slightly larger than the US states of Connecticut and Rhode Island combined), with an estimated population of 330,000. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands, the designation of the Bahamas refers normally to the commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
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The Gambia
The Republic of the Gambia, commonly known as the Gambia, or Gambia, is a country in Western Africa. The Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, bordered to the north, east, and south by Senegal, with a small coast on the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
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Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
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Tuvalu
Tuvalu ( or ), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls. Its population of 12,373 makes it the second-least populous sovereign state in the world, with only Vatican City having fewer inhabitants. In terms of physical land size, at just Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world, larger only than the Vatican City at , Monaco at and Nauru at .
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Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle, in Windsor in the English county of Berkshire, is the largest inhabited castle in the world and, dating back to the time of William the Conqueror, is the oldest in continuous occupation. The castle's floor area is about .
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Windsor, Berkshire
Windsor () is a suburban town in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle.
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Ypsilanti, Michigan
http://wn.com/Ypsilanti_Michigan
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Albert Windsor
http://wn.com/Albert_Windsor -
Anne, Princess Royal
Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950), is the only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third, and later for a few years was second in the line of succession to the thrones of seven independent states; however, after additions to the Royal Family, and an evolution of the Commonwealth, Anne is currently tenth in line to the thrones of 16 countries. She is resident in and most directly involved with the United Kingdom, the oldest realm, while also carrying out duties in and on behalf of the other states of which her mother is sovereign. The seventh holder of the title Princess Royal, Anne is known for her charitable work, being the patron of over 200 organisations, and she carries out about 700 royal engagements and public appearances per year.
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Asen dynasty
The Asen dynasty (, Asenevtsi) ruled a medieval Bulgarian state, called in modern historiography the Second Bulgarian Empire, between 1187 and 1280.
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Bernicia
Bernicia (Old English Bernice, Beornice, Latin Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
http://wn.com/Bernicia -
Boris Godunov
http://wn.com/Boris_Godunov -
Cantacuzino family
http://wn.com/Cantacuzino_family -
Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD. The name "Carolingian", Medieval Latin karolingi, an altered form of an unattested Old High German *karling, kerling (meaning "descendant of Charles", cf. MHG kerlinc), derives from the Latinised name of Charles Martel: Carolus. The family consolidated its power in the late 7th century, eventually making the offices of mayor of the palace and dux et princeps Francorum hereditary and becoming the de facto rulers of the Franks as the real powers behind the throne. By 751, the Merovingian dynasty which until then had ruled the Franks by right was deprived of this right with the consent of the Papacy and the aristocracy and a Carolingian, Pepin the Short, was crowned King of the Franks.
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Corcu Loígde
http://wn.com/Corcu_Loígde -
Deira
Deira (Old English: Derenrice (Scandinavian: Deren Riket; Germanic Deren Reich) or Dere) was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD. It
http://wn.com/Deira -
Edward VII
http://wn.com/Edward_VII -
Edward VIII
#redirectEdward VIII of the United Kingdom
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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George V
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George VI
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Hethumids
The Hethumids (also spelled Hetoumids or '''Het'umids), also known as the House of Lampron''' (after Lampron castle), were the rulers of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1226 to 1373. Hethum I, the first of the Hethumids, came to power when he married Queen Isabella of Armenia who had inherited the throne from her father.
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House of Balliol
The House of Balliol (de Balliol) was a Picard and Anglo-Norman family who began to rule some estates in England in the reign of William Rufus. In the late 13th and 14th centuries, two members of the house were kings of Scotland.
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House of Borjigin
http://wn.com/House_of_Borjigin -
House of Drăculeşti
http://wn.com/House_of_Drăculeşti -
House of Kotromanić
http://wn.com/House_of_Kotromanić -
House of Luxembourg
The House of Luxembourg was a medieval Luxembourgian noble family. In 1308, Henry, Count of Luxembourg, became German king, his son, John of Luxembourg, shortly afterwards received the Bohemian crown. The dynasty's rule in the Holy Roman Empire was interrupted by the Wittelsbach twice. With the death of Emperor Sigismund, the dynasty died out and was succeeded by the Habsburgs. Cognatically the house was a branch of the Ardennes-Verdun dynasty.
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House of Plantagenet
http://wn.com/House_of_Plantagenet -
House of Trpimirović
http://wn.com/House_of_Trpimirović -
Joachim Murat
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Kingdom of Essex
The Kingdom of Essex or Kingdom of the East Saxons () was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was founded in the 6th century and covered the territory later occupied by the counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Middlesex and (for a short while) Kent. Kings of Essex were frequently subservient to foreign overlords. The last king of Essex was Sigered and in 825, he ceded the kingdom to Egbert of Wessex.
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Lady Davina Lewis
http://wn.com/Lady_Davina_Lewis -
Lady Louise Windsor
The Lady Louise Alice Elizabeth Mary Windsor (born 8 November 2003) is a member of the British Royal Family. She is the elder child of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. The youngest granddaughter and second-youngest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh, Lady Louise is 9th in line to the throne and at the time of her birth was 8th.
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Lady Sarah Chatto
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Lords of Galloway
The Lords, or Kings of Galloway ruled over Galloway, in south west Scotland, for a large part of the High Middle Ages.
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Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin) largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the 5th century. Their politics involved frequent civil warfare among branches of the family. During the final century of the Merovingian rule, the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role. The Merovingian rule was ended March 752 when Pope Zachary formally deposed Childeric III. Zachary's successor, Pope Stephen II, re-confirmed and crowned Pepin the Short in Childeric's place in 754 beginning the Carolingian monarchy and early introduction of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Mourousis family
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Ottonian dynasty
The Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024), named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member Liudolf and one of its primary leading-names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the founder of the Holy Roman Empire.
http://wn.com/Ottonian_dynasty -
Petar Svačić
http://wn.com/Petar_Svačić -
Peter Phillips
Peter Mark Andrew Phillips (born 15 November 1977) is the only son of The Princess Anne, The Princess Royal and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. He is the eldest grandson and first grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
http://wn.com/Peter_Phillips -
Queen Victoria
http://wn.com/Queen_Victoria -
Racoviţă
http://wn.com/Racoviţă -
Salian dynasty
The Salian dynasty was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages of four German Kings (1024-1125), also known as the Frankish dynasty after the family's origin and role as dukes of Franconia. All of these kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor (1027-1125): the term '' 'Salic dynasty' ''also applies to the Holy Roman Empire as a separate term.
http://wn.com/Salian_dynasty -
Seljuq dynasty
http://wn.com/Seljuq_dynasty -
Uí Fidgenti
http://wn.com/Uí_Fidgenti -
Uí Liatháin
http://wn.com/Uí_Liatháin -
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564; died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
http://wn.com/William_Shakespeare -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I -
Zara Phillips
Zara Anne Elizabeth Phillips, MBE (born 15 May 1981) is the second child and only daughter of Princess Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. She is the eldest granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and is twelfth in the line of succession to the British throne.
http://wn.com/Zara_Phillips
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Top 10 Curious Facts About The British Royal Family
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Published: 02 Aug 2010
- Updated: 28 Oct 2012
Views: 198911 http://wn.com/Top_10_Curious_Facts_About_The_British_Royal_Family
BOB CHAPMAN=EXPOSES=ILLUMINATIST=QUEEN+HOUSE OF WINDSOR+GULPH+BANKS RBS HSBC FM 1348
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:35
- Published: 28 Feb 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Views: 752 http://wn.com/BOB_CHAPMAN=EXPOSES=ILLUMINATIST=QUEEN+HOUSE_OF_WINDSOR+GULPH+BANKS_RBS_HSBC_FM_1348
Veranda Magazine Unveils the 'House of Windsor'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Published: 21 Sep 2011
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Views: 1657 http://wn.com/Veranda_Magazine_Unveils_the_'House_of_Windsor'
Queen Elizabeth II, House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha "Windsor"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:45
- Published: 29 Aug 2011
- Updated: 26 Oct 2012
Views: 3368 http://wn.com/Queen_Elizabeth_II,_House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_Windsor
The Coming Fall Of The House Of Windsor part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:27
- Published: 26 Sep 2011
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Views: 9036 http://wn.com/The_Coming_Fall_Of_The_House_Of_Windsor_part_1
The Coming Fall Of The House Of Windsor part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:11
- Published: 27 Sep 2011
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Views: 2063 http://wn.com/The_Coming_Fall_Of_The_House_Of_Windsor_part_2
Webster Tarpley In-Studio: Origins of The House of Windsor and Their Thirst for Ulitmate Power 1/4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:22
- Published: 29 Apr 2011
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Views: 43100 http://wn.com/Webster_Tarpley_In-Studio_Origins_of_The_House_of_Windsor_and_Their_Thirst_for_Ulitmate_Power_1_4
Webster Tarpley In-Studio: Origins of The House of Windsor and Their Thirst for Ulitmate Power 2/4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:23
- Published: 29 Apr 2011
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
Views: 31286 http://wn.com/Webster_Tarpley_In-Studio_Origins_of_The_House_of_Windsor_and_Their_Thirst_for_Ulitmate_Power_2_4
Royal Family - Children of the House of Windsor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Published: 23 Apr 2011
- Updated: 25 Feb 2012
Views: 746 http://wn.com/Royal_Family_Children_of_the_House_of_Windsor
Webster Tarpley In-Studio: Origins of The House of Windsor and Their Thirst for Ulitmate Power 3/4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:16
- Published: 29 Apr 2011
- Updated: 11 Oct 2012
Views: 45577 http://wn.com/Webster_Tarpley_In-Studio_Origins_of_The_House_of_Windsor_and_Their_Thirst_for_Ulitmate_Power_3_4
Webster Tarpley In-Studio: Origins of The House of Windsor and Their Thirst for Ulitmate Power 4/4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Published: 29 Apr 2011
- Updated: 31 Aug 2012
Views: 33658 http://wn.com/Webster_Tarpley_In-Studio_Origins_of_The_House_of_Windsor_and_Their_Thirst_for_Ulitmate_Power_4_4
HOUSE OF WINDSOR / Squidgy (1992)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Published: 22 May 2008
- Updated: 18 Jul 2012
Views: 5440 http://wn.com/HOUSE_OF_WINDSOR_Squidgy_1992
Alex Jones - Webster Tarpley - Origins of the House of Windsor - part 1/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:36
- Published: 30 Apr 2011
- Updated: 30 Sep 2012
Views: 2326 http://wn.com/Alex_Jones_Webster_Tarpley_Origins_of_the_House_of_Windsor_part_1_6
Alex Jones - Webster Tarpley - Origins of the House of Windsor - part 2/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:48
- Published: 30 Apr 2011
- Updated: 15 Jul 2012
Views: 1424 http://wn.com/Alex_Jones_Webster_Tarpley_Origins_of_the_House_of_Windsor_part_2_6
The Fall of the House of Windsor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:55
- Published: 28 Dec 2010
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Views: 2251 http://wn.com/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Windsor
LaRouche Webcast: Aug 1, 2009 - Fall of the House of Windsor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 228:38
- Published: 02 Aug 2009
- Updated: 21 Jul 2012
Views: 13001 http://wn.com/LaRouche_Webcast_Aug_1,_2009_Fall_of_the_House_of_Windsor
Royal Duty - I Vow To Thee My Country
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Published: 20 Oct 2007
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 201852 http://wn.com/Royal_Duty_I_Vow_To_Thee_My_Country
Webster Tarpley In-Studio -Origins of The House of Windsor Pt4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Published: 29 Apr 2011
- Updated: 11 Apr 2012
Views: 418 http://wn.com/Webster_Tarpley_In-Studio_-Origins_of_The_House_of_Windsor_Pt4
Webster Tarpley: Royals and Obama.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 73:19
- Published: 30 Apr 2011
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Views: 28087 http://wn.com/Webster_Tarpley_Royals_and_Obama
The Windsors - A Great Dynasty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Published: 03 Jan 2011
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Views: 5968 http://wn.com/The_Windsors_A_Great_Dynasty
HRH THE DUKE OF WINDSOR ~ HM KING EDWARD VIII
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Published: 01 Aug 2008
- Updated: 23 Jun 2012
Views: 56747 http://wn.com/HRH_THE_DUKE_OF_WINDSOR_~_HM_KING_EDWARD_VIII
THE DUCHESS OF WINDSOR ~ KISS OF FIRE ~ ANNE SHELTON
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 31 Jul 2008
- Updated: 27 Oct 2012
Views: 55427 http://wn.com/THE_DUCHESS_OF_WINDSOR_~_KISS_OF_FIRE_~_ANNE_SHELTON
The House of Hanover - David Starkey (1/10)
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Views: 30840 http://wn.com/The_House_of_Hanover_David_Starkey_1_10
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|
| Country |
 United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| Ancestral house | Wettin → Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
| Titles | Various |
| Founder | George V |
| Founding | 1917 |
The House of Windsor is the royal house of the Commonwealth realms. It was founded by King George V by royal proclamation on the 17 July 1917, when he changed the name of his family from the German Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (a branch of the House of Wettin) to the English Windsor, due to the anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom during World War I. Currently, the most prominent member of the House of Windsor is Queen Elizabeth II, the reigning monarch of the Commonwealth realms.
Contents |
Foundation[link]
File:A Good Riddance - George V of the United Kingdom cartoon in Punch, 1917.png
"A Good Riddance". Propaganda cartoon from Punch, Vol. 152, 27 June 1917, commenting on the King having ordered the relinquishing of the German titles held by members of His Majesty's family
Edward VII, and, in turn, his son, George V were members of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a German ducal family, by virtue of their descent from Albert, Prince Consort, husband of Queen Victoria. High anti-German sentiment amongst the people of the British Empire during World War I reached a peak in March 1917, when the Gotha G.IV, a heavy aircraft capable of crossing the English Channel began bombing London directly. The aircraft became a household name, and the name Gotha was part of the name of the royal family, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. These bombings were coupled with the abdication of King George's first cousin, Nicholas II, the Tsar of Russia on 15 March 1917, which raised the spectre of the eventual abolition of all the monarchies in Europe. The King and his family were finally convinced to abandon all titles held under the German Crown, and to change German titles and house names to anglicised versions. Hence, on 17 July 1917, a royal proclamation issued by George V declared:
Now, therefore, We, out of Our Royal Will and Authority, do hereby declare and announce that as from the date of this Our Royal Proclamation Our House and Family shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor, and that all the descendants in the male line of Our said Grandmother Queen Victoria who are subjects of these Realms, other than female descendants who may marry or may have married, shall bear the said Name of Windsor....[1]
Upon hearing that his cousin had changed the name of the British royal house to Windsor, German Emperor Wilhelm II remarked jokingly that he planned to see Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.[2]
The name had a long association with British royalty, through the town of Windsor, Berkshire and Windsor Castle, a link reflected in the Round Tower of Windsor Castle being the basis of the badge of the House of Windsor.
Also in 1917 Prince Louis of Battenberg adopted the surname Mountbatten, a partial translation into English. Prince Louis is the maternal grandfather of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. From 1917 to 1919, George V also stripped 15 of his German relations - most of whom belonged to the House of Hanover - of their British titles and styles of prince and princess.
Descendants of Elizabeth II[link]
When Princess Elizabeth (as she then was) married Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, the standard practice would be to adopt the name of his royal house. Because he was a prince, Prince Philip did not have a surname but he was of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a branch of the House of Oldenburg, and that ruled or rules as Kings of Greece, Denmark and Norway. Not wishing to repeat the difficulties of three decades previous, before his marriage Prince Philip renounced his titles and adopted the surname Mountbatten, the literal translation of the German Battenberg that his maternal grandfather had adopted in 1917. The Mountbatten/Battenberg name refers to Battenberg, a small town in Hesse.
On 9 April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II officially declared her "Will and Pleasure that I and My children shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor, and that my descendants who marry and their descendants, shall bear the name of Windsor."[3] On 8 February 1960, the Queen confirmed that she and her children would continue to be known as the House and Family of Windsor, as would any agnatic descendants who enjoy the style of Royal Highness, and the title of Prince or Princess.[3] Still, Elizabeth also decreed that her agnatic descendants who do not have that style and title would bear the surname Mountbatten-Windsor.[3]
Any future monarch can change the dynastic name through a similar royal proclamation, as royal proclamations do not have statutory authority.[4]
Members[link]
The 1917 proclamation stated that the name of the Royal House and all British descendants of Victoria and Albert in the male line were to bear the name of Windsor, except for women who married into other families.
By early 1919 the living male-line British descendants of Victoria subject to British rule were King George V, his five sons, his daughter Princess Mary, his unmarried sister Princess Victoria, his uncle Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, his cousin Prince Arthur of Connaught, his cousin once removed Prince Alastair of Connaught, and his unmarried cousin Princess Patricia of Connaught. Prince Alastair and Princess Victoria died unmarried and childless. Princess Mary married into the Lascelles family, and Princess Patricia married Alexander Ramsay. Neither of the Prince Arthurs had any further children, meaning all subsequent members of the House of Windsor descend from the sons of George V.
Two of George V's sons, Edward VIII (later Duke of Windsor) and Prince John, had no children, so the entire present day members of the House of Windsor are descendants of the other three sons, Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI), Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Prince George, Duke of Kent. All descendants living and dead are shown in the table.
As of January 2011, two of these descendants are dead: Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, and Prince William of Gloucester. Seven are Roman Catholic or are married to a Roman Catholic (labelled "CA" in the table), and are thus excluded from the succession. The remaining 44 are in the line of succession:
- Descendants of George V in male line
- Descendants of Queen Elizabeth II and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in male line
- Other descendants of the House of Windsor
| Generations from George V | Place in the line of succession | Name | Birth (& Age) | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| 2 | Sovereign | HM Queen Elizabeth II | (1926-04-21) 21 April 1926 (age 86) |
 |
| 3 | 1 | HRH The Prince of Wales | (1948-11-14) 14 November 1948 (age 63) |
 |
| 4 | 2 | HRH The Duke of Cambridge | (1982-06-21) 21 June 1982 (age 30) |
 |
| 4 | 3 | HRH Prince Harry of Wales | (1984-09-15) 15 September 1984 (age 27) |
 |
| 3 | 4 | HRH The Duke of York | (1960-02-19) 19 February 1960 (age 52) |
 |
| 4 | 5 | HRH Princess Beatrice of York | (1988-08-08) 8 August 1988 (age 23) |
 |
| 4 | 6 | HRH Princess Eugenie of York | (1990-03-23) 23 March 1990 (age 22) |
 |
| 3 | 7 | HRH The Earl of Wessex | (1964-03-10) 10 March 1964 (age 48) |
 |
| 4 | 8 | Viscount Severn | (2007-12-17) 17 December 2007 (age 4) | |
| 4 | 9 | Lady Louise Windsor | (2003-11-08) 8 November 2003 (age 8) | |
| 3 | 10 | HRH The Princess Royal[fn 1] | (1950-08-15) 15 August 1950 (age 61) |
 |
| 4 | 11 | Mr Peter Phillips | (1977-11-15) 15 November 1977 (age 34) | |
| 5 | 12 | Miss Savannah Phillips | (2010-12-29) 29 December 2010 (age 1) | |
| 5 | 13 | Miss Isla Phillips | (2012-03-29) 29 March 2012 (age 0) | |
| 4 | 14 | Mrs Michael Tindall MBE | (1981-05-15) 15 May 1981 (age 31) |
 |
| 2 | Deceased | HRH Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon | (1930-08-21)21 August 1930 9 February 2002(2002-02-09) (aged 71) |
 |
| 3 | 15 | Viscount Linley | (1961-11-03) 3 November 1961 (age 50) | |
| 4 | 16 | The Hon Charles Armstrong-Jones | (1999-07-01) 1 July 1999 (age 12) | |
| 4 | 17 | The Hon Margarita Armstrong-Jones | (2002-05-14) 14 May 2002 (age 10) | |
| 3 | 18 | Lady Sarah Chatto | (1964-05-01) 1 May 1964 (age 48) | |
| 4 | 19 | Master Samuel Chatto | (1996-07-28) 28 July 1996 (age 15) | |
| 4 | 20 | Master Arthur Chatto | (1999-02-05) 5 February 1999 (age 13) | |
|
|
||||
| 2 | Deceased | HRH Prince William of Gloucester | (1941-12-18)18 December 1941 28 August 1972(1972-08-28) (aged 30) |
|
| 2 | 21 | HRH The Duke of Gloucester | (1944-08-26) 26 August 1944 (age 67) |
 |
| 3 | 22 | Earl of Ulster | (1974-10-24) 24 October 1974 (age 37) | |
| 4 | 23 | Lord Culloden | (2007-03-12) 12 March 2007 (age 5) | |
| 4 | 24 | Lady Cosima Windsor | (2010-05-20) 20 May 2010 (age 2) | |
| 3 | 25 | Lady Davina Lewis | (1977-11-19) 19 November 1977 (age 34) | |
| 4 | 26 | Miss Senna Lewis | (2010-06-30) 30 June 2010 (age 1) | |
| 3 | 27 | Lady Rose Gilman | (1980-03-01) 1 March 1980 (age 32) | |
| 4 | 28 | Miss Lyla Gilman | (2010-07-01) 1 July 2010 (age 1) | |
|
|
||||
| 2 | 29 | HRH The Duke of Kent | (1935-10-09) 9 October 1935 (age 76) |
 |
| 3 | CA | Earl of St Andrews | (1962-05-26) 26 May 1962 (age 50) | |
| 4 | CA | Lord Downpatrick | (1988-12-02) 2 December 1988 (age 23) | |
| 4 | CA | Lady Marina Windsor | (1992-09-30) 30 September 1992 (age 19) | |
| 4 | 30 | Lady Amelia Windsor | (1995-08-24) 24 August 1995 (age 16) | |
| 3 | CA | Lord Nicholas Windsor | (1970-06-25) 25 June 1970 (age 42) | |
| 4 | CA | Master Albert Windsor | (2007-09-22) 22 September 2007 (age 4) | |
| 4 | CA | Leopold Windsor | (2009-09-08) 8 September 2009 (age 2) | |
| 3 | 31 | Lady Helen Taylor | (1964-04-28) 28 April 1964 (age 48) | |
| 4 | 32 | Master Columbus Taylor | (1994-08-06) 6 August 1994 (age 17) | |
| 4 | 33 | Master Cassius Taylor | (1996-12-26) 26 December 1996 (age 15) | |
| 4 | 34 | Miss Eloise Taylor | (2003-03-02) 2 March 2003 (age 9) | |
| 4 | 35 | Miss Estella Taylor | (2004-12-21) 21 December 2004 (age 7) | |
| 2 | CA | HRH Prince Michael of Kent | (1942-07-04) 4 July 1942 (age 69) |
 |
| 3 | 36 | Lord Frederick Windsor | (1979-04-06) 6 April 1979 (age 33) | |
| 3 | 37 | Lady Gabriella Windsor | (1981-04-23) 23 April 1981 (age 31) | |
| 2 | 38 | HRH Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy | (1936-12-25) 25 December 1936 (age 75) |
.jpg) |
| 3 | 39 | Mr James Ogilvy | (1964-02-29) 29 February 1964 (age 48) | |
| 4 | 40 | Miss Flora Ogilvy | (1994-12-15) 15 December 1994 (age 17) | |
| 4 | 41 | Master Alexander Ogilvy | (1996-11-12) 12 November 1996 (age 15) | |
| 3 | 42 | Mrs Marina Mowatt | (1966-07-31) 31 July 1966 (age 45) | |
| 4 | 43 | Mr Christian Mowatt | (1993-06-04) 4 June 1993 (age 19) | |
| 4 | 44 | Miss Zenouska Mowatt | (1990-05-26) 26 May 1990 (age 22) | |
Titles[link]
Designation and details[link]
At the creation of the House of Windsor, its head reigned over a unitary British Empire. Following the end of the First World War, however, geo-political shifts took place that saw the emergence of the Dominions as sovereign states, the first step being the issuance of the Balfour Declaration in 1926, followed by the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act the next year, and the Statute of Westminster in 1931. From then on, the House of Windsor became the royal house of multiple countries, a number that shifted over the decades, as some Dominions became republics and Crown colonies became realms, republics or monarchies under a different sovereign. Since 1949, two monarchs of the House of Windsor, George VI and Elizabeth II, have also been Head of the Commonwealth of Nations, comprising most (but not all) parts of the former British Empire and some states that were never part of it.
In the chart below, the countries are differentiated between light green (realms of the House of Windsor as dominions), medium green (present realms of the House of Windsor), and dark green (former realms of the House of Windsor).
| 1920 | 1925 | 1930 | 1935 | 1940 | 1945 | 1950 | 1955 | 1960 | 1965 | 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda |  |
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| Australia |  |
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| The Bahamas |  |
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| Barbados |  |
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| Belize |  |
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| Canada |  |
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| Ceylon |  |
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| Fiji |  |
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List of Commonwealth realms monarchs[link]
| Portrait | Name | From | Until | Relationship with predecessor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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King Edward VII | 22 January 1901 | 6 May 1910 | son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort |
.png) |
King George V | 6 May 1910 | 20 January 1936 | son of Edward VII. Founder, House of Windsor. |
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King Edward VIII | 20 January 1936 | 11 December 1936 | son of George V; Abdicated |
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King George VI | 11 December 1936 | 6 February 1952 | son of George V & brother of abdicated Edward VIII |
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Queen Elizabeth II | 6 February 1952 | reigning | daughter of George VI |
Timeline of Monarchs[link]
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DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1917 till:2012 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1917 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:10 start:1917
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barset:Rulers bar:eon
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from: 1917 till: 2012 color: w text: House of Windsor
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:Rulers
from: 1917 till: 1936 color:w text:"George V" from: 1936 till: 1937 color:w text:"Edward VIII" from: 1937 till: 1952 color:w text:"George VI" from: 1952 till: 2012 color:w text:"Elizabeth II"
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Further reading[link]
- Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). The Royal House of Windsor. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
- Roberts, Andrew. The House of Windsor. University of California Press, 2000.
See also[link]
- British Royal Family
- British prince
- British princess
- Canadian Royal Family
- Australian Royal Family
- Mountbatten-Windsor
- List of descendants of George V
- Windsor, Berkshire
- Windsor Castle
- History of the British line of succession
Notes[link]
- ^ Princess Anne is not 4th in line, as would be expected by her birth order, but 10th. This is a result of the rule of male-preference primogeniture currently practiced by the British monarchy.
References[link]
- ^ London Gazette: no. 30186. p. 7119. 17 July 1917.
- ^ Books, Google, p. xxiii, http://books.google.com/books?id=4QcAVV_jIqYC&pg=PP22#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ^ a b c Royal Styles and Titles – 1960 Letters Patent
- ^ The Royal Family name, Royal Household, retrieved 15 February 2011
External links[link]
- Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
- House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
- House of Windsor Tree from royal.gov.uk [Lord Culloden & Albert+Leopold Windsor are missing]
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*Royal House*
House of Windsor
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
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| Preceded by House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
Ruling House of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. 1917–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
http://wn.com/House_of_Windsor
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Windsor (famiglia)
http://cs.wn.com/Windsorská dynastie
http://id.wn.com/Wangsa Windsor
http://es.wn.com/Casa de Windsor
http://ru.wn.com/Виндзорская династия
http://nl.wn.com/Huis Windsor
http://fr.wn.com/Maison de Windsor
http://de.wn.com/Haus Windsor
http://pt.wn.com/Casa de Windsor
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Windsor
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Robert Dennis Chapman | ||
| Date of birth | (1946-08-18)18 August 1946 | ||
| Place of birth | Aldridge, England | ||
| Playing position | Defender | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1964–1977 | Nottingham Forest | 359 | (17) |
| Notts County | 42 | (0) | |
| Shrewsbury Town | 37 | (6) | |
| Burton Albion | ? | ||
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Bob Chapman (full name Robert Dennis Chapman, but who was often known as Sammy Chapman – born 18 August 1946) is a footballer who played as a defender in the Football League during the 1960s and 1970s, most notably with Nottingham Forest.
He made his debut for Forest in 1964 at the age of 17 years 5 months, which at the time made him the youngest ever Forest player, and he was to go on to make 422 senior appearances for the club (scoring 23 goals).[1]
In 1977 he left them to join Notts County and after a season he moved to Shrewsbury Town, before moving to non-league with Burton Albion.[2]
His son Robert has played cricket for Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club.[3]
References[link]
- ^ Times – Forest Top 50 (Subscription required)
- ^ Player stats – Neil Brown
- ^ Michael Austin (28 July 1996). "Tour pair retire hurt". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tour-pair-retire-hurt-1330903.html. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Chapman, Bob |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Footballer |
| Date of birth | 1946-08-18 |
| Place of birth | Aldridge, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
  |
This biographical article related to English football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Bob_Chapman
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Sammy Chapman (Fußballspieler, 1946)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Chapman
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Elizabeth II (disambiguation).
| Elizabeth II | |
|---|---|
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| Elizabeth II in 2007 | |
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List
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| Reign | 6 February 1952 – present |
| Coronation | 2 June 1953 |
| Predecessor | George VI |
| Heir apparent | Charles, Prince of Wales |
| Prime Ministers | See list |
| Spouse | Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (m. 1947) |
| Issue | |
| Charles, Prince of Wales Anne, Princess Royal Prince Andrew, Duke of York Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex |
|
| Full name | |
| Elizabeth Alexandra Mary | |
| House | House of Windsor |
| Father | George VI |
| Mother | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon |
| Born | (1926-04-21) 21 April 1926 (age 86) Mayfair, United Kingdom |
| Religion | Church of England Church of Scotland |
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926[note 1]) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.[1][2]
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
In 1947, she married Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, with whom she has four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward. In 1992, which Elizabeth termed her annus horribilis (horrible year), Charles and Andrew separated from their wives, Anne divorced, and a severe fire damaged part of Windsor Castle. Revelations continued on the state of Charles's marriage to Diana, Princess of Wales, and they divorced in 1996. The following year, Diana died in a Paris car crash, and the media criticised the royal family for remaining in seclusion in the days before her funeral. Elizabeth's personal popularity rebounded after she appeared in public and has subsequently remained high.
Her reign of 60 years is the second-longest for a British monarch; only Queen Victoria has reigned longer. Elizabeth's Silver and Golden Jubilees were celebrated in 1977 and 2002; her Diamond Jubilee is being celebrated during 2012.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Elizabeth was the first child of Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), and his wife, Elizabeth. Her father was the second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. She was born by Caesarean section at 2.40 am (GMT) on 21 April 1926 at her maternal grandfather's London house: 17 Bruton Street, Mayfair.[3] The Anglican Archbishop of York, Cosmo Lang, baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May.[4][note 2] She was named Elizabeth after her mother, Alexandra after George V's mother, who had died six months earlier, and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[5] Her close family called her "Lilibet".[6] George V cherished his granddaughter, and during his serious illness in 1929 her regular visits were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[7]
Elizabeth's only sibling was Princess Margaret, born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie".[8] Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music.[9] To the dismay of the royal family,[10] in 1950 Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.[11] Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."[12] Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".[13]
Heiress presumptive[link]
As a granddaughter of the monarch in the male line, Elizabeth's full style at birth was Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York. She was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle, Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen as the Prince of Wales was still young and many assumed he would marry and have children of his own.[14] In 1936, when her grandfather, George V, died and her uncle Edward succeeded, she became second in line to the throne after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[15] Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heiress presumptive, with the style Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth.[16] If her parents had had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.[17]
Elizabeth received private tuition in constitutional history from Henry Marten, Vice-Provost of Eton College,[18] and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.[19] A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her own age.[20] Later she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[19]
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents toured Canada and visited the United States. As in 1927, when her parents had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain as her father thought her too young to undertake public tours.[21] Elizabeth "looked tearful" as her parents departed.[22] They corresponded regularly,[22] and on 18 May, she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call.[21]
Second World War[link]
From September 1939, with the outbreak of the Second World War, Elizabeth and Margaret stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[23] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they stayed for most of the next five years.[24] The suggestion by senior politician Lord Hailsham that the two princesses should be evacuated to Canada was rejected by Elizabeth's mother; she declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[25] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[26] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[27] She stated:
We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well.[27]
In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed Colonel-in-Chief the previous year.[28] As she approached her 18th birthday, the law was changed so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[29] In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service, as an honorary Second Subaltern with the service number of 230873.[30] She trained as a driver and mechanic,[31] and was promoted to honorary Junior Commander five months later.[32]
| The Royal Family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms |
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HM The Queen
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During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales.[33] Welsh politicians proposed that Elizabeth be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. The idea was supported by Home Secretary Herbert Morrison, but rejected by the King because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales, and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[34] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[35]
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and her sister mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. She later said in a rare interview, "we asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[36] Two years later, the princess made her first overseas tour, when she accompanied her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she pledged: "I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong."[37]
Marriage[link]
Further information: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937.[38] After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth – though only 13 years old – fell in love with Philip, and they began to exchange letters.[39] They married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[40] Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style of His Royal Highness.[41]
The marriage was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun".[44] In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45]
Elizabeth and Philip received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world,[46] but Britain had not yet completely rebounded from the devastation of the war. Elizabeth still required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, designed by Norman Hartnell.[47] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations to be invited to the wedding, including Philip's three surviving sisters.[48] Edward, the former king, was not invited either.[49]
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948, less than one month after letters patent were issued by her father allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess. They otherwise would not have been entitled to such a status as their father was no longer a royal prince.[50] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950.[51]
Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949,[46] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Protectorate of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the Maltese hamlet of Gwardamanġia, at the Villa Gwardamanġia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.[52]
Reign[link]
Accession and coronation[link]
George VI's health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth was soon frequently standing in for him at public events. In October of that year, she toured Canada, and visited President Truman in Washington, D.C.; on the trip, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration for use if the King died while she was on tour.[53] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[54] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[55] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[56] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[57]
With Elizabeth's accession it seemed likely that the royal house would bear her husband's name. Lord Mountbatten thought it would be the House of Mountbatten, as Elizabeth would typically have taken Philip's last name on marriage; however Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so Windsor it remained. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[58] After the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted in 1960 for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[59]
Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcee 16 years her senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought – she hoped – given time, the affair would peter out."[60] Senior politicians were against the match, and the Church of England did not permit re-marriage after divorce. If Margaret contracted a civil marriage, she would be expected to renounce her right of succession.[61] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[62] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[63]
Despite the death of Queen Mary ten weeks before, the coronation went ahead on 2 June 1953. Before she died, Mary had asked that the coronation not be delayed.[64] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, except the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time,[65] and the coverage was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[66] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[67] In North America, just under 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[68] Elizabeth's coronation gown was commissioned from Norman Hartnell and embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[69] English Tudor rose, Scots thistle, Welsh leek, Irish shamrock, Australian wattle, Canadian maple leaf, New Zealand silver fern, South African protea, lotus flowers for India and Ceylon, and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[70]
Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth[link]
Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms
Elizabeth witnessed, over her life, the ongoing transformation of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations.[71] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as nominal head of multiple independent states was already established.[72] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[73] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen the Queen.[74] Throughout her reign, Elizabeth has undertaken state visits to foreign countries, and tours of Commonwealth ones. She is the most widely travelled head of state in history.[75]
In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[76] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[77]
The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury (the Lord President of the Council). Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir (the Lord Chancellor) consulted the Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, as a result of which the Queen appointed their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[78]
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[79] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[80] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and physically attacked by a member of the public appalled at his comments.[81] Six years later in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed.[82] The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the Prime Minister on the advice of a small number of ministers, or a single minister.[82] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement.[83]
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In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session.[84] Two years later, she revisited the United States as Queen of Canada and toured Canada,[84][85] despite learning upon landing at St. John's, Newfoundland, that she was pregnant with her third child.[86] In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran.[87] On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.[88] Harold Macmillan wrote: "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."[88] Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting the Queen's assassination.[89][90][91] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[92]
Elizabeth's pregnancies with Princes Andrew and Edward in 1959 and 1963, respectively, mark the only times she has not performed the State Opening of the British parliament during her reign.[93] In addition to performing traditional ceremonies, she also instituted new practices. Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[94]
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith declared unilateral independence in opposition to moves toward majority rule. Although the Queen dismissed Smith in a formal declaration and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, Smith's regime survived for over a decade.[95]
In February 1974, British Prime Minister Edward Heath called a general election in the middle of the Queen's tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim and she had to fly back to Britain, interrupting the tour.[96] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party, but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. Heath only resigned when discussions on forming a coalition government foundered, after which the Queen asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[97]
A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.[98] As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. Elizabeth declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general.[99] The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.[98]
Silver Jubilee[link]
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with the Queen's associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband.[100] In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife Elena,[101] though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".[102] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[103]
According to Paul Martin, Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried the Crown "had little meaning for" Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.[104] Tony Benn said that the Queen found Trudeau "rather disappointing".[104] Trudeau's supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen's back in 1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.[104] In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the patriation of the Canadian constitution found the Queen "better informed on ... Canada's constitutional case than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[104] She was interested in the constitutional debate after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[104] Patriation removed the role of the British parliament in the Canadian constitution, but the monarchy was retained. Trudeau said in his memoirs: "The Queen favoured my attempt to reform the Constitution. I was always impressed not only by the grace she displayed in public at all times, but by the wisdom she showed in private conversation."[105]
1980s[link]
During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.[106] The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.[107] From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious[108] but proud[109] of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm, and through two calls to the palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later.[110] Though she hosted President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982, and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without her foreknowledge.[111]
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, not all of which were entirely true.[112] As Kelvin MacKenzie, editor of The Sun, told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true – so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."[113] Newspaper editor Donald Trelford wrote in The Observer of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in The Sunday Times of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's economic policies fostered social divisions, and was alarmed by high unemployment, a series of riots, the violence of a miners' strike, and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide Michael Shea and Commonwealth Secretary-General Shridath Ramphal, but Shea claimed his remarks were taken out of context and embellished by speculation.[114] Thatcher reputedly said the Queen would vote for the Social Democratic Party – Thatcher's political opponents.[115] Thatcher's biographer John Campbell claimed "... the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[116] Belying reports of acrimony between them, Thatcher later conveyed her personal admiration for the Queen,[117] and after Thatcher's replacement by John Major, Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift to Thatcher: appointment to the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter.[118]
In 1987, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. Elizabeth, as head of state, supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau, abolished the monarchy, and declared Fiji a republic.[119] By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth, which were contradicted by the palace, and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.[120] The involvement of the younger royals in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed,[121] and the Queen was the target of satire.[122]
1990s[link]
In 1991, in the wake of victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint session of the United States Congress.[123] The following year, she attempted to save the failing marriage of her eldest son, Charles, by counselling him and his wife, Diana, Princess of Wales, to reconcile.[124]
In a speech on 24 November 1992, to mark the 40th anniversary of her accession, the Queen called 1992 her annus horribilis, meaning horrible year.[125] In March, her second son Prince Andrew, Duke of York, and his wife Sarah, Duchess of York, separated. In April, her daughter Anne, Princess Royal, divorced her husband Captain Mark Phillips.[126] During a state visit to Germany in October, angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at her,[127] and in November Windsor Castle suffered severe fire damage. The monarchy received increased criticism and public scrutiny.[128] In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".[129] Two days later, Prime Minister John Major announced reforms of the royal finances that had been planned since the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax for the first time, starting in 1993, and a reduction in the civil list.[130] In December, Charles and Diana formally separated.[131] The year ended with a lawsuit as the Queen sued The Sun newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her annual Christmas message two days before its broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees, and donated £200,000 to charity.[132]
In the ensuing years, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[133] Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism remained a minority viewpoint and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[134] Criticism was focused on the institution of monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than the Queen's own behaviour and actions.[135] In consultation with Prime Minister Major, Archbishop of Canterbury George Carey, her private secretary Robert Fellowes, and her husband, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.[136] A year after the divorce, which took place in 1996, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. The Queen was on holiday with her son and grandchildren at Balmoral. Diana's two sons wanted to attend church, and so the Queen and Prince Philip took them that morning.[137] After that single public appearance, for five days the Queen and the Duke shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private.[138] The royal family's seclusion caused public dismay.[139] Pressured by the hostile reaction, the Queen agreed to a live broadcast to the world and returned to London to deliver it on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[140] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana, and her feelings "as a grandmother" for Princes William and Harry.[141] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[141]
Golden Jubilee[link]
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee as queen. Her sister and mother died in February and March, respectively, and the media speculated as to whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.[142] She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the Governor-General, into darkness.[143] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[144] and the enthusiasm shown by the public for Elizabeth was greater than many journalists had predicted.[145]
Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had keyhole surgery on both knees, and in June 2005 she cancelled several engagements after contracting a bad cold. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[146] Two months later, she was seen in public with a bandage on her right hand, which led to press speculation of ill health.[147] She had been bitten by one of her corgis while she was separating two that were fighting.[148]
In May 2007, The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported claims from unnamed sources that the Queen was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of British Prime Minister Tony Blair, that she had shown concern that the British Armed Forces were overstretched in Iraq and Afghanistan, and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair repeatedly.[149] She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve peace in Northern Ireland.[150] On 20 March 2008, at the Church of Ireland St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh, the Queen attended the first Maundy service held outside of England and Wales.[151] At the invitation of Irish President Mary McAleese, in May 2011 the Queen made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch.[152]
Elizabeth addressed the United Nations for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as queen of all her realms and Head of the Commonwealth.[153] UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon introduced her as "an anchor for our age".[154] During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for the British victims of the 11 September attacks.[154] The Queen's visit to Australia in October 2011, her 16th visit since 1954, was called her "farewell tour" in the press because of her age.[155]
Diamond Jubilee[link]
Main article: Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marks 60 years as queen, with celebrations throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, the Queen stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart".[156] She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth realms on the Queen's behalf.[157][158][159] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons will be lit around the world.[160]
She is the longest-lived and second-longest-reigning monarch of the United Kingdom, and the second-longest-serving current head of state (after King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand). She does not intend to abdicate,[161] though the proportion of public duties performed by Prince Charles may increase as Elizabeth reduces her commitments.[162]
She is scheduled to open the 2012 Summer Olympics on 27 July and the Paralympics on 29 August in London. Her father, George VI, opened the 1948 London Olympics, and her great-grandfather, Edward VII, opened the 1908 London Olympics. Elizabeth also opened the 1976 Games in Canada, and Prince Philip opened the Melbourne Olympics in 1956.[163]
Public perception and character[link]
Main article: Personality and image of Queen Elizabeth II
Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously.[164] Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor of the established Church of England, she personally worships with that church and with the national Church of Scotland.[165] She has demonstrated support for inter-faith relations, and has met with leaders of other religions, including three popes: John XXIII, John Paul II and Benedict XVI. A personal note about her faith often features in her annual Royal Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth, such as in 2000, when she spoke about the theological significance of the millennium marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Jesus Christ:
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.[166]
She is the patron of over 600 organisations and charities.[167] Her main leisure interests include equestrianism and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.[168] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life are occasionally acted out; she and her family, from time to time, prepare a meal together and do the washing up afterwards.[169]
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[170] After the trauma of the war, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[171] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[172] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family, and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[173] She took to wearing in public clothes that consist mostly of solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.[174]
At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic,[175] but in the 1980s public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.[176] Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.[177] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though the Queen's popularity rebounded after her live broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[178]
In November 1999, a referendum in Australia on the future of the Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[179] Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for Elizabeth,[180] and referenda in Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 both rejected proposals to become republics.[181]
Finances[link]
Further information: Finances of the British Royal Family
Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Forbes magazine estimated her net worth at around US$450 million in 2010,[182] but official Buckingham Palace statements in 1993 called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[183] Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (the equivalent of about £21 million today[184]).[185][186] The Royal Collection, which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally and is held in trust,[187] as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle,[188] and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £383 million in 2011.[189] Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen.[188] The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £7.3 billion in 2011[190] – is held in trust for the nation, and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.[191]
Titles, styles, honours, and arms[link]
Titles and styles[link]
Main article: List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II
Elizabeth has held titles throughout her life, as a granddaughter of the monarch, as a daughter of the monarch, through her husband's titles, and eventually as Sovereign. In common parlance, she is The Queen or Her Majesty. Officially, she has a distinct title in each of her realms: Queen of Canada in Canada, Queen of Australia in Australia, etc. In the Channel Islands and Isle of Man, which are Crown dependencies rather than separate realms, she is known as Duke of Normandy and Lord of Mann respectively. Additional styles include Defender of the Faith and Duke of Lancaster. When in conversation with the Queen, the practice is to initially address her as Your Majesty and thereafter as Ma'am.[192]
She has received honours and awards from around the world, and has held honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, both before and after her accession.
Arms[link]
See also: Flags of Elizabeth II
From 21 April 1944, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a lozenge bearing the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing a Tudor rose and the first and third a cross of St. George.[193] After her accession as Sovereign, she adopted the royal coat of arms undifferenced. The design of the shield is also used on the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom. Elizabeth has personal flags for use in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, and elsewhere.[194]
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Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth (1944–1947)
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Coat of arms of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (1947–1952)
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Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Scotland
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Coat of arms of Elizabeth II in Canada (one of three versions used in her reign)[note 3]
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Issue[link]
See also: Line of succession to the British throne
| Name | Birth | Marriage | Children | Grandchildren | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles, Prince of Wales | 14 November 1948 | 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 |
Lady Diana Spencer | Prince William, Duke of Cambridge Prince Harry of Wales |
|
| 9 April 2005 | Camilla Parker-Bowles | ||||
| Anne, Princess Royal | 15 August 1950 | 14 November 1973 Divorced 28 April 1992 |
Captain Mark Phillips | Peter Phillips | Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips |
| Zara Phillips | |||||
| 12 December 1992 | Sir Timothy Laurence | ||||
| Prince Andrew, Duke of York | 19 February 1960 | 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 |
Sarah Ferguson | Princess Beatrice of York Princess Eugenie of York |
|
| Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex | 10 March 1964 | 19 June 1999 | Sophie Rhys-Jones | Lady Louise Windsor James, Viscount Severn |
|
Ancestry[link]
Main articles: Ancestry of Elizabeth II and Descent of Elizabeth II from William I
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See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^[note 1] See Queen's Official Birthday for an explanation of why her official birthday is not the same as her real one.
- ^[note 2] Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (her paternal great-granduncle); Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[195]
- ^[note 3] Canada has used three different versions of the arms during her reign. This version was used between 1957 and 1994.[196]
References[link]
- ^ States of Guernsey Government website http://www.gov.gg/article/1867/Relationship-with-the-Crown
- ^ Official British Monarchy web site http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/QueenandCrowndependencies/ChannelIslands.aspx
- ^ Bradford, p. 22; Brandreth, p. 103; Marr, p. 76; Pimlott, pp. 2–3; Lacey, pp. 75–76; Roberts, p. 74
- ^ Hoey, p. 40
- ^ Brandreth, p. 103
- ^ Pimlott, p. 12
- ^ Lacey, p. 56; Nicolson, p. 433; Pimlott, pp. 14–16
- ^ Crawford, p. 26; Pimlott, p. 20; Shawcross, p. 21
- ^ Brandreth, p. 124; Lacey, pp. 62–63; Pimlott, pp. 24, 69
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 108–110; Lacey, pp. 159–161; Pimlott, pp. 20, 163
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 108–110
- ^ Brandreth, p. 105; Lacey, p. 81; Shawcross, pp. 21–22
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 105–106
- ^ Bond, p. 8; Lacey, p. 76; Pimlott, p. 3
- ^ Lacey, pp. 97–98
- ^ e.g. Assheton, Ralph (18 December 1936). "Succession to the Throne". The Times: 10.
- ^ Marr, pp. 78, 85; Pimlott, pp. 71–73
- ^ Brandreth, p. 124; Crawford, p. 85; Lacey, p. 112; Marr, p. 88; Pimlott, p. 51; Shawcross, p. 25
- ^ a b "Her Majesty The Queen: Education". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Education/Overview.aspx. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ Marr, p. 84; Pimlott, p. 47
- ^ a b Pimlott, p. 54
- ^ a b Pimlott, p. 55
- ^ Crawford, pp. 104–114; Pimlott, pp. 56–57
- ^ Crawford, pp. 114–119; Pimlott, p. 57
- ^ "Biography of HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother: Activities as Queen". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/QueenElizabethTheQueenMother/ActivitiesasQueen.aspx. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ Crawford, pp. 137–141
- ^ a b "Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth". BBC. 13 October 1940. http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/princesselizabeth/6600.shtml?all=1&id=6600. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ^ "Early public life". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
- ^ Pimlott, p. 71
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 36973. p. 1315. 6 March 1945. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ Bradford, p. 45; Lacey, p. 148; Marr, p. 100; Pimlott, p. 75
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37205. p. 3972. 31 July 1945. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ "Royal plans to beat nationalism". BBC. 8 March 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 71–73
- ^ "Gorsedd of the Bards". National Museum of Wales. http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/911/. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
- ^ Bond, p. 10; Pimlott, p. 79
- ^ "21st birthday speech". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/Historic%20speeches%20and%20broadcasts/21stbirthdayspeech21April1947.aspx. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 132–139; Lacey, pp. 124–125; Pimlott, p. 86
- ^ Bond, p. 10; Brandreth, pp. 132–136, 166–169; Lacey, pp. 119, 126, 135
- ^ Hoey, pp. 55–56; Pimlott, pp. 101, 137
- ^ London Gazette: no. 38128. p. 5495. 21 November 1947. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
- ^ Edwards, Phil (31 October 2000). "The Real Prince Philip". Channel 4. http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
- ^ Crawford, p. 180
- ^ Davies, Caroline (20 April 2006). "Philip, the one constant through her life". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/campaigns/queen80/uqphilip.xml. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
- ^ Heald, p. xviii
- ^ a b "60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts". Royal Household. 18 November 2007. http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ Hoey, p. 58; Pimlott, pp. 133–134
- ^ Hoey, p. 59; Petropoulos, p. 363
- ^ Bradford, p. 61
- ^ Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; Hoey, pp. 69–70; Pimlott, pp. 155–156
- ^ Pimlott, p. 163
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 226–238; Pimlott, pp. 145, 159–163, 167
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 240–241; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 169–172
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 245–247; Lacey, p. 166; Pimlott, pp. 173–176; Shawcross, p.16
- ^ Bousfield and Toffoli, p. 72; Charteris quoted in Pimlott, p. 179 and Shawcross, p. 17
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 178–179
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 186–187
- ^ Bradford, p. 80; Brandreth, pp. 253–254; Lacey, pp. 172–173; Pimlott, pp. 183–185
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 41948. p. 1003. 5 February 1960. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 269–271
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 269–271; Lacey, pp. 193–194; Pimlott, pp. 201, 236–238
- ^ Bond, p. 22; Brandreth, p. 271; Lacey, p. 194; Pimlott, p. 238; Shawcross, p. 146
- ^ "Princess Margaret: Marriage and family". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
- ^ Bradford, p. 82
- ^ "50 facts about The Queen's Coronation". Royal Household. 25 May 2003. http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2003/50factsaboutTheQueensCoronation.aspx. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ^ Pimlott, p. 207
- ^ Briggs, pp. 420 ff.; Pimlott, p. 207; Roberts, p. 82
- ^ Lacey, p. 182
- ^ Lacey, p. 190; Pimlott, pp. 247–248
- ^ Cotton, Belinda; Ramsey, Ron. "By appointment: Norman Hartnell's sample for the Coronation dress of Queen Elizabeth II". National Gallery of Australia. http://www.nga.gov.au/ByAppointment/. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
- ^ Marr, p. 272
- ^ Pimlott, p. 182
- ^ "Queen and Australia: Royal visits". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Australia/Royalvisits.aspx. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
"Queen and New Zealand: Royal visits". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/NewZealand/Royalvisits.aspx. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
Marr, p. 126 - ^ Brandreth, p. 278; Marr, p. 126; Pimlott, p. 224; Shawcross, p. 59
- ^ Challands, Sarah (25 April 2006). "Queen Elizabeth II celebrates her 80th birthday". CTV News. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060418/queen_liz_birthday_060418. Retrieved 13 June 2007.
- ^ Thomson, Mike (15 January 2007). "When Britain and France nearly married". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ Pimlott, p. 255; Roberts, p. 84
- ^ Marr, pp. 175–176; Pimlott, pp. 256–260; Roberts, p. 84
- ^ Lacey, p. 199; Shawcross, p. 75
- ^ Lord Altrincham in National Review quoted by Brandreth, p. 374 and Roberts, p. 83
- ^ Brandreth, p. 374; Pimlott, pp. 280–281; Shawcross, p. 76
- ^ a b Hardman, p. 22; Pimlott, pp. 324–335; Roberts, p. 84
- ^ Roberts, p. 84
- ^ a b "Queen and Canada: Royal visits". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
- ^ Bradford, p. 114
- ^ Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002), Fifty Years the Queen, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 107, ISBN 1-55002-360-8, http://books.google.ca/books?id=w8l5reK7NjoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false
- ^ Pimlott, p. 303; Shawcross, p. 83
- ^ a b Macmillan, pp. 466–472
- ^ Speaight, Robert (1970), Vanier, Soldier, Diplomat, Governor General: A Biography, London: William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., ISBN 978-0-00-262252-3
- ^ "Courage of the Queen". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. http://www.crht.ca/LibraryShelf/CourageoftheQueen.html. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
- ^ Dubois, Paul (12 October 1964), "Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday", Montreal Gazette: 1, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498, retrieved 6 March 2010
- ^ Bousfield, p. 139
- ^ Dymond, Glenn (5 March 2010). "Ceremonial in the House of Lords". House of Lords Library. p. 12. http://www.parliament.uk/documents/documents/upload/lln2010-007.pdf. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
- ^ "Public life 1962–1971". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/PublicLife1962-1971/1962-1971.aspx. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ Bond, p. 66; Pimlott, pp. 345–354
- ^ Pimlott, p. 418
- ^ Bradford, p. 181; Marr, p. 256; Pimlott, p. 419; Shawcross, pp. 109–110
- ^ a b Bond, p. 96; Marr, p. 257; Pimlott, p. 427; Shawcross, p. 110
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 428–429
- ^ Pimlott, p. 449
- ^ Hardman, p. 137; Roberts, pp. 88–89; Shawcross, p. 178
- ^ Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in Shawcross, p. 178
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 336–337, 470–471; Roberts, pp. 88–89
- ^ a b c d e Heinricks, Geoff (29 September 2000). "Trudeau: A drawer monarchist". National Post: B12.
- ^ Trudeau, p. 313
- ^ "Queen's 'fantasy assassin' jailed". BBC. 14 September 1981. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ Lacey, p. 281; Pimlott, pp. 476–477; Shawcross, p. 192
- ^ Bond, p. 115; Pimlott, p. 487
- ^ Shawcross, p. 127
- ^ Lacey, pp. 297–298; Pimlott, p. 491
- ^ Bond, p. 188; Pimlott, p. 497
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 488–490
- ^ Pimlott, p. 521
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 503–515; see also Neil, pp. 195–207 and Shawcross, pp. 129–132
- ^ Thatcher to Brian Walden quoted in Neil, p. 207; Andrew Neil quoted in Woodrow Wyatt's diary of 26 October 1990
- ^ Campbell, p. 467
- ^ Thatcher, p. 309
- ^ Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 139
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 515–516
- ^ Pimlott, pp. 519–534
- ^ Hardman, p. 81; Lacey, p. 307; Pimlott, pp. 522–526
- ^ Lacey, pp. 293–294; Pimlott, p. 541
- ^ Pimlott, p. 538
- ^ Brandreth, p. 349; Lacey, p. 319
- ^ "Annus horribilis speech, 24 November 1992". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/Historic%20speeches%20and%20broadcasts/Annushorribilisspeech24November1992.aspx. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
- ^ Lacey, p. 319; Marr, p. 315; Pimlott, pp. 550–551
- ^ Stanglin, Doug (18 March 2010). "German study concludes 25,000 died in Allied bombing of Dresden". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/03/official-german-study-concludes-25000-died-in-allied-bombing-of-dresden/1?csp=34. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
- ^ Brandreth, p. 377; Pimlott, pp. 558–559; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 204
- ^ Brandreth, p. 377
- ^ Bradford, p. 229; Lacey, pp. 325–326; Pimlott, pp. 559–561
- ^ Bradford, p. 226; Hardman, p. 96; Lacey, p. 328; Pimlott, p. 561
- ^ Pimlott, p. 562
- ^ Brandreth, p. 356; Pimlott, pp. 572–577; Roberts, p. 94; Shawcross, p. 168
- ^ MORI poll for The Independent newspaper, March 1996, quoted in Pimlott, p. 578 and O'Sullivan, Jack (5 March 1996). "Watch out, the Roundheads are back". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ Pimlott, p. 578
- ^ Brandreth, p. 357; Pimlott, p. 577
- ^ Brandreth, p. 358; Hardman, p. 101; Pimlott, p. 610
- ^ Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Marr, p. 338; Pimlott, p. 615
- ^ Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 358; Lacey, pp. 6–7; Pimlott, p. 616; Roberts, p. 98; Shawcross, p. 8
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 358–359; Lacey, pp. 8–9; Pimlott, pp. 621–622
- ^ a b Bond, p. 134; Brandreth, p. 359; Lacey, pp. 13–15; Pimlott, pp. 623–624
- ^ Bond, p. 156; Bradford, pp. 248–249; Marr, pp. 349–350
- ^ Brandreth, p. 31
- ^ Bond, pp. 166–167
- ^ Bond, p. 157
- ^ "Queen cancels visit due to injury". BBC. 26 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^ Greenhill, Sam; Hope, Jenny (6 December 2006). "Plaster on Queen's hand: minor cut or IV drip?". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-420950/Plaster-Queens-hand-minor-cut-IV-drip.html. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
- ^ Whittaker, Thomas (14 December 2006). "Corgi put the queen in plaster". The Sun. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article75313.ece. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ Alderson, Andrew (28 May 2007). "Revealed: Queen's dismay at Blair legacy". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552769/Revealed-Queens-dismay-at-Blair-legacy.html. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ Alderson, Andrew (27 May 2007). "Tony and Her Majesty: an uneasy relationship". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/27/nqueen127.xml. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ "Historic first for Maundy service". BBC. 20 March 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
- ^ "Queen's State Visit to Ireland 2011". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/what-we-do/public-diplomacy/state-visit-ireland-2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ "Address to the United Nations General Assembly". Royal Household. 6 July 2010. http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Speechesandarticles/2010/AddresstotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly6July2010.aspx. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Queen addresses UN General Assembly in New York". BBC. 7 July 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/10518044.stm. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ^ "Royal tour of Australia: The Queen ends visit with traditional 'Aussie barbie'". The Daily Telegraph. 29 October 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee message". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2012/TheQueensDiamondJubileemessage.aspx. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Gower, Eleanor (25 February 2012), "A royal match! Glamorous Prince Edward and Sophie wear co-ordinated outfits as they attend Barbados state dinner", Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2106246/Prince-Edward-Sophie-wear-ordinated-outfits-attend-Barbados-state-dinner.html, retrieved 31 May 2012
- ^ "Prince Harry pays tribute to the Queen in Jamaica". BBC. 7 March 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17281585. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ "Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall to Undertake a Royal Tour of Canada in 2012". Office of the Governor General of Canada. 14 December 2011. http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=14382. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ Anon. "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee in London". Visit London. London and Partners. http://www.visitlondon.com/events/special/queens-diamond-jubilee-in-london. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
- ^ Brandreth, pp. 370–371; Marr, p. 395
- ^ Owen, Glen; Smith, Martin (18 November 2006). "Key aides move to Windsor ahead of Queen's retirement". The Mail on Sunday. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-417251/Key-aides-Windsor-ahead-Queens-retirement.html. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ "Opening of the Olympic and Paralympic Games". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2012/OpeningOlympicParalympicGames2012.aspx. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
- ^ "Queen 'will do her job for life'". BBC. 19 April 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4921120.stm. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
Shawcross, pp. 194–195 - ^ "How we are organised". Church of Scotland. http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/how_we_are_organised. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ^ Elizabeth II (2000). "Historic speeches: Christmas Broadcast 2000". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ImagesandBroadcasts/TheQueensChristmasBroadcasts/ChristmasBroadcasts/ChristmasBroadcast2000.aspx. Retrieved 28 July 2009.
Shawcross, pp. 236–237 - ^ "Queen and Charities". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/QueenCharities/Overview.aspx. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
- ^ "80 facts about The Queen". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
- ^ Delacourt, Susan (25 May 2012), "When the Queen is your boss", Toronto Star, http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1193874--when-the-queen-is-your-boss, retrieved 27 May 2012
- ^ Bond, p. 22
- ^ Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 180; Roberts, p. 82; Shawcross, p. 50
- ^ Bond, p. 35; Pimlott, p. 280; Shawcross, p. 76
- ^ Bond, pp. 66–67, 84, 87–89; Bradford, pp. 160–163; Hardman, pp. 22, 210–213; Lacey, pp. 222–226; Marr, p. 237; Pimlott, pp. 378–392; Roberts, pp. 84–86
- ^ Cartner-Morley, Jess (10 May 2007). "Elizabeth II, belated follower of fashion". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,2076067,00.html. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ Bond, p. 97; Bradford, p. 189; Pimlott, pp. 449–450; Roberts, p. 87; Shawcross, pp. 114–117
- ^ Bond, p. 117; Roberts, p. 91
- ^ Bond, p. 134; Pimlott, pp. 556–561, 570
- ^ Bond, p. 134; Pimlott, pp. 624–625
- ^ Hardman, p. 310; Lacey, p. 387; Roberts, p. 101; Shawcross, p. 218
- ^ "Monarchy poll". Ipsos MORI. April 2006. http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=378. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
"Monarchy Survey" (PDF). Populus Ltd. 14–16 December 2007. p. 9. http://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
"Poll respondents back UK monarchy". BBC. 28 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm. Retrieved 17 August 2010. - ^ "Vincies vote "No"". BBC. 26 November 2009. http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
- ^ Serafin, Tatiana (7 July 2010). "The World's Richest Royals". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/07/richest-royals-wealth-monarch-wedding-divorce-billionaire.html. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ Lord Chamberlain Lord Airlie quoted in Hoey, p. 225 and Pimlott, p. 561
- ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
- ^ "£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate'". The Times: 1. 11 June 1971.
- ^ Pimlott, p. 401
- ^ "FAQs". Royal Collection. http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/about/frequently-asked-questions. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
"Royal Collection". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/The%20Royal%20Collection%20and%20other%20collections/TheRoyalCollection/TheRoyalCollection.aspx. Retrieved 9 December 2009. - ^ a b "The Royal Residences: Overview". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/TheRoyalResidences/Overview.aspx. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
- ^ "Accounts, Annual Reports and Investments". Duchy of Lancaster. 18 July 2011. http://www.duchyoflancaster.com/management-and-finance-2/accounts-annual-reports-and-investments/. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ^ "Financial Information". The Crown Estate. 6 July 2011. http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/about-us/financial-information/. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ "FAQs". Crown Estate. http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/about-us/faqs/. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
- ^ "Greeting a member of The Royal Family". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/GreetingamemberofTheRoyalFamily/Overview.aspx. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ "Heraldry Traditions". Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia. 2007. http://www.ltgov.bc.ca/govhouse/heraldry.htm. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ "Personal flags". Royal Household. http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/Personalflags.aspx. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
- ^ Brandreth, p. 103; Hoey, p. 40
- ^ "Coat of Arms of Canada". Royal Heraldry Society of Canada. 5 February 2009. http://www.heraldry.ca/misc/coatArmsCanada.htm. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
Bibliography[link]
- Bond, Jennie (2006). Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years. London: Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 1-84442-260-7
- Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (2002). Fifty Years the Queen. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1-55002-360-8
- Bradford, Sarah (2012). Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91911-6
- Brandreth, Gyles (2004). Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage. London: Century. ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
- Briggs, Asa (1995). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-212967-8
- Campbell, John (2003). Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-224-06156-9
- Crawford, Marion (1950). The Little Princesses. London: Cassell & Co.
- Hardman, Robert (2011). Our Queen. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-193689-1
- Heald, Tim (2007). Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84820-2
- Hoey, Brian (2002). Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-653136-9
- Lacey, Robert (2002). Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-85940-0
- Macmillan, Harold (1972). Pointing The Way 1959–1961 London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-12411-1
- Marr, Andrew (2011). The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-74852-1
- Neil, Andrew (1996). Full Disclosure. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-64682-7
- Nicolson, Sir Harold (1952). King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign. London: Constable & Co.
- Petropoulos, Jonathan (2006). Royals and the Reich: the princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516133-5
- Pimlott, Ben (2001). The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255494-1
- Roberts, Andrew; Edited by Antonia Fraser (2000). The House of Windsor. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35406-6
- Shawcross, William (2002). Queen and Country. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-8056-5
- Thatcher, Margaret (1993). The Downing Street Years. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-255049-0
- Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1993). Memoirs. Toronto: McLelland & Stewart. ISBN 0-7710-8588-5
- Wyatt, Woodrow; Edited by Sarah Curtis (1999). The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt: Volume II. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-77405-1
External links[link]
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- Archival material relating to Elizabeth II listed at the UK National Register of Archives
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Titles and succession
|
Elizabeth II
Cadet branch of the House of Wettin
Born: 21 April 1926 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by George VI |
Queen of the United Kingdom 1952–present |
Incumbent Heir apparent: Charles, Prince of Wales |
| Preceded by George VI as King of the British Dominions beyond the Seas |
Queen of Canada 1952–present |
|
| Queen of Australia 1952–present |
||
| Queen of New Zealand 1952–present |
||
| Queen of Pakistan 1952–1956 |
End of title | |
| Queen of South Africa 1952–1961 |
||
| Queen of Ceylon 1952–1972 |
||
| Preceded by Herself as Queen of the United Kingdom |
Queen of Ghana 1957–1960 |
|
| Queen of Nigeria 1960–1963 |
||
| Queen of Sierra Leone 1961–1971 |
||
| Queen of Tanganyika 1961–1962 |
||
| Queen of Jamaica 1962–present |
Incumbent Heir apparent: Charles, Prince of Wales |
|
| Queen of Trinidad and Tobago 1962–1976 |
End of title | |
| Queen of Uganda 1962–1963 |
||
| Queen of Kenya 1963–1964 |
||
| Queen of Malawi 1964–1966 |
||
| Queen of Malta 1964–1974 |
||
| Queen of the Gambia 1965–1970 |
||
| Queen of Guyana 1966–1970 |
||
| Queen of Barbados 1966–present |
Incumbent Heir apparent: Charles, Prince of Wales |
|
| Queen of Mauritius 1968–1992 |
End of title | |
| Queen of Fiji 1970–1987 |
||
| Queen of the Bahamas 1973–present |
Incumbent Heir apparent: Charles, Prince of Wales |
|
| Queen of Grenada 1974–present |
||
| Preceded by Herself as Queen of Australia |
Queen of Papua New Guinea 1975–present |
|
| Preceded by Herself as Queen of the United Kingdom |
Queen of the Solomon Islands 1978–present |
|
| Queen of Tuvalu 1978–present |
||
| Queen of Saint Lucia 1979–present |
||
| Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979–present |
||
| Queen of Belize 1981–present |
||
| Queen of Antigua and Barbuda 1981–present |
||
| Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983–present |
||
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by George VI |
Head of the Commonwealth 1952–present |
Incumbent |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by The Earl Jellicoe as First Lord of the Admiralty |
Lord High Admiral 1964–2011 |
Succeeded by The Duke of Edinburgh |
| British royalty | ||
| Preceded by Prince Albert, Duke of York later King George VI |
Heir to the Throne as heiress presumptive 1936–1952 |
Succeeded by Charles, Prince of Wales |
| Order of precedence | ||
| First | Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom as the Sovereign |
Succeeded by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh |
| Order of Precedence in Canada as the Sovereign |
Succeeded by David Johnston as Governor General |
|
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Elizabeth II |
| Alternative names | Elizabeth Alexandra Mary |
| Short description | Queen regnant of the Commonwealth realms |
| Date of birth | 21 April 1926 |
| Place of birth | London, United Kingdom |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_II
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Elisabeth II.
http://es.wn.com/Isabel II del Reino Unido
http://ru.wn.com/Елизавета II
http://cs.wn.com/Alžběta II.
http://pt.wn.com/Isabel II do Reino Unido
http://pl.wn.com/Elżbieta II
http://hi.wn.com/एलिज़ाबेथ द्वितीय (संयुक्त राजशाही)
http://it.wn.com/Elisabetta II del Regno Unito
http://id.wn.com/Elizabeth II dari Britania Raya
http://nl.wn.com/Elizabeth II van het Verenigd Koninkrijk
http://fr.wn.com/Élisabeth II du Royaume-Uni
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Webster Griffin Tarpley (born 1946) is an American historian, author, journalist, lecturer, and critic of US foreign and domestic policy. Tarpley maintains that the September 11 attacks were engineered by a rogue network of the military-industrial complex and intelligence agencies as a false flag operation.[1] His writings and speeches describe a model of terror operations by a rogue network in the military/intelligence sector working with moles in the private sector and in corporate media, and locates such contemporary false flag operations in a historical context stretching back in the English speaking world to at least the Gunpowder Plot in England in 1605.
Contents |
Education[link]
Tarpley was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts in 1946. He received a BA degree summa cum laude in English and Italian from Princeton University in 1966. While a student at Princeton he became a member of Phi Beta Kappa, and was a Fulbright Scholar at University of Turin in Italy.[2] Tarpley also obtained a MA degree in humanities from Skidmore College. As well as a Ph.D. from The Catholic University of America in History.
Career[link]
In 1971, Tarpley was on the editorial board of The Campaigner, a National Caucus of Labor Committees' journal, according to its masthead.[3]
As a European based journalist in the 1980s, Tarpley wrote a study on the assassination of Prime Minister Aldo Moro. The study claimed that the murder was a false flag operation orchestrated by the Propaganda Due, a Masonic Lodge, with the cooperation of senior members of Italian government secret services but blamed on the Red Brigades.[4]
Tarpley was president of the Schiller Institute of the United States in the 1980s[5][clarification needed] and in 1993.[6] In 1986 Tarpley attempted to run on Lyndon LaRouche's U.S. Labor Party platform in the New York State Democratic Party primary for the U.S. Senate, but was ruled off the ballot because of a defect in his nominating petitions.[7] He was a frequent host of "The LaRouche Connection" which its producer LaRouche's Executive Intelligence Review News Service[8] describes as "a news and information cable television program."[9]
Tarpley first gained attention for co-authoring, with Anton Chaitkin, ("history editor of Executive Intelligence Review") a 1992 book on George H. W. Bush, George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography, which was published by Executive Intelligence Review, run by Lyndon LaRouche.[10] He has expounded the "Versailles Thesis" laying the blame for the great wars of the 20th century on intrigues by Britain to retain her dominance.[11] He gained experience as a political operative during his years with the LaRouche movement but broke away sometime after 1995.
In 2005, Tarpley published 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA. He speaks at length about the themes in the book during an interview in the film Oil, Smoke, Mirrors.
Since March, 2006, Tarpley has had a weekly online talk radio show called World Crisis Radio,[12] currently hosted on GCNLive.com. Tarpley is a member of the "world anti-imperialist conference" Axis for Peace, of Scholars for 9/11 Truth and of a research Netzwerk of German 9/11 authors founded in September 2006. He is featured in the film, Zero: an investigation into 9/11 (2007–2008).[13]
Tarpley is a critic of the Dalai Lama; in 2010 he told Russia Today that "pre-1959 Tibet ... was probably the closest thing to hell on earth that you had ... social reform was impossible." In the interview he criticizes US funding of pro-Dalai Lama organizations, which he says amounts to US$2 million per year, saying "this is a bad deal for the American taxpayers."[14]
He also maintains that "The notion of anthropogenic global warming is a fraud."[15]
Bibliography[link]
- Chi ha ucciso Aldo Moro? (Who Killed Aldo Moro?), a study commissioned by a member of the Italian government and published in Rome in 1978 The Larouchian, Partito Operaio Europeo http://www.movisol.org/moro.htm, which broke open the affiliation of the Red Brigades with the neofascist lodge P2.
- George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography (1992) (co-authored with Anton Chaitkin, son of the lawyer who indicted Prescott Bush under the Trading with the Enemy Act for collaboration with Nazi Germany.) Reprinted 2004, ISBN 0-930852-92-3.
- Against Oligarchy (1996)
- Surviving the Cataclysm: Your Guide through the Worst Financial Crisis in Human History (1999); updated edition, 2009.
- 9/11 Synthetic Terror: Made in USA - Myth of the 21st Century (2005), Foreword by Thierry Meyssan, ISBN 0-930852-31-1, Fourth edition ISBN 0-930852-37-0 (April 2007).
- Version française: La Terreur Fabriquée, Made in USA : 11 Septembre, le mythe du XXIe siècle (Sept. 2006). ISBN 2-9525571-4-4
- In Italiano: La Fabbrica del Terrore (Sept. 2007). ISBN 978-88-87307-36-6
- En Español: 11-S, El Falso Terrorismo Jan. 2008 ISBN 0-930852-98-2.
- Obama - The Postmodern Coup: Making of a Manchurian Candidate (Apr. 2008) ISBN 0-930852-88-5.
- Deutsche Fassung: Barack Obama: Wie ein US-Präsident gemacht wird (Aug. 2008) ISBN 978-3-938516-74-4.
- Japanese Edition: Obama: Dangerous Geometry (Nov. 2008) ISBN 4-88086-239-8
- Barack H. Obama: The Unauthorized Biography (Aug. 2008) ISBN 0-930852-81-8; Japanese edition, March 2009.
References[link]
- ^ 9/11 Synthetic Terror, Progressive Press, 4th edition, 2007, ISBN 978-0-930852-37-5
- ^ tarpley.net
- ^ "Masthead". The Campaigner (National Caucus of Labor Committees) 4 (1). Winter 1971.
- ^ Chi ha ucciso Aldo Moro? (Who Killed Aldo Moro?), Rome: 1978
- ^ "News broadcasts on WTRI focus on Iran, AIDS issues". THE FREDERICK POST, (FREDERICK, MD.,): p. A-11. December 15, 1986.
- ^ Tarpley, Webster Griffin (2004). 9/11 SYNTHETIC TERRORISM MADE IN USA. p. 9. http://www.scribd.com/doc/274440/Webster-Griffin-Tarpley-911-Synthetic-Terrorism-Made-in-Usa.
- ^ Rangel, Jesus (1986-08-09). "Another Assemblyman Ruled Off Primary Ballot". New York Times.
- ^ ¤ Berlet, Chip. "Protocols to the Left, Protocols to the Right: Conspiracism in American Political Discourse at the Turn of the Second Millennium." Reconsidering "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion": 100 Years After the Forgery, October 30–31, 2005, Boston
¤ Gilbert, Helen. Lyndon LaRouche: Fascism Restyled for the New Millennium, Red Letter, 2003. ISBN 0-932323-21-9 - ^ LaRouche website
- ^ History News Network
- ^ The Versailles Thesis - Roots of WWI
- ^ World Crisis Radio on GCNLive
- ^ Zero: An Investigation Into 9/11 (2008) at IMDb
- ^ "Dalai Lama Meeting with Obama". Russia Today interview. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRXFyOh6yzQ&feature=player_embedded.
- ^ The Obama Deception: The Mask Comes Off, 2009
External links[link]
- Tarpley's Website
- Tarpley's Show on the Genesis Network
- Ground Zero Grassy Knoll - Feature article in New York Magazine (March 20, 2006)
- Publisher's web site
- Amazon.com's Webster Griffin Tarpley page
Audio and Video Links:
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Tarpley, Webster |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1946 |
| Place of birth | Pittsfield, Massachusetts |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Edward VIII | |
|---|---|
| later Duke of Windsor | |
 |
|
| Edward in Canada, 1919 | |
|
|
|
| Reign | 20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936 |
| Predecessor | George V |
| Successor | George VI |
| Prime Ministers | See list |
| Spouse | Wallis, Duchess of Windsor |
| Full name | |
| Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David | |
| House | House of Windsor |
| Father | George V |
| Mother | Mary of Teck |
| Born | 23 June 1894 (1894-06-23) White Lodge, Richmond, Surrey, England |
| Died | 28 May 1972 (1972-05-29) (aged 77) 4 Route du Champ d'Entraînement, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris, France |
| Burial | 5 June 1972 Frogmore, Berkshire |
| Signature |  |
Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; later The Duke of Windsor; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth, and Emperor of India, from 20 January to 11 December 1936.
Before his accession to the throne, Edward was Prince of Wales and Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay. As a young man, he served in the British Armed Forces during the First World War and undertook several foreign tours on behalf of his father, George V. He was associated with a succession of older, married women but remained unmarried until after his abdication as king.
Edward became king when his father died in early 1936. Only months into his reign, he caused a constitutional crisis by proposing marriage to the American socialite Wallis Simpson, who had divorced her first husband and was seeking a divorce from her second. The prime ministers of the United Kingdom and the Dominions opposed the marriage, arguing that the people would never accept a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands as queen. Additionally, such a marriage would have conflicted with Edward's status as head of the Church of England, which opposed the remarriage of divorced people if their former spouses were still alive. Edward knew that the government led by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin would resign if the marriage went ahead, which could have dragged the king into a general election and would ruin his status as a politically neutral constitutional monarch. Rather than end his relationship with Simpson, Edward abdicated. He was succeeded by his younger brother Albert, who chose the regnal name George VI. With a reign of 326 days, Edward was one of the shortest-reigning monarchs in British and Commonwealth history. He was never crowned.
After his abdication, he was given the title Duke of Windsor. He married Simpson in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final. Later that year, the couple toured Germany. During the Second World War, he was at first stationed with the British Military Mission to France but, after private accusations that he held Nazi sympathies, he was assigned to the Bahamas as the islands' Governor. After the war, he was never given another official appointment and spent the remainder of his life in retirement in France.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Edward VIII was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park, on the outskirts of London, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria.[1] He was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George V and Queen Mary). His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the eldest daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck (Francis and Mary Adelaide). As a great-grandson of the monarch in the male line, Edward was styled His Highness Prince Edward of York at birth.
He was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury.[N 1][2] The names were chosen in honour of Edward's late uncle, who was known to his family as "Eddy" or Edward, and his great-grandfather King Christian IX of Denmark. The name Albert was included at the behest of Queen Victoria, and his last four names – George, Andrew, Patrick and David – came from the Patron Saints of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. He was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David.
Like other upper-class children of the time, Edward and his younger siblings were brought up by nannies rather than directly by their parents. One of his early nannies abused Edward by pinching him before he was due to be presented to his parents. His subsequent crying and wailing would lead the Duke and Duchess to send Edward and the nanny away.[3] The nanny was subsequently discharged.
Edward's father, though a harsh disciplinarian,[4] was demonstrably affectionate,[5] and his mother displayed a frolicsome side with her children that belied her austere public image. She was amused by the children making tadpoles on toast for their French master,[6] and encouraged them to confide in her.[7]
Education[link]
At first, Edward was tutored at home by Helen Bricka. When his parents travelled the British Empire for almost nine months following the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, young Edward and his siblings stayed in Britain with their grandparents, Queen Alexandra and King Edward VII, who showered their grandchildren with affection. Upon his parents' return, Edward was placed under the care of two men, Frederick Finch and Henry Hansell, who virtually brought up Edward and his siblings for their remaining nursery years.[8]
Edward was kept under the strict tutorship of Hansell until nearly 13; Hansell had wanted Edward to enter school earlier, but his father disagreed. Edward took the examination to enter Osborne Naval College, and began there in 1907.[9] Following two years at Osborne College, which he did not enjoy, Edward moved on to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. A course of two years followed by entry into the Royal Navy was planned. When his father ascended the throne on 6 May 1910 following the death of Edward VII, Edward automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay and he was created Prince of Wales a month later on his 16th birthday, on 23 June 1910. Preparations began in earnest for his future duties as king. He was withdrawn from his naval course before his formal graduation, served as midshipman for three months aboard the battleship Hindustan, then immediately entered Magdalen College, Oxford, for which, in the opinion of his biographers, he was underprepared intellectually. He left Oxford after eight terms without any academic qualifications.[10]
Prince of Wales[link]
File:Edward Albert Prince of Wales Investiture Medallion 1911.jpg
Medallion celebrating the investiture of Edward as Prince of Wales, 1911
Edward was officially invested as Prince of Wales in a special ceremony at Caernarvon Castle on 13 July 1911.[11] The investiture took place in Wales, at the instigation of the Welsh politician David Lloyd George, Constable of the Castle and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Liberal government.[12] Lloyd George invented a rather fanciful ceremony in the style of a Welsh pageant, and coached Edward to speak a few words in Welsh.
When the First World War (1914–1918) broke out, Edward had reached the minimum age for active service and was keen to participate.[13] He had joined the Grenadier Guards in June 1914, and although Edward was willing to serve on the front lines, Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener refused to allow it, citing the immense harm that would occur if the heir to the throne were captured by the enemy.[14]
Despite this, Edward witnessed trench warfare first-hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as he could, for which he was awarded the Military Cross in 1916. His role in the war, although limited, made him popular among veterans of the conflict.[15] Edward undertook his first military flight in 1918 and later gained a pilot's licence.[16]
Throughout the 1920s Edward, as Prince of Wales, represented his father, King George V, at home and abroad on many occasions. He took a particular interest in visiting the poverty stricken areas of the country,[17] and undertook 16 tours to various parts of the Empire between 1919 and 1935. During a tour of Canada in 1919, he acquired the Bedingfield ranch, near Pekisko, Alberta,[18] and in 1924 he donated the Prince of Wales Trophy to the National Hockey League.[19] His rank, travels, good looks, and unmarried status gained him much public attention, and at the height of his popularity, he was the most photographed celebrity of his time.[20]
His attitudes towards many of the Empire's subjects and various foreign peoples, both during his time as Prince of Wales and later as Duke of Windsor, were little commented upon at the time but have soured his reputation subsequently.[21] He said of Indigenous Australians, "they are the most revolting form of living creatures I've ever seen!! They are the lowest known form of human beings & are the nearest thing to monkeys."[22]
Romances[link]
Edward's compulsive womanising and reckless behaviour during the 1920s and 1930s worried Prime Minister Baldwin, King George V, and those close to the prince. Alan Lascelles, Edward's private secretary for eight years during this period, believed that "for some hereditary or physiological reason his normal mental development stopped dead when he reached adolescence".[23] George V was disappointed by Edward's failure to settle down in life, disgusted by his affairs with married women, and was reluctant to see him inherit the Crown. "After I am dead," George said, "the boy will ruin himself in 12 months."[24]
In 1929, Time magazine reported that Edward teased his new sister-in-law, Elizabeth, the wife of his younger brother Albert, by calling her "Queen Elizabeth". The magazine asked if "she did not sometimes wonder how much truth there is in the story that he once said he would renounce his rights upon the death of George V – which would make her nickname come true".[25] Edward grew older and remained unmarried, but his brother and sister-in-law had two children, including Princess Elizabeth. George V favoured his son Albert ("Bertie"), and granddaughter Elizabeth ("Lilibet"), and told a courtier, "I pray to God that my eldest son [Edward] will never marry and have children, and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."[26]
In 1930, George V gave Edward a home, Fort Belvedere, in Windsor Great Park.[27] There, Edward had relationships with a series of married women including textile heiress Freda Dudley Ward, and Lady Furness, the American wife of a British peer, who introduced the prince to her friend and fellow American Wallis Simpson. Simpson had divorced her first husband in 1927, and her second husband, Ernest Simpson, was a British-American businessman. Wallis Simpson and the Prince of Wales, it is generally accepted, became lovers while Lady Furness travelled abroad, though Edward adamantly insisted to his father that he was not intimate with her and that it was not appropriate to describe her as his mistress.[28] Edward's relationship with Simpson further weakened his poor relationship with his father. Although King George V and Queen Mary met Simpson at Buckingham Palace in 1935,[29] they later refused to receive her.[30]
Edward's affair with an American divorcee led to such grave concern that the couple were followed by members of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch, who examined in secret the nature of their relationship. An undated report detailed a visit by the couple to an antique shop, where the proprietor later noted "that the lady seemed to have POW [Prince of Wales] completely under her thumb."[31] The prospect of having an American divorcee with a questionable past having such sway over the heir apparent led to anxiety among government and establishment figures.
Reign[link]
King George V died on 20 January 1936, and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. The next day, he broke royal protocol by watching the proclamation of his own accession from a window in the company of the then still-married Simpson.[32] Edward became the first monarch of the British Empire to fly in an aircraft when he flew from Sandringham to London for his Accession Council.[33]
Edward caused unease in government circles with actions that were interpreted as interference in political matters. His comment during a tour of depressed villages in South Wales that "something must be done"[33] for the unemployed coal miners was seen as directly critical of the Government, though it has never been clear whether Edward had anything in particular in mind. Government ministers were reluctant to send confidential documents and state papers to Fort Belvedere because it was clear that Edward was paying little attention to them and because of the perceived danger that Simpson and other house guests might see them.[34]
Edward's unorthodox approach to his role also extended to the currency which bore his image. He broke with the tradition that on coinage each successive monarch faced in the opposite direction to his or her predecessor. Edward insisted that he face left (as his father had done),[35] to show the parting in his hair.[36] Only a handful of test coins were struck before the abdication, and when George VI succeeded to the throne he also faced left, to maintain the tradition by suggesting that had any coins been minted featuring Edward's portrait, they would have shown him facing right.[37]
On 16 July 1936, an Irish fraudster called Jerome Bannigan, alias George Andrew McMahon, produced a loaded revolver as Edward rode on horseback at Constitution Hill, near Buckingham Palace. Police spotted the gun and pounced on him; he was quickly arrested. At Bannigan's trial, he alleged that "a foreign power" had approached him to kill Edward, that he had informed MI5 of the plan, and that he was merely seeing the plan through to help MI5 catch the real culprits. The court rejected the claims and sent him to jail for a year for "intent to alarm".[38] It is now thought that Bannigan had indeed been in contact with MI5 but the veracity of the remainder of his claims remains open.[39]
In August and September, Edward and Simpson cruised the Eastern Mediterranean on the steam yacht Nahlin. By October it was becoming clear that the new king planned to marry Simpson, especially when divorce proceedings between the Simpsons were brought at Ipswich Crown Court.[40] Preparations for all contingencies were made, including the prospect of the coronation of King Edward and Queen Wallis. Because of the religious implications of any marriage, plans were made to hold a secular coronation ceremony not in the traditional religious location, Westminster Abbey, but in the Banqueting House in Whitehall.[41]
Abdication[link]
Main article: Edward VIII abdication crisis
On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his desire to marry Wallis Simpson when she became free to re-marry. Baldwin informed him that his subjects would deem the marriage morally unacceptable, largely because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, and the people would not tolerate Wallis as queen.[42] As king, Edward held the role of Supreme Governor of the Church of England, and the clergy expected him to support the Church's teachings.
Edward proposed an alternative solution of a morganatic marriage, in which he would remain king but Wallis would not become queen. She would enjoy some lesser title instead, and any children they might have would not inherit the throne. This too was rejected by the British Cabinet[43] as well as other Dominion governments,[44] whose views were sought pursuant to the Statute of Westminster 1931, which provided in part that "any alteration in the law touching the Succession to the Throne or the Royal Style and Titles shall hereafter require the assent as well of the Parliaments of all the Dominions as of the Parliament of the United Kingdom."[45] The Prime Ministers of Australia, Canada and South Africa made clear their opposition to the king marrying a divorcee;[46] the Irish prime minister expressed indifference and detachment, while the Prime Minister of New Zealand, having never heard of Simpson before, vacillated in disbelief.[47] Faced with this opposition, Edward at first responded that there were "not many people in Australia" and their opinion did not matter.[48]
Edward informed Baldwin that he would abdicate if he could not marry Simpson. Baldwin then presented Edward with three choices: give up the idea of marriage; marry against his ministers' wishes; or abdicate.[49] It was clear that Edward was not prepared to give up Simpson, and he knew that if he married against the advice of his ministers, he would cause the government to resign, prompting a constitutional crisis.[50] He chose to abdicate.[51]
Edward duly signed the instruments[N 2] of abdication at Fort Belvedere on 10 December 1936 in the presence of his three surviving brothers, the Dukes of York, Gloucester and Kent (the youngest brother, Prince John, had died in 1919).[52] The next day, the last act of his reign was the royal assent to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936. As required by the Statute of Westminster, all the Dominions consented to the abdication,[53] though the Irish Free State did not pass the External Relations Act, which included the abdication in its schedule, until 12 December.
On the night of 11 December 1936, Edward, now reverted to the style of a prince, made a broadcast to the nation and the Empire, explaining his decision to abdicate. He famously said, "I have found it impossible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duties as king as I would wish to do without the help and support of the woman I love."[54]
After the broadcast, Edward departed the United Kingdom for Austria, though he was unable to join Simpson until her divorce became absolute, several months later.[55] His brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, succeeded to the throne as George VI. George's elder daughter, Princess Elizabeth, became first in the line of succession, as heiress presumptive.
Duke of Windsor[link]
On 12 December 1936, at the accession meeting of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, George VI announced he was to make his brother "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor".[56] He wanted this to be the first act of his reign, although the formal documents were not signed until 8 March the following year. During the interim, Edward was universally known as the Duke of Windsor. George VI's decision to create Edward a royal duke ensured that he could neither stand for election to the House of Commons nor speak on political subjects in the House of Lords.[57]
Letters Patent dated 27 May 1937 re-conferred the "title, style, or attribute of Royal Highness" upon the Duke of Windsor, but specifically stated that "his wife and descendants, if any, shall not hold said title or attribute". Some British ministers advised that the reconfirmation was unnecessary since Edward had retained the style automatically, and further that Simpson would automatically obtain the rank of wife of a prince with the style Her Royal Highness; others maintained that he had lost all royal rank and should no longer carry any royal title or style as an abdicated king, and be referred to simply as "Mr. Edward Windsor". On 14 April 1937, Attorney General Sir Donald Somervell submitted to Home Secretary Sir John Simon a memorandum summarising the views of Lord Advocate T. M. Cooper, Parliamentary Counsel Sir Granville Ram, and himself:
- We incline to the view that on his abdication the Duke of Windsor could not have claimed the right to be described as a Royal Highness. In other words, no reasonable objection could have been taken if the King had decided that his exclusion from the lineal succession excluded him from the right to this title as conferred by the existing Letters Patent.
- The question however has to be considered on the basis of the fact that, for reasons which are readily understandable, he with the express approval of His Majesty enjoys this title and has been referred to as a Royal Highness on a formal occasion and in formal documents. In the light of precedent it seems clear that the wife of a Royal Highness enjoys the same title unless some appropriate express step can be and is taken to deprive her of it.
- We came to the conclusion that the wife could not claim this right on any legal basis. The right to use this style or title, in our view, is within the prerogative of His Majesty and he has the power to regulate it by Letters Patent generally or in particular circumstances.[58]
The Duke of Windsor married Simpson, who had changed her name by deed poll to Wallis Warfield, in a private ceremony on 3 June 1937, at Château de Candé, near Tours, France. When the Church of England refused to sanction the union, a County Durham clergyman, the Reverend Robert Anderson Jardine (Vicar of St Paul's, Darlington), offered to perform the ceremony, and the Duke accepted. The new king, George VI, forbade members of the Royal Family to attend[59] – Edward had particularly wanted his brothers the Dukes of Gloucester and Kent and his second cousin Louis Mountbatten to be there – and this continued for many years to rankle with the Duke and Duchess of Windsor.[60]
The denial of the style Her Royal Highness to the Duchess of Windsor caused conflict, as did the financial settlement – the Government declined to include the Duke or Duchess on the Civil List, and the Duke's allowance was paid personally by George VI. However, the Duke compromised his position with his brother by concealing the extent of his financial worth when they informally agreed on the amount of the allowance. Edward's wealth had accumulated from the revenues of the Duchy of Cornwall paid to him as Prince of Wales and ordinarily at the disposal of an incoming king. George VI also paid Edward for Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle. These properties were Edward's personal property, inherited from his father, George V, and thus did not automatically pass to George VI on his accession.[61] Relations between the Duke of Windsor and the rest of the Royal Family were strained for decades. Edward became embittered against his mother, writing to her in 1939: "[your last letter][N 3] destroy[ed] the last vestige of feeling I had left for you ... [and has] made further normal correspondence between us impossible."[62] In the early days of George VI's reign the Duke telephoned daily, importuning for money and urging that the Duchess be granted the style of Royal Highness, until the harassed king ordered that the calls not be put through.[63]
The Duke had assumed that he would settle in Britain after a year or two of exile in France. King George VI (with the support of their mother Queen Mary and his wife Queen Elizabeth) threatened to cut off Edward's allowance if he returned to Britain without an invitation.[61]
Second World War[link]
File:Duke and Duchess of Windsor meet Adolf Hitler 1937.jpg
The Duke and Duchess with Adolf Hitler, 1937
In October 1937, the Duke and Duchess visited Germany, against the advice of the British government, and met Adolf Hitler at his Obersalzberg retreat. The visit was much publicised by the German media. During the visit the Duke gave full Nazi salutes.[64] The former Austrian ambassador, Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein, who was also a second cousin once removed and friend of George V, believed that Edward favoured German fascism as a bulwark against communism, and even that he initially favoured an alliance with Germany.[65] Edward's experience of "the unending scenes of horror"[66] during the First World War led him to support appeasement. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Nazi Germany and thought that Anglo-German relations could have been improved through Edward if it were not for the abdication. Fellow Nazi Albert Speer quoted Hitler directly: "I am certain through him permanent friendly relations could have been achieved. If he had stayed, everything would have been different. His abdication was a severe loss for us."[67]
The Duke and Duchess settled in France. On the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, they were brought back to Britain by Louis Mountbatten on board HMS Kelly, and the Duke, although an honorary field marshal, was made a major-general attached to the British Military Mission in France.[33] In February 1940, the German Minister in The Hague, Count Julius von Zech-Burkersroda, claimed that the Duke had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium.[68] When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz, then in June to Spain. In July the pair moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where they lived at first in the home of Ricardo de Espírito Santo, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts.[69]
Nazi agents plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to support the German effort and wrote up plans to kidnap him. As Lord Caldecote wrote to Winston Churchill, "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue."[70] A "defeatist" interview with the Duke that was widely distributed may have served as the last straw for the British government: Prime Minister Winston Churchill threatened the Duke with a court-martial if he did not return to British soil.[71] In August, a British warship dispatched the Duke and Duchess to the Bahamas, where, in the view of Churchill, they could do the least damage to the British war effort.
The Duke was installed as Governor of the Bahamas. He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[72] The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when the Duke and Duchess planned to tour aboard a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring.[73] The Duke was praised, however, for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands, although he was as contemptuous of the Bahamians as he was of most non-white peoples of the Empire. He said of Étienne Dupuch, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune: "It must be remembered that Dupuch is more than half Negro, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium."[21] He was praised, even by Dupuch, for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, even though he blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[74] He resigned the post on 16 March 1945.[33]
.jpg)
Many historians have suggested that Hitler was prepared to reinstate Edward as king in the hope of establishing a fascist Britain.[75] During the occupation of France, the Duke asked the German forces to place guards at his Paris and Riviera homes: they did so.[76] It is widely believed that the Duke and Duchess sympathised with fascism before and during the Second World War, and were moved to the Bahamas to minimise their opportunities to act on those feelings. In 1940 he said: "In the past 10 years Germany has totally reorganised the order of its society ... Countries which were unwilling to accept such a reorganisation of society and its concomitant sacrifices should direct their policies accordingly."[77] The Allies became sufficiently disturbed by German plots that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered covert surveillance of the Duke and Duchess when they visited Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1941. Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg (then a monk in an American monastery) had told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that the Duchess had been sleeping with the German ambassador in London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, had remained in constant contact with him, and had continued to leak secrets.[78]
Some authors have claimed that Anthony Blunt, an MI5 agent, acting on orders from the British Royal Family, made a successful secret trip to Schloss Friedrichshof in Germany towards the end of the war in order to retrieve sensitive letters between the Duke of Windsor and Adolf Hitler and other leading Nazis.[79] What is certain is that George VI sent the Royal Librarian, Owen Morshead, accompanied by Blunt, then working part-time in the Royal Library as well as for British intelligence, to Friedrichshof in March 1945 to secure papers relating to the German Empress Victoria, the eldest child of Queen Victoria. Looters had stolen part of the castle's archive, including surviving letters between daughter and mother, as well as other valuables, some of which were only later recovered in Chicago after the war. The papers rescued by Morshead and Blunt, and those returned by the American authorities from Chicago, were deposited in the Royal Archives.[80]
After the war, the Duke admitted in his memoirs that he admired the Germans, but he denied being pro-Nazi. Of Hitler he wrote: "[the] Führer struck me as a somewhat ridiculous figure, with his theatrical posturings and his bombastic pretensions."[81] However, during the 1960s he said privately to a friend, Lord Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap."[82] In the 1950s, journalist Frank Giles heard the Duke blame British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden for helping to "precipitate the war through his treatment of Mussolini ... that's what he did, he helped to bring on the war ... and of course Roosevelt and the Jews".[83]
Later life[link]
The couple returned to France and spent the remainder of their lives essentially in retirement as the Duke never occupied another official role after his wartime governorship of the Bahamas. The Duke's allowance was supplemented by government favours and illegal currency trading.[33][84][85] The City of Paris provided the Duke with a house at 4 Route du Champ d'Entraînement, on the Neuilly-sur-Seine side of the Bois de Boulogne, for a nominal rent.[86] The French government exempted him from paying income tax,[84][87] and the couple were able to buy goods duty-free through the British embassy and the military commissary.[87] In 1951, the Duke produced a ghost-written memoir, A King's Story, in which he expresses disagreement with liberal politics.[12] The royalties from the book added to their income.[84] Nine years later, he penned a relatively unknown book, A Family Album, chiefly about the fashion and habits of the Royal Family throughout his life, from the time of Queen Victoria to that of his grandfather and father, and his own tastes.
The Duke and Duchess effectively took on the role of celebrities and were regarded as part of café society in the 1950s and 1960s. They hosted parties and shuttled between Paris and New York; Gore Vidal, who met the Windsors socially, reported on the vacuity of the Duke's conversation.[88] The couple doted on the pug dogs they kept.[89]
In June 1953, instead of attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London, the Duke and Duchess watched the ceremony on television in Paris. The Duke said that it was contrary to precedent for a Sovereign or former Sovereign to attend any coronation of another. The Duke was paid to write articles on the ceremony for the Sunday Express and Women's Home Companion, as well as a short book, The Crown and the People, 1902–1953.[90]
In 1955, they visited President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the White House. The couple appeared on Edward R. Murrow's television interview show Person to Person in 1956,[91] and a 50-minute BBC television interview in 1970. That year, they were invited as guests of honour to a dinner at the White House by President Richard Nixon.[92]
The Royal Family never fully accepted the Duchess. Queen Mary refused to receive her formally. However, the Duke sometimes met his mother and brother George VI, and attended George's 1952 funeral. Queen Mary remained angry with Edward and indignant over his marriage to Wallis: "To give up all this for that", she said.[93] In 1965, the Duke and Duchess returned to London. They were visited by Elizabeth II, Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, and Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood. A week later, the Princess Royal died, and they attended her memorial service. In 1967, they joined the Royal Family for the centenary of Queen Mary's birth. The last royal ceremony the Duke attended was the funeral of Princess Marina in 1968.[94] He declined an invitation from Elizabeth II to attend the Investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1969, replying that Prince Charles would not want his "aged great-uncle" there.[95]
In the 1960s, the Duke's health deteriorated. In December 1964, he was operated on by Michael DeBakey in Houston for an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, and in February 1965 a detached retina in his left eye was treated by Sir Stewart Duke-Elder. In late 1971, the Duke, who was a smoker from an early age, was diagnosed with throat cancer and underwent cobalt therapy. Queen Elizabeth II visited the Windsors in 1972 while on a state visit to France; however, only the Duchess appeared with the royal party for a photocall.
Death[link]
On 28 May 1972, the Duke died at his home in Paris, less than a month before his 78th birthday. His body was returned to Britain, lying in state at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The funeral service was held in the chapel on 5 June in the presence of the Queen, the Royal Family, and the Duchess of Windsor, who stayed at Buckingham Palace during her visit. The coffin was buried in the Royal Burial Ground behind the Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Frogmore.[96] Until a 1965 agreement with Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke and Duchess had previously planned for a burial in a purchased cemetery plot at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, where the father of the Duchess was interred.[97]
Frail, and suffering increasingly from senile dementia, the Duchess died 14 years later, and was buried alongside her husband as "Wallis, Duchess of Windsor".[98]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[link]
Titles and styles[link]
| Royal styles of King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom |
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| Reference style | His Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Sir |
| Royal styles of The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor |
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| Reference style | His Royal Highness |
| Spoken style | Your Royal Highness |
| Alternative style | Sir |
- 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1898: His Highness Prince Edward of York
- 28 May 1898 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of York
- 22 January 1901 – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Cornwall and York
- 9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness Prince Edward of Wales
- 6 May 1910 – 23 June 1910: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
- 23 June 1910 – 20 January 1936: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
- in Scotland: 1910–1936: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward, Duke of Rothesay
- 20 January 1936 – 11 December 1936: His Majesty The King
- and, occasionally, outside the United Kingdom, and with regard to India: His Imperial Majesty The King-Emperor
- 11 December 1936 – 8 March 1937: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward
- 8 March 1937 – 28 May 1972: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor
- Edward began use of the title immediately upon abdication, in accordance with George VI's declaration to his Accession Council, but several months passed before the title was formalised by Letters Patent.
His full style as king was "His Majesty, Edward the Eighth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".
Honours[link]
British honours
- KG: Knight of the Garter, 1910
- KT: Knight of the Thistle, 1922
- KP: Knight of St Patrick, 1927
- GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Bath, 1936
- GCSI: Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India, 1921
- GCMG: Grand Master and Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 1917
- GCIE: Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 1921
- GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 1920
- GBE: Grand Master and Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire, 1917
- KStJ: Knight of Justice of St John, 1917
- ISO: Companion of the Imperial Service Order, 1910
- RVC: Royal Victorian Chain, 1921
- MC: Military Cross, 1916
- FRS: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society
- PC: Privy Counsellor, (United Kingdom) 1920
- PC: Privy Counsellor (Canada), 1927[99]
Edward lost almost all of his British honours upon accession, because he became sovereign of the orders. When he was no longer sovereign, his brother reinstated his pre-accession honours.
Foreign honours
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 1912
Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1912
Order of the Elephant, 1914
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav, 1914
Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, 1915- Croix de Guerre, 1915
Order of St George, 1916
Order of Michael the Brave, 1918- War Merit Cross, 1919
Grand Cordon of Mohamed Ali, 1922
Order of the Seraphim, 1923- Collar of the Order of Carol of Romania, 1924
Order of the Merit of Chile, First Class, 1925
Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes, 1931
Order of the Sun, 1931
United Orders of Christ and Aviz, 1931
Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross, 1933
Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Agatha, 1935
Military[link]
- Mid., 22 June 1911: Midshipman, Royal Navy[100]
- Lt, 17 March 1913: Lieutenant, Royal Navy[100]
- Lt, 18 November 1914: Lieutenant, 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards, British Army. (First World War, Flanders and Italy)[100]
- Capt., 10 March 1916: Captain, British Army[100]
- Maj, 1918: Temporary Major, British Army[100]
- Col., 15 April 1919: Colonel, British Army[100]
- Capt., 8 July 1919: Captain, Royal Navy[100]
- Gp Capt., 5 December 1922: Group Captain, Royal Air Force[100][101]
- Air Mshl, 1 September 1930: Air Marshal, Royal Air Force[102]
- 1 January 1935: Admiral, Royal Navy; General, British Army; Air Chief Marshal, Royal Air Force[103]
- 1936: Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy; Field Marshal, British Army; Marshal of the Royal Air Force[100]
- Major-Gen., 3 September 1939: Major-General, British Army[104]
Honorary degrees[link]
- Hon LLD: Edinburgh, Toronto, Alberta and Queen's University Kingston (Ontario) 1919, Melbourne 1920, Cambridge and Calcutta 1921, St Andrews and Hong Kong 1922, Witwatersrand 1925
- Hon DCL: Oxford 1921
- DSc and Hon MCom: London 1921
- DLitt: Benares 1921
Arms[link]
As Prince of Wales, Edward's arms were the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a label of three points argent, with an inescutcheon representing Wales surmounted by a coronet (identical to those of Charles, the current Prince of Wales). As Sovereign, he bore the royal arms undifferenced. After his abdication, he used the arms again differenced by a label of three points argent, but this time with the centre point bearing an imperial crown.[105]
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Ancestry[link]
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See also[link]
| British Royalty |
| House of Windsor |
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| George V |
| Edward VIII |
Notes[link]
- ^ His twelve godparents were: Queen Victoria (his paternal great-grandmother); the King and Queen of Denmark (his paternal great-grandparents, for whom his maternal uncle Prince Adolphus of Teck and his maternal aunt the Duchess of Fife stood proxy); the King of Württemberg (his cousin, for whom his granduncle the Duke of Connaught stood proxy); the Queen of Greece (his grandaunt, for whom his paternal aunt Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy); the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (his granduncle, for whom Prince Edward's cousin Prince Louis of Battenberg stood proxy); the Prince and Princess of Wales (his paternal grandparents); the Tsarevich (his cousin); the Duke of Cambridge (his maternal granduncle and Queen Victoria's cousin); and the Duke and Duchess of Teck (his maternal grandparents).
- ^ There were fifteen separate copies – one for each Dominion, the Irish Free State, India, the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Prime Minister, among others.
- ^ She had asked Alec Hardinge to write to the Duke explaining that he could not be invited to his father's memorial.
References[link]
- ^ Windsor, p. 1
- ^ Yvonne's Royalty Home Page – Royal Christenings
- ^ Windsor, p. 7
- ^ Windsor, pp. 25–28
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 30–31
- ^ Windsor, pp. 38–39
- ^ Ziegler, p. 79
- ^ Parker, pp. 12–13
- ^ Parker, pp. 13–14
- ^ Parker, pp. 14–16
- ^ Weir, Alison (1996), Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy Revised edition, London: Pimlico, p. 327, ISBN 0-7126-7448-9
- ^ a b Windsor, p. 78
- ^ Windsor, pp. 106–107 and Ziegler, pp. 48–50
- ^ Roberts, p. 41 and Windsor, p. 109
- ^ Ziegler, p. 111 and Windsor, p. 140
- ^ Edward VIII (Jan–Dec 1936), Official website of the British monarchy, http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheHouseofWindsor/EdwardVIII.aspx, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Windsor, p. 215
- ^ Voisey, Paul (2004), High River and the Times: an Alberta community and its weekly newspaper, 1905–1966, Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta, p. 129, ISBN 0-88864-411-6
- ^ Prince of Wales Trophy, National Hockey League, http://www.nhl.com/trophies/wales.html, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Broad, Lewis (1961), The Abdication: Twenty-five Years After. A Re-appraisal, London: Frederick Muller Ltd, pp. 4–5
- ^ a b Ziegler, p. 448
- ^ Godfrey, Rupert (editor) (1998), "11 July 1920", Letters From a Prince: Edward to Mrs. Freda Dudley Ward 1918–1921, Little, Brown & Co, ISBN 0-7515-2590-1
- ^ Lascelles, Sir Alan 'Tommy' (20 November 2006), "Prince Charmless: A damning portrait of Edward VIII", Daily Mail, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-417388/Prince-Charmless-A-damning-portrait-Edward-VIII.html, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Middlemas, Keith; Barnes, John (1969), Baldwin: A Biography, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 976, ISBN 0-297-17859-8
- ^ "Foreign News: P'incess Is Three", Time, 29 April 1929, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,769224,00.html, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Airlie, Mabell (1962), Thatched with Gold, London: Hutchinson, p. 197
- ^ Windsor, p. 235
- ^ Ziegler, p. 233
- ^ Windsor, p. 255
- ^ Bradford, p. 142
- ^ Boycott, Owen; Bates, Stephen (30 January 2003), "Car dealer was Wallis Simpson's secret lover", The Guardian (London), http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,885144,00.html, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Windsor, p. 265
- ^ a b c d e Matthew, H. C. G. (September 2004; online edition January 2008) "Edward VIII, later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor (1894–1972)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31061, retrieved 1 May 2010 (Subscription required)
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 273–274
- ^ Windsor, pp. 293–294
- ^ A. Michie, God Save The Queen
- ^ Coinage and bank notes, Official website of the British monarchy, http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/Coinageandbanknotes.aspx, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ "George Andrew McMahon: attempt on the life of H.M. King Edward VIII at Constitution Hill on 16 July 1936", MEPO 3/1713 (The National Archives, Kew), 2003, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2003/january2/attempt.htm, retrieved 5 March 2011
- ^ Cook, Andrew (3 January 2003), "The plot thickens", The Guardian (London), http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,867861,00.html, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Broad, pp. 56–57
- ^ Antiques Roadshow, BBC One, 14 October 2007. Banqueting House staff discovered plans for the coronation, including a hand-drawn scheme for the decoration of the hall.
- ^ Windsor, pp. 330–331
- ^ Windsor, p. 346
- ^ Windsor, p. 354
- ^ Statute of Westminster 1931 c.4, The UK Statute Law Database, http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1081723, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 305–307
- ^ Bradford, p. 187
- ^ Bradford, p. 188
- ^ Windsor, pp. 354–355
- ^ Beaverbrook, Lord; Edited by A. J. P. Taylor (1966), The Abdication of King Edward VIII, London: Hamish Hamilton, p. 57
- ^ Windsor, p. 387
- ^ Windsor, p. 407
- ^ Heard, Andrew (1990), Canadian Independence, Simon Fraser University, Canada, http://www.sfu.ca/~aheard/324/Independence.html, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Edward VIII (PDF), Broadcast after his abdication, 11 December 1936, Official website of the British monarchy, http://www.royal.gov.uk/pdf/edwardviii.pdf, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Ziegler, p. 336
- ^ London Gazette: no. 34349. p. 8111. 12 December 1936.
- ^ Clive Wigram's conversation with Sir Claud Schuster, Clerk to the Crown and Permanent Secretary to the Lord Chancellor quoted in Bradford, p. 201
- ^ Attorney General to Home Secretary (14 April 1937) National Archives file HO 144/22945 quoted in Velde, François (6 February 2006) The drafting of the letters patent of 1937. Heraldica, retrieved on 7 April 2009
- ^ Williams, Susan (2003), "The historical significance of the Abdication files", Public Records Office – New Document Releases – Abdication Papers, London (Public Records Office of the United Kingdom), http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2003/january30/significance.htm, retrieved 1 May 2010
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 354–355
- ^ a b Ziegler, pp. 376–378
- ^ Ziegler, p. 384
- ^ Ziegler, p. 349
- ^ Donaldson, pp. 331–332
- ^ Papers of Count Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein (1861–1945) in the State Archives, Vienna, quoted in Rose, Kenneth (1983), King George V, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, p. 391, ISBN 0-297-78245-2
- ^ Windsor, p. 122
- ^ Speer, Albert (1970), Inside the Third Reich, New York: Macmillan, p. 118
- ^ Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945 Series D, Volume VIII, quoted in Bradford, p. 434
- ^ Bloch, p. 91
- ^ Ziegler, p. 434
- ^ Bloch, p. 93
- ^ Bloch, p. 364
- ^ Bloch, pp. 154–159, 230–233
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 471–472
- ^ Ziegler, p. 392
- ^ Roberts, p. 52
- ^ Bloch, pp. 79–80
- ^ Evans, Rob; Hencke, David (29 June 2002), "Wallis Simpson, the Nazi minister, the telltale monk and an FBI plot", The Guardian (London), http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4451107,00.html, retrieved 2 May 2010
- ^ Higham, Charles (1988), The Duchess of Windsor: The Secret Life, New York: McGraw-Hill Publishers, pp. 388–389; and Wright, Peter (1987), Spycatcher: The Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer, Toronto: Stoddart Publishers
- ^ Bradford, p. 426
- ^ Windsor, p. 277
- ^ Lord Kinross (1974), "Love conquers all" in Books and Bookmen, vol. 20, p. 50
- ^ Sebba, Anne (1 November 2011), "Wallis Simpson, 'That Woman' After the Abdication", New York Times, http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/wallis-simpson-that-woman-after-the-abdication/, retrieved 7 November 2011
- ^ a b c Roberts, p. 53
- ^ Bradford, p. 442
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 534–535
- ^ a b Bradford, p. 446
- ^ Vidal, Gore (1995), Palimpsest: a memoir, New York: Random House, p. 206, ISBN 0-679-44038-0
- ^ Farquhar, Michael (2001), A Treasure of Royal Scandals, New York: Penguin Books, p. 48, ISBN 0-7394-2025-9
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 539–540
- ^ "Peep Show", Time, 8 October 1956, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824447,00.html, retrieved 2 May 2010
- ^ UPI. "Duke, Duchess Have Dinner With Nixons" The Times-News (Hendersonville, North Carolina) 6 April 1970; p. 13
- ^ Bradford, p. 198
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 554–556
- ^ Ziegler, p. 555
- ^ Ziegler, pp. 556–557
- ^ Rasmussen, Frederick (29 April 1986), Windsors had a plot at Green Mount, Baltimore: The Baltimore Sun
- ^ Simple funeral rites for Duchess, BBC, 29 April 1986, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/29/newsid_2500000/2500427.stm, retrieved 2 May 2010
- ^ Privy Council Office (1 February 2012), Historical Alphabetical List since 1867 of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres/hist-alphabet-eng.htm#P, retrieved 29 March 2012
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cokayne, G.E.; Doubleday, H.A.; Howard de Walden, Lord (1940), The Complete Peerage, London: St. Catherine's Press, vol. XIII, pp. 116–117
- ^ London Gazette: no. 32774. p. 8615. 5 December 1922.
- ^ London Gazette: no. 33640. p. 5428. 2 September 1930.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 34119. p. 15. 28 December 1934.
- ^ The Times, 19 September 1939, p. 6, col. F
- ^ Prothero, David (24 September 2002), Flags of the Royal Family, United Kingdom, http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-rooth.html, retrieved 2 May 2010
Bibliography[link]
- Bloch, Michael (1982). The Duke of Windsor's War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77947-8.
- Bradford, Sarah (1989). King George VI. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79667-4.
- Donaldson, Frances (1974). Edward VIII. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-76787-9.
- Godfrey, Rupert (editor) (1998). Letters From a Prince: Edward to Mrs Freda Dudley Ward 1918–1921. Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 0-7515-2590-1.
- Parker, John (1988). King of Fools. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-02598-X.
- Platt, Owen (2003), The Royal Governor and the Duchess: The Duke and Duchess of Windsor in The Bahamas 1940-1945, Lincoln, Neb.: iUniverse Inc., ISBN 0-595-28783-2
- Roberts, Andrew; edited by Antonia Fraser (2000). The House of Windsor. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 0-304-35406-6.
- Williams, Susan (2003). The People's King: The True Story of the Abdication. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9573-2.
- Windsor, HRH The Duke of (1951). A King's Story. London: Cassell and Co.
- Ziegler, Philip (1991). King Edward VIII: The official biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-57730-2.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Edward VIII of the United Kingdom |
Media related to Edward VIII of the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons
- Archival material relating to Edward VIII listed at the UK National Register of Archives
- Sound recording of King Edward VIII's Abdication Speech
- Newsreel film on King Edward VIII's Abdication
- Blithe Spirit Exhibition of Windsor fashion at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
- Portraits of Edward, Duke of Windsor at the National Portrait Gallery, London
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Windsor, The Duke of |
| Alternative names | Edward VIII; Windsor, Edward |
| Short description | Former King-Emperor of the British Empire |
| Date of birth | 23 June 1894 |
| Place of birth | Richmond, London |
| Date of death | 28 May 1972 |
| Place of death | Paris, France |
http://wn.com/Edward_VIII
Related pages:
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http://cs.wn.com/Eduard VIII.
http://id.wn.com/Edward VIII dari Britania Raya
http://es.wn.com/Eduardo VIII del Reino Unido
http://ru.wn.com/Эдуард VIII
http://nl.wn.com/Eduard VIII van het Verenigd Koninkrijk
http://pl.wn.com/Edward VIII Windsor
http://fr.wn.com/Édouard VIII du Royaume-Uni
http://de.wn.com/Eduard VIII.
http://pt.wn.com/Eduardo VIII do Reino Unido
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VIII
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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