February 24

Sunday, 28 October 2012

February 24

JiMi HeNdRiX Live @ Royal Albert Hall London 24 Feb 1969 (Audio)

Pavitra Rishta - Episode 727 - 24-02-2012

Kuch Toh Log Kahenge - Episode 105 - 24th February 2012

Remembering Steve Jobs - 2012 Tribute Video from Apple [HD]

Led Zeppelin - Physical Graffiti (Full Album) [HQ]

Chidiya Ghar - Episode 65 - 24th February 2012

Pavitra Rishta - Episode 194 - 24-02-2010

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Australian
http://wn.com/Australian
Battle of Gettysburg
The Battle of Gettysburg (locally , with an ss sound), fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War and is often described as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Gettysburg
Battle of Roslin
The Battle of Roslin was a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence, taking place on 24 February 1303 at Roslin, Scotland.
http://wn.com/Battle_of_Roslin
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium
Buda
For detailed information see: History of Buda Castle
http://wn.com/Buda
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
http://wn.com/Corsica
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
http://wn.com/Cuba
Edward Capell
Edward Capell (June 11, 1713 – February 24, 1781), English Shakespearian critic, was born at Troston Hall () in Suffolk.
http://wn.com/Edward_Capell
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt
Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany
Great Barrier Reef
The Great Barrier Reef is the world's
http://wn.com/Great_Barrier_Reef
Hadrumetum
Hadrume(n)tum (sometimes called Adrametum or Adrametus) was a Phoenician colony that pre-dated Carthage and stood on the site of modern-day Sousse, Tunisia.
http://wn.com/Hadrumetum
Honolulu, Hawaii
http://wn.com/Honolulu_Hawaii
Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary
Hué
http://wn.com/Hué
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan
Little Round Top
Little Round Top is the smaller of two rocky hills south of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the site of an unsuccessful assault by Confederate troops against the Union left flank on July 2, 1863, the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg.
http://wn.com/Little_Round_Top
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico
Mississippi
Mississippi () is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, which namesake is from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, and its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
http://wn.com/Mississippi
Monaco
http://wn.com/Monaco
New Mexico
New Mexico() is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also part of the Mountain States. With a population density of 16 per square mile, New Mexico is the sixth- most sparsely inhabited U.S. state.
http://wn.com/New_Mexico
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand
Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize
North Korea
http://wn.com/North_Korea
Nuremberg Trials
The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the main victorious Allied forces of World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazi Germany.
http://wn.com/Nuremberg_Trials
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance. The performance is typically given in an opera house, accompanied by an orchestra or smaller musical ensemble.
http://wn.com/Opera
Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
http://wn.com/Philippines
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
http://wn.com/Romania
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia
Santiago de Cuba
Santiago de Cuba is the capital city of Santiago de Cuba Province in the south-eastern area of the island nation of Cuba, some east south-east of the Cuban capital of Havana.
http://wn.com/Santiago_de_Cuba
Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand
Thomas Bowdler
Thomas Bowdler () (11 July 1754 – 24 February 1825) was an English physician who published an expurgated edition of William Shakespeare's work, edited by his sister Harriet, intended to be more appropriate for 19th century women and children than the original. He similarly published an edited version of Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. His edition was the subject of some criticism and ridicule and, through the eponym bowdlerise (or bowdlerize), his name is now associated with censorship of literature, motion pictures and television programmes.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Bowdler
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
Wenzhou
Wenzhou (; formerly Yongjia, Yung-chia) is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. The area under its jurisdiction, which includes two satellite cities and six counties, had a population of 7,645,700 in 2007. About 1,423,600 residents live in Wenzhou's city proper. It borders Lishui to the west, Taizhou to the north, and looks out to the East China Sea on its eastern coast.
http://wn.com/Wenzhou

Abe Vigoda
http://wn.com/Abe_Vigoda
Ahmed Maher Pasha
http://wn.com/Ahmed_Maher_Pasha
Alain Prost
http://wn.com/Alain_Prost
Anant Pai
Anant Pai, (born 17 September 1929) popularly known as Uncle Pai, is a renowned educationalist and creator of Indian comics, in particular the Amar Chitra Katha series in 1967, along with the India Book House publishers, and which retold traditional Indian folk tales, mythological stories, and biographies of historical characters. In 1980, he launched Tinkle, a children's anthology, which was started under Rang Rekha Features, India's first comic and cartoon syndicate, that lasted till 1998, with him as the Managing Director
http://wn.com/Anant_Pai
Andre Dubus
Andre Dubus (August 11, 1936 - February 24, 1999) was an American short story writer, essayist, and autobiographer. He is recognized as one of the best American short-story writers in the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Andre_Dubus
Andrew Inglis Clark
http://wn.com/Andrew_Inglis_Clark
Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Johnson presided over the Reconstruction era of the United States in the four years after the American Civil War. His tenure was controversial as his positions favoring the white South came under heavy political attack from Republicans.
http://wn.com/Andrew_Johnson
André Messager
http://wn.com/André_Messager
Andy Crane
Andy Crane (born 24 February 1964, Manchester) (real name Howard Andrew Crane) is an English television and radio presenter, best known for his stint in the Children's BBC "The Broom Cupboard" in the 1980s, and for the hit technology magazine Bad Influence! broadcast on CITV between 1992 and 1996. He can currently be seen presenting the flagship Channel M show, Channel M Today and heard presenting the 12-2 show on BBC Radio Manchester Sunday to Friday. Crane married his wife, Caroline on 13 June 1992. They then went on to have three daughters, Eleanor born 1993, Annabel born 1995 and Elizabeth born 1998.
http://wn.com/Andy_Crane
Ann Bell
http://wn.com/Ann_Bell
Anton Maiden
http://wn.com/Anton_Maiden
Antonio Prohías
http://wn.com/Antonio_Prohías
Arrigo Boito
Arrigo Boito (24 February 184210 June 1918), aka Enrico Giuseppe Giovanni Boito, pseudonym Tobia Gorrio, was an Italian poet, journalist, novelist and composer, best known today for his libretti, especially those for Giuseppe Verdi's operas Otello and Falstaff, and his own opera Mefistofele.
http://wn.com/Arrigo_Boito
Arthur Lyman
Arthur Lyman (February 2, 1932 – February 24, 2002) was an American jazz vibraphone and marimba player. His group popularized a style of faux-Polynesian music during the 1950s and 1960s which later became known as exotica. His albums became favorite stereo-effect demonstration discs during the early days of the stereophonic LP album for their elaborate and colorful percussion, deep bass and 3-dimensional recording soundstage. Lyman was known as "the King of Lounge music."
http://wn.com/Arthur_Lyman
Ashley MacIsaac
Ashley Dwayne MacIsaac (born February 24, 1975 in Creignish, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian professional fiddler from Cape Breton Island.
http://wn.com/Ashley_MacIsaac
August Derleth
August William Derleth (February 24, 1909 – July 4, 1971) was an American writer and anthologist. Though best remembered as the first publisher of the writings of H. P. Lovecraft, and for his own contributions to the Cthulhu Mythos genre of horror, Derleth was a leading American regional writer of his day, as well as prolific in several other genres, including historical fiction, poetry, detective fiction, science fiction and biography.
http://wn.com/August_Derleth
Baire
http://wn.com/Baire
Balys Gajauskas
Balys Gajauskas (born February 24, 1926) is a Lithuanian politician. In 1990 he was among those who signed the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania. In 1978 he became a prisoner of conscience after being sentenced for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" by the Supreme Court of the Lithuanian SSR. Before that he had served a 25-year sentence for having participated in the Lithuanian anti-Soviet resistance, being released in 1973.
http://wn.com/Balys_Gajauskas
Barbara Lawrence
Barbara Jo Lawrence (born February 24, 1928) is an American film actress.
http://wn.com/Barbara_Lawrence
Barry Bostwick
Barry Knapp Bostwick (born February 24, 1945) is an American actor and singer. He is arguably best known for playing Brad Majors in the 1975 cult classic The Rocky Horror Picture Show, replacing Peter Scolari as Mr. Tyler in the sitcom What I Like About You, as well as Mayor Randall Winston in the sitcom Spin City. He has also had considerable fame in musical theater.
http://wn.com/Barry_Bostwick
Ben Miller
Bennett Evan Miller, (born 24 February 1966) is an English comedian, director and actor.
http://wn.com/Ben_Miller
Bernard Loiseau
http://wn.com/Bernard_Loiseau
Bettino Craxi
http://wn.com/Bettino_Craxi
Betty Marsden
http://wn.com/Betty_Marsden
Billy Zane
William George "Billy" Zane, Jr. (born February 24, 1966) is an American actor, producer and director. He is probably best known for his role as Caledon "Cal" Hockley from the 1997 blockbuster Titanic. He is also known for his leading role in the comic book action film The Phantom and his cameo in Zoolander.
http://wn.com/Billy_Zane
Bobby Moore
http://wn.com/Bobby_Moore
Bonnie Somerville
Bonnie Somerville (born February 24, 1974) is an American actress and singer. As an actress, she has had roles in a number of movies and television series, most notably NYPD Blue, Grosse Pointe, Friends, and The O.C..
http://wn.com/Bonnie_Somerville
Bradley McGee
Bradley John McGee OAM (born 24 February 1976 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional racing cyclist. He is currently a directeur sportif for UCI ProTeam Team Saxo Bank and the personal coach of young Australian rider Richie Porte. He started cycling in 1986 at the age of ten. He lives in Sydney and in Nice, France.
http://wn.com/Bradley_McGee
Bronson Arroyo
Bronson Anthony Arroyo (born February 24, 1977, in Key West, Florida), is a Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds and an aspiring musician. He has previously played for the Pittsburgh Pirates between 2000 and 2002 and Boston Red Sox from 2003 to 2005. Bronson is a Cuban-American and grew up in Brooksville, Florida and pitched for Hernando High School, graduating in 1995.
http://wn.com/Bronson_Arroyo
Chad Hugo
Chad Hugo (born February 24, 1974) is an American musician and record producer. He is best known as one half of the music production and writing duo The Neptunes and as a member of the funk/rock band N.E.R.D. He is a saxophonist, pianist and guitarist. Along with his production partner Pharrell Williams, he has produced numerous number-one hit tracks.
http://wn.com/Chad_Hugo
Charles Le Brun
Charles Le Brun (24 February 1619 – 22 February 1690) was a French painter and art theorist, one of the dominant artists in 17th century France.
http://wn.com/Charles_Le_Brun
Chester Nimitz
http://wn.com/Chester_Nimitz
Chieko Kawabe
is a female J-pop singer, model, radio host and actress. She was born on February 24, 1987 in Tokyo. She is a graduate of Toshima, Tokyo. As of her marriage to producer Masato Ochi on August 8, 2008, her legal name is .
http://wn.com/Chieko_Kawabe
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China
Christína Papadáki
http://wn.com/Christína_Papadáki
Claire Cooper
Claire Elizabeth Cooper (born in Wakefield, West Yorkshire) is an English actress who currently plays Jacqui McQueen in British Channel 4 series Hollyoaks. She has also appeared in other British television shows, including Waking the Dead in 2004 and Coronation Street & Waterloo Road in 2006.
http://wn.com/Claire_Cooper
Clara Fraser
Clara Fraser (March 12, 1923–February 24, 1998) was a feminist and socialist political organizer, who co-founded and led the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women.
http://wn.com/Clara_Fraser
Claude E. Shannon
http://wn.com/Claude_E_Shannon
Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (; 15 May 1567 (baptized) – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, gambist, and singer.
http://wn.com/Claudio_Monteverdi
Clivio Piccione
Clivio Piccione (born February 24, 1984 in Monte Carlo, Monaco) is a Monegasque race car driver. He raced in the 2005 GP2 Series season for the Durango team and David Price Racing for 2006.
http://wn.com/Clivio_Piccione
Colin Bond
Colin John Bond (born 24 February 1942) is a retired Australian racing driver. Bond reached the highest levels in Australian motorsport in 1969 when he was recruited by Harry Firth to the newly-formed Holden Dealer Team. He quickly found success, winning the 1969 Hardie-Ferodo 500 mile race (now the Bathurst 1000) at Bathurst, New South Wales in a Holden Monaro.
http://wn.com/Colin_Bond
Conrad Nagel
Conrad Nagel ( – ) was an American screen actor and matinee idol of the silent film era and beyond. He was also a well-known television actor and radio performer.
http://wn.com/Conrad_Nagel
Crista Flanagan
Crista Flanagan (born February 24, 1976) is an American comedic actress best known for her work as a cast member on the FOX sketch comedy series MADtv from 2005 to 2009 and for her recurring role as Lois Sadler on the AMC series Mad Men.
http://wn.com/Crista_Flanagan
Damien Nash
Damien Darnell Nash (April 14, 1982 – February 24, 2007) was an American football player who was a running back for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League. He died after the 2006-2007 season, his only season with the Broncos.
http://wn.com/Damien_Nash
Danny Gallivan
Danny Gallivan (April 11, 1917 - February 24, 1993) was a Canadian radio and television broadcaster and sportscaster.
http://wn.com/Danny_Gallivan
David Soyer
David Soyer (February 24, 1923February 25, 2010) was an American cellist.
http://wn.com/David_Soyer
Debra Jo Rupp
Debra Jo Rupp (born February 24, 1951) is an American film and television actress, perhaps best known for her role as Kitty Forman on the long-running Fox sitcom, ''That '70s Show''.
http://wn.com/Debra_Jo_Rupp
Denis Law
Denis Law (born 24 February 1940) is a retired Scottish football player, who enjoyed a long and successful career as a striker from the 1950s to the 1970s.
http://wn.com/Denis_Law
Denis Twitchett
http://wn.com/Denis_Twitchett
Dennis Weaver
William Dennis Weaver (June 4, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American actor, best known for his work in television, including roles on Gunsmoke, as Marshal Sam McCloud on the NBC police drama McCloud, and the 1971 TV movie Duel.
http://wn.com/Dennis_Weaver
Dinah Shore
http://wn.com/Dinah_Shore
Diocletian
http://wn.com/Diocletian
Dominic Chianese
Dominic Chianese (; born February 24, 1931) is an American film, television and theatre actor, perhaps best known for his role as Corrado "Junior" Soprano on the HBO TV series, The Sopranos.
http://wn.com/Dominic_Chianese
Don John of Austria
http://wn.com/Don_John_of_Austria
Don Knotts
Jesse Donald "Don" Knotts (July 21, 1924 – February 24, 2006) was an American comedic actor best known for his portrayal of Barney Fife on the 1960s television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show, a role which earned him five Emmy Awards. He also played landlord Ralph Furley on the 1970s television sitcom ''Three's Company''.
http://wn.com/Don_Knotts
Douglass Watson
http://wn.com/Douglass_Watson
Eddie L. Johnson
http://wn.com/Eddie_L_Johnson
Eddie Murray
Eddie Clarence Murray (born February 24, 1956 in Los Angeles, California) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman who was known as one of the most reliable and productive hitters of his era, earning the nickname "Steady Eddie". Murray is regarded as one of the best switch hitters ever to play the game. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in .
http://wn.com/Eddie_Murray
Edmund Andros
http://wn.com/Edmund_Andros
Edward Capell
Edward Capell (June 11, 1713 – February 24, 1781), English Shakespearian critic, was born at Troston Hall () in Suffolk.
http://wn.com/Edward_Capell
Edward Marshall Hall
Sir Edward Marshall Hall, KC, (Brighton, 16 September 1858 – 24 February 1927) was an English barrister who had a formidable reputation as an orator. He successfully defended many people accused of notorious murders and became known as "The Great Defender".
http://wn.com/Edward_Marshall_Hall
Emanuel Villa
Emanuel Alejandro "Tito" Villa (born 24 February 1982) is an Argentine football striker. He currently plays for Cruz Azul in Mexico.
http://wn.com/Emanuel_Villa
Emmanuelle Riva
http://wn.com/Emmanuelle_Riva
Emperor Toba
was the 74th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Toba
Erik Nielsen
Erik Hersholt Nielsen, PC, DFC, QC (February 24, 1924 – September 4, 2008) was a Canadian politician, and longtime Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Yukon.
http://wn.com/Erik_Nielsen
Ernst Reiss
Ernst Reiss (born February 24, 1920 in Davos, d. 3 August 2010, Basel) is a swiss mountaineer, who together with Fritz Luchsinger was the first to climb the fourth highest mountain on earth in 1956.
http://wn.com/Ernst_Reiss
Ethelbert of Kent
http://wn.com/Ethelbert_of_Kent
Ettie Annie Rout
Ettie Annie Rout, (24 February 1877 - 17 September 1936) was a Tasmanian-born New Zealander whose work among servicemen in Paris and the Somme during World War I made her a war hero among the French, yet through the same events she became persona non grata in New Zealand. She married Fred Hornibrook on 3 May 1920. They had no children and later separated, and she died in the Cook Islands and is buried there.
http://wn.com/Ettie_Annie_Rout
Fala Chen
Fala Chen (, born 24 February 1982) is a Chinese-American beauty pageant titleholder. Chen has held the titles of Miss Asian America 2002 and Miss NY Chinese 2004, and placed as runner-up in Miss Chinatown USA 2003 (Miss Chinese Chamber of Commerce) and Miss Chinese International 2005.
http://wn.com/Fala_Chen
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban politician. One of the primary leaders of the Cuban Revolution, Castro served as the Prime Minister of Cuba from February 1959 to December 1976, and then as the President of the Council of State of Cuba and the President of Council of Ministers of Cuba until his resignation from the office in February 2008. He currently serves as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, a position he has held since 1965.
http://wn.com/Fidel_Castro
Floyd Mayweather Jr
http://wn.com/Floyd_Mayweather_Jr
Frank Leslie Walcott
http://wn.com/Frank_Leslie_Walcott
Gaston Reiff
Gaston Reiff (February 24, 1921 – May 6, 1992) was a Belgian athlete, winner of the 1948 Olympic title in the 5,000 m.
http://wn.com/Gaston_Reiff
George Gobel
http://wn.com/George_Gobel
George Thorogood
George Thorogood (born February 24, 1950) is a blues rock vocalist/guitarist from Wilmington, Delaware, known for his hit song "Bad to the Bone" as well as for covers of blues standards such as Hank Williams' "Move It On Over" and John Lee Hooker's "House Rent Boogie/One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer". Another favorite is a cover of Bo Diddley's "Who Do You Love?" George Thorogood and the Delaware Destroyers have released 16 studio albums, including two that were certified certified Platinum. and six that have been certified Gold. The band has sold 15 million albums worldwide. The band is credited with the early success of Rounder Records.
http://wn.com/George_Thorogood
Grigory Margulis
Gregori Aleksandrovich Margulis (; first name often given as Gregory, Grigori or Grigory) (born February 24, 1946) is a Russian and former Soviet mathematician known for his far-reaching work on lattices in Lie groups, and the introduction of methods from ergodic theory into diophantine approximation. He was awarded a Fields Medal in 1978 and a Wolf Prize in Mathematics in 2005, becoming the seventh mathematician to receive both prizes. In 1991, he joined the faculty of Yale University, where he is currently the Erastus L. DeForest Professor of Mathematics.
http://wn.com/Grigory_Margulis
Helen Shaver
Helen Shaver (born February 24, 1951) is a Canadian actress and film and television director.
http://wn.com/Helen_Shaver
Henny Youngman
http://wn.com/Henny_Youngman
Henry Cavendish
http://wn.com/Henry_Cavendish
Hjalmar Branting
http://wn.com/Hjalmar_Branting
Honus Wagner
Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955 ), nicknamed The Flying Dutchman due to his superb speed and German heritage ("Dutch" in this instance being an alteration of "Deutsch"), was an American Major League Baseball shortstop who played in the National League from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Wagner won eight batting titles, tied for the most in NL history with Tony Gwynn. He also led the league in slugging six times, and in stolen bases five times.
http://wn.com/Honus_Wagner
Hristo Prodanov
Hristo Prodanov () (February 24, 1943 - April 21, 1984) was a Bulgarian mountaineer. He was the first Bulgarian to climb Mount Everest but died on the way back.
http://wn.com/Hristo_Prodanov
Hubert Van Innis
http://wn.com/Hubert_Van_Innis
Ibn Battuta
http://wn.com/Ibn_Battuta
J. Jayalalithaa
Jayalalithaa Jayaram() or J. Jayalalitha (as commonly referred), (born 24 February 1948), is a former Chief Minister and current leader of the opposition of the Government of Tamil Nadu, India. She is the incumbent general secretary of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), a Dravidian party in the state. She is popularly called Amma (English: Mother), Puratchi Thalaivi (English: Revolutionary Leader) by her followers. She was a popular film star in Tamil cinema and Telugu cinema before her entry into politics.
http://wn.com/J_Jayalalithaa
Jacques de Vaucanson
http://wn.com/Jacques_de_Vaucanson
James Farentino
James Farentino (born February 24, 1938) is an American actor. He has appeared in almost one hundred roles, among them in The Final Countdown, Jesus of Nazareth, and Dynasty.
http://wn.com/James_Farentino
James Quin
http://wn.com/James_Quin
Jason Akermanis
Jason Dean "Aker" Akermanis (born 24 February, 1977) is a former Australian rules football player. He is a Brownlow Medallist and triple premiership player who played for the Brisbane Bears, Brisbane Lions and Western Bulldogs.
http://wn.com/Jason_Akermanis
Jay Kenneth Johnson
Jay Kenneth Johnson (born February 24, 1977) is an American actor from Springfield, Missouri.
http://wn.com/Jay_Kenneth_Johnson
Jean Alexander
http://wn.com/Jean_Alexander
Jean Sablon
Jean Sablon (Nogent-sur-Marne March 25, 1906 – February 24, 1994 at Cannes-La-Bocca) was a popular French singer and actor.
http://wn.com/Jean_Sablon
Jeff Garcia
: This article is about the Football player. For the comedian/voice actor, see Jeff Garcia (voice actor).
http://wn.com/Jeff_Garcia
Jesse Billauer
Jesse Billauer (born February 24, 1979) is a well known surfer from Pacific Palisades, California.
http://wn.com/Jesse_Billauer
Jim Connors
http://wn.com/Jim_Connors
Jiří Trnka
http://wn.com/Jiří_Trnka
Joanie Sommers
Joanie Sommers (born Joan Drost, Buffalo, New York, February 24, 1941), is an American singer and actress.
http://wn.com/Joanie_Sommers
Joe Lieberman
Joseph Isadore "Joe" Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is the junior United States Senator from Connecticut. First elected to the Senate in 1988, Lieberman was elected to a fourth term on November 7, 2006. In the 2000 United States presidential election, Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for Vice President, running with presidential nominee Al Gore, becoming the first Jewish candidate on a major American political party presidential ticket. The Gore–Lieberman ticket won the popular vote but ultimately failed to gain the electoral votes needed to win the controversial election. Lieberman ran for re-election to the U.S. Senate while he was also Gore's running mate, and he was re-elected by the voters of Connecticut. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2004 presidential election.
http://wn.com/Joe_Lieberman
Johann Weyer
Johannes Wier a.k.a. Johann Weyer, in Latin Ioannes Wierus and Piscinarius, (c. 1515, Grave – February 24, 1588) was a Dutch physician, occultist and demonologist, disciple and follower of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa. He was among the first to publish against the persecution of witches. His most influential work is De Praestigiis Daemonum et Incantationibus ac Venificiis (On the Illusions of the Demons and on Spells and Poisons, 1563).
http://wn.com/Johann_Weyer
Johannes Clauberg
http://wn.com/Johannes_Clauberg
John Gunther Dean
John Gunther Dean (born February 24, 1926 in Germany) is a distinguished career United States diplomat. From 1974-1988, Dean served as the United States Ambassador to five different nations under four different U.S. Presidents.
http://wn.com/John_Gunther_Dean
John Stapleton
John Stapleton (born 24 February 1946 in Oldham, Lancashire, England) is an English television presenter.
http://wn.com/John_Stapleton
John Vernon
John Keith Vernon (February 24, 1932February 1, 2005) was a Canadian actor. He made a career in Hollywood after achieving initial television stardom in Canada.
http://wn.com/John_Vernon
Johnnie Ray
John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor of what would become rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music and his animated stage persona.
http://wn.com/Johnnie_Ray
Joseph I of Portugal
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http://wn.com/Joseph_I_of_Portugal
Josh Bernstein
Josh Bernstein (born February 24, 1971) is a American explorer, author, survival expert, and TV host best known as the host of Digging for the Truth. He now appears as the host of the Discovery Channel's Into the Unknown with Josh Bernstein.
http://wn.com/Josh_Bernstein
Joshua Chamberlain
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain (September 8, 1828 February 24, 1914) was an American college professor from the State of Maine, who volunteered during the American Civil War to join the Union Army. Although having no earlier education in military strategies, he became a highly respected and decorated Union officer, reaching the rank of brigadier general (and brevet major general). For his gallantry at Gettysburg, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. He was given the honor of commanding the Union troops at the surrender ceremony for the infantry of Robert E. Lee's Army at Appomattox, Virginia. After the war, he entered politics as a Republican and served four one-year terms of office as the 32nd Governor of Maine. He served on the faculty of, and as president of, his alma mater, Bowdoin College.
http://wn.com/Joshua_Chamberlain
Joy Mukherjee
Joy Mukherjee () is an Indian film actor.
http://wn.com/Joy_Mukherjee
Judith Butler
Judith Butler (born 24 February 1956) is an American post-structuralist philosopher, who has contributed to the fields of feminism, queer theory, political philosophy, and ethics. She is currently the Maxine Elliott professor in the Rhetoric and Comparative Literature departments at the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Judith_Butler
June
http://wn.com/June
Karim Bagheri
Karim Bagheri (, born 20 February 1974 in Tabriz) is a professional football player, currently playing for Persepolis F.C. in the Iran Pro League. He is known as a two-footed midfielder and is famous for his powerful and thundering long range shots and free kicks.
http://wn.com/Karim_Bagheri
Karl LaGrand
http://wn.com/Karl_LaGrand
Kent Haruf
Kent Haruf (born February 24, 1943) is an award-winning American novelist.
http://wn.com/Kent_Haruf
Kienast quintuplets
The Kienast quintuplets (born February 24, 1970), are a set of quintuplets born to William "Bill" and Peggy Jo Kienast in New York City, U.S. They are;
http://wn.com/Kienast_quintuplets
Kosta Koufos
Konstantine Demetrios "Kosta" Koufos (Greek: or , born on February 24, 1989 in Canton, Ohio, United States) is a Greek-American professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was selected by the Utah Jazz with the 23rd overall pick in the 2008 NBA Draft. Koufos played college basketball for Ohio State University's team the Ohio State Buckeyes for one year before declaring for the 2008 NBA Draft.
http://wn.com/Kosta_Koufos
Kristin Davis
:This is an article about the actress; for the politician, see Kristin Davis (politician).
http://wn.com/Kristin_Davis
Kurt Tank
Kurt Waldemar Tank (February 24, 1898 - June 5, 1983) was a German aeronautical engineer and test pilot, heading the design department at Focke-Wulf from 1931-45. He designed several important aircraft of World War II, including the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft.
http://wn.com/Kurt_Tank
Lamar Lundy
Lamar J. Lundy, Jr. (April 17, 1935 - February 24, 2007) was an American defensive end with the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League for 13 seasons, from 1957 to 1969. Along with Deacon Jones, Merlin Olsen, and Rosey Grier, Lundy was a member of the Fearsome Foursome, often considered one of the best defensive lines in NFL history. All four also did some acting; Lundy portrayed the boulder-hurling cyclops in the unaired pilot of Lost in Space (this pilot was later made into episode 4 of the series, entitled "There Were Giants in the Earth").
http://wn.com/Lamar_Lundy
Larry Norman
http://wn.com/Larry_Norman
Leo Ornstein
http://wn.com/Leo_Ornstein
Leo von Caprivi
Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuccoli (English: Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprera, and Montecuccoli, born Georg Leo von Caprivi; 24 February 1831 6 February 1899) was a German major general and statesman, who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany. Caprivi served as German Chancellor from March 1890 to October 1894.
http://wn.com/Leo_von_Caprivi
Linda Cristal
Linda Cristal (born Marta Victoria Moya Burges on 23 February 1934 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine actress. She is currently retired.
http://wn.com/Linda_Cristal
Line Beauchamp
http://wn.com/Line_Beauchamp
Lleyton Hewitt
Lleyton Glynn Hewitt () (born 24 February 1981) is a professional tennis player, and a former World No. 1 ranked player, from Australia. In 2000, Hewitt had won ATP titles on all three major surfaces (hard, clay and grass) and reached one final on carpet. By 2001, he became the youngest male ever to be ranked number one, at the age of 20. His career achievements include winning the 2000 US Open men's doubles, the 2001 US Open and 2002 Wimbledon men's singles, and back-to-back Tennis Masters Cup titles (2001 and 2002). In 2005, TENNIS Magazine put Hewitt in 34th place on its list of the 40 greatest tennis players since 1965.
http://wn.com/Lleyton_Hewitt
Lloyd McGrath
Lloyd McGrath is an ex-professional English footballer who was born on 24 February 1965 in Birmingham. A hard-working midfielder, McGrath played for Coventry City from 1982 to 1994 and won the FA Cup in 1987. He then moved to Portsmouth and played for the team until 1997. He now has business interests in the north of Coventry as licensee of the Hawkesmill Social Club.
http://wn.com/Lloyd_McGrath
Luigi Denza
Luigi Denza (February 24, 1846, Castellammare di Stabia, Campania - January 26, 1922), was an Italian composer.
http://wn.com/Luigi_Denza
Madison Hubbell
Madison L. Hubbell (born February 24, 1991) is an American ice dancer. She competes with her brother Keiffer Hubbell. They are the 2010 Four Continents bronze medalists, the 2009 U.S. pewter medalists and the 2006/2007 Junior Grand Prix Final champions.
http://wn.com/Madison_Hubbell
Malcolm Forbes
http://wn.com/Malcolm_Forbes
Manon Rhéaume
http://wn.com/Manon_Rhéaume
Marco Campos
http://wn.com/Marco_Campos
Marjorie Main
Marjorie Main (February 24, 1890 – April 10, 1975) was an American character actress, mainly at MGM, perhaps best known for her role as Ma Kettle in a series of ten Ma and Pa Kettle movies.
http://wn.com/Marjorie_Main
Mark Moses
Mark W. Moses (born February 24, 1958) is an American actor, known for his roles of Paul Young on Desperate Housewives and Herman "Duck" Phillips on the AMC series Mad Men.
http://wn.com/Mark_Moses
Martin W. Bates
http://wn.com/Martin_W_Bates
Matt Skiba
Matthew Thomas Skiba (born February 24, 1976) is the lead singer and guitarist of Alkaline Trio. He has previously been a member of various bands including Jerkwater (McHenry/Chicago, IL; Dyslexic Records), Blunt, and The Traitors (Johanns Face Records). In 2002, Skiba recorded a split EP with Kevin Seconds. In 2006 Skiba launched a new side project with F-Minus bassist Josiah Steinbrick. The band, named Heavens, debuted the album Patent Pending on September 12, 2006.
http://wn.com/Matt_Skiba
Matthias Weckmann
Matthias Weckmann (Weckman) (probably 1616 - February 24, 1674) was a North German musician and composer of the Baroque period. He was born in Niederdorla (Thuringia) and died in Hamburg.
http://wn.com/Matthias_Weckmann
Maurizio Giuliano
Maurizio Giuliano (born 1975) is an Italian-English traveller, author and journalist. As of 2004 he was, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, the youngest person to have visited all sovereign nations of the world. During several periods, he worked for international organizations in the field of media relations.
http://wn.com/Maurizio_Giuliano
Mauro Rosales
http://wn.com/Mauro_Rosales
Mayuko Iwasa
http://wn.com/Mayuko_Iwasa
Michel Legrand
http://wn.com/Michel_Legrand
Michelle Shocked
Michelle Shocked is a U.S. singer-songwriter.
http://wn.com/Michelle_Shocked
Mike Fratello
Michael Robert "Mike" Fratello (born February 24, 1947 in Hackensack, New Jersey) is an American color analyst and former professional basketball coach. He previously coached the Atlanta Hawks, Cleveland Cavaliers and Memphis Grizzlies of the NBA.
http://wn.com/Mike_Fratello
Mike Lowell
Michael Averett Lowell (born February 24, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball player for the Boston Red Sox. He is a right-handed batter, and previously played with the Florida Marlins (–).
http://wn.com/Mike_Lowell
Murderdolls
Murderdolls is an American horror punk supergroup, founded during 2002 in Hollywood, California. The band line-up consists of core members Wednesday 13 and Joey Jordison. Former members include Ben Graves, Acey Slade, Eric Griffin & Tripp Eisen.
http://wn.com/Murderdolls
Nicholas Lanier
Nicholas Lanier, sometimes Laniere (baptised at Greenwich 10 September 1588 – 24 February 1666) was an English composer, singer, lutenist and painter.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_Lanier
Nick Blackburn
Robert Nicholas Blackburn (born February 24, 1982 in Ada, Oklahoma) is a Major League Baseball pitcher in the Minnesota Twins system. He graduated from Del City High School in Del City, Oklahoma. He attended Seminole State College. The 6-4, 227 pound right-hander was originally drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 34th round of the 2000 amateur entry draft. The Minnesota Twins then drafted him in the 29th round of the 2001 amateur entry draft. The Minnesota Twins signed him on May 21, 2002. From 2002 to 2007, he pitched 6 seasons for the Minnesota Twins minor league system. In 138 minor league appearances, he pitched 702 innings, posting 40-40 record with 434 strikeouts and a 3.68 ERA. His best season in the minors came in 2007, and after the season Baseball America ranked him as the Twins' No. 1 prospect. Blackburn pitched from 2008 through 2010 with the Twins, and is currently playing with the Twins' top minor league club, the Rochester Red Wings.
http://wn.com/Nick_Blackburn
Nick Esasky
Nicholas Andrew Esasky (born February 24, 1960 in Hialeah, Florida), is a former Major League Baseball first baseman and third baseman. During his career, which spanned just over seven-and-a-half years and was spent mostly with the Cincinnati Reds (1983 to 1988), the former first-round draft pick in 1978 hit .250 with 122 home runs and 427 runs batted in.
http://wn.com/Nick_Esasky
Nicky Hopkins
Nicholas Christian "Nicky" Hopkins (24 February 1944 – 6 September 1994) was an English pianist and organist.
http://wn.com/Nicky_Hopkins
Nikolai Bulganin
http://wn.com/Nikolai_Bulganin
Outi Mäenpää
http://wn.com/Outi_Mäenpää
Owen Gleiberman
http://wn.com/Owen_Gleiberman
Pablo Milanés
http://wn.com/Pablo_Milanés
Paula Zahn
Paula Ann Zahn (born February 24, 1956) is an American journalist, newscaster, former news anchor on ABC News, CBS News, Fox News, and CNN. On July 24, 2007, she announced her resignation from CNN. The final broadcast of Paula Zahn Now aired August 2, 2007. In January 2009, Discovery Communications announced that Zahn had entered into a development deal for a newsmagazine series, On the Case with Paula Zahn. The series, which profiles real crime stories, premiered October 18, 2009 on the Investigation Discovery cable channel.
http://wn.com/Paula_Zahn
Pedro de la Rosa
http://wn.com/Pedro_de_la_Rosa
Pete Duel
Pete Duel (February 24, 1940 – December 31, 1971) was an American actor, best known for his role in the television series Alias Smith and Jones.
http://wn.com/Pete_Duel
Peter Pagel
http://wn.com/Peter_Pagel
Phil Knight
Philip Hampson "Phil" Knight (born February 24, 1938) is the co-founder and Chairman of Nike, Inc.. He resigned as the company's chief executive officer in 2004, while retaining the position of chairman of the board. As of 2010, Knight's stake in Nike gives him an estimated net worth of US$11.1 billion, making him the 23rd richest person in the U.S.
http://wn.com/Phil_Knight
Plastic Bertrand
http://wn.com/Plastic_Bertrand
Pope Gregory XIII
Pope Gregory XIII (7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope from 1572 to 1585.
http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_XIII
Renata Scotto
Renata Scotto (born February 24, 1934) is an Italian soprano and opera director.
http://wn.com/Renata_Scotto
René Arocha
http://wn.com/René_Arocha
Riccardo Freda
Riccardo Freda (born in Alexandria, Egypt, February 24, 1909 - died in Paris, France, December 20, 1999) was an Egyptian-born Italian film director. Best known for his horror and thriller movies, Freda had no great love for the horror films he was assigned, but rather favored the epic sword and sandal pictures. Freda's "Sins of Rome" (1953) was one of the first Italian peplums, predating Steve Reeves's "Hercules" by four years, and his classic "Giants of Thessaly" (1961) was theatrically released one year before Ray Harryhausen's famous "Jason and the Argonauts". He directed Kirk Morris and Gordon Scott in two classic Maciste films in the sixties, in addition to several spy films, spaghetti westerns, historical dramas and World War II actioners.
http://wn.com/Riccardo_Freda
Richard Clapp
http://wn.com/Richard_Clapp
Richard Thorpe
:For the historian and biographer, see D. R. Thorpe.
http://wn.com/Richard_Thorpe
Robert Fulton
http://wn.com/Robert_Fulton
Roman Sloudnov
Roman Andreyevich Sloudnov () (born 24 February 1980 in Omsk) is a Russian swimmer who won a bronze medal in the 100 m breaststroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Sloudnov was also the first male to break the "magic" one minute barrier for the 100 m breaststroke, clocking a 59.97 in the final of the 100 m breaststroke at the Russian National Championships and World Championship Trials in Moscow on 29 June 2001 at age 21. This "record of world records" also beat the world record Sloudnov set the previous day of 1:00.26. Not even a month after breaking the one minute barrier, Sloudnov raised the bar again, hitting the pads at 59.94 in Fukuoka, Japan. He also competed in the 2008 Beijing Olympics, but could not match his bronze medal winning performance from Sydney and gained a 6th place in the final.
http://wn.com/Roman_Sloudnov
Rudolph Ganz
http://wn.com/Rudolph_Ganz
Ruhollah Khomeini
http://wn.com/Ruhollah_Khomeini
Rupert Holmes
http://wn.com/Rupert_Holmes
Russell Ingall
Russell Ingall (born 24 February 1964, in the United Kingdom) is an Australian V8 Supercar driver. Ingall won the V8 Supercar Championship for the first time in 2005, he was also the Championship runner up in 1998, 1999 and 2001. Ingall has also won the Bathurst 1000 motor race twice, in 1995 and 1997. His particular driving style earned him the nickname "Enforcer".
http://wn.com/Russell_Ingall
Sachin Tendulkar
Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar ( ; born 24 April 1973) is an Indian cricketer widely regarded as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket. He is the leading run-scorer and century maker in Test and One Day International cricket. He is the only player to score a double century in the history of ODI cricket. In 2002, just 12 years into his career, Wisden ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Donald Bradman, and the second greatest one-day-international (ODI) batsman of all time, behind Viv Richards. In September 2007, the Australian leg spinner Shane Warne rated Tendulkar as the greatest player he has played with or against. Tendulkar was the only player of the current generation to be included in ''Bradman's Eleven. He is sometimes referred to as Little Master or Master Blaster''.
http://wn.com/Sachin_Tendulkar
Saint Matthias
Saint Matthias (d. 80), according to the Acts of the Apostles, was the apostle chosen by the remaining eleven apostles to replace Judas Iscariot following Judas' betrayal of Jesus and his suicide.
http://wn.com/Saint_Matthias
Salman Rushdie
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (lang-ur| ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. He achieved notability with his second novel, ''Midnight's Children'' (1981), which won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. His style is often classified as magical realism mixed with historical fiction, and a dominant theme of his work is the story of the many connections, disruptions and migrations between the Eastern and Western worlds.
http://wn.com/Salman_Rushdie
Sandro Pertini
http://wn.com/Sandro_Pertini
Shinsuke Nakamura
:Shinsuke Nakamura is not to be confused with Shunsuke Nakamura, the Japanese footballer.
http://wn.com/Shinsuke_Nakamura
Shinya (musician)
Shinya (born February 24, 1978, in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese musician who is the drummer of Dir En Grey. He has been with the band since its inception in 1997 and was previously a member of La:Sadie's. Shinya has composed a handful of songs for Dir En Grey, his compositions alternating between melodic ("Hotarubi", "Fukai") and upbeat tunes ("Raison Detre", "Umbrella").
http://wn.com/Shinya_(musician)
Shiranui Kōemon
http://wn.com/Shiranui_Kōemon
Sparky Adams
http://wn.com/Sparky_Adams
SS501
http://wn.com/SS501
Steve Jobs
Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American business magnate and inventor. He is well known for being the co-founder and chief executive officer of Apple. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney.
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs
Steve McCurry
Steve McCurry (born February 24, 1950) is an American photojournalist best known for his photograph, "Afghan Girl" that originally appeared in National Geographic magazine.
http://wn.com/Steve_McCurry
Steven Hill
http://wn.com/Steven_Hill
Straylight Run
Straylight Run are an indie rock band based in Baldwin, New York. Two of the members, Nolan and Cooper, had been members of Taking Back Sunday and have now rejoined that band. Their final releases are the EPs About Time and Un Mas Dos, preceded by the full-length album entitled The Needles The Space. Before the announcement of the return, Nolan had stated that Straylight Run would release a live CD, would be going on indefinite hiatus, but might reunify in future.
http://wn.com/Straylight_Run
Telford Taylor
Telford Taylor (February 24, 1908 - May 23, 1998) was an American lawyer best known for his role in the Counsel for the Prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials after World War II, his opposition to Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s, and his outspoken criticism of U.S. actions during the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s.
http://wn.com/Telford_Taylor
Teri Weigel
Teresa "Teri" Susan Weigel (born February 24, 1962) is an American pornographic actress, fashion and nude model and Playboy Playmate.
http://wn.com/Teri_Weigel
Terry Semel
Terry Semel (born on February 24, 1943 in Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.) is an American corporate executive who was the chairman and CEO of Yahoo! Incorporated. Previously, Semel spent 24 years at Warner Bros., where he served as chairman and co-chief executive officer. In June 2007, Semel resigned as CEO due in part to pressure from shareholders' dissatisfaction over Semel's compensation (in 2006 - salary $1, stock options worth $70 million) and performance. Semel had earned over $500 million in his tenure at Yahoo, while Yahoo's stock appreciated at 40% per year. In the same period, Yahoo's closest competitor, Google, saw stock growth of about 55% per year.
http://wn.com/Terry_Semel
The Neptunes
The Neptunes are a record production duo consisting of Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo, who are credited with contributing the sound for some successful hip hop, R&B; and pop artists in the late-1990s and 2000s.
http://wn.com/The_Neptunes
Theodore Marier
Dr. Theodore N. Marier, KCSG (October 17, 1912 - February 24, 2001) was a world renowned scholar, composer and teacher of Gregorian Chant. He died in Boston at age 88, ending a half-century of distinguished service to the Catholic Church, and leaving a valuable legacy in his many students and in his compositions.
http://wn.com/Theodore_Marier
Thomas Bowdler
Thomas Bowdler () (11 July 1754 – 24 February 1825) was an English physician who published an expurgated edition of William Shakespeare's work, edited by his sister Harriet, intended to be more appropriate for 19th century women and children than the original. He similarly published an edited version of Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. His edition was the subject of some criticism and ridicule and, through the eponym bowdlerise (or bowdlerize), his name is now associated with censorship of literature, motion pictures and television programmes.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Bowdler
Tim Staffell
Timothy "Tim" Staffell (born 24 February 1948 in Isleworth, Middlesex, England) is an English rock musician and visual artist. He was a member of blues-rock outfit 1984 and later Smile, a band which included guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor. Upon Staffell's departure, Smile were joined by Freddie Mercury and John Deacon to form the band Queen. Staffell and May co-wrote the song "Doin' Alright", which Queen included on their eponymous debut album. Following his tenure with Smile, Staffell joined Humpy Bong and then the experimental progressive rock outfit Morgan, with whom he released the albums Nova Solis and Brown Out (later retitled The Sleeper Wakes).
http://wn.com/Tim_Staffell
Todd Field
William Todd Field, known professionally as Todd Field (born February 24, 1964) is an American actor and writer/director. He has received three Academy Award nominations.
http://wn.com/Todd_Field
Tommy Douglas
http://wn.com/Tommy_Douglas
Tony Conigliaro
http://wn.com/Tony_Conigliaro
Tony Holiday
Tony Holiday (born Rolf Peter Knigge 24 February 1951 – 14 February 1990) was a German pop singer and songwriter.
http://wn.com/Tony_Holiday
Trace Cyrus
Trace Dempsey Cyrus (born February 24, 1989) is an American musician. He was a guitarist, songwriter and vocalist in the band Metro Station before the band broke up. He is the owner of a clothing company called From Backseats to Bedrooms. Cyrus is the adopted son of country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. He is the older brother of Miley Cyrus, Braison Cyrus, and Noah Cyrus, and the younger brother of Brandi Cyrus.
http://wn.com/Trace_Cyrus
Vietnam War
http://wn.com/Vietnam_War
Virginia Bruce
http://wn.com/Virginia_Bruce
Vladimir Bartol
Vladimir Bartol (24 February 1903 – 12 September 1967) was a Slovene writer, most famous for his novel Alamut. Alamut was published in 1938 and translated into numerous languages, becoming the most popular work of Slovene literature around the world.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Bartol
Walter Smith
Walter Smith may refer to:
http://wn.com/Walter_Smith
Webb Pierce
Webb Michael Pierce (August 8, 1921–February 24, 1991) was one of the most popular American honky tonk vocalists of the 1950s, charting more number one hits than any other country artist during the decade. His biggest hit is "There Stands the Glass".
http://wn.com/Webb_Pierce
Weldon Kees
Harry Weldon Kees (February 24, 1914 - July 18, 1955) was an American poet, critic, novelist, and short story writer.
http://wn.com/Weldon_Kees
Wilhelm Grimm
Wilhelm Carl Grimm (also Karl; 24 February 1786 – 16 December 1859) was a German author, the younger of the Brothers Grimm.
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_Grimm
Winslow Homer
http://wn.com/Winslow_Homer
Wojtek Wolski
http://wn.com/Wojtek_Wolski
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
Yordan Yovchev
http://wn.com/Yordan_Yovchev
Zach Johnson
Zachary Harris "Zach" Johnson (born February 24, 1976) is an American professional golfer on the PGA Tour and the 2007 Masters champion.
http://wn.com/Zach_Johnson
Árpád Bogsch
http://wn.com/Árpád_Bogsch
Æthelberht of Kent
http://wn.com/Æthelberht_of_Kent

Gandang Gabi Vice - February 24, 2013 Full Episode REPLAY

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Classic Lanes - February 24, 2005

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Friday Night Gaming (Feb 24, 2012)

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Weekly Show Euroleague 24/02/12

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published: 24 Feb 2012

JiMi HeNdRiX Live @ Royal Albert Hall London 24 Feb 1969 (Audio)

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published: 10 Apr 2012

Pavitra Rishta - Episode 727 - 24-02-2012

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published: 30 Sep 2012

Kuch Toh Log Kahenge - Episode 105 - 24th February 2012

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Remembering Steve Jobs - 2012 Tribute Video from Apple [HD]

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published: 05 Oct 2012

Led Zeppelin - Physical Graffiti (Full Album) [HQ]

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Blue Man Group does Lady Gaga "Bad Romance" at Universal Orlando

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Chidiya Ghar - Episode 65 - 24th February 2012

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Pavitra Rishta - Episode 194 - 24-02-2010

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Ganga Kii Dheej 02/24/11

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Episode 50 - 24-02-2012

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published: 30 Sep 2012

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Photo: WN / Yolanda Leyba

Virgin for sale: Website auctions off virginity of college student for $780,000 (Video)

The Examiner

26 Oct 2012

Related topics virgin auctionvirginity auction Advertisement A 20 year-old Brazilian student has sold her virginity for the sum of $780,000 through an online auction on a website simply called Virgins...

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Photo: US Navy / MCS2 Justin Ailes

Hurricane Sandy makes landfall at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, October 24, 2012.

Slow-moving Hurricane Sandy marches toward East Coast

CNBC

27 Oct 2012

MIAMI (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy pulled away from the Bahamas on Saturday after killing at least 41 people in the Caribbean, beginning a slow march toward the U.S. East Coast where it threatens to...

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Photo: AP / Robert F. Bukaty

In this May 6, 2012 file photo, Gov. Paul LePage speaks at the Maine Republican Convention in Augusta, Maine. LePage met with representatives from two Jewish groups on Friday, July 13, 2012, following comments he has made comparing the Internal Revenue Service to the Gestapo

The New Gestapo Politics

WorldNews.com

28 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling Even though Maine's Governor, Paul LePage, apologized for making comments for comparing the Affordable Health Care Act and Internal Revenue Service (IRS)...

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Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

A Rakhine refugee lies on a bed under medical treatment at Sittwe hospital in Sittwe, Rakhine State, western Myanmar, Friday, Oct. 26, 2012.

Burma: HRW satellite images 'show Rakhine destruction'

BBC News

27 Oct 2012

A human rights group has released pictures showing what appears to be the destruction of a western Burmese district riven by ethnic unrest. Human Rights Watch says more than 800 buildings and...

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Photo: AP / Charles Dharapak

Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., who is traveling with Republican presidential candidate and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, uses a phone as he stands alongside Interstate 4 in Lakewood Crest, Fla., Saturday, Oct. 27, 2012 after the motorcade was stopped.

Marco Rubio Daughter Hospitalized After Accident

Yahoo Daily News

28 Oct 2012

The 12-year-old daughter of Florida Sen. Marco Rubio has been airlifted to Miami Children's Hospital after a Saturday motor vehicle accident. The Republican senator was notified of the accident while...

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Timeline:
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Vodafone says to cut 10 percent of Australia staff 29 Oct 2012

The Guardian MELBOURNE (Reuters) - Vodafone Hutchison Australia, the country's third-ranked mobile phone company, said on Monday it plans to cut up to 500 jobs out of a workforce of 5,000 as part of a restructuring as it struggles with shrinking market share....(size: 13.0Kb)

Hong Kong property shares slump on new curbs, New World Development sinks 29 Oct 2012

The Guardian HONG KONG (Reuters) - Hong Kong real estate stocks fell across the board on Monday as investors locked in profits in the outperforming sector on fears that new measures to cool soaring property prices will sap demand from non-resident buyers....(size: 14.1Kb)

The international obligation 29 Oct 2012

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Sunday's golf roundup: Nick Watney flirts with 59, rallies to victory 29 Oct 2012

Detroit news By Associated Press Comments Nick Watney held off defending champ Bo Van Pelt and Robert Garrigus by one shot to claim the $1.3 million for first prize in the CIMB Classic. (Associated Press) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia â Nick Watney knew it was going to take a special kind of round Sunday to win the...(size: 9.3Kb)

3 companies reschedule 3Q reports due to storm 29 Oct 2012

The Guardian NEW YORK (AP) — Pfizer Inc., NRG Energy and Entergy are rescheduling the release of their third quarter 2012 earnings reports because of the major storm bearing down on the eastern part of U.S....(size: 6.0Kb)

NFL Today, Week 8 29 Oct 2012

my SA SCOREBOARD Monday, Oct. 29 49ers at Cardinals, 8:30 p.m. Larry Fitzgerald and the Cardinals (4-3) look to end a three-game losing streak and tie the 49ers (5-2) for first place in the NFC West. ___ STARS Passing —Tom Brady, Patriots, finished 23 for 35 for 304 yards and four touchdown passes in New...(size: 7.7Kb)

Broncos lead Saints 17-7 at halftime 29 Oct 2012

my SA DENVER (AP) — Peyton Manning banged his right thumb on an opponent's helmet just before halftime Sunday night, and the Denver Broncos took a 17-7 halftime lead over Drew Brees and the New Orleans Saints. After directing a 98-yard TD drive and throwing a 13-yard scoring pass to Eric Decker, Manning...(size: 4.5Kb)

Called out in Oregon, Huskies respond - Wire Lifestyle - The Sacramento Bee --> 0 ... 29 Oct 2012

Sacramento Bee SEATTLE - The challenges don't end for the Washington Huskies following Saturday night's 20-17 win at CenturyLink Field over No. 7 Oregon State. They just change. The Huskies beat the Beavers with a combination of physical defense, timely offense and solid special teams, an effort that followed a...(size: 4.2Kb)

Oklahoma State football notebook: Cowboys return to USA Today Coaches poll at No. 24 29 Oct 2012

The Oklahoman By Gina Mizell | email...(size: 9.0Kb)

For Chargers defense, close isn't good enough 29 Oct 2012

Signon San Diego CLEVELAND — Melvin Ingram rushed from the left side, leaping to deflect a short pass by Brandon Weeden. The ball sputtered through the air in the direction of Chargers safety Atari Bigby and its intended target, Browns tight end Alex Smith. The two jostled for possession. It appeared for a...(size: 3.8Kb)

Called out in Oregon, Huskies respond 29 Oct 2012

The News Tribune SEATTLE - The challenges don't end for the Washington Huskies following Saturday night's 20-17 win at CenturyLink Field over No. 7 Oregon State. They just change. The Huskies beat the Beavers with a combination of physical defense, timely offense and solid special teams, an effort that followed a...(size: 4.1Kb)

Report Card: Grading the Jaguars 29 Oct 2012

The Florida Times Union Sports columnist Gene Frenette grades the Jaguars' performance on offense, defense, special teams and coaching after a 24-15 loss to Green Bay. RUSHING OFFENSE D+: For whatever reason, and it’s not just Maurice Jones-Drew being sidelined by a sprained foot, the Jaguars can’t seem to get their ground...(size: 3.4Kb)

Bottom line: Another loss for Jaguars despite improved play 29 Oct 2012

The Florida Times Union GREEN BAY, WIS. — The Jaguars weren’t intimidated Sunday by the legacy, history and tradition of Lambeau Field. Instead, they came in with a game plan and executed it. They stuffed the Green Bay run and took away the deep pass from Aaron Rodgers while outgaining the Packers, 341-238. But it still...(size: 3.6Kb)

timeline:
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2011
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2003
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2001

February 24 in recent years

2012 (Friday)

2011 (Thursday)

2010 (Wednesday)

2009 (Tuesday)

2008 (Sunday)

2007 (Saturday)

2006 (Friday)

2005 (Thursday)

2004 (Tuesday)

2003 (Monday)

February 24 is the 55th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 310 days remaining until the end of the year (311 in leap years).

By Roman custom, February 24 is the day added to a leap year in the Julian calendar. The Mensis Intercalaris began on this day or the following day in intercalary years in the pre-Julian calendar. This custom still has some effect around the world; for example, with respect to name days in Hungary.

1 Events
2 Births
3 Deaths
4 Holidays and observances
5 External links

Events [link]

303 – Diocletian, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.
484 – King Huneric removes the Catholic bishops from their offices and banished some to Corsica. A few are martyred, including former proconsul Victorian along with Frumentius and other merchants. They are killed at Hadrumetum after refusing to become Arians.
1303 – Battle of Roslin, of the First War of Scottish Independence.
1387 – King Charles III of Naples and Hungary is assassinated at Buda.
1525 – Spanish-Imperial army defeat French army at Battle of Pavia.
1538 – Treaty of Nagyvarad between Ferdinand I and John Zápolya.
1582 – Pope Gregory XIII announces the Gregorian calendar.
1607 – L'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi, one of the first works recognized as an opera, receives its première performance.
1711 – The London première of Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage.
1803 – In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review.
1809 – London's Drury Lane Theatre burns to the ground, leaving owner Richard Brinsley Sheridan destitute.
1822 – The 1st Swaminarayan temple in the world, Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Ahmedabad, is inaugurated.
1826 – The signing of the Treaty of Yandaboo marks the end of the First Burmese War.
1831 – The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty in accordance with the Indian Removal Act, is proclaimed. The Choctaws in Mississippi cede land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West.
1848 – King Louis-Philippe of France abdicates the throne.
1863 – Arizona is organized as a United States territory.
1868 – Andrew Johnson becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives. He is later acquitted in the Senate.
1875 – The SS Gothenburg hits the Great Barrier Reef and sinks off the Australian east coast, killing approximately 100, including a number of high profile civil servants and dignitaries.
1881 – China and Russia sign the Sino-Russian Ili Treaty.
1895 – Revolution breaks out in Baire, a town near Santiago de Cuba, beginning the second war for Cuban independence, that ends with the Spanish-American War in 1898.
1917 – World War I: The U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom is given the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany pledges to ensure the return of New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona to Mexico if Mexico declares war on the United States.
1918 – Estonian Declaration of Independence.
1920 – The Nazi Party is founded.
1942 – The Battle of Los Angeles, one of the largest documented UFO sightings in history; the event lasted into the early hours of February 26, 1942.
1944 – Merrill's Marauders: The Marauders begin their 1,000 mile journey through Japanese occupied Burma.
1945 – Egyptian Premier Ahmed Maher Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.
1968 – Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted; South Vietnam recaptures Hué.
1971 – The All India Forward Bloc holds an emergency central committee meeting after its chairman, Hemantha Kumar Bose, is killed 3 days earlier. P.K. Mookiah Thevar is appointed as the new chairman.
1976 – Cuba: national Constitution is proclaimed.
1980 – The United States Olympic Hockey team completes their Miracle on Ice by defeating Finland 4-2 to win the gold medal.
1981 – An earthquake registering 6.7 on the Richter scale hits Athens, killing 16 people and destroying buildings in several towns west of the city.
1983 – A special commission of the U.S. Congress releases a report that condemns the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
1989 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini offers a US$3 million bounty for the death of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
1989 – United Airlines Flight 811, bound for New Zealand from Honolulu, Hawaii, rips open during flight, sucking 9 passengers out of the business-class section.
1996 – The last occurrence of February 24 as a leap day in the European Union and for the Roman Catholic Church.
1999 – The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national convicted of murder during a botched bank robbery, in spite of Germany's legal action to attempt to save him.
1999 – A China Southern Airlines Tupolev TU-154 airliner crashes on approach to Wenzhou airport in eastern the People's Republic of China, killing 61.
2006 – Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declares Proclamation 1017 placing the country in a state of emergency in attempt to subdue a possible military coup.
2007 – Japan launches its fourth spy satellite, stepping up its ability to monitor potential threats such as North Korea.
2008 – Fidel Castro retires as the President of Cuba after nearly fifty years.
2010 – Sachin Tendulkar becomes the first Cricket player to score a Double hundred in One Day International format.
2011 – Final Launch of Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103).

Births [link]

1103 – Emperor Toba of Japan (d. 1156)
1304 – Ibn Battuta, Arabian explorer (d. c.1368)
1463 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian humanist (d. 1494)
1500 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1558)
1545 – Don John of Austria, Spanish military leader (d. 1578)
1557 – Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1619)
1595 – Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Polish author and Latin Poet (d. 1640)
1597 – Vincent Voiture, French poet (d. 1648)
1619 – Charles Le Brun, French artist (d. 1690)
1622 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (d. 1665)
1684 – Matthias Braun, Czech sculptor (d. 1738)
1693 – James Quin, English actor (d. 1766)
1709 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
1723 – John Burgoyne, British general (d. 1792)
1767 – Buddha Loetla Nabhalai, King of Siam (d. 1824)
1774 – Prince Adolphus, 1st Duke of Cambridge (d. 1850)
1786 – Martin W. Bates. U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1869)
1786 – Wilhelm Grimm, German philologist and folklorist (d. 1859)
1831 – Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1899)
1836 – Winslow Homer, American artist (d. 1910)
1842 – Arrigo Boito, Italian composer (d. 1918)
1846 – Luigi Denza, Italian composer (d. 1922)
1848 – Andrew Inglis Clark, Tasmanian politician (d. 1907)
1852 – George A. Moore, Irish writer (d. 1933)
1866 – Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev, Russian physicist (d. 1912)
1866 – Hubert Van Innis, Belgian archer (d. 1961)
1874 – Honus Wagner, American baseball player (d. 1955)
1877 – Rudolph Ganz, Swiss pianist, conductor and composer (d. 1972)
1877 – Ettie Rout, New Zealand activist (d. 1936)
1885 – Chester Nimitz, U.S. admiral (d. 1966)
1885 – Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Polish writer and painter (d. 1939)
1890 – Marjorie Main, American actress (d. 1975)
1896 – Richard Thorpe, American film director (d. 1991)
1898 – Kurt Tank, German aeronautical engineer and test pilot (d. 1983)
1903 – Vladimir Bartol, Slovene writer (d. 1967)
1908 – Telford Taylor, American lawyer (Nuremberg Trials) (d. 1998)
1909 – August Derleth, American writer (d. 1971)
1909 – Riccardo Freda, Italian film director (d. 1999)
1912 – Jiří Trnka, Czech puppet maker, illustrator, motion-picture animator and film director (d. 1969)
1914 – Ralph Erskine, British architect (Byker Wall) (d. 2005)
1914 – Weldon Kees, American poet, musician, painter (d. 1955)
1914 – Zachary Scott, American actor (d. 1965)
1919 – Árpád Bogsch, Hungarian turned American international civil servant (d. 2004)
1919 – Betty Marsden, English comedy actress (d. 1998)
1920 – Ernst Reiss, Swiss mountaineer (d. 2010)
1921 – Gaston Reiff, Belgian athlete (d. 1992)
1921 – Abe Vigoda, American actor
1921 – Douglass Watson, American actor (d. 1989)
1922 – Richard Hamilton, English painter (d. 2011)
1922 – Steven Hill, American actor
1923 – David Soyer, American cellist (d. 2010)
1924 – Erik Nielsen, Canadian politician (d. 2008)
1926 – Jean Alexander, English actress
1926 – John Gunther Dean, American diplomat
1926 – Balys Gajauskas, Lithuanian politician
1927 – Emmanuelle Riva, French actress
1928 – Barbara Lawrence, American actress
1931 – Dominic Chianese, American actor
1932 – Michel Legrand, French composer
1932 – John Vernon, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
1933 – Judah Folkman, American cancer researcher (d. 2008)
1934 – Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
1934 – Linda Cristal, Argentina-born actress
1934 – Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
1938 – James Farentino, American actor (d. 2012)
1938 – Phil Knight, American sportswear manufacturer
1938 – Kathleen Margaret Richardson, Baroness Richardson of Calow, British Baroness and Methodist reverend
1939 – Joy Mukherjee, Indian actor and director (d. 2012)
1940 – Pete Duel, American actor (d. 1971)
1940 – Denis Law, Scottish footballer
1941 – Joanie Sommers, American singer and actress
1942 – Colin Bond, Australian racing driver
1942 – Paul Jones, English singer (Manfred Mann and The Manfreds)
1942 – Joe Lieberman, American politician
1943 – Kent Haruf, American novelist
1943 – Pablo Milanés, Cuban musician
1943 – Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer (d. 1984)
1943 – Terry Semel, American business executive
1944 – Nicky Hopkins, British musician (d. 1994)
1945 – Barry Bostwick, American actor
1946 – Grigory Margulis, Russian mathematician
1946 – John Stapleton, English television presenter
1947 – Mike Fratello, American basketball head coach
1947 – Rupert Holmes, English musician
1947 – Edward James Olmos, American actor
1948 – J. Jayalalithaa, Indian politician
1948 – François Lacombe, Canadian ice hockey player
1948 – Walter Smith, Scottish football manager
1948 – Tim Staffell, English singer (Smile)
1948 – Dennis Waterman, British actor
1950 – George Thorogood, American singer and guitarist
1950 – Steve McCurry, American photojournalist
1951 – Tony Holiday, German singer (d. 1990)
1951 – Debra Jo Rupp, American actress
1951 – Helen Shaver, Canadian actress
1954 – Ann Bell, American Teacher, Entrepreneur and Children's Book Author
1954 – Plastic Bertrand, Belgian singer and songwriter
1955 – Steve Jobs, American computer pioneer (d. 2011)
1955 – Eddie L. Johnson, retired American professional basketball player and sex offender
1955 – Alain Prost, French race car driver
1956 – Judith Butler, American philosopher
1956 – Eddie Murray, American baseball player
1956 – Peter Pagel, German footballer (d. 2010)
1956 – Paula Zahn, American journalist
1958 – Sammy Kershaw, American musician
1958 – Mark Moses, American actor
1959 – Beth Broderick, American actress
1959 – Owen Gleiberman, American film critic
1960 – Nick Esasky, American baseball player
1962 – Outi Mäenpää, Finnish actress
1962 – Michelle Shocked, American musician
1962 – Teri Weigel, American pornographic actress
1963 – Line Beauchamp, Canadian politician
1963 – Dirk Greiser, German footballer
1963 – Mike Vernon, Canadian ice hockey player
1964 – Andy Crane, British children's television presenter
1964 – Todd Field, American actor and film director
1964 – Russell Ingall, Australian racing driver
1965 – Kristin Davis, American actress
1965 – Lloyd McGrath, former English footballer
1965 – Jane Swift, American politician
1966 – René Arocha, Cuban baseball player
1966 – Ben Miller, English comedian, director and actor
1966 – Billy Zane, American actor
1968 – Mitch Hedberg, American comedian (d. 2005)
1970 – Jeff Garcia, American football player
1970 – Kienast quintuplets, American quintuplets
1970 – Jonathan Ward, American television and movie actor
1971 – Josh Bernstein, American explorer and television host
1971 – Thomas Franck, German footballer
1971 – Pedro de la Rosa, Spanish Formula One driver
1971 – Brian Savage, Canadian ice hockey player
1972 – Manon Rhéaume, Canadian ice hockey player
1973 – Richard Clapp, Canadian baseball player
1973 – Chris Fehn, American percussionist (Slipknot and Will Haven)
1973 – Yordan Yovchev, Bulgarian gymnast
1973 – Alexei Kovalev, Russian ice hockey player
1973 – Christína Papadáki, Greek tennis player
1974 – Karim Bagheri, Iranian footballer
1974 – Chad Hugo, American musician (N*E*R*D) and producer (The Neptunes)
1974 – Mike Lowell, Puerto Rican baseball player
1974 – Bonnie Somerville, American actress and singer
1975 – Maurizio Giuliano, writer and traveller
1975 – Ashley MacIsaac, Canadian fiddler
1976 – Marco Campos, Brazilian racing driver (d. 1995)
1976 – Crista Flanagan, American comedian
1976 – Eric Griffin, American rock guitarist (Murderdolls and Wednesday 13)
1976 – Zach Johnson, American golfer
1976 – Bradley McGee, Australian cyclist
1976 – Matt Skiba, American musician (Alkaline Trio and Heavens)
1977 – Jason Akermanis, Australian footballer
1977 – Bronson Arroyo, American baseball player
1977 – Jay Kenneth Johnson, American actor
1977 – Floyd Mayweather Jr, American boxer
1978 – John Nolan, American musician (Straylight Run and Taking Back Sunday)
1978 – Shinya, Japanese musician (Dir en grey)
1979 – Jesse Billauer, American quadriplegic surfer
1979 – Claire Cooper, English actress
1980 – Anton Maiden, Swedish Internet celebrity (d. 2003)
1980 – Shinsuke Nakamura, Japanese professional wrestler
1980 – Roman Sloudnov, Russian swimmer
1981 – Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player
1981 – Mauro Rosales, Argentinian footballer
1981 – Mohammad Sami, Pakistani cricketer
1982 – Nick Blackburn, American baseball player
1982 – Fala Chen, Chinese-American actress and beauty pageant titleholder
1982 – Kevin O'Neill, New Zealand rugby player
1982 – Emanuel Villa, Argentine footballer
1982 – Klára Zakopalová, Czech tennis player
1983 – Matt McGinley, American musician (Gym Class Heroes and Kill The Front Man)
1984 – Sterling James Keenan, American professional wrestler
1984 – Clivio Piccione, Monegasque racing driver
1984 – Pieter Dirkx, Belgian film director
1985 – Britney Stevens, American pornographic actress
1986 – Wojtek Wolski, Polish/Canadian ice hockey player
1987 – Mayuko Iwasa, Japanese entertainer and model
1987 – Kim Kyu Jong, Korean singer (SS501)
1987 – Chieko Kawabe, Japanese singer, model and actress
1989 – Trace Cyrus, American musician (Metro Station)
1989 – Kosta Koufos, American basketball player
1990 – Stefan Müller, German footballer
1991 – Madison Hubbell, American ice dancer
1994 – Earl Sweatshirt, American rapper part of the collective (OFWGKTA)

Deaths [link]

616 – King Ethelbert of Kent
1525 – Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier
1563 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (b. 1519)
1588 – Johann Weyer, Dutch physician and occultist
1666 – Nicholas Lanier, English composer (b. 1588)
1674 – Matthias Weckmann, German composer (b. 1616)
1685 – Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle, English politician and military leader (b. 1629)
1704 – Marc-Antoine Charpentier, French composer (b. 1643)
1714 – Edmund Andros, English governor in North America (b. 1637)
1721 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (b. 1648)
1732 – Colonel Francis Charteris, known as "The Rape-Master General". (b. 1675)
1777 – King Joseph I of Portugal (b. 1714)
1779 – Paul Daniel Longolius, German encyclopedist (b. 1704)
1781 – Edward Capell, English critic (b. 1713)
1799 – Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (b. 1742)
1810 – Henry Cavendish, English scientist (b. 1731)
1812 – Étienne-Louis Malus, French physicist and mathematician (b. 1775)
1815 – Robert Fulton, American inventor (b. 1765)
1824 – Sir Albemarle Bertie, 1st Baronet, Royal Navy admiral (b. 1755)
1825 – Thomas Bowdler, English physician and editor (b. 1754)
1856 – Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky, Russian mathematician (b. 1792)
1876 – Joseph Jenkins Roberts, 1st President of Liberia (b. 1809)
1879 – Shiranui Kōemon, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 11th Yokozuna (b. 1825)
1914 – Joshua Chamberlain, Civil War hero for the Union on Little Round Top at the Battle of Gettysburg (b. 1828)
1925 – Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1860)
1927 – Sir Edward Marshall Hall, English barrister (b. 1858)
1929 – André Messager, French composer and conductor (b. 1853)
1953 – Gerd von Rundstedt, German field marshal (b. 1875)
1970 – Conrad Nagel, American actor (b. 1897)
1975 – Nikolai Bulganin, Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1895)
1982 – Virginia Bruce, American actress and singer (b. 1910)
1984 – Helmut Schelsky, German sociologist (b. 1912)
1986 – Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician (b. 1904)
1987 – Jim Connors, American radio personality (b. 1940)
1989 – Sparky Adams, American baseball player (b. 1894)
1990 – Tony Conigliaro, American baseball player (b. 1945)
1990 – Malcolm Forbes, American publisher (b. 1917)
1990 – Sandro Pertini, Italian politician (b. 1896)
1990 – Johnnie Ray, American singer (b. 1927)
1991 – John Charles Daly, American news broadcaster and game show host (b. 1914)
1991 – George Gobel, American comedian (b. 1919)
1991 – Webb Pierce, American music singer (b. 1921)
1993 – Danny Gallivan, Canadian radio and television sportscaster (b. 1917)
1993 – Bobby Moore, English footballer (b. 1941)
1994 – Jean Sablon, French singer (b. 1906)
1994 – Dinah Shore, American actress and singer (b. 1916)
1998 – Clara Fraser, American feminist and activist (b. 1923)
1998 – Antonio Prohías, Cuban-born cartoonist (b. 1921)
1998 – Henny Youngman, English-born comedian (b. 1906)
1999 – Andre Dubus, American writer (b. 1936)
1999 – David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles, British politician and peer (b. 1904)
1999 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (b. 1916)
2001 – Theodore Marier, KCSG, American composer, founder of the Boston Archdiocesan Choir School (b. 1912)
2001 – Claude E. Shannon, American information theorist (b. 1916)
2002 – Arthur Lyman, American jazz vibraphone and marimba player (b. 1932)
2002 – Leo Ornstein, Russian-born composer and pianist (b. 1912)
2003 – John Edward Christopher Hill, English historian (b. 1912)
2003 – Bernard Loiseau, French chef (b. 1951)
2004 – John Randolph, American actor (b. 1915)
2005 – Dan McIvor, Canadian aviation pioneer (b. 1911)
2006 – Octavia Butler, American author and MacArthur Foundation Fellow (b. 1947)
2006 – Don Knotts, American actor (b. 1924)
2006 – John Martin, Canadian broadcaster (b. 1947)
2006 – Denis Twitchett, Cambridge scholar, and Chinese historian (b. 1925)
2006 – Dennis Weaver, American actor (b. 1924)
2007 – Bruce Bennett, American actor (b. 1906)
2007 – Leroy Jenkins, American composer and violinist (b. 1932)
2007 – Lamar Lundy, American football player (b. 1935)
2007 – Damien Nash, American football player (b. 1982)
2008 – Larry Norman, American musician, singer, songwriter and producer (b. 1947)
2009 – C. R. Johnson, American freestyle skier (b. 1983)
2011 – Anant Pai, Indian educationalist and creator of comics (b. 1929)

Holidays and observances [link]

Christian Feast Day:
Dragobete (Romania)
Flag Day (Mexico)
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Estonia from Russian Empire in 1918; the Soviet period is considered illegal annexation.
National Artist Day (Thailand)
Regifugium (Ancient Rome)

External links [link]

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_24

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article is about the guitarist. For the band, see The Jimi Hendrix Experience. "James Hendrix" redirects here. For the American soldier, see James R. Hendrix.

Jimi Hendrix
Jimi Hendrix performing for Dutch television in 1967
Background information
Birth name	Johnny Allen Hendrix
Born	(1942-11-27)November 27, 1942 Seattle, Washington, US
Died	September 18, 1970(1970-09-18) (aged 27) Kensington, London, England
Genres	Psychedelic rock, hard rock, heavy metal, blues rock, acid rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, musician, producer, recording studio entrepreneur
Instruments	Guitar, vocals, bass, keyboards, percussion
Years active	1963–1970
Labels	RSVP, Track, Barclay, Polydor, Reprise, Capitol, MCA
Associated acts	Little Richard, The Isley Brothers, The Blue Flame, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Gypsy Sun and Rainbows, Band of Gypsys, Curtis Knight
Website	www.jimihendrix.com
Notable instruments
Fender Stratocaster Jimi Hendrix's Signature

James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942^[1]^[2] – September 18, 1970) was an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is widely considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in music history,^[3]^[4]^[5] and one of the most influential musicians of his era despite mainstream exposure limited to just three years.^[6]^[7]^[8] After initial success in Europe with his group The Jimi Hendrix Experience, he achieved fame in the United States following his 1967 performance at the Monterey Pop Festival. Later, he headlined the iconic 1969 Woodstock Festival and the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival. He often favored raw overdriven amplifiers with high gain and treble and helped develop the previously undesirable technique of guitar amplifier feedback.^[9]

Hendrix helped to popularize use of the wah-wah pedal in mainstream rock, which he often used to deliver tonal exaggerations in his solos, particularly with high bends, complex guitar playing, and use of legato. As a record producer, he also broke new ground in using the recording studio as an extension of his musical ideas. He was one of the first to experiment with stereophonic phasing effects for rock recording.^{[citation needed]} He was influenced by blues artists such as B.B. King, Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Albert King and Elmore James,^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] rhythm and blues and soul guitarists Curtis Mayfield and Steve Cropper, and the jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery. Hendrix began dressing and wearing a moustache like Little Richard when he performed and recorded in his band from March 1, 1964 through to the spring of 1965.^[14]^[15]^[16] In 1966, he stated, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice".^[17]

Hendrix won several prestigious rock music awards during his lifetime, and many more posthumously. He was inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. An English Heritage blue plaque was erected in his name on his former residence at Brook Street, London, in September 1997. A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was dedicated in 1994. In 2006, his debut US album, Are You Experienced, was inducted into the United States National Recording Registry, and Rolling Stone named Hendrix the top guitarist on its list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all-time in 2003.^[18]

1 Early life
- 1.1 First guitar
- 1.2 In the Army
2 Career
3 Death
- 3.1 Allegations of murder
4 Fashion
5 Drug use and women
6 Gravesite
7 Recordings
8 Unfinished work and posthumous releases
9 Legacy
10 Electric church
11 Discography
12 See also
13 References
14 External links

Early life [link]

He was born Johnny Allen Hendrix on November 27, 1942, in Seattle, Washington, the first of five children to James Allen "Al" Hendrix^[19] (June 10, 1919, Vancouver, British Columbia – April 17, 2002, Renton, Washington) and Lucille Jeter (October 12, 1925, Seattle, Washington – February 2, 1958, Renton, Washington).^[20]

Hendrix's ancestry was of mixed African American, European, and Native American origin. His paternal great grandfather was Bertran Philander Ross, a wealthy white grain dealer from Urbana, Ohio, who was of Irish, German, and English descent. Out of wedlock, Bertran Philander Ross and his slave Fanny Hendricks produced Jimi's paternal grandfather Ross Hendricks (Hendrix).^[21] Jimi Hendrix was part Cherokee,^[22] his paternal great-great grandmother being a Cherokee from Georgia.^[23] His parents met at a dance in Seattle in 1941 when Lucille Jeter was 16. When she married Al Hendrix the next year, on March 13, 1942, she was pregnant. Since Al had been drafted into the United States Army due to World War II, he was shipped out three days later.^[24]^[25] Al Hendrix completed his basic training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, but was stationed in Alabama when his son was born. Because the commanding officer believed that he would go AWOL to Seattle in order to visit his new son, he was locked up in the stockade as a preventative measure, where he remained to receive the telegram informing him of his son's birth.^[26] The baby that would grow up to become the guitarist Jimi Hendrix was born to a father who had six fingers on each hand.^[27] Al Hendrix spent the war in the South Pacific Theater mostly in Fiji.^[28] During the three years that he was away, Lucille struggled with raising her infant son who was neglected in favor of the nightlife scene.^[29] Thus Hendrix was mostly cared for by family members and others during this period.

His father received an honorable discharge from the U.S. Army on September 1, 1945, and retrieved his son from a woman who was caring for him in Berkeley. Al legally changed his son's name to James Marshall Hendrix in memory of his late brother, Leon Marshall Hendrix.^[30]^[31] He was known as "Buster" to friends and family, from birth.^[32] After his return, Al reunited with Lucille. He found it difficult to gain steady employment after the Second World War, and the family was impoverished. Like Lucille, Al also struggled with alcohol and the couple had frequent fights. At one point a pimp named John Page who had a history with Lucille even tried to commandeer her out of a movie theater while she was with Al. Al objected and a fight ensued, spilling out into the street. Al had been an amateur boxer and stunned the pimp with a first punch, eventually winning the brawl and they never saw the pimp again.^[33]

During the early years of Hendrix's life, the turmoil caused by his parent's fighting would sometimes cause him to withdraw and hide in a closet in their home.^[33] They moved often, staying in cheap hotels and apartments around Seattle. Throughout his childhood Hendrix would periodically be dropped off to be cared for by relatives. This all left an imprint on him as a small child which would remain with him the rest of his life.^[34] In addition to the instability of his home life, Hendrix in later years confided to two different girlfriends that he had been the victim of sexual abuse, although he never elaborated. In one instance while he was living in Harlem, Hendrix broke down crying as his girlfriend related the sexual abuse she had suffered as a child, telling her that the same thing had happened to him.^[35]

Hendrix had two brothers, Leon and Joseph, and two sisters, Kathy and Pamela. Joseph was born with physical difficulties and was placed in foster care at age three. His two sisters were also both placed in foster care at a young age. Kathy was born blind and Pamela suffered lesser physical difficulties.

On December 17, 1951, when Hendrix was nine years old, his parents divorced. His mother developed cirrhosis of the liver and died on February 2, 1958, when the state of her liver caused her spleen to rupture.^[36] On occasion, he was placed in the care of his paternal grandmother in Vancouver, British Columbia because of the unstable household, and his brother Leon was placed in foster care temporarily.^[37] Hendrix was a shy and sensitive boy, deeply affected by the poverty and family disruption he experienced at a young age. Unusual for his era, Hendrix's high school had a relatively even ethnic mix of African, European, and Asian Americans.^[38]

First guitar [link]

At age 15, around the time his mother died, he acquired his first acoustic guitar for US$5 from an acquaintance of his father. This guitar replaced both the broomstick he had been strumming in imitation, and a ukulele which his father had found while cleaning a garage.^[39]^[40]^[41] Hendrix learned to play by practicing for several hours a day, watching others play, getting tips from more experienced players, and listening to records. In mid-1959, his father bought Hendrix a white Supro Ozark, his first electric guitar, but there was no available amplifier. According to fellow Seattle bandmates, he learned most of his acrobatic stage moves, a major part of the blues/R&B tradition, including playing with his teeth and behind his back, from a fellow young musician, Raleigh "Butch" Snipes, guitarist with local band The Sharps. Hendrix himself performed Chuck Berry's trademark "duck walk" on occasion.^[42] Hendrix played in a couple of local bands, occasionally playing outlying gigs in Washington State and at least once over the border in Vancouver, British Columbia.^[43]

Hendrix was particularly fond of Elvis Presley, whom he saw perform in Seattle in 1957.^[44] Leon Hendrix claimed in an early interview that Little Richard appeared in his Central District neighborhood and shook hands with his brother, Jimi. This is unattested elsewhere and vehemently denied by his father.^[30] He also claimed that Richard was visiting his mother there at the time, when Richard's mother actually lived in Los Angeles. Hendrix's early exposure to blues music came from listening to records by Muddy Waters and B.B. King which his father owned.^[45] Another early impression came from the 1954 western Johnny Guitar, in which the hero carries no gun but instead wears a guitar slung behind his back.

Hendrix's first gig was with an unnamed band in the basement of a synagogue, Seattle's Temple De Hirsch. After too much wild playing and showing off, he was fired between sets. The first formal band he played in was The Velvetones, who performed regularly at the Yesler Terrace Neighborhood House without pay. He later joined the Rocking Kings, who played professionally at such venues as the Birdland. When his guitar was stolen (after he left it backstage overnight), Al bought him a white Silvertone Danelectro. He painted it red and had "Betty Jean" emblazoned on it—the name of his high school girlfriend.

Hendrix completed junior high at Washington Junior High School with little trouble but did not graduate from Garfield High School. Later he was awarded an honorary diploma, and in the 1990s a bust of him was placed in the school library. After he became famous in the late 1960s, Hendrix told reporters that he had been expelled from Garfield by racist faculty for holding hands with a white girlfriend in study hall. Principal Frank Hanawalt says that it was due to poor grades and attendance problems.^[46]

In the Army [link]

Hendrix got into trouble with the law twice for riding in stolen cars. He was given a choice between spending two years in prison or joining the Army. Hendrix chose the latter and enlisted on May 31, 1961. After completing basic training at Fort Ord near Monterey in California, he was assigned to the 101st Airborne Division and stationed in Fort Campbell, Kentucky. His commanding officers and fellow soldiers considered him to be a subpar soldier: he slept while on duty, had little regard for regulations, required constant supervision, and showed no skill as a marksman. For these reasons, his commanding officers submitted a request that Hendrix be discharged from the military after he had served only one year. Hendrix did not object when the opportunity to leave arose.^[47] He would later tell reporters that he received a medical discharge after breaking his ankle during his 26th parachute jump. The rock music journalist Charles Cross contended in his biography of Hendrix, Room Full of Mirrors (2005) that Hendrix feigned being homosexual—claiming to have fallen in love with a fellow soldier—in order to be discharged, but did not produce credible evidence to support this contention.

At the base recreation center, Hendrix met fellow soldier and bass player Billy Cox, and the two forged a loyal friendship that Hendrix would call upon from April 1969 until Billy's breakdown shortly before Hendrix's death. The two would often perform with other musicians at venues both on and off the base as a loosely organized band named the Casuals. As a celebrity in the UK, Hendrix mentioned his military service in three published interviews; one in 1967 for the film See My Music Talking (much later released under the title Experience), which was intended for TV to promote his recently released Axis: Bold as Love LP, in which he spoke very briefly of his first parachuting experience: "...once you get out there everything is so quiet, all you hear is the breezes-s-s-s..." This comment has later been used to claim that he was saying that this was one of the sources of his "spacy" guitar sound. The second and third mentions of his military experience were in interviews for Melody Maker in 1967 and 1969, where he spoke of his dislike of the army.^[48] In interviews in the US, Hendrix almost never mentioned it, and when Dick Cavett brought it up in his TV interview, Hendrix's only response was to verify that he had been based at Fort Campbell.^[49]

Career [link]

Early career [link]

After his Army discharge, Hendrix and Army friend Billy Cox moved to nearby Clarksville, Tennessee and undertook in earnest to earn a living with their existing band. Hendrix had already seen Butch Snipes play with his teeth in Seattle and now Alphonso 'Baby Boo' Young the other guitarist in the band, was featuring this gimmick.^[50] Not to be upstaged, it was then that Hendrix learned to play with his teeth properly, according to Hendrix himself: "... the idea of doing that came to me in a town in Tennessee. Down there you have to play with your teeth or else you get shot. There's a trail of broken teeth all over the stage..."^[51] They played mainly in low-paying gigs at obscure venues. The band eventually moved to Nashville's Jefferson Street, the traditional heart of Nashville's black community and home to a lively rhythm and blues scene.^[52] After they moved to Nashville, upon learning there was already an established band by the name "The Casuals", they amended their name to the "King Kasuals".^[53] While in Nashville, according to Cox and Larry Lee—who replaced Alphonso Young on guitar—they were basically the house band at Club del Morocco.^[54] Hendrix and Cox shared a flat above Joyce's House of Glamor.^[55] Hendrix's girlfriend at this time was Joyce Lucas. Bill 'Hoss' Allen's memory of Hendrix's supposed participation in a session with Billy Cox in November 1962, in which he cut Hendrix's contribution due to his over-the-top playing, has now been called into question; a suggestion has been made that he may have confused this with a later 1965 session by Frank Howard and the Commanders in which Hendrix participated.^[56]

In December 1962, Hendrix visited his relatives in Vancouver, Canada, where as a child he had sometimes lived with his grandmother. It has been claimed that while there, he performed with future members of the Motown band Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers, including Tommy Chong (of later Cheech & Chong fame).^[57] Chong, however, disputes this ever happened and that any such appearance is a product of Taylor's "imagination".^[58] In early 1963, Hendrix returned to the South. For the next two years, Hendrix made a living performing on a circuit of venues throughout the South catering to black audiences. These were venues affiliated with the Theater Owners' Booking Association (TOBA), sarcastically known as "Tough on Black Asses" because the audiences were very demanding. The TOBA circuit was also widely known as the Chitlin' Circuit. In addition to performing in his own band, Hendrix performed with Bob Fisher and the Bonnevilles,^[59] and in backing bands for various soul, R&B, and blues musicians, including Chuck Jackson, Slim Harpo, Tommy Tucker, Sam Cooke, and Jackie Wilson. The Chitlin' Circuit was where Hendrix refined his style.

Feeling he had artistically outgrown the circuit and frustrated at following the rules of bandleaders, Hendrix decided to try his luck in New York City and in January 1964 moved into the Hotel Theresa in Harlem,^[60] where he soon befriended Lithofayne Pridgeon (known as "Faye",^[61] who became his girlfriend) and the Allen twins, Arthur and Albert (now known as Taharqa and Tunde-Ra Aleem). The Allen twins became friends and kept Hendrix out of trouble in New York. The twins also performed as backup singers (under the name Ghetto Fighters) on some of his recordings, most notably the song "Freedom". Pridgeon, a Harlem native with connections throughout the area's music scene, provided Hendrix with shelter, support, and encouragement. In February 1964, Hendrix won first prize in the Apollo Theater amateur contest. Hoping to land a gig, Hendrix made the club circuit and sat in with various bands. Eventually, Hendrix was offered the guitarist position with The Isley Brothers' back-up band and he readily accepted.

First recordings [link]

Hendrix' first studio recording occurred in March 1964, when the Isley Brothers, with Hendrix as a member of the band, recorded the two-part single "Testify". Hendrix then went on tour with the Isley Brothers. "Testify" was released in June 1964, but did not make an impact on the charts. After touring as a member of the Isley Brothers until mid-late 1964,^[62]^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67] Hendrix grew dissatisfied and left the band in Nashville. There, he found work with the tour's MC "Gorgeous" George Odell.

On March 1, 1964, Hendrix (then calling himself Maurice James) began recording and performing with Little Richard.^[16] Hendrix would later (1966) say, "I want to do with my guitar what Little Richard does with his voice".^[68] During a stop in Los Angeles while touring with Little Richard in 1965, Hendrix played a session for Rosa Lee Brooks on her single "My Diary". This was his first recorded involvement with Arthur Lee of the band Love.^[69]^[70] While in L.A., he also played on the session for Little Richard's final single for Vee-Jay, "I Don't Know What You've Got, But It's Got Me".^[71] He later made his first recorded TV appearance on Nashville's Channel 5 Night Train with "The Royal Company" backing up "Buddy and Stacy" on "Shotgun".^[72] Hendrix clashed with Richard, over tardiness, wardrobe, and, above all, Hendrix's stage antics.^[71] On tour they shared billing a couple of times with Ike & Tina Turner. It has been suggested that Hendrix left Richard and played with the Turners briefly before returning to Richard, but there is no firm evidence to support this. Hendrix mentioned playing with them, and Ike Turner shortly before his death claimed that he did, but this is emphatically denied by Tina. Months later, he was either fired or he left after missing the tour bus in Washington, D.C.^[73] He then rejoined the Isley Brothers in the summer of 1965 and recorded a second single with them, "Move Over and Let Me Dance" backed with "Have You Ever Been Disappointed" (1965 Atlantic 45-2303).

Later in 1965, Hendrix joined a New York–based R&B band, Curtis Knight and the Squires, after meeting Knight in the lobby of the Hotel America, off Times Square, where both men were living at the time.^[74] He performed on and off with them for eight months.^[75] In October 1965, Hendrix recorded a single with Curtis Knight, "How Would You Feel" backed with "Welcome Home" (1966 RSVP 1120) and on October 15 he signed a three-year recording contract with entrepreneur Ed Chalpin, receiving 1% royalty. While the relationship with Chalpin was short-lived, his contract remained in force, which caused considerable problems for Hendrix later on in his career. The legal dispute has continued to the present day.^[76] (Several songs (and demos) from the 1965–1966 Curtis Knight recording sessions, deemed not worth releasing at the time, were marketed as "Jimi Hendrix" recordings after he became famous.)^[77] Aside from Curtis Knight and the Squires, Hendrix then toured for two months with Joey Dee and the Starliters.

In between performing with Curtis Knight in 1966, Hendrix toured and recorded with King Curtis. Hendrix recorded the two-part single "Help Me (Get the Feeling)" with Ray Sharpe and the King Curtis Orchestra (1966 Atco 45-6402) (the backing track was subsequently overdubbed by other vocalists with different lyrics and released as new songs).^[78] Later in 1966, Hendrix also recorded with Lonnie Youngblood, a saxophone player who occasionally performed with Curtis Knight. The sessions produced two singles for Youngblood: "Go Go Shoes"/"Go Go Place" (Fairmount F-1002) and "Soul Food (That's What I Like)"/"Goodbye Bessie Mae" (Fairmount F-1022). Additionally, singles for other artists came out of the sessions: The Icemen's "(My Girl) She's a Fox"/ "(I Wonder) What It Takes" (1966 SAMAR S-111) and Jimmy Norman's "You're Only Hurting Yourself"/"That Little Old Groove Maker" (1966 SAMAR S-112). As with the King Curtis recordings, backing tracks and alternate takes for the Youngblood sessions would be overdubbed and otherwise manipulated to create many "new" tracks.^[79] (Many Youngblood tracks without any Hendrix involvement would later be marketed as "Jimi Hendrix" recordings).^[80] Also around this time in 1966, Hendrix got his first composer credits for two instrumentals "Hornets Nest" and "Knock Yourself Out", released as a Curtis Knight and the Squires single (1966 RSVP 1124).^[81]

Hendrix, now going by the name Jimmy James, formed his own band, The Blue Flame, composed of Randy Palmer (bass), Danny Casey (drums), and a 15-year-old guitarist who played slide and rhythm named Randy Wolfe in June 1966.^[82]

Since there were two musicians named "Randy" in the group, Hendrix dubbed Wolfe "Randy California" (as he had recently moved from there to New York City) and Palmer (a Tejano) "Randy Texas". Randy California would later co-found the band Spirit with his stepfather, drummer Ed Cassidy. It was around this time that Hendrix's only daughter Tamika was conceived with Diana Carpenter (also known as Regina Jackson), a teenage runaway and prostitute that he briefly stayed with. Her claim has not been recognized by the US courts where, after death, she may not have a claim on his estate even if she could legally prove he was her father, unless recognized previously as such by him or the courts.^[83]

Hendrix and his new band played at several places in New York, but their primary venue was a residency at the Cafe Wha? on MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. The street runs along "Washington (Square) Park" which appeared in at least two of Hendrix's songs. Their last concerts were at the Cafe au Go Go, as John Hammond Jr.'s backing group, billed as "The Blue Flame". Singer-guitarist Ellen McIlwaine and guitarist Jeff Baxter also claim to have briefly worked with Hendrix in this period.^[84]

The Jimi Hendrix Experience [link]

Main article: The Jimi Hendrix Experience

Early in 1966 at the Cheetah Club on Broadway at 53rd Street, Linda Keith, the girlfriend of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards, befriended Hendrix and recommended him to Stones' manager Andrew Loog Oldham and later, producer Seymour Stein. Neither man took a liking to Hendrix's music, and they both passed. She then referred Hendrix to Chas Chandler, who was ending his tenure as bassist in The Animals and looking for talent to manage and produce. Chandler liked the song "Hey Joe" and was convinced he could create a hit single with the right artist.

The Jimi Hendrix Experience performing on Dutch television in 1967

Impressed with Hendrix's version, Chandler brought him to London in September 1966 and signed him to a management and production contract with himself and ex-Animals manager Michael Jeffery. It was Chandler who came up with the spelling change of "Jimmy" to "Jimi".^[85] Chandler then helped Hendrix form a new band, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, with guitarist-turned-bassist Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell, both English musicians.^[86] Shortly before the Experience was formed, Chandler introduced Hendrix to Brian Auger, Eric Burdon, Pete Townshend and to Eric Clapton, who had only recently helped put together Cream. At Chandler's request, Cream let Hendrix join them on stage for a jam. Hendrix performed two songs, one of which was the song "Killing Floor". Hendrix and Clapton remained friends up until Hendrix's death. The first night Hendrix arrived in London, he began a relationship with Kathy Etchingham that lasted until February 1969. She later wrote an autobiographical book about their relationship and the sixties London scene in general.^[87]

Hendrix sometimes had a camp sense of humour, specifically with the song "Purple Haze". A mondegreen had appeared, in which the line "'Scuse me while I kiss the sky" was misheard as "'Scuse me while I kiss this guy". In a few performances, Hendrix humorously used this, deliberately singing "kiss this guy" while pointing to Mitch or Noel, as he did at Monterey.^[88] In the Woodstock DVD he deliberately points to the sky at this point,^[89] to make it clear. A volume of misheard lyrics has been published, using this mondegreen itself as the title, with Hendrix on the cover.

UK success [link]

After his enthusiastically received performance at France's No. 1 venue, the Olympia theatre in Paris on the Johnny Hallyday tour, an on-stage jam with Cream, a showcase gig at the newly opened, pop-celebrity oriented nightclub Bag O'Nails and the all important appearances on the top UK TV pop shows Ready Steady Go! and the BBC's Top of the Pops, word of Hendrix spread throughout the London music community in late 1966. His showmanship and virtuosity made instant fans of reigning guitar heroes Eric Clapton and Jeff Beck, as well as Brian Jones and members of The Beatles and The Who, whose managers signed Hendrix to their new record label, Track Records.

Hendrix's first single was a cover of "Hey Joe", using Tim Rose's slower arrangement of the song including his addition of a female backing chorus. Backing this first 1966 "Experience" single was Hendrix's first songwriting effort, "Stone Free". Further success came in early 1967 with "Purple Haze" which featured the "Hendrix chord" and "The Wind Cries Mary". The three singles were all UK Top 10 hits and were also popular internationally including Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan (though failed to sell when released later in the US).

Onstage, Hendrix was also making an impression with sped up renderings of the B.B. King hit "Rock Me Baby" and Howlin' Wolf's hit "Killing Floor".

[edit] Are You Experienced

Main article: Are You Experienced

The first Jimi Hendrix Experience album, Are You Experienced, was released in the United Kingdom on May 12, 1967, and shortly thereafter internationally, outside of the United States and Canada. It contained none of the previously released (outside the United States and Canada) singles or their B sides ("Hey Joe"/"Stone Free", "Purple Haze"/"51st Anniversary" and "The Wind Cries Mary"/"Highway Chile"). Only The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band prevented Are You Experienced from reaching No. 1 on the UK charts.

At this time, the Experience extensively toured the United Kingdom and parts of Europe. This allowed Hendrix to develop his stage presence, which reached a high point on March 31, 1967, when, booked to appear as one of the opening acts on the Walker Brothers farewell tour, he set his guitar on fire at the end of his first performance, as a publicity stunt. This guitar has now been identified as the "Zappa guitar" (previously thought to have been from Miami), which has been partly refurbished.^{[clarification needed]} Later, as part of this press promotion campaign, there were articles about Rank Theatre management warning him to "tone down" his "suggestive" stage act, with Chandler stating that the group would not compromise regardless.^[90] On June 4, 1967, the Experience played their last show in England, at London's Saville Theatre, before heading off to America. The Beatles' Sgt. Pepper album had just been released on June 1 and two Beatles (Paul McCartney and George Harrison) were in attendance, along with a roll call of other UK rock stardom, including: Brian Epstein, Eric Clapton, Spencer Davis, Jack Bruce, and pop singer Lulu. Hendrix opened the show with his own rendering of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", rehearsed only minutes before taking the stage, much to McCartney's astonishment and delight.^[91]

Hendrix on stage in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1967

While on tour in Sweden in 1967, Hendrix jammed with the duo Hansson & Karlsson, and later opened several concerts with their song "Tax Free", also recording a cover of it during the Electric Ladyland sessions.^[92] He played there frequently throughout his career, and his only son James Daniel Sundquist was born there in 1969 to a Swede, Eva Sundquist, recognized as such by the Swedish courts and paid a settlement by Experience Hendrix LLC.^[93] He wrote a poem to a woman there (probably Sundquist). Sundquist had sent Hendrix roses on each of his opening nights in Stockholm, and began – according to the Swedish courts – a sexual relationship from then until conceiving Daniel with him, after his third visit in January 1969. Hendrix also dedicated songs to the Swedish-based Vietnam deserters organization in 1969.^[94]

Months later, Reprise Records released the US and Canadian version of Are You Experienced with a new cover by Karl Ferris, removing "Red House", "Remember" and "Can You See Me" to make room for the first three single A-sides. Where the (Rest of the World) album kicked off with "Foxy Lady", the US and Canadian one started with "Purple Haze". Both versions offered a startling introduction to the Jimi Hendrix Experience, and the album was a blueprint for what had become possible on an electric guitar, basically recorded on four tracks, mixed into mono and only modified at this point by a "fuzz" pedal, reverb and a small bit of the experimental "Octavia" pedal on "Purple Haze", produced by Roger Mayer in consultation with Hendrix. A remix using the mostly mono backing tracks with the guitar and vocal overdubs separated and occasionally panned to create a stereo mix was also released, only in the US and Canada.

US success [link]

Although very popular in Europe at this time, The Jimi Hendrix Experience had yet to crack the United States.c Their first single there, "Hey Joe" c/w "51st Anniversary" (Reprise 0572, released May 1, 1967), failed to reach the Billboard chart.

Their chance came when Paul McCartney recommended the group to the organizers of the Monterey International Pop Festival. This proved to be a great opportunity for Hendrix, not only because of the large audience present at the event, but also because of the many journalists covering the event who wrote about him. The performances were filmed by D. A. Pennebaker and later shown in some movie theaters around the country in early 1969 as the concert documentary Monterey Pop, which immortalized Hendrix's iconic burning and smashing of his guitar at the finale of his performance.

The opening song was Hendrix's very fast arrangement of Howlin' Wolf's 1965 R&B hit "Killing Floor". He played this frequently from late 1965 through 1968, usually as the opener to his shows. The Monterey performance included an equally lively rendering of B.B. King's 1964 R&B hit "Rock Me Baby", Tim Rose's arrangement of "Hey Joe" and Bob Dylan's 1965 pop hit "Like a Rolling Stone". The set ended with The Troggs' "Wild Thing" and Hendrix repeating the act that had boosted his profile in the UK (and internationally) with him burning his guitar on stage,^[95] then smashing it to bits and tossing pieces out to the audience. This show finally brought Hendrix to the notice of the US public. A large chunk of this guitar was on display at the Experience Music Project in Seattle, along with the other psychedelically painted Stratocaster that Hendrix smashed (but did not burn) at his farewell concert in England before he left for the US and Monterey.

At the time Hendrix was playing sets in the Scene club in NYC in July 1967, he met Frank Zappa, whose Mothers of Invention were playing the adjacent Garrick Theater, and he was reportedly fascinated by Zappa's recently purchased wah-wah pedal.^[96] Hendrix immediately bought one from Manny's and starting using it right away on the sessions for both sides of his new single, and slightly later, on several jams recorded at Ed Chalpin's studio.^[97]

Following the festival, the Experience played a series of concerts at Bill Graham's Fillmore replacing the original headliners Jefferson Airplane at the top of the bill. It was at this time that Hendrix became acquainted with future musical collaborator Stephen Stills, and reacquainted himself with Buddy Miles who introduced Hendrix to his future partner, Devon Wilson. She had a turbulent on/off relationship with him, right up to the night of his death, and was the only one of his partners to record with him. She died only six months after Hendrix under mysterious circumstances, apparently falling from an upper window in the Chelsea Hotel.

Following this very successful West Coast introduction, which also included two open air concerts (one of them a free concert in the "panhandle" of Golden Gate Park) and a concert at the Whisky a Go Go, they were booked as one of the opening acts for pop group The Monkees on their first American tour. The Monkees asked for Hendrix because they were fans,^[98] but their (mostly early teens) audience sometimes did not warm to their act, and he quit the tour after a few dates. Chas Chandler later admitted that being thrown off the Monkees tour was engineered to gain maximum media impact and publicity for Hendrix,^[99] similar to that gained from the manufactured Rank Theatre's indecency dispute on the earlier UK Walker Brothers tour. At the time, a story circulated claiming that Hendrix was removed from the tour because of complaints made by the Daughters of the American Revolution that his stage conduct was "lewd and indecent". This report was concocted by a journalist accompanying the tour, the Australian Lillian Roxon.

Meanwhile in Western Europe, where Hendrix was appreciated for his authentic blues as well as his hit singles and recognized for his avant-garde musical ideas, his wild-man image and musical gimmickry (such as playing the guitar with his teeth and behind his back) had faded; but they later plagued him in the US following Monterey. He became frustrated by the US media and audience when they concentrated on his stage tricks and best known songs.

[edit] Axis: Bold as Love

Main article: Axis: Bold as Love

The Jimi Hendrix Experience's second 1967 album, Axis: Bold as Love was his first recording made for stereo release and used panning and other stereo effects. It continued the style established by Are You Experienced. The opening track, "EXP", featured a stereo effect in which a sound emanating from Hendrix's guitar appeared to revolve around the listener, fading out into the distance from the right channel, then returning in on the left. This album marked the first time Hendrix recorded the whole album with his guitar tuned down one half-step, to E♭, which he used exclusively thereafter and was his first to feature the wah-wah pedal. A mishap almost delayed the album's pre-Christmas release: Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the LP, leaving it in the back seat of a London taxi. With the release deadline looming, Hendrix, Chas Chandler and engineer Eddie Kramer had to remix most of side one in an overnight session, but they could not match the lost mix of "If 6 Was 9". They soon learned that bassist Noel Redding had a tape recording of this mix. The tape had to be smoothed out as it had gotten wrinkled.^[100] Hendrix was disappointed that the album had to be finished so quickly and felt it could have been better, given more time. He was also somewhat disappointed in the album cover art work, which depicts Hendrix and his Experience bandmates as the various forms of Vishnu, incorporating a painting of them by Roger Law (from a photo-portrait by Karl Ferris). Hendrix remarked that it would have been more appropriate if the cover had highlighted his American Indian heritage.^[101]

The album was released in the UK near the end of their first headlining tour there, after which the pace slowed briefly during the Christmas holidays. In January 1968 the group went to Sweden for a short tour, and after the first show Hendrix, reportedly after drinking and according to Hendrix his drink being spiked, went berserk and smashed up his hotel room in a rage, injuring his hand and culminating in his arrest. Then on the 6th in Denmark his famous hat was stolen.^[102] The rest of the tour was uneventful, though Hendrix had to spend some time in Sweden waiting for his trial and eventual large fine.^[103]

[edit] Electric Ladyland

Main article: Electric Ladyland

Hendrix's third recording, the double album Electric Ladyland (1968), was a departure from previous efforts. Following his third and penultimate French concert at the Paris Olympia, Hendrix flew to the US to start his first tour there, and after two months returned to his Electric Ladyland project at the newly opened Record Plant Studios with engineers Eddie Kramer and Gary Kellgren and initially Chas Chandler as producer.

As the album's recording progressed, Chas Chandler became so frustrated with Hendrix's perfectionism and with various friends and guests milling about the studio that he decided to sever his professional relationship with Hendrix. Chandler's departure had a clear impact on the artistic direction that the recording took.

Hendrix began experimenting with different combinations of musicians and instruments, and modern electronic effects. For example, Dave Mason, Chris Wood, and Steve Winwood from the band Traffic, drummer Buddy Miles and former Bob Dylan organist Al Kooper, among others, were involved in the recording sessions. He described how Hendrix went from a disciplined recording regimen to an erratic schedule, which often saw him beginning recording sessions in the middle of the night and with any number of guests.

Chandler also expressed exasperation at the number of times Hendrix would insist on rerecording particular tracks; the song "Gypsy Eyes" was reportedly recorded 43 times. This was also frustrating for bassist Noel Redding, who would often leave the studio to calm himself, only to return and find that Hendrix had recorded the bass parts himself during Redding's absence.

Electric Ladyland includes "Voodoo Chile (Slight Return)" as well as Hendrix's rendering of Bob Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower".^[86]

Throughout the four years of his fame, Hendrix often appeared at impromptu jams with various musicians, such as B.B. King.^[104] In March 1968, Jim Morrison of The Doors joined Hendrix onstage at New York's Scene Club. Albums of this Electric Ladyland-era bootleg recording were released under various titles, some falsely claiming the presence of Johnny Winter, who has denied, several times, being a participant at that jam session, and to ever having met Morrison.^[105]

Breakup of Jimi Hendrix Experience [link]

After a year based in the US, Hendrix temporarily moved back to London and into his girlfriend Kathy Etchingham's rented Brook Street flat, next door to the Handel House Museum, in the West End of London. During this time The Jimi Hendrix Experience toured Scandinavia, Germany, and included a final French concert. They later performed two sold-out concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall on February 18 and 24, 1969, which were the last European appearances of this line-up of the Jimi Hendrix Experience. A Gold and Goldstein-produced film titled Experience was also recorded at these two shows, which, according to Experience Hendrix LLC, "Elements of these recordings are sure to be utilized when the official release of this material is finally made".^[106]

Noel Redding felt increasingly frustrated by the fact that he was not playing his original and favored instrument, the guitar. In 1968, he decided to form his own band, Fat Mattress, which would sometimes open for the Experience (Hendrix would jokingly refer to them as "Thin Pillow").^{[citation needed]} Redding and Hendrix would begin seeing less and less of each other, which also had an effect in the studio, with Hendrix playing many of the bass parts on Electric Ladyland.

Fruitless recording sessions at Olympic in London; Olmstead and the Record Plant in New York that ended on April 9, which only produced a remake of "Stone Free" for a possible single release, were the last to feature Redding. Hendrix then flew Billy Cox to New York and started recording and rehearsing with him on April 21 as a replacement for Noel.^[107]

In a recorded interview by Nancy Carter on June 15 at his hotel in Los Angeles, Hendrix announced that he had been recording with Cox and that he would be replacing Noel as bass player in The Jimi Hendrix Experience.^[108]

The last Experience concert took place on June 29, 1969 at Barry Fey's Denver Pop Festival, a three-day event held at Denver's Mile High Stadium that was marked by police firing tear gas into the audience as they played "Voodoo Chile (Slight Return)". The band escaped from the venue in the back of a rental truck which was partly crushed by fans trying to escape the tear gas. The next day, Noel Redding announced that he had quit the Experience.^[109]

Gypsy Sun and Rainbows [link]

After the departure of Noel Redding from the group, Hendrix rented the eight-bedroom 'Ashokan House' in the hamlet of Boiceville^[110] near Woodstock in upstate New York, where he spent some time in mid-1969. Manager Michael Jeffery, who had a house in Woodstock, arranged the stay, with hopes that the respite would produce a new album. To replace Redding as bassist, Hendrix had been rehearsing and recording with Billy Cox, his old and trusted Army buddy, since at least April 21.^[111] Mitchell was unavailable to help fulfill Hendrix's commitments at this time, which include his first appearance on US TV – on the Dick Cavett show – where he was backed by the studio orchestra, and an appearance on The Tonight Show where he appeared with his new bass player Billy Cox, and session drummer Ed Shaughnessy sitting in for Mitchell.^[112]

Woodstock [link]

Main article: Woodstock

Jimi Hendrix Woodstock guitar

Hendrix was advertised to play the Woodstock Music Festival, along with many of the other biggest rock groups of the time. It was to take place on rented farmland in Upper State New York from August 15–18, 1969. Although Hendrix's music had been written for a power trio of guitar, bass, and drums, he wanted to expand his sound so he added rhythm guitarist Larry Lee (another old friend from his R&B days), and Juma Sultan and Jerry Velez to play congas. After drummer Mitch Mitchell arrived, this new lineup rehearsed for less than two weeks before the festival and according to Mitchell never really meshed. In addition, although Woodstock would become famous and mythologized through the documentary film of the same name, by the time of his performance, Hendrix had been up for three days, and his band was short on sleep as well, contributing a rawness to their filmed performance.^[113]^[114]

Before Hendrix even arrived at the festival he started to hear media reports that the crowds of kids showing up for the festival were swelling to biblical proportions, in addition to the emerging logistical problems being reported at the site. This gave Hendrix pause for concern since he did not like performing in front of very large crowds.^[115] Since he was considered an important draw for the festival, and because of his manager's negotiations, Hendrix was getting paid more than the other performers, (US$18,000, plus US$12,000 for rights to film him). As the scheduled time slot of Sunday night at midnight drew closer, Hendrix indicated that he would rather wait and close the show. A substantial rainstorm that day had delayed the schedule of performers, so when Hendrix insisted on being the closing headliner, it pushed back the time when they finally hit the stage – which ended up being 8:30 am Monday morning. The audience which had peaked at an estimated 400,000 people during the festival, was now reduced to about 30–40,000 by that point; many of whom merely waited to catch a glimpse of Hendrix before leaving during his show.^[115] This reflected the reality that by the third day attendees had been sleeping in muddy conditions with limited food.

Hendrix and his band were introduced by the festival MC, Chip Monck, as "The Jimi Hendrix Experience", but once on stage Hendrix clarified saying, "We decided to change the whole thing around and call it 'Gypsy Sun and Rainbows'. For short, it's nothin but a 'Band of Gypsys'"^[116] He then launched into a two hour set, the longest of his career. Hendrix started off with a new song, "Message to Love". (His Woodstock set consisting of new material, along with his well-known hits).

Hendrix's psychedelic rendition of the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner" occurred about 3/4 into their set (after which he morphed into "Purple Haze"). The song had actually been part of his set for a year and he had already performed it on at least three different occasions. During the number, Hendrix used feedback and sustain on his guitar to recreate the sound of wails and falling rockets. Although pundits quickly branded the song as a political manifesto against the Vietnam War, Hendrix himself never explained its meaning other than to say at a press conference three weeks later, "We're all Americans. . .it was like 'Go America!'. . .We play it the way the air is in America today. The air is slightly static, see".^[117] The song would become "part of the sixties Zeitgeist" as it was captured forever in the Woodstock film;^[118] Hendrix's image performing this number during the day wearing a blue-beaded white leather jacket with fringe and a red head scarf, has since been regarded as a defining moment of the 1960s.^[115]^[119]^[120]

Hendrix performed "Hey Joe" as the encore to finish off their set which concluded the 3½ day Woodstock Music Festival. Upon leaving the stage, Hendrix collapsed from exhaustion.^[121]

After Woodstock, this particular lineup of the band appeared on only two more occasions. The first was a street benefit in Harlem where, in a scenario similar to the festival, most of the audience had left and only a fraction remained by the time Hendrix took the stage. Within seconds of Hendrix arriving at the site two youths had stolen his guitar from the back seat of his car, although it was later recovered. The band's only other appearance was at the Salvation club in Greenwich Village, New York. After some studio recordings, Hendrix disbanded the group. Some of this band's recordings can be heard on the MCA Records box set The Jimi Hendrix Experience and on South Saturn Delta. Their final work together was a session on September 6.^[122] Hendrix's September 9 appearance on TV's The Dick Cavett Show, backed by Cox, Mitchell and Juma Sultan, was credited as the "Jimi Hendrix Experience".^[123]

Band of Gypsys [link]

In 1967, a contractual dispute arose in relation to an agreement Hendrix had entered into with producer Ed Chalpin in 1965.^[124] The resolution for the dispute included Hendrix having to record an LP of new material for Chalpin company, which would not feature the Experience band, and would not be associated with the Experience band name. In addition, Chalpin was granted 2% of profits from Hendrix's back catalog sold in US. For the agreed upon album, Hendrix chose to record Band of Gypsys, a live album.^[125]

Along with Billy Cox and drummer Buddy Miles (formerly with Wilson Pickett and The Electric Flag) with whom he had been jamming together since September, Hendrix wrote and rehearsed material which they then performed at a series of four concerts over two nights, New Year's Eve and New Year's Day at Fillmore East. The second night produced the material for the Band Of Gypsys LP, which was produced by Hendrix (under the name "Heaven Research").^{[citation needed]}

The Band of Gypsys LP was the only official completely live LP released in Hendrix's lifetime. The band also released a single "Stepping Stone" which failed to sell, and recorded several studio songs slated for Hendrix's future LP. In 1999, the tapes from the four Fillmore concerts were remastered and additional tracks and edits were released as Live at the Fillmore East. Litigation with Chalpin ended in 2007 after the "singularly uncredible witness" was fined nearly US$900,000 for failure to abide by contractual limitations and failure to pay Experience Hendrix L.L.C. its court ordered royalties.

On January 26 and 27, 1970, Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding flew into New York and signed contracts with Jeffery for the upcoming Jimi Hendrix Experience tour. The next day, a second and final Band of Gypsys appearance occurred at a twelve-act show in Madison Square Garden which was a benefit for the anti-Vietnam War Moratorium Committee, titled the "Winter Festival for Peace". Similar to Woodstock, set delays forced Hendrix to take the stage at an inopportune 3 am, only this time he was obviously in no shape to play. He played "Who Knows" before snapping a vulgar response at a woman who shouted a request for "Foxy Lady". He played a second song, "Earth Blues", he then told the audience: "That's what happens when earth fucks with space—never forget that".^[126] He then sat down on the drum riser for a minute and then walked off stage. Various unverifiable assertions have been proffered to explain this bizarre scene. Buddy Miles claimed that manager Michael Jeffery dosed Hendrix with LSD in an effort to sabotage the current band and bring about the return of the Experience lineup,^[127] but none of Hendrix's other close associates verifies his statement.

Cry of Love tour [link]

A week after the botched Band of Gypsys show, Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding gave an interview to Rolling Stone for the upcoming tour dates as a reunited Jimi Hendrix Experience. But Redding never even got to rehearse, as Hendrix just continued to work with Billy Cox. Noel was not told he was not going to be playing until the pretour rehearsals. Fans refer to this final "Jimi Hendrix Experience" lineup as the "Cry of Love" band, named after The Cry of Love Tour to distinguish it from the original. Billy Cox has countered on several occasions that this lineup considered themselves "The Jimi Hendrix Experience" before they even went on tour and that any other title is bogus. All billing, adverts, tickets etc. on the tour used "Jimi Hendrix Experience" or occasionally, as previously, just "Jimi Hendrix".

Two of Hendrix's later recordings were the lead guitar parts on "Old Times Good Times" from Stephen Stills hit eponymous album (1970), and on "The Everlasting First" from Arthur Lee's new incarnation of Love, not so successful and aptly named LP False Start both tracks were recorded with these old friends on a fleeting and unexplained visit to London in March 1970, following Kathy Etchingham's marriage.^[128]

He spent the next four months of 1970 working on his next LP tentatively titled First Rays of the New Rising Sun, recording during the week and playing live on the weekends. The Cry of Love tour, launched that April at the L.A. Forum, was partly undertaken to earn money to repay the Warner Bros. loan for completing his Electric Lady Studios. Performances on this tour featured Hendrix, Cox, and Mitchell playing new material alongside older audience favorites. The American leg of the tour included 30 performances and ended at Honolulu, Hawaii on August 1, 1970. A number of these shows were recorded and produced some of Hendrix's most memorable live performances. At one of them, the Second Atlanta International Pop Festival (1970), on July 4, Hendrix played to the largest American audience of his career.^[129]

Electric Lady Studios [link]

In 1968, Hendrix and Jeffery had invested jointly in the purchase of the Generation Club in Greenwich Village. Their initial plans to reopen the club were scrapped when the pair decided that the investment would serve them much better as a recording studio. The studio fees for the lengthy Electric Ladyland sessions were astronomical, and Hendrix was constantly in search of a recording environment that suited him. In August 1970, Electric Lady Studios was opened in New York.

Designed by architect and acoustician John Storyk, the studio was made specifically for Hendrix, with round windows and a machine capable of generating ambient lighting in a myriad of colors. It was designed to have a relaxing feel to encourage Hendrix's creativity, but at the same time provide a professional recording atmosphere. Engineer Eddie Kramer upheld this by refusing to allow any drug use during session work.

Hendrix spent only two and a half months recording in Electric Lady, most of which took place while the final phases of construction were still ongoing. Following a recording/dubbing session on August 26, an opening party was held later that day.^[130] He then boarded an Air India flight for London with Billy Cox, joining Mitch Mitchell to perform at the Isle of Wight Festival.

European tour [link]

The group then commenced the European leg of the tour. Longing for his new studio and creative outlets, the tour was a commitment that Hendrix was not eager to perform. In Aarhus, Hendrix abandoned his show after only two songs, remarking: "I've been dead a long time". In the months before Hendrix's death, a British music paper alleged that Hendrix had plans to join the band Emerson, Lake & Palmer.^[131] On September 6, 1970, his final concert performance, Hendrix was greeted with some booing and jeering by fans at the Isle of Fehmarn Festival in Germany, due to his non-appearance at the end of the previous night's bill (due to the torrential rain and risk of electrocution). Several acts played after he left the stage; later, part of the stage was burnt during the first stage appearance of Ton Steine Scherben. Billy Cox quit the tour and headed home to Memphis, Tennessee, reportedly suffering paranoia after taking LSD or being given it unknowingly, earlier in the tour.^[132] A live recording of the concert was later released as Live at the Isle of Fehmarn.

Hendrix returned to London, where he reportedly spoke to Chas Chandler, Eric Burdon, and others about leaving his manager, Michael Jeffery. Hendrix's last public performance was an informal jam at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Soho with Burdon and his latest band, War. Much of this was recorded on a Sony cassette recorder by Bill Baker, of Shepherds Bush, London, then aged 20, who was present throughout the entire performance. Two Hendrix tracks from this recording, "Mother Earth" and "Tobacco Road", were later included, without permission from Baker, on a bootleg LP, Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?, produced in the mid-to-late 1970s, and on an audio tape of poor quality that went into circulation some years later. It was not until 2009, however, that the entire recording entered general circulation within the collecting community. This was remastered in California in December 2010 and includes tracks from the same night's performance by Eric Burdon's War. This is the last known recording of Jimi Hendrix, who died approximately 24 hours later.^[133]

Death [link]

The two buildings which composed the Samarkand Hotel. Hendrix died in one of the two basement apartments which were accessed from one of the two exterior steps in front of the buildings

Early on September 18, 1970, Jimi Hendrix died in London. He had spent the latter part of the previous evening at a party and was picked up at close to 3:00 by girlfriend Monika Dannemann and driven to her flat at the Samarkand Hotel, 22 Lansdowne Crescent, Notting Hill. From autopsy data and statements by friends about the evening of September 17, it has been estimated that he died sometime after 3:00, possibly before 4:00, but also possibly later, though no estimate was made at the autopsy, or inquest.^[134]

Dannemann claimed in her original testimony that after they returned to her lodgings the evening before, Hendrix, unknown to her, had taken nine of her prescribed Vesparax sleeping pills. The normal medical dose was a half to one tablet as stated in the literature, but Hendrix was unfamiliar with this very strong Belgian brand. According to surgeon John Bannister, the doctor who initially attended to him, Hendrix had asphyxiated in his own vomit, mainly red wine which had filled his airways.^[135] Bannister's statement was made in January 1992 to Harry Shapiro, co-author of Electric Gypsy, a book which also featured accusations of malpractice by Monika Dannemann in regards to Bannister's not performing a tracheotomy on Hendrix. He appears to have been using the amount of wine in his system as a reason for not performing a tracheotomy. He was reprimanded for two counts of medical malpractice, and struck off the medical register on April 28, 1992 for fraud.^[136] No one else at the time, the other two doctors, the ambulance men, or the police mentioned wine. The only mention of wine was by Monika much earlier, in Electric Gypsy (which Bannister had read), and that Hendrix had drunk some with food earlier that evening and also by Harvey at his, again, much earlier party, which were both several hours prior to death. The autopsy found very little alcohol in his system. The autopsy never mentioned wine, only vomited matter.^[137]

Until her death, Dannemann publicly claimed that she had only discovered that her lover had been sick at 11:00 am, but he was breathing, though unconscious and unresponsive (The ambulance was called at 11:18 and arrived 11:27). And that Hendrix was alive when placed in the back of the ambulance at approximately 11:30, and that she rode with him on the way to the hospital.^[138]

The ambulance crew later denied she was even there; additionally, Dannemann's comments about the timing of some events that morning often differed in places, varying from interview to interview.^[139]

Police and ambulance statements reveal that there was no one but Hendrix in the flat when they arrived at 11:27 am, and not only was he dead when they arrived on the scene, but was fully clothed and had been dead for some time.^[140]

Later, Dannemann claimed that former road managers Gerry Stickels and Eric Barrett had been present before the ambulance was called.^{[citation needed]} and had removed some of Hendrix's possessions, including some of his most recent messages. Lyrics written by Hendrix, which were found in the apartment, led Eric Burdon to make a premature announcement on the BBC-TV program 24 Hours that he believed Hendrix had committed suicide. Burdon often claimed he had been telephoned by Dannemann after she discovered that Hendrix failed to wake up.^[141]

In 1996, Monika Dannemann committed suicide shortly after being found guilty of contempt of court for repeating a libel against Kathy Etchingham, who had been a girlfriend of Hendrix in the 1960s.^[142]

Allegations of murder [link]

A former Animals "roadie", James "Tappy" Wright, published a book in May 2009 claiming Hendrix's manager, Mike Jeffery, admitted to him that he had Hendrix killed because the rock star wanted to end his management contract.^[143] John Bannister, one of the doctors who attended to him in 1970 stated in 2009 that it "sounded plausible".^[144] Bannister was struck off the Medical register in 1992 for fraud.^[144] In 2011 Bob Levine, Wright's long term business associate and Mike Jeffery's assistant manager in N.Y., said he knows that Wright made up these stories to sell his book, that Jeffery didn't have insurance on Hendrix, but that he merely countersigned the Warner Bros. policy that Warner's had taken out as standard practice.^[145]

"There was a freak storm across Mallorca and all the phone lines were down. Somebody told Mike that Jimi had been trying to phone him. The first call that got through was to say Jimi was dead. Mike was terribly upset at the thought of Jimi not being able to get through to him." – Trixie Sullivan, secretary/assistant for Mike Jeffery^[146]

Fashion [link]

A pair of Hendrix's bell-bottoms on display at the Hard Rock Cafe, Hollywood

Hendrix was well known for his unique sense of fashion and wardrobe and his Dylan-esque (c. 1966) hairstyle. A set of hair curlers was one of the few possessions that traveled with him to England when he was first discovered in 1966. When his first advance check arrived, Hendrix immediately took to the streets of London in search of clothing at famous boutiques like I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet and Granny Takes a Trip, both of which specialized in vintage fashion. He purchased at least two army dress uniform jackets including a (possibly antique) jacket styled in imitation of a Hussar's pelisse, adorned with tasseled ropes. A group of policemen once ordered him to remove the other, a Royal Veterinary Corps dress jacket, saying it was an offense to the men who had worn it.^[147]

Many photographs of Hendrix show him wearing various scarves, rings, medallions, and brooches, and in the early days occasionally badges (pins or buttons) that professed his support for the hippie movement or his fascination with Bob Dylan. He initially wore a dark suit and plain silk shirts that progressively became "louder" and more psychedelically patterned. He later favored a bright blue velvet suit, then a bright red one, antique military dress jackets, a very broadly striped suit, psychedelically patterned silk jackets, various exotic waistcoats and brightly colored flared trousers. At Monterey, he wore a hand-painted silk jacket by Chris Jagger (Mick Jagger's brother) and a bright pink feather boa. In late 1967 he started to wear a wide-brimmed Western style hat (brand name "The Westerner").^[148] It was adorned with a narrow purple band and various brooches, as shown in the original Jimi Plays Monterey film. This hat was stolen in 1968, and replaced later with another, crowned variously with a longer purple scarf, a star-like brooch in front and a set of silver bangles, sometimes with an angled feather, though he went hatless for protracted periods after this.

From late 1968 he began tying scarves to one leg and one arm, and in mid-1969 he gave up the hat for bandanas. He started wearing increasingly fantastic custom-made stage costume with long trailing sleeves, culminating in his African-styled "Fire Angel" outfit that he wore throughout most of his final "Cry Of Love" tour, until it began to come apart during the Isle of Wight concert. He appeared in this outfit only once more (in just the jacket) at the disastrous concert in Aarhus, Denmark. His only non-work-related vacation was a two-week trip to Morocco in July 1969 with friends Colette Mimram, Stella Benabou (the then-wife of producer Alan Douglas), and Deering Howe. Upon his return Hendrix decorated his Greenwich Village apartment with Moroccan objets d'art and fabrics. Mimram and Benabou created some of Hendrix's most memorable later attire, the shortened blue kimono-style jacket that he wore in three TV appearances and the white fringed jacket, ornamented with blue glass beads, he wore at the Woodstock Festival.^[149]

Drug use and women [link]

File:Jimihendrix1969mug.jpg

His arrest photo in Canada. He was subsequently acquitted of the drug possession charges.

Hendrix is widely known for and associated with the use of psychedelic drugs, most notably lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), as were many other famous musicians and celebrities of that time. He supposedly had never taken psychedelic drugs until the night he met Linda Keith, but had smoked cannabis and drank alcohol previously. Amphetamines are also recorded as being used by Hendrix during tours. Hendrix was notorious among friends and bandmates for sometimes becoming angry and violent when he drank too much alcohol.^[150] Kathy Etchingham spoke of an incident that took place in a London pub in which an intoxicated Hendrix beat her with a public telephone handset because he thought she was calling another man on the pay phone.^[151] Carmen Borrero, another girlfriend, says she required stitches after he hit her with a bottle after drinking and becoming jealous.^[152] Alcohol was also cited as the cause of Hendrix's 1968 rampage that badly damaged a Stockholm hotel room and led to his arrest. Paul Caruso's friendship with Hendrix ended in 1970 when Hendrix, while under the influence, punched him and accused him of stealing from him.^[153]

On May 3, 1969, while checking through Canadian customs at Toronto Pearson International Airport, Hendrix was arrested when small amounts of heroin and hashish were found in his luggage. After being released on a CAN$10,000 cash bail the same day, only four hours before his show was to begin, (and being required to appear in court at a later date), the Experience were able to play their concert at Maple Leaf Gardens. In his trial defense, Hendrix claimed that the drugs were slipped into his bag by a fan without his knowledge. He was acquitted.^[154]

By all accounts he had casual sex with many women.^[155]

Gravesite [link]

The original gravestone of Jimi Hendrix, incorporated into the granite base of his memorial on which it is intended that a large brass statue will be installed.

The memorial gravesite of Jimi Hendrix in Renton, Washington

Hendrix's body was returned to Seattle and he was interred in Greenwood Memorial Park, Renton, Washington. As the popularity of Hendrix and his music grew over the decades following his death, concerns began to mount over fans damaging the adjoining graves at Greenwood, and the growing, extended Hendrix family further prompted his father to create an expanded memorial site separate from other burial sites in the park. The memorial was announced in late 1999, but Al Hendrix's deteriorating health led to delays and he died two months before its scheduled completion in 2002. Later that year, the remains of Jimi Hendrix, his father Al Hendrix, and grandmother Nora Rose Moore Hendrix were moved to the new site. The headstone contains a depiction of a Fender Stratocaster guitar, the instrument he was most famous for using —– although the guitar is shown right-side up, rather than the way Hendrix played it, upside down (left-handed).

The memorial is a granite dome supported by three pillars under which Jimi Hendrix and other family members are interred. Hendrix's autograph is inscribed at the base of each pillar, while two stepped entrances and one ramped entrance provide access to the dome's center where the original Stratocaster adorned headstone has been incorporated into a statue pedestal. A granite sundial complete with brass gnomon adjoins the dome, along with over 50 family plots that surround the central structure, half of which are currently adorned with raised granite headstones.

To date,^[when?] the memorial remains incomplete: brass accents for the dome and a large brass statue of Hendrix were announced as being under construction in Italy, but since 2002 no information as to the status of the project has been revealed to the public. A memorial statue of Jimi playing a Stratocaster stands near the corner of Broadway and Pine Streets in Seattle.

In May 2006, the city of Seattle honored Hendrix with the renaming of a park near Seattle's Colman School in the Central District.^[156]

Recordings [link]

Hendrix's recordings were originally released in North America on Reprise Records (a division of Warner Communications) from 1967 until 1993 and were released internationally (outside of US and Canada) on Polydor Records. (Because it was recorded to settle a legal dispute, the Band of Gypsys album was released on Capitol Records in US and Canada.) British releases of all his albums up to and including The Cry Of Love were first issued on the independent label Track Records, which was originally created by the managers of The Who. The label was later absorbed by Polydor.

In 1994, the Hendrix family prevailed in its long standing legal attempt to gain control of Jimi's music, and subsequently licensed the recordings to MCA Records (later Universal Music) through the family-run company Experience Hendrix. In August 2009, Experience Hendrix announced that it had entered a new licensing agreement with Sony Music Entertainment's Legacy Recordings division which would take effect in 2010.

Unfinished work and posthumous releases [link]

Reports that Hendrix's tapes for a concept album Black Gold had been stolen and lost from the London flat, are incorrect. Hendrix gave those tapes to Mitch Mitchell at the Isle of Wight Festival three weeks prior to his death.^[157] They are now in the possession of Experience Hendrix LLC.

Hendrix's unfinished album was partly released as the 1971 title The Cry of Love. The album was well received and charted in several countries. However, the album's producers, Mitchell and Kramer, would later complain that they were unable to make use of all the tracks they wanted. This was due to some tracks being used for 1971's Rainbow Bridge and 1972's War Heroes for contractual reasons.

Material from The Cry of Love was rereleased in 1997 as First Rays of the New Rising Sun, along with the rest of the tracks that Mitchell and Kramer wanted to include.

Many of Hendrix's personal items, tapes, and many pages of lyrics and poems are now in the hands of private collectors and have attracted considerable sums at the occasional auctions.^[158] These materials surfaced after two employees, under the instructions of Mike Jeffery, removed items from Hendrix's Greenwich Village apartment following his death.

In 2010, Legacy Recordings and Experience Hendrix LLC launched the 2010 Jimi Hendrix Catalog Project, starting with the release of Valleys of Neptune in March.^[159] Legacy has also released deluxe CD/DVD editions of the Hendrix albums Are You Experienced, Axis: Bold As Love, Electric Ladyland and First Rays of the New Rising Sun, as well as the 1968 compilation album Smash Hits.^[159]

Legacy [link]

Musical [link]

Jimi Hendrix statue outside Dimbola Lodge

Hendrix synthesized many styles in creating his musical voice and his guitar style was unique, later to be abundantly imitated by others. Despite his hectic touring schedule and notorious perfectionism, he was a prolific recording artist and left behind more than 300 unreleased recordings.

His career and death grouped him with Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison and Brian Jones as one of the 27 Club, a group including iconic 1960s rock stars who suffered drug-related deaths at the age of 27 within a two year period, leaving legacies in death that have eclipsed the popularity and influence they experienced during their lifetimes.

Musically, Hendrix did much to further the development of the electric guitar's repertoire, establishing it as a unique sonic source, rather than merely an amplified version of the acoustic guitar. Likewise, his feedback, wah-wah and fuzz-laden soloing moved guitar distortion well beyond mere novelty, incorporating other effects pedals and units specifically designed for him by his sound technician Roger Mayer (such as the Octavia and Uni-Vibe) with dramatic results.

Hendrix affected popular music with similar profundity; along with earlier bands such as The Who and Cream, he established a sonically heavy yet technically proficient bent to rock music as a whole, significantly furthering the development of hard rock and paving the way for heavy metal. He took blues to another level. His music has also had a great influence on funk and the development of funk rock especially through the guitarists Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic, Prince, John Frusciante former member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Jesse Johnson of The Time. His influence even extends to many hip hop artists, including Questlove, Chuck D of Public Enemy, Ice-T (who covered "Hey Joe" with his heavy metal band Body Count), El-P and Wyclef Jean. Miles Davis was also deeply impressed by Hendrix and compared his improvisational skills with those of saxophonist John Coltrane,^[160] and Davis would later want guitarists in his bands to emulate Hendrix.^[161] Hendrix was ranked number 3 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock behind Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin.

Hendrix's guitar style also had significant influence upon ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons,^[162] fellow Texas guitar legend Stevie Ray Vaughan,^[163] and later on Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammett and Pearl Jam's Mike McCready, among others. Hendrix's influence is also evident in the musical styles of many prominent bassists such as Stanley Clarke,^[164] Jaco Pastorius,^[165] Billy Sheehan,^[166] and Les Claypool.^[167]

Hendrix was ranked number 3 on VH1's list of the 100 Greatest Artists of Rock N' Roll, behind the Rolling Stones and the Beatles. He has been voted by Rolling Stone, Guitar World, and a number of other magazines and polls as the best electric guitarist of all time. Conversely and with some modesty, Hendrix when asked in a Rolling Stone interview, "How does it feel to be the greatest guitarist in the world?", Hendrix replied, "I don't know, go ask Rory Gallagher."^[168]^[169]

In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him number 6 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.

Guitar World's readers voted six of Hendrix's solos among the top "100 Greatest" of all time: "Purple Haze" (70), "The Star-Spangled Banner" (52), "Machine Gun" (32), "Little Wing" (18), "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" (11) and "All Along the Watchtower" (5).^[170]

In 1992, Hendrix was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Financial and legal [link]

When Al Hendrix died of congestive heart failure in 2002, his will stipulated that Experience Hendrix, LLC was to exist as a trust designed to distribute profits to a list of Hendrix family beneficiaries. Upon his death, it was revealed that Al had signed a revision to his will which removed Hendrix's brother Leon Hendrix as a beneficiary. A 2004 probate lawsuit merged Leon's challenge to the will with charges from other Hendrix family beneficiaries that Janie Hendrix, Al's adopted daughter, was improperly handling the company finances. The suit argued that Janie and a cousin of Jimi Hendrix (Robert Hendrix) paid themselves exorbitant salaries and covered their own mortgages and personal expenses from the company's coffers while the beneficiaries went without payment and the Hendrix gravesite in Renton went uncompleted.

Janie and Robert's defense was that the company was not profitable yet, and that their salary and benefits were justified given the work that they put into running the company. Leon charged that Janie bilked Al Hendrix, then old and frail, into signing the revised will, and sought to have the previous will reinstated.^[171] The defense argued that Al willingly removed Leon from his will because of Leon's problems with alcohol and gambling. In early 2005, presiding judge Jeffrey Ramsdell handed down a ruling that left the final will intact, but replaced Janie and Robert's role at the financial helm of Experience Hendrix with an independent trustee.

On October 5, 2011 the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in a case Golan v. Holder concerning the 1994 U.S. federal law that protected foreign copyrights. At stake in the outcome of this case is whether previously unprotected foreign works could be suddenly copyrighted and withdrawn from public domain. In a hypothetical argument Justice John Roberts asked "what about Jimi Hendrix?" and if Hendrix's rendition of the "Star Spangled Banner" at Woodstock violated copyright protection or was protected under public domain. Solicitor General Donald Verrilli, who defended the 1994 law, stated "maybe Jimi Hendrix could claim fair use".^[172] The music of the "Star Spangled Banner" was composed by an English musician, John Stafford Smith in the mid 1760s. The lyrics of the "Star Spangled Banner" were written by American Francis Scott Key in 1814 and the song became America's National anthem in 1931.^[173]

The Jimi Hendrix Foundation [link]

In 1987, Leon Hendrix commissioned the James (Jimi) Marshall Hendrix Foundation. This foundation is based in Renton, Washington. Though run for some time by Jimi's brother Leon Hendrix, in August 2006 Leon asked a childhood friend of Jimi Hendrix – James (Jimmy) Williams, to take control of the Foundation.^[174]

Guitar [link]

Fender Stratocaster [link]

Hendrix owned and used a variety of guitars during his career. However, his guitar of choice (and the instrument that became most associated with him), was the Fender Stratocaster. He started playing the model in 1966 and thereafter used it prevalently in his stage performances and recordings.

Hendrix bought many Stratocasters and gave some away as gifts. The original sunburst Stratocaster that Hendrix burnt at the Astoria in 1967, and that he kept as a souvenir, was given to Frank Zappa by a Hendrix roadie at the 1968 Miami Pop Festival; Zappa assumed it was the one Hendrix had played there.^[175]

Hendrix used right-handed guitars, turned upside down and restrung for left-hand playing.^[176] This had an important effect on his guitar sound: because of the slant of the Strat's bridge pickup, his lowest string had a bright sound while his highest string had a mellow sound, the opposite of the Stratocaster's intended design.^[177] Heavy use of the tremolo bar necessitated frequent tuning; Hendrix often asked the audience for a "minute to tune up", as heard on many live bootlegs of his performances.

In addition to Stratocasters, Hendrix was also photographed playing Fender Jazzmasters, Duosonics, two different Gibson Flying Vs, a Gibson Les Paul, three Gibson SGs, a Gretsch Corvette he used at the 1967 Curtis Knight sessions and miming with a right-strung Fender Jaguar on the Top of the Pops TV show, as well as several other brands.^[178] Hendrix borrowed a Fender Telecaster from Noel Redding to record "Hey Joe" and "Purple Haze",^[179] used a white Gibson SG Custom for his performances on The Dick Cavett Show in the summer of 1969, and the Isle of Wight film shows him playing his second Gibson Flying V. While Jimi had previously owned a Flying V that he had painted with a psychedelic design, the Flying V used at the Isle of Wight was a unique custom left-handed guitar with gold plated hardware, a bound fingerboard and "split-diamond" fret markers that were not found on other 1960s-era Flying Vs.

On December 4, 2006, one of Hendrix's 1968 Fender Stratocaster guitars with a sunburst design was sold at a Christie's auction for US$168,000.^[180]

Other instruments [link]

Hendrix owned a Coral electric sitar that later wound up in the possession of Peter Frampton, who used it on tour during David Bowie's 1987 world tour.^[181]

Amplifiers and effects [link]

Hendrix was a catalyst in the development of modern guitar effects pedals. His high volume and use of feedback required robust and powerful amplifiers. For the first few rehearsals he used Vox and Fender amplifiers. Sitting in with Cream, Hendrix played through a new range of high-powered guitar amps being made by London drummer turned audio engineer Jim Marshall, and they proved perfect for his needs. Along with the Stratocaster, the Marshall stack and amplifiers were crucial in shaping his heavily overdriven sound, enabling him to master the use of feedback as a musical effect, and he created a "definitive vocabulary for rock guitar".^[182]

While his mainstays were the Arbiter Fuzz Face and a Vox wah-wah pedal,^[182] Hendrix experimented with guitar effects as well. He had a fruitful association with engineer Roger Mayer who later went on to make the Axis fuzz unit, the Octavia octave doubler and several other devices based on units Mayer had created or tweaked for Hendrix. The Japanese-made Uni-Vibe, designed to simulate the modulation effects of the rotating Leslie speaker, provided a rich phasing sound with a speed control pedal, and is heard on the Band of Gypsys track "Machine Gun", which highlights use of the Uni-Vibe, Octavia and Fuzz Face.

The Hendrix sound combined high volume and high power, feedback manipulation, and a range of cutting-edge guitar effects. He was also known for his trick playing, which included playing with only his right (fretting) hand and using his teeth or playing behind his back and between his legs. Hendrix had large hands and characteristically used his thumb to fret bass notes, leaving his fingers free to play melodic lines on top. A clear demonstration of this thumb technique can be witnessed in the Woodstock video; during the song "Red House" there are closeups of Hendrix's fretting hand.

Electric church [link]

"Electric Church" was a quasi-spiritual belief that electric music brings out emotions and creative ideas in people, and encourages spirituality. It was popularized by Jimi Hendrix.

On the Dick Cavett Show in 1969, Hendrix said that he designed his music so that it would be able to go "inside the soul of the person, and awaken some kind of thing inside, because there are so many sleeping people". Promoting his third album Electric Ladyland, Jimi Hendrix said "the influence the psychedelics have on one is truly amazing, and I only wish more people appreciated this belief and genre". When asked why he didn't name the album "Electric Church" instead of "Electric Ladyland", Hendrix said some ladies were "electric too".^[183]

Hendrix made numerous allusions to the concept in his music, most famously in the song "Red House", in which he introduces his band by saying that he is about to present them all to the "Electric Church".

Discography [link]

Main articles: Jimi Hendrix discography and Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography

The Jimi Hendrix Experience [link]

Jimi Hendrix/Band of Gypsys [link]

Band of Gypsys (1970) [recorded live]

References [link]

Notes

^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-312-13062-7.
^ Jimi Hendrix, electric gypsy. Google Books. 1995. ISBN 978-0-312-13062-6. http://books.google.com/?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&pg=PA693&lpg=PA693&dq=jimi+hendrix+%22birth+certificate%22#v=onepage&q=jimi%20hendrix%20%22birth%20certificate%22&f=false. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
^ "Hendrix Voted World's Best Guitarist". Sky News. August 7, 2002. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Sky-News-Archive/Article/200806412071472. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
^ Bossy, Michel-André; Brothers, Thomas; McEnroe. John C. (2001). Artists, Writers, and Musicians: An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-57356-154-9. http://books.google.com/?id=r0SOzr_0Ya4C&pg=PA85&dq=Jimi+Hendrix+widely+considered.
^ Burrell, Ian (August 28, 2003). "Hendrix hits top note again as best guitarist in history". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/hendrix-hits-top-note-again-as-best-guitarist-in-history-537325.html. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
^ Kincheloe, Joe L.; Horn, Raymond A. (2008). The Praeger handbook of education and psychology. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 849. ISBN 978-0-313-34057-4. http://books.google.com/?id=ZDRUDrFdSIsC&pg=PA848&dq=Jimi+Hendrix+widely+considered.
^ "Jimi Hendrix". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/261208/Jimi-Hendrix. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
^ Shore, Robert (September 4, 2008). "Music extra: jazz". Metro.co.uk. Associated Newspapers Ltd. http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/294536-music-extra-jazz. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 92. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Egan, Sean (2002). "interview with Lonnie Youngblood". The Making of Are You Experienced. A Cappella books.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 39. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Blues CD, MCA, sleeve notes by Jeff Hannusch, p. 2.
^ A Film About Jimi Hendrix deluxe ed. DVD, Warner Bros. sp. feat: From The Ukelele to the Strat, Faye Pridgeon Interview.
^ White, Charles (2003), pp. 125–132. The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography. Omnibus Press.
^ White (2003), pp. 249–51.
^ ^a ^b "Little Richard Timeline". Inductees. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://rockhall.com/inductees/little-richard/timeline/.
^ White (2003), p. 228.
^ "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone. August 27, 2003. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5937559/the_100_greatest_guitarists_of_all_time. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked him number 6 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.[4]
^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 0-312-13062-7.
^ Steven Roby (2002). Black Gold: The Lost Archives of Jimi Hendrix. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7854-X.
^ The Blood of Entertainers: The Life and Times of Jimi Hendrix's Paternal Grandparents | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
^ "Being and Belonging – Indivisble – African-Native American Lives in the Americas". National Museum of the American Indian. http://www.nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/indivisible/being.html. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995 Updated edition). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. pp. 5–6, 13.. ISBN 0-312-13062-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jimi%20hendrix&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995 Updated edition). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-312-13062-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jimi%20hendrix&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 20. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1995 Updated edition). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 13. ISBN 0-312-13062-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&lpg=PP1&dq=jimi%20hendrix&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 17. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 23. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 22–25. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ ^a ^b Hendrix, James A. (1999). My Son Jimi. AlJas Enterprises.
^ "Vital Event Index". BC Archives. http://search.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/sn-6BB6A4/query/Deaths/find-adv%2B%20place%3D(vancouver)%20AND%20surname%3D(hendrix)%20%2B%2B%2B%2B. Retrieved January 16, 2008.
^ Hendrix, James A. (1999). My Son Jimi. AlJas Enterprises. p. 50.
^ ^a ^b Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 32. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 32,179,308. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 50,127. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6. http://books.google.com/books?ei=tFq5T4LBNIGC2wXS46SpCQ&id=ZSgUAQAAIAAJ&dq=jimi+hendrix+room+full+of+mirrors&q=childhood+sexual+abuse..#search_anchor.
^ Shapiro, H. & Glebbeek , C; Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy.
^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. pp. 33–41. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Willix, Mary (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Voices from home. Creative Forces. p. 167. ISBN 0-9645064-0-8.
^ Hopkins, Jerry (1983). The Jimi Hendrix Experience. pp. 36–37.
^ J. A. Hendrix, 1999, My Son Jimi, p. 113.
^ Shapiro, Harry (1983). Jimi Hendrix. Electric Gypsy. W. Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 28–29. ISBN 0-312-13062-7.
^ Willix, Mary (1995). Jimi Hendrix. Voices From Home. Creative Forces Pub.. pp. 57, 63, 95, 137. ISBN 0-9645064-0-8.
^ Hendrix, James A.; Jas Obrecht (1999). My Son Jimi. AlJas Enterprises. p. 122. ISBN 0-9667857-1-1.
^ Deloria, Philip (2002). "Voodoo Child: Jimi Hendrix and the Politics of Race in the Sixties". In Inglis, Ian; Doyle, Michael William. Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and 1970s. New York: Routledge. p. 192. ISBN 0-415-93039-1
^ J. A. Hendrix, 1999, My Son Jimi, p. 126.
^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. pp. 73–74. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ "Jimi's Private Parts". The Smoking Gun. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/0803051jimi1.html.
^ Roby, Steven (2002). Black Gold. Billboard Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-8230-7854-X.
^ Dick Cavett (September 9, 1969). Jimi Hendrix. The Dick Cavett Show (DVD). Universal Island.
^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 97. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Melody Maker, January 3, 1969
^ "Climbing Aboard 'Night Train to Nashville'". Country Music Television. 2004. http://www.cmt.com/artists/news/1485999/03262004/hendrix_jimi.jhtml.
^ Prato, Greg. "Billy Cox. Biography". Allmusicguide.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930035419/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p67012/biography. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
^ Woodstock DVD interview with Lee & Cox.
^ "A Film About Jimi Hendrix" DVD Cox interview.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 44. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Kayce, Aaron (2007). "Tommy Chong: From Guitar to Bong". Harp. HarpMagazine.com. http://www.harpmagazine.com/articles/detail.cfm?article_id=6162. Retrieved September 24, 2007.
^ Caesar Glebeek (2005). Uni-Vibes #5. Warner Brothers. pp. 4–5.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 50. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Joe Boyd (1973). A Film About Jimi Hendrix. Warner Brothers.
^ Shapiro 1991, p. 82.
^ Brown 1992, p. 29.
^ Black 1999, p. 33.
^ Roby 2002, p. 31.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 54. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. p. 11. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
^ White (2003), p. 132.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ 45 record label composer credit, My Diary by Arthur Lee, Revis Records, 1964.
^ ^a ^b Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Jimi Hendrix the studio log (2008 ed.) by Geldeart & Rodham, Jimpress, 2007, p. 21.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 57. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Shapiro and Glebeek, 1990, Electric Gypsy, p. 95.
^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 120. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET – JIMI HENDRIX Litigation Results In Contempt Order, Judgment Payment". Roadrunnerrecords.com. http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=70391. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. p. 15. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 69. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. pp. 16–17. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham (2008). Jimi Hendrix The Studio Log. Jimpress. pp. 22–24.
^ Hendrix's band, The Blue Flame, came to be mistakenly labeled as Jimmy James and the Blue Flames after Hendrix's rise to fame. The misnomer was repeated enough times to be considered a factoid. The only surviving advert for the band, however, billed them as The Blue Flame. Hendrix himself referred to the band as The Blue Flame in his 1969 interview with Nancy Carter, as did John Hammond. Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 77. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Vic Lewin & Tony Brown. "Jimi's Kids". Members.tripod.com. http://wallyrus.tripod.com/JimisKids.html. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
^ Steve Roby (2002). Black Gold. billboard books. pp. 53–56.
^ "Jimi Hendrix Biography | The Official Jimi Hendrix Site". Jimihendrix.com. http://www.jimihendrix.com/us/jimi. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
^ ^a ^b Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 53 – String Man. : UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. Digital.library.unt.edu. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19835/m1/.
^ Kathy Etchingham and Andrew Crofts (1998). Through Gypsy Eyes. Orion.
^ American Landing DVD, Experience Hendrix, 2008.
^ Woodstock DVD, Experience Hendrix, 2005.
^ Melody Maker, (cover) 'Hendrix: 'Clean Act' Saturday April 8, 1967.
^ J McDemott with E Kramer (1992). Setting the record straight. Little Brown. p. 82.
^ "Sing Loffe Sing – The Curious Recording Career of Janne Carlsson". Vinyl Vulture. Archived from the original on December 31, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071231164328/http://www.vinylvulture.co.uk/features/loffe.php.
^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. pp. 342–343. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Astro Man box set, Alchemy Records, 2003.
^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 47 – Sergeant Pepper at the Summit: The very best of a very good year. [Part 3] : UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. Digital.library.unt.edu. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19815/m1/.
^ Watson, Ben (1996). Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play. St. Martin's Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-312-14124-6.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 177. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Potash, Chris (1996). The Jimi Hendrix Companion. Schirmer Books. p. 89.
^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie (1992). Hendrix, Setting The Record Straight. Grand Central Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 0-446-39431-9.
^ McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Sessions. Little, Brown & Co.. pp. 45–46. ISBN 0-316-55546-0.
^ Jimpress edited by Steve Rodham, No. 65 1999, cover and p. 4.
^ Caesar Glebeek, Uni-Vibes, No. 24, 1996, p. 23.
^ Shapiro & Glebeek (1990). Electric Gypsy. William Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 238–240.
^ Glebbeek, Casar (May 5, 1994). "B.B. King On Jimi". Uni-Vibes No. 14. http://www.univibes.com/BBKing_on_Jimi.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010
^ Uni-Vibes No. 4, Caesar Glebeek, 1991, p. 30.
^ "Experience Hendrix – Letters & FAQs". http://www.jimihendrix.com/us/magazine/faqs/faqs%2C0041.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010. ^{[dead link]}
^ Gary Gealdart & Steve Rodham (2008). The Studio Log. p. 74.
^ Gary Gealdart & Steve Rodham (2008). From The Benjamin Franklin Studios Part 1. p. 318.
^ Bob Wyman. "Jimi Hendrix plays The Denver Pop Festival June 29, 1969". http://www.bobwyman.com/hendrix.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Caesar Glebbeek (2004). Uni-Vibes. p. 23.
^ Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham (2008). The Studio Log (2008 ed). p. 74.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 191. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Keith Shadwick (2003). Jimi Hendrix Musician. Backbeat books, London. pp. 193–196. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. pp. 267–72. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Harry Shapiro; Caesar Glebbeek (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Electric Gypsy. Macmillan. pp. 384–85. ISBN 978-0-312-13062-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=JB1W2dn31rwC&pg=PA384. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 270. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 271. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Cross, p. 272
^ Daley, Mark (2006). "Land of the Free. Jimi Hendrix: Woodstock Festival, August 18, 1969". In Inglis, Ian. Performance And Popular Music: History, Place And Time. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. p. 57. ISBN 0-7546-4057-4
^ As a side note: In 2010, when a federal court of appeals decided on whether online sharing of a music recording constituted "performance", they cited Hendrix in their decision stating: "Jimmy Hendrix memorably (or not, depending on one's sensibility) offered a 'rendition' of the Star-Spangled Banner at Woodstock when he performed it aloud in 1969". United States v. ASCAP(In re Application of RealNetworks, Inc. and Yahoo! Inc.), 627 F.3d 64 (2d Cir. 2010).
^ Charles Cross (2005). Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion, New York. p. 272. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ The Studio Log, Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham.
^ DVD The Dick Cavett Show, Experience Hendrix.
^ Lawrence, Sharon (January 20, 2005). Jimi Hendrix: the man, the magic .... Google Books. ISBN 978-0-06-056299-1. http://books.google.com/?id=x6Rk7XPmUzYC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=%22ed+chalpin%22+hendrix&q=%22ed%20chalpin%22%20hendrix. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Oscar J. Jordan III. "Jimi Hendrix and The Band of Gypsys or That's What Happens When Earth Fucks With Space". Soul-Patrol.com. http://www.soul-patrol.com/funk/jh_bog.htm. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Roby, Steve (2002). Black Gold. Billboard Books. p. 159.
^ Roby, Steve (2002). Black Gold. Billboard Books. pp. 159–160.
^ Harry Shapiro & Caesar Glebbeek (1990). Electric Gypsy. p. 420.
^ Mankin, Bill (March 4, 2012). "We Can All Join In: How Rock Festivals Helped Change America". Like the Dew. http://likethedew.com/2012/03/04/we-can-all-join-in-how-rock-festivals-helped-change-america/. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
^ The Studio Log, Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham 2008 ed. p. 110.
^ "Emerson, Lake & Palmer official website". emersonlakepalmer.com. Archived from the original on December 24, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051224183052/http://www.emersonlakepalmer.com/bio.html. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 240. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
^ Interview With Bill Baker: Taper Of Ronnie Scott's Club Jam 9-17-70
^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. p. 164.
^ The Final Days, Tony Brown excerpt quoted in http://woodstockhendrix.gobot.com/about.html
^ The Supreme Court Of New South Wales Court Of Appeal (pub. = April 30,). Bannister V Walton. p. 1.
^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. pp. 158–161.
^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. p. 135.
^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 334. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ Tony Brown (pub. =). Hendrix The Final Days. pp. 136–137.
^ Cross, Charles R. (2005). Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix. Hyperion Books. p. 335. ISBN 1-4013-0028-6.
^ "A rock legend unto herself". The Independent (UK). May 1, 1996. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/a-rock-legend-unto-herself-1345098.html. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
^ James Tapper (May 31, 2009). "Jimmy Hendrix 'was murdered' by his manager, claims roadie". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1189805/Hendrix-murdered-manager-claims-roadie.html.
^ ^a ^b Hoyle, Ben (July 20, 2009). "Doctor who tried to resuscitate Jimi Hendrix says murder claim plausible". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6719597.ece. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Bosso, Joe (May 26, 2011). ""Jimi Hendrix was not murdered by his manager" says former business partner". musicradar.com (Florida). http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/jimi-hendrix-wasnt-murdered-by-his-manager-says-former-business-partner-453035. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
^ Shapiro, H. & Glebbeek, C (1995). Jimi Hendrix: Electric Gypsy. p. 468.
^ Etchingham, K. (1998). Through Gipsy Eyes. V. Gollancz. p. 71.
^ "EXHIBITIONS – Past Exhibitions". empsfm.org. http://www.empsfm.org/exhibitions/index.asp?categoryID=20&ccID=50. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ A film about Jimi Hendrix, from the ukelele to the strat.
^ Jimi Hendrix, Electric Gypsy. Hienemann. 1990.
^ Through Gypsy Eyes. Orion. 1998.
^ Uni-Vibes No. 32 |C Glebeek. 1999.
^ Experience Hendrix Vol3 No. 6. 2000.
^ "Hollywood Most Wanted". hollywoodmostwanted.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080603074126/http://www.hollywoodmostwanted.com/jimihendrix.shtml. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Dennis Hall, Susan G. Hall (2006). "American icons: an encyclopedia of the people, places, and things that have shaped our culture". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.326. ISBN 0-275-98429-X
^ "Jimi Hendrix Park". City of Seattle. http://www.seattle.gov/parks/park_detail.asp?ID=3121. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Benjamin Franklin studios, Appendix C, The Black Gold Suite.
^ Shapiro, Harry; Caesar Glebeek (1990). Electric Gypsy. Heinemann. p. 481.
^ ^a ^b Prince, David J. "Jimi Hendrix Explores New 'Valleys'". billboard.com. January 11, 2010.
^ Davis, Miles; with Quincy Troupe (1989). Miles. The Autobiography. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 282–283. ISBN 0-330-31382-7.
^ Davis, with Troupe (1989), Miles, pp. 319–320; 374.
^ "mobilemusicmachine.com". http://www.mobilemusicmachine.com/billy.jpg. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
^ Vaughn, Stevie Ray (May 1989). "Emotion, Fire, Light, and Heavy Things". Guitar Player. http://www.tangledupinblues.com/jimihendrix.html. Retrieved September 24, 2010.
^ Stanley Clarke | AllMusic
^ Jaco Pastorius | AllMusic
^ Billy Sheehan | AllMusic
^ Les Claypool | AllMusic
^ "Rory Gallagher – "Notes From San Francisco" (2CD)". Releases. Blues Magazine. http://www.bluesmagazine.nl/rory-gallagher-notes-from-san-francisco. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
^ "Second Life Belfast Rory Gallagher Tribute 14th June 2010". Anniversary Tribute. NBMC Media. http://www.nbmcmedia.com/rory.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
^ "100 Greatest Guitar Solos (11–20)". Guitar World. http://guitar.about.com/library/bl100greatest.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ The Leon Hendrix Experience. Seattle Weekly. http://www.seattleweekly.com/2009-03-04/music/the-leon-hendrix-project/. Retrieved March 4, 2009
^ Bravin, Jess (Thursday, October 6, 2011). "Copyright Law Challenged". The Wall Street Journal: p. B12.
^ "John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner". http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester/smith.htm.
^ The Jimi Hendrix Foundation mission statement. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
^ Uni-Vibes No. 27. 1997. pp. 31–39
^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix. Electric Gypsy. London: William Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-434-69523-8
^ Wilson, Tom (November 13, 2004). "Seven Fender Stratocaster Models That Pay Tribute to Jimi Hendrix". Modern Guitars Magazine. http://www.modernguitars.com/archives/000039.html#tribute. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
^ Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Caesar (1990). Jimi Hendrix. Electric Gypsy. London: William Heinemann Ltd.. pp. 629–637. ISBN 0-434-69523-8
^ "Get That Tone: Are You Experienced era Jimi Hendrix". Gibson.com. June 24, 2008. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/getthattoneareyouexp/. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
^ "Hendrix guitar goes for $168K at auction". USA Today (AP). December 4, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-12-04-rock-auction_x.htm. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
^ Scott Isler, Musician Magazine, August 1987: p.70
^ ^a ^b Trynka, Paul (1996). Rock Hardware. Hal Leonard. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-87930-428-7. http://books.google.com/?id=HDrIjd5FQ8QC&pg=RA19. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ "Jimi Hendrix interview". Rolling Stone. March 12, 1968. http://www.rollingstone.com/archives/1968/mar12/hendrix014.html. Retrieved December 24, 2008. ^{[dead link]}

Further reading

Shapiro, Harry; Glebbeek, Cesar (1991). Jimi Hendrix – Electric Gypsy. St. Martin's Press. p. 722. ISBN 0-312-05861-6.
Brown, Tony (1992). Jimi Hendrix – A Visual Documentary. Omnibus Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-7119-2761-8.
Black, Johnny (1999). Jimi Hendrix – The Ultimate Experience. Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 256. ISBN 1-56025-240-5.
Roby, Steven (2002). Black Gold – The Lost Archives of Jimi Hendrix. Billboard Books. p. 278. ISBN 0-8230-7854-X.
Shadwick, Keith (2003). Jimi Hendrix, Musician. Backbeat Books. p. 256. ISBN 0-87930-764-1.
McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie (1992). Hendrix, Setting The Record Straight. Grand Central Publishing. p. 364. ISBN 0-446-39431-9.
McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (2009). Ultimate Hendrix. Backbeat Books. p. 256. ISBN 0-87930-938-5.
McDermott, John; Kramer, Eddie; Cox, Billy (1995). Jimi Hendrix, Sessions. Little, Brown & Co.. p. 196. ISBN 0-316-87666-6.
Whitburn, Joel (1988). Top R&B Singles 1942–1988. Record Research, Inc. p. 613. ISBN 0-89820-068-7.
Charles R. Cross, Room Full Of Mirrors: A Biography Of Jimi Hendrix, 2005: ISBN 1-4013-0028-6
Gary Geldeart & Steve Rodham, "From The Benjamin Franklin Studios 3rd Edition Parts 1, 2 & 3" 2008
Curtis Knight, Jimi: An Intimate Biography of Jimi Hendrix, Praegar Publishers, New York, 1974. The book includes A Jimi Hendrix Discography, compiled by John McKellar.
John Kruth, Bright Moments: The Life & Legacy of Rahsaan Roland Kirk, 2004: ISBN 1-56649-105-3
Mark Lewisohn, The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions, Hamlyn 1988: ISBN 0-600-61207-4. See pp. 164–5 re Apple recording studio.
Ken Matesich, Jimi Hendrix: A Discography, 1982
David Stubbs, Jimi Hendrix: Voodoo Child: The Stories Behind Every Song, 2003
Brad Tolinski and Ross Halfin, Classic Hendrix: The Ultimate Hendrix Experience, Genesis Publications 2004

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jimi Hendrix

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	Book: Jimi Hendrix
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Official website
The Jimi Hendrix Foundation
Jimi Hendrix at MySpace
Jimi Hendrix Exhibition – slideshow by The First Post
"Jimi Hendrix: 'You never told me he was that good'" Ed Vulliamy, The Guardian
Jimi Hendrix collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Works by or about Jimi Hendrix in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

v t e Jimi Hendrix and The Jimi Hendrix Experience

Noel Redding Mitch Mitchell Billy Cox Larry Lee Juma Sultan Jerry Velez Buddy Miles

Studio albums	Are You Experienced Axis: Bold as Love Electric Ladyland The Cry of Love Rainbow Bridge War Heroes Loose Ends Crash Landing Midnight Lightning Nine to the Universe

Live albums	Band of Gypsys Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival Experience Isle of Wight Hendrix in the West More Experience The Jimi Hendrix Concerts Jimi Plays Monterey Johnny B. Goode Band of Gypsys 2 Live at Winterland Bleeding Heart Woodstock Live at the Fillmore East Live at Woodstock Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight Live at Berkeley Live at Monterey Winterland

Compilations	Smash Hits Soundtrack Recordings from the Film Jimi Hendrix Musique Originale du Film Jimi Plays Berkeley Re-Experienced The Essential Jimi Hendrix The Essential Jimi Hendrix Volume Two Stone Free The Singles Album Kiss the Sky Live & Unreleased: The Radio Show Cornerstones: 1967–1970 Lifelines: The Jimi Hendrix Story Sessions Footlights Stages The Ultimate Experience Blues South Saturn Delta Experience Hendrix: The Best of Jimi Hendrix BBC Sessions The Jimi Hendrix Experience Voodoo Child: The Jimi Hendrix Collection The Singles Collection Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix West Coast Seattle Boy: The Jimi Hendrix Anthology Valleys of Neptune

Official bootlegs	Live at the Oakland Coliseum Live at Clark University Morning Symphony Ideas Live in Ottawa Baggy's Rehearsal Sessions Paris 1967/San Francisco 1968 Hear My Music Live at the Isle of Fehmarn Burning Desire Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968 Live at Woburn

Singles	"Hey Joe" "Purple Haze" "The Wind Cries Mary" "Burning of the Midnight Lamp" "Foxy Lady" "Up from the Skies" "All Along the Watchtower" "Crosstown Traffic" "Stone Free" "Fire" "Stepping Stone" "Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" "No Such Animal" "Freedom" "Angel" "Gypsy Eyes" "Dolly Dagger" "Johnny B. Goode" (live) "Hear My Train a Comin'" "Day Tripper" "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" "Valleys of Neptune" "Bleeding Heart" "Love or Confusion" "Fire" "Like a Rolling Stone"

Songs	"1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)" "Are You Experienced?" "Bold as Love" "Castles Made of Sand" "Come On (Part 1)" "Ezy Ryder" "Have You Ever Been (To Electric Ladyland)" "Highway Chile" "I Don't Live Today" "If 6 Was 9" "Little Wing" "Lover Man" "Machine Gun" "Manic Depression" "My Friend" "Red House" "Spanish Castle Magic" "The Star-Spangled Banner" "The Stars That Play with Laughing Sam's Dice" "Third Stone from the Sun" "Voodoo Chile" "You Got Me Floatin'"

Related articles	Discography Posthumous discography An Illustrated Experience Black Gold The King Casuals The Blue Flame Chas Chandler The Cry of Love Tour Curtis Knight Dagger Records Electric Lady Studios The Jimi Hendrix Experience French Tour 1966 The Isley Brothers Michael Jeffery Monika Dannemann Karl Ferris Jimi Hendrix Rainbow Bridge Room Full of Mirrors: A Biography of Jimi Hendrix Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Power of Soul: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix

Book:Jimi Hendrix Category:Jimi Hendrix Portal:Rock and Roll

v t e Woodstock festival

Founders	Michael Lang John P. Roberts Joel Rosenman Artie Kornfeld

August 15, 1969	Richie Havens Sweetwater Bert Sommer Ravi Shankar Tim Hardin Melanie Safka Arlo Guthrie Joan Baez

August 16, 1969	Quill Country Joe McDonald John Sebastian Carlos Santana Keef Hartley The Incredible String Band Canned Heat Mountain Grateful Dead Creedence Clearwater Revival

August 17, 1969 August 18, 1969	Janis Joplin Sly & The Family Stone The Who Jefferson Airplane The Grease Band Joe Cocker Country Joe and the Fish Ten Years After The Band Blood, Sweat & Tears Johnny and Edgar Winter Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young Paul Butterfield Blues Band Sha Na Na Jimi Hendrix

Related	Max Yasgur List of performances and events Taking Woodstock Woodstock (film)

Authority control: LCCN: n50027216 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Hendrix, James Marshall
Alternative names	Hendrix, Jimi
Short description	American rock musician
Date of birth	(1942-11-27)November 27, 1942
Place of birth	Seattle, Washington
Date of death	September 18, 1970(1970-09-18)
Place of death	London, England

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For the biography, see Steve Jobs (book).

Steve Jobs
Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010
Born	Steven Paul Jobs (1955-02-24)February 24, 1955^[1]^[2] San Francisco, California, U.S.^[1]^[2]
Died	October 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56)^[2] Palo Alto, California, U.S.
Cause of death	Pancreatic cancer
Nationality	American
Ethnicity	Syrian, German^[3]
Alma mater	Reed College (dropped out)
Occupation	Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, Apple Inc. Co-founder and CEO, Pixar Co-founder and CEO, NeXT Inc.
Years active	1974–2011
Board member of	The Walt Disney Company^[4] Apple Inc.
Religion	Zen Buddhism
Spouse	Laurene Powell (1991–2011, his death)
Children	Lisa Brennan-Jobs Reed Erin Eve
Relatives	Mona Simpson (sister)
Signature

Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)^[5]^[6] was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution^[7]^[8] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.

In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.^[9]

After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.^[10] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006,^[11] making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.^[12]^[13]

After difficulties developing a new Mac operating system, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 in order to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X.^[14] As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under his leadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998.^[15]^[16] Over the next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.^[17] The success of these products and services, providing several years of stable financial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.^[18] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.^[19]^[20]^[21]

In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.^[22] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.

Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",^[27] a "master of innovation",^[28]^[29] and a "design perfectionist".^[30]^[31]

Early life and education [link]

Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي‎), who were both unmarried at the time.^[32] Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.^[33] The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian-American^[3] whose maiden name was Hagopian.^[34] Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."^[35] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."^[36] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962.^[36]

The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.^[1]^[2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.^[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.^[37]

Clara was an accountant^[35] who taught him to read before he went to school.^[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.^[38]

Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal his parents declined.^[39]

Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.^[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named “The Cream Soda Computer”, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested.^[40] Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.^[41]

Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son’s higher education.^[40] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.^[42] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.^[43] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."^[43]

Early career [link]

This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (March 2012)

Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, September 1976

In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.^[44] He traveled to India in mid-1974^[45] to visit Neem Karoli Baba^[46] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.^[44] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.^[44]

After staying for seven months, Jobs left India^[47] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.^[44] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing.^[48]^[49] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".^[50] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.^[51] He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.^[52] Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.^[50]

Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.^{[further explanation needed]} According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.^[53] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.^[54]

In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well, and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.^[55]

In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named “Apple Computer Company” in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a complete computer prototype.^[56] Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.^[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.^[57]^[58]

Career [link]

Apple Computer [link]

NeXT Computer [link]

Pixar and Disney [link]

In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.^[78]

The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,^[79] brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.^[80]

Steve Jobs on computer graphics

Steve Jobs on computer graphics. Interview excerpt from 1995.^[81]

In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,^[82] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.

In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.^[12] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on a special six-person steering committee.^[83] Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.^[84]

Return to Apple [link]

Logo for the Think Different campaign designed by TBWA\Chiat\Day and initiated by Jobs after his return to Apple Computer in 1997.

In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,^[85] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.^[86] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."^[87] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.^[88] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".^[89]

Jobs on stage at Macworld Conference & Expo, San Francisco, January 11, 2005

The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".^[90]

Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.^[43] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".

In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.^[91]

Resignation [link]

In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company's board.^[92]^[93] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.^[94] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.^[95] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.^[96] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.^[97]

Business life [link]

Wealth [link]

Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,^[98] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion.^[99]^[100] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.^[101] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.^[102]

Stock options backdating issue [link]

Two men in their fifties shown full length sitting in red leather chairs smiling at each other

Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital conference (D5) in 2007

In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,^[103] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.^[104]

On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.^[105]^[106]

Management style [link]

Jobs was a demanding perfectionist^[107]^[108] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky

There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.^[109]

Steve Jobs announcing the transition to Intel processors in 2005.

Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".^[110] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.

NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.^[111]

In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.^[112] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."^[113] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.^[114] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.^[115]

Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".^[116] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."^[117] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:

Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.^[118]

Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.^[119]

Reality distortion field [link]

Main article: Reality distortion field

Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project.^[120] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.^[120] Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.^[121]

The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.^[122]^[123]

Inventions and designs [link]

His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.^[124] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.^[124]

As of October 9, 2011 (2011 -10-09)^[update], Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).^[125]^[126] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.^[127] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.^[128]

Applying his Triple F Model to Apple under Steve Jobs, Anand Kurian opines that Job's contribution in the area of pure ‘Function’ are less significant, but that his contribution in the areas of ‘Functionality’ and ‘Form’ are major and substantial.^[129]

Apple I Computer [link]

Main article: Apple I

The first significant invention that Steve Jobs was involved in was the Apple I which came along in 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who was at the time working for HP, scraped together some cash for printed circuit boards. Then they planned to sell the machine as a kit for $666.66. A store called the Byte Shop ordered 50 fully assembled devices, and sold them all.^[130] The Apple’s first computer was for hobbyists and engineers so it was made in small numbers.^[131]

Apple II Computer [link]

Main article: Apple II

During 1976, Steve Wozniak began work on the Apple II, and left HP to join Apple computer. In March 1977, Apple Computer moved from Jobs's garage to an office in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivered its first Apple II system, for US$1295 in April 1977.^[132] Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance" computer. The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic.^[133] Jobs insisted that molded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The Apple II was “elegantly styled" and it became compared to an "overgrown pocket calculator".^[134]

Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they began work on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of Canadians credited the Apple II as the first personal computer which having the most impact on society.^[135]

The Macintosh Computer [link]

The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no “Mac” name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo.^[130] The Macintosh have a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.^[136]

The NeXT Computer [link]

Main article: NeXT Computer

After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world’s first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today’s Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).^[137]

iMac [link]

Main article: IMac

Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".^[138] Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep..^[139] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There was some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac’s success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.^[140]

iPod [link]

Main article: IPod

The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.^[141] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.^[142] Also, the iPod’s success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.^[131] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.^[142]

iPhone [link]

Main article: IPhone

Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.^[143] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.^[144] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.^[145] iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing camera for video calls.^[146] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.^[143]

Philanthropy [link]

Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.^[147] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world’s richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.^[148] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that “the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values.”^[149] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.^[150]

After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.^[151] Jobs’s friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.^[152] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.^[153] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, according to Bono.^[154]

Personal life [link]

Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim,^[155] taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." ^[156]^[157]^[158] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.^[159]^[160] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter.^[161] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.^[157]

In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985^[161] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.^[35]

After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,^[162] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."^[163] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,^[151]^[164] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.^[157] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."^[36] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.^[165]^[166]^[167]

In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:

I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.^[161]

Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.^[151] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.^[151] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.^[168] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.^[169]

Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on June 23, 2010

In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.

Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:

My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.^[170]

In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.^[171]^[172]

In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m²), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.^[173]^[174] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.^[175]

Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.^[176] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.^[177]

Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.^[178]^[179] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." ^[180] He was a pescetarian.^[181]

Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months.^[182]

In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." ^[183]

Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.^[184]

Health issues [link]

Jobs addressing concerns about his health in 2008.

In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,^[185] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.^[186] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;^[187] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.^[186] Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,^[151] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."^[185] According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."^[188] "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."^[189] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.^[190]^[191]^[192] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.^[186]^[193] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.^[186]

In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,^[194]^[195] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.^[196] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".^[197] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."^[198]

Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.^[199] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,^[200] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.^[193] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.^[201]^[202] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."^[203]

On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,^[204] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.^[205] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."^[206] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.^[207]

On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.^[208]^[209] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,^[210] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.^[211]

On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,^[212] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."^[212]

In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.^[213]^[214] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".^[213]

On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.^[215]^[216] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).^[217]

Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook his successor.^[218]^[219] Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.^[220]

Death [link]

Flags flying at half-staff outside Apple HQ in Cupertino, on the evening of Steve Jobs's death.

Memorial candles and iPads to Steve Jobs outside the Apple Store in Palo Alto California shortly after his death

Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,^[2]^[221]^[222] resulting in respiratory arrest.^[223] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side.^[224]

Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.^[225]^[226] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.^[227]

His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:

We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.
Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.

His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.^[228]

For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.^[229] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:

Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.^[229]

An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.^[230]^[231] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.

Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:^[232]

Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.^[232]

A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family.^[233] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.^[234] Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.^[235] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station.^[236]^[237]

A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website.^[238]

Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.^[239]^[240]. He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.^[241] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".^[242]^[243] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them" (Mona Simpson). His last words, spoken hours before his death, were:

"Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."^[161]

Media coverage [link]

Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC. ^[244] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama,^[245] British Prime Minister David Cameron,^[246] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,^[247] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.^[248] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.^[249]^[250]

Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time.^[251] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.^[252]

Bloomberg Businessweek also published an commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.

Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Times media critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."^[253]

Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".^[254]^[255] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."^[256]

Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor.^[253] Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs, Apple even sued a teenager, Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13. His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different." ^[253] Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." ^[253]

Honors and public recognition [link]

Steve Jobs with the first generation iPad tablet

After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".^[257]^[258]

Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),^[259] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.^[260] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.^[261] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.^[262]

In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,^[263] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.^[264] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.^[265]

In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.^[266] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay ^[267] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".^[268] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."^[267]

At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius^[269]^[270]^[271]^[272]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,^[265]^[273] innovation,^[274] and product design,^[275] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,^[269]^[271]^[274] revolutionized at least six different industries,^[270] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".^[270] His death was widely mourned^[274] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.^[272]

After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.^[276]^[277] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."^[278]

Statue of Jobs at Graphisoft Park, Budapest^[279]

On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest personalities of the modern age.^[279]

In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison.^[280]

On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance.^[281]

In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".^[282]

The Disney movie John Carter is dedicated to Jobs^[283], as well as the Pixar film Brave.

Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater [link]

Books [link]

The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.

Documentaries [link]

The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer.
Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.^[284]
Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.^[285] A slightly shortened and localized^[286] version of the show was broadcast^[287] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.^[288]
In February 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a 191-page file on Steve Jobs. The report was compiled during a 1991 background investigation of Jobs by the FBI after former president George H. W. Bush recommended his appointment to the President's Export Council. It consists of interviews with co-workers, friends, family members and even neighbors of Jobs.^[289]

Films [link]

Jobs – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.^[290]
Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.^[291]

Theater [link]

The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.^[292]

References [link]

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^ "Steve Jobs's Obituary, As Run By Bloomberg". Gawker Media. August 27, 2008. http://gawker.com/5042795/bloomberg-runs-steve-jobs-obituary. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
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^ "Remembering Steve Jobs". Apple Inc.. http://www.apple.com/stevejobs. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Pixar Animation Studios". Pixar. http://www.pixar.com/stevejobs.html. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
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^ "Steve Jobs Memorial Service To Be Held Oct. 16". Online.wsj.com. 2011-10-15. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204002304576631531431248662.html. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
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^ A Celebration of Steve's Life Apple.com Retrieved on October 26, 2011
^ "Steve Jobs Died of Respiratory Arrest Amid Pancreatic Tumor". Abcnews.go.com. 2011-10-10. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-died-of-respiratory-arrest-amid-pancreatic-tumor/. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
^ Gupta, Poornima (2011-10-10). "Steve Jobs died of respiratory arrest, tumor". News.yahoo.com. http://news.yahoo.com/steve-jobs-died-respiratory-arrest-tumor-235948271.html. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
^ Griggs, Brandon (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/us/obit-steve-jobs/index.html.
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^ Yukari Iwatani Kane; Geoffrey A. Fowler (October 6, 2011). "Steven Paul Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple Co-Founder Transformed Technology, Media, Retailing And Built One of the World's Most Valuable Companies". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304447804576410753210811910.html. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
^ Video on YouTube
^ "Statement by the President on the Passing of Steve Jobs" (Press release). The White House. October 5, 2011. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/05/statement-president-passing-steve-jobs.
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^ "Steve Jobs". Thegatesnotes.com. 2011-10-05. http://www.thegatesnotes.com/Personal/Steve-Jobs. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
^ "1955–2011: Steve Jobs". Wired News. October 6, 2011. http://www.wired.com/promo/memorial/stevejobs.
^ "Industry Icons Unique Legacy". Sky News. October 6, 2011. http://news.sky.com/home/business/article/16084012. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ Patricia Sellers (October 6, 2011). "George Lucas on Steve Jobs". Fortune. http://postcards.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/george-lucas-steve-jobs. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
^ "TIME's Steve Jobs Covers". Time. April 2, 2010. http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1977507,00.html. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
^ Elmer-DeWitt, Philip (October 6, 2011). "The day Steve Jobs called Walter Isaacson". Fortune. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/10/06/the-day-steve-jobs-called-walter-isaacson/. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Rainey, James (7 October 2011). "Steve Jobs and Apple vs. a free press". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-onthemedia-20111008,0,7256248.column. Retrieved 25 October 2011. "The man and his company's focus on control led to repeated fights with reporters"
^ "Richard Stallman's dissenting view on Steve Jobs". Los Angeles Times. 8 October 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2011/10/steve-jobs-stallman-dissenting-view.html. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
^ Amrutha Gayathri (8 October 2011). "Richard Stallman's Remarks on Steve Jobs: 'I'm Not Glad He's Dead, but I'm Glad He's Gone'". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/227480/20111008/steve-jobs-death-2011-richard-stallman-remarks-fsf-founder-free-software-linux-apple-computers-apple.htm. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
^ Gladwell, Malcolm. "The tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs.". The New Yorker. Conde Nast. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/11/14/111114fa_fact_gladwell?currentPage=all. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
^ Cocks, Jay; Michael Moritz (January 3, 1983). "The Updated Book of Jobs". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953633,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
^ Golden, Frederic (January 3, 1983). "Other Maestros of the Micro". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953634,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
^ "The National Medal Of Technology Recipients 1985 Laureates". Uspto.gov. http://www.uspto.gov/nmti/recipients_85.html. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
^ "National Winners | public service awards". Jefferson Awards.org. http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
^ "25 most powerful people in business – #1: Steve Jobs". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
^ Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame, California Museum. Retrieved 2007.
^ "Steve Jobs bigger than Oprah!" (PDF). http://www.ja.org/files/polls/Teens-Entrepreneurship-Part-2.pdf. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
^ Bo Burlingham and George Gendron (1989-04-01). "The Entrepreneur of the Decade". Inc. magazine. http://www.inc.com/magazine/19890401/5602.html. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Lashinsky, Adam (November 5, 2009). "Steve Jobs: CEO of the decade". Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2009/11/04/technology/steve_jobs_ceo_decade.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved April 19, 2010.
^ The most Powerful People on Earth
^ ^a ^b Richard Waters; Joseph Menn (December 22, 2011). "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. http://www.webcitation.org/64cSQTLyj. Retrieved 11 January 2012. "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: “Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.” How wrong can you be."
^ Richard Waters and Joseph Menn, "Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top", Financial Times, December 22, 2010. The actual text from the biography is:

Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.

—John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
^ ^a ^b Roeper, Richard (2011). "Steve Jobs' impact goes far beyond phones, computers". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/8064619-417/steve-jobs-impact-goes-far-beyond-computers.html. Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Steve Jobs was one of the most foremost pioneers of our time ... he made a difference that will be felt for 560 years to come"
^ ^a ^b ^c "Leading article: The sad loss of one of a kind". The Independent (London: INM). October 6, 2011. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-sad-loss-of-one-of-a-kind-2366636.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs revolutionised no fewer than six different industries: personal computers, mobile phones, music publishing, animated films, digital publishing and tablet computing ... His genius was unconfined ... an exemplar for all chief executives ... a visionary ... ""
^ ^a ^b Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs: A genius to the end". Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-07-steve-jobs-a-genius-to-the-end/. Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Through sheer hard work... Jobs changed the world, not once, but three times. His companies and products have delighted and inspired hundreds of millions."
^ ^a ^b Rushton, Katherine (October 6, 2011). "Apple: can the company continue the magic of Steve Jobs?". The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8810051/Apple-can-the-company-continue-the-magic-of-Steve-Jobs.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs encapsulated a rare union of technological genius and an instinctive and perfectionist eye for design ... his death is a major loss to the world at large"
^ Schuman, Michael (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?". Time. http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/10/06/steve-jobs-the-businessman-can-apple-thrive-without-him. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "[I]n the world of business, he will also be honored as an absolutely brilliant CEO ... Jobs was probably unrivaled in the world today in matching great ideas with savvy marketing and pristine execution"
^ ^a ^b ^c Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. http://www.wncftv.com/news/entertainment/?feed=bim&id=131228449. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Tributes flowed in from around the world ... Ordinary people, many of whom learned of his death on their iPhones and iPads, swamped Twitter using the trending hashtag #thankyousteve to pay tribute..."
^ Gelernter, David (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth". The Wall Street Journal (New York: Dow Jones). ISSN 0099-9660. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576614951355580150.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs had a genius for seeing what was good and refining, repackaging and reselling it with dazzling panache. He knew what engineering was for, he understood elegance and he made machines that were works of art."
^ Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/technology/jobs-rare-among-ceos-engendered-affection.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
^ Nocera, Joe (August 26, 2011). "What Makes Steve Jobs Great". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/opinion/nocera-what-makes-steve-jobs-great.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
^ Jon Stewart (October 6, 2011). October 06, 2011 – Jason Sudeikis. Comedy Partners. Event occurs at 19:45. http://www.thedailyshow.com/full-episodes/thu-october-6-2011-jason-sudeikis. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park". GlobalPost. December 21, 2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
^ "Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs top young adult list of greatest innovators". Los Angeles Times. 2012-01-27. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/thomas-edison-steve-jobs-top-young-adult-list-of-greatest-innovators.html. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
^ Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). "Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy". Mobiledia.com. http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
^ "Fortune Names Steve Jobs "Greatest Entrepreneur Of Our Time"". Fortune. 2012-03-26. http://www.everythingicafe.com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/2012/03/26/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
^ "John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs". Vulture. 2012-04-08. http://www.vulture.com/2012/02/john-carter-dedicated-to-steve-jobs.html. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
^ Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary". Hollywoodreporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
^ "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website". Pbs.org. 2011-10-05. http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
^ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
^ Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
^ "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World". http://www.channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
^ Hindustan Times- FBI releases file on Steve Jobs
^ Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic.
^ "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" Fortune
^ "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs", The Public Theater website

External links [link]

	Book: Apple Inc.
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Find more about Steve Jobs on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft on YouTube
Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html.
"Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April 2010.
Appearances on C-SPAN
Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database
Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
Steve Jobs Profile at Forbes
Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html.
"Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/.
Steve Jobs remembrance notes from the community.
Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs.

Articles [link]

"Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). 2007. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012. ^{[dead link]}
Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh". folklore.org (Andy Hertzfeld). http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs". The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART APPLE". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs". Fortune (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 1955–2011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
"The FBI File on Steve Jobs". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html. Retrieved February 21, 2012.

Interviews [link]

Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL
Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB) – April 20, 1995.
The Seed of Apple's Innovation, BusinessWeek – October 12, 2004.
How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune – February 21, 2005.
'Good for the Soul' at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.
Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission, March 18, 2008
Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose
"Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/.

Business positions
Preceded by Gil Amelio	CEO of Apple 1997–2011	Succeeded by Tim Cook

Pixar

Feature films

Released	Toy Story (1995) A Bug's Life (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Monsters, Inc. (2001) Finding Nemo (2003) The Incredibles (2004) Cars (2006) Ratatouille (2007) WALL-E (2008) Up (2009) Toy Story 3 (2010) Cars 2 (2011)

Upcoming	Brave (2012) Monsters University (2013) The Good Dinosaur (2014) Untitled Pixar Movie that Takes You Inside the Mind (2015) Dia de los Muertos themed movie (2015)

Shorts

Original	Luxo Jr. (1986) Red's Dream (1987) Tin Toy (1988) Knick Knack (1989) Geri's Game (1997) For the Birds (2000) Boundin' (2003) One Man Band (2005) Lifted (2006) Presto (2008) Partly Cloudy (2009) Day & Night (2010) La Luna (2011)

Feature-related	Mike's New Car (2002) Jack-Jack Attack (2005) Mater and the Ghostlight (2006) Your Friend the Rat (2007) BURN-E (2008) Dug's Special Mission (2009) Hawaiian Vacation (2011) Small Fry (2011)

Short series	Cars Toons (2008–) Toy Story Toons (2011–)

Franchises

Toy Story (1995–)
Cars (2006–)

Associated
productions

The Adventures of André and Wally B. (1984)
1906 (TBA)

Compilations

Tiny Toy Stories (1996)
Pixar Short Films Collection – Volume 1 (2007)

Documentaries

The Pixar Story (2007)

Products

People

Persondata
Name	Jobs, Steve
Alternative names	Jobs, Steven Paul
Short description	CEO and Co-Founder of Apple, Inc.
Date of birth	1955-02-24
Place of birth	San Francisco, California, United States
Date of death	2011-10-05
Place of death	Palo Alto, California, United States

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Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010
Background information
Birth name	Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta
Born	(1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S.
Genres	Pop, dance, electronic
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist
Instruments	Vocals, piano, keyboards
Years active	2005–present
Labels	Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope
Website	LadyGaga.com Lady Gaga's signature

Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.

Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.

Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.^[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.^[2]^[3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.^[4]

Biography [link]

1986–2004: Early life [link]

Manhattan's Upper West Side, where Gaga grew up, has been an inspiration for many of her songs.

Lady Gaga was born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28, 1986 in New York City to parents Cynthia (née Bissett) and Joseph Germanotta, an Internet entrepreneur.^[5]^[6] Descending from Italian and more distant French-Canadian roots, Gaga is the elder of two children.^[7]^[8] Her sister, Natali, a fashion student, was born in 1992.^[9]^[10] Despite her seemingly affluent upbringing in the family home in Manhattan's Upper West Side, Gaga has stressed that she did not come from a wealthy background, stating that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father."^[11]^[12]

From the age of 11, Gaga – who was raised Roman Catholic – attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side.^[13]^[14]^[15] She described her academic life in high school as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure": "I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak."^[16]^[17] Acquaintances dispute that she did not fit in at school. "She had a core group of friends; she was a good student. She liked boys a lot, but singing was No. 1," recalled a former high school classmate.^[18] Gaga began playing the piano at the age of 4, went on to write her first piano ballad at 13, and started to perform at open mike nights by the age of 14.^[19]^[20] Her passion for musical theatre brought her lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.^[21] She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell" in addition to unsuccessfully auditioning for parts in New York shows.^[11]^[22]

When her time at the Convent of the Sacred Heart came to an end, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theatre training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.^[11] After becoming one of twenty students to gain early admission, she eventually lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street by the age of 17.^[21] CAP21 prepared her for her future career focus in "music, art, sex and celebrity" where, in addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.^[20]^[23]^[24] With CAP21, she also tried out for and won auditions, including the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.^[11]^[25] But Gaga felt more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said.

2005–07: Career beginnings [link]

Gaga (right) performing with Lady Starlight (left) at Lollapalooza 2007

Gaga withdrew from CAP21 at 19, in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career.^[26] Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, on the condition that she re-enroll at Tisch if unsuccessful. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she remembers.^[21] Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying the children's book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey.^[11]^[27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckham and booking manager Frank Fredericks – in September of that year.^[11]^[21] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er".^[11] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village's The Bitter End and the Lower East Side's the Mercury Lounge, the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis.^[11] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis' studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue (both 2005) at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.^[21]

SGBand reached their career peak at the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June where Wendy Starland, a musician, appeared as a talent scout for music producer Rob Fusari. Starland informed Fusari – who was searching for a female singer to front a new band – of Gaga's ability and contacted her. With SGBand disbanded, Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with the music producer.^[11] While in collaboration, Fusari compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.^[28] It was Fusari who helped create the moniker Gaga after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Gaga was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read "Lady Gaga."^[29] He explained, "Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'. That was her entrance song" and that the text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed "radio" to "lady". She texted back, "That's it," and declared, "Don't ever call me Stefani again."^[29]^[30] The New York Post, however, has reported that this story is incorrect, and that the name resulted from a marketing meeting.^[18]

Gaga performing in a bar, sporting one of her earlier looks (2008)

Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon set up a company titled Team Lovechild in which they recorded and produced electropop tracks and sent them to music industry bosses.^[11] Joshua Sarubin, the head of A&R at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and vied for the record company to take a chance on her "unusual and provocative" performance. After having his boss Antonio "L.A." Reid in agreement, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006 with the intention of having an album ready in nine months.^[11] However, she was dropped by the label after only three months – an unfortunate period of her life that would later inspire her treatment for the music video for her 2011 single "Marry the Night".^[31]^[32] Devastated, Gaga returned to the solace of the family home for Christmas and the nightlife culture of the Lower East Side.^[11]

She became increasingly experimental: fascinating herself with emerging neo-burlesque shows, go-go dancing at bars dressed in little more than a bikini in addition to experimenting with drugs.^[11]^[14] Her father, however, did not understand the reason behind her drug intake and could not look at her for several months.^[14]^[30] "I was onstage in a thong, with a fringe hanging over my ass thinking that had covered it, lighting hairsprays on fire, go-go dancing to Black Sabbath and singing songs about oral sex. The kids would scream and cheer and then we'd all go grab a beer. It represented freedom to me. I went to a Catholic school but it was on the New York underground that I found myself."^[23] It was then when she became romantically involved with a heavy metal drummer in a relationship and break-up she likened to the musical film Grease: "I was his Sandy, and he was my Danny, and I just broke." He later became an inspiration behind some of her later songs.^[33]

During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her on-stage persona.^[34] Starlight explained that, upon their first meeting, Gaga wanted to perform with her to songs she had recorded with Fusari. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and, billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts.^[35]^[36] Soon after, the two were invited to play at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival in August that year.^[37] The show was critically acclaimed, and their performance received positive reviews.^[20]^[35] Having initially focused on avant-garde electronic dance music, Gaga had found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music.^[38]

While Gaga and Starlight were busy performing, producer Rob Fusari continued to work on the songs he had created with Gaga. Fusari sent these songs to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert.^[39] Herbert was quick to sign her to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007.^[40] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her, adding "I really feel like we made pop history, and we're gonna keep going."^[39] Having served as an apprentice songwriter under an internship at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV.^[41] As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears and labelmates New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls.^[41] At Interscope, singer-songwriter Akon recognized her vocal abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.^[42] Akon then convinced Interscope-Geffen-A&M Chairman and CEO Jimmy Iovine to form a joint deal by having her also sign with his own label Kon Live, making her his "franchise player."^[31]^[43]

As 2007 came to a close, her former management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.^[44] The first song she produced with RedOne was "Boys Boys Boys", a mash-up inspired by Mötley Crüe's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and AC/DC's "T.N.T.".^[30]^[44] Gaga continued her collaboration with RedOne in the recording studio for a week on her debut album and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum, after co-writing four songs with Kierszenbaum including the singles "Christmas Tree" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)".^[41] Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too "racy", "dance-orientated" and "underground" for the mainstream market. Her response: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."^[15]

[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster

Gaga performing at The Fame Ball Tour in 2009

By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album and set up her own creative team Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.^[30]^[45] The Fame was first released on August 19, 2008 to slow radio play. Gaga supported it by performing around Europe and in small gay clubs around the US in addition to being billed as a supporting artist on the North American leg of New Kids on the Block's reunion concert tour.^[46]^[47] A sleeper hit, lead single "Just Dance" had preceded the album's release by four months but only hit the summit of the international charts in January 2009, provoking the instant success of the album, earning her first Grammy Award nomination (for Best Dance Recording) and becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide.^[46]^[48] Gaga achieved a greater unexpected success when "Poker Face", another sleeper hit, reached number one in most major music markets worldwide in early 2009, selling 9.8 million singles worldwide.^[49]^[50] The follow-up single won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards over nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.

The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronica Album at the same ceremony.^[51] Contemporary critics lauded the album, describing it as an exploration of her obsession with fame and the intricacies of a rich and famous lifestyle, noting its combination of genres "from Def Leppard drums and hand claps to metal drums on urban tracks", the inspiration drawn from 1980s synthpop and incorporation of dance music with clear hooks.^[31] The Fame went to number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK and appeared in the top five in Australia, the US and 15 other countries.^[52]^[53] It also stayed atop the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 106 non-consecutive weeks and, since its release, has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.^[54] The album's success spawned many 2009 honors including Billboard magazine's Rising Star award and the accumulation of 3 of 9 MTV Video Music Awards nominations, winning Best New Artist with the video for her single "Paparazzi" gaining Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.^[55]^[56] In addition to being an opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour during the first half of 2009 in Europe and Oceania, she also embarked on her own six-month critically appreciated worldwide concert tour The Fame Ball Tour which ran from March to September 2009.^[57]^[58]

While she traveled the globe, she wrote The Fame Monster, an EP of eight songs released in November 2009. Each song, dealing with the darker side of fame from personal experience, is expressed through a monster metaphor. Making Gaga the first artist in digital history to have three singles (alongside "Just Dance" and "Poker Face") to pass the four million mark in digital sales, its lead single "Bad Romance" topped the charts in eighteen countries and reached the top two in the US, Australia and New Zealand while accruing the Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video.^[59] The second single "Telephone", which features singer Beyoncé, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and became Gaga's fourth UK number one single; its accompanying music video, although controversial, received positive reception from contemporary critics who praised her for "the musicality and showmanship of Michael Jackson and the powerful sexuality and provocative instincts of Madonna."^[60]^[61] Her following single "Alejandro" paired Gaga with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video similarly as controversial – critics complimented its ideas and dark nature but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her alleged use of blasphemy.^[62] Despite the controversy surrounding her music videos, they made Gaga the first artist to gain over one billion viral views on video-sharing website YouTube.^[63] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won 8 of her 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for "Bad Romance" (with "Telephone" also nominated), which made her the first female artist to be nominated twice for the award.^[64]^[65] In addition, The Fame Monster garnered a total of six nominations at the 53rd Grammy Awards – equating to the amount of Grammy nominations her debut received – winning Best Pop Vocal Album and earning her a second-consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.^[66]^[67]

Gaga performing at The Monster Ball Tour in 2010

The success of the album allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after the release of The Fame Monster and months after having finished The Fame Ball Tour.^[68] Upon finishing in May 2011, the critically acclaimed and commercially accomplished tour ran for over one and a half years and grossed $227.4 million, making it one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time and the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist.^[69] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. The special accrued one of its five Emmy Award nominations and has since been released on DVD and Blu-ray.^[70] Gaga also performed songs from the album at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance where she sang "Speechless", a power ballad, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II; the 52nd Grammy Awards where her opening performance consisted of the song "Poker Face" and a piano duet of "Speechless" in a medley of "Your Song" with Elton John; and the 2010 BRIT Awards where a performance of an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" followed by "Dance in the Dark" dedicated to the late fashion designer and close friend, Alexander McQueen, supplemented her hat-trick win at the awards ceremony.^[71] Other performances may have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena. "I was actually asked to open for Michael on his tour," she stated. "We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage."^[72]

In 2009 she collaborated with consumer electronic company Monster Cable Products to create a pair of in-ear jewel-encrusted headphones titled Heartbeats. "They are designed to be the first ever fashion accessories that double as the absolute best sonically sounding headphones in the world," she commented.^[73] Gaga also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their Creative Director.^[74] Excited about "blending the iconic history of Polaroid and instant film with the digital era," Gaga unveiled the first trio of new products called Grey Label: a pair of picture-taking sunglasses, a paperback-sized mobile printing unit and an updated version of the traditional Polaroid camera at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.^[75] But her collaboration with past producer Rob Fusari led to her production team, Mermaid Music LLC, being sued in March 2010 when he claimed that he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings. Gaga's lawyer, Charles Ortner, described the agreement with Fusari as "unlawful" and declined to comment, but five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a countersuit by Gaga.^[76]^[77] In addition to such strife, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms. The revelations caused considerable dismay among fans, leading to Gaga addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King, saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.^[78]^[79]

[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way

Gaga performing on the 2011 Good Morning America Summer Concert Series

Gaga released her second studio album and third major release, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Described as a marriage of electronic music with metal, rock 'n' roll, pop and anthemic style melodies with sledge-hammering dance beats and referred to as an album "about what what keeps us up at night and what makes us afraid," Gaga characterized it as "something so much deeper than a wig or lipstick or a fucking meat dress" and, upon hearing it, Akon remarked that she is taking music to the "next level."^[80]^[81] Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its range of different styles and her vocals.^[82]^[83] Born This Way sold 1.108 million copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than 20 other countries.^[84] In addition to exceeding 8 million copies in worldwide sales, Born This Way received 3 Grammy Award nominations, including her third consecutive for Album of the Year.^[85]

In the months prior to its unveiling, Gaga released the singles "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory" alongside promotional single "Hair". The eponymous lead single, first sung live at the 53rd Grammy Awards in a performance that saw Gaga emerge from an egg-like vessel, deals with self-acceptance regardless of race or sexual orientation. The single debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 19th number-one debut and the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.^[86] It sold more than 3 million digital copies in the US by October 2011, becoming her eighth consecutive single to exceed sales of 2 million and, with worldwide sales of 8.2 million copies by November 2011, one of her five best-selling singles worldwide.^[87] Critics noted artistic and cultural references and praised the concept of the song's accompanying music video, in which Gaga gives birth to a new race amidst surrealistic images.^[88]^[89] The video for "Judas", in which Gaga portrays Mary Magdalene, and Biblical figures such as Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot are also featured, was criticized for its religious references but received acclaim for its overall delivery and praise from others who claimed that there was nothing offensive about it.^[90] "Judas" also peaked within the top ten in several major musical markets, while "The Edge of Glory", first a commercial success in digital outlets, was later released as a single to critical appreciation, accompanied by a video which was notably stripped down from her usually "extravagant" efforts.^[91]^[92] She released "You and I" and "Marry the Night" as the following singles from Born This Way. Although their "crazy and ambitious" videos were praised for their audacity, both songs failed to match the similar international success that their predecessors achieved.^[93]

Gaga continued her musical endeavors by pairing with veteran artists like Tony Bennett to record a jazz version of "The Lady Is a Tramp".^[94] She also recorded a duet with Cher on a "massive" and "beautiful" track, which Gaga "wrote a long time ago, and I've never put it on one of my own albums for, really, no particular reason."^[95] Gaga also lent her vocals to an original duet with Elton John for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet. The song, "Hello, Hello", was released without Gaga's vocals but the duet version features in the film.^[96]^[97] She also continued her live appearances throughout 2011, performing a one-of-a-kind concert at the Sydney Town Hall on July 13 in promotion of Born This Way and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday, wearing a blond wig as a nod to the famous performance of Marilyn Monroe for John F. Kennedy and changing the lyrics to "You and I" specifically for the performance.^[98] Televised appearances comprised her own Thanksgiving Day television special entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving which was critically lauded, attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth extended play A Very Gaga Holiday.^[99] Her second performance on Saturday Night Live saw her singing a selection of Born This Way songs alongside appearing in number of sketches with Justin Timberlake and Andy Samberg.^[100] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing $25,353,039 dollars, which includes sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.^[4]

In early 2012, Gaga stated that songs for a new album were "beginning to flourish" as she worked with producer Fernando Garibay, while the accompanying tour for Born This Way was materializing.^[101]^[102] Gaga's manager, Vincent Herbert, revealed that Gaga will is working on her upcoming album during the tour, stating that the material is "insane, great records."^[103] The Born This Way Ball Tour began on April 27, 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.^[104] The tour was met with protests from several religious groups who denounced the tour as satanic and against religious values, resulting in protests mainly from the Islamic Defenders Front, causing a cancellation in the Indonesian city of Jakarta, where Gaga was denied a license to perform. The concert however was still in question as concert promoters were optimistic that the performance will in fact go on. However, due to threats of violence from Muslim hardliners, Gaga decided to cancel the concert although 52,000 tickets have sold out in just a few days.^[105]^[106]^[107] On May 20, 2012, Gaga guest-starred on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons entitled "Lisa Goes Gaga".^[108]

Artistry [link]

Influences [link]

Gaga's parents, who exposed her to artists like The Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin and Elton John had significant influence on her childhood and, presently, still do.^[109] "I am a real family girl. When it comes to love and loyalty, I am very old-fashioned. And I am quite down-to-earth for such an eccentric person," she insists.^[110] "I'm quite traditional in the family sense. I've always been that way."^[109] According to Gaga, Joanne Germanotta – her aunt who died of lupus aged 19 – lives on through her and inspires all of her music and art.^[111] Joanne's date of death is tattooed on Gaga's body and, despite dying 12 years before her birth, Gaga commented, "I really believe I have two hearts. I think I actually carry two souls in my body, and that I'm living out the rest of her life and her goodness – she died a virgin, she died never having experienced all these things that we all get to love and experience in our lives."^[112] Another spiritual influence on Gaga has been the Indian physician, public speaker and writer Deepak Chopra. Labeling him a "true inspiration", she stated that "he's always reminded me to work in a life of service to my fans and to fulfill my vision and my destiny" in addition to thinking about Chopra when it comes to her work as a musician: "I want so much for it to go beyond the music for my fans."^[113]

Musically, Gaga takes influence from numerous musicians from dance-pop singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Queen whilst employing the theatrics of artists like Andy Warhol and of her musical theatre roots in performance.^[31]^[114]^[115] The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name [...] Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music," she commented.^[18]^[114]^[116] Gaga receives regular comparisons to recording artist Madonna who admits that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.^[117] In response to the comparisons, Gaga stated, "I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionize pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago" in addition to commenting that "there is really no one that is a more adoring and loving Madonna fan than me. I am the hugest fan personally and professionally."^[114]^[118] Like Madonna, Gaga has continued to reinvent herself and, over the years of her career, has drawn musical inspiration from a diverse mix of artists including Whitney Houston, Grace Jones, Cyndi Lauper, Blondie singer Debbie Harry, Scissor Sisters, Prince, Marilyn Manson, Yoko Ono, and Britney Spears.^[119]


Gaga has been influenced by a wide-range of artists as to which she has played homages to, including Madonna (left) and Bruce Springsteen. (Right)

Gaga has mentioned Spears in several interviews, and revealed, "Britney certainly doesn’t need any freakin’ tips from me! Britney Spears is the queen of pop. I was learning from her."^[120] Gaga also paid tribute to Spears during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, adding that the pop singer "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."^[121]

Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and has been stylistically compared to English eccentrics Leigh Bowery and Isabella Blow and to American recording artist Cher.^[14]^[26]^[110]^[122] She commented that "as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own."^[122] She has considered Donatella Versace her muse and the late British fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that "I miss Lee every time I get dressed" while channeling him in some of her work.^[14]^[78] Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.^[123] Her adoration of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."^[6] "When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion. For me, it's everything coming together and being a real story that will bring back the super-fan. I want to bring that back. I want the imagery to be so strong that fans will want to eat and taste and lick every part of us."^[26] The Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.^[124] Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream."^[125] Gaga made her runway debut at Thierry Mugler's Paris fashion show in March 2011 where she wore items from Nicola Formichetti's debut women's wear collection.^[126] In June of the same year, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award for Fashion Icon.^[127] Time Magazine placed Gaga on their "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List" amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and the The Beatles, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."^[128] She has since devoted her time as a fashion columnist for V magazine, where she has written about her creative process, her studying of the world of pop culture, and her ability to tune into the evolution of pop-culture meme.^[129]

In August 2011 she sent to her 15 millions followers that she had at that time on Twitter, a quote about creativity from the book "Creativity"^[130] by Osho,^[131] which led journalists, on October 28, of the same year, on her arrival to India for the inauguration of a big Formula One motorsport event,^[132] to ask her about her connection to him, to which Gaga said she was influenced by his work and that for her, "the creativity is the greatest way of rebellion": "Equality", she concluded, "is one of the most important things in my life".^[133]

Musical style [link]

	"Just Dance" (2008) noicon A 30-second sample of Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" featuring the chorus sung by Lady Gaga and Colby O'Donis in the range of B₃ to C♯, backed by a synth marching beat. The song became her first international hit single and sold 7.7 million copies worldwide.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Continually experimenting with new musical ideas and images, Gaga's musical and performance style is the subject of much analysis and scrutiny from critics. She professes that she is "liberating" herself by constantly reinventing her sound and image, insisting that she has been drawn to such a practice since her childhood.^[134] Vocally, Gaga possesses the range of a contralto and exhibits "overwhelming expression, instinctive vocal phrasing, '80s rock reminiscent chest belts and animalistic vocal ticks" while being able to move through 2.4 octaves.^[135]^[136] Refusing to lip sync, Gaga – whose range is frequently compared to those of Madonna and Gwen Stefani – has manipulated her vocal style over the course of her career yet considers Born This Way (2011) "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of."^[137]^[138] In summation of her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."^[139]

A blond woman in a bob-cut, sitting cross-legged on a transparent platform full of bubbles and lit from inside in pink. The woman is wearing a dress made of transparent bubbles of varying sizes. She is holding a microphone in her left hand and appears to be smiling.

Gaga performing in a plastic bubble dress (2009)

Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "[Gaga] does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace."^[140] She admits that her songwriting has been misinterpreted; her friend and blogger Perez Hilton articulated her message in a clearer way: "you write really deep intelligent lyrics with shallow concepts." Gaga opined, "Perez is very intelligent and clearly listened to my record from beginning to end, and he is correct."^[141] "I love songwriting. It's so funny – I will just jam around in my underwear or I could be washing my dishes. I wrote several songs just at the piano," she confesses.^[141] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played at a piano and still sound like a hit."^[142] She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting like love, sex, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom and individualism.^[143]^[144]

The structure of her music is said to echo classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop.^[145] Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert "in combining music, fashion, art and technology, [Gaga] evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now" and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws "obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in [her] girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats."^[146]^[147] Music critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats."^[148] The follow-up The Fame Monster (2009), saw Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q" while Born This Way (2011) also draws on the records of her childhood and still has the "electro-sleaze beats and Eurodisco chorus chants" of its predecessor but includes genres as diverse as opera, heavy metal, disco, and rock and roll.^[143] "There isn't a subtle moment on the album, but even at its nuttiest, the music is full of wide-awake emotional details," wrote Rolling Stone, who concluded: "The more excessive Gaga gets, the more honest she sounds."^[144]

Music videos and performances [link]

Gaga, recognized for her unconventionality, during a "blood soaked" performance (2010)

With constant costume changes, backup dancers, and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.^[149] "Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way," she professes.^[149] Exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, "the three central themes that shape Lady Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power."^[150] "Vaudevillian and carnal, Lady Gaga has got the knack of sending rape-like fantasies—in songs and videos that double as catch club hits—to the top of the charts," wrote one critic.^[151] "Whether it is physical violence or sexual exploitation, these videos offer vivid depictions of male power over women's bodies," wrote another.^[150] While she labels herself "a little bit of a feminist" (she rejects man-hating feminism) and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women,"^[151] Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in.^[150] She also attempts to liberate her fans so they can feel "less alone."^[152] "She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality," professed pop critic Ann Powers, "but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act."^[153] In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: "does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?"^[93]

Her performances are described as "highly entertaining and innovative"; the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV.^[154] She continued the "blood soaked" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and was "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood. Her performances of that scene in England triggered protests from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people.^[155] "What happened in Bradford is very fresh in people's minds and given all the violence which happened in Cumbria just hours earlier, it was insensitive," said Lynn Costello of Mothers Against Violence.^[156] Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: performing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song "You and I".^[157] Some have defended her flamboyant and provocative behavior. "Well, she's Lady Gaga," Chris Rock said. "She's not 'Lady Behave Yourself.' Do you want great behavior from a person named Gaga? Is this what you were expecting?"^[158] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years. However, the pair parted in November 2011; Gaga replacing her with Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson.^[159] Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. "I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect."^[149]

Public image [link]

Philanthropy [link]

Besides her career in music, Gaga has also contributed to various charities. For natural disasters, Gaga has helped various relief efforts. Although declining an invitation to appear on the single "We Are the World 25" to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, she donated the proceeds of her January 24, 2010 concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall to the country's reconstruction relief fund.^[178] All profits from her official online store on that day were also donated. Gaga announced that an estimated total of US$500,000 was collected for the fund.^[179] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, Gaga tweeted a message and a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts.^[180] As of March 29, 2011, the bracelets raised $1.5 million.^[181] However, attorney Alyson Oliver filed a lawsuit against Gaga in Detroit in June 2011, noting that the bracelet was subject to a sales tax and an extra $3.99 shipping charge was added to the price. She also believed that not all proceeds from the bracelets would go to the relief efforts, demanding a public accounting of the campaign and refunds for people who had bought the bracelet. Gaga's spokesperson called the lawsuit "meritless" and "misleading".^[182] On June 25, 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.^[183]

HIV and AIDS [link]

Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam. Titled Viva Glam Gaga and Viva Glam Cyndi for each contributor respectively, all net proceeds of the lipstick line were donated to the cosmetic company's campaign to prevent HIV and AIDS worldwide.^[184] In a press release, Gaga declared, "I don't want Viva Glam to be just a lipstick you buy to help a cause. I want it to be a reminder when you go out at night to put a condom in your purse right next to your lipstick."^[185] The sales of Gaga-endorsed Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.^[3]

Born This Way Foundation [link]

Main article: Born This Way Foundation

As a humanitarian, she has launched her own non-profit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on youth empowerment and issues like self-confidence, well-being, anti-bullying, mentoring, and career development. "My mother and I have initiated a passion project. We call it the Born This Way Foundation," Gaga said in a statement about the foundation, which takes its name from the 2011 single and album. "Together we hope to establish a standard of Bravery and Kindness, as well as a community worldwide that protects and nurtures others in the face of bullying and abandonment." The foundation will work with a number of partners, including the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The California Endowment and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.^[186] She also jumped into the debate surrounding SB 1070, Arizona's recently-enacted anti-immigration law, after premiering her Born This Way song "Americano" on the Guadalajara stop of The Monster Ball Tour in Mexico, telling the local press that she could not "stand by many of the unjust immigration laws" in the US.^[187] A devoted advocate for the LGBT community, Gaga is also an outspoken activist for LGBT rights worldwide.^[188] On February 29, 2012, Gaga and Oprah Winfrey visited Harvard University to launch her Born This Way Foundation.

LGBT advocacy [link]

A blond woman wearing a white shirt and black glasses speaking on a lectern carrying a 'National Equality March' poster. Behind her is a white stone balustrade of a building.

Gaga delivers a speech at the 2009 National Equality March

Gaga attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered to be a gay icon.^[189] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."^[190] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame, saying, "I love you so much. You were the first heartbeat in this project, and your support and brilliance means the world to me. I will always fight for the gay community hand in hand with this incredible team."^[191] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo, where she sang her song "Just Dance".^[192] In June of the same year, she performed the song again at the San Francisco Pride event.^[193]

After The Fame was released, she revealed that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she spoke about how her boyfriends tended to react to her bisexuality, saying "The fact that I'm into women, they're all intimidated by it. It makes them uncomfortable. They're like, 'I don't need to have a threesome. I'm happy with just you'."^[33] When she appeared as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in May 2009, she praised DeGeneres for being "an inspiration for women and for the gay community".^[194] She proclaimed that the October 11, 2009 National Equality March rally on the National Mall was "the single most important event of her career." As she exited, she left with an exultant "Bless God and bless the gays,"^[195] similar to her 2009 MTV Video Music Awards acceptance speech for Best New Artist a month earlier.^[196] At the Human Rights Campaign Dinner, held the same weekend as the rally, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" declaring that "I'm not going to [play] one of my songs tonight because tonight is not about me, it's about you." She changed the original lyrics of the song to reflect the death of Matthew Shepard, a college student murdered because of his sexuality.^[197]

Gaga addresses the crowd at SLDN's "Don't ask, don't tell" rally in 2010

Gaga attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four service members of the United States Armed Forces (Mike Almy, David Hall, Katie Miller and Stacy Vasquez), all of whom, under the United States military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, had been prohibited from serving openly because of their sexuality.^[198] In addition, Gaga wore a meat dress to the ceremony which was supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat that were all fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal.^[199] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue.com UK named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time magazine's named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010, it received divided opinions – evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.^[200]^[201]^[202] She denied any intention of causing disrespect to any person or organization and wished for the dress to be interpreted as a statement of human rights with focus upon those in the LGBT community, adding that "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones."^[203]

She later released three videos on YouTube urging her fans to contact their Senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In late September 2010 she spoke at the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's "4the14K" Rally in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine. The name of the rally signified the number – an estimated 14,000 – of service members discharged under the DADT policy at the time. During her remarks, she urged members of the U.S. Senate (and in particular, moderate Republican Senators from Maine, Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins) to vote in favor of legislation that would repeal the DADT policy. Following this event, editors of The Advocate commented that she had become "the real fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians, one that Barack Obama had promised to be.^[204]^[205]

Gaga appeared at Europride, a pan-European international event dedicated to LGBT pride, held in Rome in June 2011. In a nearly twenty-minute speech, she criticized the intolerant state of gay rights in many European countries and described homosexuals as "revolutionaries of love" before performing acoustic renderings of "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory" in front of thousands at the Circus Maximus.^[206]^[207] She stated that "Today and every day we fight for freedom. We fight for justice. We beckon for compassion, understanding and above all we want full equality now".^[208] Gaga revealed that she is often questioned why she dedicates herself to "gayspeak" and "how gay" she is, to which, she told the audience: "Why is this question, why is this issue so important? My answer is: I am a child of diversity, I am one with my generation, I feel a moral obligation as a woman, or a man, to exercise my revolutionary potential and make the world a better place." She then joked: "On a gay scale from 1 to 10, I'm a Judy Garland fucking 42."^[209]

Discography [link]

For the full list, see Lady Gaga discography.

The Fame (2008)
The Fame Monster (2009)
Born This Way (2011)

Filmography [link]

Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (2011)
A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (2011)
"Lisa Goes Gaga" (The Simpsons episode) (2012)
Men in Black 3 (Plays the role of an alien.) (2012)^[210]

Concert tours [link]

The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10) (cancelled)
The Monster Ball Tour (2009–11)
The Born This Way Ball Tour (2012–13)

References [link]

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^ Review: Unnecessary ‘Men in Black 3’ just O‘K’ compared to predecessors - a-e - The Lantern - Ohio State University

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lady Gaga

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lady Gaga

Official website
Lady Gaga at Allmusic
Lady Gaga at AllRovi
Lady Gaga discography at Discogs
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Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The New York Times
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Works by or about Lady Gaga in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Slide show Vanity Fair

v t e Lady Gaga

Discography Awards and nominations

Studio albums	The Fame Born This Way

Compilation albums	The Remix Born This Way: The Remix

EPs	The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday

Video albums	Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden

Singles	"Just Dance" "Poker Face" "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)" "LoveGame" "Paparazzi" "Bad Romance" "Telephone" "Alejandro" "Dance in the Dark" "Born This Way" "Judas" "The Edge of Glory" "You and I" "Marry the Night"

Collaborations	"Chillin" "Video Phone (Extended Remix)" "3-Way (The Golden Rule)" "The Lady Is a Tramp"

Promotional singles	"Beautiful, Dirty, Rich" "Christmas Tree" "Hair"

Other songs	"Monster" "Speechless" "So Happy I Could Die" "Scheiße" "Heavy Metal Lover" "Black Jesus + Amen Fashion"

Concert tours	The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball

Media	"The Telltale Moozadell" "Miss Universe 2008" "The Last Days of Disco Stick" Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving "Lisa Goes Gaga" Men in Black 3

Books	Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson

Related articles	Born This Way Foundation "Born This Way" (Glee) Cherrytree Records Nicola Formichetti Laurieann Gibson Haus of Gaga Interscope Records Kon Live Distribution Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop Meat dress "Perform This Way" "Theatricality" Lady Gaga on Twitter Controversy of the Born This Way Ball

Book Category Portal WikiProject

Authority control: LCCN: no2008179258 | VIAF: 220974042 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina
Alternative names	Lady Gaga
Short description	American pop singer
Date of birth	March 28, 1986
Place of birth	New York City, New York, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

lez:Леди Гага

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga

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[edit] Are You Experienced

[edit] Axis: Bold as Love

[edit] Electric Ladyland

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[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster

[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way