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Thursday, 22 November 2012

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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km² (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.

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India
India (ⁱ/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.

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Manhattan
Manhattan (/mænˈhætən/) is the most densely populated and the oldest of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, expanded northward, and then between 1874 and 1898, annexed land from surrounding counties.
The New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States, and one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km²), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population, and its smallest borough in land area.

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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.

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Bill Maher
William "Bill" Maher, Jr. ( /ˈmɑːr/; born January 20, 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, television host, political commentator, author, and actor. Before his current role as the host of HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, Maher hosted a similar late-night talk show called Politically Incorrect originally on Comedy Central and later on ABC.
Maher is known for his political satire and sociopolitical commentary, which targets a wide swath of topics including religion, politics, bureaucracies of many kinds, political correctness, the mass media, greed among people and persons in positions of high political and social power, and the lack of intellectual curiosity in the electorate. He supports the legalization of marijuana and same-sex marriage, and serves on the board of PETA. He is also a critic of religion and is an advisory board member of Project Reason, a foundation to promote scientific knowledge and secular values within society. In 2005, Maher ranked at number 38 on Comedy Central's 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time. Bill Maher received a Hollywood Walk of Fame star on September 14, 2010.

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Bob Saget
Robert Lane "Bob" Saget (born May 17, 1956) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and television host. Although he is best known for his family-friendly roles as Danny Tanner in Full House and the original host of America's Funniest Home Videos, Saget is also known for his very vulgar stand-up routine.
Saget was born in Philadelphia to Jewish parents. His father, Benjamin, was a supermarket executive, and his mother, Rosalyn, was a hospital administrator. Saget lived in Norfolk, Virginia, and Encino, California, before moving back to Philadelphia and graduating from Abington Senior High School. Saget originally intended to become a doctor, but his Honors English teacher, Elaine Zimmerman, saw his creative potential and urged him to seek a career in films.
He attended Temple University's film school, where he created Through Adam's Eyes, a black-and-white film about a boy who received reconstructive facial surgery, and was honored with an award of merit in the Student Academy Awards. He graduated with a B.A. in 1978. Saget intended to take graduate courses at the University of Southern California but quit a few days later. Saget describes himself at the time in an article by Glenn Esterly in the 1990 Saturday Evening Post: "I was a cocky, overweight twenty-two-year-old. Then I had a gangrenous appendix taken out, almost died, and I got over being cocky or overweight." Saget talked about his burst appendix on Anytime with Bob Kushell, saying that it happened on the Fourth of July, at the UCLASS Medical Center and that they at first just iced the area for seven hours before taking it out and finding that it had become gangrenous. Saget credits the band Autistico for getting him through the tough times.

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Charlie Sheen
Carlos Irwin Estevez (born September 3, 1965), better known by his stage name Charlie Sheen, is an American film and television actor. He is the youngest son of actor Martin Sheen.
His character roles in films have included Chris Taylor in the 1986 Vietnam War drama Platoon, Jake Kesey in the 1986 film The Wraith, and Bud Fox in the 1987 film Wall Street. His career has also included more comedic films such as Major League, the Hot Shots! films, and Scary Movie 3 and Scary Movie 4. On television, Sheen is known for his roles on two sitcoms: as Charlie Crawford on Spin City and as Charlie Harper on Two and a Half Men. In 2010, Sheen was the highest paid actor on television, earning US$1.8 million per episode of Two and a Half Men.
Sheen's personal life has also made headlines, including reports about alcohol and drug abuse and marital problems as well as allegations of domestic violence. He was fired from his role on Two and a Half Men by CBS and Warner Bros. on March 7, 2011. Sheen subsequently announced a nationwide tour.

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Christopher Titus
Christopher Todd Titus (born October 1, 1964) is an American comedian and actor. He grew up in Newark, California. Titus came to national attention with the eponymous FOX show Titus, of which he was the star, executive producer and co-creator. Time called the show "brutal, hilarious and audacious", while Newsday called him "TV's most original comic voice since Seinfeld". He is also a stand-up comedian whose act revolves around his dysfunctional family and shocking life experiences.
Titus was born in Castro Valley, California to Ken and Juanita C. (née Holmes) Titus. His parents divorced when he was a young child, and he was raised largely by his father, Ken, a judgmental, chain-smoking, hard drinker who was married six times and divorced five times. His mother suffered from schizophrenia and spent time in and out of mental hospitals. At the age of four he was taken away from his father and given to his grandparents on his mother's side. His father went to kidnap him back and told the local district attorney of his plans without them knowing. Rather than arrest him, the attorney gave him legal tactics he could use to get his son back which he used and eventually regained custody of Christopher. When he was 12 he ran away from his father to live with his mother, during which he lived in her garage but he shortly moved back with his father.^{[citation needed]}

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Craig Kilborn
Craig Kilborn (born August 24, 1962) is an American actor and talk show host. He was the original host of The Daily Show, a former anchor on ESPN's SportsCenter, and Tom Snyder's successor on CBS' The Late Late Show. On June 28, 2010, he launched The Kilborn File after a six-year absence from television. The Kilborn File aired on some Fox stations during a six-week trial run.
Kilborn, the son of Shirley, a school teacher, and Hiram Kilborn, an insurance executive, was born in Kansas City, but from the age 4, was raised in Hastings, Minnesota. From early on Kilborn was taller than his peers and early on it made him a consistent standout from elementary playgrounds through his prep years in Hastings. He would eventually grow to be 6' 5" tall. In the 9th grade Kilborn caught the eye of a man that coached an All-Star team from Minneapolis called the Northside Magicians. Kilborn accepted an invitation to join the team in national tournaments. Kilborn, again stood out because of his talent. He starred in basketball at Hastings High School, earning three letters, All-Conference and All-State honors. His talent attracted the attention of NCAA Division I scouts and Kilborn accepted a scholarship to Montana State University.

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Dave Attell
Dave Attell (born January 18, 1965) is an American stand-up comedian and the host of Comedy Central's Insomniac with Dave Attell and The Gong Show with Dave Attell.
Born in Queens, New York, to a Jewish family, he grew up in Rockville Centre, New York and now lives in New York City. Attell's initial motivation to perform stand-up comedy is attributed to his indecisiveness as to what he should do after college. In 1987 he graduated from New York University with a degree in communications. Like many other fledgling comedians, he worked menial jobs during the day and put in his time at comedy clubs at night. He worked his first gig at Governor's in Levittown and, according to Attell, "totally bombed".^{[citation needed]} After years of honing his act, he found himself being described as a "comedian's comedian".^{[citation needed]} When working a club, the other comedians, such as Mike Royce (a producer/writer on Everybody Loves Raymond), David Juskow (a performer on TV Funhouse), Kevin Brennan (from Saturday Night Live and HBO's One Night Stand) and Jon Stewart, would come in to watch his act. While the audience didn't always follow his up-front delivery, fellow comedians were refreshed by his originality.^{[citation needed]}

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Dave Chappelle
David Khari Webber "Dave" Chappelle (/ʃəˈpɛl/; born August 24, 1973) is an American comedian, screenwriter, television/film producer, actor, and artist. Chappelle began his film career in the film Robin Hood: Men in Tights in 1993 and continued to star in minor roles in the films The Nutty Professor, Con Air, and Blue Streak. His first lead role in a film was in Half Baked in 1998. In 2003, he became widely known for his popular sketch comedy television series, Chappelle's Show, which ran until his abrupt retirement from the show in 2005. Chappelle is ranked forty-third in Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time.
Chappelle was born David Khari Webber Chappelle in Washington, D.C. on August 24, 1973. His father, William David Chappelle III, was a professor at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. His mother, Yvonne (née Reed), was a professor at Howard University, Prince George's Community College, and the University of Maryland and is also a Unitarian Universalist minister. Chappelle grew up in Silver Spring, Maryland and attended Woodlin Elementary School. During young Chappelle's formative years, his comic inspiration came from various comedians, particularly Eddie Murphy and Richard Pryor.

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Denis Leary
Denis Colin Leary (born August 18, 1957) is an American actor, comedian, writer and director. Leary is known for his biting, fast paced comedic style and chain smoking. He is the star and co-creator of the television show Rescue Me, which ended its seventh and final season on September 7, 2011.
Leary was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the son of Irish Catholic immigrants. His mother, Nora (née Sullivan), was a maid, and his father, John Leary, was an auto mechanic. As both of his parents are from Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, Leary holds both Irish and U.S. citizenship. Through marriage, Leary is a third cousin of talk show host Conan O'Brien. He attended Saint Peter-Marian High School, in Worcester.
Leary is a graduate of Emerson College, in Boston. While at Emerson, he met fellow comic Mario Cantone, whom to this day Leary considers his closest friend. Comedian Steven Wright and actress Gina Gershon also attended Emerson at the same time as Leary.^{[citation needed]} At the school, he founded the Emerson Comedy Workshop, a troupe that continues on-campus as of 2011. After graduating with the Emerson Class of 1979, he took a job at the school teaching comedy writing classes and maintained the job for five years. Leary received an honorary doctorate and spoke briefly at his alma mater's undergraduate commencement ceremony on May 16, 2005; he is thus credited as "Dr. Denis Leary" on the cover of his 2009 book, Why We Suck.

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Donald Trump
Donald John Trump, Sr. (born June 14, 1946) is an American business magnate, television personality and author. He is the chairman and president of The Trump Organization and the founder of Trump Entertainment Resorts. Trump's extravagant lifestyle, outspoken manner and role on the NBC reality show The Apprentice have made him a well-known celebrity who was No. 17 on the 2011 Forbes Celebrity 100 list. He is well-known as a real-estate developer who amassed vast hotel, casino, and other real-estate properties, in the New York City area and around the world.
Trump is the son of Fred Trump, a wealthy New York City real-estate developer. He worked for his father's firm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, while attending the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1968 officially joined the company. He was given control of the company in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization.
In 2010, Trump expressed an interest in becoming a candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 election. In May 2011, he announced he would not be a candidate, but a few weeks later he said he had not completely ruled out the possibility. In December 2011, Trump was suggested as a possible Vice Presidential selection by Michele Bachmann. Bachmann has since suspended her presidential campaign.

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Doug Herzog
Douglas Alan "Doug" Herzog (born July 16, 1959) is an American television executive.
He is currently serving as President of MTV Networks Entertainment Group. He is credited with bringing South Park, The Daily Show, and The Colbert Report to Viacom's Comedy Central and canceling Mystery Science Theater 3000.
He has held senior positions with USA Network, where he helped launch Monk, and at Fox, launching Malcolm in the Middle. Prior to his first association with Comedy Central, he had been an Associate Producer on CNN and TBS, and a senior manager at MTV, and was responsible for MTV News, Camp MTV, The Real World, Road Rules, Beavis and Butt-head, The MTV Movie Awards, and The MTV Video Music Awards.
He is also mentioned in the South Park episode "Cartoon Wars Part II". In the episode, Kyle gives a speech to the president of the network as Cartman threatens to shoot him. The speech, in which Kyle begs the president not to censor an image of Muslim prophet Muhammad, is taken almost verbatim from a speech that Trey Parker gave to Herzog concerning censorship of the episode, so Kyle calls the president Doug, referring to Herzog. However, even though Muhammad had previously been shown on South Park, the image of Muhammad was censored by Comedy Central in "Cartoon Wars".

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Ellen V. Futter
Ellen V. Futter (born September 21, 1949) is president of the American Museum of Natural History. She previously served as president of Barnard College for 13 years.
Futter was born in New York City and attended high school in Port Washington, New York. She spent two years at the University of Wisconsin–Madison before transferring to Barnard College, where she graduated Phi Beta Kappa magna cum laude in 1971. She was elected as a student representative to the Barnard's board of trustees in 1971 and was subsequently elected to full membership to complete the term of Arthur Goldberg, former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Futter earned her J.D. from Columbia Law School in 1974.
Futter began her career as an associate at the Wall Street law firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy, where she practiced corporate law. In 1980, Futter took a leave of absence from Milbank, Tweed to serve as Barnard's acting president for one year. At the end of that period, she was appointed president of the college; at the time, she was the youngest president of any college in the United States. She served as president until 1993, when she joined the American Museum of Natural History.

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Flavor Flav
William Jonathan Drayton, Jr. (born March 16, 1959), better known by his stage name Flavor Flav, is an American rapper and television personality who rose to prominence as a member of the rap group Public Enemy. He is also known for popularizing the role of the hype man and for yelling "Yeah boy!" and "Flavor Flav!" during performances.
After falling out of the public eye for a number of years, he reappeared as the star of several VH1 reality series, including The Surreal Life, Strange Love, and Flavor of Love.
Drayton grew up in Freeport, New York. Flav began playing the piano at age five; and is self-taught. A musical prodigy, he sang in the youth choir at his church and mastered the piano, drums, and guitar at an early age. He eventually became proficient in 15 instruments. He set a house on fire as a small child while playing with a lighter and, by the time he dropped out of school in the 11th grade, he had been in and out of jail for robbery and burglary.
He attended Adelphi University on Long Island where he met Carlton Ridenhour, who would become known as Chuck D. Flavor Flav took his stage name after his graffiti tag. They first collaborated on Chuck D's hip-hop college radio show, then began rapping together. The two worked for Chuck D's father's delivery service.

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Frederic Salerno
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Gabriel Iglesias
Gabriel J. Iglecias (born July 15, 1976), known professionally as Gabriel Iglesias, is an American standup comedian and actor, known for his shows I'm Not Fat… I’m Fluffy and Hot & Fluffy. He employs storytelling, effected voices and sound effects in his act, whose other trademarks include references to his weight and his use of Hawaiian shirts. He has been called a "comedy genius" by Hector Saldaña of the San Antonio Express-News.
Gabriel Iglesias was born Gabriel J. Iglecias in San Diego, California. He is of Mexican-American heritage. His mother placed a letter "c" in his surname in retaliation for his father's absence during his birth, though he does not use this spelling in his every day life, preferring to use the one with the "s". He and his mother lived in Riverside, Corona, Santa Ana, Baldwin Park and Compton before settling in Long Beach, where Iglesias spent most of his life growing up.
Before going into comedy, Iglesias worked for a cell phone company in Los Angeles. Although his family urged him to remain in that job for its financial security, he insisted on trying his hand at comedy. When maintaining both occupations proved too difficult to handle, he decided to take the risk of doing comedy full time, against the advice of his mother, who cautioned him against such a move. Iglesias nonetheless left the phone company, which eventually resulted in his being evicted from his home and losing his car. Despite this, he persisted with comedy.

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Jeff Dunham
Jeff Dunham (born April 18, 1962) is an American ventriloquist and stand-up comedian who has also appeared on numerous television shows, including Late Show with David Letterman, Comedy Central Presents, The Tonight Show and Sonny With a Chance. He has four specials that run on Comedy Central: Jeff Dunham: Arguing with Myself, Jeff Dunham: Spark of Insanity, Jeff Dunham's Very Special Christmas Special, and Jeff Dunham: Controlled Chaos. Dunham also starred in The Jeff Dunham Show, a series on the network in 2009. His style has been described as "a dressed-down, more digestible version of Don Rickles with multiple personality disorder". Describing his characters, Time observes, "All of them are politically incorrect, gratuitously insulting and ill tempered." Dunham has been credited with reviving ventriloquism, and doing more to promote the art form than anyone since Edgar Bergen.
Dunham has been called "America's favorite comedian" by Slate.com, and according to the concert industry publication Pollstar, he is the top-grossing standup act in North America, and is among the most successful acts in Europe as well. As of November 2009, he has sold over four million DVDs, an additional $7 million in merchandise sales, and received more than 350 million hits on YouTube as of October 2009 (his introduction of Achmed the Dead Terrorist in Spark of Insanity was ranked as the ninth most watched YouTube video at the time).A Very Special Christmas Special was the most-watched telecast in Comedy Central history, with its DVD going quadruple platinum (selling over 400,000) in its first two weeks.Forbes.com ranked Dunham as the third highest-paid comedian in the United States behind Jerry Seinfeld and Chris Rock, and reported that he was one of the highest-earning comics from June 2008 to June 2009, earning approximately $30 million during that period.

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Jeff Foxworthy
Jeffrey Marshall "Jeff" Foxworthy (born September 6, 1958) is an American comedian, television and radio personality and author. He is a member of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour, a comedy troupe which also comprises Larry the Cable Guy, Bill Engvall and Ron White. Known for his "you might be a redneck" one-liners, Foxworthy has released six major-label comedy albums. His first two albums were each certified 3×multi-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Foxworthy has also written several books based on his redneck jokes, as well as an autobiography entitled No Shirt, No Shoes... No Problem!.
Foxworthy has also made several ventures into television, first in the mid-1990s as the star of a sitcom called, The Jeff Foxworthy Show. He has also appeared alongside Engvall and Larry the Cable Guy in several Blue Collar television specials, most notably Blue Collar TV. Since 2007, he has been the host of the quiz show Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? on Fox (2007–2009) and syndication (2009–2011). Foxworthy hosted a nationally syndicated radio show called The Foxworthy Countdown from April 1999 to December 2009.

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Jim Breuer
Jim Breuer (born June 21, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and radio host. He is most noted for his time as a cast member on Saturday Night Live and starring in the 1998 cult "stoner comedy" Half Baked, alongside Dave Chappelle.
Jim Breuer was born and raised in Valley Stream, New York.
Prior to gaining national notoriety, Jim Breuer was a stand-out talent on the little-known Uptown Comedy Club weekly television show, based out of Harlem, New York. Subsequently, Jim Breuer first rose to fame as a cast member of Saturday Night Live from 1995 to 1998. On SNL, Breuer's characters included "Goat Boy" (who hosted the fictional MTV program "Hey, Remember the 80s?") and Glen Henderson, the elder brother to Chris Kattan's Todd Henderson/Azrael Abyss character in the "Goth Talk" skits. He has previously guest starred in Home Improvement. That appearance gave way to the short-lived sitcom Buddies. He was originally scheduled to have been the co-star alongside friend and co-worker Dave Chappelle, but was pulled from the role after filming the pilot.

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Joan Rivers
Joan Alexandra Molinsky (born June 8, 1933), better known by her stage name Joan Rivers, is an American television personality, comedian, and actress. She is known for her brash manner; her loud, raspy voice with a heavy New York accent; and her numerous cosmetic surgeries. Rivers' comic style relies heavily on her ability to poke fun at herself and other Hollywood celebrities.
Joan Rivers was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky in Brooklyn, a borough of New York City, the daughter of Russian Jewish immigrants Beatrice (née Grushman; January 6, 1906 – October 1975) and Meyer C. Molinsky (December 7, 1900 – January 1985). She was raised in Brooklyn, New York, and her family later moved to Larchmont, in Westchester County, New York. She attended Connecticut College between 1950 and 1952 and graduated from Barnard College in 1954 with a bachelor-of-arts degree in English literature and anthropology. Before entering show business, Rivers worked at various jobs such as a tour guide at Rockefeller Center, a writer/proofreader at an advertising agency and as a fashion consultant at Bond Clothing Stores. During this period, the agent Tony Rivers advised her to change her name, so she chose Joan Rivers as her stage name.

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Jon Stewart
Jon Stewart (born Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz; November 28, 1962) is an American political satirist, writer, television host, actor, media critic and stand-up comedian. He is widely known as host of The Daily Show, a satirical news program that airs on Comedy Central.
Stewart started as a stand-up comedian, but branched into television as host of Short Attention Span Theater for Comedy Central. He went on to host his own show on MTV, called The Jon Stewart Show, and then hosted another show on MTV called You Wrote It, You Watch It. He has also had several film roles as an actor. Stewart became the host of The Daily Show on Comedy Central in early 1999. He is also a writer and co-executive-producer of the show. After Stewart joined, The Daily Show steadily gained popularity and critical acclaim, resulting in his sixteen Emmy Awards.
Stewart has gained acclaim as an acerbic, satirical critic of personality-driven media shows, in particular those of the US media networks such as CNN, Fox News Channel, and MSNBC. Critics say Stewart benefits from a double standard: he critiques other news shows from the safe, removed position of his "fake news" desk. Stewart agrees, saying that neither his show nor his channel purports to be anything other than satire and comedy. In spite of its self-professed entertainment mandate, The Daily Show has been nominated for news and journalism awards. Stewart hosted the 78th and 80th Academy Awards. He is the co-author of America (The Book): A Citizen's Guide to Democracy Inaction, which was one of the best-selling books in the U.S. in 2004 and Earth (The Book): A Visitor's Guide to the Human Race released in 2010.

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L. Brent Bozell III
Leo Brent Bozell III (born July 14, 1955) is an American conservative writer and activist. Bozell is the founder and president of the Media Research Center, the Conservative Communications Center, and the Cybercast News Service. Bozell served as president of the Parents Television Council from 1995 to 2006, after which he was succeeded by Timothy F. Winter. In addition, currently, Bozell serves on the board for the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights and has served on the board of directors in the American Conservative Union. Bozell is also nationally syndicated by Creator's Syndicate where his work appears in publications such as the Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Washington Times, New York Post, Los Angeles Times and National Review.
The Media Research Center operates on a self-reported $10 million annual budget, using what it calls "the most comprehensive media monitoring operation in the world" to track major televised broadcasts and print news with the goal of "documenting, exposing and neutralizing liberal media bias."

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Larry the Cable Guy
Daniel Lawrence Whitney (born February 17, 1963), best known by his stage name and character Larry the Cable Guy, is an American stand-up comedian, actor, country music artist, voice artist, and former radio personality.
He is one of the members of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour, a comedy troupe which also includes Bill Engvall, Ron White, and Jeff Foxworthy (with whom he has starred on Blue Collar TV).
Whitney has released seven comedy albums, of which three have been certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 copies. In addition, he has starred in three Blue Collar Comedy Tour-related movies, as well as in the films Larry the Cable Guy: Health Inspector, Delta Farce, and Witless Protection. He is widely known for voicing Mater in the Cars franchise. Whitney's catchphrase "Git-R-Done!" is also the title of his book.
On January 26, 2010, the TV channel History announced that it was ordering a series starring Whitney called Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy, in which he would explore the country and immerse himself in different lifestyles, jobs, and hobbies. The first episode of the series aired on February 8, 2011.

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Lewis Black
Lewis Niles Black (born August 30, 1948) is an American stand-up comedian, author, playwright, social critic and actor. He is known for his comedy style, which often includes simulating a mental breakdown, or an increasingly angry rant, ridiculing history, politics, religion, trends and cultural phenomena. He hosted the Comedy Central series Lewis Black's Root of All Evil, and makes regular appearances on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart delivering his “Back in Black” commentary segment. When not on the road performing, he resides in Manhattan. He also maintains a residence in Chapel Hill, N.C. He is currently the spokesman for Aruba Tourism, appearing in television ads that aired in late 2009 and 2010. He was voted 51st of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time by Comedy Central in 2004; and was voted 5th in Comedy Central's Stand`Up Showdown in 2008 and 11th in 2010.
Black is the son of Jeannette, a teacher, and Sam Black, an artist and mechanical engineer. He was born and raised in a middle-class Jewish family in Silver Spring, Maryland, graduating from Springbrook High School in 1966, summa cum laude.

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Marc Maron
Marc Maron ( /ˈmærən/ MAR-ən; born September 27, 1963) is an American stand-up comedian and radio and podcast host.
He has been host of The Marc Maron Show, and co-host of both Morning Sedition, and Breakroom Live, all politically oriented shows, produced by Air America Media. He was also the host of Comedy Central's Short Attention Span Theater for a year, replacing Jon Stewart. Maron has been a frequent guest on the Late Show with David Letterman and made over 44 appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, more than any other stand-up performer. He was also a regular guest on Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn and hosted the short-lived American version of the British game show Never Mind the Buzzcocks on VH1.
In September 2009, Maron began hosting a twice-weekly podcast titled WTF with Marc Maron, in which he interviews comedians and celebrities.
Maron was born into a Jewish family in Jersey City, New Jersey, but lived in Wayne, New Jersey and Pompton Lakes, New Jersey until he was six. Maron's father then joined the US Air Force for two years, and Maron and his family lived in Alaska. When his father left the Air Force, he moved his family to Albuquerque, New Mexico and started a medical practice.

wn.com/Marc_Maron
Matt Stone
Matthew Richard "Matt" Stone (born May 26, 1971) is an American actor, voice actor, animator, screenwriter, producer, musician, best known for being the co-creator of South Park along with his creative partner and best friend, Trey Parker.
Stone and Parker launched their largely collaborative careers in 1992, making a holiday short titled Jesus vs. Frosty. Their first success came from Alferd Packer: The Musical, subsequently distributed as Cannibal! The Musical. From there he made another short title Jesus vs. Santa, leading him and college friend Parker to create South Park, which has been airing for over fifteen years. He has four Emmy Awards for his role in South Park, winning for both "Outstanding Programming More Than One Hour" and "Outstanding Programming Less Than One Hour".
Stone was born in Houston, Texas to Gerald Whitney Stone, Jr. (1941-2010), an economics professor and textbook author, and Sheila Lois Belasco (who share the first names of South Park character Kyle Broflovski's parents). Stone's mother is Jewish and his father was of Irish descent. Stone and his younger sister, Rachel were raised in Littleton, Colorado, a suburb of Denver, Colorado, where both attended Heritage High School. He graduated from the University of Colorado at Boulder, and was their first student to double major in film and mathematics.

wn.com/Matt_Stone
Mitch Fatel
Mitch Fatel (born Mitch Fertel in 1968 in Manhattan) is a stand-up comedian in New York. He was raised in Yonkers, New York and began doing stand-up at the age of 15. In 1988 Fatel attended NYU/Tisch School of the Arts and majored in Film and Acting Studies. Around this time Mitch was an intern on The Howard Stern Show. When Mitch left the show he brought in a friend of his, John Melendez. John went on to take his place as intern and became known as "Stuttering John".
Fatel performs regularly at the famed Comedy Cellar. He has performed on the Late Show with David Letterman and Late Night with Conan O'Brien and worked as a correspondent on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. In 2006 Mitch took home honors as the "Best Stand-Up Comedian" at the Aspen Comedy Festival.
In 2004, he released a CD entitled Miniskirts and Muffins. Fatel had his own half-hour special on April 10, 2007 at 10PM on Comedy Central Presents which was ranked number 6 by viewers in the "Stand Up Showdown". Tracks from Fatel's CDs are often heard on XM Comedy 150 on XM Satellite Radio and on Sirius Satellite Radio's Raw Dog Comedy 104.

wn.com/Mitch_Fatel
Muhammad
Muhammad (c. 26 April 570 – 8 June 632; also transliterated as Mohammad, Mohammed, or Muhammed; Arabic: محمد‎), full name: Muhammad Ibn `Abd Allāh Ibn `Abd al-Muttalib (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله بن عبد المطلب ‎) was a leader from Mecca who unified the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity under Islam. He is believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God. Muslims believe that Islam was not his own invention but was revealed by God, and most consider him to be the last prophet of God Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets.
Born in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Being in the habit of periodically retreating to a cave in the surrounding mountains for several nights of meditation and prayer, he later reported that it was there, at age 40, that he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām) is the only way (dīn) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets.

wn.com/Muhammad
Norm Macdonald
Norman Gene "Norm" Macdonald (born October 17, 1963) is a Canadian stand-up comedian, writer, producer and actor. He is best known for his five seasons as a cast member on Saturday Night Live, which included anchoring Weekend Update for three years. Early in his career, he wrote for the sitcom Roseanne and made appearances on shows including The Drew Carey Show and NewsRadio. He also starred in The Norm Show from 1999 to 2001. Comedy Central named him #83 on the five-part miniseries 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time. He is noted as one of Conan O'Brien's favorite and most frequent guests on his various talk shows. His brother is Canadian journalist Neil Macdonald, of CBC News' Washington, D.C. bureau.
Starting February 26, 2011, Macdonald became the new host of High Stakes Poker on Game Show Network. He also hosted Sports Show with Norm Macdonald on Comedy Central, which began airing on April 12, 2011. It was announced on June 7, 2011, that the Sports Show would not be renewed for a second season, reportedly due to low ratings, even though Sports Show steadily averaged one-million viewers per episode.

wn.com/Norm_Macdonald
Pablo Francisco
Pablo Ridson Francisco (born January 5, 1974) is an American stand-up comedian of Chilean origin. He started his career doing improv in Tempe, Arizona.
In the 1990s, he appeared on MADtv as a featured player. His stand-up act was introduced to America at large when he landed his own half-hour comedy special on Comedy Central Presents in 2000. In 2001 and 2002, Francisco toured as part of "The Three Amigos" with Carlos Mencia and Freddy Soto. Since then, he has performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, VH1's ILL-ustrated, Mind of Mencia as "The Voiceover Dude" (same as "Movie Voiceover Guy"), and most recently, Frank TV.
Francisco is recognized for vocal impressions of famous people including Jackie Chan, Aaron Neville, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Howard Stern, Casey Kasem, Keanu Reeves, Michael J. Fox, Jerry Springer, Don Lapre, Celine Dion, William Hung, Danny Glover, Gary Busey, and most notably Don LaFontaine (the Movie Voiceover King). As well, he also does sound effects and character voices like Count Dracula (as a Spanish Radio DeeJay), Droopy Dog, Chris Rock, Jimi Hendrix, Tony Montana, R2-D2, Kermit the Frog, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Ozzy Osbourne, Ricky Martin, Dennis Hopper, Aladdin, George Clooney, Dennis Haysbert, Anthony Sullivan, Christopher Walken, and Mr. Magoo. He also has a talent for beatboxing.

wn.com/Pablo_Francisco
Pamela Anderson
Pamela Denise Anderson (born July 1, 1967) is a Canadian actress, model, producer, author, activist, and former showgirl, known for her roles on the television series Home Improvement, Baywatch, and V.I.P. She was chosen as a Playmate of the Month for Playboy magazine in February 1990. For a time, she was known as Pamela Anderson Lee (or Pamela Lee) after marrying Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee. She maintains dual American and Canadian citizenship.
Anderson was born in Ladysmith, British Columbia, the daughter of Barry, a furnace repairman, and Carol (née Grosco) Anderson, a waitress. Her great-grandfather, Juho Hyytiäinen, was Finnish, a native of Saarijärvi, and left the Grand Duchy of Finland (which was a part of the Russian Empire at the time) in 1908, changing his name to Anderson when he arrived as an immigrant. Anderson also has Russian ancestry on her mother's side.
After graduating from Highland Secondary School in 1985, Anderson moved to Vancouver and worked as a fitness instructor. During the summer of 1989, Anderson went with her friends to a BC Lions game at BC Place, and during the game she was shown on the stadium screen wearing a Labatt's t-shirt, causing the crowd to cheer for the 21-year-old Anderson. She was taken down to the field to receive an ovation from the crowd. Her photographer boyfriend Dan Ilicic produced the Blue Zone Girl poster on his own. In October 1989 she appeared as the cover girl on Playboy magazine. At this stage in her modelling career, she had decided to live in Los Angeles to further pursue her career ambitions. She became a centrefold for Playboy when the magazine chose her to be their Playmate of the Month for their February 1990 issue. She then chose to get breast implants. Anderson has since appeared in Playboy several times in the 1990s and 2000s.

wn.com/Pamela_Anderson
Philippe Dauman
Philippe Dauman is the President and CEO of Viacom. He has served at this post since September 2006. Dauman is a longtime associate of the company's chairman Sumner Redstone. Dauman served from 1994 to 2000 as a member of Viacom's executive committee and as executive vice president in charge of strategic transactions, legal and government affairs, human resources and administration, supervising Paramount Pictures Entertainment, Showtime Networks and Simon & Schuster. Dauman was also a director at Redstone-owned CBS Corporation until September 2006.
From 1993 to 1998, he also was Viacom's general counsel.
In 2009, Dauman and Viacom launched the Get Schooled education initiative with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation - an effort to raise awareness of the crisis in America's public schools. He also hosted the Get Schooled education conference on September 8, 2009.
Dauman is a director of Lafarge, and on the Board of Directors of the KIPP Foundation, a national network of free, open-enrollment, college-preparatory public schools in underserved communities. He is also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, a member of the Business Roundtable and serves on the Executive Committee of the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, the Board of Trustees for The Paley Center for Media, the Board of Trustees of the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System Foundation, the Executive Committee of the Lenox Hill Hospital and the Board of Trustees and Dean’s Council of Columbia University School of Law.

wn.com/Philippe_Dauman
Rich Hall
Richard "Rich" Hall (born 10 June 1954) is an American comedian, writer and musician.
Hall was born in Alexandria, Virginia and grew up in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He is part Cherokee Indian and his mother's Christian name is Doris. Early in his career, he performed as a street comedian with a suitcase and stand, traveling the college circuit, and performing impromptu skits for gathering crowds.
Hall's first professional work was as a writer and performer on the American sketch comedy TV series Fridays from 1980 until 1982. After the end of Fridays, Hall co-wrote and starred in the satirical comedy series Not Necessarily the News from 1983 until 1990 where he coined the term "sniglet" and collected and published several volumes of books of them. Matt Groening has described him as the inspiration for Moe Szyslak from The Simpsons. He was also a regular on Saturday Night Live. In 1986, he had his own Showtime channel special, Vanishing America, which was turned into a book with the same title. He hosted a talk show during The Comedy Channel's 1990-91 season, titled Rich Hall's Onion World.

wn.com/Rich_Hall
Robert Kraft
Robert K. Kraft (born June 5, 1941) is an American business magnate. He is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Kraft Group, a diversified holding company with assets in paper and packaging, sports and entertainment, real estate development and a private equity portfolio. His holdings include the National Football League's New England Patriots and Major League Soccer's New England Revolution, and Gillette Stadium.
Kraft attended Brookline High School in his hometown, graduating in 1959.
He is a 1963 graduate of Columbia University, which he attended on scholarship, and received an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1965. While at Columbia, Kraft played on the school's lightweight football team. He was married to the former Myra Hiatt, a 1964 graduate of Brandeis University and the daughter of the late Worcester, Massachusetts philanthropist Jacob Hiatt. She died from cancer, aged 68, on July 20, 2011.
He began his professional career with the Rand-Whitney Group, a Worcester-based packaging company owned by Hiatt. He still serves as this company's chairman. In 1972, he founded International Forest Products, a trader of physical paper commodities. The two combined companies make up the largest privately held paper and packaging companies in the United States. International Forest Products is consistently among the top 100 US exporters/importers and in 2005 was No. 45 on the Journal of Commerce's list in that category.^{[citation needed]}

wn.com/Robert_Kraft
Shari Redstone
Shari Ellin Redstone (born April 14, 1954) is an American businesswoman. She is the president of National Amusements, vice-chairman of CBS Corporation and Viacom, and on December 21, 2007 became chairman of Midway Games (a position she subsequently relinquished in December 2008 when her father Sumner Redstone sold all his stock in the company). Through National Amusements, Shari Redstone and her family are majority owners of CBS Corporation, Viacom, et al.
She is the daughter of Sumner Redstone and Phyllis Gloria Raphael, sister of Brent Redstone, granddaughter of Michael Redstone (who changed his name from Michael Rothstein), and a 1975 Bachelor of Science graduate of Tufts University. She also received her law degrees at Boston University School of Law in 1978 (LLB) and in 1980 (LLM).
Ms. Redstone and her father have feuded publicly over issues of corporate governance and the future of the cinema chain. Documents have been made public which verify that, as part of a settlement from Sumner's first divorce, all of Sumner's stock is in irrevocable trusts that will be left to his grandchildren. The trusts are said to make it clear that Shari Redstone, Vice-Chairwoman of the Board of Viacom and CBS, is to assume her father's role upon his death.

wn.com/Shari_Redstone
Thomas E. Dooley
Thomas E. Dooley is chief operating officer of Viacom. He was named COO in May 2010. He had previously held the position of senior executive vice president, chief financial officer and chief administrative officer.
Dooley received a Bachelor of Science degree from St. John's University in New York City in 1978 and an Master of Business Administration from the New York University Stern School of Business in 1984.
Dooley joined Viacom Inc., a predecessor of the current Viacom, in 1980. He held various divisional and corporate positions, including Senior Vice President, Corporate Development; President, Interactive Television; and Vice President, Finance, and Treasurer, as well as Deputy Chairman. He was also a member of Viacom's Executive Committee, holding the title of Executive Vice President, Finance, Corporate Development and Communications. He also served as a member of the former Viacom Inc. board from 1996 to 2000.
Dooley was co-chairman and chief executive officer of DND Capital Partners, a private equity firm specializing in media and telecommunications investments, from May 2000 until September 2006. He returned to Viacom in 2006, serving on Viacom's board of directors at the start of that year.

wn.com/Thomas_E._Dooley
Trey Parker
Trey Parker (born Randolph Severn Parker III; October 19, 1969) is an American actor, voice artist, animator, screenwriter, director, producer and musician, best known for being the co-creator of South Park along with his creative partner and best friend Matt Stone.
Parker started his film career in 1992, making a holiday short titled Jesus vs. Frosty. His first success came from Cannibal! The Musical. From there he made another short titled Jesus vs. Santa, which led him and college friend Stone to create South Park, which began airing on television in 1997. He has won four Emmy Awards for his role in South Park, winning for both "Outstanding Programming More Than One Hour" and "Outstanding Programming Less Than One Hour".
He co-wrote and co-directed the 2011 multi-Tony Award winning musical The Book of Mormon.

wn.com/Trey_Parker
William Shatner
William Alan Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, musician, recording artist, author and film director. He gained worldwide fame and became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, captain of the USS Enterprise, in the science fiction television series Star Trek from 1966 to 1969, Star Trek: The Animated Series from 1973 to 1974, and in seven of the subsequent Star Trek feature films from 1979 to 1994. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek, and has co-written several novels set in the Star Trek universe. He has also authored a series of science fiction novels called TekWar that were adapted for television.
Shatner also played the eponymous veteran police sergeant in T. J. Hooker from 1982 to 1986. Afterwards, he hosted the reality-based television series, Rescue 911 from 1989 to 1996, which won a People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Dramatic Series. He has since worked as a musician, author, producer, director and celebrity pitchman. From 2004 to 2008 he starred as attorney Denny Crane in the television dramas The Practice and its spin-off Boston Legal for which he won two Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award.

wn.com/William_Shatner

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A simple game in an office break room between Terry (Jordan Peele) and Gabe (Keegan-Michae...

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When a dungeon master (Keegan-Michael Key) invites his cousin Tyrell (Jordan Peele) to par...

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In this QuickTip, Colorist Denver Riddle shows you how to bring out your dead - with great...

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Photo: AP / Pablo Martinez Monsivais

U.S. President Barack Obama, right, waves as he embraces Myanmar's opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi, left, after addressing members of the media at Suu Kyi's residence in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Nov. 19, 2012.

Burma's and America's Ongoing Storms

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20 Nov 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling President Barack Obama's whirlwind tour of southeast Asia and meetings with dignitaries will have to walk a tightrope between either appearing to endorse...

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Gaza/Jerusalem - Israel bombed dozens of targets in the Gaza Strip on Monday and said that while it was prepared to step up its offensive by sending in troops, it preferred a diplomatic solution that...

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Comedy Central

Launched	April 1, 1991
Owned by	Viacom
Picture format	480i (SDTV) 1080i (HDTV)
Country	United States
Language	English
Headquarters	345 Hudson Street New York City
Formerly called	CTV: The Comedy Network (April 1 – May 31, 1991)
Replaced	Merger of The Comedy Channel And Ha!
Website	comedycentral.com
Availability
Satellite
DirecTV	Channel 249 (SD/HD) Channel 1249 (VOD)
Dish Network	Channel 107 (SD/HD)
Cable
Available on most cable systems	Check local listings
IPTV
Verizon FiOS	Channel 190 (SD) Channel 690 (HD)
AT&T U-Verse	Channel 140 (SD) Channel 1140 (HD)

Comedy Central is an American cable television and satellite television channel that carries comedy programming, both original and syndicated.

Since late 2006, Comedy Central has expanded globally with localized channels in Germany, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Latin America, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom / Ireland and Spain.

A channel which serves Asia will launch in 2012.^[1]

1 History
2 Comedy Central HD
3 Programming
4 International
5 Criticism
6 References
7 External links

History [link]

Creation (1989–1991)[link]

On November 15, 1989, Time Warner, owners of HBO, launched The Comedy Channel as the first cable channel devoted exclusively to comedy-based programming. On April 1, 1990, Viacom (who owned MTV, VH1, and Nickelodeon) launched a rival channel called Ha!^[2] that featured reruns of situation comedies and some original sketch comedy.

The Comedy Channel's programs were originated from the HBO Downtown Studios at 120 East 23rd Street in Manhattan. The format prior to the merger with Ha! included several original and unconventional programs such as Onion World with Rich Hall and Mystery Science Theater 3000, as well as laid-back variety/talk shows hosted by comedians, including The Sweet Life with Rachel Sweet, Night After Night with Allan Havey, Sports Monster and The Higgins Boys and Gruber, the latter of whom performed sketches in between showings of vintage television serials like Supercar, Clutch Cargo, and Lancelot Link, Secret Chimp.

The standard format for The Comedy Channel's shows usually involved the various hosts introducing clips culled from the acts of stand-up comedians as well as classic comedies of the 1970s and 1980s, such as Young Frankenstein and Kentucky Fried Movie, presented in a style similar to music videos. In the early days, certain hours of the day when clips were shown without "host segments" were dubbed Short Attention Span Theater. In 1990, hosts under this title, Jon Stewart and Patty Rosborough, were introduced. Comedian Marc Maron also hosted the series.

While The Comedy Channel broadcast mostly low-budget original programming^[3], Ha!'s schedule featured sitcom and sketch comedy reruns (many of which had been previously licensed for sister network Nick at Nite) as well as complete 90-minute reruns of Saturday Night Live from the sixth through sixteenth seasons.

After two years of limited distribution, the two channels merged into one, relaunching on April Fools' Day 1991 as CTV: The Comedy Network, changing its name to Comedy Central on June 1, 1991 to prevent issues with CTV, a Canadian broadcast television network.^[4] Viacom bought out Time Warner's half in April 2003 for $1.23 billion.^[5] Despite HBO's exit from the venture, the MTV Networks division in charge of Comedy Central is still called Comedy Partners, currently being a partnership of Viacom International, the subsidiary MTV Networks does business as, and Viacom Hearty Ha! Ha!, the subsidiary that owned Ha! and Viacom's original half of the network.^[6]

1991–1997 [link]

File:Comedy Central logo (1990s).svg

The original Comedy Central logo used from June 1, 1991 to 3:59 a.m. ET on October 30, 2000. An earlier variant of this logo has the "Comedy Central" text bigger, almost taking up the marquee sign. That variant lasted until 1995.

From the late 1980s through the mid-1990s, much of the programming on Comedy Central, and its predecessors, consisted of comedy films, sitcom reruns, half-hour specials and clip shows featuring comedians. With the exception of the cult favorite Mystery Science Theater 3000, the channel had a relatively small viewership. A notable early success was Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher, which after showing promise on Comedy Central was quickly snapped up by the ABC network. Additionally, The Daily Show had got its start with premiere host Craig Kilborn, although it would take a few more years for the show to reach high popularity (and shift toward a focus on political humor) with the introduction of Jon Stewart (who was former co-host of Short Attention Span Theater from 1991).

Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist was also a notable original program from this era, as well as the game show Win Ben Stein's Money. Successful non-original programming included Canadian comedy group The Kids In The Hall and British shows such as the U.K. edition of Whose Line Is It Anyway? (predecessor of the U.S. version, featuring much of the same American cast as would later be seen in the U.S.) and the sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. Some later seasons of "AbFab", as it was informally known, were partially financed by Comedy Central. Comedy Central also aired nationwide reruns of Seattle's Almost Live! between 1992 and 1993.

[edit] South Park

File:SouthParkBoys.jpg

South Park's main characters: (L-R) Eric Cartman, Kyle Broflovski, Stan Marsh and Kenny McCormick

The channel made a breakthrough when South Park premiered in 1997. Being the first major cable show to carry the TV-MA rating for mature audiences, the show was too controversial to be picked up by a mainstream network.^[7] As word of mouth spread, the number of people who requested that Comedy Central be added to their cable systems increased, and the channel became available in over 50% of American homes by 1998.

2000–2003 [link]

File:Comedy Central logo.svg

The network's second logo used from October 30, 2000 until December 31, 2010.

At 8 a.m. ET on October 30, 2000, Comedy Central modernized its globe logo, by straightening the buildings, modernizing the globe, and removing the transmitter from the logo. The management of the network said that the transmitter of the 1991 logo was said to "communicate the 1950s broadcast era". In 2002, Comedy Central Records was formed as a means of releasing albums by comedians that have appeared on the network.^[8] This unit would ultimately be sold to Fox.

Since 2003, Comedy Central has created a tradition of roasting comedians in tradition of the New York Friars' Club roasts. During these roasts friends of the roastee, along with comedians, take turns making fun of the roastee, the other roasters and occasionally audience members. So far, the roastees have included Denis Leary,^[9] Jeff Foxworthy,^[10] Pamela Anderson,^[11] William Shatner,^[12] Flavor Flav,^[13] Bob Saget,^[14] Larry the Cable Guy,^[15] Joan Rivers, David Hasselhoff,^[16] Donald Trump and Charlie Sheen.

[edit] The Secret Stash

The success of South Park, despite its mature content, encouraged the network to continue to push the limits on adult language. Every Saturday and Sunday morning at 1 am, a movie, comedy special or animated program is shown unedited for language. This is called the Secret Stash. It premiered on July 4, 2003 (with the unedited cable television debut of South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut). Though no language is censored on the Secret Stash, most nudity in the programs is still edited out, with the exception of limited nudity allowed in animated programs (such as Drawn Together) Rear Nudity and the occasional topless scene.

2004–2006 [link]

In late 2004, it was reported that the top four rated shows on Comedy Central were, in ascending order, South Park, Chappelle's Show, The Daily Show, and Reno 911!. Shortly thereafter, Dave Chappelle backed out of the much-anticipated third season of Chappelle's Show.^[17] Meanwhile, The Daily Show continued to climb in ratings. In October 2005, on the occasion of a new three-year contract for South Park and the launch of Daily Show spin-off The Colbert Report, it was reported that South Park and The Daily Show were the two highest rated shows on Comedy Central. Comedy Central chief Doug Herzog was reported as saying that he hoped to continue to air new seasons of South Park forever, and that The Colbert Report fulfilled a long-held plan to extend the Daily Show brand.

On April 5, 2006, in a controversial two-part episode arc titled "Cartoon Wars Part I" and "Cartoon Wars Part II", South Park touched the issue of the recent protest over the Danish cartoon drawings depicting the Muslim prophet Muhammad. The image of Muhammad did not appear in the episode. On April 13, 2006, Comedy Central issued a statement^[18] which appears to confirm that the network prohibited the show's creators from airing an image of Muhammad. The statement reads, "In light of recent world events, we feel we made the right decision." An anonymous source close to the show indicated^{[citation needed]} that South Park creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone were informed of the policy several weeks earlier, and wrote this story arc in protest. This is a change of policy for Comedy Central, having allowed South Park to portray an image of Muhammad in an earlier episode, "Super Best Friends". Oddly enough, an image of Muhammad was still briefly visible in the opening credits of the "Cartoon Wars" episodes (the image had been there as a call-back to "Super Best Friends").

2007–2010 [link]

On Monday January 15, 2007, MTV Networks International launched Comedy Central in Germany which is available for free throughout Europe. The channel airs 33 shows either dubbed in German or subtitled while also airing locally produced shows.^[19] As of April 30, Dutch channel The Box has been transformed into the Dutch version of Comedy Central during the primetime and overnight hours timesharing with Nickelodeon.^[20] And on May 1, 2007 the channel has launched in Italy replacing Paramount Comedy.^[21]

As of June 27, 2007, CTVglobemedia-owned networks CTV and The Comedy Network have exclusive Canadian rights to the entire Comedy Central library of past and current programs on all electronic platforms, under a multi-year agreement with Viacom, expanding on past programming agreements between the two channels. Canadian users attempting to visit Comedy Central websites will also be redirected to The Comedy Network's website. The Canadian channel will keep its own brand name, but the agreement is otherwise very similar to the earlier CTV/Viacom deal for MTV in Canada.^[22] As of 2011 this Geocaching no longer applies and both the Comedy Central and The Comedy Network website can be access worldwide with the exception of videos which remain only accessible within eaches native country.

In December 2007, Comedy Central picked up a show hosted by Lewis Black called Lewis Black's Root of All Evil.^[23] The show didn't start playing on Comedy Central until March 2008. On January 9, 2008, it was announced the Comedy Central and MTV would put programs online for free starting in February.^[24] On January 24, Scott Landsman became the Vice President of Original Programming and Development at the network.^[25]

On March 27, 2008, the Swedish Radio and TV Authority approved an application from Comedy Central regarding being allowed to air television programs in Sweden. The grant allows Comedy Central to broadcast on the terrestrial television network between January 1, 2009, and March 31, 2014, after which a new request must be submitted in order to continue broadcasting.^[26] The main Comedy Central network in the United States picked up a remake of The Gong Show hosted by Dave Attell,^[27] star of his former self-titled Comedy Central series Insomniac for premiere in July 2008. Another new show called Reality Bites Back^[28] premiered after The Gong Show with Dave Attell.

In June 2008, Comedy Central picked up sketch comedy show Important Things with Demetri Martin which began airing in February 2009.^[29] On April 1, 2009, Comedy Central began airing in New Zealand as Channel 010 on SKY Digital. On April 6, Paramount Comedy in the UK and Ireland rebranded as Comedy Central. On April 7, 2009, it was announced Comedy Central would air new stand-up comedy specials starring Christopher Titus, Gabriel Iglesias, Pablo Francisco, Jim Breuer, Mitch Fatel and Pete Correale, and ventriloquist Jeff Dunham.^[30] An animated show entitled Ugly Americans has also been picked up by the network.^[31] In 2009, The Goode Family premiered.^[32] Also in 2009, Thomas Lennon announced via Twitter that Reno 911! had been cancelled^[33] after six successful seasons, much to outraged fan disapproval. The network has also played a role in the revival of the animated series Futurama, which Fox had cancelled in 2003. New episodes began airing on Comedy Central in 2010.^[34]

South Park episodes "200" and "201" aired in April 2010, revisiting the issue of the Islamic religious figure Muhammad's perceived immunity to parody, for fear of violent retaliation. The Super Best Friends return, but Muhammad is entirely covered by a black bar reading "CENSORED" through all of his screen time. By the second episode of the two-parter, Comedy Central decided to censor every instance of his name, as well as three entire monologues, from the end of the show. The monologues dealt with the subjects of censorship and intimidation, but did not actually use Muhammad's name. Parker and Stone have since issued a statement to the press, confirming that the "bleeps" were added weeks after the show was finished, and that Comedy Central has refused to let them post the original version to South Park Studios, in addition to retroactively removing the original "Super Best Friends" episode.^[35]

2011–present [link]

On December 10, 2010, Comedy Central introduced a new logo for the network that launched on January 1, 2011, which left behind the previous theme of a world-sized "tower" broadcasting the network/skyscrapers, in favor of an image of two "C"'s, with one of them and the word "Central" turned upside-down within the new logomark. The new logo was designed to represent the network's unique brand of comedy (with some drawing comparisons to the copyright symbol as inspiration for its design and use), and to provide the network with a logo that could be easily used across different platforms, such as social media.^[36]^[37] This new logo has won several awards.^[38]^{[dubious – discuss]} Poland was the first who started the international rebrand in Europe on February 20, 2011. The next two countries were the Netherlands and Germany on October 1, 2011. Comedy Central New Zealand rebranded in April 2012.

In 2010, the network announced that Norm Macdonald was developing a new series that he described as a sports version of The Daily Show.^[39] As of April 2011, the show was titled Sports Show with Norm Macdonald and premiered on April 12.^[40] It was cancelled on June 7, 2011.

Viacom 18 launched the channel in India in the early 2012.^[41]

Comedy Central HD [link]

Comedy Central HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast of Comedy Central that launched on January 13, 2009.^[42] Cablevision was the first carrier to add it. DirecTV added the HD version on January 21, 2009. Dish Network added the HD version on April 9. 2009.^[43] It was also reported that some Cox Cable systems would get it by the end of January 2009.^[42] Comedy Central anticipated that several more providers would add it later in that year.^[42]

Currently, original shows that air in HD include The Sarah Silverman Program, and newer episodes of South Park, Comedy Central Presents, Reno 911!, as well as the new series Michael & Michael Have Issues and The Jeff Dunham Show. The new season of Live at Gotham and other stand up specials, as well as movies, air in HD as well.^[42]

The Daily Show and The Colbert Report began airing in HD on January 4, 2010.^[44] Many episodes of South Park that were originally made in 4:3 standard definition are cropped to be made 16:9 on Comedy Central HD. Comedy Central HD currently only airs in Eastern Standard Time.

Programming [link]

Main article: List of programs broadcast by Comedy Central

International [link]

Local versions of Comedy Central include:

Comedy Central Family:

Comedy Central Extra:

The Netherlands
United Kingdom / Ireland

Criticism [link]

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (July 2009)

Comedy Central has been a frequent target of criticism from the conservative group Parents Television Council, which accuses them of bigotry and blasphemy,^[46]^[47] especially within the programs South Park, The Sarah Silverman Program, Halfway Home, and the annual "Roast" special.^[48] PTC has used their criticisms against Comedy Central for their support of the Family and Consumer Choice Act of 2007, which would allow American cable TV subscribers to choose which channels they subscribe to,^[49] and to persuade advertisers to stop advertising on the channel.^[50] PTC founder and former president L. Brent Bozell III has called the channel unfunny, claiming the channel has managed "to reach the top of its field in spite of – or, better put, because of – the network's sheer lack of comedic talent" by its "extensive reliance on shocking or disgusting humor".^[51] The channel has also received criticism from certain parents^[52] for airing advertisements for "Girls Gone Wild". The channel also airs the least cut version of the popular film Not Another Teen Movie, as well as uncut versions of films such as Coming to America, Dogma and Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back.

On November 5, 2007, an open letter^[53] was written by VideoSift to protest publicly the blocking of Comedy Central's embedded video content for non U.S. based viewers.

On April 21, 2010, Comedy Central censored the South Park episode, "201", in response to a death threat issued by users of a radical Muslim website over the episode's planned depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which led several newspaper columnists to condemn the network's actions as tantamount to abetting terrorism. Since then, as a result, neither "201" nor the episode that preceded it have been aired.

References [link]

^ http://www.c21media.net/news/detail.asp?area=5&article=63697
^ latimes.com Cable Comedy—Will HBO Have the Last Laugh? Television: The 24-hour Comedy Channel premieres tonight, but Viacom has plans to launch its own comedy channel, HA!, in the spring.
^ Boone, Brian (12 January 2012). "The Origin and Early Programs of Comedy Central". Splitsider. http://splitsider.com/2012/01/the-origin-and-early-programs-of-comedy-central. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
^ (Name change to Comedy Central within a month of launch due to a lawsuit with CTV in Canada)[1]
^ "Viacom buys Comedy Central". Reuters. 2003-04-22. http://money.cnn.com/2003/04/22/news/companies/viacom/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
^ http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4002:b66558.2.1
^ Carter, Bill. MEDIA: BROADCASTING; Comedy Central makes the most of an irreverent, and profitable, new cartoon hit (Part 2 of 2). The New York Times: Nov. 10, 1997.
^ comedycentral.com Press Central – Comedy Central Records
^ "Official site". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/leary_roast/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Comedy Central Roast of Jeff Foxworthy". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/roast_foxworthy/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Comedy Central Roast of Pamela Anderson". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/roast_anderson/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Roast of Shatner". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/roast_shatner/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav official site". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/roast_flavor_flav/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Official site". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/roast_saget/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Official site". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/roast_larry/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Official site". Comedycentral.com. http://www.comedycentral.com/shows/roast-david-hasselhoff/index.jhtml. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Comedy Central to air Chappelle remainders – MSNBC – Dec. 12, 2005
^ "'South Park' Creators Skewer Own Network". Newsvine. April 13, 2006. http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2006/04/13/165631-south-park-creators-skewer-own-network. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Tzortzis, Andreas (2007-02-18). "Comedy Central plays to a German sense of humor". International Herald Tribune. http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/18/business/comedy.php. Retrieved 2007-08-03.
^ 16.06 Europe/London, March 23, 2007 (March 23, 2007). "Dutch launch for Comedy Central". Broadbandtvnews.com. http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/today/?p=573. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ http://www.broadcastclub.co.uk/sateuropa_forum/upload/viewtopic.php?pid=318
^ CTV Strikes Multi-Platform Content Deal With Comedy Central, CTV press release, June 27, 2007
^ tvsquad.com Comedy Central picks up Lewis Black's show
^ Jones, K.C. (2008-01-09). "Free MTV And Comedy Central Online". Information Week. http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205601394. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
^ Eggerton, John (2007-01-24). "Landsman Gets VP Stripes at Comedy Central". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6525373.html?rssid=193. Retrieved 2007-01-27.
^ "Announcement regarding new DVB-T channels going live in Sweden on April 1, 2008". http://www.rtvv.se/se/Press/Nyheter/080327/. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ zap2it.com Comedy Central Resurrects 'The Gong Show'
^ multichannel.com Comedians Square Off In ‘Reality Bites Back’ Series – Comedy Central’s First Unscripted Competition Series Mocks Reality Genre
^ "Stewart stamp on 'Martin'". Hollywoodreporter.com. 2007-10-03. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3iff0ec139962d42d4152b670707cce783. Retrieved 2009-02-16. ^{[dead link]}
^ Lafayette, Jon. "TV Week April 7, 2009 Comedy Central Commits to Stand-Up Specials". Tvweek.com. http://www.tvweek.com/news/2009/04/comedy_central_commits_to_stan.php. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Comedy Central Orders Animated Show, Gets Righteous". The Live Feed. May 14, 2009. http://www.thrfeed.com/2009/05/comedy-central-ugly-americans-.html#more.
^ latimes.com New life for 'Goode Family' – Canceled last season by ABC, the series is getting another chance to catch on, this time via Comedy Central.
^ gawker.com Reno 911! Cancelled By Comedy Central
^ movieweb.com Futurama Finally Returns with Brand New Episodes in June!
^ "201 (South Park) – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/201_(South_Park)#cite_note-NYT_Arts_Blog-2. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Comedy Central Unveils Serious New Logo – Vulture". Nymag.com. http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/12/comedy_central_unveils_serious.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Comedy Central Flips With New Logo – 2010-12-09 18:55:26 | Broadcasting & Cable". Broadcastingcable.com. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/460888-Comedy_Central_Flips_With_New_Logo.php. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "thelab : thelog :". Thelabnyc.com. February 7, 2011. http://www.thelabnyc.com/blog/article/thelab-wins-awards. Retrieved November 13, 2011. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Comedy Central Developing Weekly Sports Pilot with Norm Macdonald". Broadcasting & Cable. September 21, 2010. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/457427-Comedy_Central_Developing_Weekly_Sports_Pilot_with_Norm_Macdonald.php. Retrieved 2011-02-22.
^ "Sports Show with Norm Macdonald Official Site". Comedy Central. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
^ Pereira, Priyanka (17 February 2012). "For a Few Laughs". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/for-a-few-laughs/913146/. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Multichannel News January 13, 2009 Comedy Central Launches HDTV Network – New Service Available on Cablevision Systems with Cox, DirecTV to Come". Multichannel.com. http://www.multichannel.com/article/CA6629076.html?nid=2226&rid=reg_visitor_id&source=link. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ Gelman, Vlada. "TV Week April 10, 2009 Dish Network Adds BET, MTV Channels in HD". Tvweek.com. http://www.tvweek.com/news/2009/04/dish_adds_bet_mtv_channels_in.php. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ "Multichannel News December 17, 2009 'Daily Show,' 'Colbert Report' To Ring In 2010 In HD – Comedy Central Series Will Be Delivered In HD, Beginning Jan. 4". Multichannel.com. http://www.multichannel.com/article/440934-_Daily_Show_Colbert_Report_To_Ring_In_2010_In_HD.php. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
^ http://www.comedycentralafrica.com/ Comedy Central Africa website
^ Bozell, L. Brent III (2005-12-22). "Comedy Central's War on Christmas". CNS News. Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on 2008-02-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201043432/http://www.cnsnews.com/bozellcolumn/archive/2005/col20051222.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ "Comedy Central Shows God in One-Night Stand" (Press release). Parents Television Council. 2007-03-09. http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/publications/release/2007/0309.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Bozell, L. Brent III (2006-08-24). "Roasting the Final Frontier". MRC.org. Creators Syndicate. http://www.mrc.org/BozellColumns/entertainmentcolumn/2006/col20060824.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Isett, Dan (2007-06-14). "Remarks Presented by Dan Isett of the PTC at the News Conference Regarding the "Family and Consumer Choice Act of 2007"". Parents Television Council. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930200903/http://www.parentstv.org/ptc/publications/news/cablebill-danisett.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Bozell, L. Brent III (2005-09-06). "Letter to Advertisers Concerning their Sponsorship of the August 16th Roast of Pamela Anderson on Comedy Central". Parents Television Council. http://www.parentstv.org/PTC/advertisers/letters/Various_Roast_090605.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Bozell, L. Brent III (2006-03-24). "The Arrested Adolescent's Channel". CNS News. Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on 2007-06-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20070611135632/http://www.cnsnews.com/bozellcolumn/archive/2006/col20060324.asp. Retrieved 2007-08-01.
^ Parents Television Council – Letters to the Editor – Offensive Ads^{[dead link]}
^ "VideoSifts open letter to Comedy Central and Viacom". Videosift.com. http://www.videosift.com/talk/An-Open-Letter-to-Comedy-Central-and-Viacom. Retrieved November 13, 2011.

http://www.tv.com/a-new-futurama-teaser-is-out-but-will-the-show-be-as-good/story/22087.html?tag=news_list;title;0 Retrieved 4/02/10

External links [link]

Viacom Media Networks

Parent: Viacom

MTV Networks

Entertainment Group	Comedy Central Spike TV Land AddictingGames Atom Entertainment GameTrailers

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MTV Networks MTV Networks Company, Inc.	MTV · VH1 · Nickelodeon · Comedy Central · CMT · Spike · more...

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central

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This article is about Donald Trump, Sr. For his son, see Donald Trump, Jr.

Donald Trump
Donald Trump, February 2011
Born	Donald John Trump (1946-06-14) June 14, 1946 (age 66) Queens, New York City, New York, U.S.
Residence	Trump Tower, Manhattan
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Fordham University The Wharton School (B.S.)
Occupation	Chairman and president of The Trump Organization^[1] Chairman of Trump Plaza Associates, LLC^[2] Chairman of Trump Atlantic City Associates^[2] Host of The Apprentice
Years active	1968–present
Salary	$60 million (2010–11)^[2]
Net worth	$2.9 billion (2012)^[3]
Political party	Independent (2011–present)^[4] Republican (1987–99; 2009–11) Democratic (2001–09)^[5] Reform Party (1999–2000)^[6]
Religion	Presbyterian^[7]
Spouse	Ivana Trump (m. 1977–1992) Marla Maples (m. 1993–1999) Melania Trump (m. 2005)
Children	Donald Trump Jr. (b. 1977) Ivanka Trump (b. 1981) Eric Trump (b. 1984) Tiffany Trump (b. 1993) Barron Trump (b. 2006)
Signature
Website
TrumpOnline.com

Donald John Trump, Sr. (born June 14, 1946) is an American business magnate, television personality and author. He is the chairman and president of The Trump Organization and the founder of Trump Entertainment Resorts.^[1] Trump's extravagant lifestyle, outspoken manner and role on the NBC reality show The Apprentice have made him a well-known celebrity who was No. 17 on the 2011 Forbes Celebrity 100 list.^[2] He is well-known as a real-estate developer who amassed vast hotel, casino, and other real-estate properties, in the New York City area and around the world.

Trump is the son of Fred Trump, a wealthy New York City real-estate developer.^[8] He worked for his father's firm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, while attending the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1968 officially joined the company.^[9] He was given control of the company in 1971 and renamed it The Trump Organization.^[10]^[11]

In 2010, Trump expressed an interest in becoming a candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 election.^[12]^[13] In May 2011, he announced he would not be a candidate, but a few weeks later he said he had not completely ruled out the possibility.^[14]^[15] In December 2011, Trump was suggested as a possible Vice Presidential selection by Michele Bachmann.^[16] Bachmann has since suspended her presidential campaign.

Early life and education [link]

Trump is a son of Fred Trump and his wife, Mary Anne MacLeod, who married in 1936. His mother was born on the Isle of Lewis, off the west coast of Scotland.^[17] Donald was one of five children. Donald's oldest brother, Fred Jr., died in 1981 at the age of 43.^[18] Trump's paternal grandparents were German immigrants.^[19] His grandfather, Frederick Trump (née Freidrich Drumpf), emigrated to the United States in 1885 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1892. Frederick married Elisabeth Christ (October 10, 1880 – June 6, 1966)^[20] at Kallstadt, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, on August 26, 1902. They had three children.

Trump attended the Kew-Forest School, Forest Hills, New York, as did some of his siblings. At age 13 after having some difficulties there, his parents sent him to the New York Military Academy (NYMA), hoping to direct his energy and assertiveness in a positive manner.^[21] At NYMA, in upstate New York, Trump earned academic honors, and played varsity football in 1962, varsity soccer in 1963, and varsity baseball from 1962 to 1964 (baseball captain 1964). The baseball coach, Ted Dobias, a local celebrity for his work with area youth, awarded him the Coach's Award in 1964. Promoted to Cadet Captain-S4 (Cadet Battalion Logistics Officer) in his senior year, Trump and Cadet First Sergeant Jeff Donaldson (NYMA class of 1965; West Point 1969) formed a composite company of cadets, taught them advanced close-order drill, and marched them down Fifth Avenue on Memorial Day, 1964.

Trump attended Fordham University for two years before transferring to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science in economics.^[22] In his book, Trump: The Art of the Deal, Trump discusses his undergraduate career:

After I graduated from the New York Military Academy in 1964, I flirted briefly with the idea of attending film school... but in the end I decided real estate was a much better business. I began by attending Fordham University... but after two years, I decided that as long as I had to be in college, I might as well test myself against the best. I applied to the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and I got in... I was also very glad to get finished. I immediately moved back home and went to work full time with my father.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life [link]

Donald Trump at a press conference announcing David Blaine's latest feat in New York City at the Trump Tower.

Trump is popularly known as The Donald, a nickname given to him by the media after his first wife Ivana Trump, a native of the Czech Republic, referred to him as such in an interview.^[23] Trump is also known for his catchphrase, "You're fired!", made popular by his television series The Apprentice. While it has been reported that Trump does not shake hands because of fear of germs,^[24] he claims this phobia is "a rumor that the enemies say", and shook hands repeatedly in public during a visit to New Hampshire in April 2011.^[25] Trump is a golfer, with a low single-figure handicap. He is a member of the Winged Foot Golf Club in Mamaroneck, New York, and also plays regularly at the other courses he owns and operates.^[26]

Christian [link]

Trump has stated in interviews that he is a Presbyterian. In April 2011 on Human Events he said that he is "a Presbyterian within the Protestant group".^[7] In an April 2011 interview, on the 700 Club, Trump said, "I'm a Protestant, I'm a Presbyterian. And you know I've had a good relationship with the church over the years. I think religion is a wonderful thing. I think my religion is a wonderful religion."^[27]^[28] A 2010 article in The Daily Telegraph stated that Trump was Catholic.^[29] A February 2011 Politics Daily article described Trump as "apparently a member of the Dutch Reformed Church, which is a Presbyterian denomination".^[30] Andrew Cusack in 2008 stated that Donald Trump is a member of New York City's Marble Collegiate Church. Explaining that church's organizational relationships, Cusack says "the Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church is actually a denomination within a denomination" and that the Collegiate Churches are "now part of the Reformed Church of America".^[31] Marble Collegiate Church also states that it is denominationally affiliated with the Reformed Church in America,^[32] with the RCA website stating that the RCA has a local church "presbyterian form of government".^[33] Trump does not drink alcohol.^[34]

Trump married Melania Knauss, his third wife, at the Episcopal church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea, in a "traditional ceremony".^[35]^[36]^[37] Their son, Barron, was baptized in that church.^[38] In September 2010, Trump expressed on Anderson Cooper's show on CNN, his "suspicions of ulterior motives at the imam running the project" known as Park51, claiming the imam was "using religion" (meaning Islam) to get a good price for the real estate.^[39] He also appeared on Fox's Hannity, and said much the same.^[40] Trump was quoted by the New York Post that, while he "is a 'big believer in freedom of religion,' ... his personal opinion was that the mosque should not be built close to Ground Zero ...". After Trump offered in a letter to buy the two-building site for more than $6 million in order to end the general controversy, the lawyers for the majority stakeholder, according to the Post, criticized "Trump's letter offering to buy the site as a publicity stunt".^[41]

Family [link]

Melania Knauss-Trump

Trump's mother, Mary Anne, was born at Tong, Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis in Scotland in 1912. In 1930, aged 18, on holiday in New York, she met Fred Trump and stayed in New York. Born in Queens, New York,^{[citation needed]} Trump has four siblings: two brothers, Fred Jr. (who is deceased) and Robert; and two sisters, Maryanne and Elizabeth. His elder sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, is a federal appeals court judge.

In 1977, Trump married Ivana Zelníčková and together they have three children: Donald Jr. (born December 31, 1977), Ivanka (born October 30, 1981), and Eric (born January 6, 1984). They were divorced in 1992. In 1993, he married Marla Maples and together they had one child, Tiffany (born October 13, 1993). They divorced on June 8, 1999. In a February 2008 interview on ABC's Nightline Trump commented on his ex-wives by saying, "I just know it's very hard for them (Ivana and Marla) to compete because I do love what I do. I really love it."^{[citation needed]}

On April 26, 2004, he proposed to Melania Knauss (Melanija Knavs), a native of Slovenia. Trump and Knauss married on January 22, 2005, at Bethesda by the Sea Episcopal Church, on the island of Palm Beach, Florida, followed by a reception at Trump's Mar-A-Lago estate.^[36] Melania gave birth to a boy named Barron William Trump, Trump's fifth child, on March 20, 2006.

Trump has four grandchildren. Three from his son Donald Jr. (Kai Madison^[42], Donald John III^[43] and Tristan Milos^[44]) and one from his daughter Ivanka (Arabella Rose^[45]^[46]).

Business career [link]

Successes (1968–89)[link]

Trump began his career at his father's company,^[47] the Trump Organization, and initially concentrated on his father's preferred field of middle-class rental housing in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. One of Trump's first projects, while he was still in college, was the revitalization of the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio, which his father had purchased for $5.7 million in 1962. Trump became intimately involved in the project, personally flying in for a few days at a time to carry out landscaping and other low-level tasks. After $500,000 investment, Trump successfully turned a 1200-unit complex with a 66 percent vacancy rate to 100 percent occupancy within two years. The Trump Organization sold Swifton Village for $6.75 million in 1972.^[48]

In 1971 Trump moved to Manhattan, where he became convinced of the economic opportunity in the city, specifically large building projects in Manhattan that would offer opportunities for earning high profits, utilizing attractive architectural design, and winning public recognition.^[8] Trump began by landing the rights to develop the old Penn Central yards on the West Side, then – with the help of a 40-year tax abatement by the financially strained New York City government, which was eager to give tax concessions in exchange for investments at a time of financial crisis – turned the bankrupt Commodore Hotel into a new Grand Hyatt.^[49]

He was also instrumental in steering the development of the Javits Convention Center on property he had an option on. The development saga of the Javits Convention Center brought Trump into contact with the New York City government when a project that he had estimated could have been completed by his company for $110 million ended up costing the state $430 million.^[50] While rejecting his proposal that he build the center, the State chose the site, so Trump received a broker's fee instead.

A similar opportunity would arise in the city's attempt to restore the Wollman Rink in Central Park, a project started in 1980 with an expected 2½-year construction schedule that was still, with $12 million spent, nowhere near completion in 1986. Trump offered to take over the job at no charge to the city, an offer that was initially rebuffed until it received much local media attention. Trump then was given the job which he completed in six months and with $750,000 of the $3 million budgeted for the project left over.^[51] Trump was also involved with the old USFL, a competitor to the NFL, as owner of the New Jersey Generals.^[52] In addition, Trump at one time acted as a financial advisor for Mike Tyson,^[53] hosting Tyson's fight against Michael Spinks in Atlantic City.^[54]

Trump renovated the Commodore Hotel and created the Grand Hyatt with the Pritzker family. He also renovated the Trump Tower in New York City and several other residential projects. He later bought the Eastern Shuttle routes,^[55] and Atlantic City casino business, including acquiring the Taj Mahal Casino in a transaction with Merv Griffin and Resorts International.^[56]

In March 1990, Trump threatened to sue Janney Montgomery Scott, a stock brokerage, whose analyst made negative comments on the financial prospects of Taj Mahal. The analyst refused to retract the statements, and the firm fired him. The firm denied being influenced by Trump's threat.^[57] Taj Mahal declared bankruptcy for the first time in November 1990.^[58] The analyst was awarded $750,000 by arbitration panel against his firm for his termination. A defamation lawsuit by the analyst against Trump for $2 million was settled out of court.^[59]

This expansion, both personal and business, led to mounting debt.^[60] Much of the news about him in the early 1990s involved his much publicized financial problems, creditor-led bailout, extramarital affair with Marla Maples (whom he later married), and the resulting divorce from his first wife, Ivana Trump.

The late 1990s saw a resurgence in his financial situation and fame. In 2001, he completed Trump World Tower, a 72-story residential tower across from the United Nations Headquarters.^[61] Also, he began construction on Trump Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson River. Trump owns commercial space in Trump International Hotel and Tower, a 44-story mixed-use (hotel and condominium) tower on Columbus Circle. Trump currently^[when?] owns several million square feet of prime Manhattan real estate,^[62] and remains a major figure in the field of real estate in the United States and a celebrity for his prominent media exposures.

Financial problems (1989–97)[link]

By 1989, the effects of the recession left Trump unable to meet loan payments. Trump financed the construction of his third casino, the $1 billion Taj Mahal, primarily with high-interest junk bonds. Although he shored up his businesses with additional loans and postponed interest payments, by 1991 increasing debt brought Trump to business bankruptcy^[60] and the brink of personal bankruptcy. Banks and bond holders had lost hundreds of millions of dollars, but opted to restructure his debt to avoid the risk of losing more money in court. The Taj Mahal re-emerged from bankruptcy on October 5, 1991, with Trump ceding 50 percent ownership in the casino to the original bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates on the debt and more time to pay it off.^[63]

On November 2, 1992, the Trump Plaza Hotel was forced to file a prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection plan after being unable to make its debt payments. Under the plan, Trump agreed to give up a 49 percent stake in the luxury hotel to Citibank and five other lenders. In return Trump would receive more favorable terms on the remaining $550+ million owed to the lenders, and retain his position as chief executive, though he would not be paid and would not have a role in day-to-day operations.^[64]

By 1994, Trump had eliminated a large portion of his $900 million personal debt^[65] and reduced significantly his nearly $3.5 billion in business debt. While he was forced to relinquish the Trump Shuttle (which he had bought in 1989), he managed to retain Trump Tower in New York City and control of his three casinos in Atlantic City. Chase Manhattan Bank, which lent Trump the money to buy the West Side yards, his biggest Manhattan parcel, forced the sale of the tract to Asian developers. According to former members of the Trump Organization, Trump did not retain any ownership of the site's real estate – the owners merely promised to give him about 30 percent of the profits once the site was completely developed or sold. Until that time, the owners of The West Side Yards gave him modest construction and management fees to oversee the development, and allowed him to put his name on the buildings that eventually rose on the yards because his well-known moniker allowed them to charge a premium for their condos.^[66]

Trump was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 1995.^[67] In 1995, he combined his casino holdings into the publicly held Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts. Wall Street drove its stock above $35 in 1996, but by 1998 it had fallen into single digits as the company remained profitless and struggled to pay just the interest on its nearly $3 billion in debt. Under such financial pressure, the properties were unable to make the improvements necessary for keeping up with their flashier competitors.

Legal developments (2002–05)[link]

In January 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission brought a financial-reporting case against Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts Inc., alleging that it had committed several "misleading statements in the company's third-quarter 1999 earnings release." The matter was settled with the defendant neither admitting nor denying the charge.^[68]

Finally, on October 21, 2004, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts announced a restructuring of its debt.^[69] The plan called for Trump's individual ownership to be reduced from 56 percent to 27 percent, with bondholders receiving stock in exchange for surrendering part of the debt. Since then, Trump Hotels has been forced to seek voluntary bankruptcy protection to stay afloat. After the company applied for Chapter 11 Protection in November 2004, Trump relinquished his CEO position but retained a role as Chairman of the Board. In May 2005^[70] the company re-emerged from bankruptcy as Trump Entertainment Resorts Holdings.^[71]

Resurgence (1997–2007)[link]

Trump has several projects under way, with varying levels of success in their progress. The Trump International Hotel and Tower – Honolulu seems to be a success. According to Trump, buyers paid non-refundable deposits, committing to purchase every unit on the first day they were made available. Construction of the Trump International Hotel and Tower – Chicago seems to be proceeding as planned, although 30 percent of the units remain unsold. The Trump International Hotel and Tower – Toronto has had a series of delays and a height reduction. The Trump Tower – Tampa has been quite controversial because the initial sales were so successful that all deposits were returned in order to charge a higher price. Three years after construction of this controversial development began, construction has delayed and lawsuits have been filed. In Fort Lauderdale, Florida, one Trump construction project was put on hold in favor of another (Trump International Hotel and Tower – Fort Lauderdale). Meanwhile, Trump Towers – Atlanta is being developed in a housing market having the nation's second-highest inventory of unsold homes.^[72] Trump was the first customer for the 2006 Cadillac DTS limosine after the President of the United States.^[73]

In its October 7, 2007 Forbes 400 issue, "Acreage Aces", Forbes valued Trump's wealth at $3.0 billion.^[74] His wealth went down and then up in the 2000s recession, but according to Forbes, Trump's wealth was valued at $2.9 billion in September 2011,^[2] though Trump claimed it was much more.^[75]

Financial crisis [link]

Lender Deutsche Bank refused to let Trump lower the prices on the units to spur sales. Arguing that the financial crisis and resulting drop in the real estate market is due to circumstances beyond his control, Trump invoked a clause in the contract to not pay the loan. Deutsche Bank then noted in court that "Trump is no stranger to overdue debt" and that he had twice previously filed for bankruptcy regarding his casino operations.^[76] Trump then initiated a suit asserting that his image had been damaged. Both parties agreed to drop their suits, and sale of the units is nearly complete.^[77]

On February 17, 2009 Trump Entertainment Resorts filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy; Trump stating on February 13 that he would resign from the board.^[78] Trump Entertainment Resorts has three properties in Atlantic City. Trump's unsuccessful libel lawsuit against author Timothy L. O'Brien, for O'Brien's estimating his net worth at less than $250 million, was dismissed in 2009.^[79]^[80] In the lawsuit it was revealed that in 2005, Deutsche Bank valued Trump's net worth at $788 million, to which Trump objected.^[79]^[80]^[81]

Business ventures [link]

Main article: The Trump Organization

The Trump Organization owns many skyscrapers including Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago.

Trump branding and licensing [link]

Trump has succeeded in marketing the Trump name on a large number of products, including Trump Financial (a mortgage firm), Trump Sales and Leasing (residential sales), Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (a business education company),^[2] Trump Restaurants (Located in Trump Tower and consisting of Trump Buffet, Trump Catering, Trump Ice Cream Parlor, and Trump Bar), GoTrump^[3] (an online travel website), Donald J. Trump Signature Collection (a line of menswear, men's accessories, and watches), Donald Trump The Fragrance (2004), Trump Ice bottled water, Trump Magazine, Trump Golf, Trump Institute, Trump The Game (1989 Board Game), Trump Vodka and Trump Steaks. In addition, Trump reportedly receives $1.5 million for each one-hour presentation he does for The Learning Annex.^[82] Trump also has a business simulation game called Donald Trump's Real Estate Tycoon.^{[citation needed]}

In 2011, Forbes reported that its financial experts had estimated the value of the Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputes this valuation, saying that his brand is worth about $3 billion.^[83] Many developers pay Trump to market their properties and to be the public face for their projects.^[81] For that reason, Trump does not own many of the buildings that display his name.^[81] According to Forbes, this portion of Trump's empire, actually run by his children, is by far his most valuable, having a $562 million valuation. According to Forbes there are 33 licensing projects under development including seven "condo hotels" (the seven Trump International Hotel and Tower developments).

Other ventures [link]

Other investments include a 17.2 percent stake in Parker Adnan, Inc. (formerly AdnanCo Group), a Bermuda-based financial services holdings company. In late 2003, Trump, along with his siblings, sold their late father's real estate empire to a group of investors that included Bain Capital, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and LamboNuni Bank reportedly for $600 million. Donald Trump's ¹⁄₃ share was $200 million, which he later used to finance Trump Casino & Resorts.

In 2006, Donald Trump bought the Menie estate on the coast north of Aberdeen, Scotland announcing that he intended to create the best golf course in the world.^[84]^[85] The project includes plans for a hotel, holiday homes, housing and two golf courses. It led to controversy, initially because the coastal dunes were designated a site of special scientific interest (SSSI);^[86] opposition was voiced by environmentalists and local residents and planning permission was initially refused by Aberdeenshire Council. In 2008 the local authority was overruled by the Scottish government,^[87]^[88] First Minister Alex Salmond citing economic benefits Trump had promised as justifying the unusual step of permitting development on an SSSI.^[89]

In 2009, Aberdeenshire Council received a request on behalf of Trump International Golf Links Scotland to approve compulsory purchase orders on a number of local homes.^[90] A protest group campaigned actively, using mass land purchase as a tactic.^[91] In late January 2011 Trump International stated that it had "no interest" in pursuing compulsory purchase orders^[92] and in fact had never applied for them.^[93]^[94] An award-winning 2011 documentary, 'You've been Trumped'^[95]^[96] by Anthony Baxter, follows the development's progress, showing Trump speaking locally about his ambitions for the project and being honoured in Aberdeen by Robert Gordon's University.^[97] It also queries the supposed economic benefits, the ecological impact and the effect on local residents.^[98]^[99]

Donald Trump has objected to plans for an offshore windfarm to be built within sight of the golf links. In 2011 he wrote to Alex Salmond expressing his view that the planned structures were ugly. He denied that he was concerned only with the view from the golf links, saying: 'It is not only for my project, it is more to preserve Scotland's beautiful coastline and natural heritage.'^[100] In 2012 Trump announced that if the windfarm were built he would abandon his plans for the hotel and housing at the golf links.^[101]

In April 2011, it was reported that Trump was in the process of negotiating a deal with New York City to reopen the historic Tavern on the Green restaurant in Central Park.^[102]

Beauty pageants [link]

The Miss Universe Organization is owned by Donald Trump and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). The organization produces the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA pageants. In December 2006, talk show host Rosie O'Donnell criticized Trump's lenience toward Miss USA, Tara Conner, who had violated pageant behavioral guidelines. This sparked a tabloid war between the two celebrities which lasted for several weeks thereafter.^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106]

Entertainment media [link]

Donald Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

“	Susan Mulcahy [editor of Page Six during the early 1980s]: He was a great character, but he was full of crap 90 percent of the time. Donald Trump: I agree with her 100 percent.	”
—Vanity Fair, 2004^[107]

Donald Trump, a two-time Emmy Award-nominated personality, has made appearances as a caricatured version of himself in television series and films (e.g. Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, The Nanny, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Days of our Lives, Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps.^[108]), and as a character (The Little Rascals). He has been the subject of comedians, flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists.

In March 2011, Trump was the subject of a Comedy Central Roast. The special was hosted by Seth MacFarlane, and roasters included Larry King, Snoop Dogg, and Anthony Jeselnik among regular roast participants. Trump's daughter Ivanka was seen in the audience. In April 2011, Trump attended the White House Correspondents' Dinner, featuring comedian Seth Meyers. President Obama used the occasion to present several prepared jokes mocking Trump.^[109]

[edit] The Apprentice

Trump with Celebrity Apprentice star Dennis Rodman

In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show, The Apprentice, in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. The other contestants were successively "fired" and eliminated from the game. In 2004, Donald Trump filed a trademark application for the catchphrase "You're fired."^[4]^[5]^[6]

For the first year of the show Trump was paid $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he is now^[when?] paid a reported $3 million per episode, making him one of the highest paid TV personalities.^{[citation needed]} In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to television (The Apprentice).

Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trump also put together The Celebrity Apprentice, where well-known stars compete to win money for their charities. While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and "firing" losers.

World Wrestling Entertainment [link]

Trump is a known World Wrestling Entertainment fan and friend of WWE owner Vince McMahon. He has hosted two WrestleMania events in the Trump Plaza and has been an active participant in several of the shows. Trump's Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City was host to the 1991 WBF Championship (which was owned by WWE, known at the time as the "World Wrestling Federation."). Trump was interviewed by Jesse Ventura ringside at WrestleMania XX. He also appeared at WrestleMania 23 in the corner of Bobby Lashley who competed against Umaga with WWE Chairman McMahon in his corner, in a hair versus hair match, with either Trump or McMahon having their head shaved if their competitor lost. Lashley won the match, and he and Trump both proceeded to shave McMahon bald.^[110]

On June 15, 2009, as part of a storyline, McMahon announced on WWE Raw that he had 'sold' the show to Donald Trump. Appearing on screen, Trump confirmed it and declared he would be at the following commercial-free episode in person and would give a full refund to the people who purchased tickets to the arena for that night's show in the amount of USD $235,000. McMahon "bought back" Raw on June 22, 2009.^{[citation needed]} His entrance theme "Money, Money" was written by Jim Johnston.

Political activity [link]

2000s [link]

In the 2000 election, Trump expressed a desire to run as a third-party candidate for the United States presidency, considering running nomination by the Reform Party as a business conservative, socially moderate candidate.^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114] In his 2000 tome, The America We Deserve, economic policies Trump proposed include:

Institution of a once-only 14.25 percent tax on personal estates and trusts over $10 million, which he estimated would raise $5.7 trillion in revenue toward retirement of the national debt, tax cuts for the middle class, and supplementing the funding of Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid; and, by way of compensating this one-time tax on the wealthy, permanent abolition of the 55 percent federal inheritance tax.
Repeal of limits on campaign contributions, combined with outlawing soft money campaign contributions
See also: Campaign finance reform in the United States
Regarding universal health care, Trump touted himself as "a conservative on most issues, but a liberal on this one. Working out detailed plans will take time. But the goal should be clear: Our people are our greatest asset."^[115]^[116]
Renegotiation of U.S. trade policies.^[117]

For 2004 and 2008, Trump speculated about running for President in the Republican party and for 2006 considered running for governor of New York as a representative of the party.^[118] In October 2007, Trump appeared on Larry King Live and delivered a strong criticism of then-United States President George W. Bush, particularly concerning the Iraq War. He speculated that Rudy Giuliani and Hillary Clinton could win the Republican and Democratic Presidential nominations, respectively, and voiced some support for either of them being elected President. He expressed doubt, on CNN's The Situation Room at the time, over whether a candidate for President could win the election by supporting a continued escalation of the war in Iraq.^[119]

On September 17, 2008, Trump officially endorsed John McCain for the U.S. Presidency on Larry King Live.^[120] Trump again registered as a Republican in 2009 after having registered with the Democratic Party in 2001.^[121] Trump said in an interview in 2007, "I'm very much independent in that way. I go for the person, not necessarily the party. I mean, I vote for Republicans and I vote for Democrats."^[122]

Since the 1990 U.S. elections, Donald Trump has made contributions to campaigns of both Republican Party and Democratic Party candidates. These have included Republicans John McCain, Rudolph Giuliani, Newt Gingrich, and George W. Bush^[123] and Democrats Ted Kennedy, John Kerry, Tom Daschle, Joe Biden, Harry Reid, Rahm Emanuel, Hillary Clinton, Anthony Weiner, Charles Schumer, Kirsten Gillibrand, and Charles Rangel).^[123]^[124]^[125]

2012 politics and potential presidential candidacy [link]

In 2010, Trump said he considered himself a potential candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 election.^[126]^[127] In his primary campaign, Trump has made a February speech to a CPAC gathering,^[128] an early venue for candidates considering a presidential run, as a write-in candidate in its straw poll for the office. A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Donald Trump leading among potential contenders for the Republican nomination for President of the United States, one point ahead of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.^[129] A Newsweek poll conducted February 2011 showed Trump within a few points of Obama, with many voters undecided in the November 2012 general election for President of the United States against Barack Obama.^[130] A poll released in April 2011 by Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine point lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination for President of the United States while he was still actively considering a run.^[131]^[132]

Trump's present political stances include being pro-life, against same-sex marriage,^[27] anti-gun control, advocating the repeal and replacement of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, anti-foreign aid;^[128]^[133] and supporting a fair trade policy and believing generally that the People's Republic of China should be considered more of an adversarial competitor, subjected to significant import tariffs as a response to China's currency manipulation in order to help balance the U.S. budget.^[134] He said he would impose a 25 percent tariff on Chinese goods.^[135] He also believes the U.S. should disengage in Iraq and Afghanistan.^[136] In December 2008, Trump supported a government backed rescue plan for the American auto industry where the government would provide the debtor in possession financing for a Chapter 11 restructuring.^[137]

His campaign has been reported by some media as a possible promotional tool for his reality show The Apprentice.^[138]^[139] Time ran the headline "Donald Trump Begins Not Running For President"^[140] and The Huffington Post was similarly skeptical of whether he would run.^[141]

Regardless of this skepticism, Trump has quietly chosen to participate in the "Politics and Eggs" forum at the New Hampshire Institute of Politics at Saint Anselm College, a popular spot for presidential candidates visiting New Hampshire.^[142] This scheduled visit is important because the event is taking place in mid June 2011, supposedly after Trump had been supposed to make his decision whether to or not to run. On April 23, 2011, the New York-based TV station NY1 reported that Trump had not voted in primary elections in New York City for a span of 21 years,^[143] beginning after the city's mayoral primary in 1989, an accusation he has denied. A City election board spokeswoman confirmed the story.^[144]

On May 5, 2011, Trump announced he would not be the celebrity pace-car driver for the 2011 Indy 500 as was previously announced a month earlier by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway (on April 5, 2011.)^[145]^[146] Trump stated he made the decision because of business constraints, but there had been a fan campaign for the Speedway to instead name a racing celebrity to the position^[147] and a Speedway press release stated that Trump cancelled because of his intention to run for President.^[148]

On May 16, 2011, Trump announced he would not run for president.^[14] On May 23, 2011, Trump stated that he hasn't ruled out running for president, adding: "The country is so important, so vital that we choose the right person, and at this moment, I don't see that person."^[15]

In February 2012 he endorsed Mitt Romney prior to the Nevada caucuses.^[149] Trump gave media interviews endorsing Romney before the Michigan primary.^[150]

Barack Obama [link]

Speaking to an audience of more than five thousand people in Boca Raton, Florida on April 16, 2011, Trump implied that voter reaction to the 2008 financial crisis and the perception of slow progress on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan during the final months of George W. Bush's second term as President was the primary cause for the election of his successor Barack Obama, and further that Obama would probably be known as the worst president in U.S. history.^[151]

Trump brought attention to conspiracy theories questioning Obama's citizenship status in media appearances, and endured criticism from political opponents for this.^[152]^[153] In an NBC-TV interview broadcast April 7, 2011, Trump said he was not satisfied that Obama had proven his citizenship.^[154]

In an April 2011 NBC interview, Trump disclosed that he had sent researchers to Hawaii to investigate the matter of Obama's citizenship status, commenting "they cannot believe what they're finding."^[155] On Anderson Cooper 360° on CNN, April 25, 2011, Trump said he wanted Obama to end the issue by releasing his long-form Certificate of Live Birth (distinct from the short-form Certification of Live Birth – Hawaii's prima facie evidence of birth), adding, "I've been told very recently ... the birth certificate is missing."^[156]^[157]

The long-form of Obama's birth certificate was released by the White House on April 27, 2011. Obama said it should put the matter to rest; that the nation had more pressing problems to solve and could not afford to be "distracted by side shows and carnival barkers".^[158] Trump expressed pride at his role in the release of the long-form certificate in a press conference followup.^[159] (The following Sunday, May 1, NBC would interrupt The Apprentice for breaking news coverage following the revelation that US forces had killed Osama bin Laden: some conspiracy theorists suggested that a vindictive Obama knew of the mission's success well beforehand and had consciously delayed his official announcement so that it would take Trump off the air.)^[160]

In May 2011, Public Policy Polling described the events as "one of the quickest rises and falls in the history of presidential politics", reporting:

Trump really made hay out of the 'birther' issue and as the resonance of that has declined, so has his standing. In February we found that 51 percent of Republican primary voters thought Barack Obama was not born in the United States. Now with the release of his birth certificate only 34 percent of Republican partisans fall into that camp, and Trump's only in fifth place with that now smaller group of the electorate at 9 percent.^[161]

On the Today Show on October 19, 2011, Trump stated that "I could vote for anybody over President Obama. President Obama has been a total and complete disaster."^[162]

Bibliography [link]

Trump has authored many books including:

Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987)
Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990)
Trump: The Art of Survival (1991)
Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)
Trump: How to Get Rich (2004)
The Way to the Top: The Best Business Advice I Ever Received (2004)
Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need to Know About Success, Real Estate, and Life (2004)
Trump: The Best Golf Advice I Ever Received (2005)
Why We Want You to be Rich: Two Men – One Message (2006), co-written with Robert Kiyosaki.
Think Big and Kick Ass in Business and Life (2007), co-written with Bill Zanker. (ISBN 978-0-06-154783-6)
The America We Deserve (2000) (with Dave Shiflett, ISBN 1-58063-131-2)
Trump: The Best Real Estate Advice I Ever Received: 100 Top Experts Share Their Strategies (2007)
Trump 101: The Way to Success (2007)
Trump Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success (2008)
Trump Tower (2011) (a novel with Jeffrey Robinson, ISBN 978-1-59315-643-5)
Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich-And Why Most Don't (2011), co-written with Robert Kiyosaki. (ISBN 1-612-68095-X)
Time to Get Tough: Making America No. 1 Again. Regnery Publishing. December 5, 2011. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-59698-773-9.

References [link]

^ ^a ^b Hoover's coverage by Diane Ramirez (January 2, 2008). "The Trump Organization information and related industry information from Hoover's United Kingdom (UK)". Hoovers.com. http://www.hoovers.com/the-trump-organization/--ID__40473--/freeuk-co-factsheet.xhtml. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Donald Trump". Forbes (Reference for Business). http://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
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^ Meyers, Jim; Walter, Kathleen (January 31, 2011). Trump: Rebuild America, Not Afghanistan. News Max. http://www.newsmax.com/InsideCover/trump-iraq-afghanistan-reconstruction/2011/01/31/id/384563.
^ Trump: Rescue Big 3, But Put Them in Chapter 11. December 10, 2008. CNBC. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ "Donald Trump says he might run for president. Three reasons he won't.". CSMonitor.com. February 10, 2011. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/The-Vote/2011/0210/Donald-Trump-says-he-might-run-for-president.-Three-reasons-he-won-t. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
^ "Donald Trump's fake campaign lands him on Limbaugh show – War Room". Salon.com. March 2, 2011. http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/03/02/trump_president_limbaugh. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
^ Time. February 11, 2011. http://tunedin.blogs.time.com/2011/02/11/breaking-donald-trump-begins-not-running-for-president/.
^ Linkins, Jason (February 11, 2011). "Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923.html. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
^ "Blogs.abdnews.com". Blogs.abcnews.com. March 14, 2011. http://blogs.abcnews.com/thenote/2011/03/donald-trump-plans-new-hampshire-visit-in-june.html. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ . "NY1.com". NY1.com. http://www.ny1.com/content/137902/donald-trump-s-primary-voting-record-spotty--records-show. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
^ Guardian.co.uk^{[dead link]}
^ Curt Cavin; Dan McFeely (May 5, 2011). "Donald Trump bows out of Indy 500; won't drive pace car". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/motor/indycar/2011-05-05-trump-indy500_N.htm. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Paul Kelly (April 5, 2011). "Global Icon Trump To Drive 100th Anniversary Indianapolis 500 Pace Car". Indianapolis Motor Speedway. http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/default/news/show/42166-global-icon-trump-to-drive-100th-anniversary-indianapolis-500-pace-car/. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Dan McFeely (May 4, 2011). "Campaign grows to set early bump day for Trump". Indianapolis Star. http://www.indystar.com/article/20110504/ENTERTAINMENT/105040329/Campaign-grows-set-early-bump-day-Trump?odyssey=tab. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Weir, Tom (May 5, 2011). "Donald Trump bows out of Indy 500 pace car role". USA Today (Gannett). http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gameon/post/2011/05/donald-trump-bows-out-of-indy-500-pace-car-role/1. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
^ trump endorses romney retrieved February 18, 2012
^ Donald Trump Hitting The Michigan Airwaves For Mitt Romney.ABC News February 19, 2012.
^ Donald Trump: Obama will go down as worst president in U.S. history.Bright House Networks. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
^ Marr, Kendra (March 17, 2011). "Donald Trump, birther?". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51473.html.
^ Glynnis MacNicol, "TRUMP: Maybe Obama's Missing Birth Certificate Says He's A Muslim", Business Insider March 30, 2011
^ "Trump goes after Obama on US citizenship, says citizenship questions remain unanswered". The Washington Post. Associated Press. April 7, 2011.
^ Shahid, Aliyah (April 7, 2011). "Donald Trump, wannabe President: I've sent investigators to Hawaii to look into Obama's citizenship". Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-04-07/news/29412491_1_donald-trump-president-obama-hawaii. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ "Trump claims Obama birth certificate 'missing'". CNN. April 25, 2011. http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/25/trump-claims-obama-birth-certificate-missing/. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
^ "Birtherism: Where It All Began". The Politico. April 22, 2011. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0411/53563_Page3.html. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
^ Obama Birth Certificate Released By White House (PHOTO).The Huffington Post April 27, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
^ Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders "is it real?" CBS News April 27, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
^ http://www.livescience.com/13982-osama-bin-laden-death-conspiracy-theories.html
^ "Public Policy Polling – May 10, 2011". Publicpolicypolling.blogspot.com. 2011-05-10. http://publicpolicypolling.blogspot.com/2011/05/trump-collapses.html. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
^ Stump, Scott (October 19, 2011). "Ignore 'Occupy' at parties' peril, says Trump". MSNBC. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/44957300/ns/today-today_people/. Retrieved October 19, 2011.

External links [link]

	Biography portal
	Business and economics portal
	New York City portal

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Donald Trump

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Donald Trump

The Trump Blog^{[dead link]}
The Trump Organization
Column archives at The Huffington Post
Issue positions at Ontheissues.org
Appearances on C-SPAN
Donald Trump at Allmusic
Donald Trump at AllRovi
Donald Trump at the Internet Movie Database
Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Donald Trump at the Notable Names Database
Works by or about Donald Trump in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Donald Trump at The Biography Channel
It's All Donald All The Time, Bloomberg Businessweek, January 22, 2007
Top 10 Donald Trump Failures, Kayla Webley, Time, April 29, 2011

Business positions
New title	Chief Executive Officer of Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts 1995–2004	Succeeded by Robert F. Griffin

Trump family and businesses

Family

First generation	Fred Trump • Mary MacLeod Trump

Second generation	Donald Trump • Maryanne Trump Barry • Robert Trump • Fred Trump, Jr. • Elizabeth Trump Grau

Third generation	Maryanne Trump Barry - David Desmond \| (Ivana Trump) - Donald Trump, Jr. • Ivanka Trump • Eric Trump \| (Marla Maples) - Tiffany Trump \| (Melania Knauss) - Barron William Trump \| Fred Trump, Jr. - Fred Trump III • Mary Trump

Media

The Apprentice (Seasons: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, MS) • The Ultimate Merger • Trumped! • Trump Magazine • Books

Notable properties

Trump International Hotel and Tower	Chicago, Dubai, Honolulu, Las Vegas, New Orleans, New York City, Panama City, SoHo, Toronto

Trump Tower	New York City, Philadelphia, White Plains, Denver, Istanbul, Manila

Trump Tower Variations	Trump World Tower, Elite Tower, Trump Towers by the Sea

Trump Plaza	Palm Beach, Manhattan, New Rochelle

Other Properties	Mar-A-Lago, Trump Grande, The Trump Building at 40 Wall Street, Trump Palace, Trump Parc, Trump Park Avenue, Grand Hyatt New York, Daewoo Trump World, Riverside South/Trump Place, Trump at Cap Cana

Trump Golf	The Estates at Trump National, Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles), Trump National Golf Club (Philadelphia), Trump International Golf Links

Various enterprises

The Trump Organization • Miss Universe • Trump Ice • Trump Model Management • Trump Mortgage • Trump Shuttle • The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative • Miscellaneous

Annual Revenue:

$10.7 billion USD (FY 2007) | Employees: 22,450 | Website: The Trump Organization

v t e The Apprentice

Mark Burnett (series creator) Donald Trump (executive producer) List of candidates

Original U.S. series	Starring Donald Trump Carolyn Kepcher (2004–2006) George H. Ross Donald Trump, Jr. (2006–present) Ivanka Trump (2006–present) Eric Trump (2010–present) Guest appearances Erin Burnett (boardroom advisor) Bill Rancic (boardroom advisor) Joan Rivers (boardroom advisor) Candidate residences Trump Tower in Manhattan (location for seasons 1–5, 7–present) Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (celebrity edition) 8 (celebrity edition 2) 9 (celebrity edition 3) 10 11 (celebrity edition 4) 12 (celebrity edition 5) Winners Bill Rancic Kelly Perdew Kendra Todd Randal Pinkett Sean Yazbeck Stefanie Schaeffer Piers Morgan Joan Rivers Bret Michaels Brandy Kuentzel John Rich Arsenio Hall

Martha Stewart series (2005)	Starring Martha Stewart Charles Koppelman Alexis Stewart Winner Dawna Stone

Related programs	Australian series Irish series New Zealand series UK series

Persondata
Name	Trump, Donald
Alternative names	Trump, Donald John
Short description	Businessman, television personality
Date of birth	1946-6-14
Place of birth	Queens, New York, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

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Hugh Hefner
Hugh Hefner attending Glamourcon #50, Long Beach, CA on November 13, 2010
Born	Hugh Marston Hefner (1926-04-09) April 9, 1926 (age 86) Chicago, Illinois
Residence	Playboy Mansion, Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California
Nationality	American
Education	Steinmetz High School
Alma mater	University of Illinois (B.A.) Northwestern University
Known for	Editor-in-chief of Playboy magazine, Chief Creative Officer of Playboy Enterprises
Home town	Chicago, Illinois
Political party	Independent
Board member of	Playboy Enterprises
Spouse	Mildred Williams (m.1949–1959; divorced) Kimberley Conrad (m.1989–2010; divorced)
Partner	Barbi Benton (1969–1976) Brande Roderick (2000–2001) Tina Marie Jordan (2001–2002) Holly Madison (2003–2008) Crystal Harris (2009–2011)
Children	Christie Hefner (born 1952) David Hefner (born 1955) Marston Hefner (born 1990) Cooper Hefner (born 1991)
Website
Playboy.com

Hugh Marston "Hef" Hefner (born April 9, 1926) is an American magazine publisher, founder and Chief Creative Officer of Playboy Enterprises.^[1]

1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Politics and philanthropy
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links

Early life [link]

Hefner was born in Chicago, Illinois, being the elder of two sons born to Grace Caroline (née Swanson; 1895–1997) and Glenn Lucius Hefner (1896–1976), both teachers.^[2]^[3] Hefner's mother was of Swedish descent and his father had German and English ancestry.^[4]^[5] On his father's side, Hefner is a direct descendant of Plymouth governor William Bradford.^[6]^[7] He has described his family as "conservative, Midwest, Methodist."^[8] He went to Sayre Elementary School and Steinmetz High School, then served as a writer for a military newspaper in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. He later graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign with a B.A. in psychology with a double minor in creative writing and art in 1949, earning his degree in two and a half years. After graduation, he took a semester of graduate courses in sociology at Northwestern University but dropped out soon after.^[9]

Career [link]

Working as a copywriter for Esquire, he left in January 1952 after being denied a $5 raise. In 1953, he mortgaged his furniture, generating a bank loan of $600 (or $800 — he cannot recall which) and raised $8,000 from 45 investors — including $1,000 from his mother ("Not because she believed in the venture," he told E! in 2006, "but because she believed in her son.") — to launch Playboy, which was initially going to be called Stag Party. The undated first issue, published in December 1953, featured Marilyn Monroe from her 1949 nude calendar shoot and sold over 50,000 copies.^[10] (Hefner, who never met Monroe, bought the crypt next to hers at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.^[11]^[12])

After it was rejected by Esquire magazine in 1955, Hefner agreed to publish in Playboy the Charles Beaumont science fiction short story, "The Crooked Man", about straight men being persecuted in a world where homosexuality was the norm. After receiving angry letters to the magazine, Hefner wrote a response to criticism where he said, "If it was wrong to persecute heterosexuals in a homosexual society then the reverse was wrong, too."

On June 4, 1963, Hefner was arrested for selling obscene literature after an issue of Playboy featuring nude shots of Jayne Mansfield was released.^{[citation needed]} A jury was unable to reach a verdict.^[13]

His former secretary, Bobbie Arnstein, was found dead in a Chicago hotel room after an overdose of drugs in January 1975. Hefner called a press conference to allege that she had been driven to suicide by narcotics agents and federal officers. Hefner further claimed the government was out to get him because of Playboy's philosophy and its advocacy of more liberal drug laws.^[14]^[15]

He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for television and has made several movie appearances as himself. In 2009, he received a "worst supporting actor" nomination for a Razzie award for his performance in Miss March.

A documentary by Brigitte Berman, Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel, was released on July 30, 2010. He had previously granted full access to documentary filmmaker and television producer Kevin Burns for the A&E Biography special Hugh Hefner: American Playboy in 1996.^[16]

Hefner and Burns later collaborated on numerous other television projects, most notably on The Girls Next Door, a reality series that ran for six seasons (2005–2009) and 90 episodes.

In 1999, Hefner financed the Clara Bow documentary, Discovering the It Girl. "Nobody has what Clara had. She defined an era and made her mark on the nation," he stated.^[17]

Personal life [link]

Hefner married Northwestern University student Mildred Williams (born March 10, 1926) in 1949. They had two children, Christie (born November 8, 1952) and David (born August 30, 1955).^[18] Before the wedding, Mildred confessed that she had had an affair while he was away in the Army. He called the admission "the most devastating moment of my life." A 2006 E! True Hollywood Story profile of Hefner revealed that Mildred allowed him to sleep with other women, out of guilt for her infidelity and in the hopes that it would preserve their marriage. They divorced in 1959.^{[citation needed]}

Hefner remade himself as a bon viveur and man about town, a lifestyle he promoted in his magazine and two TV shows he hosted, Playboy's Penthouse (1959–1960) and Playboy After Dark (1969–1970). He admitted to being "'involved' with maybe eleven out of twelve months' worth of Playmates" during some of these years.^[19] Donna Michelle, Marilyn Cole, Lillian Müller, Shannon Tweed, Brande Roderick, Barbi Benton, Karen Christy, Sondra Theodore, and Carrie Leigh — who filed a $35 million palimony suit against him — were a few of his many lovers. In 1971, he acknowledged that he experimented in bisexuality.^[20] He moved from Chicago to Los Angeles.

Hefner had a minor stroke in 1985 at age 59. After re-evaluating his lifestyle, he made several changes. The wild, all-night parties were toned down significantly and in 1988, daughter Christie began to run the Playboy empire. The following year, he married Playmate of the Year Kimberley Conrad. The couple had two sons, Marston Glenn (born April 9, 1990) and Cooper Bradford (born September 4, 1991).^[21] The E! True Hollywood Story profile noted that the notorious Playboy Mansion had been transformed into a family-friendly homestead. After he and Conrad separated in 1998, Conrad moved into a house next door to the mansion.

Hefner then began to move an ever-changing coterie of young women into the mansion, even dating up to seven girls at once, among them, Brande Roderick, Izabella St. James, Tina Marie Jordan, Holly Madison, Bridget Marquardt, and Kendra Wilkinson. The reality television series The Girls Next Door depicted the lives of Madison, Wilkinson and Marquardt at the Playboy Mansion.^[22] In October 2008, all three girls made the choice to leave the mansion. Hefner was quick to rebound and soon began dating his new "Number One" girlfriend, Crystal Harris,^[23] along with 20-year-old identical twin and models Kristina and Karissa Shannon.^[24] The relationship with the twins ended in January 2010.^[25] After an 11-year separation, Hefner filed for divorce from Conrad stating irreconcilable differences.^[26] Hefner has said that he only remained married to her for the sake of his children,^[27] and his youngest child had just turned 18.^[21] The divorce was finalized in March 2010.^[28] On December 24, 2010, Hefner presented an engagement ring to Crystal Harris, publicly announcing the proposal the following day.^[11] Hefner and Harris had planned to marry June 18, 2011.^[29]^[30] Harris called off the wedding just 5 days before they were due to be wed.^[31]

Politics and philanthropy [link]

The Hugh Hefner First Amendment Award was created by Christie Hefner "to honor individuals who have made significant contributions in the vital effort to protect and enhance First Amendment rights for Americans."^[32]

He has donated and raised money for the Democratic Party.^[33] However, he has more recently referred to himself as an Independent due to disillusionment with both the Democratic and Republican Parties.^[34]

In 1978, Hefner helped organize fund-raising efforts that led to the restoration of the Hollywood Sign. He hosted a gala fundraiser at the Playboy Mansion and personally contributed $27,000 (or 1/9 of the total restoration costs) by purchasing the letter Y in a ceremonial auction.^[35]^[36]

Hefner donated $100,000 to the University of Southern California's School of Cinematic Arts to create a course called "Censorship in Cinema," and $2 million to endow a chair for the study of American film.^[37]

Both through his charitable foundation and individually, Hefner also contributes to charities outside the sphere of politics and publishing, throwing fundraiser events for Much Love Animal Rescue as well as Generation Rescue,^[38] a controversial autism campaign organization supported by Jenny McCarthy.

On April 26, 2010, Hefner donated the last $900,000 sought by a conservation group for a land purchase needed to stop the development of the famed vista of the Hollywood Sign.^[35]

Sylvilagus palustris hefneri, an endangered species of Marsh rabbit, is named after him in honor of financial support that he provided.^[39]^[40]

References [link]

^ Corporate Officers. Playboy Enterprises, Inc.
^ "Mr Playboy: Hugh Hefner and the American Dream". Steven Watts. Google Books. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
^ Algis Valiunas, "The Playboy and His Western World". May 2010.
^ Mullen, William (August 8, 1984). "Hef". Spokane Chronicle. http://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=MMUSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qPkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5884,1491659&dq=william-mullen&hl=en. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
^ Roberts, Gary Boyd. "#58 Royal Descents, Notable Kin, and Printed Sources". New England Ancestors. http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_gbr58.asp. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
^ "Mr. Playboy: Hugh Hefner tells how he created an identity in order to fulfill his dreams". Time. October 2, 2005. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1112823,00.html.
^ Quintanilla, Michael (February 5, 1999). "STYLEMAKER / Hugh Hefner. The king of swingers reenters the singles scene.; Pajama Party". http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/38763405.html?dids=38763405:38763405&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+05%2C+1999&author=MICHAEL+QUINTANILLA&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=STYLEMAKER+%2F+Hugh+Hefner.+The+king+of+swingers+reenters+the+singles+scene.%3B+Pajama+Party&pqatl=google.
^ Hugh Hefner On His Role In Fighting Segregation. Jezebel.com (2010-07-23). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
^ Hugh M. Hefner Playboy Enterprises. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
^ Hugh Hefner: The Ultimate Lifestyle Entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs.about.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
^ ^a ^b Charles McGrath (February 3, 2011). "How Hef Got His Groove Back". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/magazine/06Hefner-t.html.
^ Westwood Village Memorial Cemetery. Seeing-Stars.com.
^ Hugh Hefner Biography. biography.com.
^ David Cotner (October 2, 2008). "The life and times of an alpha male". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/02/entertainment/et-book2. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
^ Roger Ebert (October 23, 1992). "Hugh Hefner: Once upon a time". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19921023/REVIEWS/210230302/1023. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
^ Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel. Hughhefnerplayboyactivistrebel.com (2010-12-07). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
^ Variety, June 7, 1999
^ Playboy Time Line. playboy.com
^ Acocella, Joan "The Girls Next Door", The New Yorker, March 20, 2006
^ "Faces of the week". BBC News. May 26, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5020806.stm.
^ ^a ^b Cooper Hefner. TV.com
^ A New Boy for Former 'Girl Next Door'. BuddyTV.com. February 10, 2009
^ Korin Miller Meet Playboy founder Hugh Hefner's other girlfriend, Crystal Harris. NYdailynews. January 5, 2009
^ Party's over for Playboy king Hugh Hefner, The Age October 18, 2008. Accessed October 30, 2008
^ Strip Scribbles: What’s next for Hef after divorce, Shannon twins?. Lasvegassun.com (2010-02-15). Retrieved on 2012-05-03.
^ "Hugh Hefner Finally Files for Divorce". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20303278,00.html. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
^ "Hugh Hefner files for divorce from wife". Reuters. September 9, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE58874L20090909. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
^ "Hefner's divorce finalised in March". www.express.co.uk. February 10, 2010. http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/157359/Hefner-s-divorce-finalised-in-March. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
^ "Reuters: Hugh Hefner Acknowledges Engagement on Twitter". December 26, 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BP0EO20101226. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
^ Hugh Hefner Gets Engaged During Philadelphia Blizzard on MusicMonday. December 27, 2010.
^ "Hugh Hefner's Fiancée Calls Off Wedding—Just Five Days Out!". June 14, 2011. http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b247178_hugh_hefners_fianceacutee_calls_off.html?cmpid=sn-000000-twitterfeed-365-topstories&utm_source=eonline&utm_medium=twitterfeed&utm_campaign=twitterfeed_topstories&dlvrit=48939. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
^ Playboy Enterprises, Inc., "Playboy Foundation – Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Awards". Accessed 12 July 2011.
^ Hugh Hefner's Federal Campaign Contribution Report. NewsMeat.com.
^ [1] Twitter.
^ ^a ^b "Hugh Hefner saves iconic Hollywood sign". London: Times Online. April 27, 2010. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article7109871.ece. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
^ "The History of the Sign: 1978: A Sign is Reborn". Hollywood Sign. http://www.hollywoodsign.org/history-10.html. Retrieved December 26, 2010.
^ AP.Google.com, Hefner Gives $2M to USC Film School Associated Press, November 16, 2007.^{[dead link]}
^ "Hugh Hefner & Jenny McCarthy Fund Autism Research". Celebrity Halo. October 2008. http://celebrityhalo.blogspot.com/2008/10/hugh-hefner-jenny-mccarthy-fund-autism.html. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
^ "My True Love Gave To Me … A Bat Species!". CBS News. 11 February 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/12/09/tech/main4657330.shtml. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
^ "Lower Keys Rabbit". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/LowerKeysRabbit.pdf. Retrieved 30 March 2012.

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hugh Hefner

Hugh M. Hefner Foundation
Hugh Hefner at the Internet Movie Database
Hugh Hefner on Twitter
Hugh Hefner: The Ultimate Lifestyle Entrepreneur (About.com Entrepreneurs)
"Hugh Hefner". Salon.com. December 28, 1999.
Hugh Hefner interview from 1966

Playboy Enterprises

Key people

Christie Hefner (former Chairman and CEO) · Hugh Hefner (Editor-in-Chief, CCO and Founder)

Business
groups

Playboy Publishing	Playboy Magazine · Playboy Special Edition

Playboy Entertainment	Playboy TV · My Ex-Girlfriends · Playboy Radio · Spice Networks · Playboy Online · Playboy Cyber Club · ClubJenna · Indigo Entertainment

Playboy Licensing

Miscellaneous

Playboy Clubs · Playboy Mansion · Victor Lownes · The Playboy Club (TV series)

Annual Revenue:

$215 million USD (FY 2010) · Employees: 547 (full time) · Stock Symbol: NYSE: PLA, PLAA · Website: PlayboyEnterprises.com

Persondata
Name	Hefner, Hugh Marston
Alternative names	Hef
Short description	Founder and editor-in-chief of Playboy magazine
Date of birth	April 9, 1926
Place of birth	Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
Date of death
Place of death

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hefner

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009)

Gabriel Iglesias

Born	(1976-07-15) July 15, 1976 (age 35) San Diego, California, U.S.
Medium	Stand-up, television
Years active	1997–present
Genres	Comedy
Subject(s)	Mexican American culture, race relations, satire
Website	Official website

Gabriel J. Iglecias (born July 15, 1976), known professionally as Gabriel Iglesias, is an American standup comedian and actor, known for his shows I'm Not Fat… I’m Fluffy and Hot & Fluffy. He employs storytelling, effected voices and sound effects in his act, whose other trademarks include references to his weight and his use of Hawaiian shirts. He has been called a "comedy genius" by Hector Saldaña of the San Antonio Express-News.

1 Early life
2 Career
3 Awards and honors
4 Personal life
5 Credits
6 Discography
7 Filmography
8 References
9 External links

Early life [link]

Gabriel Iglesias was born Gabriel J. Iglecias in San Diego, California. He is of Mexican-American heritage. His mother placed a letter "c" in his surname in retaliation for his father's absence during his birth, though he does not use this spelling in his every day life, preferring to use the one with the "s". He and his mother lived in Riverside, Corona, Santa Ana, Baldwin Park and Compton before settling in Long Beach, where Iglesias spent most of his life growing up.^[1]

Career [link]

Before going into comedy, Iglesias worked for a cell phone company in Los Angeles. Although his family urged him to remain in that job for its financial security, he insisted on trying his hand at comedy. When maintaining both occupations proved too difficult to handle, he decided to take the risk of doing comedy full time, against the advice of his mother, who cautioned him against such a move. Iglesias nonetheless left the phone company, which eventually resulted in his being evicted from his home and losing his car. Despite this, he persisted with comedy.^[2]

Iglesias often references his weight in his comedy, often saying, "Oh, I’m not fat, I’m fluffy", a term he says was popular among overweight people in the 1940s, which he decided to use in his act. He also references different "Levels of Fatness" in his act, having once described "Five Levels of Fatness", and eventually adding a sixth, called "Oh, Hell no!" in 2009.^[2] He also employs voices, sound effects and storytelling in his act, and his other trademark signatures include his Hawaiian shirts and a "nice-guy veneer".^[3]

In 2000, after Iglesias had turned 20, he appeared in season 6 of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series All That in 2000, co-starring with Amanda Bynes and Nick Cannon.^[2]

Iglesias appeared on the Galavision TV show Que Locos!. He subsequently was guest-starred on the ABC sitcom My Wife and Kids.^{[episode needed]} His stand-up has been featured on Jimmy Kimmel Live!,^{[episode needed]} The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,^{[episode needed]} The Late Late Show,^{[episode needed]} Good Morning America,^{[episode needed]} Showtime at the Apollo^{[episode needed]} and BET'S Comic View.^{[episode needed]} On the big screen, he has appeared in the independent films El Matador and The Surfer King, in which he played the role of Aokee, a water park concession manager.

In 2007 Iglesias voiced an entire Mexican family in "Padre de Familia", a sixth season episode of the Fox TV animated comedy Family Guy. That same year, he began voicing a recurring set of identical twin characters on The Emperor's New School, a Disney animated series that he describes as his favorite voice work.^[2]

Iglesias was a contestant on the fourth season of reality TV series Last Comic Standing in 2006, surviving elimination to become one of the final eight comics. He was disqualified at that point for having used a smuggled BlackBerry to communicate with family and friends, which violated the rules of the show.^[2]^[4]

In November 2009 Comedy Central released the DVD of the show Gabriel Iglesias: I'm Not Fat... I'm Fluffy.^[5]

In 2011 Comedy Central debuted Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution, a standup showcase series with Iglesias produces and hosts. Hector Saldaña of the San Antonio Express-News praised Iglesias and the other comedian he assembled for the show, calling it "one of the all-time funniest comedy package tours" and Iglesias a "comedy genius".^[3]

Awards and honors [link]

On February 10, 2012, Iglesias was presented with several awards by the city of El Paso, Texas, including the key to the city, a resolution from the El Paso County Commissioners, Congressional Recognition from Congressman Silvestre Reyes, and the Beacon of H.O.P.E Award from the nonprofit organization Operation H.O.P.E, during a luncheon fundraiser that raised an estimated $5,000.^[6]

Personal life [link]

Iglesias lives in Whittier, California.^[7] He lives with his girlfriend and his stepson.^[2]

Discography [link]

We Luv Fluffy (2009)

Filmography [link]

El Matador (2003)
The Surfer King (2006)
Hot and Fluffy (2007)
Comedy Central's Stand Up Picks - Part 3 (2008)
I'm Not Fat... I'm Fluffy (2009)

References [link]

^ "Bio". fluffyguy.com, Retrieved April 16, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Duck, Allison (July 23, 2009). "Gabriel Iglesias: fabulously fluffy". Las Vegas Weekly
^ ^a ^b Saldaña, Hector (February 3, 2012). "Review: ‘Gabriel Iglesias Presents Stand Up Revolution’". My San Antonio.
^ "NBC's 'Last Comic Standing 4' eliminates three, reveals Top 5 finalists". Reality TV World. July 12, 2006. http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/nbc-last-comic-standing-4-eliminates-three-reveals-top-5-finalists-4225.php. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
^ Gabriel Iglesias: I'm Not Fat... I'm Fluffy. Amazon.com. accessed June 30, 2011.
^ Hinojosa, Alex (February 10, 2012). "Comedian Gabriel "Fluffy" Iglesias gets key to the city ". El Paso Times.
^ Gabriel Iglesias. Last Comic Standing. NBC. accessed October 7, 2011.

External links [link]

Official website
Gabriel Iglesias at the Internet Movie Database

Persondata
Name	Iglesias, Gabriel
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	July 15, 1976
Place of birth	San Diego, California, U.S.
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Gabriel_Iglesias

http://nl.wn.com/Gabriel Iglesias

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Iglesias

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For the speed cuber, see Chris Hardwick (speed cuber).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011)

Chris Hardwick
Hardwick at the Louisville Palace in Louisville, Kentucky on June 19, 2009
Birth name	Christopher Ryan Hardwick
Born	(1971-11-23) November 23, 1971 (age 40) Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Medium	Stand-up, music, television, film, podcasting
Nationality	American
Years active	1991–present
Genres	Observational comedy, sarcasm, musical comedy
Subject(s)	Human behavior, self-deprecation, pop culture, nerd culture
Notable works and roles	Hard 'n Phirm Host of Singled Out Host of Wired Science Host of Web Soup Host of The Nerdist Podcast Otis in the Back at the Barnyard series Host of Talking Dead Host of BBC America's Ministry of Laughs
Website	http://www.nerdist.com/

Christopher Ryan "Chris" "Big C" Hardwick (born November 23, 1971) is an American stand-up comedian, emcee, actor, writer, musician, podcaster, television personality, and voice artist. He is best known for performing with Mike Phirman in Hard 'n Phirm, hosting Singled Out, Wired Science, Web Soup, and The Nerdist Podcast, and the current voice of Otis in Back at the Barnyard. In 2011 he began doing intros and outros for a new BBC America Britcom block, and hosting a live half-hour talk show on the AMC network, Talking Dead.

1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Television work
6 As himself
7 References
8 External links

Early life [link]

Hardwick was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of former professional bowler Billy Hardwick and Sharon Hills, a real estate agent in Pasadena, California.^[1] He was named after American sportscaster Chris Schenkel.^[2] He grew up in Tennessee, attending St. Benedict at Auburndale K-12 School, then attended Regis Jesuit High School in Colorado, and then Loyola High School for his senior year.^[3]

Hardwick studied philosophy at UCLA, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity during his freshman year.^[3]^[4] Hardwick was roommates with Wil Wheaton for some time.^[5]^[6] They met at a showing of Arachnophobia in Burbank, California.^[5]

Career [link]

Hardwick was a DJ on influential Los Angeles radio station KROQ-FM during the mid-1990s.^[3] In the fall of 1998, he starred in the UPN comedy Guys Like Us; the show aired 12 episodes before it was cancelled in January 1999.

He appeared in Rob Zombie's horror films House of 1000 Corpses and Halloween 2.^[3] He also made a small appearance in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines. In 2010 he was featured in the film The Mother of Invention. Hardwick was in episodes of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Married... with Children,^[3] Boy Meets World^[3] and Zoey 101. He was also a guest commentator on VH1's I Love the 90s series which aired in 2005.^[3]

He appeared as a television host on hip hop group Little Brother's 2005 album The Minstrel Show.

Hardwick plays the melodica, notably as part of Hard 'n Phirm.^[7]

Currently, Hardwick is a contributing writer for Wired magazine (since 2007), writes for Web Soup and Back at the Barnyard,^[3] and makes regular appearances on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson and Chelsea Lately. As part what Hardwick calls his "nerd media empire", he runs Nerdist Theater, an entertainment space at Meltdown Comics in Los Angeles.^[8]

He entered into an equity partnership with GeekChicDaily in June 2011^[9] to form Nerdist Industries.^[10]

In February 2012, GeekChicDaily fully merged with Nerdist Industries and became Nerdist News with Hardwick operating as Chief Creative Officer.^[11]

Voiceover work [link]

Hardwick voiced Alexander Hamilton in The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd and Otis in the Barnyard series (the character was originally voiced by actor Kevin James in the movie Barnyard: The Original Party Animals). He also provided the voice for Green Arrow/Oliver Queen on The Batman and was the voice of Glowface in The X's.^{[citation needed]}. Hardwick also did voice work for The Minstrel Show from the rap group Little Brother and narrated the introduction video for the flash game George Plimpton's Video Falconry.

Hosting [link]

Hardwick was first known as the host of MTV's Singled Out. While working on Singled Out, he met Jacinda Barrett, to whom he was engaged but never married. Later, he hosted the syndicated dating show Shipmates. As of October 2007^[update], he has been hosting Wired Science on PBS, writing for Wired, and works as a reviewer on Attack of the Show's "Gadget Pr0n".

On June 7, 2009, he became the host of G4's Web Soup, a spinoff of E!'s The Soup. Hardwick had previously guest hosted The Soup's predecessor, Talk Soup.^[12]

Since February 2010, he has been producing the "Nerdist" podcast, which he hosts with Jonah Ray and Matt Mira.^[13] The podcast was named one of 2010's best by The A.V. Club^[14] and one of the 10 best comedy podcasts by Rolling Stone.^[15]

In May 2011, Hardwick signed a deal with BBC America to host a pilot of a panel talk show for the network based on the podcast. The deal also included Hardwick doing intros and outros for BBC America's new Saturday night Ministry of Laughs comedy block of Britcoms.^[16]

Hardwick also hosted the 2011 SXSW Interactive Awards show in Austin, Texas.

Since 2011, Hardwick has been hosting Talking Dead, a live half-hour talk show companion series to AMC's hit series The Walking Dead. Hardwick interviews celebrity fans of The Walking Dead as well as members of its cast and crew, interacts with the studio audience, re-airs clips of the episode, plays games with and polls the viewers via the Internet, and offers exclusive clips of the next episode. The first season of Talking Dead ended on March 18, 2012.

On December 24, 2011, BBC America aired The Nerdist: The Year in Review, a comedy special hosted by Hardwick. Celebrity guests included David Tennant and Simon Pegg with Hardwick in London; and Nathan Fillion, Wil Wheaton, and Weird Al Yankovic in Los Angeles.

In May 2012, Hardwick became the spokesperson for WIRED LIVE Expo.^[17]

Stand-up comedy [link]

Hardwick in July 2011

Hardwick is also a stand-up comedian and performs with Mike Phirman in the music comedy duo Hard 'n Phirm, whose half-hour comedy special Comedy Central Presents: Hard 'n Phirm premiered in January 2008.^[18]

In 2004, Comedy Central used some of his material for an animated series called Shorties Watchin' Shorties.^[19]

In 2007, both his solo standup and duo act were featured on the comedy compilation CD Comedy Death Ray. Hard 'n Phirm completed several songs for the 2009 Rob Zombie animated movie The Haunted World of El Superbeasto. Hardwick has announced plans to do a live stand-up album from his 2009 tour. He has toured as a featured comedian for Joel McHale.^{[citation needed]}

In 2010, Hardwick appeared as a stand-up comic on John Oliver's New York Stand Up Show twice.^{[citation needed]} In the same year, Hardwick performed on the Comedy Central show The Benson Interruption (starring Doug Benson).

On July 19, 2011, Hardwick performed for troops from the 124th Air Support Operations Squadron at Idaho's Sawtooth National Forest.

On February 17, 2012, Chris Hardwick filmed a one hour stand-up special for Comedy Central in New York City. Jonah Ray was his unaired opener.^[20]

Personal life [link]

Hardwick gave up drinking alcohol in 2003.^[21] He dated singer Lisa Loeb in 2004.^[22] He was in a relationship with actress Janet Varney from 2004^[23] until 2011.^[24] Hardwick is dating Chloe Dykstra.^[25]

Filmography [link]

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1998	Courting Courtney	Tim
1998	Art House	Weston Craig
2002	Jane White Is Sick & Twisted	Burger
2003	House of 1000 Corpses	Jerry Goldsmith
2003	Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines	2nd Engineer
2004	Spectres	Sam Phillips
2004	Johnson Family Vacation	Arson Investigator
2005	Life Coach, TheThe Life Coach	Milos
2009	Mother of Invention, TheThe Mother of Invention	Drake Wooderson
2009	Halloween II	David Newman
2010	Lego: The Adventures of Clutch Powers	Bones	Voice only
2011	Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close	Estate Sale Organizer

^ Silberman, Stephen M. (September 30, 1996). In Their Own Prime Time. People
^ Chris Hardwick (20 October 2008), Technology's Gutterball, 16-11, Wired magazine, http://www.wired.com/gaming/hardware/magazine/16-11/st_bowling, retrieved 2010-08-12
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Nerdist Podcast 90
^ Schools for Chris Hardwick, search for "Chris Hardwick's Schools"
^ ^a ^b Nerdist Podcast 63 with Wil Wheaton, 8 minute mark
^ Wheaton, Wil (2 September 2001). "WIL WHEATON dot NET: 1.5: Nimrod's Son". http://www.wilwheaton.net/2001/09/nimrods_son_2.php. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
^
- "Twitter / Chris Hardwick: Goodbye, current Melodica! ...". Twitter. 9 December 2009. http://twitter.com/nerdist/status/6523912496. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- "News Brief-KZSC Laugh Riot". May 9–15, 2005. http://currents.ucsc.edu/04-05/05-09/brief-laugh.asp. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
- "The long and short of it for Hard 'N' Phirm". Aspen Times. 11 February 2005. http://www.aspentimes.com/article/20050211/AE/102110001. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
^
- Leijon, Erik (July 28, 2011). "The dean of dweebs: Chris Hardwick fine-tunes his nerd-dar at Just for Laughs". Montreal Mirror. http://www.montrealmirror.com/wp/2011/07/28/the-dean-of-dweebs/. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- "Chris Hardwick Reveals Details of BBC America Deal, How Nerdist Podcast Will Be Adapted For TV". The Hollywood Reporter. May 25, 2011. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/chris-hardwick-reveals-details-bbc-192334. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- "The NerdMelt Origin Story". NerdMelt. http://nerdmeltla.com/press-kit-the-nerdmelt-origin-story/. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^ Finke, Nikki. "Nerds And Geeks Unite In MultiPlatform Deal". Deadline. http://www.deadline.com/2011/06/nerds-geeks-unite-in-multiplatform-deal/. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ Graser, Marc (6 June 2011). "Nerdist, GeekChic team up". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118038060. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
^ Hardwick, Chris. "Nerd is the Word". The Nerdist. http://www.nerdist.com/2012/02/geekchicdaily-now-nerdist-news-wave-of-joy-engulfs-universe/. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
^ G4 Picks Up Web Soup, nerdist.com, May 2009
^ Hardwick, Chris (February 8, 2010). "The Nerdist Podcast: Now A Thing!". nerdist.com. http://www.nerdist.com/2010/02/the-nerdist-podcast-now-a-thing/.
^ "The Best Podcasts of 2010". The A.V. Club. December 29, 2010. http://www.avclub.com/articles/the-best-podcasts-of-2010,49466/1/.
^ Berkowitz, Joe (April 6, 2011). "The 10 Best Comedy Podcasts of the Moment". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/the-10-best-comedy-podcasts-of-the-moment-20110406. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
^ Wicks, Kevin. "Chris Hardwick to Host ‘Ministry of Laughs’ and ‘Nerdist’ Pilot for BBC America". bbcamerica.com. http://blogs.bbcamerica.com/anglophenia/2011/05/23/chris-hardwick-to-host-ministry-of-laughs-and-nerdist-pilot-for-bbc-america/. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
^ http://www.nerdist.com/2012/05/wired-live-expo-with-chris-hardwick-coming-to-d-c-in-november
^ http://ccinsider.comedycentral.com/2008/01/25/tonight-hard-n-phirms-comedy-central-presents-special/
^ comedycentral.com
^ The Nerdist Podcast & http://skirballcenter.nyu.edu/
^ Comedy Death-Ray Radio #88, 23 minute mark
^ Nerdist Podcast #147: Jimmy Pardo Nerdist.com, December 12, 2011
^ "Chris Hardwick: Nerdism for Fun and Profit". Gothamist. 30 June 2009. http://laist.com/2009/06/30/chris_hardwick.php. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
^ "Chris Hardwick as guest on "Making It" with Riki Lindhome". 22 November 2011. http://www.nerdist.com/2011/11/making-it-19-chris-hardwick/. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
^ Comment on this Facebook photo posted by Dykstra: "Boyfriend (on the right) is doing a segment on his show with him."]

Persondata
Name	Hardwick, Chris
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1971-11-23
Place of birth	Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hardwick

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

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